The Merits of Being Obscure: Erasmus and Budé Debate the Style
Transcription
The Merits of Being Obscure: Erasmus and Budé Debate the Style
198 Momma VoL46, 177-178 I'\,\AGo, ERAsMi'ROiERODA 11\1· AB· ALBERTO' DVRERO·AD ViVA1..,'\.· EFFiciEM.' DEUNiATA Joseph Wallace Joseph Wallace Momma Vo1.46177-178 199 The Merits of Being Obscure: Erasmus and Bude Debate the Style, Shape, and Audience of Humanist Scholarship Joseph Wallace THN' KPEJ'fT.Q. ·TA· zYTrpA... .\. MATA' m:SEI ·j./I.DXX.VI· University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill The author examines the epistolary exchange between Desiderius Erasmus and Guillaume Bude from 1516 to 1519 in the context of Bude's De Asse et partibus eius and Erasmus's Adagia. The two humanists argued about the proper style of intellectual exchange and the proper audience for their works. Bude believed that men like himself and Erasmus should concentrate only on subjects that are too difficult for average scholars, while Erasmus wanted his works to be accessible to the entire learned world. The difference of opinion reveals two radically different views of the style, content, purpose, and audience of humanist scholarship in the early sixteenth century. Key words: scholarship, epistolary exchange, style, obscurity, digression L'auteur examine l'echange episcolaire entre Didier Erasme ct Guillaume Bude de 1516 a 1519 dans Ie cadre du De Asse et partibus eius de Bude et l'Adagia d'EI"asme. Les deux humanisces s'opposaient quant au style propre al'echange intellectud et au lectorat propre aleurs a:uvres. Bude pensait que des hommes comme lui-mi!me et Erasme devaient se concentrer uniquement sur des sujets trop difficiles pour le commun des erudits, tandis qu 'Erasme souhaitait que ses a:uvres soient accessibles au monde erudit. ewe divergence d'opinions revele deux notions radicalement differences du style, du contenu, du but, et du lectorat humaniste au debut du XVI cme sieck. Mots~cles: erudition, echange epistolaire, style, obscurite, digression El autor examina el intercambio epistolar entre Desiderio Erasmo y Guillaume Bude desde 1516 hasta 1519 en el contexto de la De Asse et partibus tius de Bude y del Adagia de Erasmo. Ambos humanistas discutieron sobre el estilo apropiado de intercambio intellectual as! como sobre el publico apropiado de sus obras. Bude pensaba que los hombres como el y Erasmo 200 Moreal1a Vol.46, 177-178 Joseph Wallace deben concentrarse s610 en aquellos temas que resu1tan demasiado dificiles para el estudioso medio, mientras que Erasmo esperaba que sus obras fueran accesib1es para ca1quier erudito. La diferencia de opini6n revel a dos puntos de vista radica1mente diferentes en el estilo, contenido y prop6sito de 1a erudici6n humanist a, as! como de sus lectores a principios del sig10 XVI. Palabras clave: erudici6n, intercambio epistolar, estilo, oscuridad, digresi6n . . . In March of 1515 the French humanist Guillaume Bude (1467 1540) published the first edition of De Asse, his treatise on Roman coinage that would go through four different editions in his lifetime, and two after his death.! On par with the Adages of Erasmus (1466 1536) in range of classical reference, it was immediately well 2 received. Around the time of the publication of the second edition of De Asse in 1516, Bude began exchanging letters with Erasmus. This exchange, "one of the great humanist correspondences of the early sixteenth century,,,3 began with the two sharing conjectures on See Louis Delaruelle, Etudes sur L'Humanisme Fran~ais: Guillaume Bude, /es origins, /es debuts, /es idees maftresses, Paris, Librairie Honore Champion, 1907, p. xxiii-xxiv; and Barbara Bowen, "Rabelais's Unreadable Books" in Renaissance Quarterly 48.4, Winter 1995, p. 742-758. John Edwin Sandys gives a more generaus number, writing that "in twenty years [it] passed through ten editions" (A History oj Classical Scholarship, vol. 2, Cambridge UP, 1908, p. 171). R. R. Bolgar agrees with Sandys (The Classical Heritage and Its Beneficiaries, Cambridge UP, 1954, p. 376-377). David McNeil notes that the success of De Asse may have had to do with the fact that "[i]n 1515 compendia of classical sayings, phrases, and information were still scarce; classical texts were only beginning to be widely known" (Guillaume Bude and Humanism in the Reign oj Francis 1, Geneva, Libnuie Draz, 1975, p. 26). 3 Seth Lerer, Error and the Academic Self: The Scholarly Imagination, Medieval to Modern, New York, Columbia UP, 2002, p. 36. I Joseph Wallace MoreanaVo1.46177-178 201 biblical Greek and quickly shifted to the proper subjects for humanistic inquiry as well as the style in which those inquiries should be written. The exchange became a debate after Bude requested that Erasmus respond to passages in De Asse, which Erasmus found overly difficult and digressive. Following the terms of the exchange between the two great humanists, modern scholars of De Asse have based much of their investigation on Erasmus's original critiques of what he saw as its difficult style and excessive digression. Their work has produced justifications and explanations of De Asse's obscurity and digressions, and yet none of these critics has read the epistolary debate stimulated by De Asse on its own terms, as a debate about the proper audience for humanistic texts and the shape of the scholarly community they should create. This essay aligns the debate between Bude and Erasmus with their respective visions of humanistic community as contained in both De Asse and some of Erasmus's longer commentaries in his Chiliades. While some modern scholars of Bude have addressed De Asse's obscurity and difficulty, they most often attempt to explain the internal logiC of Bude's work without noticing how it presented itself to the wider community of humanist readers. 4 Louis Delaruelle argues for a division of the work into scientific portions and digressions on political and social issues. 5 Marie-Madeleine de La Garanderie has offered a comprehensive explanation that argues that De Asse's obscurity is the key to both its organizational principle and 4 5 Barbara Bowen's 1995 at1icle summarizes critics' attempts to deal with Bude's obscurity but does not offer her own interpretation of De Asse's style. Jean Plattard (Guillaume Bude [1488-1540] et Les Origines de L'Humanisme Francais, Paris, Les Belles Lettres, 1966) and McNeil both comment upon Bude's obscurity without attempting to explain it. See Delaruelle, p. 130-198. 202 MorcanaVo1.46 , 177-178 Joseph Wallace its mystical significance, what she calls its "harmonie secrete.,,6 As La Garanderie indicates, Bude's obscurity and digressions were a part of his larger Christian project that would lead the scholar to the secrets of divine mystery through a philology whose primary goal was to understand history's moral and ethical value.? As she has argued elsewhere, "It is impossible to understand Bude without reference to Christian mysticism."s Where La Garanderie sees a transcendent unity emerging from Bude's digressions, Jean-Claude Margolin sees evidence of Bude's struggles with the contingency and disorder of history. He has argued that Bude's digressions should be viewed as commentaries on his scientific and historical research, linking his research on the past to his own society.9 According to Margolin, the ultimate value of De Asse is that it offered a way to read the documents of the past in a way that could help the modern world, though the aid it offered was based on contingency and historical difference. Bude's goal was a critical study of ancient civilization, which, beyond the literary, iconographic, or material sources, would be able to reveal a set of issues that might bring about a political, ethical, intellectual, and spiritual awakening of modern civilization and culture, and yet whose permanent value would no longer appear linked to a fixed or etemallength of 6 See 7 8 9 Marie-Madeleine de La Garandelie, "L'Harmonie secrete du De Asse de Guillaume Sude," in Bulletin de [,Association Guillaume Bude, 4e serie, no. 4, Dec. 1968 , p. 473-486. Ibid., p. 481-482. Marie-Madeleine de La Garanderie, "Guillaume Sude, A Philosopher of Culture" in Sixteenth Century 10urnaI19.3 , 1988, p. 381. See Jean-Claude Margolin , "De la digression au commentaire: pour une lecture humaniste du De Asse de Guillaume Sude" in Neo-Latin and the Vernacular in Renaissance France, ed. Grahame Castor and Terence Cave, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1984, p. 1-25. Joseph Wallace Morcana Vo1.46177-178 203 time, but rather would be threatened by the contingenc?; of history or the reconsideration of a dislocated time period. I Bude's digressions in De Asse mirror his view of history as contingent and messy, but they also use the contingency of history to comment on the present. Both La Garanderie and Margolin offer ways to read the digressions of De Asse in terms of Bude's views on philosophy, history, and society, and both use these perspectives to answer Erasmus's original criticism of the work. Yet, while these critical perspectives are valuable and persuasive assessments of Bude's goals in De Asse, they do not fully address the terms and content of the epistolary debate between Erasmus and Bude. While the two certainly did argue about De Asse's relative unity or disunity, those arguments more frequently turned into arguments over the proper style in which humanist texts should be WTitten and the ways in which they define and reach out to their audiences. What is lacking is a study of the value Bude and Erasmus placed on obscurity and digression, or the lack thereof, for the practice of philology conceived as a tool for exchanging knowledge within an intellectual community. As scholars such as Lisa Jardine have reminded us, letters were often thought of in terms of the conscious construction of reputation in a social world of fellow scholars.ll Erasmus was perhaps the only humanist of Ibid., p. 22: "une etude critique ... de la civilisation antique, qui puisse faire emerger, par-dela les documents lilteraires, iconographiques ou materiels, une serie de problematiques utiles 11 une prise de conscience politi que, ethique, intellectuelle et spirituelle de la civilisation et de la culture modernes, dont les valeurs permanentes n ' apparaissant plus comme liees 11 une duree immobile ou etemisee, mais menacees par la contingence de I'histoire ou les remises en cause d'un temps disloque." 11 See Lisa Jardine, Erasmus, Man of Letters: The Construction of Charisma in Print, Princeton UP, 1993, especially p. 151-155 . See also See Marie-Madeleine de La Garanderie's edition of the epistolary exchange, La Correspondance 10 204 Mareana Vol. 46, 177-178 Joseph Wallace sufficient stature to criticize De Asse, and his fellow humanists took an interest in his debate with Bude. Erasmus's 1517 collection of letters, "Aliquot Epistolae sane quam elegantes" (A number of highly elegant letters), is prefaced by a letter from Peter Wilhelm (Petrus Aegidus) to Antony Clava. Wilhelm writes: I know that not only to you , most learned of men, but also to all other learned men, it will be an exceedingly joyous spectacle to behold these two lords of letters, one from France, and one from our parts, meeting together on the field of eloquence, and v..rith such powers on each side, and so utterly different, that you will doubt which one to set before the other, but yet will marvel that both together come out on top. 12 In 1517 Cuthbert Tunstall wrote to Bude and mentioned his friendly epistolary exchange with Erasmus. Tunstall portrays himself as unworthy to enter into discussion with the two greatest scholars of the day: "I thought modesty demanded imperatively that I should withdraw at the earliest moment from the arena in which two heavyweights of our generation in the literary way were competing [inter se certarent] in an interchange of most friendly letters, each passing scholarly criticisms on the other.,,13 Contemporaries of d'Erasme et de Guillaume Bude, Paris, Librairie Philosophique 1. Vrin, 1967, p. 11-12, for the editions of letters published by Bude and Erasmus. 2 1 "Scio quum aliis eruditis omnibus, tum tibi eruditissimo vehementer fore iucundum spectaculum videre duos lilterarum proceres, alterum a Gallis, alterum a nostratibus, veluti in quodam eloquentiae campo commissos, sic suis utrunque virtutibus, eisque diversis maximum, ut dubites utrum utri anteponas, sed tamen unumquenque sic mireris ut summum" (Opus Epistoiarum Des. Erasmi, ed. P. S. Allen, vol. 2, Oxford UP, 1992, p. 602). Quotations from Allen's edition of Erasmus's correspondence are cited by volume and page number. 13 Collected Works of Erasmus (CWE), vol. 4., Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1969-, p. 326; Allen 2, 538. I quote the Collected Works of Erasmus for translations of all of Erasmus's and Bude's letters as well as Erasmus's Adages, and will cite this work in the text by volume and page number. Occasionally, as Joseph Wallace Mareana Vol.46177-178 205 Erasmus and Bude thought of theirs as a conflict between the two greatest humanists of the age; more was at stake in their debate than simply the judgment of a single work of scholarship. Rather, the debate represented their differences over methods of intellectual exchange, played out, often expliCitly, in the presence of an attentive community of readers. Appropriately enough, the epistolary exchange began with the two scholars exchanging learned opinions with each other. Erasmus had included an encomium of Bude in his notes on St. Luke in his translation of the New Testament, and Bude had been encouraged by Francois Deloynes to correspond with Erasmus.!4 The first extant letter of the exchange came from Bude, who, after discussing Erasmus's translation of the New Testament, chided him for spending so much of his time on MITTOAO'YTtPU-rU (trivialities) (Allen 2, 232; eWE 3, 279). This charge may seem patently wrongheaded, or at best merely designed to provoke retaliation, as Louis Delaruelle argues: "It is readily apparent that he meant no harm; he was only trying, in raising this objection, to provoke a reply from Erasmus and to lead him into the kind of epistolary conflict that would hold the attention of the scholarly world.,,!5 Yet the conflict was a real one, as La Garanderie explains: "[Erasmus] was above all solicitous of pedagogical efficacy, and in this regard thought that works which were teachable, simple, with a modest, or even attractive title, were here, I supplement the CWE with the original Latin and Greek from Allen's edition and will cite that edition in the text by volume and page number as well. l4 La Correspondance, ed. La Garanderie, p. 53. lS Louis Delaruelle, "Une amitie des humanistes: Etude sur les relations de Bude et d'Erasme d'apres leur correspondance (1516-1531)," in Le Musee beige, tome IX, 1905, p. 321-351: "Pourtant, il est bien visible qu'il n'y entendait pas malice; il ne cherchait, en emettant ce jugement, qu'a provoquer une replique d'Erasme, et a l'amener a une sorte de duel epistolaire qui retiendrait sur eux I'attention du monde erudit" (p. 325). 206 Moreana Vo1.46, 177-178 Joseph Wallace the best. Bude preferred scholarly books which were massive, serious, and even uninviting.,,16 The conflict between Bude and Erasmus evolved into a difference of opinion regarding how knowledge should be exchanged between scholars and friends. In their letters, literary style was discussed in tandem with its effect on intellectual exchange and humanistic scholarship. The dispute is underpinned from their first letter by concern for reputation and a place in the scholarly world. Bude charges Erasmus with not fulfilling his proper scholarly role: I could wish that were yoursel£ as well satisfied as I am with these grand and noble subjects; for now I want to speak to you seriously. To be perfectly frank, I often exclaim with astonishment when I see you misusing such eloquence and such intellectual gifts on the trivialities in which you sometimes give your mind a rest, as if the right course were not to leave ordinary and unimportant topics to men with minds of similar caliber. But you devote the same attention to subjects of the first rank and third, and even lower, and could justly be criticized on two counts: first, that you step in and deprive lesser men of moderate attainments of their chance to shine, and second, that you waste your own divine fire on things unworthy of it; besides which you reduce the value men set on distinction of both language and thought something like what the ancients used to call "lese-majeste." (eWE 3, 279-280)17 It is not simply that Bude thinks Erasmus should focus on more noble topics, but that he thinks that Erasmus is neglecting his responsibility to the intellectual world. Erasmus was 16 La 17 Correspondance, ed. La Garandelie, p. 57n31: "Mais il est avant tout soueieux d'effteaeite pectagogique, et pense qu'a eet egard les ouvrages maniables, simples, au titre modeste, voire attrayant, sont les meilleurs. Bude prerere Ie livre seientifique un peu massif, serieux, voire rebarbatif." This paragraph is almost entirely in Greek in the original letter. Joseph Wallace Moreana Vo1.46177-178 207 understandably confused as to just what constituted "trivialities" and requested clarification, stating that everything of his is trifling but that he finds it somehow more attractive to "mix serious topics with my trifles than to show myself a trifler on great topics" (CWE 3, 307). Bude had in mind principally Erasmus's De Copia, "which in my opinion and that of many good judges and supporters of yours does not live up to such a sounding title. By title I mean not only the word Copia but the name Erasmus" (CWE 3, 331). As for Erasmus's Parabolae, "since you have drawn from common sources, you might be thought to have snatched them from the grasp of lesser men" (ibid.). With Erasmus's response the debate expanded to include the proper audience for humanistic studies and the appropriate style to address it, and eventually each scholar produced what are almost short treatises on their respective views. Erasmus defends his De Copia by appealing to its usefulness, a concept on which the rest of the debate turns. As he states, "Finally, the man whose sole object is not to advertise himself but to help other people, asks not so much Is it grand, my chosen field? as Is it useful? ... I write these things not for your Persius or your Laelius but for children and dullards" (CWE 4, 104-105). For Erasmus, De Copia was primarily an educational work, designed to provide an introduction to the concept of copia both for scholars and students. Bude had a much different idea of what was educational and who was to be educated; this idea was based on his own ornate literary style. In his first letter, Bude wrote that "You wrote to me in the old Laconic style [Laconice], and I have replied in the Asianic [Asiatice], or anything there may be more verbose" (CWE 3, 280; Allen 2, 233). Though Bude was clearly joking about the respective lengths of their letters (Erasmus's first letter has been lost), this distinction between the plain, Spartan style of Erasmus and the ornate, Asiatic style of 208 Morcana Vol.46, 177-178 Joseph Wallace Bude would make its way back into the debate when Erasmus had a chance to comment on this aspect of Bude's De Asse, after Bude asked for Erasmus's thoughts on it. IS Erasmus's comments share a common thread with his defense of De Copia, contrasting a useful focus on teaching with Bude's flood of words and references. Erasmus argues that Bude's obscurity needlessly occludes his sense and merely causes unnecessary conflict. He notes that "you give the impression of trying to please Apollo rather than Midas, yet on that point you deliberately put in a touch of Lycophron's obscurity [AUK0<PPWV8tOv n], 19 and made us think of Loxias or some other riddling oracle" (CWE 4,109; Allen 2, 368). Later he says that "you are sometimes almost overwhelmed and weighed down by the wealth [copia] of important materials .., and you are not allowed to know when to stop" (CWE 4, 110; Allen 2, 369)20 Erasmus ends his letter with his judgment on De Asse that would provoke the most substantive discussions yet between the two: 18 Juan Luis Vives glosses the difference between the Asiatic and Spartan styles in his 1532 De Ratione Dicendi. For him, both styles departed from the Attic ideal, and this is perhaps Bude's point. The Asiatic style was traditionally the style of youthful exuberance; as Vives writes, "Ita quod eorum patres Athenis nati uno verbo essent elocuti, ipsi per ambages expressere" (thus, what their fathers born in Athens would have said in one word they express in a roundabout way). As for the Spartan style, "Brevissimi omnium et praecisi erant Lacones, qui velut punctis quibusdam utebantur potius quam sermone" (Briefest and most precise of all were the Spartans, who would rather use something like a series of dots than speech). This work may be consulted in the dual Spanish and Latin edition, Del Arte de Habiar, Granada, Universidad de Granada, 2000, p. 57. 19The eWE' s translation inserts the word "obscurity," which is not present in Erasmus's original Greek and Latin. However, the word is appropriate because Erasmus was probably thinking of characterizations of Lycophron that emphasized his "darkness," such as that by Statius in his Silvae: "carmina ... Lycophronis atri" (V.iii.157). 2G.y-his last phrase, neque sinaris manum de tabula tollere, comes from an adage (Liii.9). Joseph Wallace Morcana Vo1.46 177-178 209 Yet in what is produced by art, men's taste differ, whereas what comes by nature has some secret power of touching and attracting everyone, and gives much more delight as it makes its quiet way into men's hearts, as though it were akin to them. As for the great love of your own country which you show everywhere, many will give you credit for it, nobody but will readily overlook it; although in my opinion it is more worthy of a philosopher to deal with men and ideas in such a way that we feel this world to be the common homeland of us all, even though I admit France to be the most beautiful region of the Christian world. Besides this, while you often expand into digressions [rrapcKpuocU;] both very scholarly and very entertaining, and spend perhaps rather a long time on them, there is some danger that a reader difficult to please may say to himself: This is all very good and splendid, but (as they used to say What has this to do with Dionysus?) what has it to do with the "as"? (eWE 4, 110; Allen 2, 369)21 For Erasmus, Bude's overly nationalistic attitudes were linked to his method of scholarship; Bude viewed philology as akin to a battle, setting authors against each other as in war, though for Erasmus, at least in this letter, scholarship should seek to minimize conflict, both among nations and friends. 22 The discussion ends with two long letters in which each scholar sets out his theory of literary style. Bude subtly implies that Erasmus's concern with being understood by all people is in conflict with his apparent disregard for his reputation: I know we both go after reputation of no common ordinary kind, and not by the first route that offers; and you indeed run after it, you never rest. In fact, it is the wish to imitate 21 Again, Erasmus refers to an adage (ILiv.57): Nihil ad Bacchum. 22 James Tracy, The Politics of Erasmus: A Pacifist Intellectual and His Political Milieu, Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1978, comments on this exchange, noting that "In patriotism [Erasmus] apparently saw only a divisive force" (p. 46). For a similar reading of this exchange, see Hans Bots and Fran<;:oise Waquet, La Repub/ique des Lettres, Paris, De Boeck, 1997, p. 32. 210 Moreana VoL46, 177-178 Joseph Wallace men of the highest renown for scholarship that makes this battle worth fighting both for us and for all those with a desire for excellence; for all that you, my Socratic enthusiast, began some time ago ingeniously enough to degrade yourself, with a view to playing the part of a theologian or winning approval for your industry from the theologians in your part of the world [is tis theologis J. You do the same, believe it or not, when in your letter to me you tell me to be content with my own performance. (eWE 4, 145; Allen 2,397) Bude accuses Erasmus of the same partiality for renown that Erasmus lamented in Bude. In another attempt at turnabout, Bude goes on to suggest that Erasmus's Adage on the Silenus compares dissimilar things (most specifically St. Paul and the Silenus) just as Bude does in his digressions: "What has all this to with Silenus, or Dionysus himself for that matter)" The digressions in De Asse fit together, "much as light and shade go together in a picture, if only I have been able to achieve a fit and proper balance, as they call it" (eWE 4, 145). The digressions do often obscure the sense, Bude argues, but they are valuable because they serve as ornaments to the more straightforward and dry sections of De Asse. Yet towards the end of his letter Bude again returns to the matter of reputation. Erasmus's reputation is so great that Bude concludes by writing, "I perceive therefore that your reputation infringes the ancient lights not only of myself but, I had almost said, of all our contemporaries; to such a degree are you loved and respected by everyone, that no one here dares even to voice any criticism, however much he may wish to, nor even to praise you in an uncommittal manner, without being generally suspected of collusion with the other side" (eWE 4, 151). The overall aim of Bude's letter is to suggest that his own literary style is the most fitting for a humanistic culture of exchange Joseph Wallace Moreana VoL46177-178 211 and cntlcIsm, and that Erasmus focuses too much on avoiding conflict and misunderstanding by not engaging in battle at all. Erasmus responds to Bude's letter with a defense that begins with a famous example of an unequal exchange. He writes, "You have repaid my ill-educated letter with one of such exquisite learning, giving me like Glaucus in Homer more than gold for what was hardly bronze, and have rewarded my mediocre performance with something so flowery and so long, it was not a letter, it was a volume, or rather a thesaurus, in itself" (eWE 4,223). The reference to Adage Lii.l, "The Exchange between Diomedes and Glaucus [Diomedis &; Glauci permutatio]," introduces Erasmus's theme of the decorum of intellectual exchange, also implying that though Bude's style is golden, he does not know how to use it properly. Erasmus goes on to defend his views on literary style by appealing to the pedagogical value of clarity: "But if you suppose grandeur of style to lie in the actual forms of expression, my own conviction is this: I think that style of writing most exalted which is most effective in recommending its chosen subject" (eWE 4,230). And this style also extends to the ethical realm, as Erasmus writes, "Your great philosopher is not the one with the finest grasp of Stoic or Peripatetic doctrines, but he who exemplifies the principles of philosophy in his life and character, which is philosophy's true aim. In the same way, the task of the consummate orator is fulfilled by the man who has carried conviction" (Ibid.). Erasmus also specifies the proper subjects for ornate writing and for educational writing. After designating panegyric as the only genre proper to an ornate style, he writes that, Nothing, I suppose, could be further from this than a style wholly employed in teaching, and what is more, not in teaching any subject you may choose (for the causes of 212 Moreana Vo1.46, 177-178 Joseph Wallace thunderbolts or earthquakes might furnish forth a splendid paragraph), but things intrinsically small and ordinary, and moreover so difficult and involved that, no matter how distinct and lucid and simple and appropriate your exposition may be, even an attentive reader will scarcely grasp them. (eWE 4, 231) Erasmus is here commenting both on his own Adages and Bude's De Asse, which respectively examine things "small and ordinary" and "difficult and involved." Erasmus thinks that the principal aim of scholarship should be to teach and that it should address a wide range of readers. In response to Budes claim that Erasmus's readers, though they read his works greedily the first time, "do not dip into you again maybe for a long time, nor pursue your meaning by frequent re/reading" (eWE 4, 148), Erasmus writes that "I suspect ... that it is safer to help one's reader on his way with an easy style than to frighten him away with a difficult one [difficultate], and a more tolerable fate never to be read a second time than not to be read at all .... After all, whose style moves more easily than Cicero's, and who has more enthusiastic readers?" (eWE 4, 234).23 In the letters Erasmus frequently discusses his attempts to moderate his style to 23 Erasmus and Bude both argue that their styles please their readers, and both would seem to have the support of Augustine, as Kathy Eden has noted. As she argues, Augustine himself was divided on the value of obscurity, at once accepting that "prompta vilescunt" ([readers] despise easy things) and that too much obscurity is ultimately detrimental to interpretation. See Eden, "The Rhetorical Tradition and Augustinian Hermeneutics in De Doctrina Christiana," Rhetorica 8.1, Winter 1990, p. 55. It should be noted that Erasmus would later move closer to Bude's position on difficulty in his Ecclesiastes of 1535, advocating "the arousing of appetite through difficulty," which "initiates a heuristic movement form obscurity towards the light of perfect knowledge" (Terence Cave, The Cornucopian Text: Problems of Writing in the French Renaissance, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1979, p. 108). And yet the contexts of the two models of interpretations are very different: Erasmus pre felTed clarity in scholarship, difficulty in "prophetic discourse" (ibid.). Joseph Wallace Morcana Vo146177-178 213 please a wide range of readers; in his complaints against Budes difficult style Erasmus is trying to promote a specific kind of scholarly conversation and exchange, which is a project he began in his Adages. In many of the longer adages, Erasmus maintains that his goal is to be useful to his readers, and consequently he is critical of those scholars whose works are overly packed with references. The adage 'The Labors of Hercules [Herculei labores]," III.i.l, deals with Erasmus's method of collecting and writing the Adages, and he uses it to respond to certain criticisms of the Adages themselves.24 On the charge that he may have left some things out of his explanations, he writes, "Then think what tedious pedantry it would have been to collect from every quarter all that could in any way have been adapted to the enrichment of a proverb J" (eWE 34, 176). In fact, Erasmus would criticize Bude for this very fault about ten years For Erasmus, setting limits on his source hunting later. 25 contribu ted to the usefulness of his book. Yet, he also makes it clear that his book is an open work: "Last but not least, since the work knows no limits and aims at being generally useful, is there any reason why we should not share the labour and by our joint efforts finish it? I have completed my task, I am tired and hand on the torch; let me have a successor who is ready to take his turn" (eWE 34,180). In the adage "A dung/beetle hunting an eagle [Scarabeus aquilam quaerit]," III.viU, Erasmus goes to great lengths to conunent on every aspect of the adage, but at the end of his explanation says that this enrichment was done to rebuff those critics who might think that the Adages were not expansive enough: "I wanted to show these 24 25 The expanded essay appeared in the 1508 Aldine edition of the Chiliades. See CWE 4, 233 . 214 Moreal1a Vo1.46, 177-178 Joseph Wallace people certainly that I have chosen to be brief in the rest of the book; otherwise I would not have been short of matter to enrich it if I had thought more of showing off my eloquence than of giving pleasure to the reader" (CWE 35, 213-214). If Erasmus wanted to impress his readers with his erudition, he could have expanded his adages; rather, he wanted to produce a text that invites communal effort. As Kathy Eden writes, "What holds for the writer seeking glory for himself ... does not hold for the one who aims at being useful to the community.,, 26 These passages from the Adages foreshadow the position Erasmus would take with Bude on the subject of digressions and obscurity in general. As becomes clear in the Adages, the main difference between Bude and Erasmus is their views on what constitutes difficult subjects and how they should be treated. In the adage "The Sileni of Alcibiades [Sileni Alcibiadis] ," II Liii.l, Erasmus writes that "So true is it in things of every sort that w hat is excellent is least conspicuous" (CWE 34, 266). For Erasmus, this was not only a fact of nature but also a moral injunction applicable to scholarly exchange. As he would later write to Bude in defense of simplicity, "For it does not immediately follow that what is most difficult is also at the same time most exalted; on the contrary, we usually find that the most difficult things are those which are most minute. This class of subjects, all the same, has its virtues; but in my opinion they include brilliance and grandeur least of all" (CWE 4, 232). As with the Silenus, the smallest and most mundane things are the things Joseph Wallace Friends Hold All Things in Commoll: Tradition, Intellectual Property, and the "Adages " of Erasmus , New Haven , Yale University Press, 2001, p. 161. Eden sees in these adages evidence of Erasmus's adherence to Hora ti an "oeconomia, which entails both selecting the most appropriate details and arranging them fo r the maximum artistic effect" (p. 160). 215 that contain the greatest truths, yet their exteriors are often knotty, difficult, or obscure, and so should be explicated with the simplest language. The interior truths which are unlocked are inherently simple and elegant, quite the opposite of their intricate containers. To illustrate this point Erasmus uses the metaphor of a tree and its seed : "Look at the trees: their flowers and leaves appeal to every eye, and their great bulk is inescapable, whereas the seed which contains the vital force of the whole - what a tiny thing it is, how well concealed, how far from appealing to the eye, how little given to self advertizement" (CWE 34,266). The very system of the Adages seems to accord with this statement. In 'The Labours of Hercules" Erasmus writes that the Adages have no order becau se they are in essence open for all to approach, as he would later write to Bude that "The system of my Chiliades is such that, whenever you have finished an adage, you can imagine that you have come to the end of the volume," while Bude's De Asse "all holds together like a chain, so that there is not the same scope for longer digressions" (CWE 4, 232). Indeed, Budes views on difficulty and obscurity are almost the exact opposite of Erasmus's, though they were no less developed, as a reading of De Asse in context of the Adages and the letters demonstrates. The digressions in De Asse have been characterized as concerned with "political economy, cultural nationalism, and ecclesiastical policy,,, 27 and have been the main subject of modern 27 McNeil , 26 Eden, Moreana Vo1.46177-178 p. 29. McNeil summarizes the positions of Louis Delaruelle and Marie Madeleine de La Garanderie. The position of Delaruelle has been discussed above (see note 4). Marie-Madeleine de La Garanderie devoted a significant portion of her 1976 thesis to the final digression, or epilogue, in De Asse (See Christianisme et Lettres Profanes (J 51 5-1 535): Essai sur les Mentalites des Milieux Intellectuels Parisiens et sur la Pellsee de Guillaume Bud!, Paris, Librairie Honore Champion , 1976, p. 121-160). 216 Moreana Vo1.46, 177-178 Joseph Wallace scholarship on the book; yet their import as digressions concerned with pedagogy and intellectual exchange has not been explored. In the context of the well-publicized epistolary exchange, De Asse appears as a work as much about Budes investigative method as about the results of his investigations. De Asse promotes its own system of intellectual commerce, which is all the more well-defined by its divergence from that of Erasmus in his Adages. But just like the Adages, De Asse is itself a handbook on how to read it: a running commentary on its own methods and their instructional value. In the preface of De Asse Bude appears to want to control how others read his book, as he sets out the principal themes of the work, discusses his methods, and defends his use of obscurity. From the beginning Bude emphasizes the monumental, yet solitary, task of philological work. The purpose of the book is the restoration of ancient knowledge, "In truth, so that posterity may again put to their original uses those newfound things originally discovered in antiquity, and which the ancients used, but that are now stiff with age, neglected by the inattention of the centuries, and given over to the flux of history.,,28 Yet Bude emphasizes that he is alone among his contemporaries in this quest because the scholarly world has not investigated the ancient world properly: "Truly, the account and reckoning of this matter is really in no sense a popular one, so that the things of which I judge, I can only judge rightly if I am able to do Joseph Wallace Bude, De Asse et partibus eius, vol. 2 of his Opera Omnia, Basel, 1557; reprint, Farnsborough, Hants., Gregg Press Ltd., 1966, p. 1: " Verumenimvero res multae praeciarae ab antiquis vel inventae, vel usurpatae, & in eorum usu positae, ita vel aevi situ squalidae, vel incuria temporum neglectae, vel rerum inclinationibus diu desitae fuerunt , ut iterum inveniendas in usum suum easdem posteritas habuerit." All translations from De Asse are my own. I have silently modernized Greek and Latin spelling and expanded all abbreviations. 217 so alone.,, 29 The materials that Bude works with are jumbled and mangled; his method takes into account the twisted state of scholarship on the ancient world: "For I found these things not by luck, as sometimes results from wide reading, but these things were found out by following the traces, one part withered with age, and another tangled up in knots.,,3o Philology is not only a solitary, perplexing task in itself, but is also made more difficult because of the dilapidated state of the texts themselves. Bude certainly agrees with Erasmus that philology is hard work, but for Bude it is a solitary effort, and at the end of his preface he sets out his own ideas about how his book should be approached, which differ from those Erasmus delineated in 'The Labors of Hercules." In fact, Bude directly addresses how critics should judge his style. First, Since we are necessarily judged by our faculty with language, when I myself have put my books into the public sphere, I want to warn those critics not to form their critical opinion from my sometimes youthful style, reveling with the excitement of a novice, but from my more austere style, which even now has already warmed to the task and settled down. Not otherwise than when those who are to form a judgment on wine take a drink from a jar or cask, rather than a lake. 31 29 Ibid: 28 Moreana Vo1.46 177-178 "At vero huius ea ratio est & conditio, minime quidem ipsa popularis, ut quas res in iudicium affero, iis de rebus censuisse recte non nisi solus & unus possim." 30 Bude, p. 1-2: " Nam cum res attuli non f0l1e fortuna repertas, ut legendo fit interdum, sed omnibus vestigiis indagatas, iisque partim exo1etis, partim perplexe involutis." 31 Bude, p. 2: "Et quando ita necesse est, ut ex oratione nosra aestimatio nostri fiat, quum libris in publicum editis calculum ipse iudicibus iam porrexerim, monitos eos velim, ut specimen iudicii non a musteo adhuc stylo nostro, tyrociniique fervore exultanti, sed ab austeriore sumant, aut qui iam intepuisse & consedisse 218 Moreana Vo1.46, 177-178 Joseph Wallace Bude is aware of the possible negative judgment of his style and yet, in the next sentence, defends his obscurity as an instrument for furthering scholarly exchange: If anywhere we were more obscure than any reader could easily or plainly understand (as certainly sometimes we were on purpose, since we have judged it appropriate to write in that manner) , then that is partly the place where my readers should pour out their opinions for an entire day, and consult with others more learned than they are; and partly where they should not be ashamed to vigorously inquire, indeed they should rather dwell on those places where I used figurative language instead of pronouncing their judgment on me too hastily and iniquitously. Farewell best of readers, apply your mind to the same cause with me, for the first time. 32 Bude does not represent the scholarly community as equal partners in the production of scholarship, as Erasmus did. Rather, Bude wants his readers to come together to interpret out his book, to consult more learned scholars and to struggle with his ideas. Part of the reason for Bude's insistence on the necessity of a highly engaged and specialized scholarly community is his view that the scholarly world is in bad shape. He writes, "I am assured that I will make it plain that no one in eighty years, or perhaps longer, has videatur. Non aliter atque se de vino iudicium faciendum habeant, de amphora potius aut certe de dolio quam de lacu sumi par sit." 32 Ibid: "Sicubi obscuriores fuimus, quam ut abs quolibet lectore plane aut facile intelligamur (ut certe interdum de industria fuimus, quoniam ita referre aut nostra aut decori arbitrabamur) ibi ut diem ipsi partim iudicii sui diffundant, quoad alios acriores consuluerint; partim quasi sibi haec inquirere non vacet, aut pigeat, de figuratis locis non liquere fateantur potius, quam ut praepropere aut inique quicquam de nobis pronuncient. Vale optime lector, & eandem in causam mecum primo quoque tempore incumbe." Joseph Wallace Moreana Vo1.46 177-178 219 correctly understood these terms.,,33 Furthermore, Bude doubts his abilities because he has no one to rely on; the scholarly world has neglected his topic: 'Truly I would like to put aside this doubt, if I could only rely on some singular height of ingenuity, or if I could take up this topiC with the aid of profound knowledge, but no one of the most learned men has handled this topic with full approval without some harm done: this will soon be apparent.,, 34 And yet Bude's philological method does not aim at recovering an uncomplicated past; rather, philology always has to deal with the tangled transmission of texts and ideas. Accordingly, Bude deploys the digression, addition, and other stylistic devices of circumlocution in order to convey the complexity of philological research that must take into account the errors of the ancients themselves. In his praise of Pliny near the beginning of the first book, he writes that Pliny is his antistcs, or his superior, and yet he is also capable of error, as is antiquity in general: "I think that the ancients themselves were men like us, and like us wrote some things of which they knew very little.,,35 Bude's job is made harder by multiple sources of error on the way to philological accuracy. The manuscripts could be flawed, or the author himself could have been mistaken in his information. 36 Early in the third book Bude devotes a page-long digression to these difficulties, comparing them to trapping Proteus. For, "under the name of Proteus I will expound 33 34 35 36 Sude, p. 19: "Planum enim facturum me confido, neminem intra octingentos annos, ac longe plures fortasse, recte haec vocabula intellexisse." Sude, p. 20 : "Verumenimvero earn a me suspicionem longe amoliri velim, quasi aut ingenii singulari quodam acumine fretus, aut reconditae doctrinae fiducia earn rem totam susceperim, quam viii tot doctissimi ne primoribus quidem digitis sine noxa tractaverunt: id quod mox apparebit." Sude, p. 9: "Ego vero antiquos quoque illos, homines ut nos fuisse puto, & a1iqua etiam scripsisse quae parum intelligerent." Ibid. 220 MorealJa Vo1.46 , 177-178 Joseph Wallace Joseph Wallace Moreana Vo1.46 177-178 221 the ancient world as it has been represented by the ancients and come down to the present time.,, 3? The investigation of this Protean "adumbration" entails a digressive, meandering style. Bude describes the process: "Accordingly, when I feel a renewed impulse to write, I fall back in the same place, since by some fortunate (I hope) accident, some perhaps unasked impulse of the mind yanks me from the refuge [diverticulo] of the work that was in my hands, and places me in this kind of unexpected addition [parergon] ... For this work already fills up four times as much as its appropriate measure.,, 38 This is the form the work takes because of the variable nature of working with ancient texts; truth seems to come and go at will, and the author often feels himself lost in doubt. Bude was convinced, however, that this method was the best way to write on the ancient world, and was even backed by ancient authority: "When I was occupied with this subject, I laid hold of this addition [parergon] because my mind needed some recreation, as it were; it started out intended for the form of a digression [diveniculi], but with a continuing series of things forcing deep reflection by turns here and there, I felt that I had progressed to the point that, out of this addition, that is, a digression from the work in progress, the work became complete, or as the Greeks say, 'so that the addition turned into the work itself.",39 This view of digression as a mirror of subject matter was not a standard or traditional rhetorical device, which is perhaps why Erasmus took offense to it. Juan Luis Vives summarizes a more traditional view of the role of digression and paraphrase, if only in the art of speaking: "Digressions should be either non-existent or very rare, and altogether brief; on that account 'paraphrasis' is so called which does not depart from the 'phrasi' already set up, that is, the speech itself.,,40 Additionally, "metaphors and all figures of speech should be reduced to their proper and natural Simplicity, so that they are 'aneschematismena' (without figures) , and with all covering removed, so that the speech may become more plane and lucid.,,41 There can be little doubt that Bude saw his own work as resisting the simpliCity of the plain style of Erasmus and Vives, aligning it with the figured style of philosophical texts that conveyed divine mysteries. As he writes near the beginning of Dc Assc in a digression on the word "eschematismenos," St. Jerome called a book "figured" that did not conform to a simple or vulgar sensibility, but used "a figured style, different from any COIllinon usage and indeed shunning it: so that we ought not to marvel if just anyone cannot seize on the sense of arcane and hidden knowledge.,,42 If philology were truly going to bring to light the hidden knowledge of the past, it should not rely on the formal Bude, p. 105: "Protei autem nomine vestustatem esse a priscis adumbratam in praesentia interpretabor." 38 Bude, p. 106: Proinde renovato impetu rursus eodem incumbendum, qu andoqui dem forte (ut spero) fortuna ex altelius operis divelticulo quod in manibus erat, in parergon huiuscemodi transvers um me rapuit impetus animi forta sse inconsultus ... Excrevit enim opus quadruple iam amplius quam pro destinatis modulis. 39 Bude, p. 20: " In qua ipsa cum occupatus essem, animi causa (ut sit) avocamentum quaerentis, parergon hoc arripui, initio quidem modulis diverticuli destinatum: rerum autem serie perpetua aliam atque aliam deinceps commentationem ingerente, eousque progressum me esse sensi, ut ex parergo, id est operis insititui diverticulo, plenum opus factum sit, ut Graeci dicunt, W(HE Kat.O 1tUPEPYOV epyov yeyovE." 40 Vives, p. 166: " Digre ssiones aut nullae erunt prorsum aut perquam rarae, et eae breves admodum ; idcirco enim paraphrasis nominatur, quod a proposita phrasi, hoc est oratione, non discedat. " 41 Ibid.: " Metaphorae ac figurae et conformationes orones ad propriam ac naturalem simplicitatem reducentur, ut sint uvEcrXTJl-!ancrl-!cva [sic], denique tectoria detracto oroni , ut planior ac diludicior reddatur oratio." 42 Bude, p. 8: "fi gurato stylo, atque a sensu communi alieno & abhorrente: ut mirari non debeamus si arcanae abditaeque doctrinae sensum quilibet non capiat. " 37 222 Moreana Vo1.46, 177-178 Joseph Wallace constraints of traditional rhetorical organization; rather, it must use a method more appropriate to its subject matter. This is the contention of Bude's spirited defense of his method in the last section of De Asse, in which he comments on the practical aspects of intellectual exchange as well as on the larger implications of his digressive style. Bude at first discusses his method in the context of Ermolao Barbaro (1454-1493) , the author of the Castigationes Plinii (1493). Though Barbaro gave himself room for "fuller commentary" (pleniore commentario) ,43 Bude criticizes him for his sloppy method, rruxmg different things together indiscriminately of subject matter or authority. Barbaro's result is a "bundle of authorities treating the most vvidely diverging things.,,44 Bude's own method represented a significant advance, because he believed a digressive style could best reflect the complex process of tracing philological clues: I have thus explored the tangled and obscure details of his study, begun (unless I am mistaken) with an erroneous method of investigation, but I have begun at the beginning of the matter and entered there, and have made those tangled and dark places visible and navigable with bright signposts, little by little and from the inside, and thus thought it best to have worked them into the meanderings of digressions (as the matter demanded) , rather than in some labyrinth of disputation.45 Bude, p. 269 . Ibid.: " farraginem auctoritatum diversissima tradentium." 45 Bude, p. 269-270: "Nos corruTlentationis ab eo promissae, sed erronea (ni fallor) indagine incohatae, caecas & perplexas ambages, a capite rem exorsi, ita explorasse videmur, & a limine statim introrsus perspectas luculentis vestigiis remeabiles feci sse, ut in meandros potius digressionum insinuasse (sic enim res ferebat) quam in labyrinthum quendam disputationis , iudicari debeamus." Joseph Wallace Moreana Vo1.46177-178 223 Commenting on this passage, La Garanderie writes, "Guillaume Bude did not want artificially to substitute an order of exposition for the order of investigation, for exposition would have concealed the effort of his mind and annihilated one of the most useful lessons of the book: the practical and active initiation to philological method.,, 46 This is a very important passage in De Assf, and while La Garanderie uses it to emphasize the eventual Christian end of philology, it also plays a role in the forming of Bude's ideal intellectual community. For Bude, one must work through complexity and obscurity on their own terms in order to derive any use from philology, and a style such as Barbaro's does nothing to unravel the knots because it is too uniform. Erasmus's style suffers from the same problem in Bude's eyes: it does not acknowledge the value of seeking out the answers to difficult questions through a long process of investigation. In the section of De Assf which bears the marginal note "How Philosophers ought to set up their method of studies" (Quoniam modo philosophi rationem studiorum instituere debeant), Bude defends the value of seeking truth in the very complexity and obscurity that conceals it: For just as birds that are about to fly up to a steep place do not fly up from the ground to this place immediately and in straight lines, but with a swerving flight more easily and advantageously reach it. Thus the human mind is better and more intelligently able to ascend to the contemplation of knowledge through the spiral [cochleam] of a righteous discipline. than if straightaway it tries to take a short-cut 43 44 46 La Garanderie (1968), p. 482: "Et Guillaume Bude n'a pas voulu substituer artificiellement it l'ordre de l'investigation un ordre d'exposition, qui eat dissimule l'effort de I' esprit, et aneanti un des plus utiles enseignements du livre: l'initiation pratique et active it la methode philologique." 224 Mon~ana Vo1.46, 177-178 Joseph Wallace from the lowest form of learning to the highest, jumping over the ascending series of disciplines. 47 Bude links this cochlea with Solomon's encyclopedia in order to defend the value of obscurity, just as he would later recommend the wisdom of Solomon to Erasmus: "You remember that saying of Solomon's 'It is the glory of God to conceal a matter')" (CWE 4,141) .48 Obscurity is not only a guard against profane eyes, it has a moral value all its own as a pedagogical tool for the student of philology. Bude's final statement in De Asse of the value of obscurity is phrased in terms of a progreSSion from lesser to greater mysteries, but remains grounded in the realities of research. He uses Odysseus' journey in the Odyssey to indicate the gradual ascension of our interpretative faculties from pagan literature and rhetoric, ornate and polished, to divine knowledge, which contains literature and is the fulfillment of its lessons. "On account of [such a progression] those things were called by the Greeks propaedcumata, which signified those lessons [documentaJ that we must learn before we may arrive at the knowledge of more lofty and secret things.,,49 This, for La Garanderie, is the secret harmony of De Asse in a nutshell: the symbolic functioning of pagan literature and mythology to figure greater Christian truths.50 Yet, one of Bude's greatest Bude, p. 285-286: "Ut enim aves in locum arduum subvolaturae, non a solo protinus eum locum rectis Iineis petunt, sed volatu verticoso eo commodius evadunt & facilius: sic animus humanus ad contemplationem sapientiae melius per cochleam iustae disciplinae scandere & intelligentius potest, quam si protinus ab infimo genere doctrinae ad summum genus discendi compendio evaderet, scansilem disciplinarurn seriem transiliens. " 48 Bude is referring to Proverbs 25, 2. 49 Bude, p. 291: "Et earn ob rem a Graecis propaedeumata dicta, id est ea documenta quae praesciscere nos oportet priusquam accedamus ad rerum grandiorum arcanarumque cognitionem." 50 La Garanderie (1968), p. 485: "Par exemple .. . Toute la mythologie se lit allegoriquernent. " 47 Joseph Wallace Mon~ana Vo1.46177-178 225 accomplishments in De Asse is to reinterpret the methodology of scholarly work and show how the products of philological research could both retain the complexity and obscurity inherent in its process and find in that obscurity the best way to advance its interests. Rude imagines obscurity to be what prompts scholars to enter the field of philology and to compare, contrast, and criticize many different authors, not something to be dispelled by clarity of style, or something simply to be read allegorically. As a method of intellectual exchange, Bude's philology, as delineated in De Asse, was indeed highly contentious, and the proving ground turned out to be his own relationship with Erasmus in the letters they exchanged. In the letters Bude appears solicitous of friendship with Erasmus, but friendship of a certain kind, as he states in a letter from 1516: Consequently I now propose to form a partnership with you, if you concur, in all our friends, the more readily as you have already acquired a title not only to my friends but to myself, so that from now on there is a legal agreement between us for friendship of no ordinary kind expressed in these words in all good faith; and let us enter into this covenant on the understanding that we shall hold all our possessions in common [1U 1e rruV'w K'tl)o6}1e8a KotvU] and shall share our friends [wu~ qJiAOD~ KOtYOD~ ESO}1ey]. (eWE 4, 151; Allen 2, 402) A clear echo of the first adage of the Chiliades, Bude would later expand on the importance of this sharing in a letter to Cuthbert Tunstall in May 1517. Erasmus had sent Tunstall as a mediator, in part to advertise the conflict between Bude and Erasmus to the intellectual world. Bude writes, Is there any agreement, any contract, any trading venture that could make my situation easier and better equipped or my domestic circumstances more prosperous (and my plan is to 226 Moreana Vo1.46, 177-178 Joseph Wallace raise the house of Bude not by pompous foundation-works but by solid achievements of intelligence and industry) than this association with Erasmus and this sharing of our hiends that we have agreed upon) - for it is on their favorable judgment that I hope posterity will accept the design of what I build. (eWE 4, 352) The tone of the friendship Bude proposed was collaborative, and yet the diverging views of the two humanists began to lead to contention soon after their initial debate in the 151Os. The principal conflict involved controversy which played out between 1517 and 1519 between Jacques Lefevre d'Etaples and Erasmus over their commentaries on the Letters of Paul, 51 though eventually Bude and Erasmus would sever ties around the time of the Ciceronianus conflict. 52 In late 1518 Erasmus sent Bude a long letter reprimanding him, among other things, for his rudeness. In his response, Bude made it clear that the two scholars differed on the purpose of exchanging letters and ideas: "Do understand, I beg you, that I take the opposite view from you about exchanges of this sort in writing, between such men at least as have some experience of life. You think they undennine a firm friendship or are afraid that others will think so; in my own opinion they confirm and strengthen it at all points" (CWE 6, 411). For Pierre Mesnard, this moment is one of diverging paths in the hiStory of intellectual exchange in humanist culture. After the Lefevre debacle, Erasmus became devoted to the "classic" system of epistolary exchange that minimized conflict, Joseph Wallace McNeil, p. 63-67, and La Correspolldance, ed. La Garanderie, p. 132, for the principal dates and events. 52 See McNeil, p. 61-76, on the relationship between Erasmus and Bude and the causes of tension in the Cicerollianus controversy. McNeil also notes that the break, at least on Bude's part, was partly caused by the accusations leveled against Erasmus regarding his orthodoxy. An increasingly courtly Bude could no longer freely exchange letters (p. 117). 227 "which is to say all discussion of ideas and any kind of critique." Bude's reproach was his attempt to reform not only his own relationship with Erasmus, but intellectual culture in general, and yet as Pierre Mesnard argues, it was too late: In refusing to Bude the establishment of a new kind of correspondence, more spontaneous and more profound, in which the humanists could have been encouraged by the critiques of their brothers to practice themselves those doctrines that they were preaching to others, Erasmus surely brought down an important blow to Christian hun:anism, in depriving it of an important existential component.)3 Bude's fundamental vision of a contentious philology was the basis of his epistolary style as well, as he always sought to provoke and test his friends just as he tested the ancient authors in his scholarly works. Bude's vision eventually resulted in the College Royal, and indeed his method is perhaps what we now identify as "scholarly," that is, based on the principle of building up consensus in a community through attention to the problems raised by obscure places, or "gaps," in existing scholarship. The differences between Bude and Erasmus are encapsulated nicely in their views on education. Marie-Rose Logan writes that "Unlike Erasmus or Ascham, Bude did not write primers, but devoted himself to what we would call today the cutting edge of research.... The thrust of 53 51 See Monana VoL46177-178 Mesnard, "Le Commerce Epistolaire, Comme Expression Sociale de L'Indivi duaJisme Humaniste," in Individu et Societe a la Renaissance: Colloque International, Avril 1965, Paris and Brussels, Presses Universitaires de Bruxelles et Presses Universitaires de France, 1967, p. 31: "En refusant a Bude l'etablissement d'un nouveau genre de correspondance, plus spontane et plus profond, ou les humanistes auraient pu s'encourager, par la correction fratemelle a pratiquer eux-memes ces doctrines qu' ils pr&haient aux tiers, Erasme a certainement porte un coup tres important a I'humanisme chretien en Ie privant d'un important apport existentieL" 228 Moreana Vo1.46, 177,178 Joseph Wallace Budaeus' entire endeavor set the tone for cutting edge research."s4 Whereas Erasmus would have everyone approach his works in order to complete them, Bude would have his students work simply to understand them, and then to actively question and criticize them; this method represents a challenge to Erasmus's quest to accommodate scholarship to everyone's use. Erasmus disliked, in Kathy Eden's words, the "hypercritical reader," and so for him "[t ]he writer's Herculean battle ... is with the monstrous ingratitude of his reading public,,;55 for Bude the battle involves building a community of such hypercritical readers, which nonetheless supports itself by mutual critique. In this respect, Bude seems the more innovative of the two, as at least a couple of contemporaries noted. Juan Luis Vives recognized the merits of Bude's style even though they seem to conflict with his own pronouncements on style: uEach has a varied and distinct style, but each ex cells in his own manner. Erasmus is natural and clear, as he is at all times, for that matter. Bude took pleasure in a new and unusual type of language which it is easier to admire than to imitate."s6 In 1519, Christophe de Longueil wrote what remains a playful yet valuable assessment of the issues raised by the epistolary debate in the humanistic world: "In Bude I think I detect more muscle, more blood, more energy; in Erasmus rounded flesh, smooth skin, fresh colouring ... Bude's weapons are industry, Logan, "Gulielmus Budaeus' Philological Imagination ," in Modern Language Notes 118.5, Dec. 2003, p. 1147-1148. 55 Eden (2001), p. 159. 56 Vives, De Conscribendis Epistolis, ed. and trans. Charles Fantazzi , Leiden, E. 1. Brill, 1989, p. 138-139 (cited in Mesnard , p. 30nl): "varia et diversissimo dicendi genere, sed uterque in suo praestans. Erasmus facilis et dilucidus, ut alias semper; G. Budaeus novo quodam atque inusitato dicendi genere est delectatus, quod sit admirari quod imitari promptius." Moreana Vo1.46177, 178 Joseph Wallace 229 natural fertility, a serious impressive style; Erasmus fights his way to victory by skill and subtlety, he is so smooth and so reada ble. You can love Erasmus and wonder at Bude; you give Erasmus your allegiance and do as Bude tells you" (eWE 6, 228). Joseph Wallace [email protected] 54 Guillaume Bude ' portrait par Jeal1 Clouet (1536).