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MAP BASED MULTIMEDIA TOOL ON PACIFIC THEATRE IN
WORLD WAR II
_______________
A Thesis
Presented to the
Faculty of
San Diego State University
_______________
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Master of Science
in
Computer Science
_______________
by
Devi Prasada Reddy Pakala Venkata
Fall 2014
iii
Copyright © 2014
by
All Rights Reserved
iv
DEDICATION
I dedicate this thesis to my parents for their love, encouragement and constant support.
v
ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS
Map Based Multimedia Tool on Pacific Theatre in World War II
by
Master of Science in Computer Science
San Diego State University, 2014
Maps have been used for depicting data of all kinds in the educational community for
many years. A standout amongst the rapidly changing methods of teaching is through the
development of interactive and dynamic maps.
The emphasis of the thesis is to develop an intuitive map based multimedia tool,
which provides a timeline of battles and events in the Pacific theatre of World War II. The
tool contains summaries of major battles and commanders and has multimedia content
embedded in it. The primary advantage of this Map tool is that one can quickly know about
all the battles and campaigns of the Pacific Theatre by accessing Timeline of Battles in each
region or Individual Battles in each region or Summary of each Battle in an interactive way.
This tool can be accessed via any standard web browser and motivate the user to know more
about the battles involved in the Pacific Theatre. It was made responsive using Google maps
API, JavaScript, HTML5 and CSS.
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
ABSTRACT ...............................................................................................................................v
LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................... ix
LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................x
ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................ xii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................... xiii
CHAPTER
1
INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................1 2
SOFTWARE’S USED IN APPLICATION...................................................................2 2.1 HTML5 ..............................................................................................................2 2.2 CSS3 ..................................................................................................................3 2.3 JavaScript ...........................................................................................................3 2.4 JQuery ................................................................................................................3 2.5 Google Maps JavaScript API v3 ........................................................................4 2.6 Node.js ...............................................................................................................4 2.7 To Run the Application ......................................................................................4 2.8 Browsers Supported ...........................................................................................5 3
PACIFIC THEATRE .....................................................................................................6 3.1 Pacific Ocean theatre .........................................................................................7 3.1.1 Battle of Shanghai .....................................................................................7 3.1.2 Attack on Pearl Harbor .............................................................................7 3.1.3 Battle of Hong Kong .................................................................................7 3.1.4 Battle of Wake Island................................................................................7 3.1.5 Doolittle Raid ............................................................................................8 3.1.6 Battle of Midway ......................................................................................8 3.1.7 Aleutian Islands Campaign .......................................................................8 3.1.8 Guadalcanal Campaign .............................................................................9 3.1.9 Gilbert and Marshall Islands Campaign ...................................................9 vii
3.1.10 Mariana and Palau Islands Campaign ...................................................10 3.1.11 Battle of Leyte.......................................................................................10 3.1.12 Battle of Iwo Jima .................................................................................10 3.1.13 Battle of Okinawa .................................................................................11 3.1.14 Attack on Hiroshima and Nagasaki ......................................................11 3.2 Timeline of Battles and Campaigns in Pacific Ocean Theatre ........................11 3.3 South West Pacific Theatre ..............................................................................14 3.3.1 Battle of Bataan.......................................................................................15 3.3.2 Battle of Badung and Sunda Strait ..........................................................15 3.3.3 Battle of Java Sea ....................................................................................15 3.3.4 Battle of Coral Sea ..................................................................................16 3.3.5 Kokoda Track Campaign ........................................................................16 3.3.6 Battle of Buna-Gona ...............................................................................16 3.3.7 Battle of Timor ........................................................................................17 3.3.8 Solomon Islands Campaign ....................................................................17 3.3.9 Battle of Bismarck Sea............................................................................17 3.3.10 Huon Peninsula Campaign ....................................................................17 3.3.11 Battle of Biak and Noemfoor ................................................................18 3.3.12 Borneo Campaign .................................................................................19 3.4 Timeline of Battles and Campaigns in South West Pacific Theatre ................20 4
COMMANDERS AND LEADERS ............................................................................23 4.1 Chui chi Nagumo: March 25, 1887 – July 6, 1944 ..........................................23 4.2 Isoroku Yamamoto: April 4, 1884 – April 18, 1943........................................23 4.3 Osami Nagano: June 15, 1880 – January 5, 1947 ............................................24 4.4 Soemu Toyoda: 22 May 1885 – 22 September 1957 .......................................24 4.5 Hideki Tajo: December 30, 1884 – December 23, 1948 .................................25 4.6 Chester William Nimitz: 24 February 1885 – 20 February 1966 ....................26 4.7 Douglas MacArthur: 26 January 1880 – 5 April 1964 ....................................26 4.8 William Frederick Halsey Jr: October 30, 1882–August 16, 1959..................27 4.9 Frank Jack Fletcher: April 29, 1885 – April 25, 1973 .....................................28 4.10 Raymond Ames Spruance: July 3, 1886 – December 13, 1969.....................28 4.11 James Harold Doolittle: December 14, 1896 – September 27, 1993 .............29 viii
4.12 Franklin Delano Roosevelt: January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945 ...................29 4.13 Pappy Boyington: December 4, 1912 – January 11, 1988.............................30 4.14 Thomas Albert Blamey: 24 January 1884 – 27 May 1951 ............................31 4.15 Chiang Kai-shek: October 31, 1887 – April 5, 1975 .....................................31 4.16 Album Section and More ...............................................................................31 4.16.1 Bataan Death March .............................................................................32 4.16.2 Nanking Massacre .................................................................................32 4.16.3 Flying Tigers .........................................................................................32 4.16.4 Tokyo Rose ...........................................................................................33 4.16.5 Rosie the Riveter ...................................................................................34 4.16.6 Japanese American Internment .............................................................34 5
MAP IMPLEMENTATION ........................................................................................35 5.1 Timeline Maps .................................................................................................35 5.1.1 Code and Tool Usage ..............................................................................35 5.1.2 Map Views ..............................................................................................38 5.2 Individual Maps ...............................................................................................38 5.2.1 Code and Tool Usage ..............................................................................39 5.2.2 Map Views ..............................................................................................43 6
SCREENSHOTS..........................................................................................................44 6.1 Menu ................................................................................................................44 6.2 Home ................................................................................................................44 6.3 Timeline ...........................................................................................................45 6.4 War Maps .........................................................................................................45 6.5 Battles ..............................................................................................................45 6.6 People ...............................................................................................................46 6.7 Album ..............................................................................................................46 7
SUMMARY, OBSTACLES, FUTURE WORK, AND TESTING .............................48 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................49 ix
LIST OF TABLES
PAGE
Table 3.1. Timeline of Pacific Ocean Theatre .........................................................................13 Table 3.2. Timeline of South West Pacific Theatre .................................................................21 x
LIST OF FIGURES
PAGE
Figure 3.1. Pacific theatre. .........................................................................................................6 Figure 3.2. Attack on Pearl Harbor. ...........................................................................................8 Figure 3.3. Battle of Midway. ....................................................................................................9 Figure 3.4. Guadalcanal campaign...........................................................................................10 Figure 3.5. Battle of Iwo Jima. ................................................................................................11 Figure 3.6. Battle of Okinawa. .................................................................................................12 Figure 3.7. Atomic bombings. .................................................................................................12 Figure 3.8. Battle of Bataan. ....................................................................................................15 Figure 3.9. Battle of Coral Sea.................................................................................................16 Figure 3.10. Solomon Islands American invasions. ................................................................18 Figure 3.11. Solomon Islands. .................................................................................................18 Figure 3.12. Huon Peninsula campaign. ..................................................................................19 Figure 3.13. Aitape-Wewak campaign. ...................................................................................19 Figure 3.14. Battle of Biak. ......................................................................................................20 Figure 3.15. Battle of Noemfoor. .............................................................................................20 Figure 3.16. Borneo campaign. ................................................................................................21 Figure 4.1. Chui chi Nagumo. ..................................................................................................23 Figure 4.2. Isoroku Yamamoto. ...............................................................................................24 Figure 4.3. Osami Nagano. ......................................................................................................25 Figure 4.4. Soemu Toyoda. ......................................................................................................25 Figure 4.5. Hideki Tajo. ...........................................................................................................26 Figure 4.6. Chester William Nimitz. ........................................................................................27 Figure 4.7. Douglas MacArthur. ..............................................................................................27 Figure 4.8. William Frederick Halsey Jr. .................................................................................28 Figure 4.9. Frank Jack Fletcher................................................................................................28 Figure 4.10. Raymond Ames Spruance. ..................................................................................29 Figure 4.11. James Harold Doolittle. .......................................................................................30 xi
Figure 4.12. Franklin Delano Roosevelt. .................................................................................30 Figure 4.13. Pappy Boyington. ................................................................................................31 Figure 4.14. Chiang Kai-shek. .................................................................................................32 Figure 4.15. Flying the hump...................................................................................................33 Figure 4.16. Tokyo Rose..........................................................................................................33 Figure 4.17. Rosie the Riveter. ................................................................................................34 Figure 5.1. Timeline map view of Pacific Ocean Theatre. ......................................................39 Figure 5.2. Timeline map view of South West Pacific Theatre. ..............................................39 Figure 5.3. Individual map view of Pacific Ocean Theatre. ....................................................43 Figure 5.4. Individual map view of South West Pacific Theatre. ............................................43 Figure 6.1. Menu. .....................................................................................................................44 Figure 6.2. Home screen. .........................................................................................................45 Figure 6.3. Timeline map. ........................................................................................................45 Figure 6.4. War maps. ..............................................................................................................46 Figure 6.5. Battles. ...................................................................................................................46 Figure 6.6. People. ...................................................................................................................46 Figure 6.7. YouTube videos.....................................................................................................47 Figure 6.8. Animated map videos. ...........................................................................................47 xii
ABBREVIATIONS
API
Application Programming Interface
HTTP
HyperText Transfer Protocol
HTML
HyperText Markup Language
JSON
JavaScript Object Notation
SDSU
San Diego State University
URL
Uniform Resource Locator
UI
User Interface
CSS
Cascading Style Sheet
Fig
Figure
USA
United States of America
U.S
United States
US
United States
npm
node package manager
IE
Internet Explorer
ABDA
American British Dutch Australian
JS
Java Script
v3
Version 3
xiii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Professor Carl Eckberg for agreeing to
be my thesis advisor. I am thankful to him for giving suggestions and references throughout
the thesis.
I would like to thank Professor John Carroll for being part of the thesis committee.
I would like to thank Assistant Professor Jerome Gilles for being a part of the thesis
committee.
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
I always had a strong inclination towards history right from my 9th standard, where I
came to know much about the ancient battles. If it comes to history, any battle is related to
the region that can be clearly portrayed on a map specific to it. It motivated me to do a thesis
on the Pacific Theatre of World War II.
Maps always get stored in memory quickly, so any information that includes map
content always helps the user to understand more precisely and clearly. A web-based map
tool is being developed for the same to depict the Pacific Theatre of World War II. All the
major battles and campaigns are listed along with commanders and leaders involved during
the war, with some multimedia content incorporated. There are two different kinds of maps
involved in the application: One with a Timeline of battles and the other with an individual
battle shown on Google maps with UI animations and Info windows for each of them. Tool
usage is presented below the map to help the user access the map tool. All the images used in
the Battles section are related to map content of the war to aid the user to learn quickly
looking into the content besides it. Links are provided to Wikipedia and other related
websites for supplemental information about the contents in the application accordingly.
The next chapters in this thesis cover all the related information used in the
application, and relevant code segments for generating the content on the maps are provided.
The software used, a guide to accessing the application, and screenshots are specified
explicitly.
Let’s get started with each one of them.
2
CHAPTER 2
SOFTWARE’S USED IN APPLICATION
In this chapter, I would like to mention different software’s used for creating the
browser-supported application. The application includes a combination of the following:

HTML5

CSS3

JavaScript

JQuery

Google Maps JavaScript API v3
All the software used is open-source, and one can create and design a Web
application using them. Let’s learn more about the software above in detail.
2.1 HTML5
HTML5 stands for Hyper Text Markup Language 5. Any web application uses
HTML files from which a web browser can read and compose them accordingly. HTML5
creates a platform for rendering the content on a web page. It supports all the latest browsers
and also works on mobile devices. It includes a collection of markup tags from which the
layout is created for designing a web application. HTML5 is has advanced features in it and
has support for text, audio, video, image, etc., to create interactive pages [1].
We can incorporate different styles and scripts on top of it for a varied design. It has
the ability to store contents locally, and one can create apps even when the system is offline.
All the tags in HTML5 are backward compatible, so that HTML4 based content is not
affected. No explicit editor is required to create HTML file. Even notepad can be used to edit
it and save as .htm or .html file extension [2].
The entire collection of web pages used in the application uses HTML5 for basic
layout and adding content to it.
3
2.2 CSS3
CSS3 stands for Cascading Style Sheets 3. It consists of a set of formatting rules to
check the appearance and layout of the content on any web page. We can store a set of rules
in a document, separate from HTML, and link them together. Varying the CSS file rules can
immediately reflect on the HTML files, which use them. It will speed up the browser loading
time. We can control the font, text, color, etc., and do much beyond that.
Animations and smooth transitions can be incorporated in HTML pages easily with
optimized performance. It is a powerful tool, which is used for rendering the pages and
resizing them according to the screen. It can be saved with .css extensions and also can be
used within the HTML file [2].
Many CSS rules are used in this application for better display of menu, content and
layouts.
2.3 JAVASCRIPT
JavaScript is a scripting language to provide interactive and dynamic content on a
web page. It runs on the client side server, which helps to improve performance. It can be
used for creating dynamic dropdown menus, alert messages, pop-up windows, form
validations, and much more. It can also be created using Notepad and saved as a .js
extension, from which it can be incorporated into an HTML file. Javascript can be used as an
object-based, prototype-based language and interacts with the runtime environment. It
converts a static page into a dynamic one by using its inherent properties. Also, JS enhances
the interface on which HTML is used. It is not restricted to any browser, but it needs to be
enabled on the browser in order to use it [3]. One drawback is that quite a few advanced
users disable Javascript.
The application uses JavaScript in almost all the pages for on-going events and
triggers. Animations, button-click events and other interactive pages mostly rely on
JavaScript.
2.4 JQUERY
JQuery is open source software developed using JavaScript. It is the most concise and
fast JavaScript library, which is used for Ajax interactions, event handling and animations in
web development. Complex UI functionalities can be easily implemented with a small
4
amount of code, thereby increasing the productivity. It increases performance, is browser
compatible and is extensible to build customized behavior. We can include JQuery in the
script section of the HTML file. JQuery on top of JavaScript helps to create more powerful
dynamic pages, and custom-built plugins can be created wherever needed [4].
The application uses JQuery for extracting the data from HTML files and also for
event handling processes. It is also used for some nice UI animations.
2.5 GOOGLE MAPS JAVASCRIPT API V3
It is an API developed by Google to develop customized maps on web and mobile
applications. The maps use variations of the Mercator projection [spherical Mercator] and
hence can't decently represent zones around the poles. It uses a satellite view of the map, and
provides zoom and scroll controls on the map.
The latitude and longitude positions can be adjusted and provide a lot of additional
features on top of the map. The API uses JavaScript extensively, and the map is modified
dynamically that it can be embedded in an external website. It is available for free from the
Google app store if the map is accessed 25,000 times a day[5].
The application uses Google Maps API for rendering the maps. All the styles,
markers, paths, and info windows on the map are designed using this API. Custom-made
maps are created based on the API and made interactive.
2.6 NODE.JS
Node.js is a platform built on the JavaScript runtime, for effectively building quick
and versatile network applications. It is lightweight and efficient for real-time systems to run
across distributed devices. It is open source and supports cross-platform for runtime
applications. It acts as a web server for hosting a packaged web application [6].
The application uses Node.js for startup and to create a local web server. The menus
and background are loaded on each page with the help of node.js, that reduces code by a
considerable amount on each web page.
2.7 TO RUN THE APPLICATION

Download node.js from http://nodejs.org/. The download includes an installer,
which when run produces a folder, which by default is placed in usr/bin/local.
5

Go to usr/bin/local and install npm using ‘npm install express’ command in the
command line. Install the node file using the ‘brew install node’ command in the
command line.

In the command line, go to the application folder and type ‘node server.js’.

In the browser type ‘localhost:8888’. It will navigate to the web application.

Navigate between different web pages using the ‘Menu’ bar provided on the top.

Make sure the application is connected to a network in order to access maps and
the web links provided in the application.
2.8 BROWSERS SUPPORTED
Below is the list of browsers that the web application supports, to perform without
any issues.
Adobe flash player needs to be installed if not already present.

IE 10+

Chrome 30+

Firefox 24+

Safari 6+

Landscape view on a tablet is supported
6
CHAPTER 3
PACIFIC THEATRE
The Pacific War is a major theatre of World War II, fought mainly in the Pacific
Ocean and islands region. Several series of battles between Japan and the Allied powers are
involved in this theatre (Figure 3.1 [7]). The Allies mainly included the USA, United
Kingdom, Australia, Netherlands, Canada, China and New Zealand.
Figure 3.1. Pacific theatre. Source: 39-45WAR.COM, World War Two. 39-45war.com,
http://www.39-45war.com/maps/japanmap2.jpg, accessed October 2014, n.d.
Before the Pacific War, there were conflicts between Japan and China. Japan took
control of many cities in China during the Sino-Japanese wars. The Pacific war began when
Japanese forces attacked US military bases and British possessions on 7/8 December 1941.
The war concluded with Allied atomic bombings on Hiroshima on 6th August 1945 and
Nagasaki on 9th August 1945 culminating in the surrender of Japan [8].
The Pacific war is divided into two major theatres between Japan and the Allies,
based on these regions.

Pacific Ocean Theatre
7

South West Pacific Theatre
3.1 PACIFIC OCEAN THEATRE
This section provides the summary of major battles and campaigns involved in the
Pacific Ocean theatre. The Imperial Japanese Navy primarily battled against the United
States Navy and Marine Corps. The battles in this theatre are divided into Central Pacific
Theatre and North Pacific Theatre. Admiral Chester Nimitz led the U.S operational command
in this theatre [8].
3.1.1 Battle of Shanghai
It was the first major battle between the Imperial Japanese army and the China
Republican Army during the Sino-Japanese war. The terrifying military strength of Japan
was revealed, and they took control over the city of Shanghai. Though Chinese forces were
weak, it fought bravely enough to last and defend the city for three months [9].
3.1.2 Attack on Pearl Harbor
It was the first significant attack in the Pacific region, which led to the entry of the
U.S. in World War II. The Japanese navy forces launched a surprise attack on the U.S. naval
bases in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii December 7, 1941. They wanted to continue their expansion in
the Pacific area and search for oil resources. The Japanese were well prepared for the attack
and destroyed many U.S. aircraft and ships and killed many in the military base (Figure 3.2
[10]) [11].
3.1.3 Battle of Hong Kong
During World War II, the British reduced the size of its Hong Kong garrison, which
led to the attack of Japanese forces, which took control of Hong Kong. Hours after the Pearl
Harbor attack, there was a lack of defensemen and forces, which eventually helped Japan to
gain air superiority quickly over the British [12].
3.1.4 Battle of Wake Island
It was a simultaneous attack along with Pearl Harbor. The Japanese made provisions
to attack Wake Island, and there was a small force of U.S. marine and civilians defending
against the invaders. There was an air attack by the Japanese, and the American forces were
8
Figure 3.2. Attack on Pearl Harbor. Source: SLIDESHARE.NET,
Attack on Pearl Harbor. Image.slidesharecdn.com,
http://image.slidesharecdn.com/batalladepearlharbor140604043339-phpapp01/95/batalla-de-pearl-harbour-porfrancisco-nieves-4-esoac-15-638.jpg?cb=1401874496, accessed
October 2014, n.d.
put on the defensive. The air attack was made twice in close succession in order to gain
superiority over the island [12].
3.1.5 Doolittle Raid
It was the first U.S. air raid to strike the Japanese Islands during the Pacific war. Soon
after the attack on Pearl Harbor, the U.S. began a secret training program to counter attack
Japanese forces. An air attack was launched by the aircraft carrier ‘Hornet’ led by J.
Doolittle. The attack had little impact on Japan, but it was a substantial boost for the U.S.
They used a secret base at Shangri-La in China for the raid on Tokyo [13].
3.1.6 Battle of Midway
It was a decisive naval battle fought almost entirely with aircraft. Japan was trying to
consolidate its control of Midway Island, and attacked with a large Japanese fleet to try to
destroy the American fleet. There were no land bases for the Japanese forces, but the
Americans had a huge land base from which to attack (Figure 3.3 [14]). Numerous ships and
aircraft were destroyed by the American Navy, which put the Japanese on defense after this
battle [15].
3.1.7 Aleutian Islands Campaign
The Japanese captured some of the Aleutian Islands near Alaska [Attu and Kiska].
The unpredictable and changeable weather, along with the remoteness of the islands, meant it
9
Figure 3.3. Battle of Midway. Source:
GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY, Office of
military services. George Mason University,
http://www.military.gmu.edu, accessed
October 2014, n.d.
took a long time for the U.S. to retake the Islands. The Japanese had occupied the islands to
prevent the U.S. from attacking the northern Pacific region. But the U.S. feared it would be
used as bases for striking the west coast. The U.S. was able to regain control over the islands
with the help of Canada [16].
3.1.8 Guadalcanal Campaign
This was the first main offensive action of the Pacific war by the Allied forces. It
included air, navy, marine and army attacks by the Allies on the islands of Guadalcanal,
Tulagi and the southern Solomon islands (Figure 3.4 [17]). It captured them, and built bases
on the islands to counter Japanese bases. Japan attacked several times to take hold of the
Islands, but it was a strategic victory for the allies, which resulted in Japanese surrender of
the islands [18].
3.1.9 Gilbert and Marshall Islands Campaign
These were strategic operations done by the U.S. Pacific fleet to build land-based air
support for operating in the central Pacific region. Japanese forces occupied these islands
after the attack on Pearl Harbor. The battles of Makin and Tarawa are part of this campaign.
The Japanese suffered heavy losses when they attacked the U.S. naval forces [19].
10
Figure 3.4. Guadalcanal campaign. Source: WEEBLY.COM,
Battle of Guadalcanal. Weebly.com,
http://kpguadalcanal.weebly.com/uploads/1/8/1/3/18133459/41
58839.jpg?616, accessed October 2014, n.d.
3.1.10 Mariana and Palau Islands Campaign
This was an Allied advance in the Pacific region. Marines were used to capture the
airfields of Mariana. The Allies won the air battle of Saipan and the naval battle of the
Philippine Sea. Later they attacked Guam and Tinian islands and defeated the Japanese
forces. It was a major shock for the Imperial Japanese forces, as it was a stronghold territory
surrounded by large defensive forces [19].
3.1.11 Battle of Leyte
The U.S. used air bases on the Mariana Islands to attack the home islands of Japan. It
was an air and sea battle, which disabled the Japanese fleet and allowed the U.S. to attack the
Philippines and secure for the allies control of the Pacific region. Several successful attacks
were made by the U.S. and found Japanese resistance lacking, which allowed the U.S. to take
over islands captured by Japan in the Philippines. Japan lost land bases, ships and a huge
army, which opened the way for an attack on their home islands [15].
3.1.12 Battle of Iwo Jima
Success with the Philippine and Mariana islands boosted the plans to attack Okinawa.
It led the allied forces to prepare a plan to invade Iwo Jima and the Volcano Islands
(Figure 3.5 [20]). Iwo Jima provided a base for Japanese forces to counter the Allied
bombings and was heavily defended. The American’s had extensive naval and army support
to attack the Japanese fortress. Once it was secured, the U.S. had an intention of using the air
11
Figure 3.5. Battle of Iwo Jima. Source: NATIONAL WORLD
WAR II MUSEUM, Iwo Jima flag raising. National World
War II Museum, http://www.nationalww2museum.org/
assets/images/iwo-jima-flag-raising.jpg, accessed October
2014, n.d.
bases for fire bombings on Japan. Two flags were hoisted by U.S. armed forces over Mount
Suribachi to the cheers of thousands of marines. The battle lasted for 36 days [11].
3.1.13 Battle of Okinawa
It was the last and biggest battle of the Pacific theatre. It was an amphibious attack by
the Allies and lasted for about 82 days (Figure 3.6 [21]). The Japanese army was largely
killed and lost a large number of aircraft. This victory provided airfields for the allies, which
were only 350 miles from Japan. Because of the enormous amount of deaths and injuries of
soldiers, the U.S. used atomic bombings on Japan instead of attacking Japan as a whole [11].
3.1.14 Attack on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
It was the last attack made by the Allies, which made the Japanese surrender
completely to them (Figure 3.7 [22]). Hiroshima was attacked first, killing more than 80,000
people and then Nagasaki was attacked three days later killing more than 40,000 people. This
damage changed the Japanese morale, as there could be more atomic attacks if Japan
continued to fight [23].
3.2 TIMELINE OF BATTLES AND CAMPAIGNS IN PACIFIC
OCEAN THEATRE
The Timeline of different battles and campaigns involved in the Pacific Ocean
Theatre [8] are listed in Table 3.1.
12
Figure 3.6. Battle of Okinawa. Source: THE
ASIA-PACIFIC JOURNAL: JAPAN FOCUS, Battle
of Okinawa. The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan
Focus, http://www.japanfocus.org/data/2.
okbattle.map.jpg, accessed October 2014, n.d.
Figure 3.7. Atomic bombings. Source:
WIKIMEDIA, Atomic bombings. Wikimedia,
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
thumb/1/1a/Atomic_bomb_1945_mission_map.sv
g/300px-Atomic_bomb_1945_mission_map.
svg.png, accessed October 2014, n.d.
13
Table 3.1. Timeline of Pacific Ocean Theatre
August 13 - November 26,
Battle of Shanghai
1937
Army
Japan
Battle of Wuhan
11 June - 27 October, 1938
Army
Japan
Battle of Nanchang
March 17 - May 9, 1939
Army
Japan
Attack on Pearl Harbor
December 7 1941
Navy
Japan
Battle of Hong Kong
8-25 December 1941
Army
Japan
Battle of Wake Island
8-23 December 1941
Navy
Japan
Doolittle Raid
18 April 1942
Air Force
USA
Battle of the Coral Sea
4-8 May 1942
Navy-Air Force
Japan
Battle of Midway
4-7 June 1942
Navy
USA
Aleutian Islands Campaign
3 June 1942 - 15 August 1943
Army-Air Force Allies
7 August 1942 - 9 February
Navy-Army-Air
Guadalcanal Campaign
1943
Force-Marine
Allies
Makin Island raid
17-18 August 1942
Marine
USA
Battle of Rennell Island
29-30 January 1943
Navy
Japan
Islands
27 March 1943
Navy
USA
Battle of Tarawa
November 20 - 23 1943
Marine
USA
Battle of Kwajalein
31 January-3 February 1944
Marine
USA
Navy-Marine
USA
Battle of the Komandorski
17 February - 23 February
Battle of Eniwetok
1944
(table continues)
14
Table 3.1. (continued)
Attack on Truk Island
February 16 - 17 1944
Navy
USA
Marine-Air
Battle of Saipan
15 June-9 July 1944
Force
USA
Battle of the Philippine Sea
June 19-20 1944
Navy
USA
Battle of Guam
21 July - 10 August 1944
Marine
USA
Battle of Tinian
24 July - 1 August 1944
Navy-Marine
USA
Marine-Army
USA
15 September - 27 November
Battle of Peleliu
1944
17 September-22 October
Battle of Angaur
1944
Air Force-Army USA
17 October 1944 - 31
Battle of Leyte
December 1944
Army
USA
Battle of Leyte Gulf
23-26 October 1944
Navy
USA
Battle of Iwo Jima
19 February - 26 March 1945
Army
USA
Battle of Okinawa
1 April - 22 June 1945
Navy-Army
USA
Attack on Hiroshima and
Nagasaki
Army-Nuclear
August 6-9 1945
Strike
Allies
3.3 SOUTH WEST PACIFIC THEATRE
This section provides the summary of major battles and campaigns involved in the
South West Pacific theatre. It was a major theatre of war between Japan and the Allies in the
Philippines, New Guinea, Australia, Dutch East Indies and the Solomon Islands region.
General Douglas MacArthur led the U.S. operational command in this theatre [8].
15
3.3.1 Battle of Bataan
The Japanese invasion of the Philippines started soon after the attack on Pearl Harbor.
It invaded the Luzon area and Manila to fight the Filipino-U.S. forces (Figure 3.8 [24]). The
U.S.-Filipino army lacked naval and air support, but still was able to fight for three months.
The forces were starved and injured which led to the surrender of troops to Japanese
invaders. The surrendered troops were made to march 65 miles without rest, known as ‘the
Bataan Death March’ [25].
Figure 3.8. Battle of Bataan. Source: IBIBLIO.ORG, Japanese
landing on Bataan. Ibilio.org, http://www.ibiblio.org/
hyperwar/USA/USA-P-PI/maps/USA-P-PI-13.gif, accessed
October 2014, n.d.
3.3.2 Battle of Badung and Sunda Strait
In order get hold of the Java region, the Japanese navy attacked Badung and the
Sunda Strait. The allied forces sent a large number of navy troops to fight, in order to prevent
the Japanese from capturing the airfields in Bali. The Japanese navy superiority over the
allies damaged all Allied ships, and it was a significant victory for them [26].
3.3.3 Battle of Java Sea
It was a naval battle between the Japanese navy and the American-British-DutchAustralian (ABDA) navy force. It lasted for several hours, and the allied forces were put into
defeat. The Allies had an air force advantage, but due to the inclement weather, there wasn’t
any communication between the four forces. Japanese forces were able to force the surrender
of the ABDA, and they took control over the Dutch East Indies ultimately [27].
16
3.3.4 Battle of Coral Sea
This was the main naval battle in the Pacific theatre between the allies and the
Imperial Japanese navy. It was the first aircraft carrier battle ever fought and airplanes
carried out the attacks. It provided a tactical victory for Japan, but a strategic victory for the
allies, who were able to stop further expansion by the Japanese in the area (Figure 3.9 [28]).
Also, it was the first time the Japanese advance in the pacific area had been repelled. It was a
battle that saved Australia from being captured by the Japanese forces [16].
Figure 3.9. Battle of Coral Sea. Source:
DELSJOURNEY.COM, Battle of the Coral Sea.
Delsjourney.com, http://www.delsjourney.
com/images/family_history/ww2/neosho/cor
al_sea/maps/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea_Map
_-_Japanese_Plan_1500wd.gif, accessed
October 2014, n.d.
3.3.5 Kokoda Track Campaign
After the Japanese landing near Gona, on the north coast of the Papua region, they
attempted to advance to the south, overland, thereby isolating Australia from the US. The
Japanese were successful initially, capturing Kokoda, but in the later days the Australians
fought back strongly and recaptured Kokoda. The Japanese couldn’t withstand the Australian
attack during the engagements between them and were forced to abandon their plan to take
Port Moresby [29].
3.3.6 Battle of Buna-Gona
The Japanese forces had withdrawn their North Guinea forces, and wanted to hold
Guadalcanal, which was of more priority. During this phase, the combined forces of the U.S.
17
and Australia attacked the Japanese. It was the first time Australia and the U.S. fought side
by side in the Pacific war. The Japanese troops were completely captured or killed by the
Allied forces, but there were heavy casualties on both sides [29].
3.3.7 Battle of Timor
The battle was between Japan and Australia/Netherlands. The Japanese forces
invaded the Sparrow Force and were able to force the allies to surrender by the end of the
war. During this battle, the Japanese suffered severe casualties but were able to maintain
control of the islands near Australia. Allied land forces were forced to leave the South East
Asia region. Thousands of Timorese civilians died by the end of the war as a result of Japan
occupation of the island [30].
3.3.8 Solomon Islands Campaign
The Japanese occupied the Solomon Islands in early 1942, built air and naval bases,
which acted as security barriers. In order to defend their supply lines, the Allies
counterattacked the Japanese forces in the central and north Solomon regions (Figure 3.10
[31]). The series of clashes caused immense losses for the Japanese, and the Allies were able
to get hold of some of the islands to neutralize the Japanese positions. There were many
naval battles in the region of Kolombangara, Vella Gulf, Empress Augusta Bay, Kula Gulf,
Buka Island and Vella Lavella (Figure 3.11 [32]). Here, the Allies were successful in
damaging the Japanese navy and air forces [33].
3.3.9 Battle of Bismarck Sea
It was held in parallel with the Guadalcanal campaign. Large forces of Japanese
troops were sent to reinforce their position in the New Guinea islands, but the Allies were
aware and ready for the attack. The Japanese ships and troops were destroyed by the new
techniques implemented by the Allied air forces. The Japanese made no further attempts, as
they were aware of the powerful air attacks which could destroy their ships [12].
3.3.10 Huon Peninsula Campaign
This was a series of battles fought in the Huon Peninsula area when the AustralianAmerican forces attacked the Japanese bases (Figure 3.12 [34]). The goal was to recover the
island, which was captured by Japanese advances in the New Guinea region. This was a
18
Figure 3.10. Solomon Islands American invasions. Source:
TINYPIC.COM, Solomon Islands American invasions.
Tinypic.com, http://i60.tinypic.com/5yay6v.jpg, accessed
October 2014, n.d.
Figure 3.11. Solomon Islands. Source:
WIKIMEDIA, New Georgia group. Wikimedia,
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/comm
ons/1/1a/NewGeorgiaGroupCloseup.png,
accessed October 2014, n.d.
tactical approach by the Allies, as they were successful in diverting the Japanese troops to the
Salamaua region, thereby gaining control in the peninsula with massive attacks. It was
followed by a fresh campaign in Aitape-Wewak and Japanese forces were cleared from the
coastal areas (Figure 3.13 [35]) [8].
3.3.11 Battle of Biak and Noemfoor
The Japanese occupied the Islands of Biak and Noemfoor in late 1943, where they
built airfields (Figure 3.14 [36]). The Allies chose to land on Southern Biak, from where
there was an amphibious attack on the Japanese. The Allies attacked these islands to get
19
Figure 3.12. Huon Peninsula campaign.
Source: WIKIMEDIA, Envelopment of the
Huon Peninsula. Wikimedia,
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/co
mmons/5/5e/The_Envelopment_of_the_Hu
on_Peninsula_1943-44.jpg, accessed
October 2014, n.d
Figure 3.13. Aitape-Wewak campaign.
Source: IBIBLIO.ORG, Aitape Area.
Ibiblio.org, http://www.ibiblio.org/
hyperwar/AAF/IV/maps/AAF-IV-28.jpg,
control of the New Guinea Islands completely, and then formed large air bases, making it
easier for them to attack the Philippines (Figure 3.15 [37]) [30].
3.3.12 Borneo Campaign
This was the last major campaign in the South West Pacific Theatre. After the Allies
had captured the Philippines, the Allied naval and air forces attacked the Japanese forces who
had occupied the island of Borneo in 1942. It was the largest-ever amphibious assault, which
20
Figure 3.14. Battle of Biak. Source: WIKIMEDIA, Biak Island
operation. Wikimedia, http://upload.wikimedia.org/
wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Biak_Island_Operation_MayAugust_1944.jpg, accessed October 2014, n.d.
Figure 3.15. Battle of Noemfoor. Source: UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS
LIBRARY, Noemfoor plan of battle. University of Texas Library,
http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/engineers_v1_1947/n
oemfoor_battle_plan_1947.jpg, accessed October 2014, n.d.
included Australian forces. The assaults were mainly on Tarakan, Balikpapan and the coast
of Brunei (Figure 3.16 [38]). This campaign was criticized in Australia for unnecessarily
wasting the lives of soldiers [30].
3.4 TIMELINE OF BATTLES AND CAMPAIGNS IN SOUTH
WEST PACIFIC THEATRE
The Timeline of different battles and campaigns involved in the South West Pacific
Theatre [8] are listed in Table 3.2.
21
Figure 3.16. Borneo campaign. Source:
UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS LIBRARY, Borneo
Landings. University of Texas Library,
http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/e
ngineers_v1_1947/borneo_landings_1945.jp
g, accessed October 2014, n.d.
Table 3.2. Timeline of South West Pacific Theatre
Battle of Bataan
7 January-9 April 1942
Navy-Army
Japan
Battle of Badung Strait
18-20 February 1942
Navy
Japan
Battle of the Java Sea
27 Feb 1942
Navy
Japan
Battle of Sunda Strait
28 February-1 March 1942
Navy
Japan
1 Mar 1942
Navy
Japan
Second Battle of the Java
Sea
Navy-Air
Battle of the Coral Sea
4-8 May 1942
Force
Japan
Battle of Corregidor
May 5-6 1942
Army
Japan
Kokoda Track campaign
21 July-16 November 1942
Army
Allies
Army
Allies
16 November 1942-22 January
Battle of Buna-Gona
1943
19 February 1942-10 February
Battle of Timor
1943
Army
Japan
Battle of the Bismarck Sea
2-4 March 1943
Air Force
Allies
Landing at Nassau Bay
30 June-6 July 1943
Air Force
Allies
(table continues)
22
Table 3.2. (continued)
Air ForceSalamaua-Lae campaign
22 April-16 September 1943
Army
Allies
Battle of Kula Gulf
6 Jul 1943
Navy-Marine
Neutral
Battle of Kolombangara
12/13 July 1943
Navy
Japan
Battle of Vella Gulf
6-7 August 1943
Navy
USA
6 Oct 1943
Navy
Japan
Bay
1-2 November 1943
Navy-Marine
USA
Battle of Cape St. George
25 Nov 1943
Navy
USA
Army
Allies
1945
Army
Allies
campaign
29 February 1944-18 May 1944
Army
Allies
Aitape-Wewak campaign
November 1944-August 1945
Army
Allies
Battle of Biak
27 May-17 August 1944
Army
Allies
Battle of Noemfoor
2 July-31 August 1944
Army
Allies
Battle of Morotai
15 September-4 October 1944
Navy-Army
Allies
October 20 1944-August 15
Army-Air
1945
Force
Naval Battle of Vella
Lavella
Battle of Empress Augusta
22 September 1943-1 March
Huon Peninsula campaign
1944
December 15 1943-August 21
New Britain campaign
Admiralty Islands
Philippines campaign
Allies
Air ForceBorneo campaign
1 May-1 August 1945
Army
Allies
23
CHAPTER 4
COMMANDERS AND LEADERS
This section provides a summary of Commanders and Leaders involved in Pacific
Theatre of World War II.
4.1 CHUI CHI NAGUMO: MARCH 25, 1887 – JULY 6, 1944
He was born in 1886, graduated from the Japanese Naval Academy in 1908
(Figure 4.1 [39]). He executed the attack on Pearl Harbor and other raids in the South Pacific
in 1942. Although his troops were defeated in the battle of Midway, he went on to lead the
command in the Eastern Solomon Islands and was in charge of Naval forces in the Mariana
Islands area. He died in 1944 during the defense of Battle of Saipan [40].
Figure 4.1. Chui chi Nagumo. Source: NAVAL HISTORY AND
HERITAGE, Chuichi Nagumo. Naval History and Heritage,
http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/h63000/h63423.jpg,
4.2 ISOROKU YAMAMOTO: APRIL 4, 1884 – APRIL 18,
1943
In 1904, he graduated from the Japanese Naval Academy (Figure 4.2 [41]). He was
Japan’s greatest strategic officer and was responsible for the Battles of Pearl Harbor and
Midway. He worked as Naval Attaché for the Japanese embassy in Washington D.C. from
1926-1927. He initially opposed the war on the U.S., as he was aware that Japan would lose
24
Figure 4.2. Isoroku Yamamoto. Source:
PHOTOSHELTER.COM, Isoroku
Yamamoto. Photoshelter.com,
http://cdn.c.photoshelter.com/imgget/I0000Nq4Nh49JFQs/s/500/jmqa001
337.jpg, accessed October 2014, n.d.
if the war lasted more than a year. His death was a significant blow to the Japanese in World
War II, as his plane was shot down in 1943 [40].
4.3 OSAMI NAGANO: JUNE 15, 1880 – JANUARY 5, 1947
He was a Fleet Admiral and Naval officer of the Imperial Japanese Navy from 1934
on and had a strong record in administration (Figure 4.3 [42]). From 1941-1944, he was the
chief of the Navy General Staff. He opposed the war against the U.S.; instead, he wanted to
fight against the British and Dutch colonies in Asia. But he lost control of the navy after the
attack on Pearl Harbor. U.S. naval officers interrogated him after the war [40].
4.4 SOEMU TOYODA: 22 MAY 1885 – 22 SEPTEMBER
1957
He was born in Kitsuki City, Oita, Japan and graduated from the Imperial Japanese
Navy in 1905 (Figure 4.4 [43]). He shared Yamamoto's attitudes with the United States and
hated the Army group that ruled Japan. But, he was an extreme nationalist, which influenced
him in the final stages of the war. He was admiral from 1941-1943 and was appointed as
Chief of the combined fleet in 1944 after the death of Mineichi Koga. He defeated in the
battles of the Philippines and Okinawa, but he wanted to fight even after the atomic bombs
on Hiroshima and Nagasaki and to not surrender the Japanese home islands to the Allies [40].
25
Figure 4.3. Osami Nagano. Source:
NAVAL HISTORY AND HERITAGE, Osami
Nagano. Naval History and Heritage,
http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/image
s/h63000/h63422.jpg, accessed October
2014, n.d.
Figure 4.4. Soemu Toyoda. Source:
MICROWORKS.NET, Soemu Toyoda.
Microworks.net,
http://www.microworks.net/pacific/ba
ttles/philippine_sea3.jpg, accessed
October 2014, n.d.
4.5 HIDEKI TAJO: DECEMBER 30, 1884 – DECEMBER 23,
1948
He was a general of the Imperial Japanese Army and served as 40th Prime Minister of
Japan during the World War II period (Figure 4.5 [44]). He rejected the American counter
proposal for peace and was directly responsible for the attack on Pearl Harbor, which started
26
Figure 4.5. Hideki Tajo. Source:
AMAZONAWS.COM, Hideki Tajo.
Amazonaws.com,
http://jto.s3.amazonaws.com/wpcontent/uploads/2013/02/nn20130216
a3b.jpg, accessed October 2014, n.d.
the war between Japan and U.S. He stepped down as Prime Minister in 1944 and attempted
suicide in 1945. He was arrested after the war and executed in 1948 [8].
4.6 CHESTER WILLIAM NIMITZ: 24 FEBRUARY 1885 –
20 FEBRUARY 1966
In 1905, he graduated from the US Naval Academy at Texas. He was Fleet Admiral
and Commander of the United States Navy for the Pacific Ocean areas and Commander of
land and sea forces in the Central Pacific (Figure 4.6 [45]). He was a principal strategist for
the U.S. in the battles of the Coral Sea, Midway, and the Solomon Islands campaign. His
strategy was successful in an amphibious attack on Iwo Jima and Okinawa [46].
4.7 DOUGLAS MACARTHUR: 26 JANUARY 1880 – 5
APRIL 1964
He was a U.S. 5-star general and field marshal who commanded the South West
Pacific Theatre (Figure 4.7 [47]). He was in charge when Japan attacked the Philippines and
drove his forces to retreat from the country. But, in the latter days of the war, he was
successful in launching offensive operations against the Japanese military in the region. After
the war, he was in charge of the formal surrender of Japan, and commanded forces in Japan
for rebuilding the country [48].
27
Figure 4.6. Chester William Nimitz. Source: NAVAL HISTORY
AND HERITAGE, Chester W. Nimitz. Naval History and Heritage,
http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/g460000/g466244.j
pg, accessed October 2014, n.d.
Figure 4.7. Douglas MacArthur. Source: RMP ARCHIVE,
Douglas MacArthur. RMP Archive, http://rmparchive.com/
images/hosting/600Border/LC2306-600Border.jpg, accessed
October 2014, n.d.
4.8 WILLIAM FREDERICK HALSEY JR: OCTOBER 30,
1882–AUGUST 16, 1959
Also called Bull Halsey, he was a naval commander in the U.S Navy who led
vigorous campaigns in the Pacific Theatre during World War II (Figure 4.8 [49]). He was a
leading supporter of warfare using aircraft and was well known for his daring tactics. His
task force was the only operational battle group for the US in the Pacific region, after the
attack on Pearl Harbor. He directed surprise attacks on Marshall and Gilberts Islands and was
instrumental in the Doolittle raid. He was also commander in the battle of Guadalcanal, Leyte
Gulf and led the final operations around Okinawa. Later, he was promoted to fleet admiral
[46].
28
Figure 4.8. William Frederick Halsey Jr. Source: NAVAL
HISTORY AND HERITAGE, William Frederick Halsey Jr. Naval
History and Heritage, http://www.history.navy.mil/
photos/images/k15000/k15137.jpg, accessed October 2014,
n.d.
4.9 FRANK JACK FLETCHER: APRIL 29, 1885 – APRIL 25,
1973
In 1906, he graduated from the US Naval Academy and served as a commander and
admiral (Figure 4.9 [50]). His task force raided the Japanese positions in New Guinea, and
the Solomon Islands, and he was a senior officer during the battles of Midway and the Coral
Sea. He directed the invasion of Guadalcanal and Tulagi. Later was in charge of the Northern
Pacific area until his forces occupied northern Japan [40].
Figure 4.9. Frank Jack Fletcher. Source: NAVAL HISTORY
Frank Jack Fletcher. Naval History and
Heritage, http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/
g10000/g14193.jpg, accessed October 2014, n.d.
AND HERITAGE,
4.10 RAYMOND AMES SPRUANCE: JULY 3, 1886 –
DECEMBER 13, 1969
In 1906, he graduated from the US Naval Academy and served as a commander for
the battles of Philippines and Midway (Figure 4.10 [51]). His decisions were vital for the
29
Figure 4.10. Raymond Ames Spruance. Source: MEDIA CACHE,
Raymond Ames Spruance. Media Cache, http://media-cacheak0.pinimg.com/736x/50/4a/84/504a846166970c4338f790659585f
outcome of the war in Midway, which changed the course of the war with Japan. He directed
the campaigns that captured the Gilberts and Marshall Islands, Mariana, Iwo Jima and
Okinawa. After the war, he was appointed as head of the Navy. Later, he was the American
ambassador to the Philippines [46].
4.11 JAMES HAROLD DOOLITTLE: DECEMBER 14, 1896
– SEPTEMBER 27, 1993
He was an American aviator and army general who led the air raid on Tokyo,
Yokohama and other cities in Japan after the attack on Pearl Harbor (Figure 4.11 [52]). He
commanded the bombing mission using the aircraft carrier Hornet and his planes landed on
the Chinese mainland. The raid did little damage to the Japanese, but it gave a huge boost to
the U.S. and caused the Japanese to shift resources to air defense. He was promoted as major
general and continued to lead air operations in Europe, North Africa and Pacific fronts [48].
4.12 FRANKLIN DELANO ROOSEVELT: JANUARY 30,
1882 – APRIL 12, 1945
He was the 32nd U.S. President and the only chief executive elected to more than two
terms in the office (Figure 4.12 [53]). He led the country through the consequential periods in
history during World War II. Under his leadership, he rebounded the nation from the surprise
attack on Pearl Harbor by achieving victory in both the European and Pacific regions. He
delivered a speech with the famous phrase ‘a date which will live in infamy’, after the attack
on Pearl Harbor [8, 40].
30
Figure 4.11. James Harold Doolittle. Source: NAVAL HISTORY
AND HERITAGE, James Harold Doolittle. Naval History and
Heritage. http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/ac00001
/ac02102.jpg, accessed October 2014, n.d.
Figure 4.12. Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Source: GOPHOTO,
Franklin D. Roosevelt in World War 2. Gophoto,
http://gophoto.us/key/franklin%20d%20roosevelt%20in%20w
w2, accessed October 2014, n.d.
4.13 PAPPY BOYINGTON: DECEMBER 4, 1912 – JANUARY
11, 1988
He was a US Marine Corps fighter who became a pilot (Figure 4.13 [54]). He
organized the Black Sheep Squadron and shot down 28 Japanese planes before he was shot
down in 1944. He spent the last 20 months of the war in Japanese prisons. He was treated as
a war hero who returned from the dead, and spoke out against leniency toward the Japanese,
who had tortured him. Many people knew him from the television show ‘Baa Baa Black
Sheep’ [12].
31
Figure 4.13. Pappy Boyington. Source: WAR HISTORY
ONLINE, Pappy Boyington. War History Online,
http://www.warhistoryonline.com/wp-content/uploads/
2013/01/PappyMain1.jpg, accessed October 2014, n.d.
4.14 THOMAS ALBERT BLAMEY: 24 JANUARY 1884 – 27
MAY 1951
He was an Australian general during World War I & II and was the only Australian to
attain the rank of field marshal. Initially, he was commander of Australian forces in the
Middle East, but after Japan had entered the war, he was recalled to Australia. He was
commander of the Australian army but lost control of his troops after General Douglas
MacArthur became the supreme commander of South West Pacific region [40].
4.15 CHIANG KAI-SHEK: OCTOBER 31, 1887 – APRIL 5,
1975
He was China’s political and military leader from 1928-1975 (Figure 4.14 [55]). In
1907, he went to Japan and studied at the military staff college and also attended military
training in Moscow. He was unable to stop the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931 and
in 1937 he was forced to work with the Chinese Communists. He communicated with the
U.S. via Joseph Stilwell for support of the U.S. in stopping the Japanese invasion of China.
He was responsible for building the airfields in China and Burma during World War II.
Stilwell criticized him for the way he fought the war and claimed him as an untrusted person.
After the war, he ruled Taiwan [8, 40].
4.16 ALBUM SECTION AND MORE
This contains the information on more specific details of the Pacific Theatre.
32
Figure 4.14. Chiang Kai-shek. Source: NNDB, Chiang Kaishek. NNDB, http://www.nndb.com/people/974/000086716/ckssm.jpg, accessed October 2014, n.d.
4.16.1 Bataan Death March
After the battle of Bataan, which lasted for three months, the Bataan Peninsula was
surrendered by U.S. and Filipino troops. On April 09, 1942, the Japanese forced 76,000 U.S.
and Filipino troops to march 65 miles to prison camps. During the journey, the marchers
were restricted from food, water, and rest, and were treated harshly by the Japanese troops
and made to trek in intense heat, which led to the death of many troops [56].
4.16.2 Nanking Massacre
It is also known as the ‘Rape of Nanking’. After the battle of Shanghai, Japan took
over control of Shanghai in 1937 and advanced towards Nanking. In late December, the
Japanese murdered thousands of civilians and soldiers in Nanking. Around 80,000 women
were sexually assaulted, and the city was left in ruins. According to the Nanjing war crimes
tribunal, more than 300,000 people were killed during this massacre as estimated by Chinese
officials [18].
4.16.3 Flying Tigers
Months before Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, American military pilots were hired by
the Chinese to strengthen the Air force. 100-200 pilots resigned commissions with the U.S.
military and flew for China as ‘The First American Voluntary Group’. They destroyed 296
enemy aircraft, were highly successful after their first combat on December 20, 1941. A
journalist wrote in an article, “They flew like tigers”; from then on they were known as
‘Flying Tigers’ (Figure 4.15 [57]). They were disbanded and replaced by U.S. air forces on
July 4,1942 [58].
33
Figure 4.15. Flying the hump. Source:
C141 HEAVEN, Flying the hump. C141
Heaven, http://www.c141heaven.info/
dotcom/matsbook/images/a_veteran_in_
olive_drab.jpg, accessed October 2014,
n.d.
4.16.4 Tokyo Rose
Her real name is Iva Toguri, born on July 4, 1916 in Los Angeles. Tokyo Rose was
the generic name given by the allied troops to a series of American speaking women, who
made broadcasts of Japanese propaganda (Figure 4.16 [59]). She visited her aunt in Japan in
1941 and was stranded there after the Pearl Harbor attack. She hosted a propaganda and
entertainment program-‘Zero Hour’, which was primarily aimed at U.S. soldiers. She was
imprisoned for six years, when she came back to the U.S. after the war, for her broadcasts
[8].
Figure 4.16. Tokyo Rose. Source: CLOUDINARY, Tokyo Rose.
Cloudinary, http://a3.files.biography.com/image/upload/
c_fill,dpr_1.0,g_face,h_300,q_80,w_300/MTE1ODA0OTcxMjY
0OTM1NDM3.jpg, accessed October 2014, n.d.
34
4.16.5 Rosie the Riveter
She is a fictional character whose name symbolizes the real women who joined the
U.S. workforce during World War II (Figure 4.17 [60]). When the U.S. military male work
force was depleted after the attack on Pearl Harbor, this government propaganda campaign
was introduced to recruit female workers, which became the most iconic image during the
war. The percentage of U.S. female work force increased to 37 percent due to these efforts
[12].
Figure 4.17. Rosie the Riveter. Source: WIKIMEDIA, Rosie the
Riveter. Wikimedia, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/1/12/We_Can_Do_It!.jpg, accessed October 2014,
n.d.
4.16.6 Japanese American Internment
After Japan had attacked Pearl Harbor, people of Japanese ancestry living in the West
coast of the U.S. were evacuated forcibly from their homes and moved to internment camps.
More than 110,000 Japanese Americans were moved to isolated areas from Sierra Nevada to
the Mississippi river. By the time evacuation was complete, U.S. had command in the Pacific
and individual screening was done at centers to prove loyalty. 17,600 Nisei were accepted for
the U.S. armed forces services and later were well known for bravery [8, 56].
35
CHAPTER 5
MAP IMPLEMENTATION
This chapter is related to the logic behind the implementation of Timeline Maps and
Individual maps of the Pacific Ocean Theatre and South West Pacific Theatre [3, 4, 6].
5.1 TIMELINE MAPS
This section includes the coding used for generating the timeline maps and guidelines
to use the map. Map views are added for reference.
5.1.1 Code and Tool Usage
*****************************************************************
Comments start with // through the code
*****************************************************************
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html> <head>
// Importing the JavaScript and other API’s
<title>Timeline Map 2</title>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=no">
<style>html, body{height: 100%; width: 100%;margin: 0px 0px;padding: 0px}</style>
<script src="https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/js?v=3.exp"></script>
<script src="http://google-maps-utility-libraryv3.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/infobox/src/infobox.js"></script>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="css/screen.css" type="text/css" media="screen">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="css/responsive.css" type="text/css" media="screen">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="inc/colorbox.css" type="text/css" media="screen">
<script src="jquery-2.1.1.min.js"></script>
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.9.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
// Loading the menu
<script type="text/javascript">
$(document).ready(function(){$("#include").load("index.html");});
</script> </head>
<body>
<div id="include"></div> <br/><br/>
// Initialize the buttons
<button type="button" class = "btns" onclick="clean()">Clear Map</button>
36
<button type="button" class = "btns" onclick="prev()"> <<&nbspPrevious</button>
<button type="button" class = "btns" onclick="next()">Next&nbsp>></button>
<button type="button" class = "btns" onclick="showAll()">View All Battles</button>

<script>
// JSON data used for displaying the content, colors on the map
var arrFunction = [ {"lat1":"35.6833","long1":"139.7667","lat2": "31.2000","long2":
"121.5000","html": "test.html","divId": "wara","battle": "Battle of Shanghai",
"date":"August 13, 1937 – November 26, 1937","attack":"Army",
"namem1":"Japan","namem2":"Shanghai","anicolor":"blue","pathcolor":"brown"},
{"lat1":"35.6833","long1":"139.7667","lat2": "30.5833","long2": "114.2833","html":
"test.html","divId": "warb","battle": "Battle of Wuhan"];
// Declare map options and styles
var myLatlng = new google.maps.LatLng(13.5000, 144.8000);
var mapOptions = {zoom: 3,center: myLatlng,streetViewControl: false,
scrollwheel: false,navigationControl: false,mapTypeControl: false,scaleControl:
false};
var styles = [{stylers: [{"hue": "#55aaff"},{"saturation": 0}]},
{featureType: "administrative",elementType: "geometry",stylers: [{ visibility: "off"
}]}];
// Declaring the marker arrays
var i=0; var markers = []; var markers2 = []; var flightPath =[];
// Previous button
function prev(){ if(i > 0) removeLine(arrFunction[i]);}
// Clear Map button
function clean(){removeLine1(arrFunction[i]);}
var map = new google.maps.Map(document.getElementById('map-canvas'),
mapOptions);
map.setOptions({styles: styles}); var i =0;
// Next button
function next() {if(i < arrFunction.length) initialize(arrFunction[i], map);}
// Show all Battles button
function showAll() {removeLine1();
for(i in arrFunction){initialize(arrFunction[i], map);}}
// Initialize the map
function initialize(map1, map) {
var lat1 = map1.lat1; var lat2 = map1.lat2;var zoom = map1.zoom;
var long1 = map1.long1; var long2 = map1.long2;
var pathcolor = map1.pathcolor; var html = map1.html; var divId = map1.divId;
var battle = map1.battle; var date = map1.date; var attack = map1.attack;
var namem1 = map1.namem1; var namem2 = map1.namem2; var anicolor =
map1.anicolor;
$(".timelineMinor a").removeClass("open");
$(".timelineMinor a").addClass("closed");
var myLatlng = new google.maps.LatLng(lat1, long1);
// Declare icon used for animation on the polyline
37
var lineSymbol = {path: google.maps.SymbolPath.FORWARD_CLOSED_ARROW,
icon: mimage,scale: 3, strokeColor: anicolor};
var msymbol = {path: google.maps.Symbol,scale:2}
var p1 = new google.maps.LatLng(lat1, long1);
// Declare polyline
flightPath[i] = new google.maps.Polyline({ path: [p1, p2], geodesic: true,
strokeColor: pathcolor, strokeOpacity: 1.0, strokeWeight: 4,
icons: [{ icon: lineSymbol, offset: '10%'}] });
var mimage = 'images/pin_purple.png';
// Declaring the markers
var marker = new google.maps.Marker({position: p1, map: map, title:namem1, icon:
mimage})
var marker2 = new google.maps.Marker({position: p2,map: map,title: namem2,icon:
mimage})
markers.push(marker); markers2.push(marker2);
// Initialize the content in the Infobox when click on the polyline
var infotext1 = null; var infowindow = null;
$.get(html, function (htmlr) { $('#div1').append($(htmlr)); divMain = "#" + divId;
var htmld = $('#div1').find(divMain).html();
infowindow = new InfoBox ({content: '<div class = "infoWindowOverflow">' +
htmld + '</div>', disableAutoPan: false, maxWidth: 0, pixelOffset: new google.maps.Size(115, 0), zIndex: null, boxClass: "myInfobox", closeBoxMargin: "2px", closeBoxURL:
"close.png", infoBoxClearance: new google.maps.Size(1, 1), visible: true, pane: "floatPane",
enableEventPropagation: false});
// Initialize the content in the Infobox when hover on the polyline
var textstring = '<div id="content" class = "infoWindowOverflow2" style="color: White;
padding:3px; font-weight: bolder; font-size: 12px" id="firstHeading"
class="firstHeading"><div ></div><h4 style="margin-top: 5px">' + battle + '</h4>' +
'<br/><h5 style="margin-top: 0px">' + date + '</h5><br/><h5 style="margin-top: 0px">' +
'Major Attack:&nbsp' + attack + '</h5>' + '</div>';
infotext1 = new InfoBox({content: '<div class = "infoWindowOverflow2"
style="background-color:orangered">' + textstring + '</div>', disableAutoPan: false,
pixelOffset: new google.maps.Size(-140, 0), zIndex: null, boxClass: "myInfobox2",
boxStyle: {background: "url('http://google-maps-utility-libraryv3.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/infobox/examples/tipbox.gif') no-repeat", opacity: 1,width:
"200px"} }); });
// Declaring the events used on the map
google.maps.event.addListener(flightPath[i], 'click', function () {infowindow.open(map,
marker2);});
google.maps.event.addListener(flightPath[i], 'mouseover', function () {
infotext1.open(map, marker2); var tempObj = this; tempObj.setOptions({strokeColor:
"black"});
this.strokeWeight = 8;});
google.maps.event.addListener(flightPath[i], 'mouseout', function () {
infotext1.close(); var tempObj = this;
38
tempObj.setOptions({strokeColor: pathcolor}); this.strokeWeight = 4;});
animateCircle(flightPath[i], map); addLine(); }
// Set all the declared contents on the map
function setAllMap(map) { for (var i = 0; i < markers.length; i++) {
markers[i].setMap(map); markers2[i].setMap(map);}}
function addLine(){ flightPath[i].setMap(map);
if (i < arrFunction.length) {i++;} }
function removeLine() { i--;flightPath[i].setMap(null);}
function removeLine1() {while(i>0){ i--; flightPath[i].setMap(null);}}
// Animation on the polyline
function animateCircle(flightPath, map, infotext1) {
flightPath.setMap(map); var count = 0; var timesRun = 0;
var interval = setInterval(function(){ timesRun += 1; if(timesRun === 199){
clearInterval(interval);}
count = (count + 1) % 200; var icons = flightPath.get('icons');
icons[0].offset = (count / 2) + '%'; flightPath.set('icons', icons);}, 1);}
</script> </div> </body> </html>
Tool Usage

Navigate between 'Next' and 'Previous' buttons to view the Battles based on
Timeline

View All Battles displays al the wars at a time. Clear Map clears the path between
the markers.

Use the '+', '-' for zoom control on the map

Japan Victory: Blue forward icon with Brown line

USA Victory: Red forward icon with Green line

Allied Victory: Yellow forward icon with Orange line

Hover on any line displays the Name, Date/Year, Major Attack of Battle

Click on any line opens a pop-up with more details [Scroll bar is provided]

Hover on any Marker displays the Name of the Location.
5.1.2 Map Views
The timeline map view of Pacific Ocean Theatre is shown in Figure 5.1.
The timeline map view of South West Pacific Theatre is shown in Figure 5.2.
5.2 INDIVIDUAL MAPS
This section includes the coding used for generating the individual maps and
guidelines to use the map. Map views are added for reference.
39
Figure 5.1. Timeline map view of Pacific Ocean Theatre.
Figure 5.2. Timeline map view of South West Pacific Theatre.
5.2.1 Code and Tool Usage
*****************************************************************
Comments start with // through the code
*****************************************************************
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
// Importing the Javascript and other API’s
<title>Pacific Ocean Theatre Individual Maps</title>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=no">

<style>html, body{ height: 100%; width: 100%;margin: 0px 0px;padding: 0px}
#map-canvas {height: 85%; width: 78%;margin: 100px -20px;padding: 0px;}</style>
<script src="https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/js?v=3.exp"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="http://google-maps-utility-libraryv3.googlecode.com/svn/tags/markerwithlabel/1.1.9/src/markerwithlabel.js"></script>
<script src="http://google-maps-utility-libraryv3.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/infobox/src/infobox.js"></script>
40
<link rel="stylesheet" href="css/screen2.css" type="text/css" media="screen">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="css/responsive.css" type="text/css" media="screen">
<script src="jquery-2.1.1.min.js"></script>
// Load the menu bar
<script type="text/javascript">
$(document).ready(function(){$("#include").load("index.html");});
</script>
<script>
var map;
// Initializing the function to change according to the parameters provided
function initialize(lat1, long1, lat2, long2, html, divId, battle, date, attack, namem1,
namem2, anicolor, pathcolor, zoom) {
$(".timelineMinor a").removeClass("open"); $(".timelineMinor
a").addClass("closed");
var myLatlng = new google.maps.LatLng(lat1, long1);
// The features to be included on the map during load
var mapOptions = { zoom: zoom,center: myLatlng, streetViewControl: false,
scrollwheel: false,navigationControl: false,mapTypeControl: false,
scaleControl: false};
// Defining the Arrow used for animation
var lineSymbol = {path: google.maps.SymbolPath.FORWARD_CLOSED_ARROW,
scale: 4,strokeColor: anicolor};
// Initializing the map
map = new google.maps.Map(document.getElementById('map-canvas'),
mapOptions);
// Path between 2 markers is defined here
var flightPath = new google.maps.Polyline({
path: [p1, p2],geodesic: true,strokeColor: pathcolor,strokeOpacity: 1.0,
strokeWeight: 4,icons: [{icon: lineSymbol,offset: '100%'}]});
var step = 0;
var numSteps = 250; //Change this to set animation resolution
var timePerStep = 25; //Change this to alter animation speed
var interval = setInterval(function() {
step += 1; if (step > numSteps) {clearInterval(interval);}
else {var are_we_there_yet =
google.maps.geometry.spherical.interpolate(p1,p2,step/numSteps);
flightPath.setPath([p1, are_we_there_yet]);}}, timePerStep);
flightPath.setMap(map);
// Declaring the markers
var mimage = 'images/a3.png'; var mimage2 = 'images/a7.png';
var marker = new MarkerWithLabel({position: p1,map: map,
icon: mimage,title:namem1,labelContent: namem1, labelAnchor: new
google.maps.Point(22, 0), labelClass: "labels", labelStyle: {opacity: 0.8}})
var marker2 = new MarkerWithLabel({position: p2,map: map,
41
icon: mimage2,title:namem2,labelContent: namem2, labelAnchor: new
google.maps.Point(22, 0), labelClass: "labels", labelStyle: {opacity: 0.8}})
// Initialize the circle
var circle = new google.maps.Circle({center: p2,radius: 200000,strokeColor: "grey",
strokeOpacity: 1, strokeWeight: 4, fillColor:"", fillOpacity: 0});
circle.setMap(map);
// Set the circle radius
var direction = 1; var rMin = 60000, rMax = 240000;
setInterval(function() { var radius = circle.getRadius();
if ((radius > rMax) || (radius < rMin)) { direction *= -1;}
circle.setRadius(radius + direction * 20000);}, 200);
// Events on the map
$.get(html, function( htmlr ) {
$('#div1').append($(htmlr)); divMain = "#"+divId;
var htmld = $('#div1').find(divMain).html();
var infowindow = { content: '<div class =
"infoWindowOverflow">'+htmld+'</div>'
,disableAutoPan: false, maxWidth: 0, pixelOffset: new google.maps.Size(-115,
0),
zIndex: null, boxClass: "myInfobox",closeBoxMargin: "2px",closeBoxURL:
"close.png",
infoBoxClearance: new google.maps.Size(1, 1),visible: true, pane: "floatPane"
,enableEventPropagation: false};
// Initialize the content in the Infobox when click on the polyline
var textstring = '<div id="content" class = "infoWindowOverflow2" style="color:
white; padding:3px; font-weight: bolder; font-size: 12px" id="firstHeading"
class="firstHeading"><div ></div><h4 style="margin-top: 5px">'+ battle
+'</h4>'+'<br/><h5 style="margin-top: 0px">'+date+'</h5><br/><h5 style="margin-top:
0px">'+'Major Attack:&nbsp'+attack+'</h5>'+'</div>';
// Initialize the content in the Infobox when hover on the polyline
var infotext1 = { content: '<div class = "infoWindowOverflow2" style="background-color:
orangered">'+textstring+'</div>',disableAutoPan: false, pixelOffset: new google.maps.Size(140, 0),zIndex: null,boxClass: "myInfobox2",boxStyle: {background: "url('http://googlemaps-utility-library-v3.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/infobox/examples/tipbox.gif') norepeat",opacity:1, width: "250px"}, closeBoxMargin: "2px", closeBoxURL: "close.png" };
google.maps.event.addListener(flightPath, "click", function (e) {
infowindowy.open(map, marker2);});
google.maps.event.addListener(flightPath, "mouseover", function (e) {
infowindowx.open(map,marker2); flightPath.strokeColor = 'black'; flightPath.strokeWeight =
8;});
google.maps.event.addListener(flightPath, "mouseout", function (e) {
infowindowx.close(); flightPath.strokeColor = pathcolor;
flightPath.strokeWeight = 4;});
var infowindowy = new InfoBox(infowindow); var infowindowx = new
InfoBox(infotext1);});
// Set the map options and styles
42
var styles = [{"featureType": "administrative", "stylers": [{ "visibility": "on"}]},
{"elementType": "geometry",stylers: [{ visibility: "off" }]},
{"featureType": "poi","stylers": [{"visibility": "simplified"}]},
{"featureType": "road","stylers": [{ "visibility": "off"}]},
{"featureType": "water","stylers": [{"visibility": "simplified"}]},
{"featureType": "transit","stylers": [{"visibility": "simplified"}]},
{"featureType": "landscape","stylers": [{"visibility": "simplified"}]},
{"featureType": "road.highway","stylers": [{"visibility": "off"}]},
{"featureType": "road.local","stylers": [{"visibility": "off"}]},
{"featureType": "road.highway","elementType": "geometry","stylers": [{"visibility":
"off"}]},
{"featureType": "road.arterial","stylers": [{"visibility": "off"}]},
{"featureType": "water","stylers": [{"color": "#5f94ff"},{ "lightness": 0},{"gamma":
2.86}]},
{"featureType": "road.highway","stylers": [{"weight": 0.6},{"saturation": -85},{"lightness":
61}]},
{"featureType": "road"},
{"featureType": "landscape","stylers": [{"hue": "#0066ff"},{"saturation": 74},{"lightness":
100}]}];
map.setOptions({styles: styles});} </script> </head>
<body> <div id="include"></div> <div style="height:100%; width:100%;">
<div class="container2" style="float: left">

<div id="timelineContainer" class="timelineContainer"><br class="clear">
// Click event on the battles
<dt onclick="initialize(35.6833, 139.7667, 31.2000, 121.5000,'test.html', 'wara', 'Battle of
Shanghai','August 13, 1937 – November 26, 1937','Army',
'Japan','Shanghai','blue','brown',5)" style="width: 25px; color: green"><a>Battle of
Shanghai</a><p class="pstyle">August 13, 1937 – November 26, 1937</p></dt>
<dt onclick="initialize(35.6833, 139.7667, 30.5833, 114.2833,'test.html', 'warb', 'Battle of
Wuhan','11 June – 27 October 1938','Army', 'Japan','Wuhan','blue','brown',4)" style="width:
25px"><a>Battle of Wuhan</a><p class="pstyle">11 June – 27 October 1938</p></dt>
</dl> </div><br class="clear"></div> </div>
<div id="map-canvas" style="float:left; z-index: 1;background:
url('images/BattleImages/pacificww2.gif'); background-repeat: no-repeat; backgroundposition: center;" ></div></div>
<div id="div1" style="display: none"></div>
</body> </html>
Tool Usage

Click on any battle to view the information on the map

Use the '+', '-' for zoom control on the map

Japan Victory: Blue forward icon with Brown line

USA Victory: Red forward icon with Green line
43

Allied Victory: Yellow forward icon with Orange line

Hover on any line displays the Name, Date/Year, Major Attack of Battle

Click on any line opens a pop-up with more details [Scroll bar is provided]

Hover on any Marker displays the Name of the Location.
5.2.2 Map Views
The individual map view of Pacific Ocean Theatre is shown in Figure 5.3.
Figure 5.3. Individual map view of Pacific Ocean Theatre.
The individual map view of South West Pacific Theatre is shown in Figure 5.4.
Figure 5.4. Individual map view of South West Pacific Theatre.
44
CHAPTER 6
SCREENSHOTS
In this section, snapshots of the different UI pages used in the application are
provided.
It gives a glimpse of the features involved in the application and demonstrates how to
perform the functions in it.
6.1 MENU
The application header consists of a CSS Menu embedded with an icon and a title to
navigate in the tool. The menu is made consistent throughout the application (Figure 6.1).
Figure 6.1. Menu.
It is created in a way for quickly accessing the required content and has sub-menus
wherever needed. One can easily switch between the following pages:

Home

Timeline Maps [Pacific Ocean Theatre, South West Pacific Theatre]

Individual Maps [Pacific Ocean Theatre, South West Pacific Theatre]

Battles [Pacific Ocean Theatre, South West Pacific Theatre]

People

Album
The Background of the entire application has a slow animation for better appearance.
6.2 HOME
The Home page in the application provides basic information about the thesis and a
Pacific Theatre image (Figure 6.2).
45
Figure 6.2. Home screen.
6.3 TIMELINE
In this page, timeline views of different battles and campaigns are displayed one after
the other using the Next and Previous buttons (Figure 6.3). It also contains some instructions
for accessing the content in the map.
Figure 6.3. Timeline map.
6.4 WAR MAPS
In this section, individual maps for different battles and campaigns are portrayed.
Navigation links are provided for each of the battles (Figure 6.4). It also contains some
instructions for accessing the content in the map.
6.5 BATTLES
This section includes a brief summary of battles/campaigns with a corresponding map
image beside it (Figure 6.5). Two kinds of views are provided to expand/collapse the
information related to each of the battles. Also, Wikipedia and other links are provided for
each of them.
46
Figure 6.4. War maps.
Figure 6.5. Battles.
6.6 PEOPLE
In this section, summaries and images of commanders and leaders involved in the
Pacific Theatre of World War II are displayed (Figure 6.6). Also, Wikipedia links are
provided.
Figure 6.6. People.
6.7 ALBUM
This section provides a few videos and images related to the battles in the pacific
theatre (Figure 6.7). YouTube videos and animated map videos are embedded into this
section (Figure 6.8) [16, 61].
47
Figure 6.7. YouTube videos.
Figure 6.8. Animated map videos.
48
CHAPTER 7
SUMMARY, OBSTACLES, FUTURE WORK, AND
TESTING
During the course of the thesis, I got to know many interesting facts about the Pacific
Theatre of World War II. It was an excellent learning practice and I made several changes
and enhancements in the application with the integration of HTML5, CSS3, JavaScript,
JQuery and Google Maps.
The biggest challenge was to build an interactive Timeline of wars on the Google
maps, where I spent lot of time in rebuilding the application to make the end product visually
look good. Also, there were minor hurdles to generate the map without reloading when an
event is triggered.
The application provides vast information on the Pacific Theatre wars and has good
UI animations, which can be used as an interactive tool to know more about it. The
application can be enhanced to make this tablet and mobile-friendly in the future and add
more dynamic content if needed.
This application was accessed and tested by several people (not from computer
science background) and below are the changes made based on their input.
1. In Timeline maps, the hovered battles are made bolder and look different from
other battles.
2. In Individual maps, labels are added under each marker, which specifies the
region.
3. The grey and dull fonts used in the application are replaced with other colors,
which look more readable in the background.
4. Tool usage section is added wherever the maps are displayed.
5. Added some map based animations related to the Pacific wars in the Album
section.
49
REFERENCES
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