cultural ecopratices of “recicladores”and ambullant sellers in

Transcription

CULTURAL ECOPRATICES OF “RECICLADORES”AND AMBULLANT SELLERS
IN COLOMBIA: VALORIZATION PROPOSAL OF A HIDE ECONOMY
AUTOR (ES)
Maria Paula Niño
Angela Maria Vanegas
PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD JAVERIANA
FACULTAD DE ARQUITECTURA Y DISEÑO
CARRERA DE DISEÑO INDUSTRIAL
(Maestría en desarrollo del prodotto ecocompatibile)
Bogotá D.C.
2011
AUTOR (ES)
Maria Paula Niño
Angela Maria Vanegas
Presentado para optar al título de
diseñador industrial
DIRECTOR
Pier Paolo Peruccio
Marco Bozzola
PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD JAVERIANA
FACULTAD DE ARQUITECTURA Y DISEÑO
CARRERA DE DISEÑO INDUSTRIAL
(Maestría en desarrollo del prodotto ecocompatibile)
Bogotá D.C.
2011
Nota de Advertencia: Artículo 23 de la Resolución N° 13 de Julio de 1946.
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ANEXO 1
CARTA DE AUTORIZACIÓN DE LOS AUTORES
(Licencia de uso)
Bogotá, D.C., 1 de agosto de 2011
Señores
Biblioteca Alfonso Borrero Cabal S.J.
Pontificia Universidad Javeriana
Cuidad
Los suscritos:
Maria Paula Niño Buitrago
Angela Maria Vanegas Lozano
, con C.C. No
, con C.C. No
, con C.C. No
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ANEXO 2
BIBLIOTECA ALFONSO BORRERO CABAL, S.J.
DESCRIPCIÓN DE LA TESIS DOCTORAL O DEL TRABAJO DE GRADO
FORMULARIO
TÍTULO COMPLETO DE LA TESIS DOCTORAL O TRABAJO DE GRADO
SUBTÍTULO, SI LO TIENE
AUTOR O AUTORES
Apellidos Completos
Nombres Completos
Niño Buitrago
Vanegas Lozano
Maria Paula
Angela Maria
DIRECTOR (ES) TESIS DOCTORAL O DEL TRABAJO DE GRADO
Apellidos Completos
Nombres Completos
Peruccio
Bozzola
Pier Paolo
Marco
FACULTAD
Arquitectura y Diseño
Pregrado
PROGRAMA ACADÉMICO
Tipo de programa ( seleccione con “x” )
Especialización
Maestría
Doctorado
x
Nombre del programa académico
Diseño Industrial
Nombres y apellidos del director del programa académico
Robrto Cuervo
TRABAJO PARA OPTAR AL TÍTULO DE:
Diseñador Industrial
PREMIO O DISTINCIÓN (En caso de ser LAUREADAS o tener una mención especial):
CIUDAD
AÑO DE PRESENTACIÓN DE LA
TESIS O DEL TRABAJO DE GRADO
NÚMERO DE PÁGINAS
2011
120
Bogota
Dibujos
Pinturas
TIPO DE ILUSTRACIONES ( seleccione con “x” )
Tablas, gráficos y
Planos
Mapas
Fotografías
diagramas
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Partituras
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quedará solamente en formato PDF.
index
1
INTRODUCTION
2
A FRACTION AS A COMPLEX VIEW
3
IMPACT OF CONSUMPTION:
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COLOMBIA:
Design-artisan-self -production
New ways to use.
A different point of view.
Colombian context
Self- Made Colombian “creators”.
The “informal” creators description
“recicladores”, ambulant sellers, repairer
Solution Approaches around Latin America and Colombia
5
Exhibition System
Communication and connection ways
Museum
Examples
Ecomuseo
Examples
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PROPOSAL
Proposal description
Objectives
General
Speciﬁc
Why?
For who?
Why they still informal?
General requirements
How?
Hypotetical partners
Long term scope and critics
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PRESENTATION
8
BIBLIOGRAPHY
SYTOGRAPHY
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1
Introduction
This document focuses the attention in a part of the Colombian
population more precisely in approximately less than the 62% of 45.
972.399 habitants, this part of the population makes part of the
informal economy.
This informal economy appears as a response to the current social
problems that affected the country as the violence, the poverty, the
lack of education, the displaced people, and the unemployment rate
that is constantly going high, this year the 11,8% of Colombian
population doesnʼt have a job.
So the people as a response of need they look for a way to survive
and get some money to live and feet the families, they develop a
behavior called the “rebusque” that is the ability to find money, they
become very recursive because they have to so something with the
few things that they have in their hands, and they start to built some
“business” opportunities, without the government help and also
without all the benefits that a formal worked had, as health, pensions,
and favorable conditions of work.
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At this moment, we focus the attention in three different figure that
are the “recicladores” , the ambulant sellers and the repairer, the last
one can be considered as a formal but is not already defined in which
side is.
These three figure developed practices that brings benefits to the
society, for example the ”recicladores” they are the only community
in Colombia that even think in recycle, in Colombia there is not
recycling culture, everything goes inside the same trash and anyone
care about it, the labor of these people is go around the city opening
and looking inside the garbage, collecting and separating all these
objects and materials that can be reuse, or recycled as cardboard,
plastic, glass, aluminum, paper etc, and also they found clothes,
toys, books and all the stuff that the other half of the population think
that is trash they give them a new opportunity of life, the
“recicladores” reduce the environmental impact, giving new value to
the objects an things.
The other actor is the ambulant seller that helps also to reduce the
environmental impact in the way that he create an ambulant store
made by reused materials, the process of creation and the esthetic
aspect gives to this cars the characteristics that talks a lot about the
material culture in Colombia at this time they make part to the cultural
language and characteristics.
And the last figure is the repairer; In Colombia is very difficult bring to
the guarantee some devices when they stop working so this figure is
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the one that enters in action, they extend the life of the objects, no
just doing the reparation they also paint the objects, and re build
some new with the old parts of other objects. This is an important
figure because as the Colombian doesnʼt have a lot of money they
can not work with the consumption system so the look to preserve
the object the longer they can, because they have just few
possibilities of getting a new one.
After the analysis of each one of these figures we arrive to the
conclusion that they are a part of the population that the only thing
they do is give benefit to the society and for the environment but they
still working in precarious work conditions
The intention of this approach is after the analyses of each figure is
valorized and sensitize the other part of the population of Colombia
searching for some help or team works for work together to improve
the quality of live of this part of the population.
The proposal that we have is to create and exhibition system where
we can communicate in an emotive way this problems and the
stories of these community, another way to communicate and
connect the affected community and the target is with the creation of
some interactive way or laboratories that includes each side of the
parts and also we can communicate with a tangible document as
magazines or news papers
or in a virtual way creating a space
where every body can participate and help for the cause.
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We found also some associations that have being created recently
but they still need some partners that support them, financial, or in
others ways as giving education, everything looking for bring benefit
to this part of the population that give us a lot without asking nothing
in return, just a little bit of respect, help and dignity.
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A FRACTION AS A COMPLEX VIEW
Design-artisan-self-production
From the beginning of times the human being have had the
necessity of create objects, not just to be related with the world, but
also to express themselves, giving different names and meanings
based on the purpose and the characteristics of the object.
Likewise overtime man has developed techniques and new tools, to
transform the field based on the needs and the context in which is
develop. At first the use of the hands were the main tool to create
and just some people have the creativity, ability and the capacity to
express themselves and the context in which they were, through
their body (hands)1. The artist in this case had the mission of
represent the highest values of the society.
The artisan was the one who had the knowledge of the typical
techniques, which were transferred generation by generation
persisting in the memory of those people that were part of a group
or a society, creating this movement in a traditional art, he was
responsible for all the process of creation from the idea to the
materialization of it, he was the only one that had a kind of a gift
knowing every material, how to use it, how to mix it with other and
also the techniques to transform it and give an identity in the whole
process.
An essential characteristic of being an artisan is that he had a direct
1
“Used to say that without the hands there would have never been any
civilization” Giordano Bruno in. Claudia De Giorgi, Claudio Germak, Artigianato
Comunità Design off Manufatto, editorial silvana,Milano, 2008, p.12.
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relationship with the material he is the one that handles the
production process until the final product the direct contact with the
matter, this can be considered work of art because is a unique
piece, even if they are more of the same one, the hands of the
artisan are the ones that make on "defect" one element of
differentiation, it gives an attached value like the identity and
authenticity, is almost the sign of the artist.
Enzo Mari says that there are two possible ways in which the artisan
is seen these days. The first one is very similar to the designer that
would be the ideal artisan, in which each time he produces a
prototype he sells himself. This could be compared to the definition
of the typical craftsman of “that is the one that, work locally with
elements found on the field; he/she owns technical techniques,
processes and languages but he/she merely reproduces past
objects, without a specific project and he/she sometimes twists its
traditional image”2. In this way the only difference with the designer
is that the designer produce a prototype as a reference for an
industrial production, that is what could be called the industrial
craftsman in “which he/she contributes to create an industrial
product with parts making the artifact more prestigious; or, as for
Twergi, a collection of crafts products from Cusio Valleys and
distributed by Alessi, it is a total substitute for the industrial process,
so that’s killed craftsmen can work within the company itself and
focus on a part of the production chain creating a serial, more than
industrial, product”3.
2
Claudia De Giorgi, Claudio Germak, Manufatto, Artigianato Comunità Design,
ed.Silvana,Milano,2008, p13.
3
ed. Silvana,Milano, 2008, p15
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The second way that Mari see the artisan is more affected by the
way the world function these days. After the industrial revolution the
context and the scope of the artisan wasn't just to create an object,
but also compete with the prices of the market, and in this way also
to the machines. The objects become just useful to decorate, the
object loose the autonomy and the cultural characteristics, because
the artisan are obliged to do cheap objects even if the hand work
has a better quality.
Also with the entrance of the machine, “The artisan thought on the
use of the machine as and a way to operate the best with less
fatigue, while the technique one reads on the machine the potential
reproducibility”3
They were different kinds of artisan that are focused in specific
sectors. They were the technical craftsmen as the one is “in charge
of the production of special and complex parts of projects, based on
someone else’s design. Then, he/she turned to be a service provider
(models and prototypes) for the industrial system, companies and
designers as well. Now he/she is interested in a new dimension: the
realization of highly technological products (as for lighting
technology) using serial parts, sold on the market but that can be
assembled according to a person’s requirements. The luxury
craftsman works in specific sectors (jewellery, fashion, old books,
restoration of precious works) where the manufacturing skills must
be proportioned to the value of the artifact”4.
3
Gabriele Devecchi, Artigiano Immaginario, ed.francoangeli, Milan, 2010, p.13.
4
ed. Silvana,Milano, 2008, p.15.
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The specialization of the parts make sometimes that people forget
the real function of the creators, for example when Mari talks about
the designer in this days he said that make a good render is
becoming more important than the development of a project. Also
the way of doing things has changed creating a different
communication system. Many contemporary teachers give a grade
in design based in the capacity to use a modeling program
forgetting in the first place the idea and the support of it. In this case
the design would become just a technical tool, but actually is much
more than that.
When we are in front of the word design many things can come to
our minds, and find a specific definition become a really hard work,
because jus the single word can be a noun and also and a verb, if
we talk about design as a noun we talk about the intention, goal,
instinct, plan, when we talk about the word design as a verb To
design, means how to plan something, the strategic and the idea of
getting to.
The design is a creative process where objects, services, systems
and ideas are developed for attend need physical and physic from
human been that belong in a determinate society. Is a process in
witch the creative ideas get transformed in to projects, and this
conception is always a plan, has a previous development, it work in
the present but for the future “ From the latin “projectus” (consisting
of “pro”, forward, and “jacere” to throw), a “project” throws forward
its own vision of the future”5 always looking for the possibility of the
materialization of ideas-concepts.
In this way the main difference between the artisan and the designer
5
Claudio Germak, Claudia de Giorgi, Exploring Design on Man at the center of
the project, Allemandy & C,Torino, 2008, p.55.
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is that design think an idea not just to supply the need in the present
but also to think a system in the future, based in the characteristics
of the context The new works had new values that had a directly
relation with the author this going forward the suppose separation
between artisan and design, “ the common characteristics on these
objects are: the investigation and projectation in relation to the
context and the history, useful objects that can be on a production
process but at the same time, conserve the virtuality of the art
object, detection tools and knowledge of the points of conflict and
superposition of the two disciplines: art and design, riferiments less
or more explicit in the tradition and contemporary, attitudes with
novelty, and of unforeseen hazards”6
The design become the bridge between the world of arts and the
world of science, where isn't just important to express but also to
find a technical way appropriated to the culture and the needs of the
people. Making a global approach of the quality of the language, a
collective language.
But this “language” has to fix in a system, in the case of the design it
must be a part of a productive chain. Before the designer should go
to sell his work and change it based on the enterprise
merchandising requirements and accept to produced it the way they
want. Currently it’s been a transformation in the way the designers
have to sell their ideas. Where each one finds the way to produce
their own product, not just as an idea, but also thinking in the
technical (material, technology).
This tendency is called the SELF PRODUCTION. “The self
production is an expression of a research methodology based on an
6
Ugo la Pietra, Fatto ad arte, arti decorative e artigianato, Trienale di Milano,
Milano, 1997,p.6.
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experimental approach that manifest the necessity of the re
appropriation of the manual work, construction process, definition of
the object and also a reflection about the design content
independently from the industrial and market requirements, but is
also the exploration of a real possibility of the commercialization of
unique pieces or small series with their own brand”7. The problem of
the designer is that he is looking his work as pieces. As La Pietra
said, in Fatto ad arte, the designer separates the creation from the
realization, materialization of the product. “It’s literally the capacity of
doing the thing by themselves, to built or do something
autonomously, it’s an ability derived specially from the enthusiasm
and the will of do something with less intermediaries, so may ensure
a direct contact with the creation of an object ” 8.
The self-production is configured as a possible business model it
offer a flexible type of production, allows direct experimentation with
the techniques and materials taking advantage for make innovative
pieces. This kind of production let the designer create a prototype
that communicate all the process, concept and intention with which
was thought.
The self-production is for the new designers is a field that let them
experiment and mold the materialization process of ideas, we can
7
Marta Rita Ferrara Produzione,autoproducione,autopromozione, Esperienze dei
giovani designer in Europa in Vanni Pasca e Viviana Trapandi, Scenario del
giovane design, idée e progetti dall’Europa e dal mondo, Ed Lupetti,Milano, 2001,
p.254.
8
Loredana Benicasa, Le fanzine, Materiali sull’autoproduzione in Vanni Pasca e
Viviana Trapandi, Scenario del giovane design, idée e progetti dall’Europa e dal
mondo, Ed Lupetti,Milano, 2001, p.297.
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not said that the designer turns into an artisan, because the
techniques and process of treatment the materials are universal and
not necessarily traditional as would be in the artisan way but they
begin to have more in common when the designer start transferring
the essence of the individuality of the unique object.
Actually the designers had this possibility not just as a way to make
their own brand and start their own business but also as a possibility
to show themselves in big fairs9 that bring great benefit to both: the
designers and the big companies because its a space to show what
you did and the companies search new products that are innovative
and had the possibility of been mass produced.
This new way of self-promotion and self-production has different
points of view regarding design, designers, companies and the
market. Some designers just create objects to be choosing by a
company and the only goal that they have is mass production they
9
One of this fair is the “Salone del mobile a Milano, Acronym of the Organizing
Committee of the Italian Furniture Fair, Cosmit is the company that organizes the
Salone Internazionale del Mobile in Milan, started in 1961 by the intuition of a
small group of furniture, an expression of body-category Federlegno furniture, to
promote Italian exports of furniture and soon became the most anticipated event
for the international world of design. Apart from the Salone Internazionale del
Mobile, held in Milan in April each year, organizes the biennial Cosmit Euroluce
and SaloneUfficio (odd years), and Eurocucina International Bathroom (even
years) and the annual International Furnishing Accessories and SaloneSatellite.
Together these events called the "Salons" - open to field operators and on Sunday
to the public - occupying a net exhibition area of almost 230,000 square meters in
Fiera Milano Rho, representing the production of more than 2,500 between the
most dynamic and creative companies in the international market and the
approximately 700 young designers SaloneSatellite and are visited by over
290,000 workers per year, of which more than 50% from 160 countries around the
world” Gabriele Ardemagni in Storia on the webpage
http://www.isaloni.it/tool/home.php?s=0,1,23,49, April 2010.
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made objects guided for force of simplicity not only in shapes but
also in the materials sometimes without concept they just concern
about industrial feasibility.
They are other designers that turns in the other way, the artistic one,
to much concept and abstract shapes and no intention or function
and there is also the designer that achieves a balance between
design and the “industry” that means not mass production but a way
or place to commercialize and sale the products.
“The creativity of the designer was contrasted with the productive
filter that of the company that produce it. But this limitation could be
overcome by simplifying the technology of production and
distribution, then creativity can no longer be limited […] because
creativity so released can also make better use of mechanisms of
marketing, all too often demonized but fundamental to reach the
user of the object”10
This kind of new way of design integrates different fields of
application, the artistic and craftsmanship as the designer becomes
the direct creator of the object, besides communicate, the designer
transfers to the object an added value, that in terms of mass
production could be considered as a defect. For the half of 90’s the
reproduction was the one thxat with the machine help create a
bunch of objects equal to each other because of the initial model
where they where made, as a result of this all those objects that
were not equal that had some defects where considered as discard,
but at this time the concept of defect start to transform in a value as
symbol of handmade products
10
Carlo Martino, intervista a Carlo Martino, aprile, 2001,Gaetano Pesce, material e
differenza, testo&imagine, Torino, 2003, p.18.
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Gaetano Pesce11 talks about the “fundamental principle of the
acceptance of the defect that from waste is transformed in a
distinction element”12, is a way of make a difference in a globalize
world, said that defect load value to the object because the human
imperfection is the one that has more value because is the one that
give identity and authenticity "Fish Design proposed is to speak of
uniqueness as an evolution from the standard. The defect in
humanity, its beauty, joy, touch, sensuality and attractiveness,
elasticity, color, femininity, innovation"13.
Begin to "admire" the beauty of the defect as a footprint of a
handwork, the artist leaves his signature on the object makes it an
element of distinction, almost luxury, because there is no repetition
so each object it differs from each other by defect which is what
generates the authenticity and uniqueness of each.
Pesce has a diversified serial, were the goal is have similar objects
but no identical, with a reasonable prize. He said, “The fundamental
11
Gaetano Pesce an architect designer based on new York city has under taken
diverse commissions in architecture, urban planning, interior and exhibition
design, industrail design, and publishing. In more than 40 years of practice,
Pesce has consaived public and private projects in the Unied States, Europe,
Latin America and Asia, from residences to gardens and corporate offices.
Pesce´s extensive body work –recognized for its emotive and tactile qualities,
unrestrained use of color, and insistence upon innovative building materials
developed throught new technologies – has been described by prominent
architecture critic Herbert Muschamp as “the architctural equivalent of
brainstorm” http://www.gaetanopesce.com/gaetanopesce.html. Biography by
Anatomic Factory April 2010.
12
Carlo Martino, Gaetano Pesce, material e differenza, testo&imagine,
Torino,2003, p.51.
13
Gaetano Pesce on Filosofia Fish design,
http://www.corsidesignfactory.it/pages/fishDesign/gaetano_pesce_ispirazione.php
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role of the projectist is the creation of the difference”14 so is in the
projectation where the designer can start thinking how he could
create a way of produce a small amount but making each one
different.
The design of a product or a process shows the creative method
that let unite the pragmatism and the functionality with the beauty. In
these time when everything is the same in everywhere and the
market has always a increasing offer, all products and designers are
constantly looking for differentiations in relation the consumer. All
these new way of “modern craft is based in adaptation and
diversification, in contrast with the standardization of serial
production”15 as Ugo la Pietra define these new artist / craftsman
that has been able to introduce in their work all the components of a
modern company: the quality the project, the techniques and
innovative procedures, communication and marketing.
“The creation of value in the market comes more and more from the
creation of symbolic value, based on experience, so much as to talk
of an economy of knowledge in which the value attributed to an
object depends more and more on the inner content in terms of
know how and on the interpersonal meaning attributed to it”16.
In this globalized world the self-production is also a way from the
designer to start to create according his context and territory but
14
Torino,2003,p.50.
15
Claudia De Giorgi, Claudio Germak, Artigianato Comunità Design off
Manufatto, editorial silvana,Milano, 2008, p.11.
16
Andrea Magnani, Giovanni Delvecchio, Elisabetta Amatorion
http://www.resign.it/metaprogetto Metaproject, Preliminary statements.
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also valorize and release those cultural characteristics that identify
and describe a territory, population and culture. “We are now
starting to have a relationship with the industry and I believe that the
importance of diversity is that everyone can contribute with its
culture and at the same time to be inside the global community
without having to be equal to the others”17.
The designer can go hand in hand with the craftsman, using
traditional techniques in the design of new objects looking to
transfer in the material, shape, function and way of use (habits)
communicative elements that talks about a culture and also been
aimed at recovering and promoting the cultural heritage According
to François Burkhardt, an expert of design, former publishing
director for “Domus” magazine, crafts production methods can be
re-launched on the base of recovered local identities.
“More and more, artists / designers present on the scene with their
"self" renewing that for a long time, has been called the figure
Craftsman / Artist confirm that we are dealing with a real new
phenomenon and a attention from the designer towards art, towards
the new materials, new techniques to (poor or rich) to selfproduction systems (often self-sufficient and not relating to capacity
building)”18
The complexity of the self-production is that most of the designers
17
Anete Ring, Italia-Europa Scenari del giovane design, in Vanni Pasca e Viviana
Trapandi, Scenario del giovane design, idée e progetti dall’Europa e dal mondo,
Ed Lupetti, Milano, 2001, p.55.
18
Ugo la Pietra, Editoriale Il designer artista-artigianato from the Magazine a
Artigianato tra arte e design, No. 42 luglio/settembre 2002, p.10.
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2
are starting they professional carrier and they don’t have financial
support and when they finally start producing, the final product
becomes very expensive. This kind of design sometimes turns into a
more artistic design; the ideal should be that these products with out
the use of mass production could be affordable for the users and
market.
Could be a good option have different associations that support the
new young designers and allow them make small series of
production minimizing the cost of sale so more people can acquire
real design products and the designer begin to be the responsible
for democratize the design as art.
One of the biggest exposition of self production is the “Salone
Internazionale del Mobile” a Milano, specially in the “Salone Satelite”
in which we can find the best proposal of the new designers who
work themselves in each part of the project. Not just the projection
and the idea but also the development of the whole process.
Some examples we found this year show not only the selfproduction, but also the innovation in new materials and the re use
of material as an answer to the needs of the world these days.
An example of self production is in the entrance where Gaetano
Pesce, an Italian architect-artist-designer, show in different color
chairs the work he has developed with the use of a new material
made by resin and polyurethane that gives special colors and
texture to create a very particular and attractive object.
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27
2
Inside the room we also could find the innovation in new materials
that where done based in the old materials that are not used
anymore, like in the project of Lorenzo Damiani, called “new life”, in
which he propose alternative uses of existing materials, and as he
say “this is the challenge of today and above all, tomorrow”.
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28
2
Lorenzo Damiani, New Life, Salone Internazionale del mobile di
Milano in the Salone Satelite, 2011
The re use of material and self production was also manifest in the
project “fordesignfor” in which they used old materials that have lost
their function and find a new order to give those materials new
functions. In this way the idea of watching the forms in its first way
make also a reflection in the possibility of think the object when it
finish his function in a raw material for new necessity
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29
12
30
(design - artigianato- auto produzione - Colombian creator)
arte
Artigiano
techniche
sociale
linguaggi
culturale
valore
memoria
territorio
materiale
simbolico
uso
economico
concetti
difetto come
distinzione
charatteristiche
Auto
produzione
re apropiazione del lavoro
manuale
rapporto diretto la materia
manufatto
Creatore
Colombiano
ricorsivo
cultura materiale
lavoro informale
identità
autenticità
creatore per necesita
to design
idee
processo di
produzione
opera d'arte
pezzo unico
scienza
ponte
Design
processo di
creazione
processi
tradizionale
conocenza culturale
arte
independente
creazione
realizzazione
materializzazione
12
progetto
futuro
“pro” “jacere”
gettare fuori
strategiche
oggetti
servizi
sistemi
3
IMPACT OF CONSUMPTION:
New ways to use.
In the previous chapter we can notice that many examples have a
tendency to use what we called “waste”19as a raw material for new
objects, but is it a trend? Is it just an inclination of our days? Does it
have any specific sense?
We are living in a globalized20 world with a consumption society
thinking, in which mass consume of goods and services are
available thanks to mass production of them, creating in the people
19
"Wastes are materials that are not prime products (that is products produced for
the market) for which the generator has no further use in terms of his/her own
purposes of production, transformation or consumption, and of which he/she
wants to dispose. Wastes may be generated during the extraction of raw
materials, the processing of raw materials into intermediate and final products, the
consumption of final products, and other human activities. Residuals recycled or
reused at the place of generation are excluded.", Glossary of Environment
Statistics, Studies in Methods, Series F, No. 67, United Nations, New York, 1997.
20
“Globalization, in its most literal sense, is the process of making, transformation
of things or phenomena into global ones. It can be described abstractly as a
process by which the people of the world are unified into a single society and
function together. This process is a combination of economic, technological,
socio-cultural, and political forces. The idea of globalization is, however, also often
used to refer in the narrower sense of economic globalization involving integration
of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct
investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology”. OECD
definition, Global Forum on Transport and Environment in a Globalising World 1012 November 2008, Guadalajara, Mexico
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3
the idea of posses different objects as a requirement that become a
need.
“Today’s culture consists of offerings, not norms. As already noted
by Pierre Bourdieu, culture lives by seduction, not normative
regulation; PR, not policing; creating new needs/desires/wants, not
coercion. This society of ours is a society of consumers, and just as
the rest of the world as-seen-and-lived by consumers, culture turns
into a warehouse of meant-for-consumption products – each vying
for the shifting/drifting attention of prospective consumers in the
hope to attract it and hold for a bit longer than a fleeting moment”18.
But the problem is that each product that we think we need, have a
really short life (is used just for short time), and as fast as it can that
“need” become trash (even if many times the object is still working)
and again the person feel the necessity of posses another one and
the cycle repeats over and over again, generating more garbage
and also the excess exploitation of natural resources. Generating
also environmental problems that each time become bigger and
worst.
The natural resources used by big enterprises are often taken from
places far from the production. Big labels with money find their
resources in small countries, where they can exploit it without
restrictions and also take advantage of the workers, which often are
poor people who have to work for little money and in hard conditions
to survive19. This implies also the spending of different transportation
18
Culture in a globalised city, Zygmunt Bauman, Occupied London » Issue Three,
May 2008
19
Maquiladora is a word referred to an operation in which a country use another
country with their manufacturing usually of south America. In this kind of countries
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3
from a country to another.
But if we looked back a few centuries before, it wasn’t like that. This
behavior is developed after the industrial revolution20 in which the
machines become the new and basic element of production and
also transform the way of consumption. The object fabrication was
easily than ever because the hands were replaced for machines that
can do more in less time and cheaper.
We have to “Give priority to human agency and not treat human as a
“factor” in some bigger picture, deliver value to people-not deliver
people to systems, treat place, time, and cultural differences as
positive values, not as obstacles”21
Each time in the market we can find almost every day a new
product, or at least a new version of the same product. If you buy a
computer with the higher advantages, the next week you can find
the same one but maybe with more memory or at least a different
color. When the consumer is in front of a world of possibilities to
choose. When the person is in front of a world of possibilities have to
compared what he have with what he see, and buy the best thing,
that next day is going to be again in a second place.
There are other theories that also talk about the necessity to buy to
they don’t have to pay duty or tariff treatment basis for assembly or
manufacturing.
20
The Industrial Revolution was a period of major industrialization that took place
during the late on the end of the XVI century and the beginning of the XVII. The
Industrial Revolution begin in Great Britain, and after in the whole world.
21
John Thackara, In the Bubble: designing in a complex world, MIT press edition,
Cambridge, 2005, p.8.
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3
supply other need, for example if you feel sad or anxious it can
become a situation that make you buy in a compulsive way even if
you don’t need the product.
Another fact that makes the consumer susceptible to buy is the low
quality of product. Enterprises rather to do product that you have to
change in few days, not only because it is cheaper for them, but
also because each time it breaks you should pay more for a piece
than for a whole new object. For example if you have a camera and
is broken a small piece inside the lens, it would be cheaper to buy a
new one than repaired your old one.
We also see another fact that increases the consumption and is the
publicity. Each object is attached to a brand, and the brand use the
publicity to sell not just an object but also de desire of a lifestyle we
can see examples in all of the big brands that uses phrases to
stimulate the consumer and make them feel emotionally involved to
the brand, even if those words doesn’t even sale the product as it’s
function.
In this sense, the images play an essential role in the advertising
and in the consumption society. The mass media are tools directly
related to sale of products. The problem of our consumption society
is that all of this behavior of the market and the consumers are
producing lots and lots of object that are becoming trash. While the
garbage grows, the natural resources are disappearing. There are
some people that worried about the future of the planet take their
own choice to reuse some of the materials that are supposed to be
garbage, and show that all of those parts can be used in different
ways, even to create new objects.
But the role of the designer isn’t just the re use of materials, but also
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3
many different proposals in which are involved not just the material
but also change a little bit our own minds about our planet, and our
way of living.
All these industrialization effects become a big concern for some
groups on society about the consequences that could happen if we
still consuming and spending all the resources without thinking. One
of first groups that starts talking about sustainable development is
the Rome Club22 that on 1972 publish a volume calls “I limiti dello
Sviluppo” (The Limits to Growth) on the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology (MIT) that focus the attention on the problem of scarcity
of resources an also about the petroleum crisis they talk about a
philosophy of “do less with less”.
On 1987 in the book “Our common future” publish by International
Commission for environment and development comes the definition
of what could be called sustainable development they define as
“that what satisfied the needs of the present without compromising
the ability of future generations to satisfy their needs” but in 1991 the
World Conservation Union (IUCN) on the Environment Program of
United Nations (UNEP) came with a clarification on the definition of
sustainable development on the book Caring for the Earth. A
strategy for sustainable Living. That defines the concept of
sustainable development as the improvement of the quality of life
achieved by keeping the capacity of charged of the ecosystems that
underlie them.
22
The Club of Rome is a not-for-profit organization, its philosophy is to act as a
global beginner to change between the identification and analysis focused on the
crucial problems making humanity and communication of such problems to the
most important decision makers as public and private as well to the general
public it was founded on 1968 for Aurelio Peccei and the Scottish Alexander King.
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3
Like these point of view there are more and also a lot of discussion
about what is right to do or not, searching who is guilty or not all this
problem because of the different actors that are part of this and also
the different interests and the benefits that they bring to them,
because that’s one of the big problems, no one want to stop
winning, the companies still want to win more spending less, the
problem is that the ambition has blinded humanity the new
strategies they make the possessing the satisfaction of an induced
desire not a real need. That’s why the goal is how to change the
behavior of humanity making them aware of their choices. One
example of an option to change the mentality of the consumers is
the concept of “Preciclaggio: before thinking how to recycle if is not
indispensable, start not buying it”23
But all these contraposition between industry and handmade value
starts on 1850-1914 on the Arts and Crafts movement when the
English William Morris, he talks about a way of make always an
improvement of the life quality, the objects and also the environment
looking for a balance between nature, the place of work and the
mechanization of the industry prioritizing how projecting is always
premise to the serial production.
Since this times the designer becomes essential and the sustainable
development turns in a part of design as a requirement. “ The
designer Victor Papanek argued that the role and responsibility of
the designer to propose the necessary transformations of the
society”24 In this case the designer turns into a fundamental key
23
Carla Lanzavecchia, Cap 3, Il fare Ecologico. Il prodotto industriale e i suoi
requisiti ambientali. Ed.Time &Mind, Torino, 2004, p.41.
24
Paolo Tamborrini. Design sostenibile,oggetti
sistemi,comportamenti.ed.Electa.Milano, 2009, p.12.
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3
because he need to left behind the idea of just create objects, Now
he has the responsibility besides the creation of products and
services to start creating the same but everything sustainable
suggesting the consumer to had sustainable behavior changing
from the traditional methodology where form follows function
becoming in a creator of relations. “Design is important because it
can change the processes behind products and services, as well as
the resources used to make them, use them and dispose of them”25.
As Paolo Ulian said on a interview: “ecological motivation is crucial
for my designing, both because I recycle waste materials and
because it represents the utopia to educate more responsible
consumers. However, I'm convinced that the ecological aspect is
only one factor that can contribute to create global added value.
That's why I always try to introduce some other elements in my work
such as invention and poetry. I appreciate everything that is
research, experiment and innovation in design. It's also through this
route that design must pass to become a positive and stimulating
message.”26 The word ecodesign it’s not longer a trend it becomes a
requirement of the projectation process.
This begins with the creation of new values about quality changing
the models methodologies and goals on design. “We have to
enhance the ability of all citizens to engage in meaningful dialogue
about their environment and context, and foster new relationships
between the people who make things and the people who use
25
26
Gloria Refini , interview of Paolo Ulian, THE CREATIVE
AMAZEMENT,ideamagazine.net.
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them”27. We need to start thinking in what really maters that in this
case are human beings, we have to center all the attention on the
man and put in a second place the product,“ Is also equally obvious
how limited this vision is and how it prompts us to change our point
of view, once again focusing on other values that are even more
profoundly our own, in order to approach the creation of a different
cultural and ethical system in a different way…This vision let us to
focus and reflect on main in the context of his life, as part of a new
form of humanism that is both real and cultural”28
One type of the application of these values is the systemic design
that is based on the concept of how the output of a system (the
production waste, lost of energy, unnecessary consume of
resources) becomes the input of another one. “ Systemic design
defines the flow of materials that, by moving from one system to
another, create reciprocal links in a form of continues metabolism on
the way, this produce a considerable economic flow and gradually
eliminates the pollution parts and thus the cycles ecological foot
print”29 so the creation process must had a systemic view in a
integrate way of doing things because everything around us is
systemic its made by different networks that had a directly
relationship with each others.
The systemic design allow an open vision about the process that
becomes in an open system in the moment when we understand
27
28
Luigi Bistagnino, Design for a new Humanism in Claudio Genmak, Man at the
center of the project Allemandi&C.2008, p.10.
29
Luigi Bistagnino, Innovation, but how? In Claudio Genmak, Man at the center of
the project, Design Allemandi&C.2008, p.35.
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each part of it and we focus in the relations studying the leftover –
output- we start thinking about it not as a waste but as a resource
that becomes an –input- feed stock that enters into another process
creating new opportunities of production or a way of creation a new
business model. “Design in a systemic way also helps to create
relationships between objects and functions (and users) to optimize,
integrate or separate, transfer or remove materials and energy for
the identification of innovative functions and objects”30
Another way of design is the design by components it’s a
methodology based on “The planning of all those intrinsically
interrelated elements (namely, components) making up the systemobject on product (or product).
Each system-object is, in turn considered to be an integral element
(that is a component again) of a more complex system.
The final system-object is the addition of every constituent
subsystem and it may be regarded as complete (no longer an
element that can be integrated and expanded) when all existing
interrelationships will accomplish the performances they have been
planed for.”31 It’s a way of create one essential structure that can be
transformed or can mutated through time according to the needs of
the consumer, lengthen the object life cycle more much time that
other one that has just one function and no possibilities of being
transformed.
This gives to the consumer the option of choose, grow with the
object make it part of his life and also gives benefits to the
30
sistemi,comportamenti.ed.Electa.Milano,2009, Pag 26
31
Luigi Bistagnino. The outside shell seen from the inside. Ed. Ambrosiana ,
Milano,2010, Pag 9
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environment in the way the consumer don’t have the need of going
to buy another one in case of they change place or if they need
more space or they want other color, because this kind of design
allows to have and object composed by interchangeable parts and
modules that can be modified and can create different configuration
according to the needs.
Its important now that we talk about the consumer, how he as the
designer need to start knowing and changing the behavior the way
of thinking and choosing what is good for him and the environment,
he needs to start knowing that the cheap objects cost more in terms
of immaterial values (energy, natural resources) he need to be a
conscious consumer with a point of view about things, knowing
everything about the product, where was made, with what was
made, what they use to transform the material, everything so then he
can have the enough knowledge to decide, because one of the big
problems is the lack of knowledge its hard to change if they don’t
know the other option to choose it.
With the auto production and auto promotion a lot of designers start
showing in the objects how the applied new ways to create, to use a
material, to save energy, space, just changing small things that if we
multiply them every day could be a huge change. In a sustainable
way we can talk about the different options that the design can use
for the creation of products and services more sustainable for
example de Reduction Design that can be apply in two senses, one
when we reduce the consume (here we need to talk about the
ethical and behavior: companies-designer-consumer) an other one
when we take care of how make the object with less material
(making less pieces, or make and object with less dimension or
thickness) this way of design also includes the dematerialization of
the object giving to the consumer the possibility of solving the need
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that he had but without the need of having the object offering a
service that solves it.
Behind this way of sustainable design they are a few more ways to
change, giving to the object characteristic that make it sustainable
as it said Paolo Tamborrini in his book Design Sostenibile in the
chapter “Atlante del design” when he make a seven thematic areas
around the ways of being sustainable, and also present a selection
of examples that follow the eco-design guidelines32. These seven
categories are besides design for reduction there are: folding and
compacting, searching a reduction of space and resources with the
miniaturization of technologies, flexibility, in the way that the object
can be adapted according to the needs and the type of use that is
giving to it, alternatives energies, talks about the solutions of energy
sources that can replace the actual ones, sustainable materials, is
about how to choose a material before create and produce the
object having the knowledge pro and the contraindications of it and
recycle and reuse, when we intend the waste as a resource a new
way of beginning, it’s a revaluation and Appreciation of it.
This last category of Re-use directly relationship with the new way of
production, the self-production that the designers are starting to use
as a new methodologies and process to produce, because the fact
of starting without economic support the re use of materials and
objects give to the designer the possibility of acquire almost for free
the “raw material” and carry with the transformation using the object
or the part of it to create another one with a different function.
“In the rural world, there is a comparison that expresses very well
32
For more information see Carla Lanzavecchia, Appendice in Il Fare Ecologico, il
prodotto industriale e I suoi requisiti ambientali, Ed Time & Mind, Torino, 2004,
p.87.
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the meaning of this concept: a good right arm of a large tree
becomes a strong first pole to support the screw then, when
consumed at the point and unusable in vineyard, became support
for the fence subsequently used to support the broken leg of a table,
then a handle of the hammer and the end is burned and also in its
last function generates benefits producing the heat of the fireplace.
In this respect the design can give a lot because don’t have to wait
until the availability of new overtime and beautiful recycled materials
to design special and beautiful market products, but you can with
simple details, with a few things done well and without dispersion
gain new attention and new sensitivity to the meaning of objects and
to promote the long life of matter”33
The Re-Use of objects consist of giving new value and life to things
(objects, parts of objects, materials) enhancing everything that we
are used to see as garbage or waste, things seeing doesn’t work for
anything, giving a new chance to become something else.
Below we can find some examples about how the objects are re
used,
33
M. De Lucci, Sull’ecologia del design, cit. in Paolo Tamborrini, Design
Sostenibile, oggetti,sistemi, e comportamenti, Ed Electa, Milano, 2009, p.41.
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“The rubber that lose
strength,
the
resistance
reliability necessary to make
a car run, become strong,
resistant and bumper for and
swing. This project is for
sure a consequence for
example of the anonymous
design, that with a natural
practicality find an answer to
the most elementary needs,
almost always with simple
solutions and with easily
found and local materials “.
Anonimo, Altalena, second half of XIX Century
Paolo Tamborrini. Design
sostenibile,oggetti
sistemi,comportamenti.ed.Electa.
Milano,2009, p.98
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“… Proposed the same
product as glass container
enriched since 1990 with the
serigraph of the cartoons
protagonist.
From a utile
product the nutella container
become an objects of
breakfast. Also in case of
discharge, the container of
nutella
have
the
characteristic of use few and
easy separately elements
and textures: the glass
container, the paper label,
(can be removed with
water),
the
cap
in
polyethylene low density,
that is also recyclable and
the guarantee seal in plastic
material shrink is also
recyclable”.
sostenibile,oggetti
sistemi,comportamenti.ed.Electa.
Milano,2009, p.100.
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On 1992 Markus and
Daniel
Freitag
wrestled in the design
of a bag that satisfied
an
specific
exigencies:
the
possibility of a secure
transportation of their
own
designs
protecting them of the
bad weather. The
Freitag brother find in
the material used for
the trucks tarpaulins,
the PVC, which has
the
necessary
characteristics
to
satisfy the projectual
requirements: weather
resistance,
tensile
and weight.
sostenibile,oggetti
sistemi,comportamenti.ed.
Electa.Milano,2009, p.
104.
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COLOMBIA:
A different point of view.
Colombian Context
Colombia is a country located in the north west of South America.
There are many things to say about Colombia, but we can start with
a geographical introduction, with a total area of 1,141,748 km2
where they live 45.971.39958 people. It is bounded on the south with
Ecuador, Peru and Brazil. In the north with the Atlantic Ocean. In the
east with Venezuela and in the west with Panama and the Pacific
Ocean.
Colombia is a place full of contrast; we can find all the types of
landscapes. In the first place Colombia is bathed by 2 oceans, the
sunset of the Atlantic and the big waves and vegetation of the
Pacific. Is the third country with over water resources of the world,
and also is in the top list of biodiversity. Their landscapes can
change in some hours from the desert to a volcano or the snow. The
big cordillera that passes through the whole country is also landform
that makes Colombia several varieties of climate and scenery.
Colombia has the largest number of species per unit area on the
planet, and the 10% of flora and fauna of the planet, despite its
58
Dane, population clock, may 11/2011.
http://www.dane.gov.co/reloj/reloj_animado.php
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4
geographical extent not reach 1% of the land59.
The territory has a lot of advantages that sometimes can be
overshadowed with other problems of mismanagement and most of
all internal fights that have big consequences in the population.
Since the declaration of independence from Spain in 1810 start also
a division between 2 parties, the conservative and the liberal. The
power struggle between both sizes has passed through peacefully
moments and also lots of violence, but the biggest violence moment
was in the middle of the fourteens.
In the elections of 1948 was killed Jorge Elieser Gaitan, that was the
liberal candidate. This murder unleashed “el Bogotazo”60 in which
the country was in chaos, there where destruction of political
buildings and radio stations. The importance of this part of the
history is that this fact creates insurgent groups that are still alive,
and is one of the biggest causes of the poverty.
Based on those sides it was born 2 different groups, the guerillas
part of the liberal party (today called FARC61), and the paramilitaries
59
PROEXPORT COLOMBIA, www.colombiaespasion.com
60
“The Assassination of Gaitan (1948) produced an explosion in Bogota and other
cities, which overthrew the government but peasant violence triggered by two
"margins close "in the eastern plains, where the guerrillas disciplined more liberal,
and in areas of small farms
Andes and, in particular coffee” El conflicto, callejón con salida. Informe Nacional
de Desarrollo Humano para Colombia – 2003. Marcela Giraldo (edit by). Pag 21
61
FARC: fuerzas armadas revolucionarias de Colombia: Armed forces of
Colombia.
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that defended the conservative party. Both still fight, and are the
biggest violence groups in Colombia. All of the ideals that they have
at the beginning has become in a fight of money and power
bypassing the civil innocent civil people.
1980 is another bloody decade in which appeared new violence
actors such as guerrillas from the left, paramilitaries62 from the right,
and the narcotraficantes63. The fights between them leave always
the civil population in the middle of all the conflict, specially with the
decision of the government of extradition penalty, to have a several
punishment.
All of this violence has currently showed the consequence in the civil
people. The poverty64 in Colombia is the biggest sign of all the
injustice and nonsense violence that we have lived. The group that
is directly related to this conflict is the “desplazados”65. The
desplazados used to be people who live in the rural area also known
as peasants that live of their crops. In the war between the violence
62
“in the early 80's comes a different paramilitary groups, it is not "self"nor "State",
but expansion of private armies necessarily illegal industries (drugs and emerald
trade.) After purchasing large tracts ground, those "entrepreneurs of coercion" are
determined in "clean guerrillas" Middle Magdalena and His example is followed by
owners of Córdoba, Urabá
and the Orinoco”. El conflicto, callejón con salida. Informe Nacional de Desarrollo
Humano para Colombia – 2003. Marcela Giraldo (edit by). Pag 26
63
Narcotraficante is the name reference to the drug dealer.
64
Unmet basic needs
65
Desplazados:displaced, people who have to moved for their own lands to
biggest cities, often because armed groups threaten their life.
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4
groups they are threatened to choose a branch, and fight with them.
The peasants that can escape run to the biggest cities periphery to
try to find a new future out of the war. This people that knows just the
basic things of the land become poor people, many times they can’t
even say their real names because of the fear of be killed by
someone else.
Another fact that influences the high levels of poverty in Colombia is
the bad distribution of goods. In one hand we find people living in
extremely poor conditions that become transparent to the rich
people (the underprivileged become visible just when steal
something). The entity responsible for handling this differences in
the distribution of goods is supposed to be the government, but a lot
of people involved in it, get dirty with the corruption, many times
because they think in their own interests, leaving apart the needs of
the people who voted for promises that will not be met.
The politician take advantage of the needy and offer immediate
solutions to get votes66, for example a lunch or a breakfast can be
the price to get it. But the real problem of people who voted for this
kind of incentives is that not only the hunger is talking for them, but
also they are the reflection of the lack of education.
The education has a cost, and there are not enough opportunities
for all. This is another big fact of the poverty in Colombia. The
people are uninformed of the basic things, if you don’t do the
primary school, is difficult to do high school or even harder a
professional career. In the 2009 were register 11.090.784 of people.
Even if the number is a little bit higher than in the 2008, is not
enough to cover all.
66
This election only the 49.27% voted for a president.
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DANE National Administrative Department of Statistics,
Formal education research, August 2010 / Information – 2009
Until now the prospect of our nation is really discouraging, but as
always there isn’t just one side of the situation. According to the
World Values Survey67 one of the world happiest country in the world
is Colombia. Even if Colombia has all this trouble the people
considered themselves happy people. This could be hard to
understand, but usually the Colombians are people who always tried
their best to get what they want. They always have the best attitude
to face the everyday problems.
Colombians are hard working, prevented but also ready to help the
others. The family and friends are their motivation to accomplish
something and the motor of their life. There are some examples of
67
Ronald Inglehart, Roberto Foa, Christopher Peterson, and Christian Welzel. The
world’s most comprehensive investigation of political and sociocultural and
change. Development, Freedom, and Rising Happiness. A Global Perspective
(1981–2007). http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/
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4
Colombian people outside the country, but most of the examples are
common people that every morning wakes up really early to find a
way to survive. The “rebusque” is the protagonist of each day, in
which people find more than one job even if they have to do long
distance travels, or different small business to find the way to have
better things. In every traffic light you can see always-different kind
of shows to have some coins and bring some food to their children.
There are many words to describe a Colombian, but one of the most
telling word and characteristic that we find even in a person who
passed through all of these problems, is an also Colombian word
“hechado pa lante” that means that even in the worst situation there
is always the cleverness to pass it by, and find new ways to find a
solution. The creativity of a Colombian have no limits, and most of
the people you find there, even in really poor conditions can be
really humble. They are grateful of having their life, and proud of his
country. This fact makes them wake up every morning with new
energy to fin a way out. The recursively is an infinitive source of new
ideas to respond to their own needs.
Self- Made Colombian “creators”.
It’s hard to talk about identity having all the globalization process
and how this create a homogenized culture, Globalization brought
with it numerous assertions that economic power is less and less
rooted in a place. Distance is dead, geography is obsolete, the
pundits declared”44 but we can talk about how the countries start to
44
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mutate and react over this phenomenon, Juan Diego Sanin45 in his
article material culture and processes of identity construction, talks
about this, he said that the material culture is composed by all the
set of objects that are capable of the materialization of: the practical
and symbolical habits but also the technical and conceptual
knowledge that one person share with the members of the group
that he is part of, he focus the attention not in how the object was
produced or his function but in how the objects are used by people
and how this create an identity in the way that this reflect what
people as member of a group have in common with each other and
also the what differentiates from the others, this is important in what
has to do with the process of building a cultural identity.
Throughout history the humanity found information of how it was the
life before our civilization and this could be said by the objects that
they found, all these objects tell us about the habits, the way of
living, the let us see a part of the culture, because inside these
objects there are cultural values that talk in three categories about
the object, the functional that talks about the utility of the object, the
structural that it refer to the shape of the object and the
45
Member of Research Group in Design Studies - Universidad Pontificia
Bolivariana. Industrial Designer at the Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana. Master in
Aesthetics at the National University of Colombia, where his graduate work
"Aesthetics of Consumption" got word "Merit" and was published by Editorial UPB.
He serves as Associate Professor, Design Studies Group at the Universidad
Pontificia Bolivariana de Medellín, where his research has focused on material
culture studies in contemporary society, the forms of occupation of social housing,
the transformations of domestic life and cultural heritage prosaic. By Mauricio
Gutiérrez Pérez,
Mauricio Sánchez Valencia on
www.disenola.org/index.php/articulos.html?page=shop.browse&manufacturer_id
=13, May/2011
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communicative that determinate the meaning.
The essential part of these is how this material culture is in the way
of objects are used and the meaning that people attribute to them
when they are into the practice, how the society appropriates his
culture through the use and signification of this material context is
the way on they defined themselves and found and identity that is a
process and is always changing.
With the globalization has started a tension between global and
local merchandise, Sanin, makes five categories that show how the
countries are adapting to this.
The fist one is called the homogenization and rootless material
culture: the adopted, and explain how the socio cultural dynamics
are all around the consumption, “which consists of a set of global
objects and graphics that are imported by local companies and
when they are implemented, deployed a range of uses and
meanings that recreate life forms, in principle, foreign and belonging
to a specific nation, that with time is becoming increasingly common
among different societies around the world”46.
46
Juan Diego Sanin, Cultura Material e identidad contemporanea. Lo propio, lo
adaptado, lo adoptado y lo ajeno, Ed http://www.DisenoLA.org Organización
Latinoamérica de Producción Intelectual en la disciplina del Diseño – 2009, p.10.
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This is an example of how stores of Arepas (that is a dish that is made of
ground corn dough or cooked corn flour) build the identity making use of the
coca-cola brand as a commercial strategy because is already a very popular
brand so that bring them more clients.
The second one is called the “criollizacion”47and material culture reterritorially: the adapted, “this consists in the re contextualization
process through which the imported global goods are assigned
local uses and meanings by the host societies. If the
homogenization highlights the flow of goods from a dominant culture
(the U.S. and Europe) to other parts of world, the “criollización”
highlights precisely the influence of these goods, the receipt,
47
The “criollizacion” is a term used to define something that has being adapted or
personalized with Colombian parameters and characteristics.
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domestication and adaptation to their new environment”48, How the
society looking for an identity change the original object
transforming the way of using the object, the meaning and also
changing the structure to have a more familiar one that fit with his
own ways of living.
This is an example of how they
This is also an example that
transform
show how they change a
the
ALL
STAR
shoes
brand, in the name of the soap
common brand jhonson &
opera that has the biggest rating at
jhonson, for a common name in
that moment “El Escamoso” so this
Colombia Jefferson, so the
make feel more more identified the
people think that they are still
client with the object that is buying.
buying the benefits of the brand
but also they associate the name
with his context that’s why they
prefer it.
48
Juan Diego Sanin, Cultura Material e identidad contemporanea. Lo propio, lo
adaptado, lo adoptado y lo ajeno, Ed http://www.DisenoLA.org Organización
Latinoamérica de Producción Intelectual en la disciplina del Diseño – 2009, p.1011.
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The next to categories are: the Local and the regional material
culture: our things, that talks about the research of our own
territory elements that reflect the sense of cultural differentiation that
is only allowed by the autochthonous creations, searching the most
representative things that becomes on national icons and then on
commercial products.
The other one is called the foreign and the material culture of other
territories: their things, that make recognize our things, our self
because of what don’t make a part of what’s mine, is when we
recognize the things but we don’t let them be part of our way of life.
Colombia es passion is the national
Another example is a Restaurant that
brand that integrates all the artisan
is called Andres Carne de Res that is
techniques and design looking for the
very
development new attractive products
restaurant is decorated with objects
everything hand made produced with
that talks about Colombian culture,
the goal of create a material identity of
everything is recycled, the people
Colombia.
where very attracted with the objects
www.colombiaespasion.com
so now the owner has a store that
famous
because
the
entire
sales object with the added value that
is Colombian hand made.
www.andrescarnederes.com
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In Colombia all this categories make a part of everyday life each one
full of products an objects that fills the markets, the thing is that after
the purchase and the use these objects start the aesthetic
consumption that is the research of what people do with the object
after, the new configurations that the owner attribute to it.
In Colombia as a result for poverty the people don’t have the
opportunity of buy everything that they need when they need, is is a
fortune to acquire something, this make the Colombian a person that
use the product as is the last one in the world and really appreciate
what the have, and then he search they way of make it change,
reappear.
This reappearance as a rebirth of dead objects is by giving a
functional, structural and communicative revalue to those things that
are discarded turning them even in new goods, Juan Diego Sanin
makes a classification of how the Colombian people give new birth
to the objects, “becoming old and damaged objects in raw material
or waste with a commercial sense (recycling) by releasing objects
that had been broken and return to function (repairs), disposable
packaging that serve as containers for different food
goods(overloaded) in all types of items are sold as "second hand"
for someone else to reuse them (reuse) and new objects, that are
made of waste materials and are sold in popular markets
(reused)” 49.
In Colombia there is no recycle culture, the process of waste is just
putting the bag with everything in the place where the waste truck
pick it up, but there is a group of persons that make profit about this
49
Juan Diego Sanín, in the article REAPARICIONES Estéticas del desecho y
políticas de valor, CULTURAMA,Observatorio de Cultura Material, Grupo de
Estudios en Diseño - Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana p.7.
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and also help us to recycle, they are the “recicladores” people that
go to those places where the people leave the garbage and they
with their hands open the garbage and search for those objects that
can be recycled, after this they wash them and they sale them in
some cooperatives that pay according to the weigh, obviously they
never pay a fair price, but this is a way of help the people that
doesn’t have a job, this is a legitimate practice but not legal. “Today
in Colombia 40.000 people are living from recycling”50
This is a typical recycling car, which goes all around a neighborhood
separating the things that can be recycled.
The recyclation looking as an reapperence turns literally the waste,
to a new life and gives a new value not just as use value but also
50
Redacción eltiempo.com, in Debes saber, Colombia, Bogota, Ya hay 11.000
recicladores en Bogotá: censo del Distrito on www.eltiempo.com, december 22,
2010
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and economical value, that has never thinked fron the company that
produce it. But they also found some products that can be re sold,
like toys, shoes, books, everything that they found, they had the
“power” of see beyon the obvious, the see the future of life of an
object that for us is all are ready dead.
For example this containers of cleaning products are sold each one around
10 to 50 cents they also find goods that after a clean process they sale,
shoes toys or leave for personal use.
The “recicladores” are and have a very importan place on the
Colombian society, because anyone has this recycle culture, no one
know how or want to do it, so without they it would not exist even the
intention of recycling.
The Reparation of objects is a really common way of preserve object
lives and also express in a aesthetical identity of how colombian
people are, recursive par excellence. “The repair consists in a
functional revaluation of the objects held by the settlement or
replacement of items decomposed in its structure”51 from this is also
derived a lor of places that start specializing on the reparation of all
kind of objects, this gives another informal type of economy
becouse these people is not trained for sony or samsung or some
big company, these people have learn by the life because they
51
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never went to a specialiced place to learn they just adcquierd the
skills.
This beneficiates if we talk in sustainable terms because the life
cycle of the object is elongated, it gives a second chance of life to
the products.
These are some plastic chairs that lost one leg, are repaired by putting
a wood leg, that gives again to them the function of hold.
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4
These pictures correspond to those legitimate locals that are exclusive
dedicated to repair objects; some are specialized in determinate sector, from
electro domestics, to clothes or TV. In these places they sold also some parts
of the objects as a repair parts.
This had some relationship with the design by components, not
because the companies already thing about the possibility of using
the parts of an object, this people had discover this because of the
need to repair something because they can’t buy another one or
because they create and affective relation with the object.
This is an example of a place that separates all the useful parts of an object to
then put it on sale.
Another type of reappearance way that use the Colombian is the
“recharge” products that contain something, generally are
packaging from soaps or cleaners and food because are the most
resistant and durable.
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4
Almost all the packaging are made with attractive shape to have the
attention from the client, they are also modular for save space at the
store, all these characteristics are exploited by the Colombian
people to recharge, refill, repacked other things.
This type of rechargeable products are normally used to re pack
another product inside to sale it, and the use of the food packaging
allow to have a standardized measure by weight or size, so this
beneficiates the people that sale other products.
Crystal is dishwasher soap but in
According to the packaging
Colombia
they
when
the
soap
is
introduce
the
new
finished is used to save food or
product, as it can look in the
transported it.
image the aji always goes on
the coffee glass packaging
and this turns in a common
law for all the people that sales
it.
The other type of reappearance as we talk previously is the “re use”
category that talk about how the people using not necessarily a
monetary transaction change all type of merchandise: second
hand clothes, shoes, books, toys, or antique objects that are
looking for a new owner to increase the life cycle of the products.
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These are some antiques
This is where the clothes goes
objects that are in sale,
after the owner of the store
some of them are not bought
went all around a quarter
for the function but as a
changing bracelets, posters or
relic.
books for clothes.
And the last category is reused that talks about of the creation of
popular artifacts with garbage “they present a valorization of the
function, the structure and the communication of everyday garbage,
in that through a few technical and cognitive skills integrate different
elements in the configuration of new one, transgressing each one
from the dimension of the original one”52.
52
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In some gardens we could
see how they use soap
bags and paint buckets to
plant.
Here we can see how the
Colombian
people
do
to
survive and have a job, this is
the local from someone that
sales cold drinks, he or she
adapted a cooler container
with
two
speakers
as
an
strategic way to get more
attention.
It can be intended as an informal activity as Juan Diego Sanin said
is an unconscious material production because the people beyond
producing objects, they accommodate the existent ones formalizing
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4
with them new functions. This also turns in a labor activity in the way
that there are some people (urban artisan) that use this garbage as
raw material and is dedicated to produce handmade decorative
objects where the valorization of it is the materialization of a popular
knowledge.
Some works of and urban artisan, that make decorative pieces from
waste, as can, rubbers and bands for then sale on streets or busses.
The production of these objects requires also and extensive
transformation, because they need to build something for a
determinate function so the reform the whole object or just a par,
changing the shape, attaching other objects. For example the
ambulant sellers use different kinds of cars, usually they change the
wheels for a better ones that permits the fast transportation, one side
because of the police and another one because they have to leave
all night the car save in a place that’s near from the place that they
sale.
These particularly group of people, the ambulant sellers, have been
developed a big universe of new portable stores, that offers all the
needs that they had doing this job.
This particular group of people just reuses materials for built their
ambulant stores, to give structure, shapes and colors so they can
sale everyday in almost each corner, on the traffic light, it depend of
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4
type of merchandise that they sale, because according the product
they develop a shape materialized in an hybridization of objects and
materials that follows all the requirements of the product, the place
and the way of selling.
This is a coffee and tee ambulant store, is it made from the
structure of an old stroll with a basket that contain thermos with
coffee and tee.
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This is an snack ambulant store were you
can found, fried potatoes,gums, lollypops,
cigarettes, plum cakes and more local
snacks. All the realization of the object is
thought looking in a way that they can
expose all the merchandising; each product
has the space and shape to be stored. We
can see also how inside the structure there is
also a chair if the don’t found a place with
some urban chairs, they put out the “blue”
chair, they also carry an umbrella in case of
rain.
Here we can see how the ambulant sellers design his objects following the
requisites that this job has, they need to be portable, light, transformable,
flexible that gives to them the possibility of sale even if it s raining or there is
too much sun.
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All these objects for us Colombians are almost invisible because
they make part of our everyday life so is normal to have them all
around, “These objects abound but are unnoticed, for filing daily
shapes as well as brands and symbols widely recognized. By
looking at them it emerge social traits characteristic of technical and
aesthetic behavior, tends to have what is imposed as garbage, as
work material”53, but the problem is that we never figure it out that
this way of built, transformed objects and re merchandise could be
considered as a sustainable way of living,
We could not be saints in what respect to the protection of the
environment but some how we help to the cause, almost all the time
we made, not by ecologist convictions but as a kind of casualty,
things that help: we create an emotional relation with things, we
have a tight budget or maybe the recursive and survival spirit that
characterize us is what bring us to create all type of things, excuses,
and ways to extend the life product much longer of the apparent
expiration date.
The “informal” creators description
“recicladores”, ambulant sellers, repairer
Colombia has a significantly wide gap in reference to the distribution
of resources, not to mention the high rate of corruption and political
indifference that accompany it. This entire conflictive context brings
in Colombia a lot of problems; the big one is the poverty that is,
53
Estudios en Diseño - Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana p.28
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according with the D.A.N.E54 approximately the 45% of the total
population.
This part of the population includes different types of communities
that are more affected, one of these are the displaced people, they
are families that live in the country side and their economic support
is based on the agriculture.
This group of people is very vulnerable because the guerrilla asks
for money each month and if they don’t pay the threats they kill the
family so, the only way to survive is leaving the few things that they
have and go to other place to looking for security and help.
Besides this group they are other type of Colombian that can’t found
a real and legal job, because of the deficit of education55, so they
don’t have the capacities that are required for be a part of a
company. So they have to figure it out looking for other alternatives
to survive and fit their families.
54
The National Bureau of Statistics (DANE), is responsible for planning, collecting,
processing, analysis and dissemination of official statistics in Colombia.
55
“Colombia has a public and private education, the first is specifically
responsible for the neediest social class, which does not have many resources,
and the second is basically designed for other strata. A public education provides
the opportunity for many children to be in a school but does not bundle up your
child for much of the population in need, as we reveal the DANE, Colombia
recorded a 94.15% student population in the strata 1.2 and 3, showing that most
of the people who make the neediest strata are young people and children, here
are some that only 37.25% received public education, without looking that this
percentage 30% completed high school, rescuing which can achieve a higher
education (19.36% have access to a university of which 75.05% is a public
university)” by Catalina Larrotta Gómez for newsletter for the D.A.N.E,
http://www.dane.gov.co/censo/files/boletines/bol_educacion.pdf.
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In this case arise an economy that is called “informal economy” and
is constituted for all the people in Colombia that is affected directly
with poverty and unemployment, the need to solve the problem of
getting money for survive.
“The informal economy comprises economic actions that bypass the
cost of, and administrative rules covering property relationships,
commercial licensing, labor contracts, torts, financial credit, and
social security systems”56 this type of economy had positive and
negative aspects.
The negative aspects are: breach of legislation and tax evasion that
is the aspect that makes them “illegal” but as they earn just they
essential money if they start to pay some of the taxes, they will not
have anything to live, it will be necessary reach an agreement
between the government and these people, decreasing the price of
the taxes, but is really hard because the government has political
and economical interest that have preferences in multinationals and
they don’t want to lose any cent of money this is not a benefit for
them because they want people that pay, they are just concern
about money.
The government and also the society left behind the poor working
health and safety conditions that are subjected to, the lack of social
protection, the unstable employment and salary, the absence of
safety and labor rights and the low remuneration that the earn after
long journeys.
56
Neil J. Smelser and Richard Swedberg, The hand book of economic sociology,
by Russell Sage Fundation, 2005, p.405.
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Talking about the positive aspects, beside is the only honorable way
of living, is the ability of the people, which because of the need
creates unconscious, great business potential that can be
implemented for the government as a new way of economic
entrance to the country.
The informal economy also absorb the excess labor, because they
are a lot of people that don’t have anything to do, this type of
economy is the only way where people found a job, a way to survive
and is a way that not includes the violence that is the easy way to
go, fortunately still people that prefer to work hard.
The people that makes part of this informal economy develop a
common behavior as a response to the social problems, generally
this people is characterized by the creativity that they had for
respond to the every day needs, they are labeled as “rebuscadores”
that is the people that create and ability to find money, they develop
the capacity of sale anything are the best sellers and traders, they
are incredibly astutes, they also are “hechados pa’ lante” that is the
capacity of overcome a difficult situation, we in Colombia develop a
heart approves shock, we are in front of so many problems every
day life and this make us resistant and persistent, some people said
that the colombians don’t have memory.
Another behavior that is characteristc of them is the recursivity as
they don’t have the money or a lot of things they development and
ability to create what they need with the few elements that they have,
they always find a solution, nothing is to dificult for them nothing is
imposible they always find a way.
Two of the more common job that born of this economy are the
recycles and the ambulant sellers, that conform the highest
percentage at the interior of this economy and there is another type
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of member that is not informal but the input of his work is based on
the recycler work(informal), is the repairer.
These three actors conform a part of the society that expose in they
way of acting, working and building all about material culture57 in
Colombia and in the project we name them “informal creators”.
The recyclers are the only community in the whole conutry that is
worried about this process, because in Colombia doesn’t exist the
differentied waste or the recycling culture.
The “recicladores” as everyone calls them are not precisely
recycler, they are more collectors and this job consist on going all
around the city, stopping in each building and looking inside of the
trash for some materials that can be transformed in new ones or
objects that can be still used.
A common day of work starts at 3:00 or 4:00 am they take their hand
made cars, and start their routes, that’s are actually determinate for
the group that make part of the neighborhood, so per day, each
“recycler” walk around 2 km searching inside over 200 wastes,
running to get the more they can before the trash truck arrives in the
morning.
In this process they are in contact with toxic substances, whit the
cold in the morning, they need energy but they don’t have the
money to eat before, in the city there is no space destined to them
so they are also expose to traffic accidents, they take the children’s
57
“ The way in which objects are placed implemented by its customers: how they
are purchased, used and discarded studying for this ordinary objects made by
"minor" designers to people in the real world,"SANÍN, Juan Diego. Estéticas del
consumo: configuraciones de la cultura material. Medellín, Universidad Pontificia
Bolivariana, 2008. p.9.
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out with them because they can not leave them at home because is
insecure, so they take a lot of risks doing this job that bring benefit
to the society but they society does nothing about it.
At the end of the journey they carry almost three times their waste,
with all the things that they collect, after this, they went to the
collection center where they give materials that can be transformed
as plastic, cardboard, paper, glass, metal.
As they also collect objects that are in “terminal phase” (for the
people that throw it) they let to them some of the objects that can be
useful for satisfy their own needs.
The recycler makes part of the process of re selling objects, he
sales to garbage stores, which are places (warehouses) were the
trash came in sale, is not like a second hand market, where the
owner take care about the merchandise, this is a place where the
people go a search for things that can be useful, transformed for
them in a very good and cheaper price.
He also went to street markets to sale all these objects that can be
used again, because he found on garbage books, clothes, shoes,
accessories, all type of objects that for the 45% of the population
that doesn’t have anything can still work.
The recycler has a direct relation with the ambulant seller because is
the one that give him the raw material to build their ambulant stores.
The ambulant seller as the recycler is another actor of the informal
economy, but is also a character that in the way he built the tool of
selling, he talks about the material culture, in the way he distribute
the local products, the way of display the products and also the
language that has been created around this practice.
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The ambulant seller becomes in an icon of the result of
unemployment in Latin America, they have a lot of characteristics in
common, as they don’t have economical resources they look for the
cheaper way to build, so they re-use a lot of materials and transform
objects to arrive in a shape that works for them. Shapes that must
have the characteristics of some object that need to be portable,
flexible, need to respond all climatic changes, sun and rain, and has
to be prepared to run when the police start to taking away the
merchandise.
But the thing that differences them is the type of product that they
sale, because it depends of the typical local product and according
to this starts the building process.
This community of ambulant seller make easy the everyday life of all
Colombians, in Bogotá for example the people can buy whatever
they need (gum, snacks drinks, fruits, typical food and more) all day
and night long, they just have to walk two steps and there is always
some one that receive very gentle and is ready to give the best
service.
But the problem is that is increased in the pas few years and there is
a overpopulation of ambulant sellers so this people began to fill the
public space that is the reason that makes them illegal so is
necessary get an accord with the government, because the solution
is not to remove them from the street is to organize them and create
some reasonable taxes so they can be part of the legal economy
and maybe they can give more than the 39% of gross domestic
product that is what they give actually.
Other type of business that it doesn’t make part of the informal
economy is the reparation of objects, in Colombia has development
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over the years the capacity of repair all the objects because it’s very
difficult get the guarantee ore some official place for the reparation.
Then the Colombian people extend as long as the can the life of the
products, because it’s really hard replaced not just because they
don’t have the money to buy another one but they also create an
affective relation with the objects, because they just have a few.
As a response to this request of the Colombian population, a lot of
people start opening some small garage or store where they offer
the reparation services, and not only reparation they also sale some
particular parts of old objects, they can personalized the object with
a really extensive painting process, and the also create a lot ob
hybrid objects that sold as new ones.
This people is not graduated from any university, all the knowledge
they had is created by experiences or by some parent that teach the
“know how” of this practice, they are characterized because they
are very recursively, they almost always find a solution of a broken
or damage object.
They belong in to the formal economy because they have a stable
place and pay for taxes not all of them are covered by the health
insurance, just some that make part of small companies or there is a
few part that can pay.
But this type of practice is in the middle of the informal and formal
economy in a way that the repairer buy all the raw material (old
objects, parts of objects, small pieces, etc) from the recyclers, all
what they found that can serve to the reparation is sold, so the
position of this practice is a little bit confused.
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material that can be transformed
in raw material
plastics
$
raw materials
collection
center
”
cans
toys
fo
r
th
u nd
plastic
em
shoes
$
“cacharrerias”
(garbage sale)
clothes
$
$
discarded
products
external
clients
m
ant se
bu l
ll
local snacks
er
books
appliances
undifferentiated
waste
$
a
paper
separate the waste
ganic
or
transform
center
collected/ divided
ed
s
and me
l
ta
gla
s
glass
rentia
t
iffe
waste
paper
icladore
c
e
s
r
“
NEW
accessories
$
repairer
build and ambullant
store
street markets
$
local food
buyer
a truck for all waste
repair parts
pile
waste
unofficial
reparation places
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$
$1
new products
with old components
waste
“informal creator”
reduces environmental impact
gla
s
und
cicladores
e
r
output
collection
center
waste
rentia
t
iffe
collected/ divided
paper
fo
r
plastic
$
shoes
th
em
clothes
local snacks
“cacharrerias”
(garbage sale)
external
clients
$
repairer
a truck for all waste
pile
waste
a
appliances
discarded
products
transform
center
m
ant sel
bul
le
r
becomes
waste
$
books
undifferentiated
waste
NEW
raw materials
$
cans
differentiated
glass
toys
ganic
or
recycle
for
plastics
ed
nd me
l
ta
sa
material that can be transformed
in raw material
paper
”
“
benefit for the society
$
input
accessories
reuse
build and ambullant
store
$ materials
second hand
objects markets
parts
disassembly
extend the life
cycle of the objects
repair parts
unofficial
reparation places
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$1
new products
with old components
local food
buyer
$
4
Solution Approaches around Latin America and Colombia
From these 3 actors just the ambulant seller and the “reciclador” are
part of the informal economy. This phenomenon isn't just a
Colombian characteristic; also in all Latin America we find both ways
to survive and to find a solution to poverty.
Comparative table of Ambullant sellers.
In this table we can see that in all of the countries they used reused
materials to build their exhibition cars, which have to be portable in
case that the police arrived to penalized them. They still have no
rights, and many times they are transparent to most of the other
percentage of people (the people who have money). They create
small cooperatives to support between them, but almost always are
really small groups.
There is been some projects that are supposed to helped them. For
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4
example the major office did some stationary posts designed by an
architect and a designer to make them be “legally” in the streets.
The name of the project was “kiosk sales for the public space”
designed by Roberto Cuervo and Alejandro Cardenas. A designer
and an architect that work together with the major office and other
entities of the state to make this possible.
The project consist of some modules that let the ambullant sellers in
fixed posts in which they could work without any problem.
With this modules were considered by them as an integral solution
to the problem presented by this population and the city, where as
first performance includes the formalization of this activity in an
organized and designed in such a way that offers stable place, with
optimal working conditions and a solution of product features a
contemporary aesthetic as a design object, which becomes a
icon recognition of the city and a model for other cities with similar
problematic.
The mayor of Bogotá has installed approximately 600 and other
2000 must be constructed, and each double module costs US$
15.000.
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The project was expensive, and as the ambulant sellers say in some
interviews, they could used that money to help them in a better way.
It is also real that to do this project a lot of entities of the state must
agree in the way they have to do this work, and they have a lot of
restrictions in many aspects. In the public space they can used just
5 mts of space for the modules, the materials should be resistant to
exterior problems and thefts.
Is not hard to see that this project made in Bogota's street wasn't the
best solution to their problematic, not just because of the non
contextual lenguage, and the ergonomic difficulties to the people
who work there, but also because they still have to pay to get those
places, and at the end they have to use more space to be protected
of the rain.
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The positive part of this project is that even if it hasn't the best result
as a design, it was a way to make everyone watch and critic the
problem of ambulant sellers in the street. So in this way it helps to
recognize that there is something that something is not right.
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Comparative table of “recicladores”
Also “recicadores” reuse materials to construct their vehicles in
which they transport the trash that they divided. This cars can be
moved by a horse or a donkey, that also transport their families.
Recyclers have a worst activity, because in their jod they have to be
closed to the garbage, and they can have healthy problems. But
even of this we find that in Latino Amierica there are many
associations working for the benefit of this people, but not enough to
be a solution for all of them because they still remain in the
informality.
The only case that has a “formalization” of the work is in Peru, where
they could have a law that at least defend their rights. This law was a
hard fight of the ONG “Ciudad saludable” (healthy city) and the
MNRP recyclers national movement of Peru.
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4
“ciudad saludable”Peru
(healthy city)
Is an ONG, their goal is to contribute to raising healthy cities in
developing countries through the promotion of sustainable
environmental management systems, aimed at improving the quality
of life of the population. It was founded in the 2002. They want to
establish and strengthen partnerships with various public, private
and social, recyclers' associations, municipal governments, national
public entities, groups and business organizations, international
cooperation, etc.
They have a service for the comunityt to help, in which they can be
part of the solution by different ways. The first one is doing
donations of money, volunteering, that means people who help with
their presence or the cooperation that is a way of help the society in
different ways different from money and constant help.
They have work in many projects but there is one directly related to
the “recicladores” that is called the MNRP.
The MNRP is the recyclers national movement of Peru, that is
an association of “recicladores” that recognized the office of
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81
4
recycling as a formal system of public cleanliness. Is founded the 1st
of june 2008, that is also considered after the day of the “reciclador”.
Their objectives are to:
-Implement institutional communication strategies.
- Spread the work MNRP corporate and institutional projects
in mass media nationally and internationally.
- Organize training of members of MNRP
- Strengthen the MNRP with the assimilation of new
partnerships.
Both groups together obtained the approved of the law number
29419, which regulates the activity of the recycler by financial credit,
working rights and social security for them.
In Colombia they have done a lot of small things that have helped
the situation of the “recicladores” and ambulant sellers, but not
enough to end the problem and make them formal. Some of this
examples are campaigns, public manifestations, news, movies,
protest, articles, documentaries, international help and events
association and cooperatives.
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From all of these solutions often the problem is that everyone knows
the problematic, but this possible solutions work to give a message
just for a moment and after forget again about the problem. For
example “pirry” is a documentary program that almost always make
cry the people who watch his program, but next week, or even worst
next day is erased from the memory. He have done about both
groups but is not enough.
The example of cooperatives and association can't work alone
because is hard to grow when they don't have any support, but also
this kind of consolidation make easier to create a working team and
get better results. In Colombia we can find an association of the
“recicladores” called the ARN 58 that is the national asociation of
recyclers in Colombia, has its origin in the 1st National Meeting of
Recyclers in November 1990, organized by the Recycling
Association of Bogota ARB. and promoted and sponsored by the
Social Foundation59.
58
ARB was formed in 1990 when four cooperatives who were fighting against the
closure of a landfill in Bogota, decided to formalize their union. At its founding, the
ARB was run by a board of ten integral members of the cooperatives themselves.
Its first tasks were to identify other recyclers to help form new cooperatives and try
to join the ARB. today the ARB involved 24 cooperatives, each one with a
representative in the assembly of the association.
59
social fundation: Founded in 1911 by Father José María Campoamor, Spanish
Jesuit priest, the Fundacion is, from the legal point of view, a civil, non-profit,
public utility, of a foundation. Its mission is "Working to overcome the structural
causes of poverty in Colombia, to promote the construction of a more just, more
humane and more prosperous." http://www.fundacionsocial.com.co/actividad.html
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National Association of Recyclers
It counts with 11 regional groups of recycle around the country. To
become a member people should pay 267.000 pesos, that is US$
140. They have a documentary center and a internet consultation
and their principal objective is to Technify and dignify the work to
add value to the processes, promote legislation to give benefits and
opportunities to the community and strengthen the image and be
recognized as the representative union of the “recicladores”.
Moreover, the recyclers have a support of the IPES, that is the
institute for social economy who supports the relocation processes,
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84
4
and works serving specific populations. Their goal is to "Design and
develop productive alternatives, according to the policies of
economic development sector of Bogota, to raise productivity and
competitiveness of the economically vulnerable population in the
city."
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5
Exhibition System
Communication and connection ways
For the communication of a message is important to take care about
different aspects that are those that determinate the efficiency of the
process, it has to be clear and defined the way and type of
exhibition is going to be used.
Each theme can have a lot of way of communication; the thing is that
we have to know precisely what? Is the message and how? We can
communicate, to who? Is the message, and it depends of these
aspects how it take shapes and sense the configuration of an
exhibition system.
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Museum
According to Council Of Museums (ICOM): The museum is "a
permanent institution, not profit in the service of society and its
development, open to the public and conducts research on material
evidence of human and environment, which acquires, conserves,
communicates and exhibits, with purposes of study, education and
enjoyment”60. In this concept there is also included the monuments
ad natural sites, ethnographic and historic ones with museum
character that conserve and communicate material testimonies
about human being and the environment.
But in the beginning of times the museum concept was really close
to have some specific topics and show objects that let the public
just admire, it has the role to transmit what we must remember and
how we have to remember it, but sometimes was influenced by
some political interest.
This has transform since the art start to change not suddenly but in
the beginning on the XX century with the vanguards “more freedom
of expression, the theme of relationship between art objects and its
area of jurisdiction, not talking about the museum as a container but
as a contest”61 letting behind the stereotype of museum as an
historical building in the center of a capital city.
The subject of the democratization of the cultural field, with the new
60
ICOM. Código de ética profesional de los museos: adopted by Consejo
Internacional de Museos. ICOM. Bogotá: Colcultura, 2000. P.53
61 Michele
Costanzo, Museo fuori dal museo, nuovi luoghi e nuovi spazi per l’arte
contemporaneo. Serie di architettura e design FRANCOANGELI, Milan,2007, p.53
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plastic manifestations like body art or land art, born as a reflection in
relation with the philosophy of traditional museums claiming new
virtues that can be implemented a new way of thinking and creating
a museum a way that gives more that just show the objects but the
possibility to feel the history had an experience, open and exploded,
braking with the tradition structure.
As the times change also the people interest, “unlike in the past the
user does not wait for more replies to questions on the opera
tracendenti general value or as a reflection on the most limited
sense of their existence, but rather acknowledges the reality with
which we compare cycle, entering in directly and immediate contact
with art materials, trying to weave a kind of relationship addressed in
terms of sensitivity more than the logical/thoughtful way”62.
It start a system that correlate the environment, the artist, the work of
art, and the viewer in the same place letting the viewer been an
active part of the play. The environment had a relation with the work
and also with the spectator that is introduced in some how as a part
of the work creating meanings, that are in contant change and
transformation. It begins to talk about three factors, the place, the
exhibition building and the aesthetic object.
The museum concept its open and let behind the container concept
that was asigned to it, to become in some characteristics that are
atribuated in some works, not that are stablished in a place but that
make part of a contest tha also talk about them.
62
Michele Costanzo, Museo fuori dal museo, nuovi luoghi e nuovi spazi per l’arte
contemporaneo. Serie di architettura e design FRANCOANGELI, Milan,2007, p.51.
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Michele Costanzo in the book “Museo fuori dal museo” make a
categorization and examples of how the museum concept has being
change, the author starts talking about the relation between the
exhibition building and place and make reference with some
examples of museum without place, that mean “the most radical
form of detachment from the work to the place, however, is not
denied, but it becomes completely abstract value as it can be
everywhere regardless of the museum building itself”63 there are
also the decentalizated museums, are those that are looking for
some place where the art is in contact relation with the territory and
nature looking for the care and balanace between art and public,
going out the big urban centers64, or the museums that are located
on the outskirts of a big city ” is characterized by the separation
from the heart of the city, and the specificity of the museum projects
that in some how reflect the complexity and deformation of the
situation in which they are located by their choice ... is not only the
relationship with the periphery of the urbanized area but is his
character without a spatial structure and disomoggeneo space that
make the disorder as an element of creative stimulus”65 for example
the Zentrum Paul Klee di renzo Piano, and there are the museums
63
In the book the author mention some examples as the Boìte-en-valise by Marcel
Duchamp (1887-1968) where the artist creates a suitcase that includes all his
famous works, letting the public have the “museum” everywhere he goes. In this
category are included also the virtual museums as it is the ASYMPTOTE, virtual
Guggenheim is almost de dematerialization of the museum and the
democratization of art.
64
For example the Dulwich picture gallery in Dulwich in United Kindom..
65
Michele Costanzo, Museo fuori dal museo, nuovi luoghi e nuovi spazi per l’arte
contemporaneo. Serie di architettura e design FRANCOANGELI, Milan,2007,
p.106.
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that are builted on a small city or town this type of museum had a
relation between art space abd urban realty, so the type of relation
with the context define the structure of the place.
Other category that Michele Costanzo make is the relation between
aesthetic object and exhibit building, and he talks about those
museums that have been adapted to an specific building, he called
the aesthetical object in an architectonical organism improper,
because are some building that were built different purpose, not the
museum one, are old building that are re-use and resignified to
become a place that contain a museum66.
And the las category is the relation between the aesthetical object
and the place as the contest, he talk about the ones that had a
direct relation with the ambient becouse they went out of the
traditional museum space and make the ambient being directly
relationated with the wor of art, for example the Giardino de Tarocchi
in Garavicchio, Italy. Another type is the aesthetic object with the
urban contest, that look in how knit a complex perceptual,
emotional, logical and rational relationship, with spaces that are part
of, in some how, of an ambiental dimension related to daily life, and
inclusive of both the business and residential aspects. As derivation
of these is one type that is an hybrid between the natural and
artificial dimention where the artist intervent in some natural
ambients or urban ones to became them in art works, for example
the Parco d’arte Marzona in Villa di Verzegnis on Italy, or Castello
d’ama in Gaiole on Italy that allow contemporany artists to create
instalations and let them be permanent so it became a part of the
context, make the context a whole museum space.
66
For exaple il Filatoio in Caravaglio Italy, or the Magasin on Grenoble France.
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Eco-Museum
“The overlap, in recent times, of ambiental, cultural and economic
paradigms has enriched and transformed the concept of cultural
heritage, giving characteristics that bind today, much more than in
the past, two crucial concepts in this turn of the century: those of
territory and identity”67.
In the globalization era this institution are more related with their
history, habits and nature and the continuity of a community, but
they are also concern about the economic development, because
with the globalization problem some part of the community look how
to survive taking non traditional ways to do it because is not
profitable for them, so this memory and legacy of a community is
going almost to the extinction.
That’s why eco museums can be a way of give new live to this
memories, habits, history and traditional ways of life.
“a growth in demand for identity and a greater attention scholars
and administrators to the local heritage as an opportunity which may
allow the construction”68.
To go more inside the concept of and ecomuseum, the addition of
the word eco to the museum start on 1972 in a meting with the
presence of the environment minister, there they were talking about
the relation between a museum and environment, was define by
French Huge de Varine.
At the beginning the intention was not to create a new category but
because they have not being change since it’s established on XIX
67
Maurizio Maggi on the article Ecomusei, musei del territorio, musei di identità,
Tratto da Nuova Museologia, Numero 4, Anno 2001,p.9
68
Maurizio Maggi on the article Ecomusei, musei del territorio, musei di identità,
Tratto da Nuova Museologia, Numero 4, Anno 2001,p.9.
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century and still had the same disciplinary and structure.
This cause a lot of controversy between the people that make part of
the museum circle as the artists and scientist, that were concern
about cancel the interdisciplinary because they said that it’s the only
way of the insertion of social in
“So, what is called the eco-museum, regardless of the definitions
that lend themselves to this end, are as philosophical and
anthropological context of a regrouping, the territory where it occurs,
of various forms of small businesses museum adopted by the
populations under hat ecomuseology unifying the link defined as
cooperative”69.
First of starting defining what is the meaning from the concept ecomuseum as Pierre Mayrand talk in his book, an eco museum is not
the instant state of the community or some specific one, is not
rebuild in some aesthetic way the past, is not an ethnographic or
ethnologic museum, is not a simple way of make tourism, is not also
a zoo garden of human beings, it doesn’t make par of the
conventional museology, is not the result of a trend.
What might be an eco museum is something that its build with the
population, in some belonging territory it’s built by an alive
patrimony, includes also new patrimonial arrivals and integrate the
cultural contributes, it’s a big door for the collective imaginary it’s
functions of conservation and reconstruction of the memory are
strongly driven by the creation process.
This is a new way of museum, another way to learn something, in
this new type of museum exist the possibility of been out side with
direct contact with thing, people, and touch the reality, not as the
69
Pierre Mayrand, Manual del proceder del ecomuseo, El libreto del productor,
ediciones alternativas, puntagordaSpain, 2009, p.14.
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conventional way does, that they show beautiful works but in some
is almost impossible appreciate the entire work of art or object they
had a barrier between the thing and the person that admires it.
A traditiotional museum talks about of collections, of an property,
and the people that visit the is the public instead for an ecomuseum
they talk about a patrimony, the places is called a territory and the
people that make part of is the population.
The eco museum principal goal is to center the focus on the identity
of the territory and the participation of its habitants that help growth
of welfare and community development.
But there are more than one definition, Natural History Committee
del ICOM (International Council of Museums) define the ecomuseum
as "An institution that manages, studies, and values (for scientific
research, educational and culture) the general legacy of an specific
community, including the natural environment and cultural
environment " and that developed by the European Network which
Ecomuseums states that "an eco-museum is a dynamic process in
which communities preserve, interpret, and value their heritage for
sustainable development. An eco-museum is based on an
agreement with the community"70.
It can be considered as a share philosophy as a way of sensitization
of a territory that is alive “ is an expression of some population, in
time and space in relation with a territory and a natural and cultural
patrimony”71.
70
71
93
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There are some general points that an eco museum seeks to
preserve:
The principal idea is to remember a forgotten landscape, those
things that are present, but many times are transparent to some
people. The esthetics of deindustrialization, that means those things
that were before the globalization and the similarity between the
different countries. The eco museum must have a public use to let
the local and the international people know better about the culture
in which the eco museum is. It also can be enrich with personal
experiences. An advantage is that it become a new way of truism,
that shows not only the commercial features, but also specific
characteristics that sometimes aren’t easy to approach. The
connection between the object collection is also different, because it
must have a logical sequence, and not just some single that haven’t
a relation between them. The eco museum represent, tried to
preserve and revitalize mainly the links between the social local
actors and their territory.
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ecomuseo almaserrana
Created may 18/2002
Characteristics
aldea de los anchos, santiago - pontones - jaén, spain
Goals
dignify the habitants
recover culture and create memory
preserve and disseminate culture
based on knowledge os traditional techniques
area of 193,412 hectares
mosaic of traditional knowledge
1200 original pieces
700 old photos
20,000 ethnographic and nature photos
60 hours of audio and video on crafts,
customs, traditions, stories, novels, jokes,
trivia, planting and harvesting
Activities
Benefits
is self-sufficient
live shows or exhibitions
produces three direct jobs
talks on agriculture and
livestock production
courses
self-employment support from others
concerts
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traditional games
workshops
ecomuseo Caicena
Almedinilla-Córdoba, Spain
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
ecomuseo
quateirão cultura do matadouro
1994
2000
Goals
Goals
research, protect and
disseminate the rich
historical, cultural and
environmental
bring together a core
group of museums
Characteristics
Activities
developing the
appreciation of local
history and heritage
(natural and cultural) of
the territory
Characteristics
Activities
archaeological sites
this space presents, in its latest version,
a effort to share experiences, projects,
methods, achievements, ideas
and utopies
thematic tours and entertainment
activities and research
frendly tourism
Conferences and workshops Room
Benefits
Benefits
the diversification of resources
improve quality of life of the habitants
typical events
meetings open to the community
spontaneous and democratic
relations among social groups
create memory and knowledge
to the habitants about the territory
helps to maintain
infrastructure and jobs, generating a
economic movement (bars, restaurants,
lodgings ...)
research projects and share assets
to be developed
temporary exhibitions
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ecomuseo Kalyna
Characteristics
Alberta, Canada
Goals
invites exploration by visitors from near and far
travel around the area to learn
about the past
preserve the unique historical, cultural,
and natural features of the landscape
open-air museum
20,000 square kilometers
houses over 30 historic buildings
Activities
Infrastructure
territory
Benefits
enjoyable as it is educational
farmland
roadside attractions
volunteer non-profit society
implementing a long-term conservation
Ukrainian Cultural
Heritage Village
Heritage Attractions
Elk Island National Park
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pioneer homesteads
typical events
collection
virtual museum
buildings, homes and various locations throughout the city
2001
goal
development of cultural activities
(exhibitions, debates, public awareness)
on topics such as architecture, urban
planning and design.
characteristics
objects are not hanging on the walls
development and promotion of cultural
activities related to architecture, art,
environment.
organizes and runs guided tours in Ivrea area,
services for culture and communication
s products.
exibitions
exhibitions, or personal
issues: architecture, design
and, local art.
design
dedicated to the Olivetti
design, ranging from product design to graphic communication and advertising.
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didactics
bibliography
webgraphy
extras
wallpapers
postcards
6
Proposal
Description of the proposal
The proposal is to create communication and connection system in
team work with the ARN (national association of recyclers) and the
IPES (institute for social economy) searching to valorize and
sensitize the other part of the society (approximately 38%) using four
types of levels where is going to be present the communication and
connection between, the affected community and the target.
The first one is the emotional level, where the type and way of
communication is going to be stunning and shocking, with some
sensorial stimulation to have and effective communication of the
message.
The second level is an instruction level where the visitor has the
possibility to interact as a part of a work of art, or can have different
laboratories and experiments learning and feeling how is to be the
others.
The third one is the documentary level where we found the
information in a tangible way; the communication of the information
is directly and precisely more as a documentary type.
Inside of these three levels we have the requirements of the
proposal for the exhibition system these are:
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The first one is interactive, creation a direct relation between the
visitor and the topic; it can be in an artistic way as we proposed the
performances that are made directly with an ambulant seller that
becomes an “artist” when he creates his work inside of the museum,
so the people can be part of this, interact with the materials,
elements and with the “artist” getting in direct contact with a cultural
knowledge.
It can be interactive also with the participation in the workshops
made by the museum in collaboration with some universities and
local museum as maloka, this workshops are focused in an a
laboratory where is developed and experimental work in the way
that the visitor had a direct contact with the elements following
instructions of a member of the museum that teach in a didactic way
how we can help this community just by separating the waste at
home so they don’t have to search inside all the trash, so the
workshop consist on teaching how to recycle and categorize the
common garbage.
The second requirement of the exhibition museum is that it has to be
representative, in the way that need to communicate the felling of
what it means be in the other side (what it feel being a recycler or an
ambulant seller) so we proposed two exhibition rooms where are
going to be projected the chronics and testimonies of this people
having a social focus and using a narrative that bring the visitor in a
reflection state also having sensorial stimulation to put them in the
real context.
We also proposed a photo gallery that narrates how this practices
past generation to generation and is a very honorable inside this
community.
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The third requirement is the exposition, more precisely the objects
that are going to be exposed as art objects, it could be the a real
model but made in a bigger scale so the people can admire the
magnitude of the object and detail all the characteristic of the
process, distribution of the products and the way is built because
each object had a complete identity of the characteristic of the
material Colombian culture, It can be projected also in some
strategical points of the museum and change at determinate period
of time so we can show the typology collection of the objects.
The last one is the participation level where the visitors and the
affected community can create a direct connection using the virtual
museum as an option to connect and share easy and free, the
theme, ways of solution, becoming part of a supporting group, etc.
This level is more or less the feedback that the visitor can have after
visiting the exhibition system, is a full time space dedicated to this
problem.
Another type of participation is the possibility to become an active
member of the two associations and start helping depending on the
experiences and interest of the visitor.
Other way to participation in more in a financial way in the museum
shop where the visitor can buy real mini objects of this community,
books with stories of life, pictures and all of merchandising objects
that can provide money to this communities and associations.
All these is made with the scope to find in some how a way of
improve the life quality if this community, getting them in a legal way
so they can have all the social benefits like health, pension etc, or
strengthen local groups, getting financial support so they can
improve getting an adeguate uniform and maybe creating some
educational groups for them so they can look for another option
beside the informal work.
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6
Objectives
General
Recognize, appreciate and exalt the work of a part of the
Colombian population that does their job as a response to current
social problems, using the waste as an economic potential when is
not considered for the society as a raw material.
Specific
Dignify the recycling work as a benefit for the society, because
it collects materials and objects in the trash that can be turn in raw
material helping to reduce environmental impact.
Create a society more aware of the potential of waste through
the way in which ambulant sellers reuse this material for the
construction of their merchandise display objects.
Recognize the “informal creator” who doesn’t have economic
resources, as a generator of material culture.
why?
-Because they haven an intuitive way of acting that brings benefits
to the enviroment and society.
-Because they have a “know how” that talks about material culture.
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6
-Because it is a part of the society that rather work hard, instead of
use the violence as the solution to their problems.
-To reduce poverty and therefore the violence and insecurity
To who?
-Kids, young and adult
people
-economically stable
54.5%
-indifferent:
know about the problem but doesn’t care about it
-disinterested:
have no interest about the social problems
-ignorant:
don’t know about the problem
-powerless:
people that know the problems but it doesn’t know how to proceed
or help
Why they still remain informal?
In Colombia the power is in a small percentage of people that
almost always fight for their own interest and not for the general
wellness, there are political and economic interest that doesn't let
them become formal, and the government seeks to encourage the
large companies, over the small groups. Also is expensive to
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6
organize them and the corruption of some people in the power
keeps having them in the informality. The formalization of this activity
includes the pay of taxes that they are not able to pay because of
their low profits.
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General requirements
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How?
After the analysis of the partial solution in Latin america, and the
approach ideas and projects in Colombia, it would be necessary to
unite some of the association of “recicladores” and the project for
the ambulant sellers, with a bigger communication, finding a way to
connect all together in an only project to exalt the value of this
people who work everyday helping the society and the environment.
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The proposal is to do a communication and connection system in
team work with the ARN (national association of recyclers) and the
IPES (institute for social economy) on the basis of valorize and
sensitize the rest of the community to this social problematic.
Below we present a scheme with levels and develop of the
respective areas of intervention an the options of solution of the
activity and in each of these the potential local partners or sponsors
that can help us by intervening in their development.
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Sponsors
“Maloka Corporation was articulated through the initiative of the
Colombian Association for the Advancement of Science, ACAC, with
support from the Department of Administrative Science, Technology
and Innovation-Colciencias-the Institute of Culture and Tourism,
IDCT, the Organization Ardila Lülle and contribution of many
partners
from
public
and
private
sectors
Throughout its 12 years of existence, Maloka Corporation has
established itself as the symbol of Bogotá, a city of over eight million
inhabitants and nationally as a symbol of innovation, creativity,
teamwork, informal education formal and democratized, sense of
belonging, honesty, openness, love and trust in the country”
Activities developed:
-Exhibition of interactive rooms with mediators
-Experimental workshops and demonstrations to groups
-Science and technology clubs for children and youth
-School activities and exhibitions
-virtual Environments
-Teacher Networks
-Joint research with universities and other national and foreign
-Ways you can structure a PAM (project to the extent) with an ally in
the labor camp Maloka.
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12
The Children's Museum Foundation is a nonprofit organization
focused on educating children and youth of all ages.
The foundation open in 1987 by selfless contributions of many
private companies. There are housed around 25 modules covering
topics in different areas of knowledge and art.
The Children's Museum receives approximately 150,000 people
annually, 60% children under age 13. They receive many visitors
from outside of Bogota and foreigners who come to the city.
Activities developed:
-Provide families, educators and students in particular, a large
space with a variety of educational exhibits that allow them to learn
about many subjects and areas of knowledge.
- Providing visitors the opportunity to ask questions about art,
science and technology and the world around us.
- Stimulate in each of the visitors to develop their creativity, skills and
individual potential using different teaching strategies.
- Encourage and promote the rights of children, human rights and
values of mutual respect and peaceful coexistence in the general
population.
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12
“Their mission is to provide the community with a comprehensive
cleaning service quality, timeliness and efficiency using high-tech
equipment and excellent human resources working with effort and
dedication to meet the needs of the costumers. Continuously
promote a culture of cleanliness that contributes to improving the
quality of life of our users without affecting the environment.”
Their objective is to educate the citicen throught informative
activities, meetings, and cleaning days to learn how to manage the
solid waste in the public space. More than 60 neighbors involved:
Timiza, Jacqueline, Roma, San Martín de Porras, El Socorro, El
Palenque, La Igualdad I, Alquería la Fragua, La Libertad, Santa Fe,
Brasilia, El Anhelo, Islandia, Jose Antonio Galan, Las Margaritas,
Laureles, Meryland, Naranjos, San Bernardino, Villa Colombia, Villa
Nohora, Asovivir, El Toche, Carbonell I Y Carbonell II.
Identify, address and control points or critical areas to achieve
permanent behavioral change in favor of undisciplined people good
waste management.
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The Ministry of Culture is an entity that work in 3 areas, recognition
of cultural diversity, strengthening cooperation and consideration of
culture as an instrument of economic development and social
cohesion.
Action lines:
Administration Tools for Electronics: Implementation of tools for
supporting Electronic Administration, electronic signature platform,
Telematics Registration, Payment Gateway telematics, Telematics
and Digital Identity Notifications for Ministry officials.
Network Access to Administrative Procedures: Internet publication
of administrative procedures to facilitate citizen access to the
administration with all legal guarantees.
Informatic system:
Improved management information systems of the Ministry that are
the backbone of the proceedings as part of building the Information
Society.
Training and technical assistance: Organization of professional
events and plans training and recycling, especially aimed at the
implementation of new archival technologies to improve servicesand
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overcome traditional barriers in access to the Archives.
Invitations to assistance:Aid for both public and private sectors for
projects of production, exhibition and tours.
Bella flor is a fundation stablished by a group of university students
in a neigborhood with many needs but more than everything a
group of kids who change their lifes.
The children lived in poor conditions: canned housing, unsanitary
conditions, some children without education, other serious diseases,
some with disabilities, many with difficult family histories.
Many of this kids are the sons of “recycladores” and ambulant
sellers who lived in the difficult condition of the informal economy.
They are stablished since 2002 and the idea of working with them
could at least have another point of view to fight with the social
differences and the problems that have some people in Colombia.
This foundation have worked with childrens, searching for a way to
teach them, and in this way change their future, by learning other
ways to survive, and learn about their rights to project a better
future.
Achievements:
-Coverage of 150 children and their families
-150 children with education and food needs met
-130 children attending the playgroup Monday through Friday
-35 volunteers and teachers of recreational
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-See for Rent Paradise located in the district with rooms equipped
for: systems, library, game room, activity rooms, audiovisual
equipment, kitchen.
-Room with 12 computer systems.
-Permanent assistance of parents to parent workshops
The “Pontificia Universidad Javeriana” is a university of Bogotá that
in their mision talks about the strengthen its interdisciplinary
university status, and invigorate their presence in the country,
contributing in particular to solving the following problems:
The ethical crisis and the instrumentalization of human beings.
The little appreciation of the values of citizenship and lack of
awareness of cultural identity.
Intolerance and ignorance of the plurality and diversity.
Social discrimination and the concentration of economic and
political power.
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The inadequacy and inefficiency of its major institutions.
Deficiency and slow the development of science and technology.
Irrationality in the management of environment and natural
resources.
Modern Art Museum of Bogotá is a private non-profit entity that work
to preserve and disseminate cultural heritage collections of the
nation.
Their mission is to investigate, promote, publicize, promote, protect
and promote interest in all forms of visual arts, modern and
contemporary in Colombia, being multicultural and dynamic space
that encourages interaction with current artistic activities for the
public to sensitize understanding, based on research, conservation
and dissemination of such events, being so generating tolerance
and coexistence.
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6
Was founded in 1823.
Their mission consist in “support and strengthen research,
organization, preservation, increase, protection, publication and
dissemination of collections of movable cultural heritage of the
country that are part of the museums of the Ministry of Culture and
establish procurement policies to increase collections of museums
state, design and update the development plan of the Ministry of
Culture museums, aimed at ensuring continuity and sustainability of
its operations, programs and services, based on studies of attention
and priorities established by the Ministry and direct and organize
the National Museum in order to recover, preserve and disseminate
the cultural heritage of the country, in coordination with local
authorities and government agencies committed to its development
Encourage editing and publication of scientific catalogs and
performing temporary and traveling exhibitions at the National
Museum, based on research that are of interest to the country and
contribute to knowledge of cultural diversity in the Nation to
establish minimum requirements to be met different public or private
entities to be recognized as museums, keeping the core database
of museums in the country and ensure its reliability, in coordination
with the National System of Cultural Information and local
authorities”.
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Long term scope and critics
The Long-term scopes of this proposal are:
Create strategic alliances between companies and entities that can
contribute for the benefit of the associations so the can have a
stable financial economy and as a response of it, can persist for a
long period of time.
Continue the research on these three figures with the help of the
Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, so we can go deeply and analyze
in a multidisciplinary way the problem looking for more option to
improve continuously in the social problematic.
In teamwork with the university create some courses for the affected
community, so they can receive basic education with the basic
concepts as read and write so we can improve the quality of life
giving them another choice to get a formal job.
The Critics of this proposal are:
The internal management of the earnings, because as we talk at the
beginning Colombia has a terrible characteristic an is the corruption,
so, is important leave clear the percentage of the earnings and what
is for who, because we are working with two associations and also
the sponsors.
The critic of the research in team work with the university is that
sometimes when a research have so many participant and in
different areas, the research can last more that the expected, so is
important to understand the gravity of the problem and as
consequence the need of give a quick response.
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6
For the educational courses it could be a criticism the type of
courses and the way of those are exposed to them, because is
necessary search and equilibrium in the language it cannot be so
much technical, because if they feel in some part that they can’t
learn is very possible that they leave the courses, because they are
used to live with the only knowledge that gives them money so they
prefer remain with the things that they already know, that is the
recycle or ambulant seller practice.
113
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Claudia De Giorgi, Claudio Germak, Artigianato Comunità Design off
Manufatto, editorial silvana,Milano, 2008
Gabriele Devecchi, Artigiano Immaginario, ed.francoangeli, Milan, 2010
Claudio Germak, Claudia de Giorgi, Exploring Design on Man at the center of
the project, Allemandy & C,Torino, 2008
Ugo la Pietra, Fatto ad arte, arti decorative e artigianato, Trienale di Milano,
Milano, 1997
Edited by Vanni Pasca , Viviana Trapani Scenario del giovane design, idée e
progetti dall’Europa e dal mondo, Ed Lupetti,Milano, 2001,
Carlo Martino, intervista a Carlo Martino, aprile, 2001,Gaetano Pesce,
material e differenza, testo&imagine, Torino, 2003
Torino,2003,
Ugo la Pietra, Editoriale Il designer artista-artigianato from the Magazine a
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Milano,2010
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identità, Tratto da Nuova Museologia, Numero 4, Anno 2001
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sitography
www.eltiempo.com
www.anr.org.co
www.disenola.org
www.colombiaespasion.com
www.dane.gov.co
www.isaloni.it
www.corsidesignfactory.it
www.maloka.org
www.studioazzurro.com/
www.ciudadsaludable.org
www.ipes.gov.co
www.minam.gob.pe
www.museoambiente.org/
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cultural ecopratices of “recicladores”and ambullant sellers in

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