What is World Heritage
Transcription
What is World Heritage
Franz NEUWIRTH Federal Ministry of Education, the Arts and Culture, Director retired mob: +43(0)664 - 4010742 mail: [email protected] studio: A-1100 Vienna, Eisenmengergasse 19/5 home: A-2700 Wiener Neustadt, Spitalgasse 1/83 tel: +43(0)2622-85177 Franz Neuwirth, Munich 13.4.1945, MA Architecture TU-Vienna 1970, postgraduate ICCROM-Course*) for Arch.Cons. 1973, exhibition „Schizzi e Disegni“ Rome 1974, postgraduate study University Rome 1976. Work: Archaeology in AphrodisiasTurkey 1968, Town Planning in Sanandadj- Iran 1971, Fed. Office for Protection of Monuments BDA 1971-1994, 1994-2007 at responsible Federal Ministry BMUKK in charge of World Heritage affairs. Teaching: „Academia Istropolitana“ Bratislava since 1991, Univ.f.Practical Sciences „Campus Wien“ since 1998. Memberships: ICOMOS 1981**), ICCROM-Council 1994–2000, ICOM 2005 ***). Publications. *) ICCROM International Centre for the Study of the Restoration and Conservation of Cultural Property Rome (intergov. org.) **) ICOMOS Internation Council on Monuments and Sites (int.monuments NGO) ***) ICOM International Council on Museums (int.museums NGO) UNESCO-Convention for the Protection of the Cultural and Natural Heritage of the World homepage: http://whc.unesco.org/en/list • What is World Heritage ? • What is World Heritage ? • How does it work on international level ? • What is World Heritage ? • How does it work on international level ? • How does it work on national level ? • • • • What is World Heritage ? How does it work on international level ? How does it work on national level ? the Ethiopian World Heritage Sites • • • • • What is World Heritage ? How does it work on international level ? How does it work on national level ? the Ethiopian World Heritage Sites some economic aspects of World Heritage • • • • • • What is World Heritage ? How does it work on international level ? How does it work on national level ? the Ethiopian World Heritage Sites some economic aspects of World Heritage World Heritage and Tourism • • • • • • • What is World Heritage ? How does it work on international level ? How does it work on national level ? the Ethiopian World Heritage Sites some economic aspects of World Heritage World Heritage and Tourism the Austrian Experience The „World Heritage Convention“ was adopted in 1972 by the General Conference of UNESCO with the purpose of selecting and including in a World Heritage List the „cultural and natural heritage“ sites considered to be of exceptional interest and outstanding universal value to mankind. The List is administered and updated by UNESCO in Paris. The aim of the Convention is to contribute effectively to the protection of this „world heritage“ by promoting co-operation among all nations and peoples. Currently there are 184 states party to the Convention. A total of 851 properties in 141 states have been recorded on the World Heritage List: 660 cultural sites, 166 natural sites and 25 mixed sites (as per 1st January 2008). Ethiopia acceded to the Convention in 1977 On signing the Convention, each country pledges to protect and conserve all the sites and monuments within its borders that are inscribed on the World Heritage List and thus recognised to be of outstanding universal value. In return, countries may receive international financial, technical or consultant services assistance. For this purpose, a World Heritage Fund has been established. Moreover, a World Heritage List in Danger (the so-called red list) is to draw the international community’s attention to endangered world heritage sites. Properties will be included in the List only upon nomination by the state concerned. Each year, no more than 30 newly nominated sites may be added to the current total of 851. A World Heritage Committee composed of experts from 21 countries will take the final decision on whether to include or reject inclusion of a property. Since the List has constantly grown across years, the 24th Ordinary Session of the World Heritage Committee in Cairns, Australia, resolved to limit the annual additions to the list to 30, a rule applicable as of 2003. The focus will be on nominations by state parties not yet represented by any recognised world heritage site and on world heritage categories not represented or underrepresented in the List. How is the World Heritage Convention working internationally ? The political basis are the States Parties: States Parties have adhered to the World Heritage Convention.They thereby agree to identify and nominate properties on their national territory to be considered for inscription on the World Heritage List. When a State Party nominates a property, it gives details of how a property is protected and provides a management plan for its upkeep. States Parties are also expected to protect the World Heritage values of the properties inscribed and are encouraged to report periodically on their condition. At their biennal meetings they elect the World Heritage Committee: The World Heritage Committee meets once a year, and consists of representatives from 21 of the States Parties to the Convention elected by their General Assembly. The Committee is responsible for the implementation of the World Heritage Convention, defines the use of the World Heritage Fund and allocates financial assistance upon requests from States Parties. It has the final say on whether a property is inscribed on the World Heritage List. The Committee can also defer its decision and request further information on properties from the States Parties. It examines reports on the state of conservation of inscribed properties and asks States Parties to take action when properties are not being properly managed. World Heritage Committee: Australia Bahrain Barbados Brazil Canada China Cuba Egypt Israel Jordan Kenya Madagascar Mauritius Morocco Nigeria Peru Republic of Korea Spain Sweden Tunisia USA (after elections in October 2007) Europe Africa & Near East Americas Asia & Pacific Australia Bahrain Barbados Brazil Canada China Cuba Egypt Israel Jordan Kenya Madagascar Mauritius Morocco Nigeria Peru Republic Korea Spain Sweden Tunisia USA The administrative work is done by the World Heritage Centre: It coordinates within UNESCO all matters related to World Heritage. Ensuring the management of the Convention, the Centre organizes the annual sessions of the World Heritage Committee and its Bureau, provides advice to States Parties in the preparation of site nominations, organizes international assistance from the World Heritage Fund upon request, and coordinates both the reporting on the condition of sites and the emergency action undertaken when a site is threatened. It also organizes technical seminars and workshops, updates the World Heritage List and database, develops teaching materials to raise awareness among young people, and keeps the public informed of World Heritage issues. The advisory bodies to the World Heritage Committee are: ICOMOS (= International Council on Monuments and Sites), IUCN (= International Union for the Conservation of Nature), and ICCROM (= International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Conservation of Cultural Property). * They advise on the implementation of the World Heritage Convention in the field of their experience. * ICOMOS and IUCN evaluate properties nominated for inscription and prepare evaluation reports. * Monitor the state of conservation of World Heritage Properties Important International Adresses: * UNESCO World Heritage Centre 7 place de Fontenoy F-75352 Paris 07 SP, France phone: 0033(0)1 4568 1571, fax: 0033(0)1 4568 5570, E-mail: [email protected] http://www.unesco.org/whc/ * ICCROM Via di S.Michele 13 I-00153 Rome, Italy phone: 003906 585531, fax: 003906 5855 3349 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.iccrom.org/ * ICOMOS 49-51 rue de la Fédération F-75015 Paris, France phone: 0033(0)1 4567 6770, fax: 0033(0)1 4566 0622 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.icomos.org * IUCN rue Mauverney 28 CH-1196 Gland, Switzerland phone: 0041(0)22 999 0001, fax: 0041(0)22 999 0010 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.iucn.org Which properties are in the World Heritage List ? Cultural Heritage: • architectural works, works of monumental sculpture and painting, elements or structures of archaeological nature, • groups/ensembles of separate or connected buildings, as well as works of man or the combined works of nature and of man if these are of outstanding universal value (OUV) from the historical, artistic, scientific, aesthetic, ethnological or anthropological points of view. * this also includes cultural landscapes. Natural Heritage: • Natural features consisting of physical and biological formations or groups of such formations, • geological formations and areas which constitute the habitat of threatened species of animals and plants, • or other precisely delineated natural areas provided that they are of outstanding universal value from the point of view of science, conservation or natural beauty. Criteria for OUV (Outstanding Universal Value) To be included on the World Heritage List, sites must be of outstanding universal value and meet at least one out of ten selection criteria: (i) (i) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) to represent a masterpiece of human creative genius; to exhibit an important interchange of human values, over a span of time or within a cultural area of the world, on developments in architecture or technology, monumental arts, town-planning or landscape design; to bear a unique or at least exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition or to a civilization which is living or which has disappeared; to be an outstanding example of a type of building, architectural or technological ensemble or landscape which illustrates (a) significant stage(s) in human history; to be an outstanding example of a traditional human settlement, landuse, or sea-use which is representative of a culture (or cultures), or human interaction with the environment especially when it has become vulnerable under the impact of irreversible change; to be directly or tangibly associated with events or living traditions, with ideas, or with beliefs, with artistic and literary works of outstanding universal significance. (mainly to be only used in conjunction with other criteria); (vii) to contain superlative natural phenomena or areas of exceptional natural beauty and aesthetic importance; (viii) to be outstanding examples representing major stages of earth's history, including the record of life, significant on-going geological processes in the development of landforms, or significant geomorphic or physiographic features; (ix) to be outstanding examples representing significant on-going ecological and biological processes in the evolution and development of terrestrial, fresh water, coastal and marine ecosystems and communities of plants and animals; (x) to contain the most important and significant natural habitats for insitu conservation of biological diversity, including those containing threatened species of outstanding universal value from the point of view of science or conservation. The protection, management, authenticity and integrity of properties are also important considerations. Since 1992 significant interactions between people and the natural environment have been recognized as cultural landscapes. How can a property be inscribed in the World Heritage List ? Precondition: Tentative List Each State Party should present a Tentative List to the World Heritage Centre which contains all propeerties which the respective Country intends to submit for inscription in the next years. Only objects out of this list may be submitted. Year before submission: Elaboration of a inscription file following the form which is prescribed in the Operational Guidelines Year of submission: • 1st February: submission of inscription file • World Heritage Centre checks if the submission fulfills the formal requirements • Evaluation of the submission by the respective advisory body including a on site mission. Year following submission: Advisory body(ies) elaborate an evaluation report and submit it to the World Heritage Committee proposing: • inscription • referral • deferral • refusal World Heritage Committee decides on inscription at its annual meeting (mostly following the recommendations of the advisory bodies). The whole procedure from submission to inscription lasts at least 1½ years! International Working Tools of the Convention: World Heritage Convention: http://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=182 Operational Guidelines: http://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=141 Periodic Monitoring: Reactive Monitoring: World Heritage List: http://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31 National Working Tools of the Convention: Legislation on different levels (national, regional, local) Management-Plans of respective sites: There is no specific receipe for a Management Plan because it depends on the specific situation of the site. I should like to define it as the sum of all legislative, administrative and financial/fiscal precautions which are to be taken in order to guarantee the preservation of the OUV on the one hand, while enabling a sustainable development on the other. Best suited as a management concept would be - let us call it a management facility, as Hans Peter JESCHKE describes it - that would allow and encourage sensible co-operation between the various preservation, maintenance and protection planning departments, whereby the principle central security, or controlling element for uniting local communities, would be connecting and interlinking of: • Inventory taking (extensive cultural property and cultural landscape register) * Protection (already partly existent in areas such as monument protection and naturlal protection), and • Subsidies, or tax incentives. Monitoring: Every six years, the States Parties are invited to submit to the World Heritage Committee a periodic report on the application of the World Heritage Convention, including the state of conservation of the World Heritage properties located on its territories. Reactive monitoring is the reporting by the World Heritage Centre, other sectors of UNESCO and the advisory bodies to the Committee on the state of conservation of specific World Heritage properties that are under threat. To this end, the States Parties shall submit to the Committee through the World Heritage Centre, specific reports and impact studies each time exceptional circumstances occur or work is undertaken which may have an effect on the state of conservation of the property. Protection by World Heritage Status: Seen strictly legally, the fact of being a World Heritage Site is no additional protection – however, its protective effect is practically based on the fact, that World Heritage Committee inscribes properties only if they are sufficently protected by national legislation. In the case of possible dangers (see „List in Danger“) to World Heritage properties, up to now each Staes Party has intervened or reacted in favour of the World Heritage property in order to avoid a possible deletion from the list Examples for successful interventions: Potsdam – high rising constructions Vienna - Mitte Schönbrunn - Meidling, Kometgründe Neusiedlersee - Parndorf, high rising construction Cologne – high rising construction opposite dome Ethiopia Ratification of the Convention in 1977 Properties inscribed in the World Heritage List: CULTURAL: • • • • • • • Aksum (1980) Fasil Ghebbi, Gondar Region (1979) Harrar Jugol, the Fortified Historic Town (2006) Lower Valley of the Awash (1980) Lower Valley of the Omo (1980) Rock-Hewn Churches, Lalibela (1978) Tiya (1980) NATURAL: • Simien National Park (1997) TENTATIVE LIST: • Konso-Gadula, paleo-anthropological site (1997) • Harar Walled Town (2001) • Bale Mountains National Park (2008) Aksum: criteria (i) (iv) The ruins of the ancient city of Aksum are found close to Ethiopia's northern border. They mark the location of the heart of ancient Ethiopia, when the Kingdom of Aksum was the most powerful state between the Eastern Roman Empire and Persia. The massive ruins, dating from between the 1st and the 13th century A.D., include monolithic obelisks, giant stelae, royal tombs and the ruins of ancient castles. Long after its political decline in the 10th century, Ethiopian emperors continued to be crowned in Aksum. Fasil Ghebbi, Gondar Region: criteria (ii) (iii) In the 16th and 17th centuries, the fortress-city of Fasil Ghebbi was the residence of the Ethiopian emperor Fasilides and his successors. Surrounded by a 900-mlong wall, the city contains palaces, churches, monasteries and unique public and private buildings marked by Hindu and Arab influences, subsequently transformed by the Baroque style brought to Gondar by the Jesuit missionaries. Lower Valley of the Awash: criteria (ii) (iii) (iv) The Awash valley contains one of the most important groupings of palaeontological sites on the African continent. The remains found at the site, the oldest of which date back at least 4 million years, provide evidence of human evolution which has modified our conception of the history of humankind. The most spectacular discovery came in 1974, when 52 fragments of a skeleton enabled the famous Lucy to be reconstructed. Harrar Jugol, the Fortified Historic Town: (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) The fortified historic town of Harar is located in the eastern part of the country on a plateau with deep gorges surrounded by deserts and savannah. The walls surrounding this sacred Muslim city were built between the 13th and 16th centuries. Harar Jugol, said to be the fourth holiest city of Islam, numbers 82 mosques, three of which date from the 10th century, and 102 shrines, but the townhouses with their exceptional interior design constitute the most spectacular part of Harar's cultural heritage. The impact of African and Islamic traditions on the development of the town's building types and urban layout make for its particular character and uniqueness. Lower Valley of the Omo: criteria (iii) (iv) A prehistoric site near Lake Turkana, the lower valley of the Omo is renowned the world over. The discovery of many fossils there, especially Homo gracilis, has been of fundamental importance in the study of human evolution. Rock-Hewn Churches, Lalibela: criteria (i) (ii) (iii) The 11 medieval monolithic cave churches of this 13th-century 'New Jerusalem' are situated in a mountainous region in the heart of Ethiopia near a traditional village with circular-shaped dwellings. Lalibela is a high place of Ethiopian Christianity, still today a place of pilgrimage and devotion. Tiya: criteria (i) (iv) Tiya is among the most important of the roughly 160 archaeological sites discovered so far in the Soddo region, south of Addis Ababa. The site contains 36 monuments, including 32 carved stelae covered with symbols, most of which are difficult to decipher. They are the remains of an ancient Ethiopian culture whose age has not yet been precisely determined. Simien National Park: criteria (vii) (x) Massive erosion over the years on the Ethiopian plateau has created one of the most spectacular landscapes in the world, with jagged mountain peaks, deep valleys and sharp precipices dropping some 1,500 m. The park is home to some extremely rare animals such as the Gelada baboon, the Simien fox and the Walia ibex, a goat found nowhere else in the world. Important Ethiopian Adresses: H. E. Ms Tadelech Haile-Mikael Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Ethiopia to France, Permanent Delegate, Permanent Delegation of Ethiopia to UNESCO Ambassade d'Ethiopie 35, avenue Charles-Floquet 75007 Paris Tel: 0033(0)1 47.83.83.95 Fax: 0033(0)1 42.06.52.14 E-mail: [email protected] Ethiopian National Office for UNESCO President: Dr Sentayehu Wolde-Michael Secretary-General: Mrs Negatwa Teklehaimanot Tel: (251.1) 55 25 19 Fax: (251.1) 55 16 55 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.moe.gov.et Economic Aspects of World Heritage: Becoming a World Heritage site has always been connected with great economic expectations. Are they justified? What economic potential is in a cultural landscape for instance? The economic significance of monuments and, hence, of the maintenance, repair, restoration and conservation of historic monuments is a dual one: Indirect significance through their indirect profit gain, as destinations for a growing cultural tourism. According to a study commissioned by the Austrian Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs from 1996, cultural tourism is a promising market. Cultural tourism is a growth sector within the European tourism industry: According to estimates by the World Tourism Organization, 37% of all holidays include cultural aspects, and the annual growth rate for cultural trips was forecast with 15% by the year 2000! These figures proved to be correct, however they are regionally subject to unexpected events and influences as the outbreak of diseases (SARS in 2003), terrorism and military conflicts (11th September 2002 and subsequent events in its wake), and economic crisis (large scale unemployment, rise of price of petrol) for instance. The extent of this indirect profit gain however depends on the form taken by investment in individual cases. Thus, for instance, tourism systems are frequently built up in low-wage countries which are rich in cultural heritage with the aid of foreign capital, and a large part of the profit leaves the country once more. What remains is nevertheless a considerable employment factor. If the intention is to achieve the broadest distribution of the indirect profit gain possible (which is at least not the primary aim of foreign investment, and hence requires equity capital), one must take another path, as demonstrated for instance by the principle of “exhibition roads“ or “cultural roads“. This means that an appropriate touristic infrastructure enables visitors, who travel individually in most cases, for instance to visit museum exhibits in their original locations, or to locate architectural monuments even in remote locations. The provincial exhibitions organised in Austria, which have in most cases been held on cultural topics related to a major object which has been restored on the occasion of the exhibition (e.g. a cloister or a castle) constitute such a possibility. Direct significance as employment potential for employees dealing with their maintenance, repair and restoration. This gives rise to a market which is particularly labour and hence wage-intensive and depends on state and private investment. State investment (direct subsidies and various types of tax relief in the interest of the conservation of historical monuments) in turn set private investment in motion, and are hence a control tool for company and employment promotion. Investment in old buildings has the following advantages when compared to new construction: • It usually entails a smaller investment volume than new construction, and requires less long-term financial planning and tying down of funds. Invest-ment in old buildings is therefore more flexible. Many areas of the construction industry therefore devote an ever larger share of their capacity to renovating old buildings. The recurring cycle of maintenance and repair work also ensures a long-term development. • The measures required for monuments are labour and hence wageintensive. The maintenance work which needs to be carried out on a regular basis constitutes a major employment potential. Retaining the traditional crafts manu-facturing technology also saves energy and raw materials. Finally, using old buildings allows savings to be made because he entire infrastructure, which needs to be created for new construction, is already available. Tourism and World Heritage mutual relationship – positive aspects: worldwide advertising by UNESCO – touristic investments into infrastructure, employment factor/potential. mutual relationship – negative aspects: World Heritage Sites attract tourism investors from abroad who want to make a „quick money“. In contrary to a sustainable develeopment which is based upon existing structures, this mostly causes negative impacts especially as much new constructions are concerned. desireable activities: * Earliest possible contacts to avoid development of non suitable projects before before they have been evaluated and refused. * Connection between World Heritage and typical gastronomic offers – no Kitsch! • Suitable publications of „best-practice“ examples. • Earliest possible contact with tourism management when elaborating new management plans. Schönbrunn, Palace and Gardens (1996) Salzburg, Historic Centre (1996) Hallstatt-Dachstein-Salzkammergut, Cultural Landscape (1997) Semmering Railway and Surrounding Landscape (1998) Graz, Historic Centre (1999) Wachau, Cultural Landscape (2000) Vienna, Historic Centre (2001) Neusiedlersee/Fertö, Cultural Landscape (2001) together with Hungary Austria: 8 sites inscribed on the list Schönbrunn, Palace and Gardens (1996) Salzburg, Historic Centre (1996) Hallstatt-Dachstein-Salzkammergut, Cultural Landscape (1997) Semmering Railway and Surrounding Landscape (1998) Graz, Historic Centre (1999) Wachau, Cultural Landscape (2000) Vienna, Historic Centre (2001) Neusiedlersee/Fertö, Cultural Landscape (2001) together with Hungary Fürther attempts: Hohe Tauern (2002 formally incomplete, 2004 withhdrawn) Innsbruck (2005 withdrawn) Graz-Eggenberg (2005 formally incomplete, 2006 Ergänzung, 2007 formally incomplete) Bregenzerwald (2007 deferred) Bregenzerwald Innsbruck Hohe Tauern Graz-Eggenberg Österreichische Akteure der Konvention: Bund: Bundesministerium für Unterricht, Kunst und Kultur (Welterbebeauftragter = Focal Point) federführend für das Weltkulturerbe. Kontakt mit dem Welterbezentrum über ständige Vertretung Österreichs bei der UNESCO. BMUKK wird unterstützt durch BDA (Denkmalschutz), Österr. UNESCO-Kommission (Logo, Information, Schulen, Tagungen d. österr. Welterbestätten) und österr. ICOMOSNationalkomitee, das vom BMUKK in Anlaßfällen (analog zur Beratung des WHC durch ICOMOS auf internationaler Ebene) gehört wird. Länder: (in Einzelfällen gibt es Welterbebeauftragte) Fachabteilungen vor allem für Kultur, Naturschutz sowie Raumplanung des jeweiligen Amtes der Landesregierung Gemeinden: in ihrer Kompetenz für Bauen, Flächenwidmung. Welterbestätten: Verantwortlicher = Site Manager Schutz des Welterbes in Österreich: Denkmalschutz von Welterbestätten ist in Österreich nur für Einzelobjekte und Ensembles möglich. Schon der Schutz der Freiräume in Altstädten und der Umgebung von Denkmalen und mehr noch der Kulturlandschaft hängt nach der österreichischen Kompetenzverteilung von den Ländern ab. Seit den ersten Eintragungen 1996 Lernprozess in Österreich. Szt. wurde Eintragung mehr als Auszeichnung und weniger als Schutz gesehen . Daher von der UNESCO zum Schutz der Welterbestätten verlangte Pufferzonen meist zu knapp; Managementplan lediglich Darlegung der gesetzlichen Situation (außer Denkmalschutz noch Altstadterhaltungsgesetze in Altstädten, und Naturschutzprädikate in Kulturlandschaften). Welterbestatus schließt nachhaltige Entwicklung nicht aus: (Optimierung nicht Maximierung des Gewinns) Welterbekonvention fordert jedoch Erhaltung nach • Bestand – Substanzerhaltung • Wertigkeit – geht über reine Substanzerhaltung hinaus und umfasst zum Beispiel den optischen Umgebungsschutz. Aus dieser Rechtslage ergibt sich die Notwendigkeit eines in alle Planungsinstrumente integrierten Schutzes der Welterbestätten. Zur Koordination der bestehenden Schutzund Planungsinstrumente werden von der UNESCO Managementpläne gefordert. Das bestehende System „erlaubt oder verboten“ reicht nicht aus (z.B. fortschreitende Zerstörung der Dachlandschaft, Beeinträchtigung von Welterbestätten durch Hochhäuser). Erforderlich ist Fragestellung „für das Welterbe zuträglich oder nicht zuträglich“ Managementpläne ermöglichen eine möglichst frühzeitige Abstimmung der Planungsinstrumente aus diesem Gesichtspunkt. Von der österreichischen UNESCO-Kommission herausgegebener Unterrichtsbehelf. Darin sind Overheadfolien zu den einzelnen österr. Welterbestätten, auf denen ein für die jeweilige Welterbestätte typisches kritisches Thema illustriert ist. Important Austrian Adresses: * Federal Ministry for Education, the Arts and Culture Division IV/3 1010 Vienna, Concordiaplatz 2, phone: 0043(0)1 53120-3634 E-mail: [email protected] * Bundesdenkmalamt 1010 Vienna, Hofburg - Säulenstiege, phone: 0043(0)1 53415-0, fax: 0043(0)1 53415 ext. 252, E-mail: [email protected] http://www.bda.at/ * Austrian Commission for UNESCO 1010 Vienna, Universitätstrasse 5 DG Top.12, phone: 0043 1 5261301-0 E-mail: [email protected] * Austrian National Committee of ICOMOS Rainerstrasse 11 4020 Linz phone: 0043(0)732 664421, fax: 0043(0)732 664421-33, E-mail: [email protected]