Motor Vehicle Sales Decline for Third Consecutive Year

Transcription

T HE M OT OR I N DUSTR Y OF JAP AN 2 009
Contents
Page
Automotive Industry
Automobile-Related Industries and Total Employment .......................................................
2
Investment in Materials and Equipment ...............................................................................
3
Automotive Shipments in Value Terms ................................................................................
4
Automotive Trade ..................................................................................................................
5
Motor Vehicles
Production ..............................................................................................................................
6
New Registrations .................................................................................................................
8
Imported Vehicle Sales .......................................................................................................... 10
Used Vehicle Sales ................................................................................................................. 11
Motor Vehicles in Use and Motor Vehicle Density .............................................................. 12
Exports .................................................................................................................................... 14
Exports by Destination .......................................................................................................... 16
Motorcycles
Production ............................................................................................................................. 18
Sales ........................................................................................................................................ 19
Motorcycles in Use ................................................................................................................. 20
Exports ................................................................................................................................... 21
Exports by Destination .......................................................................................................... 22
Automobiles and Society
Attention to the Environment .............................................................................................. 24
Road Safety ............................................................................................................................ 36
Motor Vehicle Thefts ............................................................................................................. 39
ITS and ASV ............................................................................................................................ 40
Taxes ....................................................................................................................................... 43
Global Operations
Overseas Production
North America ............................................................................... 48
China .............................................................................................. 50
South Asia ...................................................................................... 52
Southeast Asia ............................................................................... 53
Europe & Russia ............................................................................ 56
Overseas Production Volumes ............................................................................................... 58
Global Industry Ties ............................................................................................................... 59
Motor Vehicles Worldwide
Global Production (Including Motorcycles) ........................................................................... 62
New Registrations .................................................................................................................. 64
Motor Vehicles & Motorcycles in Use / Motor Vehicle & Motorcycle Density .................... 66
Exports (Including Motorcycles) ............................................................................................ 67
Vehicle-Based Systems
Motor Vehicle Classification .................................................................................................. 68
Measuring Motor Vehicle Fuel Consumption ...................................................................... 69
References
JAMA Member Manufacturers, etc. ..................................................................................... 70
Related Automotive Associations ......................................................................................... 74
Automotive Industry
Automobile-Related Industries and Total Employment
A Vast Range of Related Industries
Automobiles are the focus of an extremely wide range of industrial and related activity, from materials supply and
vehicle production and distribution to sales, servicing and other auto-centered operations. Auto-related
employment in Japan at present totals 5.15 million people.
EMPLOYMENT IN THE AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTURING AND RELATED INDUSTRIES
Number of employees
Automobile Production ................................................. 895,000
Automobile manufacturing
(including motorcycles) ............................ 183,000
Auto parts and accessories manufacturing
.................................................................... 693,000
Auto body and trailer manufacturing
...................................................................... 19,000
Total employment
in auto manufacturing
& related industries:
5.15 million (8.0%)
Road Transport ........................................................... 2,728,000
Road freight transport .......................... 1,530,000
Road passenger transport ........................ 596,000
Road transport-related services ............... 330,000
Parking-lot operations ............................... 76,000
Vehicle rental services ................................ 38,000
Warehousing ............................................ 158,000
Automotive Fuel/Financing & Insurance/Recycling .... 317,000
Total employment
(workforce)
in Japan:
64.12 million
(100%)
Automotive fuel retailing ........................ 253,000
Financing and insurance ............................ 59,000
Automobile recycling ................................... 5,000
Materials & Equipment Supply ..................................... 199,000
Electrical machinery & equipment ............ 12,000
Non-ferrous metals ..................................... 12,000
Iron & steel .................................................. 62,000
Metal products ............................................ 30,000
Chemicals (including paints),
textiles, and petroleum .............................. 17,000
Plastics, rubber, and glass .......................... 18,000
Electronic parts & equipment .................... 26,000
General industrial machinery .................... 22,000
Sales & Services .......................................................... 1,011,000
Automobile retailing (new cars) .............. 318,000
Motorcycle retailing
(including motor-driven cycles) ................. 30,000
Used car retailing ........................................ 96,000
Auto parts and accessories retailing .......... 64,000
Automobile wholesaling (including motorcycles,
finished/used parts and accessories) ........ 190,000
Automobile servicing ............................... 313,000
Notes: 1. Figures are rounded off to the nearest thousand. 2. “Motor-driven cycles” is the official term in Japan for mopeds.
Sources: Report on Establishment and Enterprise Census, Labor Force Survey, Input-Output Tables for Japan, Census of Commerce,
Census of Manufactures, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications’ Statistics Bureau; Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
2
Investment in Materials and Equipment
Automotive Industry
Automobile Manufacturing is an Integrated Industry
An automobile typically is composed of 20,000 to 30,000 parts, all of which even the largest manufacturers cannot
produce themselves. Automakers therefore either outsource production or purchase finished products (such as tires
and batteries), including products manufactured abroad. The volume of imported components is increasing yearly.
Automobile manufacturing is thus an integrated industry because it relies on many supporting industries to produce
the great diversity of materials and components it uses. Trends in the automobile industry, which makes huge
investments in equipment and R&D activities, are considered a barometer of the economy.
PRINCIPAL MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS USED IN AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTURING
Cast iron
Engine parts, e.g. cylinder blocks
Springs, dampers
Common steel
Chassis, frames, wheel parts
Turbochargers
Special steel
Gears, axle shafts, crankshafts,
fuel injection equipment
Bearings
Copper
Electricals, radiators, cables
Machined parts, e.g. pumps
Lead, tin, zinc
Engine metals, solder, body varnish, batteries
Tires and tubes
Aluminum
Engine parts (e.g. pistons, cylinder heads),
wheels, chassis
Batteries
Noble metals
Emissions after-treatment parts
Window glass
Other non-ferrous metals
Magnets, plating
Onboard tools, e.g. jacks
Synthetic resin
Steering wheels, bumpers, radiator grilles,
body components
Supplies, e.g. extinguishers, tire chains
Glass
Window glass, mirrors, headlamps
Electronic parts
Rubber
Tires, sealing parts, vibration control parts
Lights, cables, optical fibers
Ceramics
Plugs, electronic parts, sensors,
emissions after-treatment parts
Air conditioners, air cleaners
Textiles
Seats, linings, seatbelts
Starters, alternators, meters
Leather
Seats, packing
Paper
Filters
Radios, cassette decks, CD/DVD players, phones,
navigation systems
Wood
Load-carrying platforms, interior equipment
Paints
Ornamental and rustproof paints
Safety equipment, e.g. anti-lock brakes, airbags,
traction control
Chemicals
Antifreeze, engine oil, transmission oil,
brake oil
Coke
For casting
Animal and vegetable oils
For casting
Fats and oils
For lubrication, heat treatment, etc.
Petroleum, electricity,
natural gas
Fuel, heat treatment, paint drying,
power generation
INVESTMENTS IN EQUIPMENT OF MAJOR
MANUFACTURING SECTORS (PROJECTED, FY 2008)
Non-Ferrous
Metals
3,228 (4.3%)
Pulp & Paper
2,441 (3.2%)
General Machinery
8,211 (10.9%)
x 100 million yen
Other
9,732
(12.9%)
Automotive
16,209 (21.6%)
All
Manufacturing
Sectors
Electronic
75,210
Equipment
12,153
(100%)
Chemicals
8,435
(11.2%)
(16.2%)
Iron & Steel
7,799
(10.4%)
Petroleum
3,161 (4.2%)
Electrical Machinery & Equipment
3,841 (5.1%)
Source: Survey on Equipment Investment, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
Sensors, ECUs, actuators
INVESTMENTS IN R&D OF MAJOR
MANUFACTURING SECTORS (FY 2007)
x 100 million yen
Foods
2,798 (2.3%)
IT & Telecommunications
Other
Equipment
11,786
Electrical Machinery (9.6%)
23,221 (19.1%)
& Equipment
10,781 (8.9%)
Electronic Parts
All
Iron & Steel
& Equipment
Manufacturing
1,590 (1.3%)
General
8,360 (6.9%)
Sectors
Machinery
121,796
& Equipment
(100%)
Automotive
17,658
24,248 (19.9%)
(14.5%)
Pharmaceuticals
12,537
(10.3%)
Chemicals
8,220 (6.7%)
Transport Equipment
24,845 (20.4%)
Source: Survey on Research Activities in Science and Technology, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications
3
Automotive Shipments in Value Terms
Automotive Industry
Automobile Manufacturing is a Core Industry
The automotive industry is one of the Japanese economy’s core industrial sectors. In 2007 automotive shipments accounted
for 17.0% of the total value of Japan’s manufacturing shipments, and 35.8% of the value of the machinery industries’
combined shipments, showing a slight dip from 2006. Automotive shipments (both domestic and export shipments,
including motorcycles, auto parts, etc.) in value terms totalled 57 trillion yen in 2007, up 5.7% from the previous year.
SHIPMENTS OF MAJOR MANUFACTURING
SECTORS IN VALUE TERMS (2007)
COMPARISON OF VALUE OF AUTOMOTIVE
SHIPMENTS TO TOTAL VALUE OF ALL
MANUFACTURING SHIPMENTS
x 100 million yen
Total value of all manufacturing shipments
Total value of automotive shipments
General
Machinery
362,734
(10.8%)
Other
1,015,276
(30.1%)
Metal Products
151,889 (4.5%)
Total
3,367,566
(100%)
Non-Ferrous
Metals
107,705 (3.2%)
Chemicals
282,939
(8.4%)
336.8
340
320
Electrical
Machinery
& Equipment
553,265
(16.4%)
300
305.8
314.8
303.6
291.4
286.8
280
296.2
269.4 273.7
284.4
260
240
220
Automotive
571,848
(17.0%)
Iron & Steel
211,917 (6.3%)
x 1 trillion yen
360
200
180
160
Transport
Equipment
639,100 (19.0%)
140
120
100
80
Precision Equipment
42,741
(1.3%)
60
40
20
Breakdown of Automotive Shipments:
Automobiles (including motorcycles)
Auto bodies and trailers
Automotive parts and accessories
228,932
6,310
336,606
57.2
49.0 54.1
40.2 39.0 40.0 40.4 43.2 45.1 45.8
0
1998 99
Year
2000
01
02
03
04
SHIPMENTS OF MAJOR MANUFACTURING SECTORS IN VALUE TERMS
Non-Ferrous Metal
General Electrical
Metals
Products Machinery Machinery
&
Equipment
68,028
Transport Equipment
07
Automotive Shipments
Precision Subtotal
Equipment
Other
Total
Automotive
As % of Value As % of Total
Value of
of Machinery
Shipments Manufacturing
Shipments
65,648
30,547
37,277
73,305
72,758
54,673
8,917
223,008
278,466
690,348
24.5
7.9
1975
104,381 113,063
39,087
65,731 106,112 108,213
147,935
105,241
17,291
379,551
572,516 1,274,329
27.7
8.3
1980
179,787 178,956
81,186 106,465 175,998 222,346
249,536
212,346
34,577
682,457
918,147 2,146,998
31.1
9.9
1985
205,524 177,543
63,836 130,944 241,904 408,422
361,793
276,927
43,813 1,055,932 1,019,427 2,653,206
26.2
10.4
1990
235,030 182,687
78,217 185,736 332,249 545,286
468,582
423,106
51,322 1,397,439 1,154,617 3,233,726
30.3
13.1
1995
233,625 140,727
64,964 176,465 298,844 548,309
442,145
395,613
41,066 1,330,364 1,114,211 3,060,356
29.7
12.9
1998
232,233 129,418
64,411 167,361 307,811 562,918
452,367
402,484
45,883 1,368,979 1,095,998 3,058,400
29.4
13.2
1999
230,548 113,217
57,890 152,382 279,720 549,051
438,774
390,043
41,693 1,309,238 1,050,709 2,913,984
29.8
13.4
2000
237,994 119,630
62,189 155,868 304,132 595,817
444,474
400,429
41,189 1,385,612 1,074,531 3,035,824
28.9
13.2
2001
232,284 112,018
58,492 145,450 282,965 524,657
451,522
404,215
39,999 1,299,143 1,020,157 2,867,544
31.1
14.1
2002
227,483 109,627
56,685 137,365 254,773 460,411
479,974
431,630
35,502 1,230,660
931,798 2,693,618
35.1
16.0
2003
233,271 119,030
56,321 132,430 260,683 480,137
498,869
450,500
35,875 1,275,564
920,728 2,737,344
35.3
16.5
2004
241,493 141,413
61,931 134,543 290,742 498,469
506,995
458,122
39,725 1,335,931
928,872 2,844,183
34.3
16.1
2005
250,271 168,964
67,116 140,159 312,108 495,083
539,999
489,548
37,847 1,385,037
950,870 2,962,417
35.3
16.5
2006
261,995 184,727
90,162 144,510 333,313 511,634
598,356
541,091
40,731 1,484,034
982,918 3,148,346
36.5
17.2
2007
282,939 211,917 107,705 151,889 362,734 553,265
639,100
571,848
42,741 1,597,840 1,015,276 3,367,566
35.8
17.0
1970
4
55,402
Iron &
Steel
06
x 100 million yen
Machinery Industries
Year Chemicals
05
Notes: 1. Shipments from all manufacturing operations with four or more employees are included in this data. 2. Compilation of data on production in value terms was discontinued in
1996 and replaced by data on shipments in value terms. 3. Figures in value terms include domestic consumption tax revenue from shipments. 4. “Electrical Machinery & Equipment”
includes IT-related electronic parts and equipment as of 2002.
Source for all statistical data on this page: Census of Manufactures, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
Automotive Industry
Automotive Trade
Motor Vehicle Imports and Exports Both on the Decline
Japan’s gross exports in 2008 decreased by 3.5% from the previous year, whereas gross imports rose by 8.0%.
In value terms, automotive exports shrank 5.5% to 17.5 trillion yen, with motor vehicle, motorcycle and parts
exports all showing a decrease. Automotive imports also dropped, by 9.1% year-on-year to 1.4 trillion yen,
owing to a drop in imports of motor vehicles and despite an increase in parts imports.
EXPORTS BY PRINCIPAL COMMODITY
(FOB) IN 2008
IMPORTS BY PRINCIPAL COMMODITY
(CIF) IN 2008
x 10 billion yen
Scientific &
Optical Equipment
202 (2.5%)
x 10 billion yen
Transport Equipment
232 (2.9%)
Motor Vehicles
(excluding motorcycles and parts)
Raw Materials
142 (1.8%)
554 (7.0%)
Foodstuffs
Other
621 (7.9%)
1,329 (16.9%)
Transport Equipment
2,007 (24.8%)
Other
1,047
(12.8%)
Motor Vehicles
(including motorcycles and parts)
1,751 (21.6%)
Ships
199 (2.5%)
Electrical Machinery
& Equipment
863 (10.9%)
Total
8,102
(100%)
Electrical
Machinery
& Equipment
1,537 (19.0%)
Chemicals
727 (9.0%)
General
Machinery
607 (7.7%)
General Machinery
1,593 (19.7%)
Petroleum
& Petroleum
Products
1,864 (23.6%)
Mineral Fuels
2,766 (35.0%)
Chemicals
574 (7.3%)
Iron & Steel Products
457 (5.6%)
Textile Yarn & Textiles
75 (0.9%)
Total
7,895
(100%)
Non-Ferrous
Metals
& Metal Products
349 (4.4%)
Non-Ferrous Metals
& Metal Products
258 (3.2%)
AUTOMOTIVE EXPORTS IN VALUE TERMS (FOB)
x 100 million yen
Exports Total
Motor Vehicles
Chg. (%)
Year
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
93,454
94,546
97,802
115,675
118,363
124,773
135,132
161,795
185,267
175,126
Passenger Cars,
Trucks, Buses
92.5
101.2
103.4
118.3
102.3
105.4
108.3
119.7
114.5
94.5
Motorcycles &
Motorcycle Parts
Auto Parts
70,948
69,301
72,108
87,746
88,950
92,142
99,288
122,995
143,170
137,361
16,367
18,642
18,804
21,172
22,998
25,617
28,006
30,227
33,555
30,655
6,139
6,603
6,891
6,757
6,415
7,014
7,839
8,573
8,543
7,110
Chg. (%)
475,476
516,542
489,792
521,090
545,484
611,700
656,565
752,462
839,314
810,181
93.9
108.6
94.8
106.4
104.7
112.1
107.3
114.6
111.5
96.5
Note: “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100).
AUTOMOTIVE IMPORTS IN VALUE TERMS (CIF)
x 100 million yen
Motor Vehicles
Chg. (%)
Year
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Imports Total
9,080
9,880
10,390
11,234
11,799
12,842
13,353
14,412
15,586
14,160
95.2
108.8
105.2
108.1
105.0
108.8
104.0
107.9
108.1
90.9
Passenger Cars,
Trucks, Buses
7,226
7,679
7,814
8,038
8,279
9,055
9,149
9,163
9,294
7,499
Auto Parts
Chg. (%)
1,854
2,200
2,576
3,196
3,520
3,787
4,204
5,249
6,291
6,662
352,680
409,384
424,155
422,275
443,620
492,166
569,494
673,443
731,359
789,548
96.2
116.1
103.6
99.6
105.1
110.9
115.7
118.3
108.6
108.0
Notes: 1. Motor vehicles include passenger cars, trucks, buses, and chassis. 2. FOB (free-on-board): Transaction value, including freight and insurance, up to loading onboard transport
vessel (border of exporting country); CIF (cost, insurance, freight): Transaction value, including freight and insurance, up to offloading from transport vessel (border of importing country).
3. “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100).
Source for all statistical data on this page: The Summary Report on Trade of Japan, Ministry of Finance
5
Motor Vehicles
Production
Motor Vehicle Production Dips for First Time in 7 Years
In 2008 motor vehicle production in Japan decreased for the first time in seven years, totalling 11.6 million units,
down 0.3% from the previous year. Passenger car production slipped 0.3% to 9.92 million units. Within that
category, small car production grew 2.9% to a total of 2.71 million units, whereas standard car and minicar
production declined 1.5% and 1.0%, to 5.77 and 1.43 million units respectively. Truck production dropped 1.9%
from 2007 to a total of 1.51 million units, but bus production surged 22.4% to 139,000 units.
MOTOR VEHICLE PRODUCTION BY TYPE
IN 2008
In vehicle units
TRENDS IN MOTOR VEHICLE PRODUCTION
x 1 million units
14
Mini
Buses
Small
329,758 443,718 139,102
(2.9%) (3.8%) (1.2%)
12
Standard
734,902
(6.3%)
Total
10
Trucks
1,508,378
(13.0%)
Mini
1,427,397
(12.4%)
Passenger Cars
Standard
5,774,339
(49.9%)
8
Total
11,563,629
(100%)
6
4
Passenger Cars
9,916,149
(85.8%)
Trucks & Buses
Small
2,714,413
(23.5%)
2
0
1999 2000
Year
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
MOTOR VEHICLE PRODUCTION
Passenger Cars
Year
Standard
Small
Mini
Total
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
51,619
209,032
403,338
494,792
1,750,783
2,553,703
3,155,435
3,376,447
3,460,006
3,671,023
3,753,446
4,044,563
4,191,360
4,915,367
5,864,354
5,774,339
2,377,639
4,198,550
6,438,847
6,991,432
7,361,224
4,140,629
3,684,380
3,699,893
3,378,915
3,637,501
3,434,662
3,309,147
3,416,622
3,302,326
2,638,842
2,714,413
749,450
160,272
195,923
160,592
835,965
916,201
1,257,267
1,283,094
1,278,642
1,309,830
1,290,220
1,366,675
1,408,753
1,537,210
1,441,441
1,427,397
3,178,708
4,567,854
7,038,108
7,646,816
9,947,972
7,610,533
8,097,082
8,359,434
8,117,563
8,618,354
8,478,328
8,720,385
9,016,735
9,754,903
9,944,637
9,916,149
Chg. (%)
121.7
116.2
114.0
108.1
109.9
97.5
100.6
103.2
97.1
106.2
98.4
102.9
103.4
108.2
101.9
99.7
Gasoline
52,047
84,304
457,208
842,792
635,255
232,514
141,316
153,280
150,414
157,225
157,420
127,529
106,530
96,236
125,306
121,937
Standard
Diesel
206,053
203,866
427,990
435,420
614,270
591,626
484,707
495,900
444,989
522,739
615,307
642,424
617,133
603,174
593,595
612,965
Subtotal
258,100
288,170
885,198
1,278,212
1,249,525
824,140
626,023
649,180
595,403
679,964
772,727
769,953
723,663
699,410
718,901
734,902
Gasoline
1,156,729
1,441,759
1,663,834
1,218,423
517,972
304,495
189,646
204,253
199,037
198,002
250,019
261,902
233,694
213,692
177,463
163,969
Trucks
Small
Diesel
97,132
168,716
449,477
659,470
744,971
604,826
286,450
279,029
246,233
182,301
199,443
184,634
203,069
205,712
188,069
165,789
Notes: 1. Passenger cars are classified under Japan’s Road Vehicles Act in three categories, based primarily on engine capacity: “standard” (over 2,000cc), “small” (661cc-2,000cc), and
been treated as components since 1988. 3. “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100).
6
TRENDS IN MOTOR VEHICLE PRODUCTION IN VALUE TERMS
x 1 trillion yen
25
20
Total
Passenger
Cars
15
Trucks
& Buses
10
5
0
1999
Year
2000
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
MOTOR VEHICLE PRODUCTION IN VALUE TERMS
Year
Passenger Cars
Standard
Small
Mini
x 1 million yen
Trucks
Total
Standard
Small
Mini
08
Buses
Tractors
Total
Large
Small
Total
Grand
Total
1985
895,041 7,049,323
85,925 8,030,289 1,793,000 1,519,934
679,498
46,745 4,039,177
103,053
101,007
204,060 12,273,526
1990
3,717,356 8,676,715
572,188 12,966,259 1,953,924 1,180,028
591,144
64,913 3,790,009
134,015
66,988
201,003 16,957,271
1995
5,147,637 4,869,427
790,303 10,807,367 1,619,428
849,511
510,579
124,764 3,104,282
107,647
89,441
197,088 14,108,737
1999
6,145,203 4,228,842 1,225,188 11,599,233 1,032,118
521,747
392,493
30,616 1,976,974
78,139
96,705
174,844 13,751,051
2000
6,640,075 4,298,370 1,237,605 12,176,050 1,111,558
543,408
357,765
45,453 2,058,184
80,897
109,007
189,904 14,424,138
2001
7,483,041 4,136,594 1,225,030 12,844,665 1,079,881
522,666
344,339
41,561 1,988,447
96,949
111,499
208,448 15,041,560
2002
8,573,769 4,468,191 1,166,197 14,208,157 1,209,751
441,509
324,822
36,334 2,012,416
97,050
131,813
228,863 16,449,436
2003
8,454,215 4,243,705 1,054,329 13,752,249 1,539,221
540,480
338,236
67,945 2,485,882
116,560
130,268
246,828 16,484,959
2004
8,836,999 4,067,398 1,146,115 14,050,512 1,805,315
561,422
333,606
89,959 2,790,302
105,985
129,577
235,562 17,076,376
2005
9,352,545 4,178,641 1,169,871 14,701,057 1,916,692
588,224
357,615
104,567 2,967,098
127,605
163,069
290,674 17,958,829
2006 10,891,826 4,088,449 1,333,394 16,313,669 2,029,030
574,272
352,050
122,267 3,077,619
131,726
203,231
334,957 19,726,245
2007 13,122,924 3,167,910 1,309,576 17,600,410 2,146,513
512,887
319,400
120,346 3,099,146
129,209
264,477
393,686 21,093,242
2008 12,985,398 3,207,109 1,293,624 17,486,131 2,110,586
463,435
312,374
136,277 3,022,672
136,115
313,594
449,709 20,958,512
Source: Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
In vehicle units
Buses
Subtotal
1,253,861
1,610,475
2,113,311
1,877,893
1,262,943
909,321
476,096
483,282
445,270
380,303
449,462
446,536
436,763
419,404
365,532
329,758
Mini
Total
551,922
438,987
914,679
1,388,583
986,171
804,276
644,793
594,356
560,863
512,373
524,427
514,202
546,185
521,879
453,587
443,718
2,063,883
2,337,632
3,913,188
4,544,688
3,498,639
2,537,737
1,746,912
1,726,818
1,601,536
1,572,640
1,746,616
1,730,691
1,706,611
1,640,693
1,538,020
1,508,378
Large
Small
Chg. (%) (≥ 30 passengers) (≤ 29 passengers)
102.1
15,265
31,301
90.8
13,624
22,481
115.2
16,470
75,118
105.2
15,547
64,044
89.0
15,787
24,398
93.9
12,814
34,452
90.2
7,820
40,575
98.8
8,035
46,509
92.7
11,205
46,887
98.2
11,141
55,180
111.1
11,406
49,668
99.1
12,286
48,156
98.6
11,763
64,550
96.1
11,063
77,574
93.7
11,516
102,154
98.1
11,660
127,442
Total
46,566
36,105
91,588
79,591
40,185
47,266
48,395
54,544
58,092
66,321
61,074
60,442
76,313
88,637
113,670
139,102
Total
Chg. (%)
111.3
78.8
146.4
110.2
95.5
96.2
85.0
112.7
106.5
114.2
92.1
99.0
126.3
116.1
128.2
122.4
5,289,157
6,941,591
11,042,884
12,271,095
13,486,796
10,195,536
9,892,389
10,140,796
9,777,191
10,257,315
10,286,018
10,511,518
10,799,659
11,484,233
11,596,327
11,563,629
Chg. (%)
113.1
105.9
114.6
107.0
103.5
96.6
98.5
102.5
96.4
104.9
100.3
102.2
102.7
106.3
101.0
99.7
Year
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
“mini” (660cc and under); see page 74 for details. 2. KD sets have been excluded since 1979; they represent less than 60% of the cost of compositional components per vehicle and have
Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association
7
Motor Vehicles
New Registrations
Motor Vehicle Sales Decline for Third Consecutive Year
Passenger car and commercial vehicle demand in Japan in 2008 totalled 5.08 million units, a decline of 5.1% from
the previous year. Total passenger car sales dropped 3.9% to 4.23 million units, with the standard car segment
decreaing 3.7% to 1.25 million units, small cars falling 6.3% to 1.55 million units, and minicars dipping 1.4% to 1.43
million units. Sales of trucks and buses slipped 10.5% and 1.8% from 2007, to 839,000 and 15,000 units respectively.
NEW MOTOR VEHICLE REGISTRATIONS
BY TYPE IN 2008
In vehicle units
TRENDS IN NEW MOTOR VEHICLE
REGISTRATIONS
x 1 million units
8
Buses
15,333
(0.3%)
Small
249,655
(4.9%)
Standard
146,690
(2.9%)
7
Mini
442,914
(8.7%)
Total
Standard
1,250,987
(24.6%)
6
Passenger Cars
Trucks
839,259
(16.5%)
5
4
Total
5,082,235
(100%)
Mini
1,426,979
(28.1%)
3
Passenger Cars
4,227,643
(83.2%)
2
Trucks & Buses
Small
1,549,677
(30.5%)
1
0
1999 2000
Year
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
NEW MOTOR VEHICLE REGISTRATIONS
Passenger Cars
Trucks
Year
Standard
Small
Mini
Subtotal
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
9,068
49,125
71,931
73,539
467,490
889,260
723,999
770,220
741,489
674,094
1,229,907
1,358,281
1,271,349
1,225,867
1,299,168
1,250,987
1,652,899
2,531,396
2,608,215
2,869,527
3,839,221
2,654,291
2,193,920
2,208,387
2,274,996
2,460,103
2,194,194
2,037,767
2,089,992
1,908,267
1,654,025
1,549,677
717,170
157,120
174,030
161,017
795,948
900,355
1,236,165
1,281,265
1,273,198
1,307,157
1,291,819
1,372,083
1,387,068
1,507,598
1,447,106
1,426,979
2,379,137
2,737,641
2,854,176
3,104,083
5,102,659
4,443,906
4,154,084
4,259,872
4,289,683
4,441,354
4,715,920
4,768,131
4,748,409
4,641,732
4,400,299
4,227,643
Chg. (%)
116.8
119.7
94.0
100.3
115.9
105.6
101.5
102.5
100.7
103.5
—
101.1
99.6
97.8
94.8
96.1
Standard
168,086
121,118
154,472
118,009
193,775
177,264
85,091
84,626
83,038
76,035
208,752
186,588
197,548
209,283
171,998
146,690
Small
Mini
986,673
999,155
1,144,167
945,484
1,449,678
1,411,296
970,243
1,015,313
943,591
739,502
373,259
361,449
351,708
354,870
293,021
249,655
538,743
431,181
839,308
1,367,685
1,006,456
815,265
637,320
586,660
574,227
518,843
509,044
519,067
536,648
516,021
472,713
442,914
Subtotal
1,693,502
1,551,454
2,137,947
2,431,178
2,649,909
2,403,825
1,692,654
1,686,599
1,600,856
1,334,380
1,091,055
1,067,104
1,085,904
1,080,174
937,732
839,259
Chg. (%)
95.6
100.7
102.2
104.7
93.7
104.6
95.5
99.6
94.9
83.4
—
97.8
101.8
99.5
86.8
89.5
Notes: 1. Data compilation was chassis-based to 2002, then vehicle registration number-based as of 2003. 2. Truck figures include special-purpose vehicles (except large ones). 3. Data includes
8
NEW MINI-VEHICLE SALES BY TYPE
Year
Passenger Cars
(Minicars)
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
1,236,363
1,281,805
1,273,570
1,307,296
1,291,889
1,372,083
1,387,068
1,507,598
1,447,106
1,426,979
Commercial
Vehicles
(“Bonnet”
minivans)
In vehicle units
Commercial
Vehicles
(Cab-over-engine
minivans)
134,064
138,672
120,010
101,789
89,532
77,297
77,547
68,714
57,509
51,622
Commercial
Vehicles
(Mini-trucks)
207,035
177,143
175,594
163,412
172,644
183,995
197,141
204,838
196,040
185,806
Total
Chg. (%)
303,309
277,295
284,346
258,203
250,690
257,775
261,960
242,469
219,164
205,486
1,880,771
1,874,915
1,853,520
1,830,700
1,804,755
1,891,150
1,923,716
2,023,619
1,919,819
1,869,893
Source: Japan Mini Vehicles Association
RECREATIONAL VEHICLE (RV) SALES
Year
Station Wagons
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
611,854
602,624
656,407
850,219
771,384
669,501
612,667
509,936
460,950
454,164
In vehicle units
Off-Road
4WD Vehicles
Vans
18,418
12,554
12,216
10,187
6,927
7,347
9,363
9,406
8,752
9,396
121.2
99.7
98.9
98.8
98.6
104.8
101.7
105.2
94.9
97.4
Minivans
Total
Chg. (%)
262,857
233,605
256,913
198,291
183,435
170,447
179,776
211,135
226,159
213,209
974,954
1,227,266
1,177,207
1,123,797
1,201,270
1,230,788
1,169,006
1,126,216
980,181
938,694
1,868,083
2,076,049
2,102,743
2,182,494
2,163,016
2,078,083
1,970,812
1,856,693
1,676,042
1,615,463
92.2
111.1
101.3
103.8
99.1
96.1
94.8
94.2
90.3
96.4
Source: Japan Automobile Dealers Association
In vehicle units
Buses
Large
10,256
8,818
9,414
8,798
9,162
6,474
4,395
4,333
4,420
4,729
5,862
5,098
5,856
6,064
5,153
5,357
Small
17,572
11,018
13,973
12,775
15,763
10,829
10,083
12,238
11,512
11,630
15,341
13,049
11,898
11,536
10,464
9,976
Subtotal
27,828
19,836
23,387
21,573
24,925
17,303
14,478
16,571
15,932
16,359
21,203
18,147
17,754
17,600
15,617
15,333
Total
Chg. (%)
104.2
87.4
97.5
106.4
105.9
97.0
102.4
114.5
96.1
102.7
—
85.6
97.8
99.1
88.7
98.2
4,100,467
4,308,931
5,015,510
5,556,834
7,777,493
6,865,034
5,861,216
5,963,042
5,906,471
5,792,093
5,828,178
5,853,382
5,852,067
5,739,506
5,353,648
5,082,235
Chg. (%)
106.9
111.9
97.3
102.2
107.2
105.2
99.7
101.7
99.1
98.1
100.6
100.4
100.0
98.1
93.3
94.9
Total Vehicle
Registrations
2,844,554
3,720,630
4,002,172
4,028,132
5,975,089
5,149,414
3,987,731
4,095,117
4,059,046
3,966,093
4,027,315
3,962,232
3,928,351
3,715,887
3,433,829
3,212,342
imported cars. 4. “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100).
Chg. (%)
104.9
118.8
93.1
101.3
107.4
104.8
92.0
102.7
99.1
97.7
101.5
98.4
99.1
94.6
92.4
93.5
Total MiniVehicles
1,255,913
588,301
1,013,338
1,528,702
1,802,404
1,715,620
1,873,485
1,867,925
1,847,425
1,826,000
1,800,863
1,891,150
1,923,716
2,023,619
1,919,819
1,869,893
Chg. (%)
111.7
82.1
118.3
104.8
106.3
106.2
121.3
99.7
98.9
98.8
98.6
105.0
101.7
105.2
94.9
97.4
Year
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Sources: Japan Automobile Dealers Association; Japan Mini Vehicles Association
9
Motor Vehicles
Imported Vehicle Sales
Sales of Imported Vehicles Drop
Imported vehicle sales in Japan in 2008 totalled 219,000 units, down 17.3% from the previous year. Passenger car
sales declined 21.6% to 206,000 units, whereas commercial vehicles (trucks and buses) increased more than sixfold to
13,000 units. Meanwhile, sales of used imported vehicles dropped 7.4% to 531,000 units, with passenger cars
decreasing 7.1% to 505,000 units and trucks dipping 0.6% to 12,000 units.
TRENDS IN IMPORTED MOTOR VEHICLE SALES
1999
Year
2000
In vehicle units
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
255,086
6,719
261,805
14,002
0
14,002
269,088
6,719
275,807
100.1
260,053
4,071
264,124
16,466
0
16,466
276,519
4,071
280,590
101.7
246,120
3,610
249,730
31,198
0
31,198
277,318
3,610
280,928
100.1
241,502
3,682
245,184
28,989
0
28,989
270,491
3,682
274,173
97.6
246,019
3,383
249,402
19,119
0
19,119
265,138
3,383
268,521
97.9
243,897
2,712
246,609
15,670
0
15,670
259,567
2,712
262,279
97.7
230,078
1,515
231,593
32,918
575
33,493
262,996
2,090
265,086
101.1
192,317
1,585
193,902
13,961
11,368
25,329
206,278
12,953
219,231
82.7
400,000
Vehicles produced
by Japanese
manufacturers abroad
300,000
Commercial Vehicles
Passenger Cars
200,000
Vehicles produced
by non-Japanese
manufacturers
100,000
Commercial Vehicles
Passenger Cars
0
245,510 247,799
Passenger Cars
6,671
7,683
Commercial Vehicles
252,181 255,482
Total
25,926 19,968
Passenger Cars
Vehicles produced
118
2
by Japanese
Commercial Vehicles
manufacturers abroad Total
26,044 19,970
271,436 267,767
Passenger Cars Total
6,789
7,685
Commercial Vehicles Total
278,225 275,452
Grand Totals
100.9
99.0
Chg. (%)
Vehicles produced
by non-Japanese
manufacturers
Source: Japan Automobile Importers Association
IMPORTED MOTOR VEHICLES (ON CUSTOMS CLEARANCE BASIS)
Year
1980
1985
1990
1995
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Passenger
Cars
46,285
52,225
251,169
401,836
259,736
283,582
287,116
288,657
281,526
286,798
282,654
278,726
291,392
228,255
Chg. (%)
71.4
118.3
128.6
136.0
96.6
109.2
101.2
100.5
97.5
101.9
98.6
98.6
104.5
78.3
Commercial
Vehicles
547
380
911
2,469
1,173
1,470
1,827
1,288
1,405
1,715
1,420
1,615
1,660
14,288
Other
1,085
546
761
390
352
376
578
569
733
748
660
654
708
796
In vehicle units
Total Motor
Vehicles
47,917
53,151
252,841
404,695
261,261
285,428
289,521
290,514
283,664
289,261
284,734
280,995
293,760
243,339
Motorcycles
Chg. (%)
72.2
118.4
128.6
130.3
96.4
109.3
101.4
100.3
97.6
102.0
98.4
98.7
104.5
82.8
17,015
7,087
28,696
43,936
60,183
74,906
101,265
629,193
562,415
485,572
444,635
458,966
458,722
413,817
Notes: 1. “Other” denotes special-purpose vehicles and engine-mounted chassis. 2. “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100).
Source: Trade Statistics of Japan, Ministry of Finance
USED IMPORTED VEHICLE SALES
Year
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Passenger
Cars
511,296
525,571
537,750
555,895
576,809
588,397
586,398
543,211
504,710
Chg. (%)
105.2
102.8
102.3
103.4
103.8
102.0
99.7
92.6
92.9
Trucks
4,499
4,682
5,169
6,148
7,961
9,468
11,121
12,518
12,441
In vehicle units
Chg. (%)
102.1
104.1
110.4
118.9
129.5
118.9
117.5
112.6
99.4
Special-Purpose
Chg. (%)
Vehicles
47,022
108.9
47,290
100.6
42,669
90.2
38,025
89.1
31,856
83.8
27,269
85.6
22,640
83.0
17,574
77.6
13,292
75.6
Other
179
257
315
308
281
228
303
204
355
Total
562,996
577,800
585,903
600,376
616,907
625,362
620,462
573,507
530,798
Chg. (%)
105.5
102.6
101.4
102.5
102.8
101.4
99.2
92.4
92.6
“mini” (660cc and under); see page 74 for details. 2. “Other” includes buses, large special-purpose vehicles and small-sized three-wheeled trucks. 3. “Chg. (%)” means change from the
Source: Japan Automobile Importers Association
previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100).
10
Motor Vehicles
Used Vehicle Sales
Used Vehicle Sales Show Third Straight Year of Decline
In 2008 sales of used motor vehicles decreased 4.7% from the previous year to total 7.18 million units, with used
passenger car sales declining 4.6% to 5.67 million units. In this category, standard passenger cars dropped 4.6% to
1.73 million units, small cars fell 7.6% to 1.95 million units, and minicars slipped 1.4% to 2.00 million units.
Meanwhile, used truck sales decreased 4.8% from 2007 to 1.39 million units and used bus sales dipped 1.4% to
16,000 units.
USED VEHICLE SALES BY TYPE IN 2008
TRENDS IN NEW AND USED MOTOR
VEHICLE SALES
In vehicle units
Used vehicles
New vehicles
x 1 million units
10
Buses
16,193
(0.2%)
Other
104,516
(1.5%)
9
8
Small
278,673
(3.9%)
Standard
225,848
(3.1%)
Mini
884,836
(12.3%)
Standard
1,728,090
(24.1%)
7
6
Trucks
1,389,357
(19.3%)
5
Total
7,178,255
(100%)
Passenger Cars
5,668,189
(79.0%)
Mini
1,995,333
(27.8%)
4
3
Small
1,944,766
(27.1%)
2
1
0
1999 2000
Year
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
USED MOTOR VEHICLE SALES
In vehicle units
Passenger Cars
Year Standard
Small
Mini
Subtotal
08
Buses
Trucks
Chg.
Standard
(%)
Small
Mini
Subtotal
Chg.
(%)
Other
Chg.
(%)
Chg.
(%)
Total
Chg.
(%)
103.1
44,620
116.7 5,722,568
103.3
13,377
98.3
54,118
107.3 7,109,536
104.7
13,327
105.4
84,409
119.1 7,945,867
105.4
95.8
14,775
102.3 164,932
112.3 7,932,503
99.7
412,511 1,169,626 1,783,851
99.1
15,173
102.7 173,475
105.2 8,213,918
103.5
398,804 1,110,833 1,712,618
96.0
16,466
108.5 170,179
98.1 8,195,923
99.8
206,088
374,111 1,089,079 1,669,278
97.5
17,064
103.6 159,825
93.9 8,167,292
99.7
220,470
379,461 1,062,660 1,662,591
99.6
17,392
101.9 154,971
97.0 8,195,267
100.3
363,523
972,000 1,561,238
93.9
17,240
99.1 136,242
87.9 8,001,912
97.6
240,060
368,778
980,714 1,589,552
101.8
18,871
109.5 144,910
106.4 8,106,460
101.3
244,770
365,180 1,003,607 1,613,557
101.5
20,643
109.4 135,130
93.3 8,066,864
99.5
94.3
220,989
302,043
935,745 1,458,777
90.4
16,418
79.5 116,317
86.1 7,530,096
93.3
95.4
225,848
278,673
884,836 1,389,357
95.2
16,193
98.6 104,516
89.9 7,178,255
95.3
1985
160,150 3,295,092
356,726 3,811,968
100.9
139,459
589,321 1,125,545 1,854,325
108.3
11,655
1990
304,193 3,945,086
304,782 4,554,061
106.2
185,851
555,634 1,746,495 2,487,980
102.1
1995
994,311 3,845,076
727,259 5,566,646
106.6
221,523
521,244 1,538,718 2,281,485
102.2
1999 1,551,703 3,127,783 1,273,383 5,952,869
100.6
192,405
412,735 1,194,787 1,799,927
2000 1,742,786 3,050,087 1,448,546 6,241,419
104.8
201,714
2001 1,830,588 2,913,775 1,552,297 6,296,660
100.9
202,981
2002 1,861,694 2,744,604 1,714,827 6,321,125
100.4
2003 1,910,017 2,640,456 1,809,840 6,360,313
100.6
2004 1,984,562 2,524,764 1,777,866 6,287,192
98.9
225,715
2005 2,002,563 2,460,410 1,890,154 6,353,127
101.0
2006 1,959,739 2,304,226 2,033,569 6,297,534
99.1
2007 1,810,596 2,105,122 2,022,866 5,938,584
2008 1,728,090 1,944,766 1,995,333 5,668,189
“mini” (660cc and under); see page 74 for details. 2. Includes imported vehicles. 3. “Other” refers to emergency vehicles, special vehicles equipped with beds, refrigerated trucks, tank
trucks, tractors, bulldozers, steamrollers, snowplows, snowmobiles, etc., that are assigned special registration numbers. 4. “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with the
previous year’s result indexed at 100).
Sources: Japan Automobile Dealers Association; Japan Mini Vehicles Association
11
Motor Vehicles
Motor Vehicles in Use and Motor Vehicle Density
Continued Increase in Number of Passenger Cars in Use
At the end of December 2008, motor vehicles in use in Japan (excluding motorcycles) totalled 75.5 million units, a
0.2% decrease from the previous year. Passenger cars in use increased 0.4% to 57.9 million units, with minicars
growing 5.2% to 16.8 million units, but standard and small cars dropping 0.1% and 2.3%, to 16.7 million and 24.4
million units respectively. Meanwhile, trucks in use slipped 2.3% from 2007 to 15.9 million units and buses in use
decreased 0.1% to 231,000 units. At the end of March 2008, the average service life of motor vehicles in Japan was
11.67 years for passenger cars, 11.72 years for trucks, and 15.62 years for buses.
MOTOR VEHICLES IN USE BY TYPE
AT END OF 2008
In vehicle units
Buses
230,681
(0.3%)
Standard
2,386,255
(3.2%)
TRENDS IN MOTOR VEHICLES IN USE
x 1 million units
Special-Purpose
Vehicles
1,536,160 (2.0%)
Mini
9,407,694
(12.5%)
Total
Standard
16,748,373
(22.2%)
70
60
Passenger Cars
50
Trucks
Small
4,102,553 15,896,502
(21.1%)
(5.4%)
40
Total
75,528,315
(100%)
Mini
16,760,486
(22.2%)
80
30
Passenger Cars
57,864,972
(76.6%)
Trucks, Buses &
Special-Purpose Vehicles
20
(Minicars)
Small
24,356,113
(32.2%)
10
(Mini-trucks)
0
1999 2000
Year
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
MOTOR VEHICLES IN USE (at end of every calendar year)
Passenger Cars
Trucks
Year
Standard
Small
Mini
Subtotal
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
77,374
207,511
472,314
711,914
1,784,594
7,874,189
13,013,531
13,942,626
14,806,684
15,375,465
15,836,593
16,295,520
16,634,529
16,714,523
16,771,502
16,748,373
6,457,181
14,417,680
21,011,096
25,116,179
30,554,652
31,030,462
29,208,245
28,593,491
27,943,396
27,493,644
26,885,069
26,401,167
26,254,546
25,698,303
24,921,226
24,356,113
2,244,417
2,611,130
2,176,110
2,016,487
2,584,926
5,775,386
8,942,428
9,901,258
10,790,436
11,670,730
12,490,928
13,297,363
14,201,714
15,108,217
15,931,025
16,760,486
8,778,972
17,236,321
23,659,520
27,844,580
34,924,172
44,680,037
51,164,204
52,437,375
53,540,516
54,539,839
55,212,590
55,994,050
57,090,789
57,521,043
57,623,753
57,864,972
Standard
Chg. (%)
798,256
126.6
108.7 1,158,465
104.4 1,494,464
102.6 1,668,852
107.1 2,176,488
104.7 2,574,433
102.5 2,612,862
102.5 2,596,421
102.1 2,572,244
101.9 2,531,293
101.2 2,476,588
101.4 2,464,873
102.0 2,474,378
100.8 2,465,823
100.2 2,455,268
100.4 2,386,255
Small
4,478,486
6,100,206
7,155,221
6,679,665
6,609,536
6,213,405
5,638,559
5,474,660
5,307,676
5,111,024
4,870,933
4,694,922
4,594,363
4,431,103
4,323,579
4,102,553
Mini
Subtotal
3,005,017
2,785,182
4,527,794
8,791,289
12,535,415
11,642,311
10,378,991
10,154,427
9,986,298
9,838,107
9,732,853
9,621,053
9,665,130
9,602,484
9,495,420
9,407,694
8,281,759
10,043,853
13,177,479
17,139,806
21,321,439
20,430,149
18,630,412
18,225,508
17,866,218
17,480,424
17,080,374
16,780,848
16,733,871
16,499,410
16,274,267
15,896,502
Chg. (%)
107.1
98.9
104.8
105.5
101.1
98.9
97.6
97.8
98.0
97.8
97.7
98.2
99.7
98.6
98.6
97.7
Notes: 1. “Special-purpose vehicles” refers to emergency vehicles, special vehicles equipped with beds, refrigerated trucks, tank trucks, tractors, bulldozers, steamrollers, snowplows,
100). 3. “Three-wheeled vehicles” includes three-wheeled passenger cars, trucks and special-purpose vehicles.
12
PRIVATE PASSENGER CARS IN USE PER
100 HOUSEHOLDS BY PREFECTURE
(at March 31, 2008)
PASSENGER CARS IN USE BY YEAR OF
At March 31, 2008
FIRST REGISTRATION
Year of First
Registration
In vehicle units
1. Fukui
2. Toyama
3. Gunma
4. Gifu
5. Yamagata
6. Tochigi
7. Ibaraki
8. Nagano
9. Niigata
10. Yamanashi
11. Ishikawa
12. Fukushima
13. Mie
14. Saga
15. Shizuoka
16. Shiga
17. Tottori
18. Okayama
19. Akita
20. Shimane
21. Iwate
22. Aichi
23. Tokushima
24. Kagawa
25. Miyagi
26. Kumamoto
27. Oita
28. Miyazaki
29. Okinawa
30. Yamaguchi
31. Aomori
32. Wakayama
33. Nara
34. Hiroshima
35. Kagoshima
36. Ehime
37. Fukuoka
38. Saitama
39. Kochi
40. Nagasaki
41. Chiba
42. Hokkaido
43. Hyogo
44. Kyoto
45. Kanagawa
46. Osaka
47. Tokyo
April 2007-March 2008
-March 1994
Total Vehicles in Use
175.1
172.5
168.6
167.7
165.3
163.9
162.5
159.0
154.1
153.6
151.2
151.1
149.2
147.2
145.4
144.7
141.8
137.9
137.4
137.2
136.1
135.3
133.5
132.1
129.5
128.2
126.0
123.8
123.2
121.0
120.9
118.3
114.5
111.2
110.7
110.2
109.5
106.0
105.5
105.0
104.2
102.4
95.4
88.5
78.8
70.5
50
100
150
At March 31, 2008
In years
Buses
Year
Passenger Cars
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
5.60
5.84
6.04
6.23
6.39
6.58
6.77
6.90
7.09
7.23
Trucks
6.71
7.14
7.48
7.77
8.10
8.17
8.36
8.50
8.68
8.98
AVERAGE SERVICE LIFE
BY TYPE
109.5
0
7.03
7.16
7.82
7.71
7.64
7.62
7.25
7.02
6.60
6.21
6.33
5.95
4.51
3.05
8.10
100.00
2,913,945
2,968,229
3,241,470
3,196,916
3,166,224
3,158,110
3,007,736
2,912,025
2,737,539
2,574,924
2,626,827
2,468,989
1,869,401
1,266,408
3,360,246
41,468,989
AVERAGE AGE BY TYPE
51.0
National Average
(%) of Total Vehicles
in Use
Vehicles in Use
200
Source: Automobile Inspection & Registration Information Association
Year
Passenger Cars
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
9.63
9.96
10.40
10.55
10.77
10.97
10.93
11.10
11.66
11.67
7.93
8.28
8.64
8.97
9.24
9.33
9.53
9.61
9.80
10.02
At March 31, 2008
In years
Trucks
Buses
9.84
10.53
10.68
10.92
11.23
11.84
11.72
11.47
11.92
11.72
12.64
13.03
13.72
13.98
14.41
14.48
15.34
15.02
14.83
15.62
Notes: 1. “Average age” means the average number of years elapsed since first registration.
2. “Average service life” means average vehicle lifespan. The method of calculating
average service life changed in 2001 for passenger cars and trucks and in 2002 for
buses. 3. The above three tables exclude mini-vehicles.
Source: Automobile Inspection & Registration Information Association
In vehicle units
Buses
Large
Small
104,895
102,186
106,633
108,967
114,819
114,478
110,122
110,046
110,272
110,058
109,909
109,703
109,917
109,763
109,621
109,808
83,085
124,098
123,387
122,261
130,849
128,617
125,554
125,437
124,544
123,347
121,909
121,231
121,816
121,918
121,307
120,873
Special-Purpose Vehicles
Subtotal
187,980
226,284
230,020
231,228
245,668
243,095
235,676
235,483
234,816
233,405
231,818
230,934
231,733
231,681
230,928
230,681
Total
Chg. (%)
110.5
101.7
100.4
100.5
101.6
99.1
99.1
99.9
99.7
99.4
99.3
99.6
100.3
100.0
99.7
99.9
333,132
584,100
789,155
941,647
1,206,390
1,500,219
1,692,470
1,750,733
1,766,212
1,735,682
1,689,629
1,649,686
1,630,062
1,606,934
1,585,873
1,536,160
Chg. (%)
110.5
101.7
100.4
100.5
101.6
99.1
99.1
99.9
99.7
99.4
99.3
99.6
98.8
98.6
98.7
96.9
17,581,843
28,090,558
37,856,174
46,157,261
57,697,669
66,853,500
71,722,762
72,649,099
73,407,762
73,989,350
74,214,411
74,655,518
75,686,455
75,859,068
75,714,821
75,528,315
Chg. (%)
116.2
104.9
104.5
103.7
104.7
102.8
101.3
101.3
101.0
100.8
100.3
100.6
101.4
100.2
99.8
99.8
Trailers
23,079
39,808
56,804
65,485
87,359
120,171
130,845
133,676
135,363
136,172
137,510
142,032
147,626
151,441
154,798
157,951
ThreeWheeled
Vehicles
243,934
47,998
17,724
6,123
4,056
3,621
3,873
3,827
3,715
3,603
3,478
3,471
3,280
3,238
3,201
3,119
Year
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
snowmobiles, etc., that are identified as special-purpose vehicles by special registration numbers. 2. “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at
Source: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism
13
Motor Vehicles
Exports
Motor Vehicle Exports Show Seventh Straight Year of Growth
Exports of motor vehicles in 2008 rose for the seventh consecutive year, posting a 2.7% increase over the
previous year to total 6.73 million units. Passenger car exports grew 1.8% to 5.92 million units, truck exports
climbed 6.8% to 658,000 units, and bus exports surged 26.3% to 153,000 units. The total value of automotive
exports expanded 7.4% to US$ 161.1 billion, with the value of automobile exports growing 7.6% to US$ 127.6
billion and the value of auto parts exports rising 6.4% to US$ 33.5 billion.
MOTOR VEHICLE EXPORTS BY TYPE
IN 2008
In vehicle units
TRENDS IN MOTOR VEHICLE EXPORTS
x 1 million units
7
Small
90,581
(1.3%)
Mini
41
(0.0%)
Buses
153,444
(2.3%)
6
Standard
567,596
(8.5%)
Trucks
Mini
658,218
885 (0.0%)
(9.8%)
Small
1,727,317
(25.7%)
Total
5
4
Passenger Cars
Total
6,727,091
(100%)
3
Standard
4,187,227
(62.2%)
Passenger Cars
5,915,429
(87.9%)
2
Trucks & Buses
1
0
1999 2000
Year
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
MOTOR VEHICLE EXPORTS
Passenger Cars
Year
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Standard
Small
715,450
1,821,835
3,580,623
345,413
3,932,414
493,047
3,138,147
1,343,967
1,732,050
1,156,122
1,562,448
2,193,789
2,333,263
1,462,069
2,384,696
1,183,917
2,783,405
1,228,525
2,856,312
1,222,433
2,995,259
1,217,013
3,164,603
1,198,273
3,843,387
1,451,302
4,305,067
1,505,281
4,187,227
1,727,317
Mini
10,136
5,451
21,124
1,301
16
8,044
1,223
520
104
443
1,753
1,755
292
808
1,611
885
Trucks
Subtotal
725,586
1,827,286
3,947,160
4,426,762
4,482,130
2,896,216
3,757,460
3,795,852
3,568,717
4,012,373
4,080,498
4,214,027
4,363,168
5,295,497
5,811,959
5,915,429
Chg. (%)
129.5
105.8
127.2
111.2
101.8
86.2
102.0
101.0
94.0
112.4
101.7
103.3
103.5
121.4
109.8
101.8
Standard
65,170
168,370
332,257
1,196,973
944,737
612,654
531,774
530,823
486,458
567,313
553,406
591,236
521,856
488,644
527,060
567,596
Small
272,549
643,232
1,548,251
1,029,757
364,376
236,929
80,961
86,329
66,376
70,218
76,787
96,450
89,938
89,189
89,078
90,581
Mini
13,892
22,070
73,177
11,374
8
276
378
718
57
62
61
109
162
141
312
41
Notes: 1. Passenger cars are classified under Japan’s Road Vehicles Act in three categories, based primarily on engine capacity: “standard” (over 2,000cc), “small” (661cc-2,000cc), and “mini” (660cc and
manufactured in Japan. 3. KD sets have been excluded since 1979; they represent less than 60% of the cost of compositional components per vehicle and have been treated as components since 1988.
14
MOTOR VEHICLE EXPORT TRENDS (BY REGION OF DESTINATION)
Asia
Middle East
1999
Year
Europe
(EU)
North America
(U.S.A.)
2000
2001
Latin America
2002
2003
Africa
2004
Oceania
2005
Other
2006
2007
In vehicle units
2008
7,000,000
6,000,000
5,000,000
4,000,000
3,000,000
2,000,000
1,000,000
0
Asia
Middle East
Europe
(EU)
North America
(U.S.A.)
Latin America
Africa
Oceania
Other
Total
Chg. (%)
290,436
308,114
1,329,216
1,208,338
1,723,598
1,556,419
277,825
131,489
337,288
10,987
4,408,953
97.4
410,590
295,176
1,136,083
1,017,801
1,836,941
1,669,047
298,801
110,218
357,739
9,337
4,454,885
101.0
351,227
381,965
895,415
810,087
1,795,816
1,606,998
293,556
98,524
341,808
7,778
4,166,089
93.5
426,692
419,274
949,699
864,794
2,076,298
1,841,637
287,165
144,979
385,455
9,166
4,698,728
112.8
524,093
439,587
1,159,706
1,019,058
1,786,387
1,594,157
272,297
146,269
418,202
9,802
4,756,343
101.2
510,939
457,406
1,275,229
1,036,127
1,726,465
1,559,607
344,844
182,451
448,671
11,658
4,957,663
104.2
420,067
519,594
1,178,197
895,728
1,854,438
1,662,939
413,259
209,548
447,922
10,036
5,053,061
101.9
381,561
590,341
1,305,861
921,837
2,488,373
2,261,552
479,324
269,956
441,912
9,344
5,966,672
118.1
440,920
811,887
1,497,800
919,421
2,455,099
2,215,452
569,945
330,744
434,268
9,277
6,549,940
109.8
525,081
952,749
1,589,054
812,163
2,318,254
2,068,062
517,900
351,762
460,561
11,730
6,727,091
102.7
In vehicle units
Buses
Subtotal
351,611
833,672
1,953,685
2,238,104
1,309,121
849,859
613,113
617,870
552,891
637,593
630,254
687,795
611,956
577,974
616,450
658,218
Chg. (%)
120.9
95.3
137.2
108.0
90.6
82.8
77.1
100.8
89.5
115.3
98.8
109.1
89.0
94.4
106.7
106.8
Large
4,520
6,407
7,616
6,249
6,066
8,028
6,079
7,131
9,578
9,332
8,279
11,689
9,953
11,565
13,868
17,527
Small
5,059
10,247
58,500
59,357
33,895
36,706
32,301
34,032
34,903
39,430
37,312
44,152
67,984
81,636
107,663
135,917
Subtotal
9,579
16,654
66,116
65,606
39,961
44,734
38,380
41,163
44,481
48,762
45,591
55,841
77,937
93,201
121,531
153,444
Chg. (%)
141.6
104.3
179.4
116.7
113.7
60.8
78.5
107.3
108.1
109.6
93.5
122.5
139.6
119.6
130.4
126.3
Total
1,086,776
2,677,612
5,966,961
6,730,472
5,831,212
3,790,809
4,408,953
4,454,885
4,166,089
4,698,728
4,756,343
4,957,663
5,053,061
5,966,672
6,549,940
6,727,091
Chg. (%)
126.7
102.3
130.8
110.2
99.1
85.0
97.4
101.0
93.5
112.8
101.2
104.2
101.9
118.1
109.8
102.7
Year
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
under); see page 74 for details. Vehicle type classification in this table differs somewhat from that used in Ministry of Finance export data. 2. Figures represent ex-factory export shipments of motor vehicles
15
Motor Vehicles
Exports by Destination
A Rise in Motor Vehicle Exports Worldwide, Excluding the
Americas
Compared to the previous year, motor vehicle exports in 2008 increased 19.1% to Asia, 17.3% to the Middle East, 6.1%
to Europe, 6.4% to Africa, and 6.1% to Oceania. On the other hand, they dropped 5.6% to North America and 9.1% to
Latin America. Also, despite the rise in exports to Europe as a whole, exports to European Union countries fell 11.7%.
MOTOR VEHICLE EXPORTS BY DESTINATION IN 2008
In vehicle units
Europe
1,589,054
(23.6%)
of which EU 812,163 (12.1%)
North
America
2,318,254
(34.5%)
of which U.S.A. 2,068,062 (30.7%)
Middle
East
952,749
(14.2%)
Total
6,727,091
(100%)
Asia
525,081
(7.8%)
Africa
351,762
(5.2%)
Latin
America
517,900
(7.7%)
Oceania
460,561
(6.8%)
1 million units
100,000 units
10,000 units
Note: The “Total” figure includes 11,730 units (0.2%) shipped to other destinations.
MOTOR VEHICLE EXPORT TRENDS (BY REGION OF DESTINATION)
Asia
6.6
Middle East
7.0
Europe
North
America
8.4
9.1
6.6
9.2
8.9
(EU)
30.1
(26.2)
25.5
(21.8)
21.5
(18.7)
20.2
(17.8)
(U.S.A.)
39.1
(35.3)
41.2
(37.5)
43.1
(38.6)
44.2
(39.2)
6.3
3.0
6.7
2.5
7.0
2.4
Latin America
Africa
Oceania
Other
7.7 0.2
1999
Year
16
9.2
8.0 0.2
2000
11.0
10.3
8.3
9.2
9.2
10.3
24.4
(20.8)
25.7
(20.9)
37.6
(33.5)
34.8
(31.5)
6.1
3.1
5.7
3.1
8.2 0.2
01
In %
6.4
9.9
21.9
(15.4)
23.3
(17.7)
6.7
12.4
22.9
(14.0)
7.8
14.2
23.6
(12.1)
36.7
(32.9)
41.7
(37.9)
37.5
(33.8)
7.0
8.2
8.0
8.7
7.7
3.7
4.1
4.5
5.1
5.2
8.2 0.2
8.8 0.2
9.1
8.9
7.4 0.2
6.6 0.1
6.8 0.2
02
03
04
06
07
08
0.2
05
0.2
34.5
(30.7)
MOTOR VEHICLE EXPORTS BY DESTINATION IN 2008
Passenger Cars
Destination
Standard
Asia
Middle
East
Europe
North
America
Latin
America
Oceania
Trucks
Mini
Subtotal
Standard
Small
Buses
Mini
Subtotal
Large
Total
Small
Subtotal
China
Taiwan
Thailand
Singapore
Malaysia
Philippines
Indonesia
Pakistan
Other
157,931
15,189
2,396
23,460
7,377
10,072
18,624
762
55,054
1,549
5,356
0
12,498
11,473
2,526
10,653
10,641
18,048
0
0
0
276
0
0
0
0
432
159,480
20,545
2,396
36,234
18,850
12,598
29,277
11,403
73,534
6,048
3,945
17,109
4,751
17,923
2,079
36,696
6,067
16,403
0
756
222
1,026
8,980
633
0
3
7,299
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
36
6,048
4,701
17,331
5,777
26,903
2,712
36,696
6,070
23,738
0
861
201
124
842
287
750
688
654
1,852
425
12,401
491
2,580
5,326
18
921
2,367
1,852
1,286
12,602
615
3,422
5,613
768
1,609
3,021
167,380
26,532
32,329
42,626
49,175
20,923
66,741
19,082
100,293
Subtotal
290,865
72,744
708
364,317
111,021
18,919
36
129,976
4,407
26,381
30,788
525,081
Bahrain
Saudi Arabia
Kuwait
Oman
Israel
United Arab Emirates
Qatar
Other
16,287
75,714
34,613
62,096
57,135
103,015
26,527
57,303
8,734
67,595
25,196
38,483
40,191
70,836
10,597
41,061
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
25,021
143,309
59,809
100,579
97,326
173,851
37,124
98,364
2,736
49,113
4,788
18,489
1,476
20,567
6,351
47,464
955
3,564
1,186
4,626
0
11,150
2,561
759
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3,691
52,677
5,974
23,115
1,476
31,717
8,912
48,223
248
949
751
806
0
1,228
109
913
1,223
6,965
1,928
7,673
0
12,364
3,279
3,145
1,471
7,914
2,679
8,479
0
13,592
3,388
4,058
30,183
203,900
68,462
132,173
98,802
219,160
49,424
150,645
Subtotal
432,690
302,693
0
735,383
150,984
24,801
0
175,785
5,004
36,577
41,581
952,749
Sweden
Denmark
UK
Ireland
Netherlands
Belgium
E France
U Germany
Spain
Italy
Finland
Austria
Greece
Other
Subtotal
Norway
Switzerland
Russia
Turkey
Ukraine
Other
19,521
8,877
83,827
9,201
23,623
11,788
68,967
101,843
41,558
40,839
17,675
18,252
20,248
52,905
519,124
15,601
23,976
373,012
8,512
59,894
7,510
2,125
5,116
47,574
6,117
19,129
6,823
20,057
45,401
9,480
40,099
3,776
11,435
17,841
24,655
259,628
2,619
12,199
176,677
13,678
31,884
4,190
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
21,646
13,993
131,401
15,318
42,752
18,611
89,024
147,244
51,038
80,938
21,451
29,687
38,089
77,560
778,752
18,220
36,175
549,689
22,190
91,778
11,700
565
1,783
3,553
2,058
688
296
1,399
1,582
1,056
3,562
3,926
346
2,520
10,019
33,353
5,190
1,296
11,429
9,547
4,687
85
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
12,986
0
7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
565
1,783
3,553
2,058
688
296
1,399
1,582
1,056
3,562
3,926
346
2,520
10,019
33,353
5,190
1,296
11,429
22,533
4,687
92
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
100
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
58
0
0
58
0
0
1,727
0
85
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
58
0
0
58
0
0
1,727
0
185
0
22,211
15,776
134,954
17,376
43,440
18,907
90,423
148,826
52,094
84,500
25,377
30,091
40,609
87,579
812,163
23,410
37,471
562,845
44,723
96,650
11,792
Subtotal
1,007,629
500,875
0 1,508,504
65,587
12,993
0
78,580
100
1,870
1,970 1,589,054
Canada
U.S.A.
184,616
1,710,246
64,167
345,127
0 248,783
0 2,055,373
1,409
11,535
0
1,154
0
0
1,409
12,689
0
0
0
0
0 250,192
0 2,068,062
Subtotal
1,894,862
409,294
0 2,304,156
12,944
1,154
0
14,098
0
0
0 2,318,254
59,976
25,421
16,592
6,407
15,174
32,073
85,617
23,978
20,793
7,167
6,447
7,482
28,743
60,161
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
83,954
46,214
23,759
12,854
22,656
60,816
145,778
15,797
24
16,919
16,240
5,966
8,875
27,451
729
0
984
1,632
1,208
2,279
6,786
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
16,526
24
17,903
17,872
7,174
11,154
34,242
0
0
858
646
0
0
906
4,993
0
78
605
417
260
8,211
4,993
0
936
1,251
417
260
9,117
105,473
46,238
42,598
31,977
30,247
72,230
189,137
241,260
154,771
0
396,031
91,272
13,618
5
104,895
2,410
14,564
16,974
517,900
Algeria
Egypt
Nigeria
South Africa
Other
7,003
10,144
8,251
18,793
33,555
19,596
34,187
4,224
42,083
35,677
0
0
0
0
0
26,599
44,331
12,475
60,876
69,232
12,887
12,589
1,013
18,243
24,615
435
9,900
153
1,012
5,696
0
0
0
0
0
13,322
22,489
1,166
19,255
30,311
2,076
1,095
1,094
0
1,230
1,973
8,341
7,191
19,298
9,408
4,049
9,436
8,285
19,298
10,638
43,970
76,256
21,926
99,429
110,181
Subtotal
77,746
135,767
0
213,513
69,347
17,196
0
86,543
5,495
46,211
51,706
351,762
Australia
New Zealand
Other
211,800
19,647
5,260
128,063
20,471
2,349
0
177
0
339,863
40,295
7,609
53,752
6,144
3,720
1,214
484
202
0
0
0
54,966
6,628
3,922
69
0
16
4,496
233
2,464
4,565
233
2,480
399,394
47,156
14,011
Subtotal
236,707
150,883
177
387,767
63,616
1,900
0
65,516
85
7,193
7,278
460,561
5,468
290
0
5,758
2,825
0
0
2,825
26
3,121
3,147
11,730
885 5,915,429
567,596
90,581
41
658,218
17,527
135,917
Mexico
Puerto Rico
Colombia
Venezuela
Ecuador
Chile
Other
Subtotal
Africa
Small
In vehicle units
Other
Grand Totals
4,187,227 1,727,317
153,444 6,727,091
Note: Passenger cars are classified under Japan’s Road Vehicles Act in three categories, based primarily on engine capacity: “standard” (over 2,000cc), “small” (661cc-2,000cc), and
“mini” (660cc and under); see page 74 for details.
17
Motorcycles
Production
Motorcycle Production Falls for Third Consecutive Year
Overall domestic motorcycle production in 2008 decreased 26.8% from the previous year to 1.23 million units.
By engine capacity, Class 1 motor-driven cycles (50cc and under) declined 38.4% to 163,000 units. Class 2
motor-driven cycles (51cc to 125cc), mini-sized motorcycles (126cc to 250cc) and small-sized motorcycles (over
250cc) dropped 28.2% to 128,000 units, 28.5% to 193,000 units, and 22.9% to 743,000 units respectively.
MOTORCYCLE PRODUCTION BY ENGINE
CAPACITY IN 2008
In vehicle units
TRENDS IN MOTORCYCLE
PRODUCTION
x 1 million units
50cc & Under
162,928
(13.3%)
Over 250cc
742,667
(60.5%)
Total
1,226,839
(100%)
4
3
51cc 125cc
128,381
(10.5%)
2
Total
126cc 250cc
192,863
(15.7%)
Over 50cc
1
50cc & Under
0
1999 2000
Year
01
02
03
04
05
06
MOTORCYCLE PRODUCTION
07
08
In vehicle units
Over 50cc
Year
Motor-Driven
Cycles Class 1
(50cc & Under)
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
895,599
1,030,822
2,493,910
2,014,850
1,343,220
951,803
679,690
636,546
610,993
588,956
458,072
331,449
298,549
306,246
264,336
162,928
Motor-Driven
Cycles Class 2
(51cc-125cc)
1,407,205
1,887,701
2,181,206
1,373,423
686,734
1,038,938
532,909
630,221
598,551
543,294
376,800
304,622
260,343
149,868
178,827
128,381
Mini-Sized
Motorcycles
(126cc-250cc)
259,145
331,733
660,831
469,728
270,304
217,738
237,706
297,433
260,269
241,356
235,499
271,126
279,274
276,043
269,689
192,863
Small-Sized
Motorcycles
(Over 250cc)
385,723
552,291
1,098,577
678,346
506,637
544,760
801,406
851,191
858,227
741,882
760,534
832,387
953,419
1,039,229
963,245
742,667
Subtotal
2,052,073
2,771,725
3,940,614
2,521,497
1,463,675
1,801,436
1,572,021
1,778,845
1,717,047
1,526,532
1,372,833
1,408,135
1,493,036
1,465,140
1,411,761
1,063,911
Total
2,947,672
3,802,547
6,434,524
4,536,347
2,806,895
2,753,239
2,251,711
2,415,391
2,328,040
2,115,488
1,830,905
1,739,584
1,791,585
1,771,386
1,676,097
1,226,839
Chg. (%)
114.4
84.3
143.8
112.7
100.4
101.0
85.4
107.3
96.4
90.9
86.5
95.0
103.0
98.9
94.6
73.2
Notes: 1. KD sets have been excluded since 1979; they represent less than 60% of the cost of compositional components per vehicle and have been treated as components since 1988.
18
Motorcycles
Sales
Sales of Class 2 Motor-Driven Cycles and Small-Sized Motorcycles Rise
Domestic motorcycle sales in 2008 dropped 23.7% from 2007 to 522,000 units. By engine capacity, sales of
Class 2 motor-driven cycles (51cc to 125cc) rose for the second consecutive year, up 20.1% to 121,000 units,
while sales of small-sized motorcycles (over 250cc) grew for the first time in two years, up 24.0% to 50,000
units. On the other hand, sales of Class 1 motor-driven cycles (50cc and under) and mini-sized motorcycles
(126cc to 250cc) declined 35.4% and 35.3%, to 296,000 and 56,000 units respectively. Overall sales of
motorcycles with engine capacity over 50cc thus totalled 226,000 units, a slight decrease of 0.2% from 2007.
MOTORCYCLE SALES BY ENGINE
CAPACITY IN 2008
In vehicle units
TRENDS IN MOTORCYCLE SALES
x 1 million units
2
Over 250cc
49,743
(9.5%)
1.5
126cc 250cc
55,674
(10.7%)
51cc 125cc
120,990
(23.2%)
Total
522,315
(100%)
1
50cc & Under
295,908
(56.6%)
Total
0.5
50cc & Under
Over 50cc
0
1999 2000
Year
01
02
03
04
05
06
MOTORCYCLE SALES (SHIPMENTS TO DOMESTIC DEALERS)
07
08
In vehicle units
Over 50cc
Year
Motor-Driven
Cycles Class 1
(50cc & Under)
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
598,165
778,117
1,978,426
1,646,115
1,213,512
884,718
621,276
558,459
544,988
535,327
539,610
500,388
470,922
478,196
458,023
295,908
Motor-Driven
Cycles Class 2
(51cc-125cc)
461,570
307,276
200,238
130,574
169,618
138,115
105,550
102,116
78,263
94,468
89,906
62,780
88,747
82,211
100,720
120,990
Mini-Sized
Motorcycles
(126cc-250cc)
61,608
15,882
88,188
173,887
158,882
98,833
51,461
72,886
79,156
94,414
87,881
97,135
99,658
91,395
86,081
55,674
Small-Sized
Motorcycles
(Over 250cc)
69,586
28,018
103,184
145,674
76,921
91,186
58,672
46,416
48,279
46,873
42,724
39,718
47,186
48,564
40,120
49,743
Total
Subtotal
592,764
351,176
391,610
450,135
405,421
328,134
215,683
221,418
205,698
235,755
220,511
199,633
235,591
222,170
226,921
226,407
1,190,929
1,129,293
2,370,036
2,096,250
1,618,933
1,212,852
836,959
779,877
750,686
771,082
760,121
700,021
706,513
700,366
684,944
522,315
Chg. (%)
98.0
100.6
122.7
102.6
97.6
101.6
78.7
93.2
96.3
102.7
98.6
92.1
100.9
99.1
97.8
76.3
19
Motorcycles
Motorcycles in Use
Eighth Consecutive Year of Rise in Number of Motorcycles
Over 50cc in Use
As of March 31, 2008, the number of motorcycles in use in Japan dipped to 12.79 million, down 1.1% from the
previous year. After peaking at 18.67 million in 1986, the number of motorcycles in use has continued to decline. By
engine capacity, Class 1 motor-driven cycles, which account for 61.8% of all motorcycles in use, dropped 2.9% to 7.90
million units, whereas Class 2 motor-driven cycles in use increased 2.3% to 1.43 million units. Also, mini-sized and
small-sized motorcycles in use rose 1.3% and 1.8%, to 1.98 million and 1.48 million units respectively.
MOTORCYCLES IN USE BY ENGINE CAPACITY
(at March 31, 2008)
In vehicle units
TRENDS IN MOTORCYCLES IN USE
(at March 31 yearly)
x 1 million units
Over 250cc
1,478,724
(11.6%)
20
16
Total
126cc-250cc
1,976,829
(15.4%)
51cc-125cc
1,429,738
(11.2%)
Total
12,787,342
(100%)
12
50cc & Under
7,902,051
(61.8%)
50cc & Under
8
Over 50cc
4
0
1999 2000
Year
01
02
03
04
05
06
MOTORCYCLES IN USE (at March 31 yearly)
07
08
In vehicle units
Over 50cc
Year
Motor-Driven
Cycles Class 1
(50cc & Under)
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
3,727,426
4,851,140
8,794,335
14,609,399
13,539,269
11,165,390
9,919,874
9,643,487
9,354,554
9,136,832
8,915,037
8,739,686
8,566,613
8,345,225
8,134,692
7,902,051
Motor-Driven
Cycles Class 2
(51cc-125cc)
4,431,745
3,132,818
2,281,006
1,747,957
1,517,228
1,421,031
1,341,347
1,337,395
1,344,330
1,334,792
1,329,410
1,341,088
1,353,732
1,378,714
1,397,085
1,429,738
Mini-Sized
Motorcycles
(126cc-250cc)
583,316
492,307
506,567
1,047,426
1,669,771
1,823,446
1,727,400
1,704,522
1,712,597
1,734,395
1,772,545
1,810,594
1,857,439
1,908,402
1,950,512
1,976,829
Small-Sized
Motorcycles
(Over 250cc)
109,771
276,715
383,639
775,627
1,045,519
1,177,229
1,269,232
1,288,399
1,308,417
1,334,354
1,352,199
1,370,331
1,397,392
1,428,149
1,452,893
1,478,724
Subtotal
5,124,832
3,901,840
3,171,212
3,571,010
4,232,518
4,421,706
4,337,979
4,330,316
4,365,344
4,403,541
4,454,154
4,522,013
4,608,563
4,715,265
4,800,490
4,885,291
Total
8,852,258
8,752,980
11,965,547
18,180,409
17,771,787
15,587,096
14,257,853
13,973,803
13,719,898
13,540,373
13,369,191
13,261,699
13,175,176
13,060,490
12,935,182
12,787,342
Chg. (%)
100.5
101.9
109.8
104.8
97.6
98.0
98.1
98.0
98.2
98.7
98.7
99.2
99.3
99.1
99.0
98.9
Notes: 1. Motor-driven cycle data is as of April 1, and since 2006 motorcycles with engine capacity of 125cc and under whose owners fail to pay the mandatory motorcycle ownership tax
are not included in this data. 2. “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100).
Sources: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism; since 2006 (only for the 125cc-and-under categories), Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications
20
Motorcycles
Exports
Motorcycle Exports Decline for Second Straight Year
Motorcycle exports in 2008 dropped 18.7% from the previous year to 1.00 million units. By engine capacity,
exports of Class 1 motor-driven cycles increased 6.0% to 36,000 units, whereas exports of Class 2 motor-driven
cycles plunged 29.3% to 95,000 units. Exports in the mini-sized and small-sized motorcycle categories
dropped 15.8% and 18.6%, to 150,000 and 721,000 units respectively. In 2008 the total value of motorcycle
and motorcycle components exports decreased 5.6% from the previous year to US$ 7.3 billion, with the value
of motorcycle exports falling 11.4% to US$ 5.5 billion and the value of components exports climbing 18.3% to
US$ 1.8 billion.
MOTORCYCLE EXPORTS BY ENGINE
CAPACITY IN 2008
In vehicle units
50cc & Under
36,234
(3.6%)
TRENDS IN MOTORCYCLE EXPORTS
x 1 million units
51cc-125cc
95,114
(9.5%)
2
1.6
Total
Total
1,002,187
(100%)
126cc-250cc
149,530
(14.9%)
1.2
Over 50cc
Over 250cc
721,309
(72.0%)
0.8
0.4
50cc & Under
0
1999 2000
Year
01
02
03
04
05
06
MOTORCYCLE EXPORTS
07
08
In vehicle units
Over 50cc
Year
Motor-Driven
Cycles Class 1
(50cc & Under)
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
326,815
288,974
501,027
369,167
147,301
61,627
89,544
82,038
59,406
74,811
114,315
84,832
57,860
57,558
34,192
36,234
Motor-Driven
Cycles Class 2
(51cc-125cc)
914,325
1,546,170
1,907,481
1,350,412
507,840
691,433
422,876
549,040
530,728
462,137
312,768
265,245
197,378
124,335
134,570
95,114
Mini-Sized
Motorcycles
(126cc-250cc)
187,185
328,313
548,306
296,865
117,222
129,961
177,399
204,591
194,058
149,900
144,873
173,037
177,824
183,980
177,673
149,530
Small-Sized
Motorcycles
(Over 250cc)
309,277
527,344
972,226
525,038
411,381
442,689
723,314
805,508
793,221
731,834
708,999
804,030
899,161
968,153
886,361
721,309
Subtotal
1,410,787
2,401,827
3,428,013
2,172,315
1,036,443
1,264,083
1,323,589
1,559,139
1,518,007
1,343,871
1,166,640
1,242,312
1,274,363
1,276,468
1,198,604
965,953
Total
1,737,602
2,690,801
3,929,040
2,541,482
1,183,744
1,325,710
1,413,133
1,641,177
1,577,413
1,418,682
1,280,955
1,327,144
1,332,223
1,334,026
1,232,796
1,002,187
Chg. (%)
133.8
83.0
144.0
119.7
107.3
94.2
88.1
116.1
96.1
89.9
90.3
103.6
100.4
100.1
92.4
81.3
Notes: 1. Figures represent ex-factory export shipments of motorcycles manufactured in Japan. 2. Class 2 motor-driven cycles include three-wheeled motor-driven cycles. 3. KD sets have
been excluded since 1979; they represent less than 60% of the cost of compositional components per vehicle and have been treated as components since 1988. 4. “Chg. (%)” means
change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100).
21
Motorcycles
Exports by Destination
A Rise in Motorcycle Exports to the Middle East and Latin America
Whereas motorcycle exports in 2008 increased 6.8% to the Middle East and 3.3% to Latin America, they
declined 45.1% to Asia, 20.4% to Europe, 17.8% to North America, 11.6% to Africa, and 5.2% to Oceania.
With 40.9% of the export share, North America remains Japan’s most important motorcycle export
destination, followed by Europe with a 36.9% share. Both regions combined accounted for nearly 80% of
Japan’s total motorcycle exports.
MOTORCYCLE EXPORTS BY DESTINATION IN 2008
In vehicle units
Europe
370,169
(36.9%)
North
America
409,493
(40.9%)
of which EU 356,301 (35.6%)
Middle
East
7,695
(0.8%)
of which U.S.A. 372,362 (37.2%)
Total
1,002,187
(100%)
Asia
50,277
(5.0%)
Africa
34,008
(3.4%)
Latin
America
63,241
(6.3%)
Oceania
67,304
(6.7%)
100,000 units
10,000 units
MOTORCYCLE EXPORT TRENDS (BY REGION OF DESTINATION)
Asia
Middle East
11.1
1.3
11.9
14.7
1.6
2.9
Europe
North
America
(EU)
(U.S.A.)
Latin America
Africa
Oceania
22
46.9
(44.7)
26.7
(23.9)
7.2
39.8
(38.0)
33.0
(30.1)
8.5
13.8
In %
7.0
7.2
0.7
0.4
6.2
0.6
34.3
(32.5)
36.3
(35.1)
35.0
(33.8)
43.3
(39.6)
47.0
(42.6)
48.1
(44.7)
6.5
3.7
2.9
5.0
06
4.9
0.5
7.4
0.6
5.0
0.8
2.0
31.3
(30.0)
30.7
(29.1)
37.6
(34.8)
43.3
(39.9)
47.6
(43.4)
4.1
2.5
3.8
2.4
3.9
4.0
2.6
4.6
03
04
05
8.2
2.7
4.1
1.7
3.5
2.0
3.3
4.3
2.3
3.6
1999
Year
2000
01
02
34.9
(33.7)
37.7
(36.5)
40.4
(36.9)
36.9
(35.6)
40.9
(37.2)
5.0
3.1
6.3
3.4
5.8
6.7
07
08
MOTORCYCLE EXPORTS BY DESTINATION IN 2008
In vehicle units
Over 50cc
Destination
Asia
Middle
East
Europe
North
America
Latin
America
Africa
Motor-Driven
Cycles Class 2
(51cc-125cc)
Mini-Sized
Motorcycles
126cc-250cc
Small-Sized
Motorcycles
(Over 250cc)
Subtotal
Total
South Korea
Taiwan
Hong Kong
Singapore
Malaysia
Philippines
Other
340
0
54
21
0
0
194
185
2,992
270
104
35
4,000
27
34
0
1,107
1,184
37
19,100
335
1,987
1,046
4,803
6,100
5,527
4
791
2,206
4,038
6,180
7,388
5,599
23,104
1,153
2,546
4,038
6,234
7,409
5,599
23,104
1,347
Subtotal
609
7,613
21,797
20,258
49,668
50,277
Israel
United Arab Emirates
Other
0
36
52
16
497
130
89
897
475
1,690
2,182
1,631
1,795
3,576
2,236
1,795
3,612
2,288
Subtotal
88
643
1,461
5,503
7,607
7,695
318
10
372
0
1
567
1,198
10
28
214
57
45
56
12
101
165
506
1,386
1,842
98
8,553
1,072
20
1,712
343
186
14
65
10
125
620
281
1,333
3,359
150
2,950
3,429
145
3,350
6,044
244
345
213
63
581
2,109
3,390
24,088
65,010
3,306
59,417
37,434
2,132
26,674
70,485
1,641
4,722
7,738
1,477
4,485
2,894
4,177
26,807
70,211
3,554
70,920
41,935
2,297
31,736
76,872
2,071
5,081
8,016
1,550
5,191
3,212
4,187
27,179
70,211
3,555
71,487
43,133
2,307
31,764
77,086
2,128
5,126
8,072
1,562
5,292
Subtotal
2,989
16,097
23,107
314,108
353,312
356,301
Norway
Switzerland
Russia
Turkey
Other
176
60
111
6
2
139
110
199
10
75
262
328
188
64
70
851
6,477
2,899
1,139
702
1,252
6,915
3,286
1,213
847
1,428
6,975
3,397
1,219
849
Subtotal
3,344
16,630
24,019
326,176
366,825
370,169
Canada
U.S.A.
3,554
24,303
2,973
28,840
5,609
54,021
24,995
265,198
33,577
348,059
37,131
372,362
Subtotal
27,857
31,813
59,630
290,193
381,636
409,493
Mexico
Guatemala
Honduras
Nicaragua
Panama
Colombia
Peru
Chile
Brazil
Other
212
16
6
0
0
10
0
22
0
85
2,266
47
82
43
37
1,142
320
171
10
977
1,194
1,020
876
1,173
271
6,086
1,206
683
2,314
1,740
3,009
187
103
13
714
3,713
140
1,052
25,849
6,452
6,469
1,254
1,061
1,229
1,022
10,941
1,666
1,906
28,173
9,169
6,681
1,270
1,067
1,229
1,022
10,951
1,666
1,928
28,173
9,254
Subtotal
351
5,095
16,563
41,232
62,890
63,241
Togo
Dem Rep Congo
Ethiopia
Kenya
Uganda
Tanzania
Namibia
South Africa
Other
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
146
25
1,285
1,761
30
833
1,426
1,117
3,309
2,080
7,428
538
205
1,709
1,326
114
849
0
2,641
1,440
0
0
3
2
0
21
0
4,258
1,456
1,823
1,966
1,742
2,161
1,540
1,987
3,309
8,979
10,324
1,823
1,972
1,742
2,161
1,540
1,987
3,309
9,125
10,349
Sweden
Denmark
UK
Netherlands
Belgium
France
Germany
E Portugal
U Spain
Italy
Finland
Hungary
Greece
Slovenia
Other
177
19,269
8,822
5,740
33,831
34,008
Australia
New Zealand
Other
2,808
990
10
10,281
3,674
96
13,847
3,322
69
28,938
3,041
228
53,066
10,037
393
55,874
11,027
403
Subtotal
3,808
14,051
17,238
32,207
63,496
67,304
36,234
95,114
149,530
721,309
965,953
1,002,187
Subtotal
Oceania
Motor-Driven
Cycles Class 1
(50cc & Under)
Grand Totals
23
Attention to the Environment
Climate Change
Climate Change and CO2 Emissions Reduction:
The Response of the Transport Sector
Under the Kyoto Protocol, adopted in 1997 by most industrialized countries to reduce CO2 and other greenhouse gas
emissions and enforced in February 2005, Japan pledged to reduce its annual GHG emissions volume to 6% below
the 1990 level by 2010. The Japanese government subsequently formulated a target achievement plan and has since
promoted diverse CO2 reduction measures in all major sectors including the industrial, consumer, and transport
sectors. In line with the national initiative, the automobile industry has been making vigorous efforts with respect
to achieving greater fuel efficiency, developing and promoting alternative-energy vehicles, raising public awareness
of eco-friendly driving practices and supporting the government’s efforts to improve traffic flow. After peaking in
2001, CO2 emissions in Japan’s transport sector have been on a steady decline, owing largely to increased fuel
efficiency in passenger cars and greater efficiency in goods distribution.
JAPAN’S GHG EMISSION VOLUMES: ACTUAL & TARGETED Under the Kyoto Protocol
Japan’s GHG emissions in 1990 totalled 1,261 million tons (in equivalent tons of CO2). Under the Kyoto Protocol, Japan is to reduce its total GHG
emissions to 6% below that level by 2010—in other words, to a total of 1,186 million tons. In fact, however, total GHG emissions in 2007 (preliminary
figure) increased 8.7% over the 1990 level, to 1,371 million tons, widening the gap from the target volume to 14.7%. To close that gap, further
measures to reduce GHG emissions will need to be adopted in addition to the measures taken to date.
x 1 million tons
1,400
1,359
(+7.7%)
1,300
Reduction
measures
(9.3%)
1,371
(+8.7%)
1,340
(+6.3%)
1,261
Forest sink
(3.8%)
Kyoto
mechanisms
(1.6%)
(-0.6%)
1,200
(-6.0%)
1,100
1,000
0
1990 (baseline)
Fiscal Year
2006
2005
2007
(Preliminary
figure)
Targeted
under the Kyoto Protocol (2008-2012)
Sources: Government-affiliated entities
ACTUAL & TARGETED CO2 EMISSION VOLUMES IN JAPAN’S TRANSPORT SECTOR
Of Japan’s total CO2 emissions, the transportation sector accounts for roughly 20%, of which 90% are auto-emitted—making CO2 reduction in road transport
a priority concern. With steadily declining CO2 emissions since 2001, the transport sector’s original target of an annual total of 250 million tons of CO2
emissions by 2010 has been revised downward to a more challenging 240-243 million tons. JAMA believes this target is achievable if stakeholders throughout
the sector— including automakers, government, fuel suppliers and vehicle users—make the efforts required to meet that goal.
x 1 million tons
280
Compliance with vehicle fuel efficiency targets, etc.
270
265 264 266 265
263
260
268
264
262 262
258
250
257
253
250
249
240
240-243
238
233
230
229
220
217
210
200
1990
Fiscal
Year
24
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
2000
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
(Preliminary
figure)
2010
Targeted
Sources Kyoto Protocol Target Achievement Plan, etc.
Climate Change
CO2 Emissions Reduction: Improving Vehicle Fuel Efficiency
In 1998 Japan’s Energy Conservation Law recommended vehicle fuel efficiency targets for fiscal year 2010, applying
“top runner” criteria whereby the leading fuel efficiency performance to date (1998) for a given vehicle weight
category was established as the target value. Auto manufacturers have worked hard to comply, and in 2007 the
average fuel efficiency of domestic-market new gasoline-powered passenger cars reached 16.2 km/liter, surpassing the
2010 target of 15.1 km/liter. In 2006 fuel efficiency targets were established for heavy-duty vehicles, i.e. trucks and
buses weighing more than 3.5 tons, for enforcement in 2015. Furthermore, new and stricter fuel efficiency targets,
also for 2015, were introduced in 2007 for passenger cars and trucks/buses weighing 3.5 tons or less. Japan’s
automakers will therefore continue to advance fuel efficiency technologies in order to meet these new targets.
2010 AVERAGE FUEL EFFICIENCY TARGETS
FOR PASSENGER CARS & SMALL TRUCKS
In km/
2010 target value
1995 actual value
(Percentage gain)
15.3 km /
12.6 km /
(21.4%)
15.1 km /
12.3 km /
(22.8%)
All
AVERAGE FUEL EFFICIENCY PERFORMANCE
OF GASOLINE-POWERED PASSENGER CARS
17
16
14.9
15
Passenger
cars
Trucks
(GVW†2.5tons)
0km/
5
10
(13.2%)
15
20
FOR PASSENGER CARS &
SMALL TRUCKS/BUSES
Passenger
cars
Small buses
0km/
(Percentage gain)
16.8 km /
13.6 km /
(23.5%)
Trucks
(GVW†3.5tons)
15.2 km /
13.5 km /
(12.6%)
8.9 km /
8.3 km /
5
(7.2%)
10
14.3
13.5
13.1
Note: Fuel efficiency here is 10 15 test cycle-measured (see page 75), and targets were
established assuming the same respective shipment volume ratios by vehicle weight
category for 2010 as those recorded in 1995.
2015 target value
2004 actual value
15.4
16.0 16.2
13.8
14
16.3 km /
14.4 km /
15.1
15.5
15
20
Note: Fuel efficiency here is JC08 test cycle-measured (see page 75), and targets were
13
12.4
12.6
12
1996 97
Fiscal Year
98
99 2000 01
02
03
04
05
06
07
Note: Figures are for domestic-market new passenger cars only.
VEHICLE TECHNOLOGIES FOR INCREASED
FUEL EFFICIENCY
Improved
engine efficiency
Reduced
aerodynamic drag
Improvements in
thermal efficiency:
– Improved body configuration
– Direct injection
– Variable mechanisms
(variable cylinder activation,
VVT&L, etc.)
Reduction of friction loss:
Reduced
vehicle weight
– Expanded use of
lightweight materials
– Improved body structure
– Reduction of piston &
piston ring friction loss
– Low-viscosity
lubricating oil
FOR HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLES (GVW>3.5t)
2015 target value
2002 actual value
Trucks
Buses
0km/
(Percentage gain)
7.09 km /
6.32 km /
(12.2%)
6.30 km /
5.62 km /
5
(12.1%)
10
15
Improved powertrain
performance
Reduced
rolling resistance
– Expansion of lock-up area
– Expanded number of
transmission gears
– Continuously variable
transmission
– Low rolling-resistance tires
Other
20
Note: Fuel efficiency here is JE05 test cycle-measured (see page 75), and targets were
– Electric power steering
– Idling prevention (stop-start)
– Hybridization
Sources: Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry; Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism
25
Climate Change
Promoting Alternative-Energy Vehicles
Alternative-energy vehicles that run on power/fuels such as electricity, natural gas, and diesel-alternative LPG are
becoming increasingly popular owing to their significantly reduced CO2 and other tailpipe emissions. In 2007 nearly
510,000 alternative-energy vehicles, including several hydrogen vehicles, were in circulation in Japan and that
number is expected to grow. The more widespread use of alternative-energy vehicles, including fuel cell vehicles,
will largely depend on the automakers’ resolution of a number of technological issues and on the expansion of the
fuel supply infrastructure. Meanwhile, the use of low-emission gasoline-powered vehicles continues to be actively
promoted. In 2007, the combined total of domestic alternative-energy and low-emission vehicle shipments reached
3.93 million units.
DOMESTIC SHIPMENTS OF ALTERNATIVE-ENERGY & LOW-EMISSION VEHICLES (Fiscal 2007)
Passenger Cars
Standard and
small-sized
vehicles
Fuel cell vehicles
Electric vehicles
Hybrid vehicles
Natural gas vehicles
Methanol vehicles
Subtotal
Vehicles certified as fuelefficient and low-emission
vehicles (see Note1)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Subtotal
Diesel-alternative LPG vehicles
Hydrogen vehicles
Total
Trucks
Standard and
small-sized
vehicles
Minivehicles
0
0
88,256
0
0
88,256
2,112,055
212,860
0
581
3,663
2,329,159
0
1
2,417,416
In vehicle units
0
0
0
41
0
41
913,304
250,998
0
0
2,132
1,166,434
0
0
1,166,475
Minivehicles
0
0
2,088
1,444
0
3,532
32,374
64,316
0
0
0
96,690
853
0
101,075
Buses
0
0
101
654
0
755
13,265
116,870
0
111,806
1,250
243,191
0
0
243,946
0
0
78
36
0
114
0
0
0
0
0
0
21
0
135
Total
Chg. (%)
0
0
90,523
2,175
0
92,698
3,070,998
645,044
0
112,387
7,045
3,835,474
874
1
3,929,047
—
—
100.1
70.4
—
99.1
106.2
72.8
—
72.0
11.9
96.0
35.8
20.0
96.1
(1)
= Emissions down by 75% from 2005 emission standards. (2)
= Emissions down by 75% from
2000 emission standards. (4)
= Emissions down by 25% from 2000 emission standards.
Notes: 1. Vehicles that meet or surpass the fuel efficiency targets for 2010 (as per Japan’s Energy Conservation Law) and are certified compliant with the low-emission environmental
performance certification criteria. 2. “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100).
TRENDS IN ALTERNATIVE-ENERGY & LOW-EMISSION VEHICLE SHIPMENTS (DOMESTIC)
x 10,000 units
450
239
400
365
2
350
402
36
3
7
409
10
393
9
93
Alternative-Energy Vehicles
This designation includes, hybrid, electric,
natural gas, methanol (virtually no longer in use),
fuel cell, diesel-alternative LPG and hydrogen vehicles.
289
307
252
200
245
105
Emissions down by 75% from 2005 standards
121
161
100
50
7
164
24
150
5
8
421
213
300
250
421
107
60
78
0
2001
Fiscal Year
2002
41
23
32
21
4
23
2003
2004
2005
89
13
16
6
2006
65
11
0.7
2007
TRENDS IN ALTERNATIVE-ENERGY VEHICLE USE IN JAPAN
Fiscal Year
Electric vehicles
Hybrid vehicles
Methanol vehicles
Diesel-alternative LPG vehicles
Total
2001
2002
In vehicle units
1998
1999
2000
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2,400
22,500
3,640
279
9,950
38,769
2,600
37,400
5,252
222
10,955
56,429
9,400
3,800
4,700
5,600
7,700
8,500
9,900
9,400
50,400 74,600 91,200 132,500 196,800 256,600 346,900 441,300
7,811 12,012 16,561 20,638 24,263 27,605 31,462 34,203
20
157
135
114
58
33
26
20
12,602 14,962 17,054 19,483 20,670 21,868 23,007 22,917
74,770 106,409 130,529 180,379 250,266 315,999 410,789 507,840
Sources: Japan Automobile Research Institute; Japan Gas Association; Automobile Inspection & Registration Information Association; Organization for the Promotion of Low-Emission Vehicles
26
Climate Change
CO2 Emissions Reduction: Improving Traffic Flow
Improved road traffic flow enables increased vehicle speed and increased fuel efficiency, which in turn contributes to CO2
reduction. Improving traffic flow by upgrading road networks and overall infrastructure is therefore urgently required. JAMA
advocates such upgrades, including efforts to mitigate congestion at intersections, as well as the early completion of the Tokyo
metropolitan area’s three major beltways (or ring roads) and the greater use of expressways. To help ensure steady progress in
this regard, the government and other relevant public-sector players must jointly establish a data compilation/analysis and
response formulation/implementation scheme to evaluate the impact of traffic flow-related measures on CO2 reduction and to
follow up accordingly. JAMA in fact conducted a quantitative assessment of the impact on CO2 reduction of the operation of the
Oji section (opened for service in December 2002) of the Tokyo Metropolitan Expressway’s inner beltway. This study determined
that operation of the new section enabled increased average vehicle speed on that beltway and on surrounding local roads,
resulting in an estimated reduction in CO2 emissions of 20,000 to 30,000 tons annually.
IMPACT OF VEHICLE SPEED ON
CO2 EMISSIONS
CO2
emission
levels
(%)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
IMPACT OF THE OJI SECTION’S OPERATION ON
CO2 REDUCTION
Before
Operation
Tokyo Metropolitan
Expressway
Local roads
Tokyo Metropolitan
CO2 emissions
Expressway
volume
x 10,000 tons/year Local roads
Total
Average vehicle
speed
in km/h
10km/h
20km/h
30km/h
Average vehicle speed
Source: Japan Automobile Research Institute
After
Operation
Increase/
Decrease
56.0
56.2
0.2
22.5
22.8
0.3
173
178
5
356
529
349
527
-7
-2
Note: Vehicle speed and CO2 emissions were calculated on the basis of three established models,
including that of the Japan Automobile Research Institute. The estimated annual CO2 reduction volume
varies between 20,000 to 30,000 tons depending on the model used.
PROPOSED DATA INPUT/ANALYSIS & RESPONSE FORMULATION SCHEME FOR IMPROVED TRAFFIC FLOW
Data Compilation
and Processing
General Statistical Data:
– Road transport statistics
– Relevant national energy statistics
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure
and Transport Data:
National Police Agency Data:
– Road traffic data from sensors
– Uplink data from ITS optical beacons
Data Analysis/Evaluation
– Odometer data (collected at vehicle inspections)
– Road transport surveys
– Traffic volume data (via monitoring)
– Road congestion monitoring
Status Reports on the Impact of:
– Use of advanced signal-control systems
– On-street parking bans
– Measures for smoother flow at intersections
– Construction of by-pass routes
Response Formulation and
Implementation
CO2 Reductions at Production Plants
In line with an environmental action plan formulated by JAMA in 1996, Japan’s automobile manufacturers have
implemented various energy-conservation measures at their production facilities. The original target of a 10% reduction
in plant CO2 emissions by 2010 compared to the 1990 level was revised in 2007 to a stricter 12.5% cut. In 2008 that target
was further amended to a stringent 22% reduction—down to an annual CO2 emissions volume of 6.59 million tons by
2010—to be achieved jointly with the member manufacturers of the Japan Auto-Body Industries Association (JABIA).
REDUCTIONS IN PRODUCTION PLANT-GENERATED CO2 EMISSIONS
CO2 emissions
(x 1 million tons)
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
8.45
6.80
443
400
1990 2000
Fiscal Year
6.43
6.73
367
351
2001
2002
6.79
352
2003
6.73
338
2004
6.85
6.63
6.61
318
286
266
2005
2006
2007
6.59
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
CO2
emissions/production
value
(in thousand tons CO2
per 1 trillion yen)
2010
Targeted emissions volume
27
Environmental Performance Vehicle Certification
Promoting Vehicles with Greater Fuel Efficiency and
Lower Emissions
Vehicles with greater fuel efficiency help counter global warming through their reduced emission of CO2, while
vehicles with reduced tailpipe emissions help improve air quality. The Japanese government has established one
certification system for gasoline and diesel vehicles as well as heavy-duty trucks and buses with advanced fuel
efficiency; another certification system for gasoline and diesel (including heavy-duty) vehicles whose emissions
performance is superior to current regulatory levels for carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and
particulate matter (PM); and a third certification system for trucks and buses that comply either with 2005 emission
(including NOx and PM) standards or with the “long-term” or “new short-term” regulatory standards (see page 30).
To boost widespread public awareness of vehicles with advanced fuel efficiency and/or low emissions, such vehicles
are identified with appropriately coded stickers (see below; sticker affixation is optional only when emissions
performance is under the four-star rating).
ADVANCED FUEL EFFICIENCY
CERTIFICATION
ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE
CERTIFICATION FOR VEHICLES
WITH LOW EMISSIONS
For Gasoline and LPG Vehicles
Vehicle
Sticker
Rating/Performance Level
Compliant +25%
compared to
standards
Performing 25% better
or more compared to
2010
target
fuel
efficiency standards
Emissions down by 75%
from 2005 standards
Compliant +20%
compared to
standards
or more compared to
2010
target
fuel
Emissions down by 50%
from 2005 standards
Compliant +15%
compared to
standards
or more compared to
2010
target
fuel
Heavy-duty diesel vehicles
with NOx and PM emissions
down by 10% from 2005
standards
For Diesel Vehicles
Vehicle
Sticker
Compliant +25%
compared to
standards
or more compared to
2005 fuel efficiency
standards
Compliant +20%
compared to
standards
or more compared to
standards
Compliant +15%
compared to
standards
or more compared to
standards
Compliant with
standards
Meeting 2015 target
fuel efficiency standards
or better
with NOx emissions down
by 10% from 2005
standards
LOW NOx & PM EMISSIONS
CERTIFICATION FOR TRUCKS AND BUSES
>
Vehicle
Sticker
with PM emissions down by
10% from 2005 standards
Compliant with 2005 emission standards
For Trucks and Buses with GVW 3.5 tons
28
Vehicle
Sticker
Compliant with other regulatory
standards (see above)
Vehicle
Sticker
Emissions
Vehicle Exhaust Emissions:
New Regulations to Be Enforced in 2009
Japan’s vehicle exhaust emissions regulations have always been among the most stringent in the world, and its
automakers have worked very hard to develop the advanced technologies required to comply with them. As a
result, NOx and other atmospheric pollutant levels have been on a steady decline even in large urban areas. In April
2005 the Ministry of the Environment-affiliated Central Environment Council’s report entitled Future Policy for
Motor Vehicle Exhaust Emissions Reduction recommended that stricter and uniform limit values be applied to
gasoline and diesel vehicle emissions alike, beginning with new regulations to be enforced as of 2009. Air quality
standards for 2010 should be largely satisfied nationwide through compliance with those regulations.
COMPARISON OF HEAVY-DUTY DIESEL TRUCK EMISSIONS REGULATIONS
All regulatory values below apply to the heaviest truck categories.
NOx
Nitrogen
oxides
HC
Hydrocarbons
In g/kWh
NMHC
CO
PM
Non-methane
hydrocarbons
Carbon
monoxide
Particulate
matter
Japan (GVW=Over 3.5 tons)
4.50
3.38
2.0
0.7 (1)
Long-term regulations (1997, 1998, 1999)
New short-term regulations (2003, 2004)
New long-term regulations (2005)
Post-new long-term regulations
2.90
0.87
0.17
0.17
7.40
2.22
2.22
2.22
0.25
0.18
0.027
0.01
20.78
20.78
0.134
0.134
20.78
0.013
4.0
5.45
(2.1)
4.0
(1.5)
4.0
(1.5)
3.0
(1.5)
0.15
0.16
(0.10)
0.03
(0.02)
0.03
(0.02)
0.02
(0.02)
U.S.A. (GVW=Over 3.85 tons)
5.36
1.74
Automobile manufacturers must comply with one of the
following:
1) NOx + NMHC 3.22
2) NOx + NMHC 3.35 with mandatory NMHC value of 0.67
0.27
0.188
1998 standard
2004 standard
2007 standard
Europe (GVW=Over 3.5 tons)
EURO2 1995
EURO3 2000
EURO4 2005
EURO5 2008
EEV
7.0
5.0
(5.0)
3.5
(3.5)
2.0
(2.0)
2.0
(2.0)
Transient mode
Steady state mode
Transient mode
Steady state mode
Transient mode
Steady state mode
Transient mode
Steady state mode
1.1
0.78
(0.66)
0.55
(0.46)
0.55
(0.46)
0.40
(0.25)
(1) The NOx value in Japan’s post-new long-term regulations is to be reduced to approximately one-third of the value indicated in the chart (0.7g/kWh) as a targeted value post-2009;
exact value and enforcement date are to be decided after verification testing in 2008.
Notes: 1. GVW (gross vehicle weight) (Japan) = Vehicle weight + Maximum load + Maximum occupants x 55 kg. Weight per occupant and other details slightly differ from those of U.S. and
European regulations. 2. Japan’s 1997-2004 regulations apply to the over 2.5t GVW vehicle category; regulations as of 2005 apply to the over 3.5t GVW vehicle category. 3. EURO3
(Europe): All vehicle categories are regulated in the steady state (ESC) mode only, except DPF- and NOx reduction catalyst-equipped vehicles, which are regulated in both modes. Beginning
with EURO4, all vehicle categories, whether DPF- and NOx reduction catalyst-equipped or not, are regulated in both the steady state (ESC) and transient (ETC) modes. 4. EEV (Europe):
Enhanced Environmentally Friendly Vehicles. EEV regulations constitute a special category and are applied by EU member countries only in specific instances when urban air quality is
particularly poor (for example, when temporary restrictions on vehicle circulation in cities are enforced). Emission values indicated are provisional. 5. The U.S.’ 2007 standard permits an NOx
compliance level of around 1.6g until 2010 depending on engine family type.
Source: Ministry of the Environment
COMPARISON OF HEAVY-DUTY DIESEL TRUCK EMISSIONS REGULATIONS (PM and NOx)
In g/kWh
More stringent
Europe
(2008-)
0.03
PM
(Particulate matter)
U.S.A.
(2010-)
0.013
0.01
U.S.A.
(2007-)
Notes: 1. Countries apply different test cycles
based on different running patterns.
2. Diesel emission regulations to be introduced
in 2010 in the U.S. are currently under review
by the U.S. government and automobile
manufacturers.
*A target value post-2009; exact value and
enforcement date are to be decided after
verification testing in 2008.
Japan
0
Targeted value*
0
0.27
0.7
1.6
NOx (Nitrogen oxides)
2.0
More stringent
29
MOTOR VEHICLE EMISSIONS REGULATIONS IN JAPAN
Current Regulations
Vehicle Type
Gasoline Passenger cars
and LPG
Vehicles
Trucks Mini
and
buses
Light-duty
(GVW≤1.7t)
Test
cycle
10 15M
11M
(g/km) (1)
10 15M
11M
(g/km) (1)
10 15M
11M
(g/km) (1)
Medium-duty
10 15M
(1.7t<GVW≤3.5t)
11M
(g/km) (1)
Heavy-duty
(GVW>3.5t)
Diesel
Passenger cars (3)
Vehicles
JE05
(g/kWh)
10 15M
11M
(g/km)
Year
enforced
2005
2007
2005
2005
2005
2005
Emission
CO
NMHC
NOx
Trucks Light-duty
(GVW≤1.7t)
and
buses
Motorcycles
10 15M
11M
(g/km)
2005
Medium-duty
10 15M
(1.7t<GVW≤3.5t)
11M
(g/km)
2005
Heavy-duty
(GVW>3.5t)
JE05
(g/kWh)
2005
Motorcycle
test cycle
(g/km)
2006
Motor-driven cycles
Class 1
Motor-driven cycles
Class 2
2007
Mini-sized
motorcycles
2006
Small-sized
motorcycles
2007
JC08
(g/km)
1.15 JC08
0.05 (g/km) (1)
0.05
JC08
(g/km)
2.55 JC08
0.05 (g/km) (1)
0.07
JC08
(g/km)
16.0 JE05
0.23 (g/kWh)
CO
NMHC
NOx
CO
NMHC
NOx
Year
Emission
enforced
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
0.7
CO
NMHC
CO
NMHC
NOx
PM
CO
NMHC
NOx
PM
CO
NMHC
NOx
PM
CO
HC
NOx
CO
HC
NOx
CO
HC
NOx
CO
HC
NOx
Test
cycle
0.05
CO
NMHC
NOx
PM
Regulatory
value
(Average)
1.15 JC08
0.05 (g/km) (1)
0.05
JC08
(g/km)
4.02 JC08
0.05 (g/km) (1)
CO
NMHC
NOx
NOx
New Regulations
Small-sized
Mid-sized
Small-sized
Mid-sized
0.63
0.024
0.14
0.15
0.013
0.014
0.63
0.024
0.14
0.013
0.63
0.024
0.25
0.015
2.22
0.17
2.0
0.027
2.0
0.5
0.15
2.0
0.5
0.15
2.0
0.3
0.15
2.0
0.3
0.15
JC08
(g/km)
2009
JC08
(g/km)
2009
JC08
(g/km)
2009
JE05
(g/kWh)
2009
(4)
(4)
Regulatory
value
(Average)
CO
NMHC
NOx
PM (2)
1.15
0.05
0.05
0.005
CO
NMHC
NOx
PM (2)
4.02
0.05
0.05
0.005
CO
NMHC
NOx
PM (2)
1.15
0.05
0.05
0.005
CO
NMHC
NOx
PM (2)
2.55
0.05
0.07
0.007
CO
NMHC
NOx
PM (2)
CO
NMHC
16.0
0.23
0.7
0.01
0.63
0.024
NOx
0.08
PM
0.005
CO
NMHC
NOx
PM
CO
NMHC
NOx
PM
CO
NMHC
NOx (5)
PM
0.63
0.024
0.08
0.005
0.63
0.024
0.15
0.007
2.22
0.17
0.7
0.01
(1) All vehicles weighing 3.5t or less are regulated as follows: Beginning in 2008, on the basis of (values measured in cold-start state in JC08 test cycle) x 0.25 + (values measured in
10 15 test cycle) x 0.75; and beginning in 2011, on the basis of (values measured in cold-start state in JC08 test cycle) x 0.25 + (values measured in warm-start state in JC08 test
cycle) x 0.75. (2) PM values apply only to direct-injection, lean-burn vehicles equipped with absorption-type NOx reduction catalysts. (3) Small-sized diesel passenger cars have an
equivalent inertia weight (EIW) of 1.25t (GVW of 1.265t) or less, and mid-sized diesel passenger cars have an EIW over 1.25t. (4) Medium-duty diesel vehicles weighing 2.5t or less and
heavy-duty diesel vehicles weighing 12t or less are scheduled to be regulated beginning in 2010. (5) To be reduced to approximately one-third of the value indicated in the chart
(0.7g/kWh) as a targeted value post-2009; exact value and enforcement date are to be decided after verification testing in 2008.
Note: CO: carbon monoxide; NMHC: non-methane hydrocarbons; HC: hydrocarbons; NOx: nitrogen oxides; PM: particulate matter.
Sources: Ministry of the Environment; Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism
30
Emissions
Improving Air Quality
Japan’s central government as well as local governments in the greater Tokyo region have implemented measures to
address air-quality problems caused by motor vehicles. In accordance with national legislation aimed at curbing
nitrogen oxide (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) emissions in major metropolitan areas, the issuance of inspectioncompliance certification is prohibited for vehicles that fail to meet the legal standards at inspection time. Moreover,
the Tokyo metropolitan and surrounding prefectural governments have introduced additional regulations for diesel
vehicles for the specific purpose of reducing PM emissions. Enforcement of these regulations means that restrictions
are imposed on diesel vehicle circulation in the areas concerned.
PROVISIONS OF THE NATIONAL MOTOR VEHICLE NOx & PM EMISSIONS ACT/
PM EMISSION REGULATIONS FOR THE GREATER TOKYO REGION
Provisions of the National Motor Vehicle NOx
& PM Emissions Act (Major Metropolitan Areas)
Provisions of PM Emission Regulations
for Diesel Vehicles (Greater Tokyo Region Only)
Areas
Regulated
Tokyo, Saitama, Chiba, Kanagawa, Aichi, Mie, Osaka,
and Hyogo (designated areas)
Tokyo (except for islands), Saitama, Chiba,
and Kanagawa (all areas)
Vehicle
Types
Regulated
Diesel, gasoline, and LPG trucks and buses
Diesel passenger cars
Diesel trucks and buses
Substances
Regulated
NOx and PM
PM only
Regulatory
Values
in Force
Trucks and Buses GVW = Gross vehicle weight
GVW=Under 1.7 tons:
In Chiba and Kanagawa, same as 1997, 1998, and
1999 regulatory values for new diesel vehicles
NOx Same as 1988 regulatory values for new gasoline vehicles
PM Half the 2002 regulatory values for new diesel vehicles
GVW=1.7 to 2.5 tons:
Note: Not applicable to diesel passenger cars with up to 10-passenger
occupancy
In Tokyo and Saitama, same as 2002, 2003, and 2004
regulatory values for new trucks and buses
GVW=2.5 to 3.5 tons:
GVW=Over 3.5 tons:
NOx Same as 1998-1999 regulatory values for new diesel vehicles
PM Same as 1998-1999 regulatory values for new diesel vehicles
Passenger Cars
NOx Same as 1978 regulatory values for new diesel vehicles
Specific
Provisions
Grace
Periods
New Vehicles
In regulated areas, new vehicles not meeting the
standards cannot be registered.
New Vehicles
No restriction.
Vehicles in Use
Regulated vehicles whose principal places of use (as
declared in their inspection certificates) fall in regulated
areas and that do not meet the standards will not be
granted inspection certification after grace periods have
expired.
Vehicles in Use
Vehicles not meeting the standards will be prohibited
from travelling through regulated areas after grace
periods have expired. Vehicles equipped with local
government-specified PM reduction systems are
deemed to be in compliance with the standards.
Note: Vehicles whose principal places of use (as declared in their inspection
certificates) do not fall in regulated areas can travel through regulated areas
even if they do not meet the standards.
Note: Applicable to diesel trucks and buses registered anywhere in Japan and
travelling through regulated areas.
From first registration:
Small trucks ............................................ 8 years etc.
Diesel passenger cars .............................. 9 years etc.
Standard trucks ....................................... 9 years etc.
Minibuses ............................................. 10 years etc.
Large buses ........................................... 12 years etc.
Seven years from first registration, regardless of vehicle
type (truck or bus)
Note: Except in Chiba Prefecture, where vehicles neither registered in nor
travelling through areas designated under the national Motor Vehicle NOx
and PM Emissions Act will be exempted for a period of 12 years, provided
vehicle owners apply for such an exemption.
31
Noise
Reducing Automobile-Emitted Noise
Automobiles generate various kinds of noise, including the noise emitted by the engine, intake system, powertrain,
and cooling and exhaust systems. In addition, tires generate tire/road noise. Automotive noise in Japan is regulated
by standards—on accelerated running noise, steady running noise, and stationary exhaust proximity noise—which
have become progressively more stringent, requiring automakers to develop the technologies necessary for
compliance. All vehicles manufactured as of September 2003 comply with the latest noise standards. Beginning in
April 2010, furthermore, strengthened regulations will mandate a) that mufflers be tamper-resistant so as to prevent
the alteration of their noise-suppression performance, and b) that replacement mufflers meet Japan’s accelerated
running noise standard through type approval compliance and be ID-marked accordingly.
THE PROGRESS IN MOTOR VEHICLE NOISE
REDUCTION (accelerated running noise)
dB(A)/% (equivalent conversion)
%
100
92
dB(A)
80
Large-Sized
84
Vehicles
Passenger
Cars
Powertrain, Other
Tires
Cooling system
Exhaust system
Engine
Tires, Powertrain, Other
Intake system
Cooling system
Exhaust system
Engine
dB(A)
Motorcycles
86
dB(A)
TESTING MOTOR VEHICLE NOISE LEVELS
Accelerated running noise
10m
Tires, Other
Powertrain
Intake system
Exhaust system
Engine
10m
7.5m
Measured
82
dB(A)
60
89
dB(A)
After running at
a steady speed
up to this point,
full-throttle
acceleration
Microphone (1.2m above ground level)
Steady running noise
83
dB(A)
81
dB(A)
10m
10m
Running at a
constant speed
40
86
dB(A)
20
78
dB(A)
76
dB(A)
83
dB(A) 81
dB(A)
7.5m
Measured
78
dB(A)
75
dB(A) 73
dB(A)
Microphone (1.2m above ground level)
Exhaust proximity noise
0
71
reg
ula
19
76
ti
reg on
ula
19
79
t
reg ion
ula
19
85
t
reg ion
ula
20
01
t
reg ion
ula
19
tio
71
n
reg
u
19
l
a
77
ti
reg on
ula
19
79
t
reg ion
ula
19
82
t
reg ion
ula
19
98
t
reg ion
ula
19
tio
71
n
reg
ula
19
76
ti
reg on
ula
19
79
t
reg ion
ula
19
87
tio
n
reg
ula
20
01
tio
n
reg
ula
tio
n
0.5m
Microphone (at height of exhaust port)
19
45
After maintaining the stationary
vehicle for a few seconds at a
constant engine revolution
speed, quick deceleration
OVERVIEW OF JAPAN’S MOTOR VEHICLE NOISE REGULATIONS
(for accelerated running noise)
In dB(A)
Regulation
Vehicle Type
Large-Sized
Vehicles
Medium-Sized
Vehicles
Small-Sized
Vehicles
Passenger Cars
Motorcycles
Motor-Driven
Cycles
4WD vehicles, etc.
Trucks
Buses
4WD vehicles, etc.
Vehicles with GVW>3.5 tons
and
maximum
engine
Trucks
output≤150 kW
Buses
GVW>1.7 tons
Other than
Vehicles with GVW≤3.5 tons
mini-vehicles GVW≤1.7 tons
Mini-vehicles “Bonnet” type
Cab-over-engine type
Vehicles with GVW>3.5 tons
and
maximum
engine
output>150 kW
Vehicles exclusively for the
transport of passengers, with
up to 10-passenger occupancy
1971
1976-1977
1979
92
89
86
83
89
87
86
83
85
83
81
78
84
82
81
78
83
78
75
79
75
72
Over 6 occupants
6 occupants or fewer
Small-sized motorcycles (over 250cc)
and mini-sized motorcycles (126cc-250cc)
Class 1 motor-driven cycles (50cc & under)
and Class 2 motor-driven cycles (51cc-125cc)
Small-sized
Mini-sized
Class 2
Class 1
82
81
81
81
80
80
76
76
76
76
76
86
84
82
80
Notes: 1. In pre-1987 regulations, “150 kW” reads “200 horsepower.” 2. “4WD vehicles, etc.” includes 4WDs, tractors, and cranes.
32
1982-1987 1998-2001
76
73
73
71
71
Source: Ministry of the Environment
Recycling
Vehicle Recycling and Waste Reduction
Under Japan’s End-of-Life Vehicle (ELV) Recycling Law which entered into force in January 2005, automobile
manufacturers and importers are responsible for recovery, recycling and appropriate disposal with respect to
fluorocarbons, airbags, and automobile shredder residue (ASR). Compliance with the law will enable ASR to be
recycled at a rate of 70% by 2015, resulting in an automobile recycling rate of 95% (by vehicle weight) as compared
with the 80% rate prevailing prior to the introduction of the law. Japan’s vehicle recycling infrastructure as
mandated by its ELV Recycling Law is the first in the world to administer the entire process of auto recycling—from
ELV recovery to final disposal—on the basis of electronic “manifests” (or compliance checklists). JAMA itself played
a central role in the development and implementation of this advanced vehicle recycling system. It also provided
financial support for related software development and continues to help finance system maintenance and
upgrades. In line with national efforts to “reduce, reuse, recycle,” Japan’s automakers are also striving to design
vehicles using lightweight materials that are easy to dismantle and recycle, and to reduce and recycle waste
generated in the manufacturing process. In 2007 the total volume of auto plant-generated waste destined for
landfill disposal dropped to 2,000 tons, a decrease of more than 99% from the 1990 level, very largely surpassing the
2010 target of 11,000 tons.
INDUSTRY MEASURES IN LINE WITH NATIONAL LEGISLATION
Promotion of Effective Utilization
of Resources Law (3R Law)
“Reduce” initiatives
Waste Management
For designated products:
- Weight reduction/
Downsizing
- Longer product life
- Reduced use of hazardous
substances
For designated areas of activity:
- Reduction/recycling of
designated waste products
generated in vehicle
manufacturing operations:
1) Scrap metals
2) Casting sand residue
For designated products:
“Reuse” initiatives
- Use of recyclable materials
- Ease of dismantling
- Total waste volume*:
1990 (baseline): 352,000t
- Ease of sorting
ELV Recycling
Distribution, Servicing and Use
Product Design
End-of-Life Vehicle
Recycling Law
- Recovery and recycling of:
1) ASR
2) Airbags
3) Fluorocarbons
Note: Motorcycles are not covered by
the ELV Recycling Law.
2007: 2,000t
(a 99.4% reduction from 1990)
JAMA target:
11,000t by FY2010
“Recycle” initiatives
- Safe recyclability
- Materials identification
*For landfill disposal, including scrap
metals, casting sand residue, and
other waste.
ELV RECOVERY IN NUMBERS
RECYCLING RATES: TARGETED & ACHIEVED
In vehicle units
Fiscal Year
No. of ELVs recovered
Appropriate
disposal of
3 designated
items
2007
2008
3,708,996
3,580,882
Fluorocarbons
2,662,437
2,717,277
Airbags *1
1,002,426
ASR *2
3,680,931
Three Designated
Items
Target
Achieved
Fluorocarbons
Destruction
2.7 million
vehicle units (2008)
1,306,233
Airbags
85%
92%-95% (2007)
3,547,252
ASR
2005: 30%
2010: 50%
2015: 70%
64%-78% (2007)
*1. Through recovery/appropriate disposal of inflators or through onboard deactivation.
*2. Covers all categories of processors, whether for direct disposal or for transfer to
other markets.
Source: Japan Automobile Recycling Promotion Center
Sources: Government-affiliated entities
33
THE ELV RECYCLING FLOW (as per the provisions of the End-of-Life Vehicle Recycling Law)
ELV flow
Delegated Funds Management Entity
(Japan Automobile Recycling Promotion Center)
Information flow
Remittance of recycling-fee funds
Payment/funds
remittance flow
Automobile Manufacturers/Importers/Delegated Organization
Payment of
recycling fee
Fluorocarbon
Disposal* Facilities
Purchasers of
New Vehicles
Airbag
Disposal Facilities
Shredder Residue
Recycling Facilities
Shredder Residue
Recycling Facilities
Designated
Handling Agent
Designated
Handling Agent
*Fluorocarbons are destroyed.
Fluorocarbon & airbag disposal managed by
Japan Auto Recycling Partnership (JARP)
Owners of
Vehicles in Use
Fluorocarbons
Airbags
Payment
for recovery
Final Owners
ELV
Collectors
ELVs
ELVs
Fluorocarbon
Recovery
Operators
To markets for
recyclable parts,
metals, etc.
Payment
for recovery
Press &
Shear
Operators
Dismantlers
ELVs
Vehicle
carcasses
Shredder
residue
Shredder
Residue
Processors
Shredding & Sorting
Operators
Recovery Delivery
manifests manifests
Recovery Delivery
manifests manifests
Recovery Delivery
manifests manifests
Recovery Delivery
manifests manifests
Delegated Information Management Entity
Inspection & registration verification
(MOTAS)
Mini-vehicle inspection
MOTAS: Japanese-derived acronym for “motor vehicle inspection & registration system.”
Note: The Japan Automobile Recycling Promotion Center assumes the same responsibilities as automobile manufacturers and importers when an ELV has no manufacturer representation
under the provisions of this law. It also assumes transport-to-mainland costs for ELVs turned in on Japan’s smallest islands. In addition, this organization provides financial assistance in
the disposal of illegally abandoned vehicles.
REDUCTIONS IN PRODUCTION PLANT-GENERATED WASTE
In 2005, despite the increase in automobile production, the total volume of auto plant-generated waste destined for landfill decreased to 8,000 tons, down more than 97% from
the 1990 baseline level and for the first time surpassing the 2010 target of 11,000 tons. In 2007 that volume dropped to 2,000 tons, a 99.4% decrease from the baseline level.
500
Waste for
landfill
disposal
25
21.0
400
(x 1,000 tons)
18.6 19.0 18.6
16.5 16.4 15.9
17.3 17.5
18.8 18.8 19.5
16.1 15.8
24.3
Total value
of vehicle
production
including
15 motorcycles
22.7
20
16.6 17.2
352
300
302
(x 1 billion yen)
266
200
10
199
171
100
143 131
51
114
85
33
68
5
20
18
12
8
6
2
11
02
03
04
05
06
07
2010
Target
0
0
1990 91
Fiscal Year
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99 2000 01
34
Recycling
Voluntary Initiatives to Recycle Commercial Vehicle Rack
Equipment and Motorcycles
Japan’s End-of-Life Vehicle Recycling Law does not cover some types of commercial vehicle rack and custom
equipment, nor does it cover motorcycles. In response, JAMA i) promotes the development and use of rack
equipment that is easy to dismantle and contains minimal amounts of hazardous substances, and ii) has introduced a
nationwide cooperative recycling and disposal system for such equipment (participiation in the system by recycling
operators is voluntary and steadily expanding). In October 2004, JAMA’s four motorcycle-manufacturing members
along with 12 motorcycle importers in Japan voluntarily launched a motorcycle recycling system, under which end-oflife motorcycles are delivered to designated ELV motorcycle dealers (about 15,000 nationwide) or certified collection
centers (about 190 nationwide); abandoned motorcycles are delivered directly to certified collection centers by local
authorities. Collected ELV motorcycles are then processed and recycled in the same way as electrical appliances. The
Japan Automobile Recycling Promotion Center responds to inquiries about this motorcycle recycling system.
COMMERCIAL VEHICLE RACK EQUIPMENT NOT COVERED BY THE END-OF-LIFE VEHICLE RECYCLING LAW
Voluntary Recovery
(from Cab-Type Vehicles)
Voluntary Recovery
(from Single-Body Vehicles)
(Color code explains cost burden placement.)
(Color code explains cost burden placement.)
All equipment whose
recovery is not
mandated by law
Vehicles Not Covered by
the End-of-Life Vehicle Recycling Law
Van-type CVs
such as:
Freezer trucks/vans,
dry-ice vans,
refrigerator trucks/vans, etc.
Tank-type CVs
such as:
Tank trucks, cement mixers,
waterspraying trucks,
water-supply trucks,
sewage removal trucks, etc.
Custom and
other equipment
Cost Burden for
Equipment
Not Covered
by the Law
The End-of-Life Vehicle Recycling Law does not cover some types
of rack and custom equipment on commercial vehicles. Recovery
costs through final disposal are therefore not included in the
vehicle recycling fee but rather market-determined.
Cost Burden for
Equipment
Covered
by the Law
For all commercial vehicle rack equipment covered by the End-ofLife Vehicle Recycling Law, including single-body vehicle
equipment (exclusive of custom equipment), the vehicle recycling
fee covers the entire cost of recovery through final disposal.
Hauling CVs
such as:
Specialized hauling trucks,
vehicle carriers, container trucks,
lift-equipped vehicles, etc.
Specialpurpose CVs
such as:
Special all-terrain vehicles,
fire trucks, wreckers,
pump trucks,
ladder-equipped vehicles, etc.
THE MOTORCYCLE RECYCLING FLOW
ELV
motorcycle flow
Payment/funds
remittance flow
Motorcycle
Recycling Mark
(the “R mark”)
Information flow
Local Governments
(for abandoned motorcycle
processing, etc.)
Final Owners
Motorcycles
with
recycling marks
Payment
Motorcycles
without
recycling marks
Invoicing
End-of-Life Motorcycle Dealers
Certified Collection Centers
Motorcycle
Manufacturers/
Importers
Designated
Administrative
Entity
ELV Motorcycle
Dealer
Designation
Payment
of recycling
fee
Postal Savings
Bank/
Post Offices
Disposal/Recycling Facilities
Note: Payment of the motorcycle recycling fee will be mandatory at the time of vehicle purchase as of October 1, 2011, except for some imported motorcycles.
Source: Voluntary Motorcycle Recycling Operators Association
35
Road Safety
Status of Road Accidents
Road Accidents, Injuries and Fatalities Continue to Drop
Road fatalities in 2008 in Japan totalled 5,155, marking the eighth consecutive annual drop and representing a
decline of 69% from the highest number (16,765) ever recorded in Japan, in 1970. Road accidents and road injuries,
both of which had been on the rise since 1991, also declined, for the fourth consecutive year. Notably, the number
of road injuries dropped below one million, to the lowest level in 10 years. Increased seatbelt use is one of the
major factors behind the downward trend in road fatalities. With the June 2008 enforcement of a revision to the
Road Traffic Act, the rate of use of rear seatbelts increased to 30.8% on regular roads and to 62.5% on expressways.
However, the rate of use of rear seatbelts remains lower than that of front seatbelts, which indicates that further
measures are needed to encourage rear-seat occupants to buckle up.
ROAD ACCIDENTS/INJURIES/FATALITIES
2,000,000
20,000
Injuries
Fatalities
(Number of
persons)
1,500,000
15,000
Accidents
1,000,000
10,000
500,000
5,000
(Number of
persons)
(Number of
accidents)
0
0
1970
Year
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005 2008
ROAD ACCIDENTS/INJURIES/FATALITIES (exact figures)
Year
Accidents
Injuries
(Number of persons)
Fatalities
(Number of persons)
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
718,080
472,938
476,677
552,788
643,097
761,789
850,363
931,934
947,169
936,721
947,993
952,191
933,828
886,864
832,454
766,147
981,096
622,467
598,719
681,346
790,295
922,677 1,050,397 1,155,697 1,180,955 1,167,855 1,181,431 1,183,120 1,156,633 1,098,199 1,034,445
945,504
16,765
10,792
8,760
9,261
11,227
10,679
9,006
9,066
8,747
8,326
7,702
7,358
6,871
6,352
5,744
5,155
Source: National Police Agency
SEATBELT USE RATES BY SEAT POSITION
In %
Regular Roads
Driver’s
seat
88.1
89.4
90.7
92.4
93.8
95.0
95.9
80.3
83.4
89.2 80
75.2
78.5
86.3
75.2
100
Number of accidents
60
Front
passenger’s
seat
Other
23,463
(3.1%)
30.8 40
6.7
6.9
7.5
8.1
7.5
20
8.8
Rear seat
2002
Year
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
0
Expressways
97.1
90.6
97.4
91.4
97.3
91.3
97.7
92.1
98.2
93.0
98.5
99.0
93.5
96.4
62.5
100
80
60
40
9.3
11.0
11.5
9.8
12.7
13.5
2002
Year
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
20
2008
0
Notes: 1. The survey on seatbelt use is conducted annually in October. 2. 2008 survey
samples totalled roughly 410,000 (300,000 previously) on regular roads and 88,000 (55,000
previously) on expressways.
Sources: National Police Agency; Japan Automobile Federation
36
ROAD ACCIDENTS IN 2008 BY ROAD
CONFIGURATION
Straightaway
312,970
(40.8%)
Intersection
429,714
Total Number (56.1%)
of Accidents
766,147
(100%)
Within
intersection
334,167
(43.6%)
Near
intersection
95,547
(12.5%)
Notes: 1. “Straightaway” includes some curves and tunnels. 2. “Other” includes
railroad crossings.
Road Safety
Vehicle Safety
Equipping More Vehicles with Advanced Safety Features
Road accidents, injuries and fatalities in Japan continued to decline in 2008 (see page 38). Nevertheless, road accidents
still claim thousands of lives every year in Japan and in 2008, they injured nearly one million people. Further efforts are
therefore required to make the nation’s roads safer for all their users. Road safety involves three factors—vehicles, road
users, and road infrastructure—and greater road safety requires that progress be made in all three areas. The automotive
industry continuously strives for greater active safety by enhancing and expanding the installation rates of onboard
vehicle safety equipment to help prevent accident occurrence. At the same time, it seeks to increase passive safety
through enhanced structural safety and vehicle features designed to mitigate injury when accidents do occur.
VEHICLE SAFETY FEATURES & YEAR OF INTRODUCTION
Year
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008-
Active
Safety
Inter-vehicle distance warning
Adaptive cruise control
( With low-speed following mode)
Lane-keeping assist
Blind-corner monitoring
Nighttime visibility monitoring
Navigator-based gearshift control (ATs only)
Adaptive front-lighting system (AFS)
Park assist
Collision-mitigation braking system (pre-crash safety)
Passive
Safety
Active head restraints
Curtain airbags
Pedestrian protection vehicle design
ISOFIX anchorages (for child safety seats)
Advanced compatibility vehicle structure
Rollover curtain airbags
Knee airbags
Pre-crash seatbelts
Automatic pop-up hood
Motorcycle airbags
SAFETY FEATURE ONBOARD INSTALLATION STATUS (for passenger cars produced in 2007 for home market)
Installation Status
Safety Feature
Active
Safety
Passive
Safety
Anti-lock braking system (ABS)
Brake assist
Unfastened seatbelt warning (driver’s seat)
Unfastened seatbelt warning (front passenger’s seat)
High-intensity discharge headlamps
Adaptive front-lighting system (AFS)
Back-up monitoring (rear obstacle detection)
Vehicle perimeter monitoring
Vehicle perimeter obstacle warning
Blind-corner monitoring
Nighttime visibility monitoring
Intelligent night vision
Curve detection
Tire pressure monitoring
Driver inattention warning
Inter-vehicle distance warning
Lane deviation warning
Rear collision warning-equipped headrest control
Collision-mitigation braking system (pre-crash safety)
Adaptive cruise control
Adaptive cruise control with low-speed following mode
Full-range adaptive cruise control
Lane-keeping assist
Back-up monitoring (parking assistance)
Navigator-based gearshift control
Pre-crash seatbelts
Electronic stability control
Traction control with ABS
Side airbags
Curtain airbags
Active head restraints
ISOFIX anchorages (for child safety seats)
Three-point seatbelt for rear center seat*
Total
In no. of models
In %
(see Note 1)
(see Note 2)
180
166
153
49
133
37
83
25
27
8
4
1
15
8
16
15
16
2
31
40
4
5
12
15
22
29
98
106
114
110
115
126
59
(146)
(138)
(143)
(49)
(41)
(14)
(13)
(2)
(2)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(1)
(8)
(1)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(1)
(7)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(7)
(4)
(27)
(27)
(27)
(24)
(110)
(109)
(52)
180
100.0
92.2
85.0
27.2
73.9
20.6
46.1
13.9
15.0
4.4
2.2
0.6
8.3
4.4
8.9
8.3
8.9
1.1
17.2
22.2
2.2
2.8
6.7
8.3
12.2
16.1
54.4
58.9
63.3
61.1
63.9
70.0
46.1
In vehicle units
In %
(see Note 2)
3,688,174
3,606,419
3,454,758
981,240
1,723,289
212,575
615,054
164,766
82,494
44,399
752
186
87,917
49,114
113,772
9,243
17,780
3,474
23,334
28,253
3,723
4,886
2,660
91,220
79,657
34,614
395,559
479,523
390,983
307,076
2,619,519
3,287,500
651,815
4,175,007
88.3
86.4
82.7
23.5
41.3
5.1
14.7
3.9
2.0
1.1
0.0
0.0
2.1
1.2
2.7
0.2
0.4
0.1
0.6
0.7
0.1
0.1
0.1
2.2
1.9
0.8
9.5
11.5
9.4
7.4
62.7
78.7
24.3
Notes: 1. “In no. of models” indicates the number of models in which the safety feature is installed as standard or optional equipment. Figures in parentheses indicate the number of models in
which the safety feature is standard equipment. 2. “In %” means as a percentage of the total number of models/units produced. 3. Passenger cars here include minicars.
*A total of 128 passenger car models (2,686,493 vehicle units) feature a rear center seat. Minicars do not feature a rear center seat.
37
Road Safety
JAMA Initiatives
JAMA Initiatives in Promoting Greater Road Safety
In April 2004 JAMA pledged its support of the Japanese government’s goal to reduce road fatalities by 50% over a
period of ten years. JAMA’s own initiatives towards that goal are outlined below.
JAMA’S ROAD SAFETY INITIATIVES IN EIGHT PRIORITY AREAS
Priority Area
Road Users: Public Awareness Campaigns
Vehicles: Safety Measures
Road Infrastructure: Proposals to Government
Accidents involving
pedestrians or cyclists
Continued implementation of road safety
public awareness campaigns, based on
the results of accident causation studies.
More widespread application of AFS (*1),
ABS (*2), BA (*3), and stability control.
For infrastructural improvements, based
on the results of accident causation
studies.
Special measures
for the elderly
Development of road safety educational
programs specifically for the elderly.
Development of technologies specifically
geared to aging-related physical changes.
For more widespread roadway/sidewalk
demarcation and greater barrier-free mobility.
Greater use of
seatbelts
Public awareness campaigns to promote
the use of seatbelts.
More widespread application of warning devices
that remind vehicle occupants to buckle up.
Delays in driver
recognition and
incorrect vehicle control
Campaigns aimed at preventing faulty
driver recognition and incorrect vehicle
control.
Research into the mechanisms of accident
causation and human-machine interface
conditions using data recorders, etc.
Accidents occurring
at twilight/night
Campaigns to promote the early lighting
of automobile headlamps.
More widespread application of AFS.
For
improved
illumination.
Accidents occurring
at intersections
Public awareness campaigns to encourage
drivers to exercise greater caution at
intersections, where the majority of fatal road
accidents occur.
More widespread application of ABS, BA,
and stability control.
Improvement of side-impact protection
performance.
For road infrastructure regulations for
effective utilization of ITS technologies.
Collisions with
stationary objects
Improvement of side-impact and vehicle
occupant protection performance and of
side and curtain airbags.
For expanded provision of underground
power lines and impact-absorbing road
installations.
Compatibility
R&D on crash-compatible vehicle bodies
and compatibility evaluation methods to
improve vehicle performance.
nighttime
road
*1. Adaptive front-lighting systems. *2. Anti-lock braking systems. *3. Brake-assist systems.
Road Safety
National Initiatives
Japan’s 8th Basic Plan for Road Safety
Japan’s road safety measures are promoted in line with the nation’s consecutive “basic plans” for road safety, the
first of which was implemented in 1970. Under the slogan “Towards a Zero Road Accidents Society,” the eighth
road safety plan (2006-2010) aims to create a highly road safety-conscious society that places maximum priority on
human life and, in particular, the safety of those of its members who are most vulnerable to road
accidents—namely, pedestrians, senior citizens, and persons who are handicapped. Two major objectives in the area
of increased road safety are (1) further reductions in the occurrence of road accidents and road fatalities, and (2)
increased pedestrian protection through sidewalk construction.
JAPAN’S ROAD SAFETY TARGETS
Government Target for 2012
– To reduce the annual number of road fatalities to below 5,000 by 2012, and thus to make Japan’s roads the safest in the world.
Targets Set in the 8th Basic Plan for Road Safety
– To reduce the annual number of road fatalities to below 5,500 by 2010.
– To reduce the total annual number of road fatalities and injuries to below 1 million by 2010.
EIGHT MAJOR AREAS OF ROAD SAFETY PROMOTIONAL ACTIVITY
38
Road Infrastructure Improvements
Road Safety Public Awareness Campaigns
- Sidewalk construction/upgrades, especially in school zones
- More pedestrian routes
- Measures to deal with accident black spots
- Increased use of ITS
- Promotion of “hands-on” awareness activities
- Promotion of road safety education for the elderly
- Promotion of the greater use of rear seatbelts
- Promotion of road safety activities in local communities with the participation of residents
Promotion of Safe Driving
Enhancement of Vehicle Safety
- Implementation of special driver-education programs for the elderly
- Promotion of the greater diffusion of automotive video-equipped data recorders
- Promotion of the development and diffusion of advanced safety vehicles
- Implementation of improvements to the national vehicle recall system
Enforcement of Road Traffic Laws
Reinforcement of Emergency Rescue Operations Infrastructure
- Dissemination of guidelines for cyclists and enforcement of related regulations
- Stronger crackdowns on “hot-rodding” motorcyclists
- Improved training and deployment of emergency rescue personnel
- Upgrading and expansion of emergency call systems
- Promotion of doctor-staffed ambulances/helicopters
Provision of Fair Compensation for Road Accident Victims
Promotion of Road Safety Research and Analysis
- Enhanced support for the provision of fair “damages” compensation
- Promotion of further safe-driving research
- Promotion of comprehensive analysis of road accident causation
Source: Japan’s 8th Basic Plan for Road Safety
Motor Vehicle Thefts
Efforts to Prevent Theft
Since peaking at 64,223 in 2003, the annual number of motor vehicle thefts in Japan has fallen significantly,
dropping to 27,515 in 2008. This is largely attributable to the widespread use of immobilizers (portable electronic
lock systems). Meanwhile, motorcycle thefts have been in steady decline since 2000, but nevertheless 80,369 thefts
were reported in 2008. The automobile industry has introduced electronic devices to enhance motor vehicles’
“theft-resistance,” including so-called smart keys equipped with immobilizers, and is promoting the use of these
intelligent systems.
TRENDS IN CONFIRMED MOTOR VEHICLE
THEFTS
With key
Without key
Total number of confirmed thefts
19,234
23,858
1999
21,743
20,204
02
42,469
01
62,673
02
18,568
03
64,223
45,655
15,999
04
13,186
05
10,355
36,058
25,703
8,695
23,095
7,628
19,887
0
20,000
31,790
27,515
40,000
60,000
54,254
253,433
199,179
50,346
242,517
192,171
43,039
155,603
33,969
121,010
28,574
98,143
126,717
23,758
80,397
06
21,145
72,149
07
19,686
63,342
83,028
08
18,504
61,865
80,369
0
198,642
154,979
05
80,000
242,977
189,036
04
46,728
33,542
53,941
03
58,737
42,738
Total number of confirmed thefts
Number of thefts
2000
63,275
41,532
Without key
Year
1999
56,205
35,010
01
08
43,092
21,195
2000
07
With key
Number of thefts
Year
06
TRENDS IN CONFIRMED MOTORCYCLE
THEFTS
104,155
93,294
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
A SAMPLE IMMOBILIZER DEVICE AND HOW IT WORKS
Ignition
turned on
ID accepted
Transponder
ID verification
ID code
Key
Vehicle manufacturer’s
original product
ID rejected
Ignition
not turned on
The transponder incorporated
in the key transmits a signal
(ID code) to the computer
installed onboard the vehicle.
The ignition is turned on
electronically only when the ID
has been accepted.
This technology combining a
sophisticated lock function and
electronic coding effectively
protects the vehicle against
theft.
Note: The above diagram illustrates the operation of a vehicle manufacturer’s original product. Other types of immobilizers are available in the aftersales market.
39
ITS and ASV
Widespread Applications of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS)
Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) use cutting-edge information and communications technologies to network data
between people, roads, and vehicles for the purpose of reducing road congestion and accident occurrence in order
to improve traffic flow. In 1996 the Japanese government formulated its Comprehensive Concept for the Promotion
of ITS, on the basis of which it has promoted, as a national project, ITS development in a number of areas. In 2004
Japan established its ITS Promotion Council which, in October of that year, announced ITS developmental guidelines
aimed at achieving progress in three basic areas: safety and security, fuel efficiency and environmental protection,
and comfort and convenience. Accordingly, a wide range of ITS technologies and services, including safe-driving,
cruise-assist, advanced navigation, onboard telematics and electronic toll collection systems, have been energetically
promoted in parallel with the further development of advanced safety vehicles (ASVs). Many of these
technologies/services are already in widespread use.
IMMINENT INTRODUCTION OF SAFE-DRIVING AND CRUISE-ASSIST SYSTEMS
With their practical introduction targeted for 2010, ITS services for safe driving and cruise assistance using information obtained from two-way
communications (road-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-vehicle) are now in their final stage of development. Full-scale testing of these services was conducted
in 2008 by the ITS Promotion Council on local roads and expressways in nine areas around the nation, to verify systems operation.
EXAMPLE OF A “DRIVING SAFETY SUPPORT SYSTEM” (DSSS)
B
B1
A
D
B2
B3
E
E1
D1
A1
E2
E3
B4
B5
A3
E4
D2
F
C
A2
D3
A4
F1
C1
C2
F2
F3
C3
A Collision Prevention Warning
System
A1 Vehicle detection sensor
A2 Optical beacon
A3 Vehicle sensor data transmission
A4 In-vehicle collision prevention warning
B Safe-Driving Assistance System
Operations
B1 Central processing
F4
-Data processing & assessment
-Warning issuance command
Data transmission
-Two-way transmission of road traffic
information
C Excessive Speed Warning System
C1 Optical beacon
C2 Speed calculation unit
C3 In-vehicle excessive speed warning
B2
B3
B4
B5
D Imminent Collision Warning
System
D1 Imminent collision data transmission
D2 Optical beacon
D3 In-vehicle imminent collision warning
E Feed-In Traffic Warning System
E1 Vehicle detection sensor
E2 Optical beacon
E3 Speed calculation unit
E4 In-vehicle feed-in traffic warning
F Pedestrian Crossing Warning
System
F1 Pedestrian detection sensor
F2 Optical beacon
F3 Speed calculation unit
F4 In-vehicle pedestrian crossing warning
Source: UTMS Meeting Report, National Police Agency
EXAMPLE OF AN ADVANCED CRUISE-ASSIST HIGHWAY SYSTEM (AHS)
Note: English captions for this illustration were sourced from the organization indicated below on the proviso that no changes be made to them.
2
1
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
3
4
7
8
5
9
Obstacle (stopped vehicle)
Information collection technologies
Road condition detection sensor
Information provision antenna
Road-vehicle communication technologies
Operational support
Decelerates
Warning
Warning, stopped vehicle ahead
Information
Stopped vehicle 300m ahead
Communication technologies
10
12
11
40
Source: Highway Industry Development Organization
ITS and ASV
PRACTICAL UTILIZATION OF ITS SERVICES
To promote the broader use of ITS, wide-ranging development and practical application initiatives have been carried out as a national project, involving
the coordinated efforts of government, industry and the academic community. In the area of advanced navigation systems, there has been remarkable
growth in the use of Japan’s VICS (Vehicle Information and Communication System) and onboard telematics. Similarly, more and more motorists and
motorcyclists are opting to use ETC (electronic toll collection) systems, and the introduction of so-called smart highway toll stations using ETC exclusively
continues to expand nationwide.
CAR NAVIGATION & VICS UNIT
SHIPMENTS
x 10,000 units
444 449
Car navigation systems
VICS units
388
319
100
480
80
360
60
240
40
120
20
300
303
282
272
In %
Number of in-vehicle units in use
Utilization rate
350
300
x 10,000/day
600
450
400
401
351
283
ETC UTILIZATION STATUS
250
241
222
200
192 197
170
150
151
132
100
107
94
88
73
50
53
27
0
0
1997 98
Year
99 2000 01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
0
Apr. Jan.
2001 2002
Jan.
2003
Sources: Japan Electronics and Information Technology Industries Association;
Vehicle Information and Communication System Center
Jan.
2004
Jan.
2005
Jan.
2006
Jan.
2007
Jan.
2008
Jan.
2009
“SMART” HIGHWAY TOLL STATION LOCATIONS
What are “smart” highway toll stations?
Toyosaka
They are toll stations for ETC users exclusively,
enabling unmanned tollbooth operation and smooth
traffic flow. The reduced cost of their construction
and operation facilitates the introduction of additional
such toll stations, thus promoting greater convenience
in road use.
Kurosaki
Ogata
Nyuzen
Sagae
Arai
Chojahara
Obuse
Izumi
Osa
Tokumitsu
Obasute
Fukushima Matsukawa
Kanagi
Nitsuru
Sue
Yamato
Nasukogen
Kake
Kamikawachi
Kameyama
Kishaba
Kibi
Enshu Toyoda
Yoshinogawa
Futaba
Sakudaira
Komayose
Miyoshi
Tomobe
Fujigawa
As of January 2009
41
ASV TECHNOLOGIES AVAILABLE IN THE MARKET
In the area of safe-driving assistance, a wide range of vehicle safety technologies, including collision-mitigation braking systems, lane-keeping assist
systems and adaptive cruise control systems, have been developed based on the results of research conducted on the Advanced Safety Vehicle (ASV).
Most of these advanced technologies have already been introduced to the market.
FEATURES OF THE ADVANCED SAFETY VEHICLE (ASV)
Sensors
Computer
Control unit
Monitor road and vehicle conditions.
Receives and interprets sensor signals and reports to control unit.
Based on information received from computer, commands emission of audible warnings and display of information to driver for safe vehicle operation.
Active head restraint, Motorized
seatbelt pretensioner
Camera for monitoring driver alertness
Vehicle speed
1 – 10
sensor,
Acceleration
12 – 14
sensor
Brake sensor
Steering
sensor
Infrared
camera
8
Cameras for monitoring
perimeters, lane deviation, etc.
14
1
Infrared sensor
10
Head-up
display
6
Special warning light
14
13
Vehicle position sensor
Rearward/side sensor,
Sensor for lateral distance 8
between vehicles, Obstacle
12
sensor
13
1 – 5
Occupant sensor, Seatbelt
buckle switch
7 10
Infrared sensor
Road-vehicle/Inter-vehicle
communications antenna
3 – 6
11
Monitor/speaker for information delivery
6
Navigation system
Vehicle body design for
mitigating pedestrian injury, Airbag 9
system for pedestrian protection
Sensor for monitoring
distance between vehicles,
Obstacle sensor
1 3 9
Computer
Adaptive frontlighting system
Throttle control device
Steering control
device
7
2 7
Brake control
device
4 5
2 3 6
1 – 3
6
Principal ASV Safety Technologies Developed (Second Phase)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Collision-Mitigation Braking System
Curve Detection System
Full-Range Adaptive Cruise Control
Lane Deviation Warning System
Lane-Keeping Assist System
Blind-Corner Monitoring
Adaptive Front-Lighting System
Rear-End Collision Neck Injury Mitigation System
Vehicle Body Design for Mitigating Pedestrian Injury & Airbag System for Pedestrian Protection
Driver Inattention Warning System
Unfastened Seatbelt Warning System (for all passengers)
Side Obstacle Warning System
Sudden Braking Warning System (for driver of vehicle in rear)
Intelligent Night Vision
THE ADVANCED SAFETY VEHICLE (ASV) PROJECT, PHASES 1-4: Summary of Contents and Scheduling
Phase 1 (Five-Year Plan)
Implementation Period
FY 1991 through FY 1995
Objective
Technological verification
R&D for market introduction
Technologies Verified
Individual onboard
autonomous systems
Individual onboard
autonomous systems
Compatibility with road
infrastructural provisions
Preparation for widespread use
Development of new
technologies
Promotion of widespread use
Practical application of some
DSSS using two-way communications
Individual onboard
autonomous systems
Individual onboard
autonomous systems
Compatibility with other vehicles
PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF ASV TECHNOLOGIES
1. Lane-Keeping Assist
Sensors (cameras) positioned
on the vehicle monitor the
road ahead and help keep the
vehicle centered in the lane
through auxiliary control of the
steering wheel whenever the
vehicle deviates from its course
because of, for example, a
crosswind or road surface
unevenness.
42
Lane-keeping assist
Lane deviation warning
2. Adaptive Cruise Control
Area
Area
monitored monitored
Information from front sensors helps a vehicle keep a safe distance from
the vehicle ahead through brake or speed control according to a preset
vehicle speed.
When vehicle ahead slows down,
auxiliary brake is activated.
Monitoring of distance
to the vehicle ahead
Taxes
Taxes on Automobiles
Eight Trillion Yen in Annual Automobile-Related
Tax Revenue
Since the initial earmarking of funds for road construction and road maintenance programs in line with
Japan’s first five-year road improvement plan in 1954, there has been a steady increase both in the number of
automobile-related taxes assessed on users and in their respective rates. Currently, the automobile tax
structure consists of nine different taxes, creating a very heavy tax burden for Japanese motor vehicle owners.
Under the government’s budget for fiscal 2009, the total value of tax revenue from these automobile-related
taxes was estimated at 8 trillion yen, or 9.5% of Japan’s anticipated total tax revenue of 84 trillion yen for
fiscal 2009.
TAX REVENUE (Estimated) BY SOURCE IN FISCAL 2009
(as per Japan’s fiscal 2009 budget)
Consumption
tax (on fuels)
4,374
LPG tax
260
Diesel
handling tax
9,277
Fixed asset
tax
89,249
(10.6%) Corporate
tax
105,440
(12.6%)
Total Tax
Consumption
tax
115,890
(13.8%)
Income tax
155,720
(18.5%)
Revenue
(national and
local taxes)
840,015
(100%)
Breakdown of
Automobile-Related
Tax Revenue (estimated)
79,939 (9.5%)
Business tax
32,839
(3.9%)
Other
236,888
(28.2%)
Stamp tax
9,850
(1.2%)
Liquor tax
14,200
(1.7%)
Regional gasoline
excise tax
2,812
x 100 million yen
Acquisition
tax Consumption tax
2,533 (on automobiles)
6,500
Taxes on
Fuels
Total
43,003
On
acquisition
Tonnage tax
9,690
Taxes on
Automobiles
Total
36,936
While
in use
During
ownership
Gasoline tax
26,280
Automobile tax
16,470
Mini-vehicle tax
1,743
Notes: 1. Automobile-related consumption tax revenue is not included in the “Consumption tax” segment in the chart on the left, but is included in the breakdown of automobile-related
tax revenue appearing in the chart on the right. 2. Automobile-related consumption tax revenue values have been calculated by JAMA. 3. The consumption tax is a national sales tax, of
which 1% of the revenue is redistributed to local government coffers.
Sources: Ministry of Finance; Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications
AUTOMOBILE-RELATED TAXES IN JAPAN (at April 1, 2009)
On Acquisition
Tax Category
Acquisition Tax
During Ownership
Consumption Tax
Tonnage Tax
Automobile Tax
How Assessed Assessed
on
the Assessed
on
the Assessed according to vehicle weight at Fixed amount assessed each year on
acquisition of an purchase price of the each vehicle inspection
the owner as of April 1
automobile, whether automobile
new or used, based on
the purchase price
National/Local Tax Prefectural tax
Tax Rate/
Amount
National and local tax
National tax
Private use
5% (of which 1% is a (Private use)
- 5% of purchase price local tax)
1) Passenger cars (per 0.5t): 6,300 yen/year
(3% for commercial
2) Trucks (per ton of GVW)
and mini-vehicles)
- Over 2.5 tons: 6,300 yen/year
- Exempted for
- Up to 2.5 tons: 4,400 yen/year
vehicles purchased
3) Buses (per ton of GVW): 6,300 yen/year
for 500,000 yen or
4) Mini-vehicles (fixed): 4,400 yen/year
less
5) Motorcycles
- 251cc and over (fixed): 2,500 yen/year
Note: Temporary rates
- 126 to 250cc: 6,300 yen/on registration
effective through March 31,
2018.
Note: Temporary rates effective through April 30, 2018.
Prefectural tax
Passenger cars (for private use)
Up to 1,000cc 29,500 yen/year
- 1,001 to 1,500cc 34,500 yen/year
- 1,501 to 2,000cc 39,500 yen/year
- 2,001 to 2,500cc 45,000 yen/year
- 2,501 to 3,000cc 51,000 yen/year
- 3,001 to 3,500cc 58,000 yen/year
- 3,501 to 4,000cc 66,500 yen/year
- 4,001 to 4,500cc 76,500 yen/year
- 4,501 to 6,000cc 88,000 yen/year
Over 6,000cc 111,000 yen/year
43
JAPAN’S ESTIMATED AUTOMOBILE-RELATED TAX REVENUE IN FISCAL 2009
Original Tax Rate
Current Tax Rate
Comparison with
Original Tax Rate
(multiplier value)
2,533
3%
(Excluding commercial/mini-vehicles)
5%
1.7
6,500
5%
¥2,500/0.5t
—
¥6,300/0.5t
2.5
Based on engine capacity
¥7,200/year
No change
—
(Passenger cars for private use)
No change
—
¥24.3/
¥4.4/
¥15.0/
¥17.5/kg
5%
¥48.6/
¥5.2/
¥32.1/
No change
—
2.0
1.2
2.1
—
—
Tax
Revenue
(x 100 million yen)
Taxes on
Automobiles
On
acquisition
During
ownership
While
in use
Taxes on
Fuels
Acquisition tax
Consumption tax (on automobiles)
Tonnage tax
9,690
Automobile tax
Mini-vehicle tax
16,470
Total
Gasoline tax
Regional gasoline excise tax
Diesel handling tax
LPG tax
Consumption tax (on fuels)
Total
36,936
26,280
2,812
9,277
260
4,374
43,003
79,939
(Registered vehicles for private use) (Registered vehicles for private use)
1,743
Grand Total
—
Notes: 1. Consumption tax revenue values have been calculated by JAMA. 2. Tax rates indicated effective as of April 1, 2009.
TAX RATES/AMOUNTS ASSESSED, 1954-2012 (Examples) TO SUPPORT ROAD NETWORK IMPROVEMENTS
Year
’54-’57
Five-Year Plan
First
’58-’60
Second
’61-’63
Third
’64-’66
Fourth
’67-’69
Fifth
’70-’72
Sixth
Year
Tonnage
Tax
Yen/0.5ton year
Acquisition
Tax
’54
’55
’56
’57
’73-’77
Seventh
’78-’82
’83-’87
’88-’92
’93-’97
’98-’02
’03-’07
Regional Gasoline
Excise Tax
Yen/
13.0
11.0
2.0
14.8
3.5
Diesel
Handling Tax
Yen/
Commercial
and minivehicles excluded
Eighth
Ninth
Tenth
’93
Eleventh
’98
Twelfth
As per the national
priority infrastructure
development plan
’08-’12 As per the national
medium-term road
infrastructure plan
Comparison with original tax rate
(multiplier value)
In the case of a
passenger car for
private use
LPG Tax
Yen/kg
6.0
8.0
19.2
’59
’61
’64
‘66
’67
’68
’70
’71
’74
’76
’79
Gasoline
Tax
Yen/
10.4
22.1
24.3
4.0
4.4
12.5
15.0
5
10
3%
17.5
2,500
5,000
6,300
5%
29.2
36.5
45.6
5.3
6.6
8.2
19.5
24.3
48.6
5.2
32.1
5%
6,300
48.6
5.2
32.1
17.5
1.67
2.52
2.00
1.18
2.14
1.00
Original tax rate
Note: Tax rates indicated effective as of April 1, 2009.
While in Use
Mini-Vehicle Tax
Gasoline Tax
Regional Gasoline Excise Tax Diesel Handling Tax
Fixed amount assessed each year on Assessed on gasoline
the owner as of April 1
LPG Tax
Consumption Tax
Assessed on light oil
Assessed on LPG
Assessed on the
purchase price of
fuels
Prefectural tax
National tax
National and local tax
32.1 yen/ (light oil)
17.5 yen/kg (LPG)
5% of the purchase
price of fuels (of
which 1% is a local
tax)
Included in the fuel price
Municipal tax
National tax
1) Mini-vehicles (for private use)
48.6 yen/
- Passenger cars 7,200 yen/year
- Trucks
4,000 yen/year
2) Motorcycles
- Up to 50cc
1,000 yen/year
- 51 to 90cc
1,200 yen/year
- 91 to 125cc
1,600 yen/year
- 126 to 250cc
2,400 yen/year
- 251cc and over 4,000 yen/year
5.2 yen/
For
light
oil,
imposed on the
light
oil
price
excluding the diesel
handling tax
Note: Temporary rates effective through March 31, 2018.
44
Taxes
Tax Incentive Measures for Eco-Friendly Vehicles
Expanded Scope of Tax Incentives to Promote the Use of
Fuel-Efficient and Low-Emission Vehicles
At the urging of Japan’s automobile industry, the Japanese government has expanded the scope of its tax incentive measures for
eco-friendly vehicles. As a result, both new and extended tax incentives come into effect in Japan starting April 1, 2009 for
vehicles meeting stipulated environmental performance criteria. Through reductions in the tonnage tax as well as the acquisition
and automobile taxes, the measures aim to accelerate the renewal of Japan’s vehicle fleet in the shift to a low-carbon society.
INCENTIVES & ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS FOR NEW VEHICLES
ACQUISITION AND TONNAGE TAX REDUCTIONS/EXEMPTIONS
The incentives below will be in effect from April 1, 2009 through March 31, 2012 for the acquisition tax (imposed once only, at the time of vehicle
purchase) and from April 1, 2009 through April 30, 2012 for the tonnage tax (with reductions applicable once only, upon first payment of the tax at
the time of first mandatory inspection, three years after vehicle purchase).
Reductions/Exemptions
Vehicle Type
Requirements
Certification Stickers
Acquisition Tax
Tonnage Tax
Next-Generation
Vehicles
Electric (including fuel cell) vehicles
Plug-in hybrid vehicles
Clean diesel vehicles (1)
Hybrid vehicles (2)
Natural gas vehicles (3)
Exempt
Exempt
Fuel-Efficient
and Low-Emission
Vehicles (4)
(Passenger cars
and mini-vehicles)
Compliant +25% compared to 2010 fuel efficiency standards
and emissions down by 75% from 2005 standards
75% reduction
75% reduction
Compliant +15% compared to 2010 fuel efficiency standards
and emissions down by 75% from 2005 standards
50% reduction
50% reduction
Heavy-Duty
Vehicles
(Trucks and buses
with GVW>3.5t)
Compliant with 2015 fuel efficiency standards and 2009
emission standards
75% reduction
75% reduction
Compliant with 2015 fuel efficiency standards, with NOx or
PM emissions down by 10% from 2005 standards
50% reduction
50% reduction
(1) Passenger cars complying with 2009 emission standards. (2) GVW≤3.5t: Compliant +25% compared to 2010 fuel efficiency standards, with NOx emissions down by 75% from 2005
standards. GVW>3.5t: Compliant with 2015 fuel efficiency standards, with NOx or PM emissions down by 10% from 2005 standards. (3) GVW≤3.5t: NOx emissions down by 75% from
2005 standards. GVW>3.5t: NOx emissions down by 10% from 2005 standards. (4) See page 29 for detailed information on environmental performance vehicle certification
requirements and certification stickers.
ACQUISITION AND TONNAGE TAXES ON NEW VEHICLES: EXAMPLES OF AMOUNTS ASSESSED, BY VEHICLE TYPE
Next-Generation
Vehicles
Tax Status
Acquisition Tax
As of April 1, 2009
Prior to April 1, 2009
Tonnage Tax
As of April 1, 2009
Prior to April 1, 2009
Total Reduction (acquisition tax + tonnage tax)
Passenger Cars
Mini-Vehicles
Heavy-Duty Vehicles
With 75%
reduction
With 50%
reduction
With 75%
reduction
With 50%
reduction
With 75%
reduction
With 50%
reduction
0
20,200
40,500
6,700
13,500
90,000
180,000
81,000
81,000
81,000
27,000
27,000
360,000
360,000
0
14,100
28,300
3,300
6,600
23,600
47,200
56,700
56,700
56,700
13,200
13,200
94,500
94,500
137,700
103,400
68,900
30,200
20,100
340,900
227,300
Exempt
Assumptions: For passenger cars: purchase price = ¥1.8 million, GVW<1.5t; for mini-vehicles: purchase price = ¥1 million; for heavy-duty vehicles: purchase price = ¥8 million, GVW=15t.
Notes: 1. Reductions are applied to the vehicle acquisition and tonnage taxes on the basis of stipulated requirements, and reduction amounts vary according to vehicle purchase price.
2. Figures in above chart are in Japanese yen.
45
FISCAL 2009 AUTOMOBILE TAX REDUCTIONS
Requirements
Reduction
Compliant +25% compared to 2010 fuel efficiency standards and emissions down by
50% reduction*
25% reduction
*Also applies to electric (including fuel cell) and natural gas vehicles (only those with emissions down by 75% from 2005 standards and heavy-duty NG vehicles with NOx emissions down
by 10% from 2005 standards).
Notes: 1. The above incentives will be in effect from April 1, 2009 through March 31, 2010, with reductions applicable once only. 2. For eligible vehicles newly registered in 2009 and
2010, the amount of the automobile tax for the year subsequent to the year of registration is reduced. 3. This scheme also mandates a yearly 10% surcharge on the automobile tax for
diesel vehicles on the road 11 years or longer, and for gasoline and LPG-powered vehicles on the road 13 years or longer, since first registration.
INCENTIVES & ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS FOR USED VEHICLES
ACQUISITION INCENTIVES/ACQUISITION TAX REDUCTIONS
Applicable in Fiscal 2009
Requirements
Amount Deducted
¥300,000
(deducted from purchase price)
¥150,000
(deducted from purchase price)
Applicable in Fiscal 2009-2011
Vehicle Type
Requirements
Electric (including fuel cell) vehicles
Hybrid vehicles
(trucks and buses)
2.7% reduction
3.5t &
under
Emissions
standards
Over 3.5t
NOx emissions down by 10% from 2005
standards
3.5t &
under
Compliant +25% compared to 2010 fuel
efficiency standards and emissions down by
Over 3.5t
Compliant with 2015 fuel efficiency
standards, with NOx or PM emissions down
by 10% from 2005 standards
down
by
75%
from
2005
Plug-in hybrid vehicles
Hybrid vehicles (passenger cars)
Reduction
2.7% reduction
2.7% reduction
2.4% reduction
Compliant +25% compared to 2010 fuel
efficiency standards and emissions down by
1.6% reduction
Applicable in Fiscal 2009 for Diesel Vehicles
Vehicle Type
Clean diesel passenger cars
Commercial vehicles
(trucks and buses)
46
Requirements
Compliant with 2009 emission
standards
Compliant with 2015 fuel
efficiency standards and 2009
emission standards
Period of Application
Reduction
April 1, 2008-September 30, 2009
1.0% reduction
October 1, 2009-March 31, 2010
0.5% reduction
April 1, 2008-March 31, 2010
2.0% reduction
October 1, 2009-March 31, 2010
GVW>12t vehicles only: 1.0% reduction
Taxes
The Burden on Motor Vehicle Users
Automobile-Related Taxes Are Onerous
Consider the case of a passenger car costing 1.8 million yen when purchased new and providing 11 years of
service to the original owner for private use. During that period, six different categories of taxes (including
consumption tax at time of vehicle purchase and on fuel) will be assessed on the owner/user, amounting to a
grand total of roughly 1.47 million yen, which is equivalent to the purchase price of a new 1000cc passenger
car. In addition to these various taxes (totalling about 140,000 yen yearly), the user will also be required to
pay onerous highway tolls, automobile insurance premiums (mandatory and optional), a recycling fee,
periodic inspection fees and maintenance costs.
INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON OF AUTOMOBILE-RELATED TAXES
90
Total
80
81.4
61.3
54.1
x 10,000 yen
40.8
17.4
Consumption tax
9.0
Acquisition tax
8.1
70
Taxes on automobiles
60
50
40
30
20
Tonnage tax
20.8
Added value tax
31.5
Automobile tax
43.5
72.4
10
Added value tax
34.2
Added value tax
35.3
Automobile tax
29.8
Automobile tax
19.9
Retail tax
15.5
Registration tax
5.5
Taxes on
automobiles
1.9
France
U.S.A.
0
Japan (provisional)
UK
Germany
Assumptions: 1) Engine capacity: 1800cc. 2) GVW: Under 1.5t. 3) Purchase price: ¥1.8 million. 4) France = Paris. U.S.A. = New York City. 5) Germany: Euro 4 emission regulations apply.
6) France: Vehicle in no. 8 horsepower “class.” 7) Service life: 11 years. 8) Currency exchange rates: 1 Euro = ¥149, 1 Pound = ¥217, 1 US$ = ¥116 (averaged April 2006-March 2007).
Notes: 1. Does not include any green tax regimens that may apply. 2. Does not include registration fees. 3. Automobile tax on private vehicles (i.e., for personal use only) was abolished
in France as of 2000.
TAXES ASSESSED ON PASSENGER CAR OWNERSHIP/USE (PRIVATE)
(assuming an 11-year service life)
Yen
1,200,000
2,016,230
(415,710)
1st year
(on acquisition)
534,600
(48,600)
1,800,000
366,300
(33,300)
400,000
207,900
(56,700)
200,000
57,200
(5,200)
66,000
(6,000)
167,730
(44,410)
11,000
(11,000)
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)
hw
ay
to
lls
M
an
in dat
su or
ra y
nc
Re
e
cy
cl
in
g
fe
e
0
90,000 81,000
(90,000) (81,000)
B
N as
pu ew elin
rc v e
ha eh =
se ic
pr le
ic
e
434,500
(39,500)
l
600,000
ta
800,000
2nd to 11th year
To
1,000,000
Assumptions: 1) A passenger car with 1800cc engine capacity and purchase price of ¥1.8 million (retail price, excluding consumption tax). 2) GVW: Under 1.5t. 3) Annual fuel
consumption: 1,000 liters. 4) Tonnage tax imposed upon submission of registration or periodic inspection certificate. (In case of new vehicles, three years’ taxes are collected in the first
year.) 5) Tax rates indicated effective as of April 1, 2007. 6) Consumption tax = 5% of retail price. 7) The recycling fee indicated is the average rate for an 1800cc passenger car.
Notes: 1. Estimated highway tolls, mandatory insurance premium payments and recycling fee are included here because they can be considered similar to taxes. (Mandatory insurance
premium value indicated effective as of April 1, 2007.) 2. Value of highway tolls was estimated by JAMA based on highway toll revenue in 2004.
47
Global Operations
Overseas Production
North America
Global Manufacturing Operations
Japanese automobile manufacturers have continued to develop local production operations in the United States,
Europe, Southeast Asia and, recently, China. These operations contribute to the revitalization of local economies
through employment creation, local parts purchasing and, in many cases, export revenue for the host countries.
LOCATIONS OF JAPANESE AUTOMAKERS’ PRODUCTION BASES IN NORTH AMERICA
Vancouver
21
Canada
24
Toronto
20
17
22 23
16
Detroit
New York
Chicago
San Francisco
3
13
14
19
U.S.A.
18
2
1
7
6
Washington, D.C.
8
Los Angeles
4
11
12
10
11
5
11
15
9
Mexico
Motor Vehicle Production Base
48
Motorcycle Production Base
Motor Vehicle / Motorcycle Production Base
JAPANESE AUTOMAKERS’ NORTH AMERICAN MANUFACTURING OPERATIONS
(AUTOMOBILES/COMPONENTS/PARTS)
Manufacturer Location
Company
Name
Est.
Start- Capitalization Equity
Up
(x 1 million) Stake
Products
Other
Annual Prod.
Employees
Stakeholders Cap. (x 1,000)
U.S.A.
Isuzu
1
DMAX, Ltd
Toyota
2
Bodine Aluminum, Inc.
3
New United Motor
Manufacturing Inc.
TABC, Inc.
4
Toyota Motor
Manufacturing,
Alabama, Inc.
Toyota Motor
6 Manufacturing,
Kentucky, Inc.
Toyota Motor
7 Manufacturing,
Indiana, Inc.
Toyota Motor
8 Manufacturing,
West Virginia, Inc.
Toyota Motor
9 Manufacturing,
Texas, Inc.
Component
10 Catalytic
Product
(Smyrna)
Nissan
North
America
(Decherd)
11 Inc.
5
Nissan
(Canton)
Hino
Fuji Hvy.
Ind.
Honda
Mazda
Mitsubishi
Hino Motors
12 Manufacturing
U.S.A., Inc.
Subaru of Indiana
13 Automotive Inc.
Sep.
USD 100
98
Jan. Jan. USD 130
90
93
Feb. Dec. USD 310
84
84
Apr. Nov. USD 186
74
71
40%
Diesel engines
GM 60%
200
1,221
TMMNA
100%
50%
Aluminum castings
Jun. Apr. USD 110
01
03
TABC
Holding
100%
TMMNA
100%
Catalytic converters,
stamped parts,
Steering columns
Engines
Jan. May
86
88
USD
1,180
TMMNA
100%
Avalon, Camry, Solara, Venza
Engines
456
7,365
Feb. Feb. USD 620
96
99
TMMNA
100%
Tundra, Sequoia, Sienna
208
4,327
May Nov. USD 260
96
98
TMMNA
100%
Engines and transmissions
Jan. Nov.
03
06
TMMNA
100%
Tundra
Apr.
91
Sep. Jun.
60
83
1,000
Corolla, Tacoma
GM 50%
271
509
853
1,098
90
Catalytic converters
USD
1,791
May
97
May
03
Apr. Oct. USD 204
03
04
Mar. Sep. USD 794
87
89
100%
100%
100%
Altima, Maxima,
Altima Coupe, Pathfinder
Xterra, Frontier
Engines
427
Titan, Armada, QX56,
Quest, Altima
Trucks and Unit Production
for Toyota
356
3,667
5 (Trucks)
250 (Units)
650
200
3,290
75
300
Accord, Acura TL, Acura RDX
440
5,300
Civic, Element, CR-V
240
2,500
1,150
2,800
Odyssey
150
1,800
Pilot, Odyssey
V-6 engines
Civic
150
1,600
200
900
240
3,128
4,558
939
Legacy, Outback, Tribeca
(Toyota Camry)
Gold wing
Ford Motor Kansas City
18 Assembly
1957
Tribute
Mitsubishi Motors
19 North America, Inc.
Oct. Sep. USD 398
85
88
100%
Eclipse, Eclipse Spyder, Galant,
Endeavor
0%
1,858
39
Mortorcycle Feb. Sep.
Honda
USD
plant
78
of
6,270
79
(Marysville)
America
Nov.
97.58%
82
(East
Honda
Dec.
Liberty)
Motor
89
Engine
2.42%
Jul.
plant
85
Honda
1st plant
Dec. Nov.
USD
Honda
Manufactur99
1,300
of
01
15 ing of
America
Alabama,
2nd plant
100%
Apr.
LLC
04
Honda Manufacturing
Jun. Oct. USD 550 Honda of
16 of Indiana, LLC
06
America
08
100%
Auto Alliance
Jan. Sep. USD 760
50%
17 International, Inc.
85
87
Honda of
America
Manufactur14 ing Inc.
4,519
Engines and drive-system parts
Mazda 6
Ford 50%
Ford
100%
4,110
90
1,700
240
2,100
Canada
Suzuki
CAMI
20 Automotive Inc.
1986 Apr.
89
CAD
363.58
50%
XL7, Chevrolet Equinox,
Pontiac Torento
Toyota
Canadian Autoparts
21 Toyota Inc.
Mar. Feb.
83
85
CAD 14
100%
Aluminum wheels
Toyota Motor
22 Manufacturing,
Canada Inc.
Hino Motors
23 Canada, Ltd.
Jan. Nov.
86
88
CAD
680
100%
Corolla, Matrix, RX330, RAV4
Engines
Jan. Apr. CAD 7.0
83
06
100%
Trucks
Honda
Canada Inc.
Jun. Nov.
84
86
Hino
Honda
24
Engine
plant
Sep.
08
GM
Canada
50%
249
CAD Honda Motor Civic, Acura CSX, Acura MDX,
2,000 50.15%, Ridge line
Honda of
America
Engines
49.85%
287
5,964
2
80
390
4,300
200
340
49
Overseas Production
Global Operations
China
LOCATIONS OF JAPANESE AUTOMAKERS’ PRODUCTION BASES IN CHINA
33
Mongolia
Changhun
28
7
16
36
Shenyang
32
25
Beijing
Tianjin
South Korea
4
9 10 11 12 13 15
China
19
Zhengzhou
Xian
Nanjing
18
38
8
Chengdu
30
18
Whhan
29
1
39
5
24
31
21
Shanghai
Hangzhou
20
37 3
2
Chongquing
34
35
18
India
22
23
27
18
26 17
6
14
Myanmar
Guangzhou
Vietnam
Laos
Thailand
JAPANESE AUTOMAKERS’ MANUFACTURING OPERATIONS IN CHINA
Company
Name
Est.
Up
(x 1 million) Stake
Products
Other
Annual Prod.
Employees
China
Isuzu
Suzuki
1
Qingling Motors Co., Ltd.
2
Chongquing Changan Suzuki
Automobile Co., Ltd.
3
4
Toyota
CNY
2,000
USD
190
20%
Jiangxi Changhe Suzuki
1995 1995
USD
311.8
46%
Bei Dou Xing,
Liana, Landy
Jinan Qingqi Suzuki Motorcycle
Co., Ltd.
1994 1996 USD 24
50%
FD110, GS125/150,
CHINA SOUTH INDUSTRIES 620 2,480
GT125, GZ150, AN150,
GROUP CORP 50%
UE125, UZ125, UZ100,
AN125X/150X
AJ50, FD110C,
100
340
GX125
AX100, AN125, EN125,
2,300 8,605
GN125, GZ125,
HJ125T, UZ125
Body Parts
FAW Jilin Automobile
30
152
(for XENIA)
Co., Ltd. 50%
1992 1993
6
Nanjing Jincheng Motorcycle
Co., Ltd.
Jiangmen Dachangjiang Group,
Co., Ltd.
7
Faw Daihatsu (Jilin) Body Parts
Co., Ltd.
Apr. May
06
07
8
Sichuan FAW Toyota Motor
Co., Ltd.
5
Daihatsu
May
85
1993 1995
Tianjin FAW Toyota Engine
Co., Ltd.
Tianjin Fengjin Auto Parts
10 Co., Ltd.
9
50
35%
1996
2005
1998
1998
USD
28.7
50%
45%
Assembly of CVs
and RVs
Gazelle, Swift, SX4
Coaster,
Land Cruiser,
Prado, PRIUS
Engines
Continous velocity
joints, Axle,
Differentials
Qingling Motors Gr. 51%
100 3,644
Changan Automobile Gr.
51%
150 3,300
Janxi Changhe Automobile
Co., Ltd. 51%
160 2,600
5 2,265
1,863
762
Company
Name
Est.
Up
(x 1 million) Stake
Products
Other
Annual Prod.
Employees
China
Toyota
Tianjin Toyota Forging Co., Ltd.
1999
Forging parts
237
Tianjin FAW Toyota Motor
12 Co., Ltd.
2002
Vios, Corolla,
CROWN, Reiz
366 12,492
Tianjin Jinfeng Auto Parts
13 Co., Ltd.
1997
Steerings assy,
propeller shafts
11
Guangqi Toyota Engine Co., Ltd.
413
CNY
1,100
70%
Engines, Camshafts,
Crankshafts
Toyota FAW (Tianjin) Dies
15 Co., Ltd.
2004 USD 12
90%
Stamping dies
for vehicles
220
FAW Toyota (Changchun) Engine
16 Co., Ltd.
2004
50%
Engines
806
GAC Toyota Motor Co., Ltd.
2006
50%
Camry, Yaris
176
Jul.
03
CNY
1,300
CNY
16,700
50%
460 70,500
Zhengzhou Nissan Automobile
19 Co., Ltd.
Mar. Oct.
93
95
CNY
1,290
20%
Teana, Tiida, Sunny,
Livina Series, Qashqai,
X-TRAIL, Sylphy
CVs (Large, medium,
and small-sized trucks,
buses, etc.)
Pickup, Paladin
Nissan
Diesel
Dongfeng Nissan Diesel Motor
20 Co., Ltd.
May Nov.
CNY
96
97 289.90
50%
Trucks and buses
Hino
Shanghai Hino Engine
21 Co., Ltd.
Oct. Nov. USD 30
03
04
50%
Guangqi Hino Motors Co., Ltd.
22
Nov. 2009
07 Planned
CNY
1,500
Guangzhou Honda Automobile
23 Co., Ltd.
Jul. Mar.
98
99
Dongfeng Honda Automobile
24 Co., Ltd.
Jul.
03
2005
14
17
Dongfeng Motor Co., Ltd.
Nissan
Jun.
03
18
Honda
Mazda
5,791
75
2,300
Dongfeng Motor Group
Co., Ltd.
5
284
Engines
Shanghai Electric (Group)
Corp. 50%
20
260
50%
Trucks and Buses
Guangzhou Automobile
Group 50%
USD
283
50%
Accord, Odyssey, Fit,
City
Guangzhou
Automobile Gr. 50%
360
5,600
Apr.
04
USD
200
50%
CR-V, Civic
Dongfeng Motor Gr. 50%
120
2,500
Sundiro Honda Motorcycle
25 Co., Ltd.
Sep. Nov.
01
01
USD
129
50%
Hainan Sundiro Holding
Co., Ltd. 50%
1,300
5,700
Wuyang-Honda Motors
26 (Guangzhou) Co., Ltd.
Jul. Aug. USD 30
92
92
50%
Guangzhou Motors
Group Company 50%
1,000
4,200
Honda Automobile (China)
27 Co., Ltd.
Sep. Apr. USD 82
03
05
65%
CBF150, Fuma,
Wave, e– , Today,
Dio, Dio Chesta
GL125, JOYING,
TUKIN, SCR100,
CGL125, Lead
Jazz
50
1,100
0%
Mazda6
150
7,114
15%
Mazda3
Ford 35%
Chongquing Changan
Automobile Co., Ltd. 50%
250
5,980
15%
Mazda2
Ford 35%
Chongquing Changan
160
2,089
Ford 25%
Chongquing Changan
Mitsubishi Corporation
9.3%
350
1,406
FAW Car Co., Ltd.
Mar.
03
Changan Ford Mazda Motor
Co., Ltd.
Feb.
06
Changan Ford Mazda Automobile
Co., Ltd. (Nanjng)
Oct.
07
28
29
30
Mitsubishi
1,157
USD
351
Changan Ford Mazda Engine
31 Co., Ltd.
Apr.
07
USD
139
25%
Engines
Shenyang Aerospace Mitsubishi
Motors Engine Manufacturing
32 Co. Ltd.
Aug.
97
CNY
738
25%
Engines and
transmissions
Harbin Dongan Automotive
Engine Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
Sep.
98
CNY 15.3% Engines and
transmissions
500
33
South East (Fujian) Motor
34 Co., Ltd.
Nov.
95
Hunan Changfeng Motor
35 Co., Ltd.
Nov.
96
Hafei Motor Company Limited
36
Sep.
94
Guangzhou
Automobile Gr. 25%
Dongfeng Motor Gr. 10%
Mitsubishi Corporation
5.7%
25%
Delica, Freeca,
Lancer, Space Wagon,
Veryca
CNY 14.59% Automobile
manufacture
401
YEN
5,860
0%
Mirage Dingo
200 4,700
51
Global Operations
Overseas Production
Company
Name
Est.
China
Up
(x 1 million) Stake
Products
Other
Annual Prod.
Employees
China
Yamaha
Zhuzhou Jianshe
37 Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd.
Dec. Jun.
93
96
CNY 44.2% CYGNUS, FUTURE,
498
AVENUE, XC125,
JOG, XC100
Chongqing Jianshe
Motorcycle Co.,Ltd. 50%
Tair Yea Ltd. 5.8%
170 1,150
Chongqing Jianshe
Nov. Jun.
92
94
CNY
380
50%
YBR250, YBR125,
SRZ150, YB125
Chongqing Jianshe
Motorcycle Co.,Ltd. 50%
420 2,310
Jiangsu Linhai
Dec. Jan.
94
95
CNY
120
50%
FORCE, T110, DX100
Jiangsu Linhai Power
Machinery Group Corp
50%
120
530
Global Operations
Overseas Production
South Asia
Pakistan
13 12
11 14
15 16
LOCATIONS OF JAPANESE AUTOMAKERS’
PRODUCTION BASES IN SOUTH ASIA
8
1 6 7
1 2
3
10
India
9
4
5
JAPANESE AUTOMAKERS’ SOUTH ASIAN MANUFACTURING OPERATIONS (AUTOMOBILES/COMPONENTS/PARTS)
Company
Name
Est.
Up
(x 1 million) Stake
Products
Other
Annual Prod.
Employees
India
Suzuki
1
2
3
Toyota
4
5
Honda
6
7
8
Mitsubishi
Yamaha
Maruti Suzuki
India Limited
1982 1983
INR
1,445
54.2%
Suzuki Motorcycle India 2006 2006
Private Limited
Suzuki Power Train India 2005 2006
Limited
Toyota Kiroskar
Dec.
Motor Private Ltd.
99
Toyota Kiroskar
Jul.
Auto Parts Private Ltd.
02
Honda Ciel Cars
Dec. Dec.
India Ltd.
95
97
Honda Motorcycle and
Aug. May
Scooter India Private Limited 99
01
Hero Honda Motors Ltd. Jan. May
84
85
INR 553
100%
INR
7,760
70%
Hindustan Motors
Limited
India Yamaha Motor
10 Private Limited
9
Feb.
42
Oct. Apr.
07
08
INR
3,600
INR
3,000
INR 399
YEN
5,920
INR
5,600
97.4%
100%
26%
0%
Maruti800, Alto, Omni, Zen,
Wagon R, Versa, Gypsy, Swift,
SX4, A-STAR
GT125, UZ125, GS150
960
7,900
170
1,076
Maruti Suzuki
India Limited 30%
Diesel Engines (1.3 ),
Transmissions
Corolla, Innova
1,420
54
1,985
3,785
Axles, Propeller shafts,
Transmissions
City, Civic, Accord
Activa, Eterno, Dio, Aviator,
Unicorn, Shine, CBF Stunner
CDN, Splendor NXG,
Splendor Plus, S.Splender,
Passion Plus, Glamour, Pleasure,
Hunk, CBZ Xtreme, Karizma
Lancer, Mirage, Pajero
69%
Gladiator, G5, Alba, CRUX,
YZF-R15
1983 1982 PKR 811
73.1%
1983 1990 PKR 823
73%
Ravi, Bolan, Cultus, Liana,
Mehran, Alto
A100X, SD110/U, GS125T,
GS150TD
Corolla, Hilux
100
3,500
1,250
5,500
4,900 10,300
Yamaha Motor Asia
Pte Ltd. 1%
Bussan Automotive
Singapore 30%
6
262
250
3,070
150
1,200
30
1,880
26
816
6
334
1.5
158
Pakistan
Suzuki
Toyota
Nissan
Nissan
Diesel
Hino
Honda
52
Suzuki Motor
11 Pak
Co., Ltd.
Suzuki Motor
12 Pak
Co., Ltd.
Motor Company
13 Indus
Ltd.
14 Ghandhara Nissan Ltd.
14 Ghandhara Nissan Ltd.
15 Hinopak Motors, Ltd.
16 Atlas Honda Ltd.
Mar.
93
1981 Nov. PKR 450
08*
Feb. Jan. PKR 450
85
97
Jun.
PKR 200
85
Oct. 1964
PKR
62
204.4
*Local Production suspended in 2002 and restarted from 2008.
0%
Sunny
8.1%
Trucks and buses
Bibojee Services (Pvt.)
Ltd. 62.32%
Toyota Tsusho
29.7%
59.3%
Trucks and buses
35.0%
CD70, CD100, CG125 STD,
CG125 DLX
300
500
2,700
Global Operations
Overseas Production
Southeast Asia
LOCATIONS OF JAPANESE AUTOMAKERS’ PRODUCTION BASES IN SOUTHEAST ASIA
61 62
63 66 67
Myanmar
Laos
78
30 20 21
22 24 26
27 28 29
31 32 33
34 35 37
39 40
38 41
23 36
25
51
50
42 43
54
44 45 46 47 48
49 52 53 55
58
Thailand
Cambodia
Vietnam
56
57
60
79
Philippines
64
59 65
71
68 69 70
72 73 74
77 75 76
Malaysia
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16
17 18 19
Indonesia
JAPANESE AUTOMAKERS’ SOUTHEAST ASIAN MANUFACTURING OPERATIONS
Company
Name
Est.
Up
(x 1 million) Stake
Products
Other
Annual Prod.
Employees
Indonesia
Isuzu
Sep.
74
Feb.
83
Apr.
97
Jul. Feb.
94
95
INR
92,000
INR
13,200
INR
107,500
USD 20
4
P.T. Isuzu Astra Motor
Indonesia
P.T. Mesin Isuzu
Indonesia
P.T. Asian Isuzu
Casting Center
P. T. Kawasaki Motor
Indonesia
P.T. Suzuki
Indomobil Motor
1990 1976
USD 45
5
1
2
3
Kawasaki
Suzuki
Daihatsu
Toyota
Nissan
Nissan
Diesel
Hino
Honda
40%
36.7%
18.6%
83.0%
90%
1970
Jan. Jan.
92
92
Apr. May
71
70
INR
894,370
INR
19,524
61.75%
P.T. Nissan Motor
May Oct.
Indonesia
95
95
Astra
Apr. Nov.
9 P.T.
Nissan Diesel Indonesia
96
96
Hino Motors
Dec. Apr.
10 PT.
Manufacturing Indonesia 82
03
P.T. Honda
Feb. Jan.
11 Prospect Motor
99
03
USD 56
75%
INR
62,840
USD
47.8
USD 70
12.5%
IDR
185,000
6
7
P.T. Astra
Daihatsu Motor
PT. Toyota Motor
Manufacturing Indonesia
8
P.T. Astra Honda Motor
12
Dec. Jan.
00
01
95%
Assembly of Asia-market cars
and small-sized CVs
Diesel engines and
related parts
Forged parts
Athlete, Blitz(R), ZX130(VR),
Ninja250R, Ninja150(RR),
Motorcycle parts for Philippines
Grand Vitara, APV,
Carry, Futura, Swift, SX4
FK110, FL125, FU150, UY125,
EN125, UW125
Terios, XENIA, Gran Max,
LUXIO
Innova, Dyna, Fortuner
Engines
Grand Livina, Livina,
X-TRAIL, Serena
Trucks and buses
90%
Trucks and buses
51%
Jazz, CR-V
50%
Revo, Fit X, SupraX-125, Vario,
Tiger, MegaPro, Blade, BeAT,
CS1
Astra 44.94%
75
428
Pantja Motor
33.7%
Isuzu Asia
58.9%
P.T. SUMBER
SELATAN NUSA
17.0%
50
175
6.6
tons
362
Local 5%
Marubeni 12.5%
848
120
5,600
800
6,500
210
9,126
66
5,230
40
640
4.8
82
IMSI 10%
320
50
P.T. Astra
International
50%
2,800
3,000 13,800
53
Global Operations
Company
Name
Overseas Production
Est.
Up
(x 1 million) Stake
Southeast Asia
Products
Other
Annual Prod.
Employees
Indonesia
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Fuso
Yamaha
Mitsubishi Krama
13 P.T.
Yudha Motors & Mfg.
Krama Yudha
14 P.T.
Ratu Motors
Krama Yudha Tiga
15 P.T.
Berlian Motors
Mitsubishi
16 Krama Yudha Motors
& Manufacturing
P. T. Yamaha Indonesia
17 Motor Manufacturing
Aug. Jan.
73
75
Aug.
73
Jun. Jan.
73
75
Aug. Jan.
73
75
Jul.
74
P. T. Yamaha
Nov. Jan.
18 Motor Manufacturing
04
06
West Java
P. T. Yamaha
Jul.
19 Motor Parts
96
Manufacturing Indonesia
IDR
11,451
YEN 25
32.3%
Pressed parts and engines
Mitsubishi Corp.
32.3%
0%
Colt T1200SS, Colt L300
IDR
12,000
IDR
11,451
18%
Canter, FUSO
32.28%
Engine, Body parts
IDR
25,467
85.0%
IDR
133,623
0%
JUPITER-Z, JUPITER-MX, MIO,
NOUVO, VEGA-R, RX-K,
SCORPIO, V-IXION
VEGA-R, JUPITER, MIO
IDR
47,120
99.99%
Motorcycle parts
Sunward
International, Inc.
0.01%
THB
8,500
THB
1,025
6.7%
83
932
Mitsui & Co., Ltd.
15%
1,400
8,190
YIMM 99.999%
YMAP 0.001%
1,400
4,050
4,300
Thailand
Isuzu
Kawasaki
Suzuki
Toyota
Nissan
Hino
Honda
Mazda
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Fuso
Yamaha
Motors Co.,
20 Isuzu
(Thailand) Ltd.
Isuzu Engine
21 Manufacturing Co.,
(Thailand) Ltd.
International Die
22 Thai
Making Co., Ltd.
IT Forting (Thailand)
23 Co., Ltd.
Kawasaki Motors Enterprise
24 (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
KHITKAN Co., Ltd.
25
Thai Suzuki Motor
26 Co., Ltd.
Siam Toyota
27 Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
Toyota Motor
28 Thailand Co., Ltd.
Toyota Auto Body
29 Thailand Co., Ltd.
Thai Auto Work Co., Ltd.
30
Siam Nissan
31 Automobile Co., Ltd.
Siam Motors
32 & Nissan Co., Ltd.
Hino Motors
33 Manufacturing
(Thailand) Ltd.
Automobile
34 Honda
(Thailand) Co., Ltd.
Thai Honda
35 Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
Apr.
66
Jul.
87
1.4%
Sep.
THB 100
28%
87
Dec.
THB 700 39.3%
94
Dec. Dec.
THB
100%
97
97
1,900
Feb. Mar. THB 182
100%
98
97
1967 1968
THB 52.06%
270.91
Jul. Jul. THB 850
96%
89
87
Oct. Dec.
THB 86.4%
64
62
7,520
Feb. May
THB 10 TMT 49%
79
78
May
88
Nov. Sep.
THB
75%
77 1,930.91
73
Aug. Aug.
THB
75%
62
62
13.33
May Jul.
THB
80%
64
62
2,500
Assembly of large and
small-sized CVs
Diesel engines
Forging of press molds,
Press processing
Forged parts
Camry, Corolla, Hilux, VIGO,
Yaris, Vios, Wish, Fortuner
Stamped parts
Mar.
64
Jul.
90
THB 490
Aug.
95
Nov.
96
PHP
1,000
PHP 442
Others 13.6%
263
2,135
390
550
1,144
2,381
513 12,824
60
969
140
1,340
Teana, Tiida
Thai Yamaha
40 Motor Co., Ltd.
Casting
41 International
Co., Ltd.
TDF 25%
Frontier Navara
Trucks and Unit Production
for Toyota
1,172
689
Fortuner
Alliance (Thailand)
36 Auto
Co., Ltd.
Motors
37 Mitsubishi
(Thailand) Co., Ltd.
Engine Company
38 MMTH
Limited
Mitsubishi Fuso Truck
39 (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
91.2%
180
Kaze-Hit, ZX130, BOSS, KLX110/140/250,
KSR, ER650, Ninja250R, D-Tracker
Motorcycle parts
Kawasaki Motors Enterprise
(Thailand) Co., Ltd. 100%
FK110, UY125, UW125, FL125,
UK125
Engines, Engine parts
Local 4%
Dec. 1992
THB HM 75.94%, City, Jazz, Civic, Accord, CR-V
00
5,460 ASH 13.04%
Apr. May THB 150
60%
Wave Z, Wave100, CZ-i, Wave110 i,
65
67
Wave125 i, Wave125, Dream125,
Sonic, CBR150R, Phantom, Icon,
Click, Air Blade, CBR125, Innova
Nov. May THB 570
46%
BT-50, Ford Ranger
95
98
Jan.
THB 99.8%
Triton, Strada, Lancer,
87
7,000
Space Wagon
Jan.
YEN 70
100%
Engines
87
Jan. Jan. THB 500
100%
Canter, FK, FN
04
04
THB
1,820
3,302
240
Mitsui & Co., Ltd.
20%
H.P.D. Co., Ltd.
23%
PT 17%
Ford 50%
NOUVO, MIO, FINO, PARK-X,
SPARK135, X-1R
Bangkok Bank
8.31%
Motorcycle, Automobile Parts
TYM 100%
Assembly of buses and small
and medium-sized CVs
Transmissions
Mitsubishi Corp.
35%
50%
BARAKO175, WIND125,
Fury125, BAJAJ CT100
SIIX Corp. 20.1%
Wodel, Inc. 26.8%
Other 3.1%
1,400
120
4,200
1,500
4,916
173
3,792
190
3,200
13
200
480
3,480
880
Philippines
Isuzu
Kawasaki
Suzuki
Toyota
54
Philippines
42 Isuzu
Corporation
Isuzu Autoparts
43 Manufacturing
Corporation
Kawasaki Motors (Phils.)
44 Corp.
Suzuki Philippines Inc.
Jul.
68
Nov. PHP 101
74
100%
1985 1985
PHP
326.6
100%
GS125T/150TD, FU150, FK110,
FJ110, UY125, UW125, FL125
Aug. Sep.
90
92
Aug. Feb.
88
89
PHP
1,000
PHP
1,549
95%
Transmissions,
Continuous velocity joints
Innova, Vios
45
Autoparts
46 Toyota
Philippines Inc.
Motor
47 Toyota
Philippines Corp.
35%
34%
15
590
110
400
715
120
TMP 5%
351
1,168
23
1,904
Company
Name
Est.
Up
(x 1 million) Stake
Products
Other
Annual Prod.
Employees
Philippines
Nissan
Nissan
Diesel
Hino
Honda
Mazda
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Fuso
Yamaha
Motor
48 Nissan
Philippines, Inc.
Motors
49 Universal
Corporation
Columbian
50 Motors Corp.
Apr. Jun.
PHP
82
83
1,845
Apr. Jan. PHP 154
54
72
Dec. Dec.
PHP
81
81
1,538
5.36%
1.55%
Trucks and Buses
51 Pilipinas Hino Inc.
Cars
52 Honda
Philippines Inc.
Honda Philippines Inc.
53
Mar. Aug.
PHP
75
75
187.5
Oct. 1992 PHP 707
90
Jun. Dec. PHP 641
73
83
15%
Trucks and Buses
Motor Co.
54 Ford
Philippines Inc.
55 Asian
Transmission Corp.
Motors
56 Mitsubishi
Philippines Corp.
Motors
57 Mitsubishi
Philippines Corporation
Motor
58 Yamaha
Philippines, Inc.
Feb.
04
0%
Sentra, X-TRAIL, Grand Livina
5
310
Frontier, Patrol, Urvan
3
130
0.4
68
PMI 70%
Marubeni 15%
74.24%
City, Civic
99.61%
Wave100, Bravo, Wave125,
TMX125, TMX155, XR200,
XRM125, XR200, BeAT
Mazda3, Tribute
0%
Jan.
73
Jan. Feb.
87
87
Jan. Feb.
87
87
May Sep.
07
07
PHP 350
94.7%
PHP
1,640
PHP
1,640
PHP 550
51%
Processing and assembly of
transmissions
Delica, Adventure
0%
Canter, FUSO
100%
STX125
Oct.
95
Apr. 1996
95
1995
USD 15
35%
USD 22
35%
Assembly of small-sized CVs
and RVs
Carry, APV
Toyota Motor
Sep. Aug.
61 Vietnam Co., Ltd.
95
96
Hino Motors
Jun. Sep.
62 Vietnam, Ltd.
96
96
Honda Vietnam Co., Ltd. Mar. Jul.
96
06
Cars
63
Dec.
97
Vina Star Motors Corp.
Apr. Mar.
95
64
94
USD
49.14
USD
8.11
USD
62.9
Ford 100%
200
15
700
500
1,700
36
651
70
360
Nissho Iwai
49%
MMC 51%
Sojitz 49%
Vietnam
Isuzu
59
Isuzu Vietnam Co., Ltd.
Vietnam Suzuki Corp.
Suzuki
60
Toyota
Hino
Honda
Mitsubishi
FK110, FL125, UW125
70%
51%
Camry, Corolla, Hiace,
Vios, Innova
Trucks and Buses
42%
Civic
USD 16
25%
Super Dream, Wavea, Wave RS,
Wave S, Future Neo, Click, Air Blade
Assembly of Pajero, Lancer, etc.
Mitsubishi
Fuso
Vina Star Motors
65 Corporation
Apr. Mar.
95
94
USD 16
0%
Canter
Yamaha
Yamaha Motor Vietnam
66 Co., Ltd.
Yamaha Motor Parts
67 Manufacturing Vietnam
Co., Ltd.
Jan.
98
Jan.
05
USD 37
46%
USD
14.3
100%
EXCITER, MIO, NOUVO,
JUPITER, SIRIUS, TAURUS
Motorcycle parts
RM 100
51%
1971 RM 26.3
51%
Jan.
06
C. Itoh 35%
283
Sojitz 35%
6
400
Sojitz 35%
Local 30%
92
377
26
1,305
Vina Motor 33%
Sumitomo Corp. 16%
Asian Honda
Motor Co., Ltd. 28%
VEAM 30%
80
10
4,800
1,500
Mitsubishi Corp.
25%
PROTON 25%
MC 25%
PROTON 25%
MMC 25%
Vinafor 30%
Hong Leong 24%
700
4,400
920
Malaysia
Isuzu
Isuzu Hicom Malaysia
68 Sdn. Bhd.
Suzuki
Assemblers
69 Suzuki
Malaysia Sdn. Bhd.
Manufacturing
70 Perodua
Sdn. Bhd.
71 Assembly
Services Sdn. Bhd.
Chong Motor
72 Tan
Assemblies Sdn. Bhd.
Malaysia
73 Honda
Sdn. Bhd.
Siew Honda
74 Boow
Sdn. Bhd.
Malaysia
75 Mercedes-Benz
Sdn. Bhd.
Hong Leong
76 Yamaha Motor Sdn. Bhd.
Daihatsu
Toyota
Nissan
Honda
Mitsubishi
Fuso
Yamaha
Hicom Yamaha
Manufacturing Malaysia
77 Sdn. Bhd.
Jul.
96
Feb.
93
May
68
May
74
Nov.
00
2008
Assembly of small and
medium-sized CVs,
medium and large-sized Bus
FK110, AN150, UY125,
FU150, FL125
Kancil, KENARI, MYVI,
VIVA, NAUTICA
Hiace, Hilux, Vios, Innova,
Fortuner
Grand Livina, Latio, Sylphy,
Vanette, X-TRAIL
City, Civic, Accord, CR-V
Aug.
94
Feb.
68
Aug.
76
2001
RM 140
RM 170
51%
2008
RM 2.5
50%
Jan.
05
Jun.
79
RM
134.7
MYR 25
0%
30.6%
125Z, NOUVO, 135LC, eGo,
LAGENDA, RX-Z, FZ150
Oct.
83
MYR 15
19.0%
Engines
RM 7.5
UMWT
100%
RM 1
Wave100, Wave125, Click,
CBR150R, EX-5, icon
Canter, FUSO
DRB-HICOM
49%
DCAG 51%
CCB 49%
Hong Leong
Industries Bhd.
69.4%
Hicom 45%
Hong Leong
Industries Bhd.
30%
LUTH 6%
60
973
80
240
230
6,036
74
2,748
53
1,410
20
1,600
250
650
60
300
190
1,260
260
Myanmar
Suzuki
Suzuki Motor
78 Myanmar
Co., Ltd.
1998 1999 USD 6.7
60%
Carry, Wagon R+
FD110CSD
30
Cambodia
Suzuki
Suzuki Motor 1999 1999
79 Cambodia
Co., Ltd.
USD 1
85%
FD110C, FK110, FL125,
UY125, UW125
OMC 15%
80
43
55
Global Operations
Overseas Production
Europe & Russia
LOCATIONS OF JAPANESE AUTOMAKERS’ PRODUCTION BASES IN EUROPE & RUSSIA
23
2
UK
1
Russia
1
Netherlands
3
Poland
7
19
18
15
22
13
16
17
Czech Republic
France
14
Hungary
5
9
6
Spain
20
Portugal
Italy
11 12
8
4
21
10
JAPANESE AUTOMAKERS’ EUROPEAN & RUSSIAN MANUFACTURING OPERATIONS
Company
Name
Est.
Up
(x 1 million) Stake
Products
Other
Annual Prod.
Employees
UK
Toyota
Nissan
1
Toyota Motor
Manufacturing (UK) Ltd.
Dec. Sep. 92 GBP 830
89
2
Nissan Motor
Manufacturing (UK) Ltd.
Apr. Jul. 86
84
3
Honda of
the U.K.
Manufacturing
Ltd.
Honda
56
1st
plant
2nd
plant
GBP 250
TMEM
100%
Nissan
Europe
100%
Feb. Oct. 92 GBP 670 Honda Motor
85 Engines
Europe
Jul. 89
86.32%,
Jul. 01
Honda Motor
13.68%
Avensis, Corolla, Auris
Engines
213
4,450
Qashqai, Micra, Note,
Micra C+C
Engines
CR-V, Civic 5D
Engines
435
3,873
150
Engines
200
100
4,500
Civic 3D/5D
Company
Name
Est.
Up
(x 1 million) Stake
Products
Other
Annual Prod.
Employees
Italy
Honda
Yamaha
Honda Italla
Industriale S.p.A.
Sep.
71
1976
4
5
Yamaha Motor Italla
S.p.A.
Apr.
80
Motori Minarelli S.p.A.
May
51
6
1985
EUR 8.3 Honda Motor
Europe
100%
EUR 5.2
CB1000R, CB600F, CBF600,
CBF1000, SH125/150/300,
FES125/150, PES125/150
TENERE, MT03
170
YMENV 100%
11
220
1984
EUR 6.5
Engines (50-660)
YMENV 100%
300
380
GZ125/250, DR125SM,
UH125/200, UX125/150,
GS500/F
Engine, Axle components
50
260
Cabstar, Atleon
15
639
93
3,664
Netherlands
Netherlands Car B.V.
Mitsubishi
Dec. 91 EUR 250
100%
Colt
7
Spain
Suzuki
Santana-Motor, S.A.
1985
1985
Suzuki Motor
Espana, S.A.
1940
1984
EUR 21
100%
Nissan
Motor
Iberica,
S.A.
Jan. Jan. 80 EUR 725
83
99.7%
Jimny
8
9
Nissan
(Cantabria)
(Avilla)
Jan. 83
(Barcelona)
Jul. 86
671
10
Montesa Honda, S.A.
Honda
11
Yamaha
Yamaha Motor
12 Espana, S.A.
May
80
1986
Navara, Pathfinder,
Primastar
Engine, Mission
EUR 4.5 Honda Motor XL125V, XL1000V,
Europe Ltd. XL700V, NT700V,
98.95% COTA 4RT
Oct.
81
1981
EUR 9.5
YN50, YP125R, YP250R
Honda Motor Europe
(North) G. m. b. H.
Honda Motor Europe
(South) S. A.
YMENV 100%
120
380
PSA 50%
108
3,441
50
Czech Republic
Toyota
Toyota Peugeot Citroën Mar. Feb.05
13 Automobile Czech, s.r.o. 02
50%
Aygo
Hungary
Suzuki
Magyar Suzuki Corp.
14
Apr. Oct. 92
91
HUF
81,857
97.5%
Swift, SX4, Splash
220
4,000
Oct. Jan. 01 EUR 460
98
TMEM
100%
Yaris
Engines
240
3,788
France
Toyota
Yamaha
Toyota Motor
15 Manufacturing France
S.A.S.
M.B.K. Industrie
16
Jan.
84
1986
EUR 40
CW50, VP125, VP250,
YZF125, WR125, XT660
YMFH 100%
130
800
Diesel engines
ISPOL-IMG
Holdings B.V.
100%
330
795
Poland
Isuzu
Isuzu Motors
17 Polska Sp. zo.o.
Jan. Jun. 99
97
PLZ 194
Toyota
Toyota Motor Mfg.,
18 Poland Sp.zo.o.
Sep. Apr. 02
99
PLZ 968
Toyota Motor Industries
19 Poland Sp.zo.o.
Oct. Mar. 05
02
PLZ
405.5
TMEM
100%
TMEM
60.41%
2,025
Engines, Transmissions
Engines
939
Dyna, Optimo, Semibon
375
Portugal
Toyota
Salvador Caetano
20 I.M.V.T., S.A.
Mar. Aug. 68
72
EUR 35
Mitsubishi
Fuso
Mitsubishi Fuso Truck
Mar. Apr. 96
Europe-Sociedade
96
21 Europeia de Automoveis,
S.A.
EUR
7,458
27%
99.7%
15
Canter
400
Russia
Isuzu
CJSC
22 “Severstalauto-Isuzu”
Aug.
07
29%
Assembly of small-sized CVs
Toyota
Toyota Motor
23 Manufacturing
Russia LLC. (TMMR)
May Dec. 07
05
80%
Camry
SSA 66%
EBRD 20%
772
57
Global Operations
Overseas Production Volumes
Overseas Production Benefits Local Economies
The global operations of Japanese automobile manufacturers continue to grow, focusing increasingly on overseas
production. Whether as independent operations, joint ventures or technical tie-ups, local manufacturing activities
are conducted in numerous countries around the world. Overseas production brings significant benefits to local
economies and host countries, including employment, industrial development and technology transfer.
OVERSEAS PRODUCTION BY JAPANESE AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTURERS
Middle
East
North
America
Latin
America
In vehicle units
Year
Asia
1985
208,589
44,658
43,175
296,569
296,569
90,252
99,500
151,574
891,142
1986
282,912
75,163
73,903
426,087
425,644
87,115
119,000
133,109
1,123,386
1987
355,758
102,943
100,794
608,446
592,761
104,925
134,000
127,003
1,433,075
1988
456,489
132,129
130,326
723,396
672,766
125,531
145,000
152,334
1,734,879
1989
597,402
205,005
203,215 1,040,868
932,242
144,811
184,500
166,541
2,339,127
1990
952,390
226,613
223,164 1,570,114 1,298,878
160,654
186,000
169,169
3,264,940
1991
1,035,715
285,994
282,278 1,684,964 1,378,907
169,001
172,000
134,051
3,481,725
1992
1,120,430
358,601
351,296 1,853,097 1,547,361
195,161
167,500
109,276
3,804,065
1993
1,315,346
496,574
472,744 2,030,478 1,691,239
211,802
179,000
106,754
4,339,954
1994
1,553,585
502,332
477,728 2,346,619 1,982,209
197,325
168,000
128,213
4,896,074
1995
1,882,850
641,573
575,852 2,595,436 2,215,657
110,660
226,000
102,961
5,559,480
1996
1,950,621
738,378
650,990 2,641,451 2,275,525
140,031
195,674
118,097
5,784,252
1997
2,003,286
814,689
714,699 2,664,588 2,290,685
190,596
182,218
136,107
5,991,484
1998
1,215,202
5,688
920,985
814,847 2,674,299 2,270,516
260,131
144,181
150,685
5,371,171
1999
1,547,671
3,493
929,303
835,582 2,797,175 2,311,163
246,710
130,216
125,575
5,780,143
2000
1,673,740
4,258
953,170
837,679 2,991,924 2,480,691
387,732
146,435
130,933
6,288,192
2001
1,872,521
5,660 1,032,004
939,034 3,061,612 2,451,496
407,887
162,825
137,084
6,679,593
2002
2,380,621
6,000 1,153,059 1,015,748 3,375,453 2,720,449
445,862
155,973
135,498
7,652,466
2003
3,007,348
5,820 1,338,476 1,245,469 3,487,012 2,821,723
457,467
162,969
148,471
8,607,563
2004
3,638,978
10,800 1,454,903 1,296,516 3,840,744 3,143,603
534,863
191,537
125,726
9,797,551
2005
3,964,209
10,500 1,545,355 1,369,556 4,080,713 3,383,277
645,074
225,725
134,581
10,606,157
2006
4,129,856
11,400 1,702,836 1,509,402 4,001,639 3,281,073
745,827
259,050
121,635
10,972,243
2007
4,523,751
3,342 1,976,407 1,789,875 4,049,068 3,324,326
895,099
252,384
159,710
11,859,761
2008
4,877,074
0 1,876,101 1,693,151 3,576,246 2,893,466
920,738
257,528
143,741
11,651,428
Europe
EU
U.S.A.
Africa
Oceania
Total
Notes: 1. Data in principle is for Japanese-brand vehicles only. 2. Until 1997, data was based on statistics supplied by national automobile trade associations of respective countries.
3. Mexico is included in Latin America and Turkey in Europe. 4. Data excludes vehicles produced with technical assistance only provided by Japanese automakers. 5.The figures reflect
the use of a new method, adopted as of January 2007, for computing overseas unit production.
58
Global Operations
Global Industry Ties
Japanese Automakers Forge Extensive International
Alliances
With economic globalization, Japanese automobile manufacturers have rapidly adapted to the needs of
individual markets, not only by shifting production to those markets but also by forging extensive alliances with
overseas manufacturers. Various forms of partnership currently exist between Japanese, U.S. and European
automakers—including capital and technical tie-ups, joint R&D and production operations and cooperative sales
ties—and such arrangements are expanding yearly. With the rapid spread of motorization in China and
Southeast Asia, Japanese automakers are actively building relationships with local manufacturers there on the
basis of capital tie-ups and the supply of production as well as environment- and safety-related technologies.
At March 31, 2009
Yamaha
Japan
4.4% equity stake
and business tie-up
5.9% equity stake and business tie-up
50.1%
equity stake
Hino
Toyota
51.2%
equity stake
Daihatsu
16.5% equity stake and business tie-up
Production outsourcing in U.S.A.
Supply of CVs
Supply of
finished vehicles
Fuji Heavy
Industries
Supply of
finished vehicles
Suzuki
GM Japan
Mutual capital
participation
Mutual supply
of finished
vehicles
Mitsubishi
Fuso
Supply of
finished
vehicles
Supply of
finished vehicles
in Indonesia
Technical cooperation
for hybrid cars
Mutual supply of CVs
Nissan Diesel
Supply of CVs
Nissan
Mutual supply
of CVs
Mutual supply
of CVs
Mutual supply
of CVs
Isuzu
Supply of CVs
Mazda
Mutual supply
of CVs
Supply of
CVs
Supply of CVs
Supply of
minicars
Mitsubishi
Notes: 1. The charts on these pages show only major tie-ups among and between Japanese automakers and U.S., European, and Chinese automakers. Worldwide, manufacturers have
developed more complex alliances than those shown here and this trend is growing as globalization expands. 2. GM Europe includes the subsidiaries of groups such as Opel (Germany)
and Vauxhall (UK). 3. The above chart shows only capital and technical tie-ups among automakers. It does not show to what extent they are expanding into other regions or investing in
other manufacturers. 4. In principle, the tie-ups shown above cover only technical cooperation related to motor vehicle production and exclude sales tie-ups. Further, such technical
cooperation includes only the supply of technology, joint development, supply of finished vehicles (including mutual supply), and joint ventures, while excluding the supply of components.
Sources: Respective manufacturers for Japan-related information and trade press for others
59
Global Operations
Japan
Global Industry Ties
Ford
Isuzu
U.S.A.
Supply of diesel engines;
Outsourcing of CV production /
Supply of CVs
100%
equity
stake
GM Japan
General
Motors
Joint development of small cars;
Joint development in the area
of advanced technology
Suzuki
Japan
50%
equity
stake
Mazda
50%
equity
stake
50%
equity
stake
New United Motor
Manufacturing Inc.
(NUMMI)
Auto Alliance
International Inc.
50%
equity
stake
Toyota
Supply of
pickup
trucks
Chrysler
Mitsubishi
Europe
15%
equity
stake
Nissan
Nissan Diesel
Yamaha
44.3%
equity
stake
100%
equity
stake
Supply
of
engines
Renault
(France)
Supply of
diesel
engines
Volvo
(Sweden)
Volvo (Car dept.)
Supply of
diesel
engines
Isuzu
Toyota
Supply of diesel
engines from
Poland
50% equity stake
(Czech Republic)
Supply of
finished vehicles
(Italy)
Supply of
diesel
engines
Volkswagen
(Germany)
50% equity stake
Supply of
diesel
engines
Suzuki
PSA Peugeot
Citroën
(France)
Supply of
finished vehicles;
joint development
in Europe
Fuji Heavy
Industries
Toyota Peugeot Citroën
Automobile Czech (TPCA)
GM Europe
(Sweden)
Fiat
60
13.8%
equity
stake
Supply of
diesel
engines
Supply of
diesel
engines
Mitsubishi
Supply of
finished vehicles
in Europe
Daimler
(Germany)
Cooperative sales
ties on
Japanese market
Production
outsourcing
85% equity
stake
Porsche
Pininfarina
(Germany)
(Italy)
Mitsubishi
Fuso
At March 31, 2009
Japan
FAW Group
Corporation
China
FAW Cars Co., Ltd.
Production outsourcing
of Atenza
51%
equity
stake
15% equity stake
Tianjin FAW Xiali
Automobile
Co., Ltd.
20%
equity
stake
30% equity stake
Production of Vitz
Tianjin FAW
Toyota Motor
Co., Ltd.
40% equity
stake;
Production
of Vios,
Corolla and
Crown
FAW Daihatsu (Jilin)
Body Parts Co., Ltd.
Toyota
50%
equity
stake
45% equity
stake;
Production
of Coaster,
Land Cruiser and
Prius
Daihatsu
Sichuan FAW
Toyota Motor
Co., Ltd.
Changan
Automobile
Liability Co., Ltd.
51%
equity
stake
Chongqing Changan
Suzuki Automobile
Co., Ltd.
35% equity stake;
Production of Alto, Cultus,
Swift and SX4
Changhe Group
51%
equity
stake
Jiangxi Changhe
Suzuki Automobile
Co., Ltd.
45.4% equity stake;
Production of WagonR Wide,
Aerio and Landy
Isuzu
12.5%
equity
stake
Mazda
35%
equity
stake
Ford
Suzuki
20% equity stake;
Production of Wizard,
Forward and Elf
Qingling Motors
Co., Ltd.
51%
equity
stake
Qingling Motors
Group
Co., Ltd.
Jiangling-Isuzu
Motors
Co., Ltd.
75%
equity
stake
Jiangling Motors
Group
Co., Ltd.
25%
equity
stake
Hunan Changfeng
Automobile
South East (Fujian)
Motor Co., Ltd.
25%
equity
stake
Changan Ford
Mazda Engine
Co., Ltd.
Chongqing Changan
50%
equity
stake
Guangzhou Honda
Automobile
Co., Ltd.
50% equity stake;
Production of Accord,
Odyssey, City and Fit
50% equity stake;
Production of CR-V
and Civic
50%
equity
stake
Dongfeng Honda
Automobile
Co., Ltd.
10%
equity
stake
Honda
Automobile
(China) Co., Ltd.
50%
equity
stake
Dongfeng Nissan
Diesel Motor
Co., Ltd.
50%
equity
stake
Nissan Diesel
50%
equity
stake
Dongfeng Motor
Co., Ltd.
50%
equity
stake
Nissan
20% equity stake;
Production of
Datsun and Paladin
Guangqi Hino
Motors Co., Ltd.
Shanghai Diesel
Engine
Co., Ltd.
14.6% equity
stake;
Production
and sales of
Pajero
25% equity
stake
Honda
65% equity stake;
Production of Jazz
to Europe
50%
equity
stake
Mitsubishi
Hino
Zhengzhou Nissan
Automobile
Co., Ltd.
50% equity stake
50% equity stake
25% equity stake;
Production and sales
of Delica and Lancer
50%
equity
stake
50% equity stake
Guangzhou
Automobile Group
Co., Ltd.
Dongfeng Motor
Group Co., Ltd.
Changang Ford
Mazda Automobile
Co., Ltd.
50%
equity
stake
Shanghai
Hino Engine
Co., Ltd.
61
Global Production (Including Motorcycles)
Motor Vehicle Production Increases Worldwide Except in Africa
In 2007 worldwide motor vehicle production (excluding motorcycles) rose 5.4% over the previous year to a total of
73.1 million units. By region, production increased in Asia and Oceania (up 8.5%), Europe (up 6.3%), and North and
Latin America (up 0.2%), but decreased in Africa (down 5.8%).
MOTOR VEHICLE PRODUCTION EXCLUDING MOTORCYCLES
(MAJOR PRODUCING COUNTRIES)
UK
Russia
x 10,000 units
Canada
05
180
05
135
05
269
06
165
06
150
06
257
07
175
07
166
07
258
0
600
0
355
05
05
576
05
582
06
06
317
06
07
302
07
0
600
621
0
0
600
U.S.A.
571
1,129
06
888
07
700
1,195
05
728
0
1,078
07
900
South Korea
Italy
Spain
600
China
Germany
France
0
1,200
Japan
Mexico
1,080
05
275
05
104
05
377
05
06
278
06
121
06
384
06
1,148
05
07
289
07
128
07
07
1,160
06
205
07
210
0
600
0
409
0
600
600
0
1,200
India
South Africa
05
53
06
59
07
53
0
202
06
231
07
0
0
Australia
164
05
168
600
600
05
39
05
253
06
33
06
261
07
33
07
0
600
Brazil
600
297
0
600
*Worldwide production data for 2008 was not yet available at press time. All figures here are therefore the same as those provided in last year’s edition of this publication.
GLOBAL MOTORCYCLE PRODUCTION (BY COUNTRY/TERRITORY)
Country/
Territory
Austria
Czech Republic
Germany
Italy
Netherlands
Portugal
Spain
UK
U.S.A.
Argentina
Brazil
Colombia
China
India
Indonesia
Japan
Malaysia
Pakistan
Philippines
South Korea
Taiwan
Thailand
Other
Mopeds
178
2,655
205,500
8,000
118,120
59,986
1,429
98,297
489,500
0
134,948
34,600
1,213,517
0
361,826
Grand Totals
Note: “ ” means data is not available.
62
Motorcycles
1,791,585
38,258
In vehicle units
2006
2005
Total
59,986
1,607
100,952
695,000
8,000
1,875
253,068
34,600
131,891
1,213,517
235,000
17,746,686
7,600,801
5,113,487
1,791,585
400,084
287,291
287,828
154,418
1,449,458
2,309,215
941,030
40,817,379
Mopeds
122
1,017
174,000
8,000
110,916
Motorcycles
69,045
893
105,323
528,500
0
157,440
38,300
1,413,268
0
373,358
1,771,386
59,041
2007
Total
69,045
1,015
106,340
702,500
8,000
250
268,356
38,300
208,977
1,413,268
425,987
21,934,055
8,384,707
4,458,886
1,771,386
432,399
360,561
308,617
146,817
1,412,953
2,075,179
1,055,653
45,583,251
Mopeds
Motorcycles
135
253
190,000
9,459
2,005
105,304
502,500
0
111,520
142,289
32,100
270,352
1,734,349
0
380,365
1,676,097
66,050
Total
78,269
2,140
105,557
692,500
9,459
300
253,809
32,100
270,352
225,397
1,734,349
448,556
25,625,526
8,157,781
4,722,521
1,676,097
446,415
329,395
350,330
131,272
1,509,425
1,646,853
1,276,112
49,724,515
Sources: Motorcycle manufacturers’ associations of individual countries
GLOBAL MOTOR VEHICLE PRODUCTION (BY COUNTRY/REGION/TERRITORY)
Country/Region/
Territory
Passenger
Cars
Trucks
& Buses
Total
Passenger
Cars
Trucks
& Buses
Austria
Belgium
Finland
France
Germany (1)
Italy
Netherlands
Portugal
Spain
Sweden (2)
UK
Czech Republic
Hungary
Poland
Slovakia
Slovenia
Double Countings Germany/Austria
Double Countings Austria/Japan
Double Countings Germany/Belgium
Double Countings Slovakia/Germany
Double Countings Portugal/Japan
Double Countings Portugal/Spain
European Union (3)
Turkey
Romania
Serbia
Russia
Belarus
Ukraine
Uzbekistan
Double Countings Ukraine/Russia
Double Countings Ukraine/South Korea
Double Countings Ukraine/Czech Rep.
Double Countings Ukraine/Romania
Double Countings Ukraine/Germany
CIS
Europe
Canada
U.S.A.
North America
Mexico
Argentina
Brazil
Other
Latin America
North and Latin America
Australia
China
India
Indonesia
Iran
Japan
Malaysia
Pakistan
Philippines
South Korea
Taiwan
Thailand
Vietnam
Double Countings Malaysia/World
Asia-Oceania
Egypt
Morocco
South Africa
Other
Double Countings Egypt/World
Double Countings South Africa/World
Africa
230,505
895,109
21,233
3,112,961
5,350,187
725,528
115,121
189,040
2,098,168
288,659
1,596,356
596,774
148,533
540,100
218,349
138,393
22,260
12,582
253,142
42,160
0
60,985
15,873,887
453,663
174,538
12,574
1,068,764
0
196,722
87,512
66,565
60,000
5,500
3,000
3,000
1,214,933
17,729,595
1,356,271
4,321,272
5,677,543
846,048
182,761
2,011,817
98,294
3,138,920
8,816,463
316,414
3,931,807
1,264,111
332,590
725,000
9,016,735
404,571
133,998
36,236
3,357,094
323,819
277,562
20,076
91,000
20,049,013
48,034
7,622
324,875
4,038
14,440
50,531
319,598
22,774
31,419
411
436,047
407,523
312,824
65,627
30,097
654,332
50,570
206,753
5,463
3,482
73,100
0
39,558
0
0
0
0
12,485
12,790
2,314,705
425,789
20,264
1,605
283,473
23,150
19,037
8,302
11,322
0
0
0
0
322,640
3,085,003
1,331,621
7,625,381
8,957,002
838,190
136,994
519,023
41,003
1,535,210
10,492,212
78,299
1,776,614
374,563
168,120
92,200
1,782,924
158,837
22,224
9,075
414,776
122,526
845,150
11,524
0
5,856,832
21,189
7,259
200,352
1,830
12,777
15,522
202,331
253,279
926,528
21,644
3,549,008
5,757,710
1,038,352
180,748
219,137
2,752,500
339,229
1,803,109
602,237
152,015
613,200
218,349
177,951
22,260
12,582
253,142
42,160
12,485
73,775
18,188,592
879,452
194,802
14,179
1,352,237
23,150
215,759
95,814
77,887
60,000
5,500
3,000
3,000
1,537,573
20,814,598
2,687,892
11,946,653
14,634,545
1,684,238
319,755
2,530,840
139,297
4,674,130
19,308,675
394,713
5,708,421
1,638,674
500,710
817,200
10,799,659
563,408
156,222
45,311
3,771,870
446,345
1,122,712
31,600
91,000
25,905,845
69,223
14,881
525,227
5,868
27,217
66,053
521,929
248,059
881,929
32,393
2,723,196
5,398,508
892,502
87,332
143,478
2,078,639
288,583
1,442,085
848,799
187,633
632,300
295,391
119,212
21,501
0
224,278
30,100
0
27,806
15,996,354
545,682
201,663
9,832
1,176,337
0
267,183
100,000
93,000
83,830
7,680
4,200
4,200
1,350,610
18,104,141
1,427,582
4,366,996
5,794,578
1,097,619
263,120
2,092,029
85,317
3,538,085
9,332,663
274,267
5,233,132
1,473,235
206,321
800,000
9,754,903
377,952
136,400
33,012
3,489,136
211,306
298,819
17,516
100,000
22,205,999
59,462
20,194
334,482
3,397
19,120
59,044
339,371
Grand Totals
46,914,669
19,636,378
66,551,047
49,982,174
In vehicle units
2007
2006
2005
Total
Passenger
Cars
Trucks
& Buses
26,848
36,127
353
446,023
421,106
319,092
72,122
83,847
698,796
44,489
207,707
6,018
2,600
82,300
0
33,915
0
0
0
0
15,312
0
2,466,031
442,098
11,934
1,350
327,132
23,150
21,020
10,000
10,700
0
0
0
0
370,602
3,292,015
1,143,784
6,925,127
8,068,911
947,899
168,981
519,005
61,540
1,697,425
9,766,336
57,501
2,044,767
543,276
89,687
104,500
1,729,330
125,021
21,120
8,591
350,966
91,923
895,084
695
0
6,062,461
32,111
8,426
253,237
2,035
16,890
48,300
230,619
274,907
918,056
32,746
3,169,219
5,819,614
1,211,594
159,454
227,325
2,777,435
333,072
1,649,792
854,817
190,233
714,600
295,391
153,127
21,501
0
224,278
30,100
15,312
27,806
18,462,385
987,780
213,597
11,182
1,503,469
23,150
288,203
110,000
103,700
83,830
7,680
4,200
4,200
1,721,212
21,396,156
2,571,366
11,292,123
13,863,489
2,045,518
432,101
2,611,034
146,857
5,235,510
19,098,999
331,768
7,277,899
2,016,511
296,008
904,500
11,484,233
502,973
157,520
41,603
3,840,102
303,229
1,193,903
18,211
100,000
28,268,460
91,573
28,620
587,719
5,432
36,010
107,344
569,990
199,969
799,190
24,000
2,554,000
5,709,139
910,860
61,912
134,047
2,195,780
316,850
1,534,567
925,778
287,982
695,000
571,071
174,209
0
0
215,000
31,420
0
0
16,847,934
634,883
234,103
8,236
1,288,652
0
380,061
120,500
122,290
119,246
9,900
5,974
5,974
1,525,828
19,250,984
1,342,133
3,924,268
5,266,401
1,209,097
350,735
2,388,402
110,876
4,059,110
9,325,511
283,348
6,381,116
1,707,839
304,300
882,000
9,944,637
328,300
140,000
33,000
3,723,482
212,685
308,500
20,000
110,400
24,158,807
69,100
28,263
276,018
3,000
21,200
48,500
306,681
28,097
44,840
303
465,144
504,321
373,452
76,656
42,195
693,923
49,170
215,686
12,749
4,045
89,700
0
24,193
0
0
0
0
17,322
0
2,607,152
464,531
7,609
1,667
371,468
23,150
22,530
14,900
9,500
0
0
0
0
422,548
3,503,507
1,236,105
6,856,461
8,092,566
886,148
193,912
582,416
57,823
1,720,299
9,812,865
51,269
2,501,340
598,929
114,740
115,240
1,651,690
85,140
22,000
9,000
362,826
70,354
929,960
750
0
6,513,238
34,040
7,760
258,472
2,020
17,490
54,700
230,102
228,066
844,030
24,303
3,019,144
6,213,460
1,284,312
138,568
176,242
2,889,703
366,020
1,750,253
938,527
292,027
784,700
571,071
198,402
0
0
215,000
31,420
17,322
0
19,455,086
1,099,414
241,712
9,903
1,660,120
23,150
402,591
135,400
131,790
119,246
9,900
5,974
5,974
1,948,376
22,754,491
2,578,238
10,780,729
13,358,967
2,095,245
544,647
2,970,818
168,699
5,779,409
19,138,376
334,617
8,882,456
2,306,768
419,040
997,240
11,596,327
413,440
162,000
42,000
4,086,308
283,039
1,238,460
20,750
110,400
30,672,045
103,140
36,023
534,490
5,020
38,690
103,200
536,783
19,351,431
69,333,605
53,041,983
20,059,712
73,101,695
Total
*Worldwide production data for 2008 was not yet available at press time. All figures here are therefore the same as those provided in last year’s edition of this publication.
(1) Figures for Germany include Belgian GM assembly. (2) Figures for Sweden represent domestic production only. (3) “European Union” means EU25. Note: All figures are estimates.
Source: International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers (OICA)
63
New Registrations
Motor Vehicle Sales Increase in Russia, Brazil, China,
India, and Elsewhere
In 2007 overall new motor vehicle registrations increased worldwide, reaching a global total of 66.9 million units, up
3.6% from the previous year. Vehicle sales rose in Russia (to 2.89 million units, up 28.2%), Brazil (to 2.46 million
units, up 27.8%), China (to 8.79 million units, up 21.8%), India (to 1.99 million units, up 13.7%), and Italy (to 2.77
million units, up 6.3%). On the other hand, new registrations dropped from the previous year in Germany (to 3.48
million units, down 7.7%), Japan (to 5.35 million units, down 6.7%), the United States (to 16.46 million units, down
3.5%), and Mexico (to 1.10 million units, down 3.5%).
NEW REGISTRATIONS OF MOTOR VEHICLES EXCLUDING MOTORCYCLES (BY COUNTRY)
x 10,000 units
Netherlands
Sweden
05
32
05
55
06
33
06
57
07
36
07
60
0
UK
800
0
800
Italy
Germany
05
283
05
361
05
250
06
273
06
377
06
260
07
280
07
07
277
0
800
348
0
0
800
800
Canada
France
05
255
06
250
07
258
135
05
0
800
Spain
0
196
06
195
07
194
0
585
06
116
06
574
07
122
07
56
05
06
65
06
175
07
67
07
199
800
1,744
05
1,705
1,646
1,800
Mexico
535
0
800
144
0
U.S.A.
0
India
05
800
07
05
South Africa
169
06
Japan
114
800
167
07
0
1000
05
0
0
0
South Korea
800
06
879
07
800
163
722
06
289
07
577
05
225
06
05
China
Russia
05
05
113
06
114
07
110
Australia
800
05
99
06
96
07
105
0
0
Brazil
800
05
171
06
193
246
07
0
64
800
800
NEW REGISTRATIONS OF PASSENGER CARS AND COMMERCIAL VEHICLES (BY COUNTRY)
In vehicle units
Country
Passenger
Cars
2007
2006
2005
Commercial
Vehicles
Total
Passenger
Cars
Commercial
Vehicles
Total
Passenger
Cars
Commercial
Vehicles
Total
Austria
307,915
39,023
346,938
308,594
40,147
348,741
298,182
42,205
340,387
Belgium
480,088
74,934
555,022
526,141
69,457
595,598
524,798
78,665
603,463
Czech Republic
127,376
48,492
175,868
123,987
60,362
184,349
132,542
74,574
207,116
Denmark
146,780
62,210
208,990
154,227
69,402
223,629
159,820
63,492
223,312
Finland
148,161
19,960
168,121
145,700
20,941
166,641
125,608
22,190
147,798
France
2,067,789
480,122
2,547,911
2,000,549
498,397
2,498,946
2,064,543
519,492
2,584,035
Germany
3,342,122
272,776
3,614,898
3,467,961
304,433
3,772,394
3,148,163
334,116
3,482,279
Greece
269,733
25,599
295,332
267,706
26,376
294,082
279,794
27,026
306,820
Hungary
198,982
20,479
219,461
187,676
21,604
209,280
173,025
23,619
196,644
2,244,108
251,328
2,495,436
2,330,201
272,031
2,602,232
2,484,576
281,497
2,766,073
Netherlands
465,196
80,787
545,983
483,999
84,718
568,717
504,300
97,234
601,534
Poland
235,504
47,064
282,568
238,683
56,015
294,698
293,319
78,362
371,681
Portugal
206,488
77,326
283,814
194,684
76,457
271,141
201,868
81,185
283,053
Slovakia
56,916
18,182
75,098
59,084
24,435
83,519
59,700
29,394
89,094
1,649,320
310,168
1,959,488
1,634,608
318,526
1,953,134
1,614,835
324,461
1,939,296
274,301
41,807
316,108
282,766
47,194
329,960
306,799
51,923
358,722
2,439,717
385,969
2,825,686
2,344,864
386,968
2,731,832
2,404,007
392,481
2,796,488
215,532
40,882
256,414
247,518
40,798
288,316
312,532
51,198
363,730
1,068,385
286,538
1,354,923
1,918,207
332,551
2,250,758
2,502,249
383,112
2,885,361
Switzerland
259,426
24,419
283,845
269,421
29,276
298,697
284,674
30,728
315,402
Turkey
438,597
324,589
763,186
373,219
296,385
669,604
357,465
283,850
641,315
Canada
847,436
782,706
1,630,142
858,826
807,182
1,666,008
841,585
848,760
1,690,345
9,724,776 17,444,329
7,820,854
9,228,127 17,048,981
7,618,413
Italy
Spain
Sweden
UK
Romania
Russia
U.S.A.
Mexico
7,719,553
8,841,902 16,460,315
714,010
417,758
1,131,768
680,946
458,772
1,139,718
641,394
458,472
1,099,866
1,369,182
345,462
1,714,644
1,556,220
371,518
1,927,738
1,975,518
487,210
2,462,728
—
—
228,378
—
—
343,351
—
—
491,899
China
3,149,348
2,617,331
5,766,679
4,257,516
2,958,009
7,215,525
5,309,728
3,481,800
8,791,528
India
1,106,863
333,592
1,440,455
1,311,354
439,519
1,750,873
1,510,749
479,394
1,990,143
Japan
4,748,409
1,103,658
5,852,067
4,641,732
1,097,774
5,739,506
4,400,299
953,349
5,353,648
South Korea
913,550
229,012
1,142,562
935,681
228,573
1,164,254
986,416
232,919
1,219,335
Malaysia
416,692
135,624
552,316
446,172
44,596
490,768
442,885
44,291
487,176
Thailand
188,211
515,050
703,261
195,458
486,705
682,163
182,767
448,484
631,251
Australia
789,096
199,173
988,269
769,241
193,425
962,666
835,195
214,787
1,049,982
94,322
26,848
121,170
132,373
38,241
170,614
162,819
45,889
208,708
376,845
188,129
564,974
426,822
219,744
646,566
428,273
239,936
668,209
2,235,342
1,303,654
3,538,996
1,992,197
981,050
2,973,247
1,759,647
1,040,967
2,800,614
Brazil
Venezuela
Egypt
South Africa
Other
Grand Totals
41,311,295 20,855,427 62,395,100 43,585,187 20,629,708 64,558,246 45,328,487 21,088,964 66,909,350
Note: The “—” for some entries for Venezuela means that the relevant data is not available at the end of March 2009, which accounts for the discrepancy, in the “Grand Totals” row, between the three “Total” figures and the
figures (for both passenger cars and commercial vehicles) they represent. Sources: Automobile manufacturers’ associations of individual countries; for Japan, Japan Automobile Dealers Association and Japan Mini Vehicles Association
65
Motor Vehicles & Motorcycles in Use/Motor Vehicle & Motorcycle Density
Continuing Growth in Motor Vehicle Ownership Worldwide
There were 948.6 million motor vehicles (excluding motorcycles) in use worldwide in 2007, equivalent to 141 motor
vehicles per 1,000 inhabitants or one vehicle for every 7.1 persons. Meanwhile, the number of motorcycles owned
worldwide in 2007 stood at around 200 million units. Motorcycle density was particularly high in Malaysia, with one
motorcycle in use for every three persons, and in Thailand and Vietnam, with one in use for every four persons. In
Japan, one motorcycle was in use for every ten persons.
MOTOR VEHICLE DENSITY: INTERNATIONAL
COMPARISONS (at end of 2007)
In vehicle units
No. of Motor Vehicles
per 1,000 Inhabitants
Country
Total Motor Vehicles
Passenger Cars
U.S.A.
833
456
686
606
Italy
Australia
545
677
609
582
Canada
France
498
Japan
451
600
593
UK
583
513
Switzerland
573
524
Austria
557
511
Belgium
544
471
Germany
533
501
World
Average
x 1 person
No. of Persons per
Motor Vehicle
(No. of Persons per
Passenger Car)
1.2
(2.2)
1.5
(1.7)
1.5
(1.8)
1.6
(1.7)
1.7
(2.0)
1.7
(2.2)
1.7
(1.9)
1.7
(1.9)
1.8
(2.0)
1.8
(2.1)
1.9
(2.0)
7.1
(9.7)
141
103
MOTOR VEHICLES IN USE WORLDWIDE
(at end of 2007)
In vehicle units
Country
Germany
Italy
France
UK
Spain
Netherlands
Belgium
Austria
Sweden
Poland
Switzerland
Turkey
Russia
U.S.A.
Canada
Mexico
Argentina
Brazil
Japan
China
South Korea
India
Thailand
Indonesia
Australia
South Africa
Other
Grand Totals
Sources: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism; VDA; ANFIA; Ward’s;
Gendai Advanced Studies Research Organization; for population data, OECD, etc.
MOTORCYCLE DENSITY: INTERNATIONAL
COMPARISONS (No. of Persons per Motorcycle)
Malaysia
3
2007
Thailand
4
2007
Vietnam
4
2006
Italy
6
2006
Indonesia
7
2007
Spain
9
2007
Japan
10
2007
Switzerland
12
2005
Austria
13
2006
Germany
14
2007
China
15
2003
U.S.A.
56
Sources: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism;
Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications; IMMA, etc.; for population data, OECD and UN
Commercial
Vehicles
Total
41,183,594
35,680,098
30,700,000
31,285,912
21,760,174
7,597,000
5,006,294
4,245,583
4,258,463
14,589,000
3,955,787
6,472,156
28,300,000
137,523,377
19,199,000
16,164,550
6,003,730
20,722,000
57,623,753
31,960,000
12,099,793
12,700,000
4,200,400
4,355,000
11,462,000
5,100,000
118,681,948
692,829,612
2,657,086
4,687,968
6,333,000
4,275,207
5,414,322
1,095,000
770,806
381,944
517,400
2,609,000
372,153
3,181,390
5,805,000
113,686,769
872,000
8,222,317
2,197,059
5,085,100
18,091,068
10,540,000
4,328,452
5,455,000
5,419,008
3,345,000
2,757,289
2,360,000
35,355,151
255,814,489
43,840,680
40,368,066
37,033,000
35,561,119
27,174,496
8,692,000
5,777,100
4,627,527
4,775,863
17,198,000
4,327,940
9,653,546
34,105,000
251,210,146
20,071,000
24,386,867
8,200,789
25,807,100
75,714,821
42,500,000
16,428,245
18,155,000
9,619,408
7,700,000
14,219,289
7,460,000
154,037,099
948,644,101
Sources: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism; VDA; ANFIA;
Ward’s; Gendai Advanced Studies Research Organization
MOTORCYCLES IN USE WORLDWIDE
In vehicle units
Country/Territory
x 2 persons
2007
Passenger
Cars
2006
2006
2007
2007
2006
2007
2007
2007
2006
2006
2007
2007
2003
2006
2007
2007
2007
2006
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
Italy
Germany
Spain
France
UK
Sweden
Netherlands
Switzerland
Austria
Greece
Russia
Turkey
U.S.A.
Canada
Brazil
Argentina
China
Indonesia
Japan
Thailand
Taiwan
Malaysia
Vietnam
South Korea
Pakistan
Philippines
Total
9,913,525
5,777,200
4,774,341
3,850,000
1,620,000
536,837
632,060
618,278
628,878
740,922
4,350,000
1,947,774
5,370,000
484,903
10,925,415
2,028,939
87,096,613
32,988,430
12,935,182
15,961,927
13,943,473
8,217,301
20,145,759
1,785,051
4,108,152
2,639,959
Sources: International Motorcycle Manufacturers Association (IMMA); for Japan, Ministry of Land,
Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism; Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, etc.
66
Exports (Including Motorcycles)
Motor Vehicle Exports Increase from the U.S., Germany,
Japan, France, South Korea, and Elsewhere
Motor vehicle exports (excluding motorcycles) in 2007 increased year-on-year in the United States (to 2.40 million
units, up 16.6%), Germany (to 4.66 million units, up 11.5%), Japan (to 6.55 million units, up 9.8%), France (to 4.70
million units, up 9.4%), South Korea (to 2.85 million units, up 7.5%), the United Kingdom (to 1.32 million units, up
6.0%), and Spain (to 2.39 million units, up 5.1%). Motorcycle exports in 2007 rose from the previous year in China (to
8.18 million units, up 25.0%) and Italy (to 537,000 units, up 7.0%), but dropped in Japan (to 1.23 million units, down
7.6%), Spain (to 173,000 units, down 4.1%), and Germany (to 89,000 units, down 1.7%).
MOTOR VEHICLE EXPORTS (MAJOR EXPORTING COUNTRIES)
Germany
UK
Belgium
05
132
05
408
05
87
06
124
06
418
06
85
07
132
07
07
76
0
600
466
0
France
05
06
429
470
07
600
U.S.A.
0
600
Italy
432
0
600
x 10,000 units
Japan
05
50
05
06
60
06
07
65
600
206
06
205
240
07
0
505
600
597
655
07
0
05
0
700
South Korea
Spain
Brazil
05
225
05
259
05
06
227
06
265
06
63
07
239
07
07
64
0
600
285
0
600
90
0
600
EXPORTS OF PASSENGER CARS, TRUCKS AND BUSES (MAJOR EXPORTING COUNTRIES)
In vehicle units
2005
Country
Japan
U.S.A.
Germany
UK
France
Italy
Belgium
Spain
Brazil
South Korea
Passenger
Cars
4,363,168
1,676,725
3,795,361
1,185,111
3,841,448
272,781
839,188
1,705,434
684,259
2,456,525
Trucks
& Buses
689,893
387,474
285,237
130,273
474,532
224,833
29,613
541,869
212,820
129,563
2006
Total
5,053,061
2,064,199
4,080,598
1,315,384
4,315,980
497,614
868,801
2,247,303
897,079
2,586,088
Passenger
Cars
5,295,497
1,672,640
3,893,002
1,106,093
3,738,684
367,087
814,354
1,689,092
458,766
2,530,180
Trucks
& Buses
671,175
382,052
289,721
136,222
553,680
228,865
33,873
583,780
175,707
118,040
2007
Total
5,966,672
2,054,692
4,182,723
1,242,315
4,292,364
595,952
848,227
2,272,872
634,473
2,648,220
Passenger
Cars
5,811,959
1,939,144
4,303,754
1,185,459
4,109,972
374,177
716,028
1,803,955
476,136
2,718,548
Trucks
& Buses
737,981
456,423
360,563
131,562
586,686
276,331
42,241
585,269
167,434
128,590
Total
6,549,940
2,395,567
4,664,317
1,317,021
4,696,658
650,508
758,269
2,389,224
643,570
2,847,138
Sources: Ward’s, etc.; for Japan, Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association
MOTORCYCLE EXPORTS (MAJOR EXPORTING COUNTRIES/TERRITORY)
2005
Country/Territory
Japan
Germany
France
Italy
Spain
Austria
South Korea
China
Taiwan
Mopeds
2,363
108,597
154,578
76,543
Motorcycles
& Scooters
2006
Total
1,332,223
78,774
1,332,223
81,137
282,114
96,844
57,491
436,692
173,387
57,491
59,785
4,533,954
653,792
4,533,954
Note: “ ” means data is not available at end of March 2009.
Mopeds
2,450
161,241
65,796
Motorcycles
& Scooters
2007
Total
1,334,026
87,868
1,334,026
90,318
341,106
114,857
66,573
502,347
180,653
66,573
60,696
6,543,628
676,287
6,543,628
In vehicle units
Mopeds
Motorcycles
& Scooters
Total
3,323
1,232,796
85,418
1,232,796
88,741
166,112
63,530
371,363
109,686
537,475
173,216
8,177,741
48,916
8,177,741
Sources: International Motorcycle Manufacturers Association (IMMA); for Japan, Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association
67
Motor Vehicle Classification
Classifications According to the Road Vehicles Act and
the Road Traffic Act
Japan classifies motor vehicles according to the provisions of two basic laws: the Road Vehicles Act and the Road
Traffic Act. Road Vehicles Act classifications are used for registration statistics, vehicle inspection, and related
maintenance and repair. Road Traffic Act classifications determine the different categories of driver’s licenses.
Vehicle registration number/character combinations are determined by vehicle type and usage in accordance with
Road Vehicles Act designations, and a “vanity plate” system has been introduced nationwide.
CLASSIFICATION UNDER
THE ROAD VEHICLES ACT
(for registration,
inspection, etc. )
Standard
CLASSIFICATION UNDER THE ROAD TRAFFIC ACT
(for driver’s license issuance)
Over 2,000cc in engine capacity,
excluding diesel engines
Over
2m
Over 660cc to 2,000cc in engine capacity,
excluding diesel engines
2m
and
under
Gross vehicle weight: 5≤tons<11
Payload: 3≤tons<6.5
or Occupancy: 11≤persons<30
Ordinary Motor Vehicles
Special-Purpose Motor Vehicles
Gross vehicle weight: <5 tons
Payload: <3 tons
or Occupancy: <11 persons
Motor vehicles with caterpillar treads such as bulldozers,
steamrollers, graders, snowplows, tractors, etc. are classified into
two categories: large and small. Small special-purpose motor
vehicles are those of up to 15km per hour in maximum speed, up to
4.7m in length, up to 2m in height, and up to 1.7m in width. (*2)
*1. As per a revision to the Road Traffic Act, the middle-category motor vehicle classification went into application in June 2007.
*2. Projections on small special-purpose vehicles should not exceed 2.8m.
Note: The Road Traffic Act stipulates that the driver of any one-rider, three- or four-wheeled vehicle of up to 50cc in
engine capacity, with a legal maximum speed of 50km/h and a maximum load of 30kg, is required to hold an “ordinary
motor vehicle” driver’s license.
CLASSIFICATION OF MOTORCYCLES
Over 3.4m to 4.7m
Over 1.48m to 1.7m
Mini
Middle-Category Motor Vehicles (*1)
Over 4.7m
Over 1.7m
Small
Large Motor Vehicles
Gross vehicle weight: ≥11 tons
Payload: ≥6.5 tons
or Occupancy: ≥30 persons
660cc and under in engine capacity
2m
and
under
3.4m and under
1.48m and under
Note: A vehicle that exceeds any one of the requisites
above is classified in the higher category.
Road Vehicles Act
Category
Small-sized
Engine Capacity
Over 250cc
Mini-sized
Over 125cc to 250cc
Motor-driven Over 50cc to 125cc
cycles Class 2
Motor-driven 50cc and under
cycles Class 1
Width
Over
1.3m
1.3m and
under
1.3m and
under
1.3m and
under
Road Traffic Act
Height
Over
2.0m
2.0m and
under
2.0m and
under
2.0m and
under
Length
Over
2.5m
2.5m and
under
2.5m and
under
2.5m and
under
Large
Engine
Capacity
Over 400cc
Ordinary
51cc to 400cc
Category
Motorized 50cc and under
bicycles
Note: A motorcycle that exceeds any one of the requisites above is classified in the higher category.
SIGNIFICANCE OF VEHICLE REGISTRATION NUMBERS & NUMBER PLATES
Large-Sized Number Plates
Larger-than-standard-size plates are issued to
vehicles weighing 8 tons or more, with payload of
5 tons or more, or 30-person or more occupancy.
Mid-Sized Number Plates
Standard-size plates are issued to standard and
small vehicles and mini-vehicles with engine
capacity of more than 360cc, whether for
private or business use.
Small-Sized Number Plates
Small-size plates are issued to small- and minisized motorcycles and mini-vehicles with
engine capacity of 360cc or less, excluding
those designated with any one of the 40-to-49,
50-to-59 or 80-to-89 number categories.
22cm
44cm
Motor Vehicle Registry Designation:
Geographical designation in kanji
indicates motor vehicle registry
where vehicle is registered or
“vanity” registration designation.
16.5cm
33cm
12.5cm
23cm
Usage Designation
Ordinary and large motor vehicles
Private use
Designated Number Categories
Indicating Vehicle Type
Ordinary trucks
Ordinary buses
Ordinary passenger cars
Three- or four-wheeled
small trucks
Three- or four-wheeled
small passenger cars
and buses
Special-purpose vehicles
Large special-purpose
vehicles
Large special-purpose
vehicles used as
construction machinery
1, 10-19, 100-199
2, 20-29, 200-299
3, 30-39, 300-399
4, 40-49, 400-499
6, 60-69, 600-699
5, 50-59, 500-599
7, 70-79, 700-799
8, 80-89, 800-899
9, 90-99, 900-999
0, 00-09, 000-099
Number Assignment
From “1” to “99-99”
Business use
Rental vehicle
Foreign military vehicle
Mini-vehicles
Private use
Business use
Rental vehicle
Foreign military vehicle
EHKMTY
Number Plate Color
AB
Hiragana character indicates vehicle usage category: private,
business, rental or foreign military vehicle (private or official).
68
Ordinary and large motor vehicles
Private use or rental vehicle
Green characters on white background
Business use
White characters on green background
Mini-vehicles
Private use or rental vehicle
Black characters on yellow background
Business use
Yellow characters on black background
Measuring Motor Vehicle Fuel Consumption
Japan’s Test Cycles for Measuring Fuel Consumption
and Exhaust Emissions
In 2011 Japan’s JC08 test cycle is scheduled to replace the 10 11-mode cycle most commonly used until now to
measure fuel consumption and exhaust emissions in non-heavy-duty vehicles. The objective in doing so is to obtain
test results that are as close as possible to actual on-road fuel consumption rates. Fuel consumption rates obtained
through testing on the basis of the JC08 cycle have already been adopted for new vehicles introduced into the
market in or after July 2007. Currently, fuel consumption rates obtained on the basis of both the 10 15 and the JC08
test cycles, and the 13-mode (through August 2011) and JE05 test cycles for heavy-duty vehicles, are provided to
indicate certified fuel efficiency values. Beginning in April 2011, however, the JC08 cycle will be the only test cycle
applied to measure non-HDV fuel consumption rates.
THE 11-MODE TEST CYCLE
THE 10 15-MODE TEST CYCLE
Vehicle speed
(km/h)
70
Vehicle speed
(km/h)
60
60
50
50
40
40
30
30
20
20
10
10
0
0
0
660
0
The 10 15-mode cycle consists of a sequence of vehicle
operational modes, such as idling, acceleration, steady
running and deceleration, which constitutes a typical urban
and/or expressway running pattern. Measurement is made
with a warm start, at a maximum speed of 70km/h.
505
The 11-mode cycle consists of four cycles of 11 vehicle
operational modes that are typical of a suburban-to-urban
running pattern. Measurement is made with a cold start,
at a maximum speed of 60km/h.
THE JC08 TEST CYCLE
Vehicle speed
(km/h)
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
The JC08 cycle also reflects typical running patterns in congested city traffic and on expressways, consisting of idling and frequentlyalternating acceleration and deceleration, but increases the duration of the test cycle and the variation in running patterns. Measurement
is made with both a cold start and a warm start, at a maximum speed of 82km/h.
>
THE JE05 TEST CYCLE FOR HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLES (GVW 3.5t)
Vehicle speed
(km/h)
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
The JE05 cycle consists of idling and frequently-alternating acceleration and deceleration, reflecting a typical running pattern in today’s
congested cities, and of an expressway runnning pattern. Engine revolution and torque modes are predetermined to reach planned speed
based on test vehicle specifications. Measurement is made on the engine alone, while following the stipulated running pattern.
69
JAMA Member Manufacturers, etc.
Company Name / Offices
Plants / Facilities
Head (Ikeda) Plant
Kyoto Plant
Daihatsu Motor Co., Ltd.
Head Office : 1-1 Daihatsu-cho, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8651
Tel: (072) 751-8811
Tokyo Branch Office : 2-10, Nihombashi-honcho 2-chome,
Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-8408 Tel: (03) 3279-0813
http://www.daihatsu.co.jp/
Shiga (Ryuo) Plant
Daihatsu Motor Kyushu Co., Ltd.
Oita Nakatsu plant
Head Office : 1 Showashinden, Nakatsu, Oita 879-0107
Tel: (0979) 33-1230
Kurume plant
Tada Plant
Kagami Plant
Gunma Main Plant
Fuji Heavy Industries Ltd.
Head Office : Subaru Bldg. 7-2, Nishi-Shinjuku 1-chome,
Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8316 Tel: (03) 3347-2111
http://www.fhi.co.jp/
Gunma Yajima
Plant
Gunma Ota North
Plant
Gunma Oizumi
Plant
Gunma Isesaki
Plant
Tokyo Office
Eco Technologies
Plant
Hino Plant
Hamura Plant
1-1 Daihatsu-cho, Ikeda, Osaka
563-8651
1 Kita-hosoike, Shimoueno,
Oyamazaki-cho, Otokuni-gun,
Kyoto 618-0081
2910 Yamanoue, Ryuou-cho,
Gamou-gun, Shiga 520-2593
21-2 Yato 3-chome, Kawanishi, Hyogo
666-0131
2293 kagami, Ryuou-cho,
Gamou-gun, Shiga 520-2573
Move, Copen, Boon, Coo, Esse,
Terios Kid, etc.
Boon Luminas, etc.
1 Showashinden, Nakatsu, Oita
879-0107
1 Yoshimoto, Tanushimaru-machi,
kurume, Fukuoka 839-1206
Hijet, Atrai, Bego, Mira and
Move Conte
Engines (for mini-vehicles)
1-1 Subaru-cho, Ota-shi, Gunma
373-8555
1-1 Shoya-cho, Ota-shi, Gunma
373-0822
27-1 Kanayama-machi, Ota-shi,
Gunma 373-0027
1-1-1 Izumi, Oizumi-machi, Oura-gun,
Gunma 370-0531
100 Suehiro-cho, Isesaki-shi, Gunma
372-8508
3-9-6 Osawa, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo
181-8577
1-1-11 Yonan, Utsunomiya-shi, Tochigi
320-8564
Stella, R2, R1, Pleo and Sambar
1-1 Hinodai 3-chome, Hino, Tokyo
191-8660
1-1 Midorigaoka 3-chome, Hamura,
Tokyo 205-8660
HINO Motors, Ltd.
Head Office : 1-1 Hinodai 3-chome, Hino, Tokyo 191-8660
Tel: (042) 586-5111
http://www.hino-global.com
HONDA MOTOR CO., LTD.
Nitta Plant
10-1 Hayakawa, Nitta, Ota, Gunma
370-0344
Saitama Factory
10-1 Shinsayama 1-chome, Sayama,
Saitama 350-1382
Tochigi Factory
19 Matsuyama-cho, Mohka,
Tochigi 321-4346
Hamamatsu
Factory
Hosoe plant
13-1 Aoi-higashi 1-chome, Naka-ku,
Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 433-8501
5794-1 Kiga, Hosoe-machi,
Kita-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka
431-1305
1907 Hirata-cho, Suzuka, Mie
513-8666
Head Office : 1-1 Minami-Aoyama 2-chome, Minato-ku,
Tokyo 107-8556 Tel: (03) 3423-1111
http://www.honda.co.jp/
Suzuka Factory
Kumamoto Factory 1500 Hirakawa, Ozu-machi,
Kikuchi-gun, Kumamoto 869-1293
Tochigi Plant
Fujisawa Plant
2691 Ohaza Hakuchu, Ohira-Machi,
Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi 329-4424
8 Tsuchidana, Fujisawa, Kanagawa
252-0806
Isuzu Motors Limited
Head Office : 26-1 Minami-Oi 6-chome, Shinagawa-ku,
Tokyo 140-8722 Tel: (03) 5471-1141
http://www.isuzu.co.jp/
Note: Manufacturers are listed in alphabetical order. Only plants related to motor vehicle production are listed here.
70
Major Products
Move, Tanto, Engines, Transmissions,
Light Alloy Castings, etc.
Press Dies, Unit Facilities,
Body Facilities, etc.
Industrial Engines
Legacy, Impreza, Forester
and Exiga
Automobile Undercarriages
Automobile Engines and
Transmissions
Spare Parts
Industrial-use Vehicles
Heavy- and Medium-duty trucks
and Engines
Light-duty trucks,
Toyota Commissioned Vehicles,
Unit Products for Toyota
Engines, Transmissions, etc.
Accord, Inspire, Accord Wagon,
Legend, Elysion, Odyssey, CR-V,
Step WGN and Motor Vehicle
Engines
Parts for Engines,
Parts for Suspensions,
Motor Vehicle Differentials and
Parts for Light 4WDs,
Parts for Drive-lines
Motorcycle Engines,
Outboard engines,
AT Transmissions, etc.
Civic Series, Stream, Partner, Fit,
Insight, Airwave, Life
and Motor Vehicle Engines
Small-sized Motorcycles and Scooters,
Lawn Mowers, General purpose
Engines, Micro combined heat and
power Cogeneration,
Mini-vehicle Engines
Axles for CVs
and Related Parts, and Engines
GIGA Series, Buses,
FORWARD Series, ELF Series,
Pickups, Trucks, Engines, etc.
Plants / Facilities
Major Products
Akashi Plant
1-1 Kawasaki-cho, Akashi, Hyogo
673-8666
Motorcycles (65-2000),
ATVs (All-Terrain Vehicles),
Utility Vehicles,
Jet Ski® watercraft and
General-purpose Gasoline Engines
Head Office Plant
3-1 Shinchi, Fuchu-cho, Aki-Gun,
Hiroshima 730-8670
Hofu Plant
888-1 Nishinoura, Hofu, Yamaguchi
747-0835
551-1 Higashi-sakeya-machi, Miyoshi,
Hiroshima 728-0023
Demio, Verisa ,Roadster, RX-8,
MPV, Premacy, CX-7, CX-9, Bongo,
Engines, Transmissions
Axela, Atenza, Transmissions
Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd.
Kobe Head Office : Kobe Crystal Tower, 1-3 Higashi
Kawasaki-cho 1-chome, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-8680
Tel: (078) 371-9530
Tokyo Head Office : World Trade Center Bldg., 4-1
Hamamatsu-cho 2-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-6116
Tel: (03) 3435-2111
http://www.khi.co.jp/
MAZDA MOTOR CORPORATION
Head Office : 3-1 Shinchi, Fuchu-cho, Aki-Gun, Hiroshima
730-8670 Tel: (082) 282-1111
Tokyo Head Office : 1-7 Uchisaiwai-cho 1-chome,
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0011 Tel: (03) 3508-5031
Osaka Branch Office : 1-88-800 Oyodo-naka 1-chome,
Kita-ku, Osaka 531-6008 Tel: (06) 6440-5811
http://www.mazda.co.jp/
Miyoshi Office
Nagoya Plant
Okazaki Plant
MITSUBISHI MOTORS CORPORATION
Head Office : 33-8 Shiba 5-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo
108-8410 Tel: (03)3456-1111
1 Aza-Nakashinkiri, Hashime-cho,
Okazaki, Aichi 444-8501
Colt, Grandis, Outlander
1 Tatsumi-cho, Uzumasa, Ukyo-ku,
Kyoto 616-8501
2-1 Kosuna-cho, Konan, Shiga 520-3212
1-1 Kaigan-dori, Mizushima, Kurashiki,
Okayama 712-8501
Engines and Transmissions
Kawasaki Plant
10 Okura-cho, Nakahara-ku,
Kawasaki, Kanagawa 211-8522
Nakatsu Plant
4001 Sakuradai, Nakatsu, Aikawamachi, Aiko-gun, Kanagawa 243-0303
3998-16 Minami, Motohoshizaki-cho,
Minato-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 455-0025
Trucks (Large, Medium, Small) and
Engines for Trucks, Buses and
Industrial Vehicles
Transmissions and Gears and
Related Parts
Small-sized Buses, etc.
Powertrain Plant
Kyoto Plant
Shiga Plant
Mizushima Plant
http://www.mitsubishi-motors.co.jp/
http://www.mitsubishi-motors.com/
Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corporation
Head Office : 890-12 Kashimada, Saiwai-ku, Kawasaki,
Kanagawa 212-0058 Tel: (044)330-7700
http://www.mitsubishi-fuso.com/
Engines
Oye Bus Plant
Ageo Plant
1-1 Ageo, Saitama 362-8523
Konosu Plant
Hanyu Plant
3121-1 Mida, Konosu, Saitama 365-0062
705-24 Komatsudai 2-chome, Hanyu,
Saitama 348-0038
Yokohama Plant
2 Takara-cho, Kanagawa-ku,
Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 220-8623
1 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka-shi,
Kanagawa 237-8523
2500 Kamigamou, Kaminokawa-machi,
Kawachi-gun, Tochigi 329-0692
Nissan Diesel Motor Co., LTD.
Engines
Galant fortis, Outlander, i,
eK Wagon, Lancer, Lancer Wagon,
Delica Space Gear, Minica,
Pajero Mini, Mini Cab and Town Box
Large-, Medium- and Small-sized
Trucks, Buses and Engines
Cast Parts
Transmissions
Head Office : 1-1 Ageo, Saitama 362-8523 Tel: (048) 781-2301
http://www.nissandiesel.co.jp/
http://www.nissandiesel.co.jp/ENGLISH/index.html/
Nissan Motor Co., Ltd.
Oppama Plant,
Nissan Research Center
Tochigi Plant
Head Office : 17-1 Ginza 6-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-8023
Tel: (03) 3543-5523
New address from this fall :
Kyushu Plant
Global Headquarters : 1-1, Takashima 1-chome, Nishi-ku,
Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 220-8686
TEL: (045) 523-5523
Iwaki Plant
http://www.nissan.co.jp/
http://www.nissan-global.com/JP/
Zama Operations
Center
Nissan Technical
Center
Nissan Advanced
Technology Center
1-3 Shinhama-cho, Kanda-machi,
Miyako-gun, Fukuoka 800-0395
386 Shimokawa-aza-Otsurugi, Izumimachi, Iwaki-shi, Fukushima 971-8183
10-1 Hironodai 2-chome, Zama-shi,
Kanagawa 228-8502
560-2 Okatsukoku, Atsugi-shi,
Kanagawa 243-0192
1-1, Morinosatoaoyama, Atsugi-shi,
Kanagawa, 243-0123
Engines, Axles, and Industrial Parts
Tiida, Note, March, Bluebird Sylphy
and Cube
President, Cima, Fuga,
Fairlady Z/370Z, Infiniti M/G/EX,
Skyline and Assembly of Axles
Murano, Presage, X-Trail, Dualis,
Teana, Lafesta and Assembly of Axles
Engines
Industrial Parts
Product/technical development
and design development
Note: Manufacturers are listed in alphabetical order. Only plants related to motor vehicle production are listed here.
71
JAMA Member Manufacturers, etc.
Plants / Facilities
Head (Takatsuka)
Plant
Iwata Plant
Osuka Plant
Suzuki Motor Corporation
Head Office : 300 Takatsuka-cho, Minami-ku, Hamamatsu,
Shizuoka 432-8611 Tel: (053) 440-2061
Tokyo Branch Office : 23-2 Daikyo-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo
160-0015 Tel: (03) 3356-2501
http://www.suzuki.co.jp/
http://www.globalsuzuki.com/
TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION
Head Office : 1 Toyota-cho, Toyota, Aichi 471-8571
Tel: (0565) 28-2121
Tokyo Head Office : 4-18 Koraku 1-chome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo
112-8701 Tel: (03) 3817-7111
Nagoya Office : 7-1 Meieki 4-chome, Nakamura-ku, Nagoya,
Aichi 450-8711 Tel: (052) 552-2111
http://www.toyota.co.jp/
Kosai Plant
Toyokawa Plant
Sagara Plant
Honsha Plant
Motomachi Plant
Kamigo Plant
Takaoka Plant
Miyoshi Plant
Tsutsumi Plant
Myochi Plant
Shimoyama Plant
Kinu-ura Plant
Tahara Plant
Teiho Plant
Hirose Plant
Higashi-Fuji
Technical Center
Shibetsu Proving
Ground
Toyota Motor Kyushu, Inc.
Head Office : 1 Kamiaruki, Miyawaka, Fukuoka 823-0015
Tel: (0949) 32-5151
Fukuoka Office : 14-13 Tenjin 2-chome, Chuou-ku, Fukuoka
810-0001 Tel: (092) 732-6150
Toyota Motor Hokkaido, Inc.
Head Office : 1-1 Matsusakadaira 5-chome, Taiwa-cho,
Kurokawa-gun, Miyagi 981-3408 Tel: (022) 345-6711
YAMAHA MOTOR CO., Ltd.
Head Office : 2500 Shingai, Iwata, Shizuoka 438-8501
Tel: (0538) 32-1115
Tokyo Office : 1-1 Marunouchi 2-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo
100-0005 Tel: (03) 5220-7200
http://www.yamaha-motor.co.jp/
Special Friend:
General Motors Japan LIMITED
Head Office : 12-8 Higashi-shinagawa 4-chome,
Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8687 Tel: (03) 6711-5700
http://www.gmjapan.co.jp/
72
300 Takatsuka-cho, Minami-ku,
2500 Iwai, Iwata, Shizuoka 438-0016
6333 Nishiobuchi, Kakegawa,
Shizuoka 437-1304
4520 Shirasuka, Kosai, Shizuoka
431-0451
1-2 Utari, Shiratori-cho, Toyokawa,
Aichi 442-8575
1111 Shirai, Makinohara, Shizuoka
421-0502
Motorcycle Engines, Machining
1 Toyota-cho, Toyota, Aichi 471-8571
1 Motomachi, Toyota, Aichi 471-8573
1 Taisei-cho, Toyota, Aichi 470-1217
1 Sankou, Honda-cho, Toyota, Aichi 473-0938
1 Namiki, Uchikoshi, Miyoshi-cho,
Nishi-kamo-gun, Aichi 470-0213
1 Umanokashira, Tsutsumi-cho,
Toyota, Aichi 473-0932
1 Nishiyama, Myochi, Miyoshi-cho,
1 Shimoyama, Uchikoshi, Miyoshi-cho,
10-1 Tamatsuura-machi, Hekinan, Aichi 447-0834
3-1 Midirigahama, Tahara-cho,
Atsumi-gun, Aichi 441-3401
7 Teiho-cho, Toyota, Aichi 471-8574
Hybrid System Parts, Forged Parts
Crown, Mark , Estima
Engines
Corolla, ist, Vitz, Ractis, iQ, Scion xD
Transmission-related Parts, Cold-forged
and Sintered Parts, Engine-related Parts
Prius, Premio, Allion, Camry,
Wish, Scion tC
Powertrain-related Suspension Cast Parts,
Powertrain-related Suspension Machined Parts
Engines, Turbocharges,
Catalytic Converters
Transmission-related Parts
LS, RAV4, GS, IS, IS F, Land Cruiser,
GX, Vanguard, Engines
Mechanical Equipment, Moldings
for Resin and Casting and Forging
Research and Development and Production of
Electronic Control Devices, ICs
Development of New Technology for Auto Bodies
and Research in New Technology for Engines
Test and Evaluation for Fast-driving and
Cold-climate Running Performance
543 Kirigahora, Nishi-hirose-cho,
Toyota, Aichi 470-0309
1200 Mishuku, Susono, Shizuoka
410-1193
4545-1 Onnebetsu-cho, Shibetsu,
Hokkaido 095-0181
Carry, Every, Jimny, Escudo, etc.
Castings
Wagon R, MR Wagon, Alto, Swift,
Solio, Chevrolet Cruze, etc.
Motorcycles, Outboard motor
SX4, Automobile engines assembling,
Foundry of engine components, machining
1 Kamiaruki, Miyawaka, Fukuoka
823-0015
9-2 Torigoe-cho, Kanda-machi,
Miyako-gun, Fukuoka 800-0304
Harrier, IS, ES, RX, Highlander
Plant
145-1 Yufutsu, Tomakomai, Hokkaido
059-1393
Automobile Parts including Automatic
Transmissions, Continuously Variable
Transmissions, Transfers, Aluminum Wheels
Plant
1-1 Matsusakadaira 5-chome,
Taiwa-cho, Kurokawa-gun, Miyagi
981-3408
Electronic Controlled Brakes,
Suspensions, Axles,
Torque Converters
Miyata Plant
Kanda Plant
Head Office : 145-1 Yufutsu, Tomakomai, Hokkaido 059-1393
Tel: (0144) 57-2121
Toyota Motor Tohoku, Inc.
Major Products
Iwata Main Factory 2500 Shingai, Iwata, Shizuoka
438-8501
800 Tenryu, Iwata, Shizuoka 438-0075
Iwata South
Factory
1280 Nakajo, Hamakita-ku,
Hamakita Factory
4444 Nakaze, Hamakita-ku,
Nakaze Factory
3080 Yamashina, Fukuroi, Shizuoka
Fukuroi Factory
437-0066
1204 Toyooka-mura, Iwata-gun,
Toyooka Factory
Shizuoka 438-0114
Morimachi Factory 1-2 Nakagawa, Morimachi,
Syuchi-gun, Shizuoka 437-0223
Engines and Hybrid System Parts
Motorcycles (50-1900) and Assembly
and Casting/Processing of Snowmobiles
Cast Parts and Continuous
Manufacturing of Engines
Forging and Steel Processing
Plastic Forming and Painting
Processing of Engine Parts and Packing
of Motorcycle Parts for Export
Processing of Major Body Parts
Frame Welding
Locations of Auto Manufacturing Plants
Vehicle Assembly Plants
Parts Plants
Hokkaido
Toyota Motor Hokkaido
Gunma
HINO (Nitta)
Fuji Heavy Industries (Main Plant)
Fuji Heavy Industries (Yajima)
Fuji Heavy Industries (Ota North)
Fuji Heavy Industries (Oizumi)
Fuji Heavy Industries (Isesaki)
Shiga
Daihatsu (Shiga)
Daihatsu (Kagami)
MITSUBISHI (Shiga)
Osaka
Daihatsu (Ikeda)
Kyoto
Daihatsu (Kyoto)
MITSUBISHI (Kyoto)
Miyagi
Hyogo
Toyota Motor Tohoku
Daihatsu (Tada)
Kawasaki (Akashi)
Fukushima
Nissan (Iwaki)
Okayama
MITSUBISHI (Mizushima)
Tochigi
Hiroshima
Isuzu (Tochigi)
Nissan (Tochigi)
Fuji Heavy Industries
(Eco Technologies)
HONDA (Tochigi)
MAZDA (Head Office)
MAZDA (Miyoshi)
Yamaguchi
MAZDA (Hofu)
Saitama
Nissan Diesel (Ageo)
Nissan Diesel (Konosu)
Nissan Diesel (Hanyu)
HONDA (Saitama)
Tokyo
HINO (Hino)
HINO (Hamura)
Kanagawa
Mie
Isuzu (Fujisawa)
Nissan (Yokohama)
Nissan (Oppama)
Mitsubishi Fuso (Kawasaki)
Mitsubishi Fuso (Nakatsu)
HONDA (Suzuka)
Oita
Daihatsu Kyushu (Oita)
Fukuoka
Aichi
Shizuoka
Nissan (Kyushu)
Daihatsu Kyushu (Kurume)
Toyota Motor Kyushu (Miyata)
Toyota Motor Kyushu (Kanda)
Suzuki (Toyokawa)
TOYOTA (Honsha)
TOYOTA (Motomachi)
TOYOTA (Kamigo)
TOYOTA (Takaoka)
TOYOTA (Miyoshi)
TOYOTA (Tsutsumi)
TOYOTA (Myochi)
TOYOTA (Shimoyama)
TOYOTA (Kinu-ura)
TOYOTA (Tahara)
TOYOTA (Teiho)
TOYOTA (Hirose)
MITSUBISHI (Okazaki)
Mitsubishi Fuso (Oye)
Suzuki (Takatsuka)
Suzuki (Iwata)
Suzuki (Osuka)
Suzuki (Kosai)
Suzuki (Sagara)
HONDA (Hamamatsu)
HONDA (Hosoe)
YAMAHA (Iwata Main)
YAMAHA (Iwata South)
YAMAHA (Hamakita)
YAMAHA (Nakaze)
YAMAHA (Fukuroi)
YAMAHA (Toyooka)
YAMAHA (Morimachi)
Kumamoto
HONDA (Kumamoto)
73
Related Automotive Associations
- Japan Auto Parts Industries Association (JAPIA)
16-15, Takanawa 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0074 (03) 3445-4211
- Japan Auto-Body Industries Association Inc. (JABIA)
1-30, Shiba-Daimon 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0012 (03) 3578-1681
- Japan Automotive Machinery and Tool Manufacturers Association (JAMTA)
7-12, Otsuka 5-chome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-0012 (03) 6902-8190
- Japan Automobile Education Foundation (JAEF)
- General Insurance Association of Japan
5-8, Shiba-Koen 3-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-001 (03) 3431-3773
9, Kanda-Awajicho 2-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8335 (03) 3255-1306
- Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, Inc. (JSAE)
- Institute for Traffic Accident Research and Data Analysis
10-2, Goban-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076 (03) 3262-8211
- Japan Automobile Research Institute, Inc. (JARI) [Tsukuba]
2530, Karima, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0822 (029) 856-1112
- Japan Automobile Research Institute, Inc. (JARI) [Tokyo]
- Automotive Dispute Resolution Center (ADR)
19-5, Toranomon 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0001 (0120) 028-222
- Japan Automobile Recycling Promotion Center (JARC)
- Japan Auto Recycling Partnership (JARP)
- Automobile Inspection & Registration Information Association (AIRIA)
7-2, Irifune 3-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0042 (03) 5542-5101
- Automobile Business Association of Japan
- Japan Automobile Dealers Association (JADA)
- Japan Mini Vehicles Association
- Japan Used Car Dealers Association
25-3, Yoyogi 3-chome, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 151-0053 (03) 5333-5881
- Japan Automobile Importers Association (JAIA)
1-15, Shiba 3-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0014 (03) 5765-6811
- Japan Automobile Federation (JAF)
- Japan Auto Appraisal Institute (JAAI)
35-10, Shinbashi 5-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0004 (03) 5776-0901
- Automobile Fair Trade Council (AFTC)
9-3, Hirakawa-cho 1-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0093 (03) 3265-7975
- Japan Automobile Service Promotion Association (JASPA)
10-1, Roppongi 6-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 106-6117 (03) 3404-6141
- Japan Automotive Leasing Association (JALA)
- Motorcycle Federation of Japan (MFJ)
11-24, Tsukiji 2-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045 (03) 5565-0900
- Japan Motorcycle Safety Association
28-11, Honcho 2-chome, Nakano-ku, Tokyo 164-0012 (03) 3372-5156
74
- Nippon MotorCycle Association (NMCA)
6-6, Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0083 (03) 3515-2525
- Japan Automobile Transport Technology Association (JATA)
6, Rokuban-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0085 (03) 3556-2161
- Japan Automobile Standards Internationalization Center (JASIC)
6, Rokuban-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0085 (03) 5216-7241
- ITS Japan
6-8, Shiba-Koen 2-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0011 (03) 5777-1012
- Japan Industrial Vehicles Association (JIVA)
5-26, Moto-Akasaka 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 107-0051 (03) 3403-5556
- Japan Trucking Association
6-1, Nishi-Shinjuku 1-chome, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 163-1519 (03) 5323-7109
- Nihon Bus Association
4-1, Marunouchi 3-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0005 (03) 3216-4011
- All Japan Freight Forwarders Association
2-21, Kanda-Awajicho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0063 (03) 5296-1670
- Japan Federation of Taxicab Associations
8-13, Kudan-Minami 4-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0074 (03) 3239-1531
- Japan Rent-A-Car Association
- Japan Federation of Authorized Driving School Associations
2-1, Yotsuya 3-chome, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0004 (03) 3359-8431
- Japan Automobile Tyre Manufacturers Association, Inc.
8-21, Toranomon 3-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0001 (03) 3435-9091
- Auto-Parts & Accessories Retail Association (APARA)
- Japan Traffic Safety Association
8-13, Kudan-Minami 4-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0074 (03) 3264-2641
- Institute of Highway Economics
12-6, Kudan-Kita 1-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0073 (03) 3234-4592
- The Japan Research Center for Transport Policy
12-6, Kudan-Kita 1-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0073 (03) 3263-1945
- Japan Road Association
3-1, Kasumigaseki 3-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8955 (03) 3581-2211
- Express Highway Research Foundation of Japan (EHRF)
7-4, Kasumigaseki 3-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0013 (03) 3504-0671
THE MOTOR INDUSTRY OF JAPAN 2009
Published May 2009
Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association, Inc.
Jidosha Kaikan, 1-30 Shiba Daimon 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0012 Japan
For inquiries about this booklet, write or telephone:
Public Relations Office, JAMA Tel: +81 (3) 5405-6119
http://www.jama.or.jp/
©JAMA. All rights reserved. Printed with soy ink.

Motor Vehicle Sales Decline for Third Consecutive Year

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