IoZ Annual Report 2006 - 07

Institute of Zoology
LIVING conservation
Science for Conservation
Annual Report of the Institute of Zoology 2006/07
director’s introduction 1
IoZ objective 2
IoZ objective 3
To undertake relevant,
high-quality biological research
and research training
To anticipate and respond to
conservation research priorities
identified by conservation
organisations
To communicate outcomes and results to
scientists, conservation practitioners and
the wider community
IoZ
Activities
We run a programme of meetings and
publications see page 8:
HEFCE funded programme
We undertake research and research training. Current themes are:
• Biodiversity and macroecology see page 12
• Behavioural and population ecology see page 14
• Genetic variation, fitness and adaptability see page 16
• Wildlife epidemiology see page 18
• Reproductive biology see page 20
We provide training through MSc and PhD programmes see page 25
Science Plan. The major topics:
(a) Biodiversity patterns and processes
How can we explain and model biological diversity at a range of spatial,
temporal and biological scales?
(b) People and the environment in a changing world
How can we manage wild species and habitats sustainably alongside
human population growth and development?
• Journal of Zoology and Animal
Conservation
• Annual programme of evening
scientific meetings
• Biannual international symposia
on topical themes in conservation
biology
• Technical publications to support
best practice in zoos (International
Zoo Yearbook) and in field
conservation (Conservation Reports)
• Conservation Science and Practice book
series published with Blackwell
with ZSL
We respond to research questions and contribute to ZSL’s Conservation
Programmes see page 22:
• Bushmeat and forests
• Carnivores and people
• Deserts and rangelands
• Marine and freshwater
• UK native species
• Island ecosystems
• Conservation biology book series
published with CUP
We respond to research questions and contribute to ZSL’s living
animal collection:
• Animal health and welfare research
• Reproductive monitoring
}
This table summarises the main aspects of our research strategy, and the way in which it is to be implementedi
with our partners and collaborators. A full version of the strategy is available on request.
IoZ objective 1
}
ioz research strategy
Institute of Zoology mission:
To identify, undertake, and communicate
high-quality research to benefit the conservation
of animal species and their habitats.
with
Cambridge
University
We maintain and develop
research links with Zoology and
other relevant departments
Our research is influenced by
organisations in the Cambridge
Conservation Forum
We contribute to the Tropical
Biology Association programme and
Cambridge Student Conference
with institutions
in London
We maintain and develop
research links with academic
bodies, especially the Centre for
Ecology and Evolution
Our research is influenced by
London-based conservation issues
Our meetings facilities and
programme of talks communicate science
and conservation
Research questions are influenced
by our formal links with the
Wildlife Conservation Society and
English Nature
Our meetings facilities and
programme of talks communicate science
and conservation
We run MSc courses in Wild
Animal Health and Wild Animal
Biology with the Royal Veterinary
College and a MSC course in
Conservation Science see page 25
with other
organisations
1 director’s introduction
Collaboration with most relevant
outside bodies for our core
research interests see page 28
foreword
Contents
1
Foreword
2
Introduction
3
Awards
4
Research news
6
Indicators and assessments unit
8
Communicating science
10
Funding
12
Biodiversity and macroecology
14
Behavioural and population ecology
16
Genetic variation, fitness and adaptability
18
Wildlife epidemiology
20
Reproductive biology
22
ZSL conservation programmes
24
Library
25
Education and training
26
Governance, staff and students
28
Collaborations
31
Staff representation
32
Publications
This annual report emphasises once again the remarkable diversity of
research carried out at the Institute of Zoology and its impact on the
conservation of animals and their environments through distinguished
scientific publications, promotion of research findings to relevant
organisations and the wider public, and the training of the future
generation of scholars and practitioners.
Among the highlights, the reader will find here news of a large DEFRA
grant for the Cetacean Strandings Investigation Programme. The 2006
Living Planet Report describes indicators of how well or otherwise the
earth is surviving under the environmental pressures of modern lifestyles.
It illustrates the immense benefit of an Institute working closely with
organisations such as the WWF and the Global Footprint Network in
producing outcomes that should advise policy makers.
The following pages also reveal a dynamic programme. A new
Behavioural and Population Ecology research theme integrates studies of
individuals and populations. These include the resistance of California sea
lions to pathogens, DNA barcoding success in the identification of known
and previously unknown biodiversity of the oceans, and prediction of the
spread of emerging diseases, such as West Nile virus, to the Galapagos.
The link between the Institute and University of Cambridge’s
Department of Zoology continues to be fruitful as seen in the wealth of
collaborative studies, the strength of publications and the training of
students. The same can be said for collaborations with institutions in
London and elsewhere. Altogether, staff, research students, honorary
research fellows and associates have reached record levels.
Much of the credit must go to the dedication of the Institute’s staff and
the support of the Officers and Directors, but also to the former Director
of Science, Professor Georgina Mace CBE FRS who has now become
Professor of Conservation Science and Director of the Natural Environment
Research Council Centre for Population Biology, Imperial College, London.
We thank her for all that she achieved and contributed to the the Institute
and wish her every success in her new post. We were delighted to learn
that she is the winner of the 2007 International Cosmos Prize.
We are very pleased to welcome Professor Tim Blackburn as Head of
the Institute. Previously Professor of Macroecology at the University of
Birmingham, he is also Visiting Professor at the University of Oxford.
During the interregnum the Institute was most ably led by Dr Bill Holt who
is warmly thanked for his loyal guidance.
Professor Sir Brian Heap
Chair, ZSL/University of Cambridge Joint Committee
foreword 1
Introduction
The renowned philosopher Heraclitus of Ephesus noted in the fifth
century BC that the world is in a state of flux, and two-and-a-half
thousand years on all that has changed is the rate of change itself.
Human activities are responsible for upping the pace, and a significant
concern for biologists is whether animals and plants will be able to keep
up. Many of the current key questions in conservation biology relate to
responses to changes in the environment, and Institute scientists are
at the forefront of research into these issues, as the reports from our
research themes demonstrate (see pages 12–21).
The Institute has recently been coming to terms with environmental
change within as well as outside. Georgina Mace left in November, after
23 years of service, the last six as Director of Science. Her contribution
here has been immense, assembling a team of talented and passionate
scientists, and putting in place a science plan that addresses a wideranging set of questions of general theoretical interest and high
conservation relevance. Over and above that, she leaves the Institute
having fostered a spirit of community and purpose that really sets us
apart from most other academic organisations. Georgina was this year
awarded a CBE for her services to environmental science, and I would
like to take this opportunity to congratulate her on behalf of everybody
at the Institute.
It is also a time of change more generally at the higher echelons of
ZSL. The recently appointed leaders of collections and science are soon
to be joined by a new head of the field conservation department. The
fresh perspectives that this will bring give us the chance to assess how
we might more effectively capitalise on our unique position as part of an
organisation addressing conservation questions from scientific, field and
captive-breeding perspectives, and bring closer integration of these
three branches of ZSL. We have similar opportunities to forge new
connections in our partnership with Cambridge University, with
Professor Bill Sutherland taking up the Chair in Conservation Biology
there. So, while change can be daunting, it can also be a positive
experience. As Hercalitus would have known, to stand still is really to
move backwards. It is a great pleasure for me to be working with
everyone here to help to take the Institute forward.
Tim Blackburn
Head of the Institute of Zoology
2
ZSL SCIEnTIFIC AWARDS
2006
ZSL recognises outstanding
achievements in conservation and
zoological research through its annual
presentation of awards and prizes.
The Frink Medal
Presented to a professional scientist for
substantial and original contributions
to zoology. Awarded to:
Professor Brian Charlesworth, University
of Edinburgh, for his outstanding
research in evolutionary genetics,
including molecular evolution and
variation, the evolution of genetic and
sexual systems and the quantitative
genetics of life-history traits.
Scientific Medal
Presented to research scientists with no
more than 15 years postdoctoral
experience for distinguished work in
zoology. Awarded to:
Dr Angus Buckling, University of Oxford,
for his research on the evolutionary
ecology of pathogenic microbes and
their hosts in order to better understand
the causes and consequences of
coevolution between bacteria and their
parasitic viruses.
Professor Matt Keeling, University of
Warwick, for his use of mathematical
methodologies to analyse a wide range
of topics in disease epidemiology and
evolution, including childhood infections,
foot-and-mouth disease and hostpathogen evolutionary dynamics.
Professor Stuart West, University of
Edinburgh, for his research on the
evolution of social behaviour, such as
cooperation and conflict within or
between species, relatedness and the
allocation of resources to male versus
female reproduction.
The Stamford Raffles Award
Given annually for distinguished
contributions to zoology by amateur
zoologists. Awarded to:
Peter Chandler for his extensive work
on European diptera.
The Marsh Award
for Conservation Biology
Awarded to:
Professor Sarah Wanless, Centre for
Ecology and Hydrology, Banchory,
for her long-term research into the
survival and breeding success of
seabirds and significant contributions
to our understanding of the effects
of changes in marine ecosystems on
seabird populations.
The Marsh Award for Marine and
Freshwater Conservation
Awarded to:
Professor Hal Whitehead, Dalhousie
University, Canada, for significant
contributions to the conservation of
cetaceans, including the development of
behavioural methods of analysis that are
now widely used to better understand
the social structure of whales and the
effects of human disturbance on
cetacean social behaviour.
The Thomson/Zoological Record Award
for Communicating Zoology
Awarded to:
Simon King in recognition of his
extensive contributions to natural history
film-making and public understanding
and appreciation of wildlife.
Thomas Henry Huxley Prize and
Marsh Award
Presented for the best zoological
doctoral thesis produced in the UK.
Awarded to:
Dr Gina Galli, University of Birmingham,
for her thesis Reptilian cardiovascular
physiology: from whole animal to
cardiac myocyte.
Charles Darwin Award
Presented for the best zoological project
by an undergraduate student attending
a university in the UK. Awarded to:
Helen Weavers, University of Cambridge,
for her project Characterising candidate
interactors with nephrin, a protein that is
mutated in kidney disease, using the fly
as a model.
The Prince Philip Prize and Marsh Award
Presented for the best zoological project
by an A-level student or equivalent.
Awarded to:
Louise Russell of Lingfield Notre Dame
School, for her project An investigation
into the density of freshwater shrimp in
relation to dissolved oxygen
concentrations within two lotic
ecosystems.
Honorary Fellowship
Awarded to:
Professor Sir John Lawton CBE, FRS,
Chair of the Royal Commission on
Environmental Pollution, for his
outstanding services to science and
conservation.
(left to right)
Peter Chandler, Dr Angus Buckling, Nigel Robinson
(Thomson Scientific), Professor Stuart West,
Dr Gina Galli, Simon King, Louise Russell,
Professor Sir Patrick Bateson, Marguerite Xerri,
Professor Sir John Lawton, Brian Marsh
(Marsh Christian Trust), Helen Weavers,
Professor Matt Keeling, Professor Brian
Charlesworth, Benjamin Weilgart-Whitehead,
Professor Sarah Wanless
introduction / awards 3
RESEARCH NEWS
© Kate Jones
© Noëlle Kümpel
© Jaime Gosálvez Berenguer
© Rohan Clarke
4
© Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse
Over the year research undertaken at
IoZ has continued to respond to a wide
range of conservation issues. As a result
of this work, some of which is described
below, ever-more accurate predictions
about population changes in the light
of environmental pressures can be made
to inform national and international
decision-making processes.
Disease dynamics and
resistance to pathogens in
California sea lions
Each year large numbers of sea lions are
stranded along the central California
coast afflicted with a wide array of
diseases. Many of these animals receive
medical treatment, making it possible to
obtain detailed data on disease status
and pathogen load. There is evidence of
individual-level genetic contribution to
pathogen susceptibility and disease
development in this species. For many
diseases, it has not been possible to
obtain a clear understanding of their
cause and dynamics. For instance,
leptospirosis – a bacterial infection that
periodically causes high mortality of sea
lions – was first identified in sea lions
more than 30 years ago, but the source
of infection, predisposing factors and
means of transmission are still unknown.
Another example is carcinoma, a highlyinvasive cancer whose cause and
predisposing factors remain unclear.
Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse investigated
phylogeographic heterogeneity of
pathogen burden and disease in
California sea lions. This research, based
on molecular genetics, assignment tests
and temporal-spatial modelling to search
for associations between diseases and
sea lion colonies, has shown that
movement between colonies separated
by the peninsula of Baja California does
occur, and could help explain the
periodic outbreaks of leptospirosis that
are observed on Californian coasts.
These results suggest that certain
colonies are ‘high-risk’ areas for
carcinoma, implying the importance of
biotic and abiotic factors in the
development of cancer. This research is
funded by the British Ecological Society
and Morris Animal Foundation and is
conducted in collaboration with the
Marine Mammal Center, USA.
Indicator Bats Program
2006 saw the launch of the Indicator Bats
Program (iBats), a partnership between
the IoZ and the Bat Conservation Trust,
run by Kate Jones. Bats face an
uncertain future with global warming
and increasing human population
pressures likely to impact their
populations. Monitoring bat populations
is critical to both inform and influence
conservation policy and to ensure
resources are directed to where they are
most needed. A pioneering new survey
technique has been developed:
‘Batmobiles’. Cars fitted with bat
detectors are driven at night to record
bat ultrasonic echolocation calls over
large distances. These bat calls can then
be identified to species and their
populations monitored over time. With
the help of funding from the Darwin
Initiative, Rufford Foundation and Bat
Conservation International, iBats has
developed projects with trained
volunteers in Romania, Moldavia,
Hungary, Bulgaria and the UK, and is
currently trialling the techniques in
Mongolia, Madagascar, Thailand and
New York. For more information see
www.ibats.org.uk.
Impact of tourism on
mountain gorillas
A study by Chris Sandbrook has
quantified for the first time aspects of
encounters between gorillas and tourists
at Bwindi Impenetrable National Park
that are likely to contribute to the risk of
disease transmission. These include how
close tourists get to gorillas, how close
encounters are initiated, how long they
last, and the age class of gorillas
involved. The results showed that
tourists got significantly closer to gorillas
than the park rules allow (a mean of
2.76 m, compared to the rule of 7 m), and
remained close for long periods.
Contacts with the gorillas most
vulnerable to disease, the juveniles, were
closer but of shorter duration than those
with adults. Contacts initiated by gorillas
were closer but shorter than those
initiated by tourists. These results,
published in the journal Oryx,
demonstrate that existing rules on
tourist interactions with gorillas are
failing and that the risk of disease
transmission may be greater than
previously believed.
Behavioural and Population
Ecology Research Theme
A new research theme, Behavioural and
Population Ecology (see page 14), has
been established to strengthen the links
between the study of individuals (in
behavioural ecology) and populations (in
population ecology). A wide diversity of
research activities are carried out under
this theme’s umbrella, incorporating
studies of invertebrate and vertebrate
species in both terrestrial and aquatic
systems, using a combination of desk-,
lab- and field-based approaches.
Four key areas can be identified:
(1) the human-wildlife interface, which
particularly focuses on the bushmeat
trade and human-predator conflict;
(2) the individuals-population interface,
which explores these links in a wide
variety of taxa from birds and butterflies
to amphibians and mammals;
(3) monitoring theory and practice,
which encompasses work ranging from
radio-tagging wasps to camera-trapping
cryptic mammals;
(4) social biology and sexual selection,
which investigates a range of areas
including mate choice and signalling,
optimal foraging, and collective action.
Work in this new research theme is
set to develop in a variety of exciting
directions in the future.
Assessment of DNA quality in
koala sperm
Koalas are listed as vulnerable to
extinction in Queensland and parts of
New South Wales. Loss of habitat is one
of the major threats. However, females
are also plagued with the sexuallytransmitted disease chlamydia, which
can cut fertility rates by one-third. The
Australian authorities would like to
establish a bank of frozen sperm, which
could be used to boost the genetic
variation of koala populations, and which
would contain samples screened to be
free of chlamydia and other diseases.
Although artificial insemination with
fresh semen in koalas has now become
highly successful, with more than 25
joeys to date, the freezing procedure
seems to be a major limiting factor.
Koala sperm nuclei have a tendency to
decondense and swell following freezing
and thawing, but it is uncertain whether
this phenomenon is associated with the
breakage and fragmentation of DNA.
In collaboration with the University of
Queensland and the University of
Madrid, Bill Holt and his team have
validated a new technique for the
detection of DNA strand breakages in
koala sperm. This is the first time that
any such method has been applied to
marsupial sperm. The technique
disentangles DNA from its naturally
coiled configuration, but if it has
undergone severe strand breakages
during treatments such as freezing and
thawing it unravels like spaghetti and
forms a visible halo around the sperm
head. Marsupials appear to lack the
ability to form strong cross-links
between their DNA-chromatin strands,
which probably makes their sperm much
more labile than sperm from eutherian
mammals, reducing the fertility of the
frozen sperm. This technique has given
us a new insight into the freezing
damage undergone by koala sperm, and
will allow appropriate countermeasures
to be developed.
Monitoring for reintroduction
Reintroduction is a highly visible
technique that is often used as a
showcase for conservation. Birds are a
major taxon in reintroduction projects;
however, the overall success of these
conservation campaigns is poor. Why
this is and what we can do to improve
success rates are important and largely
unanswered issues. A study by John
Ewen on reintroduced and remnant hihi
Notiomystis cincta populations in New
Zealand is focusing on robust population
monitoring, predicting viability under
different management scenarios and
understanding the limiting roles of
parasites and disease, in order to
develop a science of reintroduction
biology to address these problems.
(a) California sea lion pups
(b) Monitoring bat populations for
the Indicator Bats Program
(c) Assessing the impact of tourism
on gorillas
(d) Visualisation of DNA
fragmentation in frozen-thawed
koala spermatozoa. Sperm nuclei
(red staining) are either compact,
slightly hook-shaped and contain
unfragmented (unfrag) DNA or
swollen (frag) and contain DNA
that has become fragmented during
the freeze-thaw process
(e) John Ewen with a purplecrowned fruit dove
a
c
d
e
research news 5
b
INDICATORS &
ASSESSMENTS UNIT
6
The Indicators and Assessments Unit,
headed by Jonathan Baillie, was formed
in 2006 to consolidate work at ZSL on
defining the status and trends of
biodiversity. The Unit is a joint IoZ and
ZSL Conservation Programmes initiative
and is comprised of a total of 20 staff,
students and interns. The five major
projects of the Unit are the IUCN
Sampled Red List Index, WWF/ZSL
Living Planet Index, WCS/ZSL Wildlife
Picture Index, Regional Red List
Programme, and the EDGE of Existence
programme. The IoZ is primarily
responsible for the first three of these
projects, all of which aim to produce
scientifically robust global biodiversity
indicators.
In April 2002, at the Sixth Conference of
the Parties of the Convention on
Biological Diversity (CBD), the world’s
governments committed themselves to
actions to ‘achieve, by 2010, a significant
reduction in the current rate of
biodiversity loss’. Setting this target has
helped to highlight the lack of
biodiversity indicators capable of
measuring trends in global biodiversity.
The IoZ is helping to address this
knowledge gap by leading in the
development and implementation of
species-level biodiversity indicators that
can be used to measure species trends
in 2010 and beyond. Two of the
indicators have been adopted by the
scientific body of the CBD for immediate
testing and will be essential for
assessing the success or failure of the
2010 target.
Temperate and Tropical Terrestrial Living Planet Indices,
1970-2003
1.8
1.6
Index (1970=1.0)
1.4
1.2
Temperate
1.0
0.8
Terrestrial Index
0.6
Tropical
0.4
0.2
0.0
1970
Mammals on the EDGE
Scientists have often argued that some
species are more valuable than others,
and that the conservation of species
representing more evolution should be
prioritised. These sentiments have made
little headway against the conservation
orthodoxy, which values all species
equally. One reason is the difficulty of
estimating species originality in a robust
fashion. A new technique which
overcomes these problems has been
developed at the IoZ and applied to over
4,500 species of mammals. The study,
published in PLoS ONE, found that
species which are both evolutionarily
distinct and globally endangered (EDGE)
receive relatively little conservation
attention. The results suggest how
conservation activities should be
refocused in order to prevent large
amounts of our evolutionary heritage
being lost in the near future. The EDGE
of Existence programme aims to address
this issue by implementing conservation
strategies for all of these species within
the next five years. For more information
see www.edgeofexistence.org/species/.
1980
1990
2000 03
to 2003. The LPI demonstrates that
between 1970 and 2003 terrestrial
species have declined on average by
31%, freshwater species by 28%, and
marine species by 27%. The starkest
indication of human impact on biological
systems is in tropical ecosystems, where
decline rates are greatest. The Indicators
and Assessments Unit is now working to
increase coverage of the index and
address the discrepancy between data
availability (more prevalent in temperate
regions) and species richness (highest in
tropical regions).
Loss of Natural Habitat, by Biome,
to 1990 (as % of estimated original area)
Tundra
(no significant change)
Boreal forests/taiga
Pre-1950
1950 –1990
Temperate coniferous forests
Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
Montane grasslands and shrublands
Deserts and xeric shrublands
Mangroves
Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests
Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannahs, and shrublands
Isaac, N.J.B, Turvey, S.T., Collen, B., Waterman, C. and
Baillie, J.E.M. (2007) Mammals on the EDGE: Conservation
priorities based on threat and phylogeny. PLoS ONE
2(3):e296. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000296.
Flooded grasslands and savannahs
Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests
Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests
Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
WWF/ZSL Living Planet Report
A collaboration between WWF, IoZ and
the Global Footprint Network resulted in
the publication of the 2006 Living Planet
Report. The Report, produced biennially,
pulls together time-series data to
compile two indicators of the earth’s
well-being. The first, the Living Planet
Index (LPI), measures biodiversity based
on trends in more than 3,600 populations
of 1,300 vertebrate species around the
world. The second index, the Ecological
Footprint, measures humanity’s demand
on the biosphere. Significantly the
carbon dioxide footprint, from the use of
fossil fuels, was the fastest growing
component of our global footprint,
increasing more than ninefold from 1961
Temperate grasslands, savannahs, and shrublands
0
%
20
40
60
80
Loss of Natural Habitat to Agriculture, by Realm,
1950-1990 (as % of 1950 area)
Nearctic
(no significant change)
Palaearctic
To cropland
To pasture
Afrotropical
Indomalayan
Neotropical
Australasian
0
%
1
2
3
4
5
6
indicators and assessments unit 7
COMMUNICATING
SCIENCE
A major part of IoZ’s work is facilitating
the communication of information
between researchers, professional
zoologists and the public. We achieve
this through a varied programme of
meetings and the publication of
scientific journals and books.
© Adrian Walls
© Aiden Weatherill
8
Publications
Meetings
Animal Conservation
Scientific Meetings
Now in its tenth year, Animal
Conservation continues to provide a
forum for the rapid publication of novel,
peer-reviewed research into conservation
of animal species and their habitats. The
focus is on rigorous quantitative studies
relating to populations, species or
communities and their conservation.
Subjects covered by the journal include
population biology, epidemiology,
evolutionary ecology, population
genetics, biodiversity, biogeography and
conservation economics.
Scientific Meetings were held monthly
throughout the academic year and
covered a range of subjects, including
Tropical deforestation: patterns, causes
and consequences; Mongolia wildlife:
market forces and massive declines and
Evolution in the marine environment.
Scientific meetings are free and open to
anyone who would like to attend.
Journal of Zoology
The Journal of Zoology, our pre-eminent
journal dedicated to academic zoology,
continues to attract an increasing
number of high-quality research papers
and reviews. Published monthly, the
Journal promotes hypothesis-driven
studies that are of interest to all readers
of zoology, and provides comprehensive
coverage of the latest research.
Conservation Biology book series
This series includes titles which reflect
our research interests. Coral Reef
Conservation, edited by Isabelle Côté
and John D. Reynolds, was published
during the year. Coral reefs contain the
highest diversity of marine organisms
and as shallow-water coastal habitats
they support a wide range of
economically and culturally important
activities. However, their accessibility
makes reefs vulnerable to local threats
including over-fishing, pollution and
physical damage. Reefs also face global
problems, such as climate change, which
may be responsible for recent
widespread coral mortality. Coral Reef
Conservation summarises the current
status of reefs, the problems they face,
and discusses potential solutions.
teasing Prism Glasses. Visitors also had
the chance to meet scientists who are
actively involved in sense-related
research. Each day a different scientist
gave a 15-minute talk and engaged in
lively discussion about their work. During
the 16-day run, Sense-sational Science
was enjoyed by over 5,000 members of
the public and school children.
Symposia
Science for Conservation
Seminar Series
In October ZSL hosted an international
symposium Recreational hunting,
conservation and rural livelihoods:
science and practice, organised by
Bill Adams, Barney Dickson, Jon Hutton,
Robin Sharp and Kai Wollscheid. This
symposium facilitated important debate
on controversial issues that are
fundamental to understanding the role
of recreational hunting in wildlife
conservation and rural development.
This series provides our staff and
students with the opportunity to learn
more about the work of visiting
researchers, collaborators and invited
speakers. A wide range of subjects were
covered during the year, including
Ecology and conservation of Eurasian
lynx in the multi-use landscapes of
Scandinavia and A molecular
perspective on the evolution of
echolocation and flight in bats.
A second symposium held in May, Zoo
experiences and the human dimensions
of saving wildlife, organised by John
Fraser, Carol Saunders and Thomas
Webler, examined current research in
conservation psychology in order to
review how social processes and
concepts of community influence
environmental action.
Stamford Raffles Lecture
The 2007 Lecture was given by Steve
Jones, Professor of Genetics, University
College London. Is man just another
animal? examined the similarities and
differences between human DNA and
that of our closest relatives, looking
beyond comparative anatomy to ask
whether the science helps us to
understand what we are as human
beings, rather than merely as rather
unspecialised primates.
House Sparrow Conference
In February, IoZ was pleased to host a
two-day meeting with the RSPB and the
University of Ghent focusing on the
decline of the house sparrow in Europe.
Topics of discussion included census
techniques and the problems associated
with consistently defining urban habitats
across Europe. More hands-on issues,
such as measuring body condition,
health status and immunocompetence,
as well as techniques for trapping and
colour-ringing of sparrows in urban
areas, were also discussed. Daria
Dadam, a PhD student at IoZ, is currently
investigating possible causes of house
sparrow declines in Greater London in
collaboration with the RSPB and the
University of Liverpool.
a
b
International Zoo Yearbook
Zoo and wildlife veterinarians are
integral members of the team of experts
required for wildlife conservation. In
Volume 41, Animal Health and
Conservation, Guest Editor R. Eric Miller
(WildCare Institute, Saint Louis Zoo)
brings together work on various aspects
of conservation, biosurveillance, regional
management planning, reintroductions,
disease risk assessment, faecal steroid
monitoring, West Nile virus and
conservation medicine. Topically there
are two detailed reviews on the current
situation for amphibian chytrid fungus
and avian influenza.
National Science and
Engineering Week
In April we were delighted to host
Sense-sational Science, an
interdisciplinary science event held at
ZSL London Zoo for National Science
and Engineering Week 2007. Funded by
NESTA (National Endowment for
Science, Technology and the Arts), ZSL
and the RCUK (Research Councils UK),
the event explored how animal senses
are essential for survival, why scientists
study them and how this scientific
research has enlightened technology and
benefited society. Each sense was
explained using a variety of interactive
experiments, including Stinky Smell
Pipes, Giant Spider Web and brain-
c
e
g
d
f
(a) Animal Conservation series
(b) Carol Saunders, John Fraser and Thomas
Webler, organisers of the May symposium
(c) Professor Steve Jones presented the
Stamford Raffles Lecture in June
(d) Sense-sational Science, Giant Spider Web
(e) The Sense-sational Science team:
Craig Childs (UCL), Katrien Van Look (IoZ),
Seirian Sumner (IoZ), David Hitchcock (IoZ)
(f) International Zoo Yearbook
(g) The decline of the house sparrow was the
focus of a two-day meeting in February
communicating science 9
funding
As usual, we received our annual core
income from HEFCE via the University of
Cambridge; however, this year 48% of
our income came from other sources,
particularly the Research Councils and
government departments. In total, 54
new grants were received during the year.
Alex Rogers received funding from the
Lighthouse Foundation for £87,300 to
undertake a project on the deep-water
coral habitats of the Azores using the
submersible Lula of the Rebikoff
Foundation. An additional grant of
£126,000 was awarded from the
Leverhulme Trust for an exciting project
that will improve our understanding of
the relationships between the occurrence
of deep-sea corals and the physical
environment, and explore important
aspects of coral ecology and resilience to
human impacts. We also received a grant
of £150,000 to initiate the International
Program on the State of the Oceans (IPSO)
from the J.M. Kaplan Fund, USA. This
programme will assess how oceans are
changing and how human activities can
be managed in order to restore or prevent
further degradation of ocean ecosystems.
Bill Jordan and Kate Ciborowski were
awarded £316,700 to study how changes
in the level of expression of odorant
receptors may be involved in imprinting
Atlantic salmon to their home stream
before they make their migration to the
ocean. By increasing the level of
expression of receptors for odours they
experience as juveniles, adult salmon
may subsequently be able to use the
same odours as orientation cues in the
return migration to spawn. Understanding
the mechanisms underlying homing
behaviour, which determines population
structure in the species, can help in
predicting the outcome of deliberate or
inadvertent releases of non-native fish
into natural populations.
10
In May the Cetacean Strandings
Investigation Programme, coordinated
by ZSL and project managed by Rob
Deaville, received a grant of £1,053,000
from DEFRA and the Welsh Assembly
Government to investigate whale,
dolphin, harbour porpoise and turtle
strandings in the UK for the next three
years. Scottish Agricultural College,
Inverness, the Natural History Museum
and Marine Environmental Monitoring
are partners in the CSIP, undertaking
work in specific regions of the UK.
Currently around 750 stranded cetaceans
are reported annually in the UK.
Renewed funding of the programme will
ensure that the national cetacean and
turtle strandings databases and tissue
banks will continue to support a broad
range of scientific research activity.
Incidences of entanglement in fishing
gear (by-catch), current or emerging
diseases and other causes of mortality
will be monitored in order to identify any
significant threats to the conservation
status of the species. For the first time,
the CSIP will also investigate incidences
of basking shark strandings in the UK.
Congratulations are due to Seirian
Sumner (far right), who was awarded
a fellowship of £10,000 in the first L’Oréal
UK Fellowships for Women in Science.
Designed to promote the vital importance
of ensuring greater participation of
women in science, the awards are run
in partnership with the UK National
Commission for UNESCO, the Royal
Institution of Great Britain and the UK
Resource Centre for Women in Science,
Engineering and Technology. The award
will help further Seirian’s research into
the origins of social evolution.
Funding organisations
Yellow seahorse Hippocampus kuda.
© Ben Spink
Amphibian Conservation Research Trust
Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBRSC)
British Antarctic Survey
British Ecological Society
British Herpetological Society
British Wildlife Health Association
Centre for Ecology and Hydrology
Charities Advisory Trust
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Copenhagen Zoo
Darwin Initiative (DEFRA)
Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
Esmee Fairbairn Foundation
Field Conservation Fund
Genetics Society
Heptagon Fund
Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE)
Howard Buffett Foundation
Imperial College London
Isaac Newton Trust
IUCN
L’Oréal
Leverhulme Trust
Lighthouse Foundation
Marine Resources Assessment Group
National Environment Research Council (NERC)
Natural England
New Zealand Department of Conservation
People’s Trust for Endangered Species (PTES)
QinetiQ
Research Councils UK
Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons Trust
Rufford Foundation
Tanzania Guides Ltd
The Fishmongers’ Company
The Royal Society
Thomas Doherty-Bone
UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Universities Foundation for Animal Welfare (UFAW)
University of Cambridge
University of London Central Research Fund
University of Swansea
World Wildlife Fund Canada
World Wildlife Fund International
A grant from the Royal Society has
enabled us to show experimentally that
parental body size and age impacts upon
the early post-natal growth rate of
seahorses; larger parents produce
offspring that grow more rapidly during
the first three weeks of life than those of
smaller, younger parents. We also
examined mechanisms of fertilisation in
this species and showed that seahorses
produce the lowest number of
spermatozoa, and the most efficient
sperm, of any fish species studied to
date. These studies represent
collaboration between the Institute of
Zoology and the London Zoo Aquarium.
See page 21
Institute of Zoology Income, 2006/07
1 August 2006 – 31 July 2007
Total Income £3,857,652
Core Grant £1,987,272
Research Grants & Contracts £1,705,290
(Other Organisations £973,616)
(Government Bodies £254,370)
(Research Councils £477,304)
Other Income £165,090
funding 11
Daily energy expenditure (kg/day)
100,000
10,000
small prey
1,000
large prey
100
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1,000
The Biodiversity and Macroecology
Research Theme aims to describe
patterns of diversity in the biology,
ecology and distribution of animal
species and their habitats at regional
and global scales, and to test
hypotheses about the evolutionary and
ecological processes that may explain
the origin and maintenance of this
diversity. We also aim to work with
practitioners to apply this knowledge in
setting priorities for conservation action.
© Jakob Bro-Jørgensen
BIODIVERSITY &
MACROECOLOGY
Predator mass (kg)
follow a three-fourths scaling with body
mass. However, when each dietary
group is considered individually they
both display a shallower scaling. This
suggests that carnivores at the upper
size limits of each group are constrained
by intake and adopt energy-conserving
strategies to counter this. Analysing the
balance between energy intake and
expenditure across a range of species,
we predict that mammalian carnivores
should have a maximum body mass of
one ton. Thus, mammalian carnivores
are relatively small compared with the
largest extinct terrestrial herbivorous
mammals, such as the indricothere,
which weighed around 15 tons. The
largest existing carnivore, the polar bear,
is only around half a ton, while the
largest known extinct carnivores, such as
the short-faced bear, weighed around
one ton. This study suggests that those
extremely large carnivores would have
been heavily reliant on abundant large
prey, helping to explain why the largest
modern mammalian carnivores are rare
and vulnerable to extinction.
Carbone, C., Teacher, A. and Rowcliffe, J.M. (2007) The costs
of carnivory. PLoS Biology 5: 363-368.
Spatial overlap in the worldwide
distribution of mammals, birds
and amphibians
The costs of carnivory
Carnivores fall into two dietary groups
based on the energetic requirements of
their feeding strategies: small-bodied
species, which feed mostly on prey
smaller than themselves, and largebodied species, which prefer prey
around their own size. While carnivores
around the size of a lynx or larger can
obtain higher net energy intake by
switching to relatively large prey, the
difficulty of catching and subduing these
animals means that a large-prey
specialist would expend twice as much
energy as a small-prey specialist of
equivalent body size. Across all species,
energy expenditure and intake both
12
Global conservation strategies
commonly assume that different
taxonomic groups show congruent
geographical patterns of diversity. For
example, the conservation of
biodiversity hotspots has been proposed
as a ‘silver-bullet’ strategy, where the
distribution of extinction-prone species
in one group can therefore act as a
surrogate for vulnerable species in other
groups when conservation decisions are
being made. However, the validity of
these assumptions remains unclear
because previous tests have been limited
in both geographical and taxonomic
extent. We used a database on the global
distribution of 19,349 living bird,
(left)
Estimates of daily energy expenditure
(DEE) (kJ) against carnivore mass
(kilograms) for 14 species, together
with the piecewise regression fit (black
line). Our model analysis predicted a
step increase in DEE (by a factor of
around 2.3) as a result of the switch to
hunting large prey. The vertical line
represents the predicted threshold of
14.5 kg where predators switch from
small to large prey. Estimates of DEE
were obtained from different sources,
triangles represent estimates based on
doubly labelled water, circles are based
on behavioural observations, and
squares are based on oxygen
consumption in captive studies
mammal and amphibian species to show
that, although the distribution of overall
species richness is very similar among
these groups, congruence in the
distribution of rare and threatened
species is markedly lower. Congruence is
especially low among the very rarest
species. Cross-taxon congruence is also
highly scale dependent, being
particularly low at the finer spatial
resolutions relevant to real protected
areas. 'Hotspots' of rarity and threat are
therefore largely non-overlapping across
groups, as are areas chosen to maximise
species complementarity. Overall, our
results indicate that 'silver-bullet'
conservation strategies alone will not
deliver efficient conservation solutions.
Instead, priority areas for biodiversity
conservation must be based on highresolution data from multiple taxa.
certain mammals did experience a rapid
period of diversification and evolution.
However, most of these groups have
since either died out completely or
declined in diversity. This research
indicates that our 'ancestors', and those
of all other mammals on earth now,
began to radiate around the time of a
sudden increase in the temperature of
the planet – ten million years after the
death of the dinosaurs. The research
was carried out in collaboration with
Imperial College London.
Bininda-Emonds, O.R.P., Cardillo, M., Jones, K.E.,
MacPhee, R.D.E., Beck, R.M.D., Grenyer, R., Price,
S.A., Vos, R.A., Gittleman, J.L. and Purvis, A. (2007)
The delayed rise of present-day mammals.
Nature 446: 507-512.
Monotremata
Marsupialia
Afrotheria
Xenarthra
Laurasiatheria
Euarchonotglires
Grenyer, R., Orme, C.D.L., Jackson, S.F., Thomas, G.H.,
Davies, R.G., Davies, T.J., Jones, K.E., Olson, V.A., Ridgely,
R.S., Rasmussen, P.C., Ding, T-S., Bennett, P.M., Blackburn,
T.M., Gaston, K.J., Gittleman, J.L. and Owens, I.P.F. (2006)
Global distribution and conservation of rare and threatened
vertebrates. Nature 444: 93-96.
Mammal ‘tree of life’
New research published in the journal
Nature on a new, complete 'tree of life'
tracing the history of all 4,500 mammals
on earth, shows that they did not
diversify as a result of the death of the
dinosaurs. It contradicts the previously
accepted theory that the Mass Extinction
Event (MEE) that wiped out the
dinosaurs 65 million years ago prompted
the rapid rise of the mammals we see on
the earth today. The research shows that
many of the genetic 'ancestors' of the
mammals we see around us today
existed 85 million years ago, and survived
the meteor impact that is thought to have
killed the dinosaurs. However, throughout
the Cretaceous epoch, when dinosaurs
walked the earth, these mammal species
were relatively few in number, and were
prevented from diversifying and evolving
in ecosystems dominated by dinosaurs.
The tree of life shows that after the MEE,
biodiversity and macroecology 13
(left)
Tagged wasp
(below)
Two adult chacma baboons
at the study site
related colonies in a viscous population
structure. The potential importance of
this strategy as a component of the
kin-selected benefits for a social insect
worker has previously been overlooked
due to methodological difficulties in
quantifying and studying drifting.
Radio-tagging technology reveals
extreme nest drifting behaviour in
a eusocial insect
The advantage of social information
for group-living animals
In groups of related individuals, group
members may gain fitness benefits by
helping raise closely related young at the
cost of sacrificing their own direct
reproduction (kin-selection theory). In
the Hymenoptera (bees, wasps and
ants), females are more closely related
to their sisters (relatedness = 0.75) than
to their own offspring (r = 0.5) because
of their haplodiploid genetic sexdetermination system. Nest drifting in
eusocial insects (where workers move
between nests) presents a challenge to
this paradigm, since a worker should
remain as a helper on her natal colony,
rather than visit other colonies to which
she is less closely related. The
importance of this drifting behaviour and
its implications for kin-selection theory
are poorly understood because of the
difficulties in studying it, especially in
natural populations. We used a novel
monitoring technique, radio frequency
identification tags, to quantify nest
drifting in a natural population of
the primitively eusocial wasp, Polistes
canadensis, in Panama. We were
astonished to find that 56% of
P. canadensis females drifted between
nests, exceeding previous records of
drifting in natural populations by more
than 30-fold. This drifting behaviour
cannot be explained through social
parasitism, queen succession, mistakes
in nest identity or methodological bias.
Instead, workers appear to gain indirect
fitness benefits by helping on several
Sumner, S., Lucas, E., Barker, J. and Isaac, N.J.B. (2007)
Radio-tagging technology reveals extreme nest drifting in
a eusocial insect. Current Biology 17: 140-145.
Correct decision-making is crucial if
animals are to be successful at finding
food and avoid being eaten themselves.
For group-living animals, individuals can
make such decisions based upon
personal information they gather directly
from their environment (e.g. identifying
an approaching predator), or by using
the social information that other group
members provide (e.g. seeing group
members fleeing may indicate an
approaching predator). These choices
often relate to an animal’s immediate
survival and so it is vitally important that
decisions made are based upon the most
reliable information available. The Tsaobis
Baboon Project in Namibia has been
working towards understanding how
animals use information and how this
relates to decision-making in a group
situation, by using a combination of
theoretical predictions with natural and
experimental observations. We applied a
© Andrew King
Behavioural &
Population Ecology
© Aiden Weatherill
14
Our research in behavioural ecology and
population ecology has two major
interlinked aims: to test fundamental
hypotheses in behavioural and
population ecology and to use our
knowledge of the behavioural and
population ecology of wild species, and
the human populations that interact
with them, to inform conservation policy
and management.
Social information (I s)
n=5
1
1.0
0.8
n
=
(left)
Relative quality of social versus personal
information. Plot of quality of social information
(Is) against the quality of personal information
(Ip). Lines plotted are for odd group sizes (n)
up to 51. To the left-hand side of the dashed line
through the origin (n=1) are represented all
scenarios where an individual should use social
information; to the right-hand side of the line,
an individual would do better to rely on its
own personally acquired information.
3
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
(below)
Colobus angolensis is a flagship species
for the coastal forests of Kenya and the
region is recognised as one of the world's
25 biodiversity hotspots
1.0
Personal information (I p)
King, A.J. and Cowlishaw, G. (2007) When to use social
information: the advantage of large group size in individual
decision-making. Biology Letters 3: 137-139.
Movement of a forest primate in a
complex agricultural landscape
unobservable in the lifetime of a normal
research project. This study has
overcome this problem by enlisting the
help of the people who live and work in
the habitat of interest, effectively
extending the available information well
beyond anything a researcher could
achieve by direct observation. In order to
understand how movements of colobus
are influenced by habitat characteristics
in the farmland surrounding the forest
patches, over 300 locals were
interviewed to find out if they had ever
seen colobus outside the forests, and if
so, where. The results showed that 28%
of those questioned had seen colobus up
to 4 km from the nearest forest, and that
observations were much more likely
where tall vegetation was present, such
as mangrove, scrubland or fruit
plantation. This provides important
information to guide management of the
wider landscape, not just the forest
fragments, to improve the chances of
persistence for colobus in Kenya.
Anderson, J., Rowcliffe, J.M. and Cowlishaw, G. (2007)
Does the matrix matter? A forest primate in a complex
agricultural landscape. Biological Conservation 135: 212-222.
Gottelli, D., Jinliang, W., Bashir, S. and Durant, S.M. (2007)
Genetic analysis reveals promiscuity among female cheetahs.
Proceedings of the Royal Society B DOI 10.1098/rspb.2007.0502
Promiscuity among female
cheetahs
Behavioural data from IoZ’s long-term
research study of cheetahs in the
Serengeti was combined with genetic
data resulting from non-invasive
sampling to unveil the mating system
of this population. In wild populations it
is widely assumed that males are
promiscuous while females are coy.
Male reproductive success increases
© Sarah Durant
As land use intensifies, natural habitats
are increasingly divided into fragments.
Once-continuous populations come to
exist in systems of sub-populations with
little connection between them – known
as metapopulations. For example, in
south coastal Kenya, black-and-white
colobus Colobus angolensis live in 124
different forest patches, separated by a
mosaic of farmland and scrub. In such
systems, the degree of connection
between fragments is key to the viability
of the whole metapopulation, and
effective conservation in this
environment therefore requires the
habitat between the fragments to be
managed appropriately. A major
difficulty with achieving this is the fact
that, while observations of movements
are essential to understanding the
habitat features that are important,
movements are usually so rare as to be
with multiple mating but the potential
benefits that females gain by mating
with more than one male have long been
debated. Mating tactics in carnivores are
linked to their spacing patterns where, in
general, males occupy large ranges that
encompass those of several females,
giving males access to several sexually
receptive females. In contrast, female
cheetahs are non-territorial and move
over extensive home ranges that include
several much smaller territories of
males. This pattern of territoriality is
unique and brings females into contact
with several males making polyandry
possible within this system. To test for
evidence of multiple paternity, and hence
polyandry, within a litter we used a
statistical method that partitioned each
litter into full-siblings and inferred the
father from a pool of sampled candidate
males. The analysis showed that female
cheetahs are promiscuous with evidence
of high rates of multiple paternity in
litters with more than one cub. Despite
the inclusion of 70% of known adult
males in the last years of this study the
allocation of paternity was low. This
seems to indicate that males living
outside the study area contributed
substantially to reproduction and
highlights the importance that high
mobility plays in cheetah ecology and
conservation. The understanding of the
breeding system of this threatened
species will aid in the development of
future management plans aimed at the
long-term maintenance of genetic
variability among fragmented populations.
© Julie Anderson
simple mathematical formula developed
by an eighteenth-century political
scientist, Marquis de Condorcet, to
provide a theoretical framework for
understanding when individuals should
make decisions based on their own
personal information or rely on social
information pooled from many group
members. We found that social
information allows less well-informed
members of large groups to reach a
correct decision with the same
probability as more well-informed
members of small groups. Thus, animals
in larger groups may be able to
minimise the costs of collecting personal
information without impairing their
ability to make correct decisions. These
findings provide us with new insights
into the use of personal and social
information in animal groups and their
consequences for baboons and other
group-living species.
behavioural and population ecology 15
1.5
Selection coefficient
(right)
A figure from the paper
showing how some
alleles are positively
selected for while others
have negative selection
1.0
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
DAA* 1001
DAA* 1202
DAA* 0901
DAA* 0601
DAA* 0602
DAA* 0401
DAA* 0501
DAA* 0303
DAA* 0304
DAA* 0301
DAA* 0302
DAA* 0101
DAA* 0201
-1.5
Genetic variation,
fitness & adaptability
Sasa-DAA allele
The aim of the Genetic Variation, Fitness
and Adaptability Research Theme is to
develop and apply empirical and
theoretical methods to describe patterns
of relatedness among individuals,
populations and species. Our research
aims to test hypotheses on the effects of
genetic diversity on individual fitness
and population persistence and to apply
this knowledge of genetic structure and
genetic diversity/fitness relationships to
the management of animal populations.
Selection on immune response
genes in Atlantic salmon
Natural selection by pathogens is
thought to have a major role in
determining levels of variation in host
immune response genes, including
major histocompatibility (MH) genes
which code for proteins which recognise
pathogens. However, there have been
few empirical demonstrations of
selection acting on MH loci in natural
populations. In collaboration with
laboratories in Ireland, The Netherlands
and Norway we set out to determine
whether selection on MH genes has
fitness consequences for wild Atlantic
salmon (Salmo salar) in natural
conditions. We compared observed
genotype frequencies of Atlantic salmon
surviving in a river 6 months after their
introduction as eggs with frequencies
expected from parental crosses.
© Elvira de Eyto
© Phil McGinnity
(above) The study site for
Atlantic salmon study
(left) The fish trap at the
study site
16
We found significant differences between
expected and observed genotype
frequencies at one MH gene (the class II
alpha locus, Sasa-DAA), but not at a MH
class I-linked microsatellite or at seven
non-MH-linked microsatellite loci. These
results indicate that the differences we
see at the MH class II alpha locus were a
result of pathogen-mediated natural
selection, rather than any demographic
event. We also show that survival was
associated with additive allelic effects at
the MH class II alpha locus, rather than
heterozygote advantage. Our results
have implications for both the
conservation of wild salmon stocks and
the management of disease in hatchery
fish. We conclude that natural or
hatchery populations have the best
chance of dealing with episodic and
variable disease challenges if MH genetic
variation is preserved both within and
among populations.
De Eyto, E., McGinnity, P., Consuegra, S., Coughlan, J.,
Tufto, J., Farrell, K., Megens, H.-J., Jordan, W.C., Cross, T.
and Stet, R.J.M. (2007) Natural selection acts on Atlantic
salmon major histocompatibility (MH) variability in the
wild. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B
274: 861-869.
Maintaining species barriers
through mate choice
Determining the factors which produce
and/or maintain reproductive isolation
between closely-related species is
important in understanding how
environmental change might affect
species composition within ecosystems.
The grasshoppers Chorthippus brunneus
and Chorthippus jacobsi are highly
differentiated for male mating signals,
and form a mosaic hybrid zone in
northern Spain. At some sites within this
zone many hybrids are observed, while
at others few hybrids are found. Such
bimodality in incidence of hybrids
among sites may reflect relatively recent
contacts between parental genotypes,
local variation in levels of assortative
mating or selection against hybrids. With
colleagues from the University of Leeds
we played back parental and F1 hybrid
BB3 (C. brunneus)
EL = 0.10
Mean SL = 0.005
CV SL = 0.15
Echeme length
Syllable length
(left)
A figure from the paper showing differences
in parental songs (top and bottom) and hybrid
songs. It shows the differences between
parentals and intermediate nature of hybrids
(below left)
Grasshopper (Chorthippus brunneus)
0.05 secs
(below)
The hydroids Nemertesia ramosa and
Sertularella gayi (top) and Halecium halecinum
(bottom) off Plymouth, Devon, UK
JB2 (F1, C. brunneus mother)
EL = 0.31
Mean SL = 0.005
CV SL = 0.26
JJ2 (F1, C. jacobsi)
EL = 0.41
Mean SL = 0.021
CV SL = 0.33
© Roger Butlin
male songs to parental and hybrid
females, all reared under common
conditions. These experiments revealed
positive assortative preferences in both
C. brunneus and C. jacobsi females,
supporting a direct role of male mating
signals in female choice. All female
classes showed reduced responsiveness
to F1 hybrid male songs. Such sexual
selection against hybrids is consistent
with the narrow width of the hybrid
zone observed in the field. These results
have implications for the genetic
structure of the hybrid zone and models
of speciation.
Bridle, J.R., Saldamando, C.I., Koning, W. and Butlin, R.K.
(2006) Assortative preferences and discrimination by
females against hybrid male song in the grasshoppers
Chorthippus brunneus and Chorthippus jacobsi (Orthoptera:
Acrididae). Journal of Evolutionary Biology 19: 1248-1256.
The oceans are the cradle of life
containing a higher diversity of phyla,
classes and orders than terrestrial or
freshwater ecosystems. However, about
1.5 million species have been described
from terrestrial and freshwater
ecosystems compared to just 0.2 million
from the oceans. This may partially
reflect the open nature of marine
ecosystems that allow large-scale
dispersal of species across great
distances reducing opportunities for
allopatric speciation over geological
timescales. However, it may also reflect
our poor understanding of the diversity
of many groups of marine animals. The
need to catalogue diversity is urgent
because of the potential of climate
change and human impacts to cause
extinctions of marine species and the
fact that ecosystem function is related to
biodiversity.
The fact that each species has a
unique sequence of DNA contained
within the genome has provided marine
scientists with a new tool to aid in the
identification of known species and the
discovery of previously unknown
biodiversity. The nematodes are a group
of tiny unsegmented worms that include
both free-living and parasitic species.
They often dominate the communities of
small-sized animals in the sediments of
the seabed in terms of abundance and
diversity. However, nematodes have
relatively few morphological characters
on which to base identification and
resolving species of these worms is
difficult and requires specialised
taxonomists. We have evaluated the
nuclear 18S ribosomal RNA gene for use
in identification of marine nematodes.
This gene has both conserved and
rapidly evolving sections enabling us to
derive information useful in studying the
evolution of this group of animals and in
the identification of individual species.
As well as identifying known nematode
species our work has revealed the
existence of previously unknown species
© Carlos Moura, Institute of Zoology and University of Aveiro
BJ3 (F1, C. jacobsi mother)
EL = 0.32
Mean SL = 0.020
CV SL = 0.24
DNA barcoding and species
discovery in the oceans
occurring in the coastal waters of Britain
and elsewhere in the world. We are
using this gene to study the diversity of
nematodes in areas of the deep sea with
markedly different levels of food supply.
We are also applying similar DNA
barcoding methods to study the diversity
of other animal groups that are difficult
to identify, including hydroids and corals
from coastal habitats and the deep sea.
Bhadury, P., Austen, M.C., Bilton, D.T., Lambshead, P.J.D.,
Rogers A.D. and Smerdon, G. (2006) Development and
evaluation of a DNA-barcoding approach for the rapid
identification of nematodes. Marine Ecology Progress
Series 320: 1-9.
Meldal, B.H.M., Debenham, N.J., De Ley, P., De Ley, I.T.,
Vanfleteren, J.R., Vierstraete, A.R., Bert, W., Borgonie, G.,
Moens, T., Tyler, P.A., Austen, M.C., Blaxter, M.L., Rogers,
A.D. and Lambshead, P.J.D. (2007) An improved molecular
phylogeny of the Nematoda with special emphasis on
marine taxa. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
42: 622-636.
Bhadury, P., Austen, M.C., Bilton, D.T., Lambshead, P.J.D.,
Rogers, A.D. and Smerdon, G.R. (2007) Exploitation of
archived marine nematodes – a hot lysis DNA extraction
protocol for molecular studies. Zoologica Scripta
36(1): 93-98.
Bhadury, P., Austen, M.C., Bilton, D.T., Lambshead, P.J.D.,
Rogers, A.D. and Smerdon, G.R. (2006) Molecular detection
of marine nematodes from environmental samples –
overcoming eukaryotic interference. Microbial Aquatic
Ecology 44: 97-103.
genetic variation, fitness and adaptability 17
Wildlife
Epidemiology
The Wildlife Epidemiology Research
Theme aims to identify where disease is
a threat to wildlife conservation, either
as a primary cause of species declines,
or as a threat to remnant wildlife
populations, investigate the emergence
of disease as a conservation threat and
to develop an understanding of the
consequences of changes in wildlife
disease epidemiology, both to wildlife
conservation and welfare and to human
health and welfare, particularly where
these changes are driven by
anthropogenic forces.
Predicting the spread of West Nile
virus to Galapagos
Emerging infectious diseases are a key
threat to conservation and public health,
yet predicting and preventing their
emergence is notoriously difficult. We
devised a predictive model for the
introduction of a zoonotic vector-borne
pathogen by considering each of the
pathways by which it may be introduced
© Andrew Cunningham
(right)
Galapagos giant tortoises
(Geochelone nigra guntheri)
in a conservation breeding
centre on the island of Isabela,
Galapagos. Should it arrive
in the archipelago, the effects
of West Nile virus infection on
this endangered species are
unknown, but could be
catastrophic for the survival
of these iconic giants
18
Galapagos and measures that can be
taken to reduce the risk of introduction.
The introduction of this highly
pathogenic virus to this unique World
Heritage Site could have devastating
consequences, similar to those seen
following introductions of pathogens
into other endemic island faunas. Our
model identified the transport of
mosquitoes on airplanes as the highest
risk for West Nile virus introduction.
Pathogen dissemination through avian
migration and the transportation of
day-old chickens appeared to be less
important pathways. Infected humans
and mosquitoes transported in sea
containers, in tyres, or by wind all
represented much lower risk. Our riskassessment framework has broad
applicability to other pathogens and
other regions and depends only on the
availability of data on the transport of
goods and animals and the
epidemiology of the pathogen.
Kilpatrick, A.M., Daszak, P., Goodman, S.J., Rogg, H.,
Kramer, L.D., Cedeño, V. and Cunningham, A.A. (2006)
Predicting pathogen introduction: West Nile virus spread to
Galapagos. Conservation Biology 20: 1224-1231.
Invasive amphibian species
and the emergence of
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
to a new area and comparing the relative
risk of each pathway. This framework is
an adaptation of pest introduction
models and estimates the number of
infectious individuals arriving in a
location and the duration of their
infectivity. The framework was used to
determine the most likely route for the
introduction of West Nile virus to
In collaboration with the Department of
Infectious Disease Epidemiology of
Imperial College London and the
University of Victoria, Canada,
researchers at IoZ examined the
potential relationship between the
emergence of the pathogenic fungus
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and the
global trade in amphibians. The first
study examined the prevalence of the
fungus in populations of one of the most
invasive vertebrate species in existence
today, the North American bullfrog (Rana
catesbeiana). Bullfrog populations were
sampled across the Americas, Europe
and Asia. We found that, with the
exception of bullfrog tadpoles collected
in Japan, all populations of bullfrogs
contained animals infected with the
Relative Number of Infection Bacteria
(right)
Schematic representation of the
immune-related genes that are
important at different times during
the course of an infection
(Innate Immunity)
(Adaptive Immunity)
Days after Infection
potential to exacerbate the situation.
Currently, there are no international
standards in place with regard to this
disease, and while intentionally
introducing exotic amphibians into
countries like Great Britain is illegal,
introductions of exotic amphibians and
their diseases do occur.
fungus. However, Japanese researchers
have since shown that bullfrogs in Japan
also are infected with the fungus. Due to
the fact that bullfrogs are asymptomatic
when infected, they may be acting as
reservoirs and vectors of the disease
across a broad geographic range. A
subsequent review of the relationship
between introduced amphibians,
amphibian trade and the fungal disease
revealed the potential for trade to
contribute to the distribution of the
fungus at a global scale. The number of
animals involved in the international
trade of amphibians is in the millions.
By the 1960s, over 140 species of
amphibians were internationally traded
for the purposes of research, and the
global food market may generate up to
7,000 tons of amphibians per annum.
Commercial practices also regularly
bring traded animals into direct contact
with wild populations. An examination of
the available literature on amphibian
introductions, many of which are the
direct result of the amphibian trade, and
fungal infection showed that nearly 30
species of introduced amphibians are
known to be infected with the fungus.
The majority of species identified are
asymptomatic when infected.
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis is
implicated in the decline and possible
extinction of dozens of species of
amphibians. Whether the amphibian
trade is responsible for the emergence of
this disease we may never know, but it is
clear that trade practices have the
different pathogens and that operate at
different times following infection. Such
findings urge caution when drawing
general conclusions about diseasethreats from the study of just one part of
the immunogenetic system. We propose
a shift in the current paradigm by using
new approaches involving (1) a casetailored selection of genes relevant to
the infectious disease studied or (2) largescale single nucleotide polymorphism
surveys of immune genes.
Garner, T.W.J., Perkins, M., Govindarajulu, P., Seglie, D.,
Walker, S.J., Cunningham, A.A. and Fisher, M.C. (2006)
The emerging amphibian pathogen Batrachochytrium
dendrobatidis globally infects introduced populations
of the North American bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana. Biology
Letters 2: 455-459.
© Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse
Fisher, M.C. and Garner, T.W.J. (2007) The relationship
between the introduction of Batrachochytrium
dendrobatidis, the international trade in amphibians
and introduced amphibian species. Fungal Biology Reviews
21: 2-9.
Understanding immunogenetics
© Dina El Tounsey-Garner
Infectious diseases are important
demographic and evolutionary forces of
natural populations. This is because
under natural conditions, populations
and individuals are constantly
challenged by pathogens. These
challenges have led to the evolution of
host immune responses, which in turn
influence the ability of pathogens to
avoid host defences. Such interactions,
tightly controlled by genes, are
particularly interesting for addressing
questions on evolution. From a
conservation perspective, the increasing
emergence and re-emergence of
infectious diseases as a serious threat to
wildlife, particularly small or endangered
populations where sudden demographic
declines could be catastrophic, warrant a
more complete understanding of how
resistance to infectious disease is
regulated in natural populations. To date,
most studies on the genetic regulation of
disease resistance (i.e. immunogenetics)
have focused on a particular genetic
region, the major histocompatibility
complex, involved with the presentation
of infectious agents to the immune
system. However, research on domestic
and laboratory animals has highlighted
the importance of many other genes that
regulate diverse immune responses to
We have compiled a list of known
immune genes and functions and
discuss the challenges and problems
that arise from our proposed approach,
as well as solutions to deal with them.
We conclude that this wider approach to
immunogenetics will be integral to
understanding disease dynamics and
assessing epidemic risks as a step
towards predicting and – potentially –
preventing future disease-driven
demographic declines of threatened and
endangered populations.
Acevedo-Whitehouse, K. and Cunningham, A. (2006) Is
MHC enough for understanding wildlife immunogenetics?
Trends in Ecology and Evolution 21(8): 433-438.
wildlife epidemiology 19
Reproductive
biology
(below)
Sheep oviductal cells cultured
in the laboratory showing
cytoskeletal proteins (green)
and cell nuclei (blue)
20
Our understanding of reproductive biology
comes largely from a small number of
intensely studied model species, but
nature presents a bewildering array of
adaptations with almost every new
species we examine. In the Reproductive
Biology Research Theme we aim both to
explore and understand some of this
diversity and to use some of this
knowledge for the development of
technologies that may have practical
applications. In addition, we aim to find
out whether and how environmental
change may affect reproductive and
developmental processes.
Sperm transport in mammals;
what is the role of the oviduct?
Sperm storage in the female
reproductive tract has been extensively
documented in a range of vertebrates
including sharks, salamanders, snakes
and turtles, as well as many birds and
mammals. Some of these species store
spermatozoa for several months or even
years; in the laboratory we can only
manage a few days unless the
spermatozoa are frozen. How do they do
it? We now know that the oviduct is
more than either a sperm storage organ
or a conduit leading the sperm towards
the egg. We and others have previously
shown that the oviduct responds to the
arrival of spermatozoa by initiating novel
gene transcription and protein synthesis,
presumably preparing the reproductive
tract for the eventual development of an
embryo. It is also likely that the oviduct
is involved in sperm selection processes
(Satake et al., 2007), either by impeding
the progress of poor quality
spermatozoa or by the involvement of
recognition processes. We still know little
about this complexity. In collaboration
with the Royal Veterinary College, the
University of Sheffield and Genus
Breeding Ltd, we have been
investigating the role of oviductal plasma
membrane proteins in maintaining
sperm viability (Sostaric et al., 2006),
using cattle, pigs and sheep
(Lloyd et al., 2007) as model species. We
have shown that cultured oviductal cells
are able to support sperm viability in
vitro and have recently found that one
protein in particular (heat shock cognate
protein 70; Hsc70) seems to be important
in enhancing sperm survival in several
species. This work suggests that the
proteins involved in sperm survival may
not be species-specific, something that
may be important in helping to improve
the success of artificial insemination
techniques for the captive breeding of
wild species, especially if the
spermatozoa need to be transported
from one place to another.
Lloyd, R.E., Badia, E., Watson, P.F. and Holt, W.V. (2007)
Prolonging the life of ram spermatozoa in vitro using
oviductal epithelial cells. Reproduction, Fertility and
Development 19: 278.
Satake, N., Alhaider, A.K., Holt, W.V. and Watson, P.F. (2007)
Exposure of spermatozoa to solubilized extracts of the
oviductal epithelium apical plasma membrane enhances
fertilization in porcine in vitro fertilization. Reproduction
Fertility and Development 19: 272.
Sostaric, E., Georgiou, A.S., Wong, C.H., Watson, P.F., Holt,
W.V. and Fazeli, A. (2006) Global profiling of surface plasma
membrane proteome of oviductal epithelial cells. Journal of
Proteome Research 5: 3029-3037.
Seahorse reproduction and
survival of offspring
Uniquely among vertebrates, in
seahorses and pipefish (Family
Syngnathidae), it is the male that
becomes pregnant and gives birth to the
offspring. Seahorses have a specialised
body compartment, the brood pouch, in
which the embryos develop, while in
pipefish, not all species have a distinct
A 0-9 secs
B 10-16 secs
C 17 secs
figure 1
Mating sequence of a yellow
seahorse couple; hand drawn from
video sequences. The time is shown
above the images and demonstrates
the duration (A) when the brood
pouch remains open (PO), (B) when
spermatozoa and eggs are
transferred and (C) when the pouch
is closed (PC)
Drawing © B.Dzyuba
PC
PC
figure 2
Dzyuba, B., Van Look, K.J.W., Cliffe, A., Koldewey, H.J.
and Holt, W.V. (2006) Effect of parental age and associated
size on fecundity, growth and survival in the yellow
seahorse Hippocampus kuda. Journal of Experimental
Biology 209: 3055-3061.
Van Look, K.J.W., Dzyuba, B., Cliffe, A., Koldewey, H.J.
and Holt, W.V. (2007) Dimorphic sperm and the unlikely
route to fertilisation in the yellow seahorse. Journal of
Experimental Biology 210: 432-437.
130
**
110
90
Brood size
therefore uniquely efficient among
vertebrates, yet paradoxically involves
several steps that would seem to
complicate, and even appear to prevent,
the interaction of spermatozoa and eggs.
Although we are still unable to describe
the exact fertilisation mechanism, we
speculate that spermatozoa are
ejaculated into a mixture of ovarian fluid
and eggs, while the male and female are
in close contact. Thereafter, this mixture
must enter the pouch, whereupon the
spermatozoa encounter seawater. These
observations also support the view,
indirectly inferred in previous
publications, that sperm competition
in seahorses is not only non-existent
but impossible.
Even though the fertilisation process
in the yellow seahorse is intricate, these
fish are nevertheless highly fertile and
can produce broods that exceed 100
A however,
embryos. The old parents,
produced significantly larger broods with
90% of the offspring surviving for the
duration of the 7-week study, compared
to the smaller broods of the young
parents with less than 50% survival of
the offspring (Figure 2). The growth rates
were also significantly higher in the first
3 weeks after birth of the offspring from
the old parents compared to the
offspring from the young parents. Our
findings suggest that male body size,
and pouch size and function, may
influence the future fitness and survival
of their offspring.
70
50
30
10
Old
Young
Parental group
(A) Brood size comparison between
old and young parents; box-whisker
plot showing the mean ± s.e.m.
(boxes) and s.d. (whiskers)
(F1,10 = 6.45, *P = 0.029)
1.0
100
(%)
Survival (%)
Survival
brood pouch. As in mammals, the
embryos develop in close association
with the brood pouch epithelium, which
is involved with gaseous exchange,
provision of nutrients, removal of waste
products and osmoregulation. We
hypothesised that body size and age of
the parents should affect the growth and
survival of the offspring if the quality of
the brood pouch impacts on the nutrition
or respiration of the developing
embryos. In addition, the fact that the
embryos develop in a brood pouch has
led to a widespread but poorly founded
belief that the eggs are fertilised using
spermatozoa that are deposited directly
into the pouch via an internal sperm
duct. In collaboration with the ZSL
London Zoo Aquarium Team we
investigated (1) the effect of parental age
and body size on growth and survival of
the offspring, and (2) the process of
mating and fertilisation in the yellow
seahorse Hippocampus kuda. The
seahorses were obtained from a captivebred aquarium population that was
established at Chester Zoo. When
examining the effect of parental age and
body size on growth and survival of the
offspring the old parents were seahorses
that were over 8 months old and had
bred previously, while the young parents
consisted of 3- and 4-month old
individuals that had not previously bred.
Our studies revealed that direct
deposition of spermatozoa into the
brood pouch is physically impossible, as
was previously presumed. In reality, the
spermatozoa must travel a significant
distance (>4 mm) outside the body of the
male, to reach and fertilise the eggs in
the pouch. In addition, observations of
courtship and mating behaviour revealed
that the pouch closes immediately after
mating and that sperm transfer must
occur within a time window of no more
than 6 seconds (Figure 1). Furthermore,
the yellow seahorse produces
extraordinarily low quantities of
dimorphic spermatozoa with a minimum
sperm:egg ratio of <2.5:1. The entire
fertilisation process in seahorses is
0.8
80
60
0.6
40
0.4
11
22 33 44 55
Age (weeks)
(weeks)
Age
66
(B) Comparison of offspring survival
curves from old (open squares) and
young (solid circles) parents. Leastsquares survival functions (fitted
lines) for offspring from the old
parents (n = 508, offspring from
six couples) and young parents
(n = 263, offspring from six couples).
Survival of offspring from young
parents is significantly poorer than
from old parents (P<0.0001)
reproductive biology 21
© Andrew Cunningham
zsl conservation
programmes
© Simon Goodman
Research carried out at IoZ focuses on
scientific issues relevant to the
conservation of species and their
habitats. This work directly supports
ZSL’s field conservation programmes,
which are currently run in over 30
countries worldwide. The combination of
applied and pure research means that
we are engaged in conservation
activities at all points along the
spectrum, from genes to ecosystems.
Here we describe how research carried
out at IoZ underpins conservation policy
and practice, and makes it possible to
source support and funding for
conservation work in range countries in
partnership with governments, NGOs
and local communities.
Island Ecosystems
The Galapagos Genetics,
Epidemiology and Pathology
Laboratory
© Janna Rist
© Maurus Msuha
© Janna Rist
22
Introduced disease is a global concern
for the conservation of biodiversity and
represents some of the most serious
current and future threats to the unique
wildlife of Galapagos. Endemic species
can suffer when diseases spread from
domestic animals, while globalisation
and climate change increase the risk of
contact with new kinds of pathogen,
disease hosts or vectors. Island species
are particularly vulnerable to introduced
diseases due to their long histories of
isolation. The GGEPL project began in
October 2003, and the new laboratory
opened in August 2004. The project grew
from an Ecuadorian initiative to establish
molecular biology techniques for
conservation in the archipelago. The
development of this facility for the
Galapagos National Park, combined with
building the expertise of Ecuadorian
scientists, provides the in situ rapid
diagnostic capability required so that
mitigating action can be taken to control
potential disease threats to the islands.
GGEPL is a partnership between
Galapagos National Park, the University
of Leeds, IoZ and the University of
Guayaquil, Ecuador. Funding for this
project was provided through the UK
government's Darwin Initiative scheme
for the conservation of global
biodiversity. www.galapagoslab.org
Marine and Freshwater
Deep-sea ecosystems
The deep ocean has an average depth of
about 3,800 m and makes up about 90%
of the earth’s biosphere, yet little of this
vast area has been explored. In recent
years technological advances have
allowed us to explore new habitats in the
deep sea including seamounts, coldwater coral reefs and coral gardens
formed by octocorals (sea fans and
relatives) and black corals (Antipatharia).
This year we have completed work on
analysis and modelling of the occurrence
of corals on seamounts with colleagues
in the Census of Marine Life’s (CoML),
Census of Seamounts programme. The
results of this study have fed into
discussion at the UN General Assembly
on impacts of trawling on deep-sea
communities. We have also employed
DNA barcoding methods to explore the
species diversity of by-catch from deepsea longline fisheries for Patagonian
toothfish in South Georgia. This study
allowed us to identify that this region
has a high diversity of octocorals
(>40 species) with an associated fauna of
other animals including echinoderms
(basket stars, urchins and starfish),
polychaete worms and even octopus. In
European waters DNA barcoding
methods have also allowed us to identify
new deep-sea species such as hydroids,
previously thought to represent species
common in shallow-water. The richness
of species within the deep sea has been
a surprise and a source of constant
fascination for scientists and all
interested in natural history, but even
these remote habitats are now
threatened by climate change.
UK Native Species
Lead poisoning in red kite
The red kite Milvus milvus, the subject of
a reintroduction programme to England
since 1989, feeds on carrion including
non-retrieved shot game and is predicted
to be at risk of lead poisoning. A recent
study examined the threat posed by lead
shot to red kites through radiography of
regurgitated pellets found under a red
kite roost, blood biochemical analyses of
red kites destined for reintroduction, and
analyses of the lead content of the liver
and bone of kites found dead and stored
in ZSL’s archive. The results showed that
lead is a significant cause of death in red
kites. Between 1.5 and 2.3% of pellets
contained lead shot, 37% of 125 red kites
had elevated blood lead prior to release,
and six of 44 red kites had liver lead
levels compatible with lead poisoning.
The isotopic signature of the lead in the
pellets was similar to that in the livers
suggesting that the lead poisoning was
associated with lead ammunition. In
collaboration with Natural England, the
RSPB, the Hawk and Owl Trust, the Welsh
Kite Trust, Raptor Rescue and the
Chilterns Conservation Board, ZSL has
published a leaflet ‘Helping Red Kites’
which suggests ways in which the public
can prevent red kites being exposed to
the risk of lead poisoning, for example
by ensuring that shot carcases are not
fed to these birds.
documents are essential for defining the
status of Mongolian biodiversity, raising
awareness and assisting in planning and
priority setting. ZSL is grateful to the
World Bank for their support in the
production of the Red Lists and
Summary Conservation Action Plans.
Carnivores and People
Human impacts on carnivore
biodiversity
Bushmeat and Forests
Indices of hunter effort and
sustainability in Equatorial Guinea
Hunting to supply the bushmeat trade is
currently one of the greatest threats
facing biodiversity in West and Central
Africa. Unsustainable levels of hunting
are believed to threaten the survival of
many tropical forest species, and may
also have important implications for the
food security and livelihoods of those
people who use this resource. There is
therefore an urgent need to develop
successful initiatives to promote the
long-term sustainability of bushmeat
harvest; understanding the impact of
bushmeat hunting on wildlife
populations will be crucial to achieving
this. The development of techniques that
allow these impacts to be assessed
indirectly without the need for difficult
and expensive population monitoring
will greatly enhance our ability to
manage hunting sustainably. The
concept of Catch per Unit Effort (CPUE)
is frequently used as an index to
abundance in fisheries but to date has
been little applied to terrestrial
harvesting systems. This project is
evaluating the potential of CPUE as an
index to the abundance of tropical forest
species and therefore as a novel tool for
the assessment and management of
bushmeat hunting.
The presence of unfenced and
uncultivated land outside protected
areas is important for long-term wildlife
conservation, since these areas provide
refuge and act as buffer zones. In Africa,
many such areas are dominated by
pastoral communities, who have
co-existed with wildlife for many years.
However, in recent decades this
coexistence has been declining due to
the replacement of pastoral systems with
subsistence and commercial cultivation.
Tarangire Ecosystem in Tanzania
provides a good example where landuse change is fast outside the Tarangire
National Park. These changes in land use
affect many carnivores, since they
require extensive habitats to survive.
Understanding the effects of these
changes on carnivores is fundamental
for developing conservation strategies.
Our study aims to investigate the impact
of human activities on the abundance
and distribution of carnivores and
herbivores in the park and in grazing
areas and farmlands outside the park,
evaluate methods for monitoring
carnivores and prey, and document
the use of carnivores in traditional
medicine and other cultural practices
in the ecosystem.
a
b
c
d
Deserts and Rangelands
Desert mammals in Mongolia
ZSL has been involved in conservation in
Mongolia through the Steppe Forward
Programme. Through this work, which
primarily focused on the Gobi desert, it
became apparent that many of the desert
mammals were experiencing rapid
declines. However, the overall
conservation status of Mongolian
mammals was unknown, as a
comprehensive assessment of their
conservation status had never been
conducted. ZSL in collaboration with
local partners has addressed this gap by
producing the first comprehensive
Mongolian Red List of Mammals as well
as Summary Conservation Action Plans
for Mongolian Mammals. These
e
f
(a) El Chato Tortuga – GGEPL vet Marilyn Cruz
(b) Galapagos tortoise health survey
(c) Deep-sea coral community from the
Hatton Bank, North East Atlantic.
C/O DTI SEAS Programme, Bhavani
Narayanaswamy, SAMS, Oban, Scotland
(d) Red kite
(e) The field team in Equatorial Guinea
(f) Aardwolf Proteles cristatus
ZSL conservation programmes 23
LIBRARY
(left)
Elephants at London Zoo, 1865, by Ernest Griset
(1843-1907). The elephant on the far left is
Jumbo, received in 1865 from the Jardin des
Plantes in Paris. Jumbo, a male African elephant,
was very tractable for most of his time at the
Zoo. However in 1881 he became difficult to
manage and he was sold for £2,000 to
P.T. Barnum, the American showman and circus
proprietor. In 1885 Jumbo was killed in a railway
accident in Ontario, Canada, while touring with
the circus. His skeleton, preserved in the
American Museum of Natural History, indicates
that his height was 3.4 metres – one of the
largest elephants ever held in a zoo
(below)
Edward Lear, better known for his nonsense
verse and limericks, began his career as a
zoological illustrator. This watercolour was
used as the basis of a colour illustration to
accompany Captain Smee’s first scientific
description of an Asian lion. The illustration
and the article were published in 1835 in
Volume 1 of the Transactions of the
Zoological Society of London
During 2006, 1,500 books were added to
the online catalogue, 4,033 journal
issues accessioned and 2,375 loans were
made to Fellows and ZSL staff.
A trial online art catalogue, developed
with funding from the Michael Marks
Trust, is now online and can be searched
using the `switch database’ option to
`Art’ in the Library catalogue at
http://library.zsl.org. A `ZSL drawings
and prints’ page has been added to the
main ZSL website at www.zsl.org.
A generous bequest of £245,000 from
Connie Nutkins, a former member of
staff, has been received by ZSL for use
by the Library. Frank Wheeler, a former
keeper at London Zoo 1966-2006, left a
bequest of his books to the Library.
MLA (Museums, Libraries, Archives)
London funded a further preservation
audit visit by professional conservators,
providing detailed reports to help inform
our future preservation/conservation
planning.
The journal holdings information of
the Library has been uploaded to
SUNCAT, the pilot Serials UNion
CATalogue for the UK, and can now be
seen on their online catalogue
http://edina.ac.uk/suncat/. Launched in
autumn 2006, SUNCAT is a freely
available tool designed to help
researchers locate serials held in over
60 libraries in the UK.
A display case in the newly refurbished
Reception has been used to exhibit rare
items in our collection, such as archival
photographs to celebrate the 75th
anniversary of ZSL Whipsnade Zoo, the
work of Ernest Griset and a celebration
of the Linneaus tercentenary. Artefact of
the month has continued to be popular
on the ZSL website, also featuring rare
paintings, archives and books.
In October Hadas Steiner was appointed
as a Visiting Scholar to research the
archives on the Northern Aviary. Visiting
Scholar is an honorary title allowing
privileged access to rare items held in
the ZSL Library and Archives. Scholars
from around the world are welcome
to apply.
Library tours were given to library staff
from the Natural History Museum,
Fellows and Friends of ZSL, and student
librarians from Eltham College.
Interest in ZSL’s archives has continued
to increase with a variety of researchers
visiting the Library, mainly to consult the
Daily Occurrence books, the 19th century
Council minutes, Minutes of Scientific
Meetings, the correspondence collection
and zoo guides, as well as historical and
genealogical archives.
We are extremely grateful for the
continued help of our dedicated team of
volunteers and the many Fellows and
Friends of ZSL who continue to support
the Library with their time, by donating
books, archives, zoo ephemera and
funds for the conservation of items in
our collection.
24
Number of publications
12
(left)
Number of publications published by
MSc graduates 1995 to 2006
10
8
(below – left to right)
Sandra Wenger, Chloe Booth, ZSL’s
Director General Ralph Armond and
Anna Wallwork
6
4
2
Education &
training
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
1999
2000
1998
1997
1996
1995
0
Education and training are central to
IoZ’s activities and we have a strong
commitment to hosting research projects,
particularly those leading to a PhD degree.
Our PhD students are co-registered at a
university department but most spend
the majority of their time at IoZ. During
the year PhDs were awarded to Tom
Charman (University of Cambridge) for
his research on the conservation ecology
and genetics of the great yellow
bumblebee Bombus distinguendus;
Kate Ciborowski (University of Reading)
for her investigation into patterns of
genetic variability during the decline of
Iberian Atlantic salmon populations;
Khyne Mar (University College London)
for her study on the demography and
life-history strategies of working timber
elephants in Myanmar; Simon Rees
(University of Wales, Cardiff) for his
research on the conservation genetics
and ecology of the endangered black
bog ant Formica picea and Chris
Sandbrook (University College London)
for his analysis of the impacts of tourism
on gorillas at Bwindi Impenetrable
National Park, Uganda.
© Sandra Wenger
Our MSc courses in Wild Animal Health
and Wild Animal Biology, both jointly run
with the Royal Veterinary College,
continue to be very popular. Each
student carries out a project during the
course, increasing numbers of which are
being successfully published in the
scientific literature, reflecting the high
calibre of students and the rising
standards of teaching and supervision.
Project prizes in 2005/06 were presented
for Chloe Booth’s study on the effects of
marine contaminants on the DNA of
cetaceans, Anna Wallwork’s project on
the effect of distance and speed of chase
prior to chemical immobilisation on
serum myoglobin in black rhinoceros,
and Sandra Wenger’s work on the
cardiopulmonary effects on fieldanaesthetised white rhinoceros of using
a combination of etorphine, azaperone,
detomidine and butorphanol. Of 180
(below left)
Sandra Wenger (MSc Wild Animal
Health) monitoring an anaesthetised
white rhinoceros in South Africa to
assess novel anaesthetic methods
graduates, 68% have entered the wild
animal health and biology field, forming
a valuable worldwide network of wild
animal professionals.
In partnership with Imperial College
London, the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew
and Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust,
IoZ has developed a new MSc in
Conservation Science. The course is
aimed at graduates or conservation
practitioners wishing to improve their
existing skills. It is strongly
interdisciplinary, covering both
socioeconomic and biological analysis,
as well as providing training in the
practical skills needed to succeed as a
conservation professional. In this way,
the course aims to develop abilities not
only in the analysis of conservation
problems, but also in the
implementation of solutions.
The IoZ annual Student Conference was
held in January. The conference offers
an opportunity for students to present
their work in a relatively informal
atmosphere and for staff and university
supervisors to learn about the diverse
research undertaken by students at IoZ.
This year’s Daisy Balogh Prize for the
best talk was awarded to Nicola Jenner
for her talk ‘Insights into the mating
system of the black-backed jackal
Canis mesomelas revealed using
microsatellite analysis’.
library / education and training 25
The Zoological Society of London
Officers
Professor Sir Patrick Bateson FRS (President)
Professor Paul Harvey BA MA DPhil DSc FRS (Secretary)
Paul Rutteman CBE BSC (Econ) FCA (Treasurer)
Directors
Ralph Armond (Director General)
Glyn Davies PhD (Director of Conservation Programmes) •
David Field BSc MBA (Zoological Director)
Georgina Mace OBE FRS DPhil (Director of Science) •
Ian Meyrick BA FCIPD (Human Resources Director)
Brian Oldman BA (Commercial Director)
Michael Russell FCMA (Financial Director)
governance,
staff & students
ZSL/University of Cambridge
Joint Committee
Professor Sir Brian Heap CBE FRS, University of Cambridge
(Chairman)
Dr Bill Amos PhD, University of Cambridge
Ralph Armond, Director General ZSL
Professor Malcolm Burrows FRS, Department of Zoology,
University of Cambridge
Dr Tony Fincham BSc PhD
Professor Paul Harvey BA MA DPhil DSc FRS
Professor Michael Hassell FRS, Imperial College London
Dr Andrea Manica PhD, University of Cambridge
Institute of Zoology
Head of the Institute of Zoology
Tim Blackburn DPhil
Senior Research Staff
Peter Bennett DPhil, Theme Leader, Biodiversity and
Macroecology
Chris Carbone DPhil, Postgraduate Tutor
Guy Cowlishaw PhD, Theme Leader, Behavioural and
Population Ecology
Andrew Cunningham BVMS PhD MRCVS, Theme Leader,
Wildlife Epidemiology
Sarah Durant PhD
William Holt PhD, Theme Leader, Reproductive Biology
Paul Jepson PhD BVMS MRCVS
William Jordan PhD, Theme Leader, Genetic Variation, Fitness
and Adaptability
Richard Pettifor DPhil, Theme Leader, Population and
Community Ecology •
Alex D Rogers PhD
Jinliang Wang PhD
Postdoctoral Research Staff and Lecturers
Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse PhD
Jonathan Baillie PhD
Elizabeth Boakes PhD •
Jakob Bro-Jørgensen PhD
James Bull PhD •
Kate Ciborowski PhD
Ben Collen PhD
Roslyn Elliott PhD
John Ewen PhD
Robert Ewers PhD
Trenton Garner PhD
Clyde Hutchinson PhD •
Nick Isaac PhD
Kate Jones PhD
Noëlle Kümpel PhD •
Rhiannon Lloyd PhD
Nathalie Pettorelli PhD
Marcus Rowcliffe PhD
Anna Santure PhD
Seirian Sumner PhD
Samuel Turvey DPhil
Katrien Van Look PhD
Postgraduate Research Assistants and Vets
Yedra Feltrer Rambaud MSc MRCVS •
Becki Lawson MA VetMB MSc MRCVS
Iain McGill BSc BVetMed MRCVS •
Fieke Molenaar
Anthony Sainsbury BVetMed CertLAS CertZooMed MRCVS
Nana Satake MRes
26
Postgraduate Research Students
Gerardo Acosta Jamett DVM MSc
Sophie Allebone-Webb MRes
Arnaud Bataille BSc
Jon Bielby MSc
Patricia Brekke BSc
Ruth Brown MSc
Savrina Carrizo
Thomas Charman BA •
Natalie Cooper MSc
Ian Craigie MSc
Daria Dadam MSc
Amelia Dickman MSc
Amanda Duffus
Jon Epstein
Emily Fitzherbert MSc
Nicholas Hill MSc
Elise Huchard MSc
Nicola Jenner BSc
Andrew King BSc
Becki Lawson MA VetMB MSc MRCVS
Khyne Mar MSc •
Maurus Msuha MSc
Carlos Esteban Payan Garrido BSc
Robert Pickles
Simon Rees BSc •
Janna Rist BSc
Chris Sandbrook MSc •
Nana Satake MRes
Björn Schulte-Herbrüggen
Joseph Smith MSc
Gordon Smith BSc
Amber Teacher BSc MRes
Susan Walker BSc
Shama Zaki Aldeen Abdul Haleem MSc
Administrative, Support and Technical Staff
Christina Herterich LLM ACIS (Institute Administrator)
Phil Cottingham BTec (CED) MIScT (Assistant Institute Administrator)
Joanne Keogh (PA to Director of Science/Head of Institute and
Senior Staff)
Amrit Dehal BSc (Assistant Institute Administrator –
Information Systems)
Breda Farrell (General Technician)
Jenny Fulford (Editorial Assistant) •
David Hitchcock (Senior Workshop Technician)
Sarah Holbrook (Living Planet Index Administrator)
Louise McRae (Living Planet Index Administrator)
Julie Phillips BA PGCE (Administrative Assistant) •
Mala Ram (Indicators & Assessments Unit Administrator)
Research Technicians
Robert Deaville BSc (Cetacean Strandings Programme Manager)
Dada Gottelli BSc (Chief Technician)
Daphne Green HNC AIScT (Senior Technician)
Shinto John MLT (Microbiology Technician)
Johanna Nielsen (Research Technician)
Matthew Perkins BSc (Pathology Technician)
Honorary Research Fellows
Dr Andrew Balmford, University of Cambridge
Professor Malcolm Bennett, University of Liverpool
Professor Michael Bruford, University of Cardiff
Professor Roger Butlin, University of Sheffield
Dr Peter Daszak, Consortium for Conservation Medicine, USA
Dr Matthew Fisher, Imperial College London
Professor John Gittleman, University of Georgia, USA
Professor Rhys Green, University of Cambridge
Professor Katherine Homewood, University College London
Dr Rufus Johnstone, University of Cambridge
Dr E J Milner-Gulland, Imperial College London
Professor Ian Owens, Imperial College London
Dr Debbie Pain, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds
Dr Andy Purvis, Imperial College London
Dr Robert Simmons, Percy Fitzpatrick Institute of African Ornithology,
South Africa
Professor Rene Stet, University of Aberdeen
Dr Simon Thirgood, Macauley Institute
Professor Charles Tyler, University of Exeter
Professor Paul Watson, Royal Veterinary College
Honorary Research Associates
Teresa Abáiger PhD
Boris Dzyuba PhD
Simon Goodman PhD
Marcella Kelly PhD
Heather Koldeway PhD
Jonathan Loh PhD
Valerie Olson PhD
Giovanni Pastorino MSc
Nilendran Prathalingam PhD
Sebastien Regnaut PhD
Scientific Publications and Meetings
Journals and Meetings
Linda DaVolls BA (Head of Scientific Publications and Meetings)
Fiona Fisken BSc (Managing Editor, International Zoo Yearbook)
Lucinda Haines BSc (Scientific Journals Administrator)
Joy Hayward BSc (Scientific Meetings Coordinator)
Editors Journal of Zoology
Ian Boyd PhD DSc (Editor-in-Chief)
Nigel Bennett PhD
Juliet Clutton-Brock PhD DSc •
Robert Elwood PhD •
Tim Halliday MA DPhil
Andrew Kitchener PhD
Philip Rainbow PhD DSc
Jean-Nicolas Volff PhD
Gunther Zupanc PhD
Editors Animal Conservation
Guy Cowlishaw PhD
Keith Crandall PhD •
Trenton Garner PhD
John Gittleman PhD
Todd Katzner PhD
E J Milner-Gulland PhD •
Karen Mock PhD
Library
Anne Sylph MSc MCLIP (Librarian)
Michael Palmer MA (Archivist)
Marie Monaghan BA MCLIP (Assistant Librarian)
James Godwin (Library Assistant)
• departures
Others working at the Institute, including volunteers
working on projects in the field
Hajir Al-khaiurlla
Mark Ambrus
Claudia Amphlett
Julie Anderson
Jaime Andres Cabrera
Tzo Tze Ang
Sayako Arai
Alistair Auffret
Elena Badia
Juliana Berrio
Holly Bik
Chloe Booth
David Bowden
Brenna Boyle
Andrew Breed
Jon Bridle
George Busby
Damien Caillaud
Nicholas Camara
Claudia Carraro
Jaya Carrier
Bernadette Carroll
Phillip Cassey
Anna Chenery
Sally Cheung
Emily Coleman
Esther Flores Couce
Pilar Coy
Melissa Cuke
Olivia Daniel
Tim Davies
Jane Dayanna Guerrero Perez
Angelica Diaz
Thomas Doherty-Bone
Emily Dolan
Caitlin Douglas
Kate Douglas
Trevorne Douglas
Boris Dzyuba
Catrin Egerton
Sandra Patricia Escudero Paez
G Francesco Ficetola
Katie Frith
Jennifer Gilbert
Smita Gogoi
Annemarie Greenwood
Kate Harris
David Hayman
Judit Hidalgo Vila
Anne Hilborn
Rhiannon Hughes-Lloyd
Ulrike Irlich
Miho Ishida
Marianne James
Carlos Filipe Justo Moura
Janien Kamps
Jos Kielgast
Melissa Kyriakos
Susana La Falci
Julia Latham
Yiming Li
Nicola Lipczynski
Jonathan Loh
Alanna Maltby
Harry Marshall
Laura Martinez
Veronica Melchionda
Victoria Morgan
Linus Munishi
Lenke Nealova
Deise Nichimura
Margaret Nyokabi
Kim O’Connor
Ciara O’Dea
Valerie Olson
Cecilia Orme
Jenny Paola Gallo Santos
Giovanni Pastorino
Hannah Peck
Kirsi Peck
Laura Pettiti
Emilio Rendon-Franco
Mer Richardson
Agnes Rocha-Gosselin
Judith Schleicher
Paul Scofield
Jennifer Sears
Laura Simpson
Sarah Stebbing
David Stonehill
Abigel Szodoray-Paradi
Kelly Thurston
Sandra Tranquilli
Carly Waterman
Hazel Watson
Margaret Waweru
Oliver Wearn
Aidan Weatherill
Ann Weddle
Penny Wilson
Susan Wilson
Helen Womack
Sally Wren
Tara Zamin
governance, staff and students 27
Collaborations
Applied Biomathematics (USA) IUCN
Sampled Red List Index
ArtDataBanken (Sweden) IUCN Sampled
Red List Index
Bat Conservation Trust Monitoring bat
biodiversity: indicators of sustainable
development in Eastern Europe; Bat
ultrasonic acoustic monitoring
protocols
Bird Conservation Nepal Conservation of
Gyps spp. vultures in India
BirdLife International Global biodiversity
hotspots; IUCN Sampled Red List Index
Bombay Natural History Society (India)
Conservation of Gyps spp. vultures in
India; Impact of vulture declines on
public and animal health in India
Borugo Ltda (Colombia) Jaguar density,
prey availability and hunting pressure
in the Colombian Amazon
British Antarctic Survey
Chemosynthetically-driven ecosystems
south of the Polar Front
British Embassy in Quito (Ecuador)
Building capacity and determining
disease threats to Galapagos taxa
British Trust for Ornithology Garden Bird
Health Initiative; Long-term research on
the Gulf of Guinea islands
Bulgarian National Museum of Natural
History Monitoring bat biodiversity:
indicators of sustainable development in
Eastern Europe
Canterbury Museum (New Zealand)
Extinct birds and bird extinctions in the
South Pacific
Care for the Wild International
Comparative demography of elephants
in European zoos and range states
Center of Expertise for Rabies CFIA/ACIA
(Canada) Impact of vulture declines on
public and animal health in India
Central Science Laboratory Garden Bird
Health Initiative; Health surveillance for
species recovery programmes
Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH) NERC Management of bumblebee
habitat in agricultural landscapes;
Effects of spatial scale on population
abundance and dynamics; Health
surveillance for species recovery
programmes
Centre for Environment, Fisheries and
Aquaculture Science (CEFAS) Cetacean
strandings investigation; IUCN Sampled
Red List Index
Centre National de la Recherche
Scientifique (France) Long-term
research on the Gulf of Guinea islands
Charles Darwin Research Station
(Galapagos) Ecology, adaptation and
evolution in invasive ants
Chester Zoological Gardens
Chytridiomycosis emergence in
Dominica
Chiang Mai University (Thailand) Health
and reproduction in elephant
populations in Asia
Chinese Academy of Sciences North
American bullfrogs as potential
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
reservoirs in China
Conservation International IUCN Sampled
Red List Index; Global Mammal
Assessment; Global biodiversity
hotspots; Spatial patterns of hunting
and sustainability in Rio Muni;
Evaluating dependence on wild foods
among the rural poor in Central Africa;
EDGE of Existence: echidna programme
Consortium for Conservation Medicine
(USA) Effects of climate change and
globalisation on disease emergence;
Ecology of henipavirus in Bangladesh
CSIRO Australian Animal Health
Laboratory (Australia) Anthropogenic
change and emerging zoonotic
paramyxovirus; Conservation of Gyps
spp. vultures in India; Ecology and
evolution of infectious diseases in
mammalian mating and social systems
Department of Fisheries and Wildlife
Habitat use of tigers in altered
landscapes and monitoring of cryptic
mammals
Desert Research Foundation of Namibia
Functional response mechanisms in
social foragers; Optimisation and social
constraints in group-living vertebrates;
Coordination of social foragers in
patchy environments; MHC, parasite
loads, and mate choice in desert
baboons
Downstream Research Group (USA)
Conservation of the Yangtze River
dolphin
Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust
Chytridiomycosis emergence in
Dominica; Spatial organisation and
disease transmission in black-backed
jackal; EDGE of Existence: solenodon
programme
Estacion Experimental de Zonas Aridas
(Spain) Reproductive studies in
gazelles
European Bird Census Council Living
Planet Index
European Environment Agency IUCN
Sampled Red List Index
Farmed Environment Company Ltd
Management of bumblebee habitat in
agricultural landscapes
Fauna and Flora International
Chytridiomycosis emergence in
Dominica; Habitat use of tigers in
altered landscapes and monitoring of
cryptic mammals; EDGE of Existence:
pygmy hippopotamus programme
FishBase IUCN Sampled Red List Index
Fisheries Research Services Odorant
receptor gene expression in homing in
Atlantic salmon
Forestry and Wildlife Division,
Commonwealth of Dominica
Chytridiomycosis emergence in
Dominica
Frankfurt Zoological Society (Germany)
Long-term demography of the Serengeti
cheetah population
Galapagos Conservation Trust Building
capacity and determining disease
threats to Galapagos taxa
Galapagos National Park Building
capacity and determining disease
threats to Galapagos taxa; West Nile
virus emergence in Galapagos;
Genetics, parasitology and ecology of
mosquito spp.: impacts of disease
vectors on biodiversity in Galapagos
Genus-ABS Ltd Enhancement of sperm
cell survival by epididymal and oviduct
epithelial cells
Gobabeb Training and Research Centre
(Namibia) Spatial organisation and
disease transmission in black-backed
jackal; Coordination of social foragers
in patchy environments; MHC, parasite
loads, and mate choice in desert
baboons
Great Gobi Biosphere Protection
(Mongolia) Regional Red Listing
Green Balkans (Bulgaria) Monitoring bat
biodiversity: indicators of sustainable
development in Eastern Europe
Group on Earth Observations Secretariat
IUCN Sampled Red List Index
Harvard Medical School (USA)
Anthropogenic change and emerging
zoonotic paramyxovirus
28
Idea Wild (USA) Jaguar density, prey
availability and hunting pressure in the
Colombian Amazon
Imazon (Brazil) Hierarchical socioeconomic models of Amazonian
deforestation
IMV Enhancement of sperm cell survival
by epididymal and oviduct epithelial
cells
Innovis Ltd Enhancement of sperm cell
survival by epididymal and oviduct
epithelial cells
INPA (Brazil) Hierarchical socio-economic
models of Amazonian deforestation
Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de
la Nature (Democratic Republic of
Congo) Development of a monitoring
and training unit for the World Heritage
Sites of Democratic Republic of Congo
Institut National Agronomique ParisGrignon (France) Dynamics of species
extinctions
Institute for Animal Health Effects of
climate change and globalisation on
disease emergence
Institute for Problems of Cryobiology and
Cryomedicine – National Academy of
Sciences (Ukraine) Intrusion dynamics
of euryhaline fish species in fresh
waters of the Ukraine
Institute of Ecology Anthropogenic
change and emerging zoonotic
paramyxovirus
Institute of Hydrobiology Conservation of
the Yangtze River dolphin
Interdisciplinary Centre for Marine
Sciences (CICIMAR) Zoonotic potential
of whale watching; Determining age
structure of cetacean populations using
telomeres as a biological clock
IUCN SSC Global Mammal Assessment;
Conservation of the Yangtze River
dolphin; IUCN Sampled Red List Index;
EDGE of Extinction: golden-rumped
elephant shrew programme (Afrotheria
Specialist Group)
Kenya Wildlife Service EDGE of Existence:
hirola programme
Kesatsart University (Thailand) Health
and reproduction in elephant
populations in Asia
Leeds Institute of Genetics, Health and
Therapeutics DNA damage and cancer:
a biomolecular approach to
understanding urogenital carcinoma in
California sea lions
Leuser Development Programme Habitat
use of tigers in altered landscapes and
monitoring of cryptic mammals
Marine Environmental Monitoring
Cetacean strandings investigation
Marine Mammal Center (USA) DNA
damage and cancer: a biomolecular
approach to understanding urogenital
carcinoma in California sea lions;
Phylogeographic patterns of disease
occurrence in California sea lions
Martin Luther University of Halle
Wittenberg (Germany) Regional Red
Listing
Massey University (New Zealand) Sexual
selection and the hihi
Mauritian Wildlife Foundation
Conservation and molecular ecology of
Round Island petrels
Ministry of Environment and Tourism,
Government of the Republic of Namibia
Coordination of social foragers in
patchy environments; MHC, parasite
loads, and mate choice in desert
baboons
Ministry of Nature and Environment
Mongolia Regional Red Listing
Mongolian Academy of Sciences Regional
Red Listing
Moredun Research Institute
Epidemiology of poxviruses in squirrels
Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales
(Spain) Emergence of Batrachochytrium
dendrobatidis in the Mallorcan midwife
toad
National Birds of Prey Trust Conservation of
Gyps spp. vultures in India
National Museum of Wales IUCN Sampled
Red List Index
National University of Mongolia Regional
Red Listing
Natural England Assessing the impact of
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
emergence in Britain; Health surveillance
for species recovery programmes
Natural History Museum Cetacean
strandings investigation; The Frozen Ark
project
Naturalis (The Netherlands) IUCN Sampled
Red List Index
NatureServe (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List
Index
New South Wales Zoological Parks Board
(Australia) Semen freezing in
macropods
New York State Department of Health
(USA) West Nile virus emergence in
Galapagos
North of England Zoological Society
Comparative jaguar abundance in
Colombian Amazonia
Northern Michigan University (USA) IUCN
Sampled Red List Index
Northern Rangelands Trust (Kenya) EDGE
of Existence: hirola programme
Northern Territories Parks and Wildlife
Service (Australia) Bioregional patterns
of extinction in Australian mammals
Organizacion Aviatur (Colombia) Jaguar
density, prey availability and hunting
pressure in the Colombian Amazon
Oxford Brooks University EDGE of Existence:
loris programme
Paignton Zoo and Environmental Park Health
surveillance for species recovery
programmes
Palaecol Research Ltd (New Zealand)
Extinct birds and bird extinctions in the
South Pacific
Parques Nacionales de Colombia Jaguar
density, prey availability and hunting
pressure in the Colombian Amazon
People’s Trust for Endangered Species
Health surveillance for species recovery
programmes
Poultry Diagnostic and Research Centre
Conservation of Gyps spp. vultures in
India
Prince of Songkla University (Thailand)
EDGE of Existence: bumblebee bat
programme
Princeton University (USA) Anthropogenic
change and emerging zoonotic
paramyxovirus; Ecology and evolution of
infectious diseases in mammalian
mating and social systems; Effects of
climate change and globalisation on
disease emergence
Queensland Department of Environment
and Heritage (Australia) Susceptibilities
of species to human disturbances
Queensland Department of Primary
Industries (Australia) Anthropogenic
change and emerging zoonotic
paramyxovirus
Romanian Bat Protection Organisation
Monitoring bat biodiversity: indicators of
sustainable development in Eastern
Europe
Rothamsted Research Management of
bumblebee habitat in agricultural
landscapes
Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh IUCN
Sampled Red List Index
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew IUCN
Sampled Red List Index
Royal Society for the Protection of Birds
Conservation of Gyps spp. vultures in
India; Garden Bird Health Initiative;
Impact of vulture declines on public
health in India; Health surveillance for
species recovery programmes; The UK
house sparrow population decline;
Living Planet Index
Royal Veterinary College Maximising
semen performance during and after
cryopreservation; Cetacean strandings
investigation; Enhancement of sperm
cell survival by epididymal and oviduct
epithelial cells; Optimisation and social
constraints in group-living vertebrates;
Epidemiology of poxvirus in squirrels
Rufford Maurice Laing Foundation Impact
and sustainability of hunting in
Colombia
Salmonella Reference Unit, Health
Protection Agency Garden Bird Health
Initiative
Scottish Agricultural College Cetacean
strandings investigation; Garden Bird
Health Initiative
Scottish Salmonella Reference Laboratory
Garden Bird Health Initiative
Sea Mammal Research Unit Cetacean
strandings investigation
Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute
(USA) Genetics of caste determination
in polistine wasps; Hierarchical socioeconomic models of Amazonian
deforestation
State University of New York (USA) IUCN
Sampled Red List Index
Statistics Netherlands IUCN Sampled Red
List Index; Living Planet Index
Sumatran Tiger Project Habitat use of
tigers in altered landscapes and
monitoring of cryptic mammals
Swedish Museum of Natural History
Sexual selection and the hihi
Tanzania National Parks Long-term
demography of the Serengeti cheetah
population; National Conservation Action
Plan for Tanzanian mammals; A national
plan for carnivore conservation in
Tanzania
Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute Longterm demography of the Serengeti
cheetah population; National
Conservation Action Plan for Tanzanian
mammals; A national plan for carnivore
conservation in Tanzania
Tarangire Elephant Project (Tanzania) A
national plan for carnivore conservation
in Tanzania
Thompson Rivers University (Canada)
Dispersal, population genetics and
disease survey of endangered
rattlesnakes
Tiger Tops Habitat use of tigers in altered
landscapes and monitoring of cryptic
mammals
Tsaobis Leopard Nature Park (Namibia)
Coordination of social foragers in patchy
environments; Optimisation and social
constraints in group-living vertebrates;
MHC, parasite loads, and mate choice in
desert baboons; Functional response
mechanisms in social foragers
UNESCO ‘Conservation in Crisis’
Programme Monitoring and training
unit for the World Heritage Sites of
Democratic Republic of Congo
Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (Spain)
Enhancement of sperm cell survival by
epididymal and oviduct epithelial cells
Universidad Complutense de Madrid
(Spain) Ecology and evolution of
introduced avian malaria
Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (Spain)
Wildlife immunogenetics
Universidad Nacional de Colombia Jaguar
density, prey availability and hunting
pressure in the Colombian Amazon
Universities Federation for Animal Welfare
(UFAW) Garden Bird Health Initiative;
Cetacean strandings investigation
University of Aberdeen CET-LIFE, Cetacean
life history, ecology and movements in
European Atlantic waters; Evolutionary
dynamics of major histocompatibility
genes in Arctic charr
University of Birmingham Global
biodiversity hotspots; Sexual selection
and the hihi; Extinction, island
biogeography and community structure
in island birds; Ecology and evolution of
introduced avian malaria
University of Bristol Evolution of
echolocation in bats;
Chemosynthetically-driven ecosystems
south of the Polar Front
University of California (USA) DNA
damage and cancer: a biomolecular
approach to understanding urogenital
carcinoma in California sea lions;
Ecology and evolution of introduced
avian malaria
University of Cambridge MHC, parasite
loads, and mate choice in desert
baboons; Functional response
mechanisms in social foragers
(baboons); Optimisation and social
constraints in group-living vertebrates;
Wildlife immunogenetics: understanding
neutral and functional genetic influences
on pathogen resistance; Susceptibilities
of species to human disturbances; Longterm research on the Gulf of Guinea
islands; The Frozen Ark project;
Assessing the effectiveness of parks in
maintaining biodiversity; Towards a
deeper understanding of extinction;
Sexual selection in hihi
University of Canterbury (New Zealand)
The Hope River Forest Fragmentation
Project
University of Cendrawasih (Indonesia)
EDGE of Existence: echidna programme
University of Columbia (USA) Effects of
climate change and globalisation on
disease emergence
University of Copenhagen (Denmark)
Chytridiomycosis in Kenya
University of Cork (Ireland) Cetacean
strandings investigation
Umengo (Mongolia) Regional Red Listing
UNEP World Conservation Monitoring
Centre Assessing the effectiveness of
parks in maintaining biodiversity;
IUCN Sampled Red List Index; Living
Planet Index
collaborations 29
University of East Anglia Management of
bumblebee habitat in agricultural
landscapes; Relatedness and
information in reproductive conflicts in
social groups; Multiple mating in topi
antelopes; Garden Bird Health Initiative;
Pigs, palms, people and tigers:
integrating conservation and commerce
in Sumatra
University of Edinburgh Implications of
dog-wildlife coexistence for
conservation and public health; Impact
of vulture declines on public and
animal health
in India
University of Florida (USA) Habitat use of
tigers in altered landscapes and
monitoring of cryptic mammals
University of Girona (Spain)
Enhancement of sperm cell survival by
epididymal and oviduct epithelial cells
University of Guayaquil (Ecuador)
Building capacity and determining
disease threats to Galapagos taxa; West
Nile virus emergence in Galapagos;
Genetics, parasitology and ecology of
mosquito spp.: impacts of disease
vectors on biodiversity on Galapagos
University of Guelph (Canada)
Comparative demography of elephants
in European zoos and range states
University of Kent Spatial organisation
and disease transmission in blackbacked jackal; Emergence of
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in the
Mallorcan midwife toad
University of Kwa-Zulu Natal (South
Africa) MHC, parasite loads, and mate
choice in desert baboons
University of Las Palmas (Spain)
Cetacean strandings investigation
University of Leeds Ecology, adaptation
and evolution in invasive ants; West
Nile virus emergence in Galapagos;
Genetics, parasitology and ecology of
mosquito spp.: impacts of disease
vectors on biodiversity in Galapagos
University of Leicester Population
genetics and phylogeography of the
European bitterling
University of Liverpool Garden Bird
Health Initiative; Cetacean strandings
investigation; Effects of climate change
and globalisation on disease
emergence; Phenotypic and
transcriptomic responses to
microparasite and macroparasite
co-infection in zebrafish; Stochasticity
in macroparasite community
population dynamics; The UK house
sparrow population decline
University of London, University College
Coordination of social foragers in
patchy environments; Jaguar, ocelot
and mammal prey conservation in
Amazonia; Investigating key
determinants of human-large carnivore
conflict in Tanzania; Social and
ecological dynamics of the bushmeat
trade: commodity chains and
sustainability; Development of a
monitoring and training unit for the
World Heritage Sites of Democratic
Republic of Congo; Matrix effects on
the metapopulation dynamics of the
black-and-white colobus monkey in the
coastal forests of Kenya; Human
impacts on carnivore biodiversity in
Tanzania; Effects of climate change and
globalisation on disease emergence.
University of London, Imperial College
Effects of private ecotourism operations
on a subsistence fishing community;
Economics of wild meat consumption;
Energetic constraints on animal
ecology; Habitat requirements of
Sumatran mammals in human-altered
landscapes; Global biodiversity
hotspots; Macroecology and
macroevolution of mammals;
30
Susceptibilities of species to human
disturbances; Determinants of
pathogen distribution and prevalence in
a multi-host and island system; Sexual
selection and extinction in birds;
Evaluating dependence on wild foods
among the rural poor in Central Africa;
Spatial patterns of hunting and
sustainability in Rio Muni; Disease
susceptibility of three amphibian
species; Wildlife management
indicators for timber certification in
West African forests; Emergence of
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in the
Mallorcan midwife toad; Ecological
and genetic determinants of
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
emergence in European amphibian
populations; Ecology of henipavirus
in Bangladesh
University of London, Queen Mary and
Westfield College Population and
immunocompetent genetic variation:
a field-based study; Conservation and
molecular ecology of Round Island
petrels; Molecular and adaptive genetic
variation of ranavirus in the UK;
Epidemiology of poxvirus in squirrels
University of Makerere (Uganda) Living
Planet Index
University of Malaya (Malaysia)
Anthropogenic change and emerging
zoonotic paramyxovirus
University of Marburg (Germany) IUCN
Sampled Red List Index
University of Montpellier (France) MHC,
parasite loads and mate choice in
desert baboons
University of Murcia (Spain)
Enhancement of sperm cell survival by
epididymal and oviduct epithelial cells
University of Natal (South Africa)
Dynamics of species extinctions
University of New Mexico (USA) Energetic
constraints on animal ecology
University of Newcastle
Chemosynthetically-driven ecosystems
south of the Polar Front; Epidemiology
of poxviruses in squirrels
University of Nottingham The Frozen Ark
project
University of Oxford Habitat use of tigers
in altered landscapes and monitoring of
cryptic mammals; Camera trapping as a
census tool; IUCN Sampled Red List
Index
University of Padova (Italy) IoZ hormone
assay service; Reproductive and density
assessment of wild red deer in relation
to landscape
University of Peradeniya (Sri Lanka)
Health and reproduction in elephant
populations in Asia
University of Queensland (Australia)
Semen freezing in macropods
University of Reading Patterns of genetic
variability during population decline in
Iberian Atlantic salmon
University of San Diego (USA) Energetic
constraints on animal ecology
University of Saskatchewan (Canada)
Cetacean strandings investigation;
Effects of climate change and
globalisation on disease emergence
University of Sheffield A postgenomic
approach to the role of odour and
gustatory receptors in Drosophila
speciation; Enhancement of sperm cell
survival by epididymal and oviduct
epithelial cells; Global biodiversity
hotspots
University of Southampton
Chemosynthetically-driven ecosystems
south of the Polar Front
University of St Andrews A postgenomic
approach to the role of odour and
gustatory receptors in Drosophila
speciation; Patterns of genetic
variability during population decline in
Iberian Atlantic salmon; IUCN Sampled
Red List Index; Living Planet Index
University of Stirling Comparative
demography of elephants in European
zoos and range states
University of Sussex Communication
networks in African elephants
University of Swansea Patterns of genetic
variability during population decline in
Iberian Atlantic salmon
University of Victoria (Canada)
Determinants of pathogen distribution
and prevalence in a multihost and
island system
University of Virginia (USA) Energetic
constraints on animal ecology; Ecology
and evolution of infectious diseases in
mammalian mating and social systems;
Effects of spatial scale on population
abundance and dynamics
University of Washington (USA) Longterm demography of the Serengeti
cheetah population
University of Wisconsin (USA) Effects of
climate change and globalisation on
disease emergence
University of Zurich (Switzerland)
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
emergence in European amphibian
populations
US Geological Survey IUCN Sampled Red
List Index
Utrecht University (The Netherlands)
Health and reproduction in elephant
populations in Asia
Veterinary Laboratories Agency Cetacean
strandings investigation; Health
surveillance for species recovery
programmes
Veterinary Services Division,
Commonwealth of Dominica
(Dominica) Chytridiomycosis
emergence in Dominica
Waikato Institute of Technology (New
Zealand) The Hope River Forest
Fragmentation Project
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute
Phenotypic and transcriptomic
responses to microparasite and
macroparasite co-infection in zebrafish
Wild Camel Protection Foundation EDGE of
Existence: Bactrian camel programme
Wildlife Conservation Society (USA)
Long-term demography of the
Serengeti cheetah population; National
Conservation Action Plan for Tanzanian
mammals; Investigating human–large
carnivore conflict in Tanzania; Human
impacts on carnivore biodiversity in
Tanzania; Jaguar, ocelot and mammal
prey conservation in Amazonia; Wildlife
Picture Index; Regional Red Listing;
Kaplan Awards Program
Wildlife Institute of India Monitoring
tigers, large mammals and
human–wildlife conflict in India
Wildlife Veterinary Investigation Centre
Garden Bird Health Initiative
Working Dogs for Conservation (USA)
Long-term demography of the
Serengeti cheetah population
World Wildlife Fund Development and
implementation of the Living Planet
Index; IUCN Sampled Red List Index
Wurzburg University (Germany) Evolution
of nest-drifting by workers of the
tropical paper wasp
‘Zirichiltaggi’, Sardinian Wildlife
Conservation (Italy) Is disease an
undetected extinction threat to the
endangered Sardinian newt?
Professional affiliations
Animal Health Information Specialists
(UK and Ireland)
Ann Sylph (Member)
Bat Conservation Trust, UK
Kate Jones (Trustee)
Biodiversity Indicators Partnership
Jonathan Baillie (Member)
British Andrology Society
William Holt (Chairman)
British Veterinary Zoological Society
Becki Lawson (Council Member)
staff
Representation
Bushmeat Working Group
Guy Cowlishaw (Member);
Marcus Rowcliffe (Member)
Centre for Ecology and Evolution
Tim Blackburn (Member, Steering
Committee); Kate Jones (Member,
Steering Committee)
Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology
Tim Blackburn (International Science
Advisor)
Cetacean and Marine Turtle Biodiversity
Action Plan Steering Group
Paul Jepson (Member)
Charity Archivists and Records
Managers Group
Michael Palmer (Member)
Conservation International
Jonathan Baillie (Member, Steering
Committee on Conservation Outcomes)
Consortium for Conservation Medicine,
USA
Andrew Cunningham (Associate);
Kate Jones (Associate)
Department for Environment, Food and
Rural Affairs
Andrew Cunningham (Member, Advisory
Group on Quality Assurance, Veterinary
Surveillance Strategy; Member, TB
Advisory Group; Reviewer, Statutory and
Exotic Disease Research Programme)
Frozen Ark
William Holt (Member, Steering Group)
International Advisory Group for
the Northern Bald Ibis
Andrew Cunningham (Committee
Member)
International Council for Exploration
of the Sea
Paul Jepson (Member, Ad-hoc Advisory
Group on the Impact of Sonar on
Cetaceans)
International Embryo Transfer Society
William Holt (Co-chair, CANDES
Regulatory Committee)
International Foundation for Science
Marcus Rowcliffe (Member, Scientific
Advisory Committee)
International Union for the Study
of Social Insects
Seirian Sumner (Member, Secretary for
British Section)
IUCN SSC
Gerardo Acosta-Jamett (Member, Deer
and Cat Specialist Groups; Member,
Veterinary Specialist Group);
Jonathan Baillie (Coordinator, IUCN
Sampled Red List Index; Co-chair, IUCN
Red List Working Group; Member,
Biodiversity Assessments Sub-Committee;
Editorial positions
Member, Regional Red List Working
Group); Peter Bennett (Member,
Conservation Breeding Specialist Group);
Jakob Bro-Jørgensen (Member, Antelope
Specialist Group); Ben Collen (Member,
Red List Index Working Group; Member,
Users Working Group; Member,
Classification Schemes Working Group);
Andrew Cunningham (Member,
Veterinary Specialist Group; Member,
Conservation Breeding Specialist Group);
Sarah Durant (Member, Cat Specialist
Group); John Ewen (Member,
Reintroduction Specialist Group);
Dada Gottelli (Member, Canid Specialist
Group); Kate Jones (Member, Chiroptera
Specialist Group; Member, Biodiversity
Assessments Sub-Committee; Advisor,
Historical Extinctions Advisory Panel);
Alex Rogers (Member, Marine
Invertebrate Red List Authority; Advisor,
Marine Programme on High Seas
Biodiversity); Anthony Sainsbury
(Member, Veterinary Specialist Group);
Sam Turvey (Member, Biodiversity
Assessments Sub-Committee)
Leverhulme Trust
Guy Cowlishaw (Member, Advisory
Board for the Philip Leverhulme
Prizes in Zoology)
Linnean Society
Alex Rogers (Fellow)
Marine Mammal Society
Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse (Member)
Mexican Society of Marine Mastozoology
Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse (Member,
International Advisor, Veterinary
Specialist Group)
National Science and Engineering
Research Council, Canada
William Jordan (Member, College of
Reviewers for the Canada Research Chairs)
Natural Environment Research Council
Peter Bennett (Member, Peer Review
College); William Jordan (Member, Peer
Review College); Alex Rogers (Member,
Peer Review College)
Nature Conservation Trust,
South Africa
Sarah Durant (Trustee)
Royal Society
William Holt (Member, International
Fellowships Award Panel)
SCOR Panel on New Technologies for
Observing Marine Life
Alex Rogers (Vice Chair)
Animal Conservation
Tim Blackburn (Member, Editorial Board);
Christopher Carbone (Member, Editorial
Board); Guy Cowlishaw (Editor);
Nick Isaac (Member, Editorial Board),
Trent Garner (Editor)
Animal Reproduction Science
William Holt (Member, Editorial Board)
Biological Reviews
Guy Cowlishaw (Member, Editorial
Board)
Conservation Science and Practice
book series
Alex Rogers (Series Editor)
Cryobiology
William Holt (Member, Editorial Board)
Diseases of Aquatic Organisms
Andrew Cunningham (Member, Editorial
Board; Review Editor
EcoHealth
Andrew Cunningham (Member, Editorial
Board; Review Editor)
Endangered Species Research
Andrew Cunningham (Editor);
Marcus Rowcliffe (Editor)
Evolutionary Ecology Research
Tim Blackburn (Editor)
Global Ecology and Biogeography
Tim Blackburn (Editor);
Kate Jones (Associate Editor)
Insect Conservation and Diversity
Robert Ewers (Editor)
Journal of Animal Ecology
Peter Bennett (Associate Editor)
Journal of Zoology
Peter Bennett (Member, Editorial Board);
Trent Garner (Member, Editorial Board)
PLoS ONE
Peter Bennett (Academic Editor)
Proceedings of the Royal Society
B: Biological Sciences
Guy Cowlishaw (Member, Editorial Board)
Reproduction
William Holt (Member, Editorial Board)
Zoological Journal of the
Linnean Society
Alex Rogers (Sub-Editor)
Sheep Trust
William Holt (Trustee)
Student Conference on Conservation
Science
Guy Cowlishaw (Member, Conference
Advisory Committee)
WildlifeDirect
Jonathan Baillie (Scientific Advisor)
World Organisation for Animal Health,
Office International des Epizooties
Andrew Cunningham (Member, Ad hoc
Group on Amphibian Diseases)
Zebra Foundation for Veterinary
Zoological Education
Becki Lawson (Council Member)
collaborations / staff representation 31
Acevedo-Whitehouse, K. and Cunningham,
A.A. (2006) Is MHC enough for understanding
wildlife immunogenetics? Trends in Ecology
and Evolution 21: 433-438.
Akçakaya, H.R., Butchart, S.H.M., Mace, G.M.,
Stuart, S.N. and Hilton-Taylor, C. (2006) Use
and misuse of the IUCN Red List Criteria in
projecting climate change impacts on
biodiversity. Global Change Biology 12: 20372043.
Anderson, J., Rowcliffe, J.M. and Cowlishaw,
G. (2007) Does the matrix matter? A forest
primate in a complex agricultural landscape.
Biological Conservation 135: 212-222.
publications
Anderson, J., Rowcliffe, J.M. and Cowlishaw,
G. (2007) The Angola black-and-white colobus
(Colobus angolensis palliatus) in Kenya:
historical range contraction and current
conservation status. American Journal of
Primatology 69: 664-680.
Bennett, E.L., Blencowe, E., Brandon, K.,
Brown, D., Burn, R.W., Cowlishaw, G., Davies,
G., Dublin, H., Fa, J.E., Milner-Gulland, E.J.,
Robinson, J.G., Rowcliffe, J.M., Underwood, F.M.
and Wilkie, D.S. (2006) Hunting for consensus:
reconciling bushmeat harvest, conservation
and development policy in west and central
Africa. Conservation Biology 21: 884-887.
Bhadury, P., Austen, M.C., Bilton, D.T.,
Lambshead, P.J.D., Rogers, A.D. and Smerdon,
G.R. (2006) Molecular detection of marine
nematodes from environmental samples:
overcoming eukaryotic interference. Aquatic
Microbial Ecology 44: 97-103.
Bhadury, P., Austen, M.C., Bilton, D.T.,
Lambshead, P.J.D., Rogers, A.D. and Smerdon,
G.R. (2006) Development and evaluation of a
DNA-barcoding approach for the rapid
identification of marine nematodes. Marine
Ecology – Progress Series 320: 1-9.
Bhadury, P., Austen, M.C., Bilton, D.T.,
Lambshead, P.J.D., Rogers, A.D. and Smerdon,
G.R. (2007) Exploitation of archived marine
nematodes – a hot lysis DNA extraction
protocol for molecular studies. Zoologica
Scripta 36(1): 93-98.
Bielby, J., Mace, G.M., Bininda-Emonds, O.R.P.,
Cardillo, M., Gittleman, J.L., Jones, K.E., Orme,
C.D.L. and Purvis, A. (2007) The fast-slow
continuum in mammalian life history: an
empirical reevaluation. American Naturalist
169: 748-757.
Bininda-Emonds, O.R.P., Beck, R.M.D., Cardillo,
M., Gittleman, J.L., Grenyer, R., Jones, K.E.,
Mace, G.M., Price, S.A. and Purvis, A. (2006)
The Tree of Life: deciphering the puzzle of
relationships between mammals using
supertrees. In The Encyclopedia of Mammals:
32-33. Macdonald, D. (Ed.). Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
Bininda-Emonds, O.R.P., Cardillo, M., Jones,
K.E., MacPhee, R.D.E., Beck, R.M.D., Grenyer,
R., Price, S.A., Vos, R.A., Gittleman, J.L. and
Purvis, A. (2007) The delayed rise of presentday mammals. Nature 446: 507-512.
Boakes, E.H., Wang, J. and Amos, W. (2007)
An investigation of inbreeding depression and
purging in captive pedigreed populations.
Heredity 98(3): 172-182.
Bridle, J.R. and Vines, T.H. (2007) Limits to
evolution at range margins: when and why
does adaptation fail?Trends in Ecology and
Evolution 22(3): 140-147.
Bridle, J.R., Saldamando, C.I., Koning, W. and
Butlin, R.K. (2006) Assortative preferences and
discrimination by females against hybrid male
song in the grasshoppers Chorthippus
brunneus and Chorthippus jacobsi (Orthoptera:
Acrididae). Journal of Evolutionary Biology
19(4): 1248-1256.
Bro-Jørgensen, J. (2007) The intensity of sexual
selection predicts weapon size in male bovids.
Evolution 61: 1316-1326.
Bro-Jørgensen, J., Johnstone, R.A. and Evans,
M.R. (2007) Uninformative exaggeration of
male sexual ornaments in barn swallows.
Current Biology 17: 850-855.
Bull, J.C., Pickup, N.J., Pickett, B., Hassell, M.P.
and Bonsall, M.B. (2007) Metapopulation
extinction risk is increased by environmental
stochasticity and assemblage complexity.
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London
Series B 274: 87-96.
Butchart, S.H.M., Akçakaya, H.R., Chanson, J.,
Baillie, J.E.M., Collen, B., Quader, S., Turner, W.
R., Amin, R., Stuart, S.N. and Hilton-Taylor, C.
(2007) Improvements to the Red List Index.
PLoS ONE 2(1): e140.
32 publications
Carbone, C., Teacher, A. and Rowcliffe, J.M.
(2007) The costs of carnivory. PLoS Biology
5(2): e22.
Cassey, P., Ewen, J.G., Karadas, F. and Hauber,
M.E. (2006) Repeatability of laboratory
measurements for maternally derived yolk
carotenoid concentrations in bird eggs.
Australian Journal of Zoology 54(6): 381-384.
Clarke, A., Johnston, N.M., Murphy, E.J. and
Rogers, A.D. (2007) Introduction. Antarctic
ecology from genes to ecosystems: the impact
of climate change and the importance of scale.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
of London Series B 362: 5-9.
Cooper, A.B., Pettorelli, N. and Durant, S.M.
(2007) Large carnivore menus: factors affecting
hunting decisions by cheetahs in the Serengeti.
Animal Behaviour 73: 651-659.
Cox, T.M., Ragen, T.J., Read, A.J., Vos, E., Baird,
R.W., Balcomb, K., Barlow, J., Caldwell, J.,
Cranford, T., Crum, L., D’Amico, A., D’Spain, G.,
Fernández, A., Finneran, J., Gentry, R., Gerth,
W., Gulland, F., Hildebrand, J., Houser, D.,
Hullar, T., Jepson, P.D., Ketten, D., MacLeod,
C.D., Miller, P., Moore, S., Mountain, D., Palka,
D., Ponganis, P., Rommel, S., Rowles, T., Taylor,
B., Tyack, P., Wartzok, D., Gisiner, R., Mead, J.
and Benner, L. (2006) Understanding the
impacts of anthropogenic sound on beaked
whales. Journal of Cetacean Research and
Management 7: 177-187.
Cruz-Neto, A.P. and Jones, K.E. (2006)
Exploring the evolution of the basal metabolic
rates of bats. In Functional and Evolutionary
Ecology of Bats: 56-89. Zubaid, A., McCracken,
G.F. and Kunz, T.H. (Eds). New York: Oxford
University Press.
Cuthbert, R., Green, R.E., Ranade, S.,
Saravanan, S., Pain, D.J., Prakash, V. and
Cunningham, A.A. (2006) Rapid population
declines of Egyptian vulture (Neophron
percnopterus) and red-headed vulture
(Sarcogyps calvus) in India. Animal
Conservation 9: 349-354.
Davies, R.G., Orme, C.D.L., Olson, V., Thomas,
G.H., Ross, S.G., Ding, T-S., Rasmussen, P.C.,
Stattersfield, A.J., Bennett, P.M., Blackburn,
T.M., Owens, I.P.F. and Gaston, K.J. (2006)
Human impacts and the global distribution of
extinction risk. Proceedings of the Royal
Society of London Series B 273: 2127-2133.
Davies, R.G., Orme, C.D.L., Storch, D., Olson,
V.A., Thomas, G.H., Ross, S.G., Ding, T-S.,
Rasmussen, P.C., Bennett, P.M., Blackburn, T.M.,
Owens, I.P.F. and Gaston, K.J. (2007) Topography,
energy and the global distribution of bird
species richness. Proceedings of the Royal
Society of London Series B 274: 1189-1197.
Davies, R.G., Orme, C.D.L., Webster, A.J.,
Jones, K.E., Blackburn, T.M. and Gaston, K.J.
(2007) Environmental predictors of global
parrot (Aves: Psittaciformes) species richness
and phylogenetic diversity. Global Ecology and
Biogeography 16: 220-233.
De Eyto, E., McGinnity, P., Consuegra, S.,
Coughlan, J., Tufto, J., Farrell, K., Megens, H.-J.,
Jordan, W.C., Cross, T. and Stet, R.J.M. (2007)
Natural selection acts on Atlantic salmon major
histocompatibility (MH) variability in the wild.
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London
Series B 274: 861-869.
Dzyuba, B., Van Look, K.J.W., Cliffe, A.,
Koldeway, H.J. and Holt, W.V. (2006) Effect of
parental age and associated size on fecundity,
growth and survival in the yellow seahorse
Hippocampus kuda. Journal of Experimental
Biology 209: 3055-3061.
Elofsson, H., Van Look, K.J.W., Sundell, K.,
Sundh, H. and Borg, B. (2006) Stickleback
sperm saved by salt in ovarian fluid. Journal of
Experimental Biology 209(21): 4230-4237.
Ewen, J.G., Flux, I. and Ericson, P.G.P. (2006)
Systematic affinities of two enigmatic New
Zealand passerines of high conservation
priority, the hihi or stitchbird Notiomystis
cincta and the kokako Callaeas cinerea.
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40(1):
281-284.
Ewen, J.G., Thorogood, R., Nicol, C.,
Armstrong, D.P. and Alley, M. (2007)
Salmonella typhimurium in hihi, New Zealand.
Emerging Infectious Diseases 13(5): 788-790.
Ewers, R.M. (2007) Deforesting the Earth: From
Prehistory to Global Crisis. An Abridgement
(Book Review). Environmental Conservation
34: 83-84.
Ewers, R.M., Kliskey, A., Walker, S., Rutledge,
D., Harding, J.S. and Didham, R.K. (2006) Past
and future trajectories of forest loss in New
Zealand. Biological Conservation 133: 312-325.
Ewers, R. M. and Laurance, W.F. (2006) Scaledependent patterns of deforestation in the
Brazilian Amazon. Environmental Conservation
33: 203-211.
Ewers, R.M. and Rodrigues, A.S.L. (2006)
Letter – Speaking different languages on
biodiversity. Nature 443: 506.
Ewers, R.M. and Smith, R.J. (2007) Choice of
index determines the relationship between
corruption and environmental sustainability.
Ecology and Society 12: r2.
Ewers, R.M., Thorpe, S. and Didham, R.K.
(2007) Synergistic interactions between edge
and area effects in a heavily fragmented
landscape. Ecology 88: 96-106.
Feltrer, Y., Draper, E.R.C., Perkins, M. and
Cunningham, A.A. (2006) Skeletal deformities
and mortality in grey herons (Ardea cinerea) at
Besthorpe heronry, Nottinghamshire.
Veterinary Record 159: 514-521.
Ficetola, G.F., Garner, T.W.J. and De Bernardi, F.
(2007) Genetic diversity, but not hatching
success, is jointly affected by postglacial
colonization and isolation in the threatened frog,
Rana latastei. Molecular Ecology 16: 1787-1797.
Fisher, M.C. and Garner, T.W.J. (2007) The
relationship between the introduction of
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, the
international trade in amphibians and
introduced amphibian species. Fungal Biology
Reviews 21: 2-9.
Fraser, K.P.P. and Rogers, A.D. (2007) Protein
metabolism in marine animals: the underlying
mechanism of growth. Advances in Marine
Biology 52: 267-362.
Garcia de Leaniz, C., Fleming, I.A., Einum, S.,
Verspoor, E., Jordan, W.C., Consuegra, S.,
Aubin-Horth, N., Lajus, D., Letcher, B.H.,
Youngson, A.F., Webb, J.H., Vøllestad, L.A.,
Villanueva, B., Ferguson, A. and Quinn, T.P.
(2007) A critical review of adaptive genetic
variation in Atlantic salmon: implications for
conservation. Biological Reviews 82: 173-211.
Garner, T.W.J., Perkins, M., Govindarajulu, P.,
Seglie, D., Walker, S.J., Cunningham, A.A. and
Fisher, M.C. (2006) The emerging amphibian
pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
globally infects introduced populations of the
North American bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana.
Biology Letters 2: 455-459.
Gottelli, D., Jinliang, W., Bashir, S. and Durant,
S.M. (2007) Genetic analysis reveals
promiscuity among female cheetahs.
Proceedings of the Royal Society B DOI
10.1098/rspb.2007.0502
Green, R.E., Taggart, M.A., Das, D., Pain, D.J.,
Kumar, C.S., Cunningham, A.A. and Cuthbert, R.
(2006) Collapse of Asian vulture populations:
risk of mortality from residues of the veterinary
drug diclofenac in carcasses of treated cattle.
Journal of Applied Ecology 43: 949-956.
Grenyer, R., Orme, C.D.L., Jackson, S.F., Thomas,
G.H., Davies, R.G., Davies, T.J., Jones, K.E.,
Olson, V.A., Ridgely, R.S., Rasmussen, P.C.,
Ding,T-S., Bennett, P.M., Blackburn,T.M., Gaston,
K.J., Gittleman, J.L. and Owens, I.P.F. (2006)
Global distribution and conservation of rare
and threatened vertebrates. Nature 444: 93-96.
Hoeck, P.E.A. and Garner, T.W.J. (2007) Female
alpine newts (Triturus alpestris) mate initially
with males signalling fertility benefits. Biological
Journal of the Linnean Society 91: 483-491.
Huchard, E., Cowlishaw, G., Raymond, M., Weill,
M. and Knapp, L.A.P. (2006) Molecular study
of MHC-DRB in wild chacma baboons reveals
high variability and evidence for transpecies
inheritance. Immunogenetics 58: 805-816.
Isaac, N.J.B., Turvey, S.T., Collen, B., Waterman,
C. and Baillie, J.E.M. (2007) Mammals on the
EDGE: conservation priorities based on threat
and phylogeny. PLoS ONE 2(3): e296.
Johnston, S.D., MacCallum, C., Blyde, D.,
McClean, R., Lisle, A. and Holt, W.V. (2006)
An investigation into the similarities and
differences governing the cryopreservation
success of koala (Phascolarctos cinereus:
Goldfuss) and common wombat (Vombatus
ursinus: Shaw) spermatozoa. Cryobiology 53:
218-228.
Kilpatrick, A.M., Daszak, P., Goodman, S.J., Rogg, H.,
Kramer, L.D., Cedeño, V. and Cunningham, A.A. (2006)
Predicting pathogen introduction: West Nile virus
spread to Galapagos. Conservation Biology 20: 12241231. King, A. J. and Cowlishaw, G. (2007) When to use
social information: the advantage of large group size
in individual decision-making. Biology Letters 3:
137-139.
Kirkwood, J.K. and Cunningham, A.A. (2006) Portrait of
prion diseases in zoo animals. In Prions in Humans
and Animals: 250-256. Hornlimann, B., Riesner, D. and
Kretzschmar, H. (Eds). Berlin and New York: Walter de
Gruyter.
Lawson, B., Cunningham, A., Chantry, J., Hughes, L.,
Kirkwood, J., Pennycott, T. and Simpson, V. (2006)
Epidemic finch mortality. Veterinary Record 159: 367.
Lindenfors, P., Gittleman, J.L. and Jones, K.E. (2007)
Sexual size dimorphism in mammals. In Sex, Size and
Gender Roles: Evolutionary Studies of Sexual Size
Dimorphism: 16-26. Fairbairn, D.J., Blanckenhorn, W.J.
and Szekely, T. (Eds). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Lindenfors, P., Nunn, C.L., Jones, K.E., Cunningham,
A.A., Sechrest, W. and Gittleman, J.L. (2007) Parasite
species richness in carnivores: Effects of host body
mass, latitude, geographic range and population
density. Global Ecology and Biogeography 16: 496-509.
Lloyd, R.E., Badia, E., Watson, P.F. and Holt, W.V. (2007)
Prolonging the life of ram spermatozoa in vitro using
oviductal epithelial cells. Reproduction, Fertility and
Development 19(1): 278-278.
Lopez-Vaamonde, C., Brown, R.M., Lucas, E.R.,
Pereboom, J.J.M., Jordan, W.C. and Bourke, A.F.G.
(2007) Effect of the queen on worker reproduction and
new queen production in the bumble bee Bombus
terrestri. Apidologie 38: 171-180.
Meldal, B.H.M., Debenhamb, N.J., De Ley, P., Tandingan
De Ley, I., Vanfleteren, J.R., Vierstraete, A.R., Bert, W.,
Borgonie, G., Moens, T., Tyler, P.A., Austen, M.C.,
Blaxter, M.L., Rogers, A.D. and Lambshead, P.J.D.
(2007) An improved molecular phylogeny of the
Nematoda with special emphasis on marine taxa.
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 42: 622-636.
de Merode, E. and Cowlishaw. G. (2006) Species
protection, the changing informal economy, and the
politics of access to the bushmeat trade in Democratic
Republic of Congo. Conservation Biology 20(4): 12621271.
de Merode, E., Hillman-Smith, K., Homewood, K.,
Pettifor, R.A., Rowcliffe, J.M. and Cowlishaw, G. (2007)
The impact of armed conflict on protected area
efficacy in Central Africa. Biology Letters 3: 299-301.
Oni, O., Sujit, K., Kasemsuwan, S., Sakpuaram, T. and
Pfeiffer, D.U. (2007) Seroprevalence of leptospirosis in
domesticated Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in
north and west Thailand in 2004. Veterinary Record
160(11): 368-371.
Pain, D.J., Carter, I., Sainsbury, A.W., Shore, R.F., Eden,
P., Taggart, M.A., Konstantinos, S., Walker, L.A.,
Meharg, A.A. and Raab, A. (2007) Lead contamination
and associated disease in captive and reintroduced red
kites Milvus milvus in England. Science of the Total
Environment 376: 116-127.
Phalan, B., Rodrigues, A.S.L., Balmford, A., Green, R.E.
and Ewers, R.M. (2007) Comment on ‘Resourceconserving agriculture increases yields in developing
countries’. Environmental Science and Technology
41(3): 1054-1055.
Sandbrook, C. and Semple, S. (2006) The rules and the
reality of mountain gorilla Gorilla beringei beringei
tracking: how close do tourists get? Oryx 40(4): 428-433.
Santos, E.M., Paull, G.C., Van Look, K.J.W., Workman,
V.L., Holt, W.V., van Aerle, R., Kille, P. and Tyler, C.R.
(2007) Gonadal transcriptome responses and
physiological consequences of exposure to oestrogen
in breeding zebrafish (Danio rerio). Aquatic Toxicology
83: 134-142.
PhD Theses
Santos, E.M., Workman, V.L., Paull, G.C., Filby, A.L., Van
Look, K.J.W., Kille, P. and Tyler, C.R. (2007) Molecular
basis of sex and reproductive status in breeding
zebrafish. Physiological Genomics 30: 111-122.
Mar, K. (2007) The demography and life history
strategies of timber elephants in Myanmar. University
College London, UK.
Satake, N., Alhaider, A.K., Holt, W.V. and Watson, P.F.
(2007) Exposure of spermatozoa to solubilized extracts
of the oviductal epithelium apical plasma membrane
enhances fertilization in porcine in vitro fertilization.
Reproduction, Fertility and Development 19(1): 272-272.
Satake, N., Elliott, R., Watson, P.F. and Holt, W.V. (2006)
Oviductal membrane proteins modulate bicarbonateinduced boar sperm activation response by inhibition
of sodium-dependent bicarbonate transport. Human
Fertility 9(2): 108.
Sostaric, E., Georgiou, A.S., Wong, C.H., Watson, P.F.,
Holt, W.V. and Fazeli, A. (2006) Global profiling of
surface plasma membrane proteome of oviductal
epithelial cells. Journal of Proteome Research 5: 30293037.
Spence, R., Jordan, W.C. and Smith, C. (2006) Genetic
analysis of male reproductive success in relation to
density in the zebrafish, Danio rerio. Frontiers in
Zoology 3: 5.
Storch, D., Davies, R.G., Zajícek, S., Orme, C.D.L.,
Olson, V.A., Thomas, G.H., Ding, T-S., Rasmussen, P.C.,
Ridgely, R.S., Bennett, P.M., Blackburn, T.M., Owens,
I.P.F. and Gaston, K.J. (2006) Energy, range dynamics
and global species richness patterns: Reconciling
mid-domain effects and environmental determinants
of avian diversity. Ecology Letters 9: 1308-1320.
Sumner, S. (2006) Determining the molecular basis of
sociality in insects: progress, prospects and potential
in sociogenomics. Annales Zoologici Fennici 43(5-6):
423-442.
Sumner, S., Lucas, E., Barker, J. and Isaac, N.J.B. (2007)
Radio-tagging technology reveals extreme nest drifting
in a eusocial insect. Current Biology 17: 140-145.
Sunak, N., Green, D.F., Abeydeera, L.R., Thurston, L.M.
and Michael, A.E. (2007) Implication of cortisol and
11b-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzymes in the
development of porcine (Sus scrofa domestica)
ovarian follicles and cysts. Reproduction 133: 1149-1158.
Taggart, M.A., Cuthbert, R., Das, D., Sashikumar, C.,
Pain, D.J., Green, R.E., Feltrer, Y., Shultz, S.,
Cunningham, A.A. and Meharg, A.A. (2007) Diclofenac
disposition in Indian cow and goat with reference to
Gyps vulture population declines. Environmental
Pollution 147: 60-65.
Turvey, S.T. (2007) Asaphoid trilobites from the ArenigLlanvirn of the south China plate. Palaeontology 50(2):
347-399.
Turvey, S.T., Oliver, J.R., Narganes Storde, Y.M. and
Rye, P. (2007) Late Holocene extinction of Puerto Rican
native land mammals. Biology Letters 3: 193-196.
Turvey, S.T. and Siveter, D.J. (2007) Assignment of the
South Chinese Ordovician trilobite Calymene paronai
to Neseuretus. Alcheringa 31: 173-183.
Pickard, A.R. and Holt, W.V. (2007) Contraception in
wildlife. Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive
Health Care 33(1): 48-52.
Van Look, K.J.W., Dzyuba, B., Cliffe, A., Koldeway, H.J.
and Holt, W.V. (2007) Dimorphic sperm and the
unlikely route to fertilisation in the yellow seahorse.
Journal of Experimental Biology 210: 432-437.
Prathalingam, N.S., Watson, P.F., Revell, S.G., Busby, J.
and Holt, W.V. (2007) The response of bovine
spermatozoa to bicarbonate and its use to assess the
influence of added oviductal epithelial proteins on
cryopreservation. Journal of Andrology 28: 407-415.
Van Look, K.J.W., Paull, G.C., Santos, E.M., Tyler, C.R.
and Holt, W.V. (2006) Testicular asymmetry in zebrafish.
Human Fertility 9(2): 107.
Racey, P.A., Barratt, E.M., Burland, T.M., Deaville, R.,
Gottelli, D., Jones, G. and Piertney, S.B. (2007)
Microsatellite DNA polymorphism confirms reproductive
isolation and reveals differences in population genetic
structure of cryptic pipistrelle bat species. Biological
Journal of the Linnean Society 90: 539-550.
Rands, S.A., Pettifor, R.A., Rowcliffe, J.M. and
Cowlishaw, G. (2006) Social foraging and dominance
relationships: the effects of socially mediated
interference. Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology
60(4): 572-581.
Rogers, A.D. (2006) New molecular approaches to
biodiversity assessment in species rich environments.
Prospects for international collaboration in marine
environmental research to enhance understanding of
the deep-sea environment. Proceedings of the
International Seabed Authority's Workshop. Kingston,
Jamaica, 2002.
Sanchez-Thorin, A. C., Laurance, W.F., Perdomo, C. and
Ewers, R.M. (2006) Physical damage to artificial
seedlings in relation to distance from tropical forest
edges. Ecotropica 12: 161-166.
Wang, J.L. (2006) Informativeness of genetic markers
for pairwise relationship and relatedness inference.
Theoretical Population Biology 70(3): 300-321.
Charman, T. (2006) Conservation ecology and genetics
of the great yellow bumblebee (Bombus
distinguendus). University of Cambridge, UK.
Ciborowski, K. (2007) Patterns of genetic variability
during the decline of Iberian Atlantic salmon
populations. University of Reading, UK.
Rees, S. (2006) Conservation genetics and ecology of
the endangered black bog ant, Formica picea.
University of Wales, Cardiff, UK.
Sandbrook, C. (2007) Tourism, conservation and
livelihoods: the impacts of gorilla tracking at Bwindi
Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. University
College London, UK.
MSc Theses – Wild Animal Biology
Awarded by University of London, UK
Beber, R. (2006) Population density estimation from
camera trapping.
Black, A. (2006) Behavioural and nutritional exploration
of a giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata) showing
signs of marked weight loss and poor body condition.
Booth, C. (2006) Effects of marine contaminants on the
DNA of cetaceans.
Gouveia, A. (2006) Factors affecting population
dynamics in captive Partula snails.
Kempson, A. (2006) An investigation into the spatial
distribution patterns of Batrachochytrium
dendrobatidis on a coastal Canadian island.
Lavers, A. (2006) The role of density dependence in the
effect of parasitism on the health and fecundity of the
UK harbour porpoise Phocoena phocoena.
Petetti, L. (2006) Genetic heterozygosity and
hookworm (Uncinaria spp.) resistance in New Zealand
sea lion (Phocarctos hookeri) pups.
Pini, E. (2006) Chytridiomycosis in the Caribbean:
informing risk assessments and mitigating actions.
Snow, C. (2006) Non-invasive faecal steroid analysis to
investigate the reproductive activity in the fishing cat,
Prionailurus viverrinus.
de Stefano, M. L. (2006) How heavily has Batrachochytrium
dendrobatidis penetrated UK amphibians.
Wallwork, A. (2006) Effect of distance and speed of
chase prior to chemical immobilisation on serum
creatine kinase and myoglobin in free-ranging black
rhinoceroses (Diceros bicornis) in Zimbabwe.
Wardley, T. (2006) Welfare of the pool frog following
reintroduction.
Wong, W-M. (2006) The distribution of chytridiomycosis
in Canada.
MSc Theses – Wild Animal Health
Awarded by University of London, UK
McMeekin, R.M. (2006) Haematology and biochemistry
in a wild population of desert baboons (Papio ursinus).
Middleton, V. (2006) A retrospective study of cardiac
pathology in captive wild cats.
Rice, C. (2006) The prevalence and intensity of infection
with the respiratory parasites Linguatula serrata and
Pneumonyssus (Pneumonyssoides) caninum in red
foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in Great Britain.
Rosetyadewi, A. (2006) Patterns of chytrid infection in
native Swiss amphibians: variation among sites,
species and life history stages.
Smok, G. (2006) Correlation of ante-mortem ophidian
paramyxovirus serology results with post-mortem
pathology and pulmonary histology.
Suu-Ire, R. (2206) Prevalence of Trichinella infection in
marine mammals.
Twitchett, M. (2006) Training of tigers for routine
veterinary procedures: Investigating the efficiency of
once daily versus twice daily training.
Wenger, S. (2006) The cardiopulmonary effects of fieldanaesthetized white rhinoceros using a combination of
etorphine, azaperone, detomidine and butorphanol.
van Zijll Langhout, M. (2006) Cryptosporidium sp.,
Giardia sp. and Balantidium infections in habituated
and non-habituated western lowland gorillas (Gorilla
gorilla gorilla) populations in Lope National Park,
Gabon.
publications 33
For further information about the
Institute of Zoology please contact:
Tim Blackburn
Head of the Institute of Zoology
Institute of Zoology
The Zoological Society of London
Regent’s Park
London NW1 4RY
Telephone 020 7449 6610
[email protected]
www.zsl.org
© 2007 The Zoological Society of London.
Registered charity no. 208728
Edited by Linda DaVolls
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1 director’s introduction