Trisdesimt ketvirtoji pamoka Lesson 34

Trisdesimt ketvirtoji pamoka
Lesson 34
GINTARAS
Gifitaras - tai lyg k6ks Lietuvos auksas. IS jo yra daromi
kar6liai, apyrankes if kit6kie da iktai. Jm1 gilioje sen6veje lietuviq
buvo prekiaujama gifitaru Sll graikais if romenais. Gintarinius
karolius labai megsta nesi6ti lietuvaites.
Gifitaras yra kieti sakai spygliuociq medziq, kurie pries ledf!
gadyn~ augo Pabaltijy(je). Tie medziai buvo labai sakuoti. Kaftais suvarvedavo dideli gabalai sakq, kurie greit sukietedavo.
Suvarvej~ sakai upiq vandefis buvo nunesami i jurf! if tefi
sukl6stomi. Tefi jie maisesi su kitomis nuosedomis, buvo suslegti
if vifto gifitaru.
Kad gifitaras yra ne akmuo, ne stiklas, 6 sakai, r6do if tai,
j6g jis dega if maloniai kvepia.
Kaftais i gifitaro gabalus patekdavo if sustingdavo ivairiq
vabzdZiq, musiq, skruzdZiq, skorpionq. Yra gintare if medZiq lapq, ziedq, sakeliq. IS visa to m6kslininkq buvo isaiskinta, kokie
tada medziai augo ir kokie vabzdziai veisesi.
Daug gifitaro yra rafidama Lietuvos pajuryje, kur jis yra
vandefis isplaunamas i krafitf!.
VOCABULARY
gintaras (3b) - an1ber
tai lyg k6ks that is something
like, it is like
auksas (1) - gold
karoliai (plural only) (2) - neklace,
beads
apyranke (1) - bracelet
daiktas (3) - thing, object
gilus, -1 (4) - deep
gilioje sen6veje - in ancient times
prekiauti (prekiauju, prekiauja, prekiavo, prekiails) - to trade
graikas (4) - Greek (noun)
romenas (1) - Roman (noun)
267
gintarlnis, -e (2) - amber (adjective)
nesi6ti (nesi6ju, nesi6ja, nesi6jo, nesiiis) - to wear
lietuvaite (1) - Lithuanian (a girl;
especially a young girl)
sakai (plural only) (4) - resin
spygliuotas medis, spygliuotis medis
- coniferous tree
gadyne (1) - era, epoch, age
ledQ gadyne - ice age
Pabaltijys (3b) - Baltic area, Baltic
shores
sakuotas, -a (1) - resinous
kartais - sometimes
suvarveti ( suvarva, suvarvejo, suvarves) to gather by dripping
gabalas (3b) - piece, hunk, chunk
sukieteti (sukieteja, sukietejo, suldetes) - to get hard, harden
suk16styti (sukl6stau, sukl6sto, sukl6ste, sukl6stys) - to fold, to lay
in layers
maisytis (maisosi, maiSesi, maisysis)
- to get mixed together with
nuosedos (plural only, 2nd decl. fem.)
(1) residue
suslegti (suslegiu, suslegia, suslegc,
suslegs) - to press together
virsti (virstu, virsta, virto, virs) to become, to turn into
stlklas (4) - glass
kvepeti (kvepiu, kvi'!pia, kvepejo, kvepes) - to smell (good); to give
out fragrance
patekti (patenku, pateiika, pati'!ko,
pateks) - to get to, to get into
sustl ngti ( sustingstu, sustingsta, sustingo, sustiiigs) to get hard;
to harden
ivairus, -1 ( 4) - various, different
vabzdys -dzio ( 4) - insect
muse (2) - fly
skruzde (4) - ant
skorpionas (2) - scorpion
lapas (2) - leaf
ziedas (3) - blossom
5akele (2) - twig, little branch
m6kslininkas (1) - scientist
isaiskinti (isaiskinu, iM.iskina, iM.iskino, iM.iskins) -to explain (perfective)
augti (augu, auga, augo, augs) - to
grow
veistis (veisiasi, veisesi, veisis) - to
multiply, to proliferate, to live
pajOris -io (1) - sea shore
isplauti (isplaunu, isplauna, ispl6ve,
isplaus) - to wash out, to deposit
on shore (of seas, lakes, rivers)
krantas (4) - shore
GRAMMAR
34.1 The Tenses of the Passive Voice.
As was mentioned in Lesson 33, the passive voice is formed
in Lithuanian with the auxiliary verb 'to be' buti'. This means
that there are as many tenses in the passive voice as there are
tenses in the conjugation of the verb buti.
But, since both the present passive participle and the past
passive participle can be used to form the passive voice, there are
actually always two tenses possible: one with the present passive
participle, the other with the past passive participle. The difference in meaning is that, in the tenses where the present passive
participle is used, one can render these tenses into English as a
regular passive, but with the word being because the action is still
being done (present tense), was being done (past tense), used to
be being done (frequentative past), or will be being done (future).
On the other hand, the passive tenses with the past passive par-
268
ticiple will express the action as already complete, or completed,
in any tense. The former is sometimes called the actional passive,
and the latter the statal passive.
34.2
The Paradigms of the Passive Voice . Their Meaning.
Present Tense
(ACTIONAL PASSIVE)
(STATAL PASSIVE)
as esu mufamas, -a
'I am beaten'
'I am being as esu mustas, -a
(I have been
beaten',
beaten)
etc.
tu esi mufamas, -a
tu esi mustas, -a
jis yra mustas
jis yra musamas
ji yra musama
ji yra musta
mes esame mufami, -OS
mes esame musti, -OS
jus esate mufami, -OS
jus esate musti, -OS
jie yra musami
jie yra musti
jos yra musamos
jos yra mustos
as buvau musamas, -a
'I was being beaten'
tu buvai mufamas, -a
jis buvo musamas
ji buvo musama
mes buvome musami
jus buvote mufami, -os
jie buvo musami
jos buvo mufamos
Past Tense
as buvau mustas, -a 'I was beater
('I had been
beaten')
tu buvai mustas, -a
jis buvo mustas
ji buvo musta
mes buvome musti, -OS
jus buvote musti, -OS
jie buvo musti
jos buvo mustos
Frequentative Past
as budavau musamas, -a 'I used to be (being) beaten'
etc.
as budavau mustas, -a ' I used to be beaten, I would be beaten'
etc.
Future
'I will be (being) beaten'
as busiu musamas, -a
etc.
as busiu mustas, -a 'I will be beaten' ('I will have been beaten')
etc.
269
There is a possibility, and some individual writers have used
it, to even form the passive forms with the compound tenses of
buti:
esu btlV?S mufomas 'I have been beaten' , but this occurs
infrequently and the student should be able to figure this out in
case he runs into such usage in reading Lithuanian. For full treatment of this, see Appendix: Verbs.
as
34.3 The Subjunctive of the Passive Voice.
To form the subjunctive of the passive voice, one has to combine the two subjunctive tenses of the verb to be (buti) and the
appropriate passive participle.
Present Tense Subjunctive, Passive Voice : (Actional Passive)
as bi'.i.ciau musamas, -a
'I would be (being)
beaten', etc.
tu bi'.i.tum mu8amas, -a
jis bi'.i.t4 mu8amas
ji bi'.i.t4 musama
mes bi'.i.tume mufami, -OS
jus bi'.i.tute mu8ami, -os
jie bi'.i.t4 musami
jos bi'.i.t4 mu8amos
Present Tense Subjunctive , Passive Voice (Statal Passive)
as bi'.i.Ciau mustas, -a
'I would be beaten', etc.
etc.
('I would have been beaten')
Present Perfect Subjunctive , Passive Voice (Actional Passive)
as bi'.i.ciau buv~s musamas, -a
'I would have been (being) beaten'
etc.
etc.
Present Perfect Subjunctive , Passive Voice (Statal Passive):
as buciau buv~s mustas, -a
'I would have been beaten (up)'
Examples for passive subjunctive:
1) Namas jaii but'll dabar stiitomas, jeigu jis but'll sumokej?s viSq kainq. - The house would be (being) built now, if he had
paid (in full) the entire price.
2) Viskas jaii but'll padaryta, jeigu as tai buciau zin6j?s.* Everything would be done (already), if I had known that.
• padaryta is a neuter adjective. In the passive it can be u sed only with the
third person singular, primarily in impersdnal expressions, with such words
as viskas 'everything', all things', tai 'that, this', etc.
270
3)
Si gramatika jail seniai but'lf buvusi parasyta, jeigu jos autorius nebut'lf susifgf?s. - This grammar would have been written a long time ago, if its author had not fallen ill.
34.4 The Passive Imperative.
The passive imperative is formed with the imperative forms
of the verb buti and the appropriate passive participle:
bi'.i.k giriamas
bi'.i.k giriama
bi'.i.kite giriami
bi'.i.kite giriamos
bi'.i.kime giriami
bi'.i.kime giriamos
be
be
be
be
be
be
praised
praised
praised
praised
praised
praised
(referring
(referring
(referring
(referring
(referring
(referring
to tu 'thou', masculine)
to tu 'thou', feminine)
to jus 'ye', masculine)
to jus 'ye', feminine)
to mes 'we', masculine)
to mes 'we', feminine)
The imperative with the past passive participle is as follows:
bi'.i.k pasveikintas, -a 'be greeted; welcome!'
bi'.i.kite pasveikinti
bi'.i.k pagarbintas
'be adored, be praised' (primarily of God).
bi'.i.k patenkintas
'be satisfied'
34.5 The Passive Infinitive.
The passive infinitive is formed by putting together the infinitive of the verb buti and the appropriate passive participle in
the dative case:
(Actional Passive Infinitive)
bi'.i.ti musamam
to be (being)
bi'.i.ti musamai
to be beaten
bi'.i.ti musamiems
to be (being)
bi'.i.ti musam6ms
to be (being)
beaten (masculine, singular)
(feminine, singular)
beaten (masculine, plural)
beaten (feminine, plural)
(Statal Passive Infinitive)
suimti - 'to arrest'
bi'.i.ti suimtam
to be arrested (masculine, singular)
bi'.i.ti suimtai
to be arrested (feminine, singular)
bi'.i.ti suimtiems
to be arrested (masculine, plural)
to be arrested (feminine, plural)
bi'.i.ti suimt6ms
271
Examples for the use of the passive infinitives:
BU.ti policijos suimtam uz vagfjst<; yra didele geda. - To be
arrested (by the police) for theft is a great shame.
M6kytojui labai patiiika buti visiJ: mokiniiJ: mylimam. - The
teacher likes very much to be loved by all the pupils.
1)
2)
NB. This usage, with the passive participle in the dative case is
restricted to cases where the passive infinitive is also the subject of the (impersonal) sentence. Where the passive infinitive is
not the subject of the sentence, the passive participle has to be
used in the nominative case *:
Jis n6ri bt1ti (visiJ:) megstamas. -
He wants to be liked by everybody.
Ji n6ri buti (visiJ:) megstama. - She wants to be liked . . .
Jie n6ri buti (visiJ:) megstami. - They want to be liked . . .
Jos n6ri buti (visiJ:J megstamos. - They want to be liked .. .
EXERCISES
A. Questions. 1. Kur yra rafidamas gifitaras? 2. Kas yra daroma
is gifitaro? 3. Kuo buvo lietuvi4 prekiaujama SU graikais if romenais? 4. Kur buvo nunesami medzi4 sakai? 5. Kaip sakai vifto
gifitaru? 6. Kas r6do, kad gifitaras nera stiklas? 7. Kaip buvo
m6kslinihk4 isaiskinta , kokie medZiai sen6veje augo Pabaltijy(je)?
8. Kodel daugiausia gifitaro yra rafidama pajuryje? 9. Ar yra rafidama gifitaro Amerikoje? 10. Ar jus esate kada n6rs rad~ gifitaro?
B. Give all the tenses of the passive voice of the following verbs:
girti, garbinti, peikti
C. Change the following sentences into the passive voice: Example:
Mano br6lis skaito sicl idomi'! knygq. - si idomi knyga yra mano br6lio skaltoma.
1. Mano tevas stato si dideli namq. 2. Mano tevas state sj dideli
namq. 3. Mano tevas statys sj dideli namq. 4. M6tina bara savo
vaikus. 5. M6tina bare savo dukrel~ . 6. M6tina bars mus visus ...
D. Translate into Lithuanian: 1. This book is (being) written by
five professors. 2. This house was built by my uncle 30 years ago.
3. Only modern houses _are being built now. 4. He is liked by
everyone. 5. This letter was written many years ago.
* In other words, the participle is used here as an adjective, i.e. Jis
geras 'He wants to be good'.
272
n6ri bOti
CONVERSATION
PRIEMIESTYJE
saulfjs:
Genfjs:
Saulys:
Genys:
Saulys:
Genys:
saulys:
Genys:
Saulys:
Genys:
Sis priemiestis yra labai isaug~s . Kai as cia buvaii
pries trejus metus, tai cia namai buvo dar tik statomi.
2. Taip, per paskutinius trejus metus cia buvo pastatyta keliasdesimt naujft namq.
3. Kokie namai cia yra daugiausia statomi?
4. Daugiausia yra statomi mediniai vieno aiiksto namai.
5. Kas juos cia stato: privatiis statybininkai ar miestas?
6. Miestas niekur naujft namq nestato: viskas yra statoma privaciq statybininkq.
7. 0 kas daugiausia perka t6kius namus?
8. Sie namai nera perdaiig brangiis, tai juos daugiausia
perka m6kytojai, profesoriai if fabrikq darbinifi.kai.
9. 0 kur yra statomi miiriniai, brangiis namai?
10. Uz dviejft myliq nuo cia yra statomi labai brangiis
namai: miiriniai, akmeniniai, . .. bet juos gali pirkti
tiktai labai turtingi zm6nes .. .
1.
IN A SUBURB
Saulys : 1.
Genys: 2.
Saulys:
Genys:
Saulys:
Genys:
3.
4.
5.
6.
Saulys: 7.
Genys: 8.
Saulys : 9.
Genys:
10.
This suburb has grown very much. When I was here
three years ago, houses were only being built here.
That's right. In the course of the last (few) years,
there were quite a few houses built here.
What kind of houses are (being) built here mostly.
Mostly one-story wooden houses are built here.
Who builds them here: (private) builders, or the city?
The city does not build new houses anywhere. Everything is done (built) by (private) builders.
And who buys such houses mostly?
These houses are not too (overly) expensive; thus
mostly teachers and professors, and factory workers
buy them.
And where are there expensive brick homes (being)
built?
Two miles from here there are built very expensive
houses: stone and brick houses, ... but only very rich
people can (afford to) buy them .. .
NOTES:
keliasde~imt lit. 'several tens'. The real value of this phrase: somewhere betwen 20 and 100.
8. perdaug - lit. 'too much'.
2.
273
Fruits and Vegetables
A. FRUITS :
apple pear cherry -
274
obuolys
kriause
vyfoia
B . VEGETABLES:
kopustas
cabbage -
agurkas
cucumber tomato -
plum -
slyva
radish -
peach -
persikas
spinach -
pamidoras
ridikelis
spinatas
orange -
apelsinas
onion -
svogunas
banana -
bananas
carrot -
morka
apricot -
aprikosas
pea -
zirnis