de aanpak van houtrook en emissieoorzaken

I
GÊMEi
Van:
Aan:
BC
Datum
Onderwerp:
Bijlagen:
Dijkstra <[email protected]>
|
Stuknummer: A115.06850
1 6 BOV. 2015
ļ
Info D e n Helder
^
Z o n d a g 15 N o v e m b e r 2 0 1 5
Fijnstof
E m i s s i e o o r z a k e n Fijn S t o f P M 2 . 5 7 - 1 1 - 2 0 1 4 (1).pdf; vergelijking h o u t s t o o k - auto's.pdf
Geachte heer/mevrouw,
W i l t u dit b e r i c h t d o o r g e v e n a a n d e r a a d s l e d e n ?
H o u t r o o k is e e n o n b e k e n d p r o b l e e m i n N e d e r l a n d . I k h e b h e t v e r m o e d e n d a t
hier grote belangen achter schuil gaan.
In d e b i j l a g e s t u u r i k u w a t i n f o r m a t i e , d i e u k a n h e l p e n o m u w a a n p a k
tegen H o u t r o o k te ondersteunen.
E e n afschrift v a n de overheidswebsite emissieregistratie.nl w a a r i n u kunt
z i e n d a t d e b i j d r a g e a a n fijnstof P M 2 . 5 d o o r H o u t r o o k g r o t e r is d a n v a n het
autoverkeer.
ledereen w e e t wel zo'n beetje dat het autoverkeer zorgt voor schadelijke
stoffen. E e n overzicht van de overheid zelf dat door het verbranden van
h o u t in h u i s h o u d e n s m e e r fijnstofvrij k o m t d a n d o o r h e t v e r k e e r , o p e n t d e
ogen.
Bij h e t v e r b r a n d e n v a n h o u t k o m e n v e r s c h i l l e n d e v o o r d e g e z o n d h e i d
gevaarlijke stoffen vrij, w a a r o n d e r h e t k a n k e r v e r w e k k e n d e fijnstof P M 2 . 5 en
benzeen.
O o k z o r g e n de o p e n h a a r d e n e n houtkachels v o o r vele branden, die levens i n
gevaar brengen.
T w e e w e k e n t e r u g in S c h a l k w i j k e n v o r i g e w e e k in V r e e l a n d . E r zijn w e k e n
dat er m e e r d a n 5 0 s c h o o r s t e e n b r a n d e n zijn in N e d e r l a n d .
In d e p r o v i n c i e U t r e c h t r u k t d e b r a n d w e e r 2 0 0 k e e r p e r j a a r uit.
Zie:
http://www.rtvutrecht.nl/nieuws/1398923/schoorsteenbrand-bij-pannekoekenrestaurant-vreeland.html
U w eventuele reactie zie ikm e t belangstelling
Met vriendelijke groet,
Boonstra
https://rookoverlast.wordpress.com/
tegemoet.
Grafieken Top 10 emissies per bron
27-11-2014
Rijksoverheid
Emissieregistratie
U bevindt
zich op: Emis s iereais tra tie/ Emissies
Brontype
Compartiment
Stof
>
Emissieoorzaken
Lucht
Fìjnstof ( P M 2 . 5 )
- Extra Oi
ļpjães ļ
Maak grafiek |
Emissieoorzaak
2 000 0 0 0
J
L
Vuurhaarden consumenten,
sfeerverwarmīng woning
- Varend N C P Containerschepen
R o k e n v a n sigaretten
—«r- V a r e n d N C P . Roro l a d i n g / a u t o s c h e p e n
SBİ 2 4 (per bedrijf) Vervaardiging
~ " ~ v a n metalen in primaire v o r m
- Mobiele werktuigen landbouw
U itlaatgassen personenauto's
' d i e s e l autosnelweg
- * - Varend N C P , Chemie/Gastankers
- Mobiele werktuigen, bouwsector
i
, U itlaatgassen lichte bedrijfsvoertuigen
diesel, a u t o s n e l w e g
Brontype
Compartiment
Stof
Emissieoorzaak
Emissieoorzaak Lucht
Vuurhaarden
Fìjnstof consumenten,
(PM2.5) sfeerverwarming
woning
Emissieoorzaak Lucht
Fìjnstof Varend NCP,
(PM2.5) Containerschepen
Emissieoorzaak Lucht
Fìjnstof Roken van
(PM2.5) sigaretten
Emissieoorzaak Lucht
Uitlaatgassen lichte
Fìjnstof
bedrijfsvoertuigen
(PM2.5)
diesel, autosnelweg
Emissieoorzaak Lucht
Fìjnstof Varend NCP, Roro
(PM2.5) lading/autoschepen
Emissieoorzaak Lucht
1995
Emissieoorzaak Lucht
Fìjnstof Mobiele werktuigen
(PM2.5) landbouw
Fìjnstof
(PM2.5)
2005
2010
2011
2012
2013
1628000 1373000 1264000 1264000
1773000 1652000 1590000 1286000 1179000 1177000 1177000 1062000
450700
705900 1274000 1127000
SBI 24 (per bedrijf):
Vervaardiging van
5434000 2587000
(PM2.5) metalen in primaire
vorm
Fìjnstof Varend NCP,
(PM2.5) Chemie/Gastankers
2000
2071000 1998000 1393000 1430000 1410000 1388000 1367000 1950000
Fìjnstof
Emissieoorzaak Lucht
Emissieoorzaak Lucht
1990
931000
787400
765500
691500
601000
519100
621700
543900
512400
512400
679300
747800
532100
473500
641900
487300
461500
461500
986700
725900
494500
472700
417900
417900
940800 1151000
962300
625800
533800
434000
376400
1257000 1133000
Uitlaatgassen
personenauto's
diesel, autosnelweg
1235000
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27-11-2014
Grafieken Top 10 emissies per bron
Emissieoorzaak Lucht
Fijnstof
Mobiele
1636000 1260000 1066000
671500
396600 | 442200
373300
373300
(PM2.5) werktuigen,
bouwsector
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2/2
http://woodsmoke.3sc.net/woodheater-car-com
Woodheater-Car Comparison
M a n y p e o p l e t h i n k t h a t cars are t h e w o r s t p o l l u t a n t s . S y d n e y has l o t s o f cars b u t f e w
w o o d h e a t e r s , so w e ' d e x p e c t a l l t h e p a s s e n g e r cars i n S y d n e y t o p r o d u c e m o r e t o t a l
p o l l u t i o n t h a n t h e s m a l l n u m b e r o f w o o d h e a t e r s . P M 2 . 5 are n o w c o n s i d e r e d t h e m o s t
h e a l t h - h a z a r d o u s a i r p o l l u t a n t , r e s p o n s i b l e f o r a b o u t 10 t o 2 0 t i m e s as m a n y p r e m a t u r e
d e a t h s as t h e n e x t w o r s t p o l l u t a n t , o z o n e .
New diesel cars m u s t s a t i s f y strict E u r o 5/6 p o l l u t i o n standards, w h i c h r e q u i r e a n e w car,
4 W D o r S U V t r a v e l l i n g 2 0 , 0 0 0 k m t o y e a r t o e m i t less t h a n 0 . 1 k g o f P M 2 . 5 . I n contrast,
t h e N S W E P A e s t i m a t e s t h a t a n e w w o o d h e a t e r w i l l e m i t 9.8 k g o f h e a l t h - h a z a r d o u s
P M . 2 5 p e r y e a r . Thus a brand new AS4013 heater emits as many PM2.5 in 10 hours
as a new car does in an entire year and a heater burning 2 tonnes offirewoodwill
emit 19.6 kg of PM2.5, as much as 196 diesels and 1000 p e t r o l c a r s !
A t o t a l o f 5 4 5 7 t o n n e s o f P M 2 . 5 p e r y e a r i n S y d n e y are e m i t t e d b y S y d n e y ' s
woodheaters, compared to a total o f 135 tonnes f r o m the exhausts o f all p e t r o l vehicles,
813 f r o m diesel vehicle exhausts and 5 9 7 tons f r o m road, brake and tyre wear. T h i s
m e a n s t h a t t h e a v e r a g e w o o d h e a t e r m o r e P M 2 . 5 p o l l u t i o n t h a n s e v e r a l h u n d r e d passenger
cars.
The NSW Air Emissions Community Web
l s
tool (Image, below) shows that residential wood heating
responsible for more PM2.5 emissions In Sydney that all other sources combined
ý / / / : .
Z
S y d n e y has l o t s o f cars. A r m i d a l e has l o t s o f w o o d h e a t e r s . T h e g r a p h b e l o w c o m p a r e s
m o n t h l y average P M 2 . 5 nephelometer measurements, recorded b y the N S W E P A i n
A r m i d a l e i n 1 9 9 6 a n d S y d n e y i n 1 9 9 9 . W h e n w o o d h e a t e r s are n o t i n use, A r m i d a l e has
c l e a n e r air. B u t as s o o n as t h e w o o d h e a t i n g s e a s o n starts, A r m i d a l e ' s p o l l u t i o n rises
d r a m a t i c a l l y , w i t h o n l y a s m a l l rise i n S y d n e y w h e r e o n l y 4.3*!^ o f h o u s e h o l d s use w o o d
as t h e m a i n f o r m o f h e a t i n g . T h i s a g a i n s h o w s t h a t t h e a v e r a g e w o o d h e a t e r e m i t s a l o t
m o r e h e a l t h - h a z a r d o u s P M 2 . 5 p o l l u t i o n t h a n t h e average car a n d t h a t t h e o n l y w a y f o r
A r m i d a l e t o h a v e w i n t e r t i m e a i r t h a t is as c l e a n a n d h e a l t h y as i n S y d n e y is f o r residents
t o use n o n - p o l l u t i n g h e a t i n g .
This Is despite being used as the main form of heating by only i.3% of households,
ABS data showing the main for of energy used for space heating for 2008
the year the most recent
Emissions Inventory was compiled.
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s
P r o f J o h n T o d d ' s a r t i c l e i n " C l e a n A i r an d E n v i r o n m e n t a l Q u al i t y " n o t e s t h a t t h e r e h a s
b e e n "only marginal improvement over the past 15 years" i n w o o d h e at e r e m i s s i o n s .
E m i s s i o n s f r o m n e w ca rs h a v e a l s o i m p r o v e d . A n e w ca r d r i v i n g 1 5 , 0 0 0 k m p e r y e a r
emits a bout 150 g o f P M 2 . 5 . W i t h a vera ge f u e l c o n s u m p t i o n o f 2 tonnes per yea r
( S y d n e y ) o r 4 t o n n e s ( A r m i d a l e ) , a new woodheater will emit 1 3 3 times (Sydney) or
267 times (Armidale) as much health-hazardous PM2.5 pollution as the average new
car driving 1 5 , 0 0 0 km per year.
Other Air Toxics
T h e t a b l e b e l o w c o m p a r e s a l l m aj o r p o l l u t a n t s a n d a i r t o x i c s e m i t t e d b y t h e a v e r a g e
p e t r o l - f u e l l e d p a s s e n g e r ca r a n d t h e a v e r a g e w o o d h e a t e r , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e N S W E P A
Emissions Inventories f o r 2008 a nd 2003.
E x h a u s t e m i s s i o n s f r o m p e t r o l - f u e l l e d p as s e n g e r ca rs i n S y n d e y h a v e f a l l e n f r o m 7 9 7
t o n n e s P M 2 . 5 p e r y e a r , t o 88 t o n n e s , w i t h s u b s t a n t i a l r e d u c t i o n s i n a l l m aj o r p o l l u t a n t s .
I n contra st, w o o d h e a t e r e m i s s i o n s h a v e i n c r e a s e d f r o m 4 5 0 3 t o n n e s t o 7 3 5 9 t o n n e s ,
W o o d h e a t e r s a l s o e m i t m o r e g r e e n h o u s e ga ses t h a n o t h e r f o r m s o f h e a t i n g . M a n y
c o u n c i l s o f f e r subsidies t o r e p l a c e w o o d h e a t e r s w i t h n o n - p o l l u t i n g h e at i n g . W o o d h ea t e r a l m o s t 10 t i m e s m o r e t h a n a l l t h e p e t r o l - f u e l l e d p as s e n g e r ca rs i n S y d n e y .
T h i s is despite t h e f a c t A B S e s t i m a t e s s h o w a d e c l i n e i n t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f h o u s e h o l d s
o w n e r s w h o a re c o n c e r n e d a b o u t t h e i r h e a l t h o r the e n v i r o n m e n t s h o u l d r e m e m b e r t h e
a d v i c e o f t h e N S W D E C C "If you can see or smell smoke from your wood heater then u s i n g w o o d a s t h e m a i n f o r m o f h e a t i n g i n N S W ( f r o m 11.S"A 2 0 0 2 t o IŬ.3% i n 2 0 0 8 ) .
B e c a u s e o f t h e b i g r e d u c t i o n i n e m i s s i o n s p e r v e h i c l e ( f r o m 0 . 4 4 k g p e r y e a r t o 0.05
you are causing a problem for yourself, your family and your neighbors" a nd c o n s i d e r
k
g
) , a h e a v i l y u s e d w o o d h e a t e r i n S y d n e y c a n e m i t o v e r 1,000 t i m e s a s m u c h P M 2 . 5 ( t h e
taking up this offer.
m o s t h e a l t h - h a z a r d o u s p o l l u t a n t ) as t h e a v e r a g e p e t r o l - f u e l l e d p a s s e n g e r f a r . I n g e n e r a l ,
Proportion of PM2.5 emissions (the most health-hazardous air pollutant) emitted by residential wood heaters (purple line w o o d h e a t e r s e m i t m o r e t o x i c p o l l u t a n t s - a b o u t 4 4 t i m e s as m a n y P A H as t h e a v e r a g e
joining the triangles) in Sydney by month. This graph from N S W E P A w e b s i t e , is from their emissions inventory which car, 12 t i m e s as m u c h b e n z e n e a n d o t h e r V O C ( v o l a t i l e o r g a n i c c o m p o u n d s ) and 6 6 t i m e s
shows that more than half of all man-made PM2.5 emissions arc from the small proportion of households using wood
as m u c h f o r m a l d e h y d e .
heaters. A B S statistics show that only 55Í of Sydney households use wood as the main form of heating.
C o m p a r i s o n o f air pollution emissions f r o m woodheaters and petrol-fuelled
passenger cars i n Sydney i n 2008 and 2003
2008 Emissions - Sydney
Ambient A O N E P M
PM2.5
V O C (ozone precursor)
CO
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Woodheaters
Cars
Mn
Uti/vchiclf
Ratio
t/vr
ks/heater
woodheafer/car
88
0.05
5457
51.43
1059.66
7789
4.30
5952
56.10
13.04
75067
41.45
40034
377.32
9.10
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NOx
so
2
21575
11.91
601
5.66
0.48
144
0.08
96
0.90
11.38
t/vr
e/vehicle
t/vr
g/heater
woodheater/car
Benzene
382
211
274
2582
12.2
Toluene
712
393
76
716
1.8
Formaldehyde
117
65
454
4279
66.2
Xylene
589
325
42
396
1.2
PAH
39
22
100
943
43.8
Air toxics N E P M
For both tables, emissions per vehicle and per wood heater were calculated by dividing total emissions
(NSW DECC Emissions Inventory, Tables ES4 in the domestic-commercial and on-road emissions in the
2008 inventory, ES4 and and ES1.4 in the 2003 inventory) by the number of woodheaters (
106,100)
and passenger cars (1.811 million in 2007) in Sydney.
2003 Emissions - Sydney
Ambient A O N E P M
PM2.5
Cars
t/yr
Woodheaters
Ratio
kg/vehicle
t/vr
kg/heater
woodheater/car
797
0.44
4503
42.44
96.39
V O C (ozone precursor)
26066
14.39
9524
89.76
6.24
CO
323953
178.88
27889
262.86
1.47
38175
21.08
361
3.40
0.16
NO
S0
x
645
0.36
73
0.68
1.92
t/vr
E/vehicle
t/vr
s/heater
woodheater/car
Benzene
1217
672
463
4364
6.49
Toluene
1311
724
148
1395
1.93
Formaldehyde
340
188
777
7323
38.95
Xylene
1815
1002
71.9
678
0.68
PAH
120
66
69.2
652
9.82
2
Air toxics N E P M
A B C News A p r i l 2008; W o o d smoke worse that c a r exhausts
" I n t h e l i m i t e d a m o u n t o t studies t h a t h a v e b e e n d o n e s o t a r t h a t h a v e d i r e c t l y c o m p a r e d
s m o k e from fires w i t h t h e s a m e l e v e l o f p a r t i c u l a t e s a n d s m o k e f r o m c a r e x h a u s t ,
industry have a l l tended t o s h o w that the effects f r o m the w o o d s m o k e are actually w o r s e
f o r l u n g c o n d i t i o n s t h a n a s i m i l a r a m o u n t f r o m , say, c a r e x h a u s t s "
N o r w e g i a n S t u d y c o m p a r i n g genetic d a m a g e f r o m w o o d s m o k e a n d t r a f f i c i n h u m a n
c e l l linĊSt "In conclusion, wo o dsmo ke. particulate matter (WSPM) generated more DNA damage than tra fficgenerated PMper unit mass in human cell lines, possibly due to the high level of polycyclic aro matic hydrocarbons in
WSPM. This suggests that exposure to WSPM might be more hazardous than PM collectedfrom vehicle exhaust with
respect to development of lung cancer.'
1
G r e e n h o u s e gases.
M e t h a n e e m i s s i o n s f r o m t h e a v e r a g e w o o d h e a t e r c a n c a u s e m o r e g l o b a l w a n n i n g t h a n h e a l i n g t h e s a m e h o u s e wiļh g a s
or reverse cycle airconditioning.
USEPA-certified stoves
T h e a v e r a g e n e w E P A - c e r t i f i e d s t o v e e m i t s a n e s t i m a t e d 9 7 lbs (44 k g ) o f P M 2 . 5 per y e a r
M e a s u r e d e m i s s i o n s f r o m g a s o l i n e - f u e l l e d c a r s ( P V - S , in F i g 7 b e l o w ) a v e r a g e a b o u t 1
m g / k m , i m p l y i n g t h a t a s m a l l petrol ( g a s o l i n e ) - f u e l l e d v e h i c l e t r a v e l l i n g 2 0 , 0 0 0 k m p e r
28-9-2015 14:02
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year will emit 2 0 g r a m s of P M 2 . 5 .
A U S E P A - c e r t i f i e d w o o d s t o v e is t h e r e f o r e a s p o l l u t i n g a s 2 , 2 0 0 p a s s e n g e r
a u t o m o b i l e s fueled by g a s o l i n e .
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The graph above (from the s e c o n d n a t i o n a l i n - s e r v i c e emissionş.study ( N I S E 2 ) ) shows Ín-service PM2.5
emissions for petrol vehicles The 2006-07 average PM2.5 emissions of 1 mg/km implies that a vehicle
travelling 20,000 km will emit just 20 grams of PM2.5,
less than the average domestic wood heater in
the first hour afíer lighting
,
The abbreviations in the key: PV-S, PV-M and PV-L denote small, medium, large passenger vehicles;
SUV-C and SUV-L denote compact and large SUV; LVC denotes light commercial vehicles.
0
For diesel cars, the Euro-5 limit is 5 mg/km {0.005 g/km). This is a more than 997o reduction compared
to emissions of pre-1989 diesels, as discussed on page 3 of the peer-reviewed research paper: Ai r
p o l l u t i o n i n A u s t r a l ia : r e v i e w of c o s t s , s o u r c e s a n d p o t e n t i a l s o l u t i o n s
In contrast, real-life emissions of new stoves are little different from 1989. In 2013 O regon, New York
and five other states sued the USEPA because their" 2 5 y e a r s o f i n a c t i o n o n w o o d s t o v e e mi s is o n
s t a n d a r d s v i o l a t e s t h e C l e a n A i r A c t ". However, progress has been slow. The n e w s t a n d a r d s reduce
emissions to 4.5 g/hr in 2015 and 2.5 g/hr in 2020. However, the certification process is based on a
correctly-operated stove burning seasoned wood. Real-life emissions are often much higher.
i
A r e p o r t p u b li s h e d
i n 2 0 0 0 compared
real-life and
EPA-certified
emissions for 16
stoves installed in
Portfand, Oregon
and Klamath
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-
Falls. EPA-certrfication values of non-catalyöc stoves averaged 4.2 grams/hour, much lower than
average real-life emissions of 9.7 grams/hr. EPA-certification values of catalytic stoves averaged 3.5
grams/hour, much lower than average real-life emissions of 13.8 grams/hr.
As shown in the graph (left),
there is little or no relationship between real-life emissions and those from the EPA-certification test.
This is particularly true for catalytic stoves where the stove with the lowest EPA-certified emissions (1.6
grams/hr) had the real-life emissions of 24.1 g/hr.
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