Electric Vehicle Overview Presentation

Plug-In Vehicles:
Coming Soon to Already in
a Garage Near You
Michael Ogburn, CLEER!
(970) 704-9200!
[email protected]!
Alternative Fuel Acronym Definitions
Plug-in Vehicles
HEV: Hybrid Electric Vehicle (engine + battery, no plug; minimal EV range)
PLUG-IN VEHICLES:
PHEV: Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV with plug + big battery)
10-30 miles of EV driving at highway speeds
EV or BEV: Battery Electric Vehicle – electric-only operation
EREV: Extended Range Electric Vehicle (EV + generator, similar to PHEV)
Chevy Volt: ~40 miles of EV driving at highway speeds
eGallon: The price of an eGallon is how much it costs to drive an EV the
same distance you could go on a gallon of unleaded gasoline in a similar car
PLUG-IN VEHICLES FOR IN-TOWN USE ONLY
Not viable in many communities due to vehicle speeds on main roads
NEV: Neighborhood Electric Vehicle (federally limited to 25 mph)
Electricity has impressive price stability
http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/mbaumhefner/buck-a-gallon_gas_for_life.html
CNG and electricity have advantages:
Lower price, lower volatility
ELECTRIC
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, with electric data added by Mike Ogburn.
“Pump price” of certain alternative fuels are
less subject to changes in market prices for energy
Diesel
Retail price $3.87/GGE
(July 2013)
$4.00
Taxes
$3.00
13%
Gasoline
Retail price $3.59/GGE
(July 2013)
Taxes
Distribution
and Marketing
13%
Distribution
and Marketing
Refining
10%
Refining
12%
7%
CNG
Retail price $2.10/GGE
(2013)
12%
Electricity
Taxes
$2.00
$1.00
“If the price goes up
for oil, natural gas, coal, wind, solar, etc,
how much will that affect “pump” price?”
Crude Oil
65%
Crude Oil
70%
Electricity
Pipeline
18%
6%
9%
Operations
Maintenance
Amortization
42%
Natural Gas
26%
$0.00
Sources: US DoE EIA http://www.eia.gov/petroleum/gasdiesel/,
http://energy.gov/maps/egallon
NGVA
US DoE EERE
Retail price $1.14/eGallon
Taxes
Transmission
and Delivery
15%
30%
Power Plant
30%
Fuel Costs
25%
Passenger Car Example: EV & PHEV
Capital and fuel cost to drive 100,000 miles
Gasoline Car
Purchase Price $16,000
Gasoline Fuel, 27mpg
$3.50/gal = $12,900
Electric Car w/tax credits
Purchase Price $18,000
20% Gas +
80% Electric
Total fuel =
$4,000
PHEV Car w/tax cred.
Purchase Price $23,000
0
$5k
$10k
$15k
$8,000 savings
vs. gasoline
+ no oil changes!
Electri
city,
$2,800
$20k
$25k
$2,000 savings
vs gas-only
$30k
VEHICLE COST OF OWNERSHIP – FIRST 100,000 MILES
*Note: Vehicle costs and fuel prices may vary. The values above are estimates for example purposes.
Do#EVs#s'll#seem#expensive?#
Leasing#avoids#up6front#cost#hurdles#
Lease + Fuel costs for a PHEV or EV may be cheaper on day one!
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Governments:
Lease
companies can
take tax credits
and pass them
through as lower
lease payments
Electric Vehicles – Here now!
A good match for predictable daily driving. 100+ MPGe ratings.
EV
Ford Focus EV – First sold 2012
• 
• 
• 
• 
EV Range
75 miles
MPG equivalent:
105 mpge
MSRP:
$39,200 then $7,500 federal tax credit
Battery thermal management system for any climate
Nissan Leaf EV – First sold 2011
• 
• 
• 
• 
EV Range
75 miles
MPG equivalent:
105 mpge
MSRP:
$28,800 then $7,500 federal tax credit
2013 model now costs less + have 25% more range
Tesla Model S – First sold 2012
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
EV Range options up to 265 miles,
MPG equivalent:
89 mpge
MSRP:
$67,400 to $77,400 ($7,500 fed. credit)
Performance Pkg $97,900 0-60 in 4.4 sec
Charger options:
6 kW up to 90 kW charger capability
Battery thermal management system for any climate
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EV
EV
Coming in 2015: 4x4 electric SUV
Denver to Vail and back on 1 charge
Tesla’s Model-X: This 2014 electric SUV has all wheel drive,
seats 7, has gull-wing doors, ~200 miles per charge,
120kW SuperCharger FREE in GJ, Glenwood, Silverthorne, Park Meadows,
Electric Vehicles – Here now!
A good match for predictable daily driving. 100+ MPGe ratings.
BMW i3– First sold 2014
• 
• 
• 
• 
EV Range
81 miles
MPG equivalent:
124 mpge
MSRP:
$41,350 then $7,500 fed. tax credit)
Gasoline “Range Extender” option: 150 miles on EV+gas.
Toyota RAV4 EV - 2013
• 
• 
• 
• 
EV
EV Range
103 miles
MPG equivalent:
76 mpge
MSRP:
$49,800 then $7,500 fed. tax credit
Primarily sold in California
Chevy Spark EV - 2014
• 
• 
• 
• 
EV +
REX
EV Range
82 miles
MPG equivalent:
119 mpge
MSRP:
$27,500 then $7,500 fed. tax credit
Limited to certain states; California, Oregon, Washington
EV
Plug In Hybrids – Here now!
A good match for ANYBODY – Electric for most of a daily drive, then gasoline.
PHEV
500,00
0,000+
electric
driven
miles
as of Ju
ne 201
4
PHEV
Chevy Volt
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
38 miles
350 miles at 37 mpg
94 mpge
149 hp
$39,145 then $7,500 fed tax credit
Ford CMAX Energi
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
PHEV
EV Range
Gasoline Range
MPG equivalent:
Peak Horsepower
MSRP:
First sold: 2011
EV Range
Gasoline Range
MPG equivalent:
Peak Horsepower
MSRP:
First sold: 2012
22 miles
550+ miles at 43 mpg
100 mpge
188 hp
$33,745 then $4,003 fed tax credit
Toyota Prius Plug-In First sold: 2011
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
EV Range
Gasoline Range
MPG equivalent:
Peak Horsepower
MSRP:
11 miles
500+ miles at 50 mpg
95 mpge
134 hp
$32,760 then $2,500 fed tax credit
Plug In Hybrids – Here now!
A good match for ANYBODY – Electric for most of a daily drive, then gasoline.
PHEV
Ford Fusion Energi
• 
• 
• 
• 
EV Range
Gasoline Range
MPG equivalent:
MSRP:
2013
22 miles
550+ miles at 43 mpg
100 mpge
$38,700 then $4,003 fed tax credit
PHEV 4x4
Mitsubishi Outlander Plug-In 2013
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
PHEV
EV Range
30 miles (TBD)
Gasoline Range
400+ miles at TBD mpg
MPG equivalent:
TBD mpge
MSRP:
$TBD then $TBD tax credit
All-Wheel-Drive electric + series/parallel gasoline hybrid
On sale in Japan, coming to USA in 2015
Honda Accord
•  EV Range
•  Gasoline Range
2014
15 miles
550+ miles at 46 mpg MPG
equivalent:
115 mpge
•  MSRP:
$39,780 then $3,400 fed tax credit
•  Limited availability; New York and California only
Porsche plug-in-hybrid 918 Spyder
20 miles
EV range
285 hp / 887hp
EV / Hybrid max power
93 mph / 186 mph EV / Hybrid top speed
90 mpg
Euro Fuel Economy
only $845,000
Formula 1 racing is now 100% hybrid-electric
600hp
Gasoline V6
160hp
Energy Recovery System
Motor + turbo-generator + regen braking
Winning requires good fuel economy
All-new all-electric Formula E racing
3 seconds
0-60mph
136 mph
top speed
Racing planned for 2014/2015
Electric Vehicles are appearing in all markets
Harley is developing electric motorcycles
Rapid charging enables 20 MPGe transit buses
Smaller battery + Frequent charges = Low lifecycle cost
Up to 90% lower fuel cost vs.
diesel (over vehicle lifetime)
Elecrtricity = lower fuel price volatility
Up to 40% lower
maintenance cost vs. diesel
(fewer moving parts)
Scheduled charges occur during “time checks” – 5-10 minutes each hour.
Nearly silent operation – quieter than CNG, much quieter than diesel
150 kW electric motor + 3 speed transmission. Perfect for in-town routes.
500 kW rapid-charger, typically placed at one or two key locations
EVSE = Electric Vehicle Service Equipment
Goal is to deliver electricity safely
What’s inside an EVSE? Here’s one system.
On/Off Relay Switch:
Sends AC power
to car only after
communications
are successful
Current-Sensing:
Devices to measure
energy delivered to
the vehicle
Control Board:
Communicates with
car, checks for
ground faults,
interfaces with
optional billing
systems, credit card
readers etc.
Wiring Terminals:
External electrical
connections for
240V, 40A typical
Industry-standard plug for all
electric vehicles and plug-in-hybrids
•  SAE J1772 – Society of Automotive Engineers
standardized the electric plugs for safety and durability.
•  Plug is on 120 V convenience cords, included with most
electric vehicles and plug-in-hybrids.
•  Plug can deliver 240 V power from a “charger” known
as Electric Vehicle Service Equipment (EVSE).
•  If someone unplugs a car during charging, the safety
connection separates first and triggers the EVSE
system to interrupt the electricity flow to prevent arcing.
Understanding EV Charging:
Level 1, Level 2, & DC Fast Charging
LEVEL 1: "
At Home!
5 miles per hour!
1400 Watts !
120V, 12A!
(20A circuit breaker)!
LEVEL 2: "
At Home, or!
Public Locations!
25 miles per hour !
6,600 Watts* !
240V, 30A**!
(40A circuit breaker)!
*Some PHEVs charge at 3,300 Watts. **Plug standard accommodates up to 70A !
DC !
130 to 340 miles* !
Fast Charge: " per hour of charge!
Not critical for EVs.!
PHEV’s don’t need it.!
Only for long EV trips.!
Various plug standards.!
44,000 to 120,000 Watts !
*Most vehicles are 80%
full in about 30 minutes. !
SAE Combo, CHAdeMO, Tesla!
80% of EV charging occurs at home
Level 1 and Level 2 charging at home or fleet base
•  Level 2 charging refills a car at about 25 miles for each hour plugged in.
•  Level 2 EVSE can greatly increase the daily electric range of an EV or PHEV.
•  Home EVSE hardware starts at $560, plus installation of a “dryer plug” circuit.
•  Commercial EVSE hardware costs $1,000 to $7,000 plus varying installation costs.
EV Infrastructure is Growing Quickly
Western Slope EV Charging Locations
There are 53 EV charging plugs in operation at 21 locations in Western Colorado,
Approximately 16 plugs at 10 additional western slope locations are planned for 2014.
Available now
0
Coming in 2014
Western Colorado EVSE locations now open also include: Montrose, Ouray, Telluride Mountain Village, Steamboat Springs.
Search for alternative fuel stations in the U.S. online at: http://www.afdc.energy.gov/locator/stations/ (1 month delay posting new stations)
For additional “crowd-sourced” detail on EVSE locations, visit http://plugshare.com
Map above updated as of August 14, 2014
Nationwide EV Infrastructure is Growing Fast
Monthly electrical costs to drive a plug-in vehicle are low
The electric cost to drive a plug-in vehicle is about $26 per month
•  The “fuel” cost when driving electric is about 3.1 cents per mile
• 
• 
• 
Assumes the average plug-in vehicle driver travels 10,000 miles per year on electricity
Assumes the vehicle can travel 3.5 miles per kWh, that equals 2,857 kWh per year
Assumes the customer pays $0.11 per kWh, that equals $314.28 per year, or $26.19
Preparing for 120V charging is easy
•  Level 1 charging refills a car at about 5 miles for each hour plugged in.
•  If possible, install a 15 amp single-outlet plug on a dedicated circuit to charge
plug-in vehicles. (Your EV should not share a circuit with your beer fridge and
garage door opener.)
•  Can you guess what happens if a second plug-in vehicle uses the plug in this
parking garage??
Dedicated 120 V
GFCI plug outlet
Is recommended
Good management is critical to ensure
vehicle charging costs are low at commercial buildings
Fleet has 4 EVs, each drives 1,000 mi/month, has 4 Level 2 chargers (6.6kW each)
•  Option 1. Charge any time. This causes a new peak, 27kW higher than usual. $0.11/mi
•  Option 2. Fleet sets EVs to automatically charge at night. $0.01/mile
Chart#shows#building#
electric#Demand#in#
kilowa@s#(kW)#
Low#overnight#
kW#demand#
Normal#Peak#Demand#90kW:#
caused#by#HVAC,#computers,#
lights,#etc.#
Op'on#1)#Day'me#charging#of#six#
EVs#at#2:45pm#on#a#hot#day#causes#
new#peak#of#117#kW#for#the#
month.#Addi'onal#cost#on#monthly#
bill#could#be#$400.##Cost#per#mile#
to#drive#the#EVs#could#increase#10X#
=#$0.11/mile#
Op'on#2)#EVs#set#to#
automa'cally#charge#
at#night.#No#new#
demand#charge.##EV#
driving#=#$0.01/mile#
“DC Fast Charging” Standard? Stay tuned.!
"
80% of charging will be Level II at home base, focus on that for now. "
Fast Chargers will eventually come to in cities, highways and travel destinations."
A large customer base of vehicles is needed to afford high utility demand charges."
!
DC Fast Charging is Optional on some Plug-in Vehicles:!
US & EU Carmakers Prefer
SAE’s DC Standard:
DC Level I and II"
500 V!
40 kW to 100 kW!
!
!
!
!
!
New “combo-connector”!
http://ev.sae.org/article/10128!
Japanese Carmakers Prefer
CHAdeMO DC Standard:
DC: 500 V, up to 65 kW!
2
7
Plug-in Vehicles
Common Misconceptions
Do EVs really emit less CO2? Yes!
45% of Americans live in the “best” areas for EVs…
…and the grid is getting cleaner every day!
Source: Union of Concerned Scientists, State of Charge Report 2012. UCS Regional global warming emissions ratings
are based on 2009 power plant data in the EPA’s eGRID 2012 database (the most recent available version).
Since this data was sourced, Colorado alone added 3,000 megawatts of wind.
What about power plant pollution? EVs win.
Even on Colorado’s coal-heavy grid, EVs are cleaner
…and the grid is getting cleaner every day!
Source: Lessons Learned from the Clean Cities Community EV Readiness Projects, March 2014, prepared by C2ES.org
Grid readiness for plug-in vehicles
Nighttime charging ensures EVs don't cause new grid peaks.
California can charge 5 million plug-in hybrids at night with minimal impact.
Most EV's have built-in features to set the preferred charge time.
Do EVs increase coal use? No.
The majority of new electricity generation in U.S. is low-carbon.
Powerful market forces are driving generation changes, not EVs.
What about environmental impacts, such as ...
…battery recycling? A great system is in place:
Car batteries are the most-recycled product in the U.S.
•  98% of existing lead-acid car batteries are recycled.
•  0% of gasoline is recycled.
•  Only 27% of plastic bottles and 58% of aluminum cans are recycled.
•  Toyota offers a $200 bounty on junkyard hybrid batteries.
…the embodied energy of making an EV or PHEV?
Takes a bit more energy to make, yields huge energy savings over its lifetime.
EV’s on the grid are fine, but what about solar?
Renewables: Buy solar now, fuel is free for decades
Driving a gasoline vehicle:
•  10,000 miles per year
•  at 30 miles per gallon
•  is 333 gallons per year
•  = $1,000 per year
Driving an electric vehicle:
•  10,000 miles per year
•  at 3 miles per kWh
•  is 3,333 kWh per year
To buy 50 years of fuel today:
500,000 miles of fuel = $50,000
assuming $3/gallon
(you'd need a big tank!)
Equal to 2 kW of solar PV panels
Some Community Solar Gardens
offer a 50 year warranty on power
Cost: $7,000, then free electricity
50 years of EV charging:
$7,000 one-time purchase!
Powers 500,000 miles of driving
Are EVs safe? Yes!
Just like any new car, crash ratings matter to buyers.
FMVSS regulations include alt-fuel requirements.
Vehicle
Chevy Volt
Nissan Leaf
Safety features
•  five star side impact,
five star frontal
•  "Good" in frontal offset, side-impact
and roof strength tests
•  antilock brakes, stability control, front
side airbags, front knee airbags and
full-length side curtain airbags
•  five star side impact,
four star frontal
•  "Good" in frontal-offset, side-impact and
roof-strength tests
•  antilock disc brakes, stability and traction
control, front side airbags and side
curtain airbags
Ford Focus EV
•  five star side impact,
four star frontal
•  "Good" in the frontal-offset, side and roof
strength tests
•  antilock brakes, stability control, front
side airbags and side curtain airbags,
Ford Sync system, MyKey system
Will the battery last?
Vehicle
Chevy Volt
Warranty
8 years, 100,000 miles
Designed for 10+ years and 150,000+ miles
It is possible to replace individual cells without
replacing the entire battery pack.
Nissan Leaf
8 years, 100,000 miles
Designed to have 80% of capacity at 10 yrs
It is possible to replace individual cells without
replacing the entire battery pack.
Most
Gasoline
Engines
5 years, 60,000 miles
Warranty varies by manufacturer
5 years, 100,000 is the best available
Don’t PHEV and EV batteries cost $1,000’s to replace?
Concern
What if my battery
fails?
Response
Warranty will cover you for years
Currently, all battery manufacturers offer an
8 year 100,000 mile warranty
But what about after
the warranty?
Battery failure is not very likely
Many EV batteries are designed for 10 years,
150,000+ miles. Hybrid Escapes batteries are
lasting 300,000 miles, and 1998 RAV4 EVs are
still running
What if my battery
fails after
warranty is out?
Battery repair is cheaper than you think:
Often a single module fails, not the entire pack.
Module replacement is $100’s not $1,000’s. Battery
packs are getting cheaper all the time. In 8 years,
batteries will hold more energy and cost much less
than today.
Can EVs go in the snow?
Many EVs front-wheel drive = great snow handling
Like any car, buy snow tires!
Program your car or use a mobile app to
trigger automatic heating or cooling.
Warm up the car before you even get
out of bed!
Ford Focus EV & Chevy Volt
batteries have liquid heating/cooling
for extreme climates.
More information on Electric Vehicles at:!
www.ElectricRideColorado.com!
More information on GCE and it’s programs!
www.GarfieldCleanEnergy.org!
www.CleanEnergyEconomy.net or 970 704 9200!