Animal/Dairy Science 434 Ovarian Differences Uterine and Cervical

Animal/Dairy Science 434!
Ovarian Differences!
Lec 2:!
Female comparative anatomy;!
History of Reproductive Physiology!
Cow!
Mare!
Sow!
Cow!
Cow, Sow, Ewe, Human!
Sow!
•  Cortex on outside!
•  Ovulation can occur on
any point of the ovary!
Mare!
Mare!
•  Inversion of the cortex and
medulla. !
•  Ovulation occurs at the
Ovulation Fossa!
Preovulatory !
Tertiary!
Follicle!
Blood vessels!
and connective!
tissue in medulla!
Cow!
Internal!
CL!
Mare!
Uterine and Cervical
Differences!
Duplex!
Rabbit, Mouse
Oposum
2 Uterine Horns
2 Cervixes
Cow!
Mare!
Sow!
2 Vaginas
1 Vagina
Bicornuate!
Cow
Bicornuate!
Sow
Mare
Ewe
Smaller
uterine
horns
1
1
1
2
Large
uterine
horns
Vagina
Cervix
Uterine Body
Uterine Horns
1
1
1
2
Large uterine body
Smaller uterine horns
Bicornuate!
Vagina
Cervix
Uterine Body
Uterine Horns
Simplex!
Woman
Dog
Cat
1
1
1
2
Vagina
Cervix
Uterine Body
Uterine Horns
Small uterine body
Long uterine horns
Human Tract!
Large uterine body
No uterine horns
1 Vagina
1 Cervix
1 Uterine Body
Human Tract!
COW!
Uterine Body!
Internal Cervical Os!
• Cervix is composed
of thick connective
tissue!
•  Mucus is secreted
near the time of
breeding and
ovulation.!
Cervix!
Cow has 4-5!
annular rings!
A 47-year old woman underwent a hysterectomy
for excessively heavy menses. She had
previously had four normal deliveries. This
structure was removed, what is wrong?
Mare!
Sow!
Uterine Body
Uterine Body
Vagina!
Cervix!
COW!
Longitudinal
Folds
No
obstacles
External Cervical Os!
Internal Os!
Cervical!
Ring!
Interdigitating
pads
Cervical!
Ring!
Fornix!
Fornix!
No
fornix
vagina
Fornix Vagina
External Os!
Vagina
Anterior Vagina!
Vagina
EWE! Fornix!
Anterior Vagina!
External Genitalia!
Cervix!
Mare!
Cow!
Sow!
Cervical!
Folds!
FV!
IP!
Sow!
Mare!
Ewe!
Human Tract!
What is this?
Vagina!
External Genitalia!
Anterior Vagina! Posterior Vagina (Vestibule)!
Cervix!
VulvaVaginal
Sphincter!
(Hymen)!
Fornix!
Columnar!
Epithelium!
Urethra!
Stratified!
Squamous!
Epithelium!
Mucosa!
Submucosa!
Infundibulum!
perivitelline!
membrane!
Ovary!
Submucosa!
Chicken Tract!
Ovary
Avian
Female
Anatomy!
chalazae!
albumen!
Magnum!
Oviduct!
Magnum
shell membrane!
Isthmus!
Shell Gland!
Uterus!
Intestine!
cleaving blastodisc!
24 hrs
50K cells
vagina!
cloaca!
Intestine
Right!
Oviduct!
Left side of Reproductive Tract Develops!!!
shell!
Shell Gland
Chicken Ovary!
Ovary with
large follicles
removed!
Hierarchal
Follicles
Ruptured follicle
Infundibulum!
Chicken Reproductive Tract!
Isthmus
Infundibulum
Magnum
Shell Gland
Cloaca
Follicles
Cloaca!
Cloaca of Chicken!
Vagina
Vaginal
opening
Intestine
opening
Intestine
opening
Vagina opening
Historical Development of
Reproductive Physiology!
Aristotle 384-322 BC! •  Fetus arises from
menstrual blood
Generation !
of Animals!
•  Seminal plasma initiates
the conversion of
menstrual blood
The Age of Gross Anatomy!
•  Fallopius (1562) !
–  Describes the oviduct!
•  Coiter (1573)!
–  Describes the corpus luteum!
•  Regnier de Graff (1672)!
–  Describes the antral follicle (Graafian Follicle)"
•  Semen from all parts of
body"
Development of the Microscope!
•  van Leewenhoek (1677)!
–  Describes spermatozoa
in semen!
What is the role of spermatozoa?!
•  Spallanzani (1780)!
–  Sperm were the fertilizing agent in semen!
–  Successful artificial insemination of a dog!
•  Dumas (1825)!
–  Proves sperm the fertilizing agent"
Modern Reprod. Physiology!
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
Gonads produce steroid hormones!
Regulation of estrous cycles in females!
Radioimmunoassay (RIA)!
Artificial Insemination!
Cryopreservation!
Prostaglandin used to control estrous
cycles!
•  Biotechnology"
Approach to Applications!
•  Develop basic knowledge of how
system works!
•  Investigate methods that can perturb
the system!
•  Manipulate the system to improve
reproduction!
–  Estrus Synchronization"
Enhancing Reproduction!
Current Trends!
•  Small improvements have profound
effects on production!
–  3% improvement in birth rate results in an
additional:!
•  1 million beef calves/year!
•  3.2 million pigs/year!
•  3.7 million gallons of milk/year"
Production!
Metabolic!
and!
Physiologic!
Changes
Reproduction!
•  Continuing need to:
–  improve reproductive performance
–  understand how to apply new technology
•  Ovsynch"
•  Clonning"
Limiting Reproduction!
Insects!
Humans!
Wildlife!
Pets!