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Smithsonian Institution National Anthropological Archives Observations on the Indians of the Colorado River, California, by George Gibbs; Accompanying vocabularies of the Yuma and Mohave tribes 1856 Extracted on Dec-10-2015 01:50:44 The Smithsonian Institution thanks all digital volunteers that transcribed and reviewed this material. Your work enriches Smithsonian collections, making them available to anyone with an interest in using them. The Smithsonian Institution welcomes personal and educational use of its collections unless otherwise noted; - If sharing the material in personal and educational contexts, please cite the National Anthropological Archives as source of the content and the project title as provided at the top of the document. Include the accession number or collection name; when possible, link to the National Anthropological Archives website. - If you wish to use this material in a for-profit publication, exhibition, or online project, please contact National Anthropological Archives or [email protected] For more information on this project and related material, contact the National Anthropological Archives. See this project and other collections in the Smithsonian Transcription Center. Smithsonian Institution Transcription Center, National Anthropological Archives [[start page]] [[There is a sticker at the top of the page that is white with red border, saying in pencil, "No. 1043". Below in pen is written, "(part)"]] [[There is a stamp in blue ink over part of the text towards the top left of the page, saying, "BUREAU OF AMERICAN MANUSCRIPT VAULT APR 1926 ETHNOLOGY"]] Observations on the Indians of the Colorado River, California, by George Gibbs. Accompanying vocabularies of the Yuma and Mohave tribes. The following paper has been prepared chiefly from the notes of Dr John J. Milhau, Asst Surgeon U.S. Army, who was for some time stationed at Fort Yuma, and who collected the vocabulary of the Yuma or Cuchans language. With these I have incorporated others furnished by Lieut Sylvester Mowry, 3rd Artillery. Lieut Mowry's remarks more especially concern the Mohave or Mammuckhave and other tribes living above the Yuma, of whom heretofore little or nothing has been known. His information was chiefly derived from Miss Olive Oatman, a young American girl who was taken prisoner by the Apaches in 1851, and whose release during the last year (1855) excited so much interest. The vocabulary of the Maummuckhave was obtained by Lieut. M. from her, and may be relied on as correct. I have subjoined an account of the captivity of Miss Oatman taken from the San Francisco Herald, as embodying other matter of interest. The massacre of part of this family and the reported captivity of others is mentioned in Rev. J.R. Bartlett's personal narrative of the Mexican boundary commission, by whom also [[end page]] Observations on the Indians of the Colorado River, California, by George Gibbs; Accompanying vocabularies of the Yuma and Mohave tribes 1856 Transcribed and Reviewed by Digital Volunteers Extracted Dec-10-2015 01:50:44 Smithsonian Institution Transcription Center, National Anthropological Archives steps were taken to bring about the release of the latter. The Indian tribes occupying the lower part of the Great Basin of the Colorado, including a part of the Gila, and extending to the Coast at San Diego apparently belong to a single family of which the Cuchavos or Suveas may be taken as the type. The limits of this connection are as yet unknown but it will very probably be found to extend north eastward up the Colorado, to the Great Cañon of that river, and it will hereafter be a subject of interesting enquiry to trace the line of migration by which they have wedged themselves into their present position, and to identify their more remote connections. As yet, neither the geographical nor the ethnological materials collected justify the attempt. Col Fremont in his general "Map of Oregon & Upper California" published by order of the Senate in 1848, gives, as I suppose from old Spanish authorities, the names Geuigueih, Chemeguabas, Iumbiu-crariri and Timbabachi as those of tribes occupying the right or west bank of the Colorado above the Gila, and the Yumas, Tejuas, Cosuinas and Moquis on the left bank. A few of these only are now recognizable. Not only the mode of pronouncing and spelling adopted by different persons and nations varies greatly, but speaking of themselves, these Indians usually adopt the name of the locality inhabited by their particular band and not a common tribal designation, and in speaking of others, apply their own peculiar appellations. [[end page]] Observations on the Indians of the Colorado River, California, by George Gibbs; Accompanying vocabularies of the Yuma and Mohave tribes 1856 Transcribed and Reviewed by Digital Volunteers Extracted Dec-10-2015 01:50:44 Smithsonian Institution Transcription Center, National Anthropological Archives Thus it is with difficulty, particularly after a considerable lapse of time, that their nomenclature can be identified. It is probable that the above all refer to existing tribes, though they may not be always correctly placed. The Chemequabas are undoubtedly the Chimenchuras, the Yumas are well known, and also the Neoquis, who, however , do not live on the Colorado, but more Easterly. Other names are mentioned by Mr. Bartlett on the authority of Father Kino in 1700. As the Quiguimas, Coaupas, Bajiopas and Cutganes. Of these the Qui-quimas, I presume to be Comoyei or Queumeya, and the Bajiopas, the Sabopai of Humboldt or Yapapai. Dr. Wilhau thus enumerates the tribes which came under his observation. First the Cocopas, whom he distinguished from the Maricopas of the Gila, and who possess the country at the mouth of the Colorado. Next the Yumas or Cuchanos, whose territory commences about one hundred miles up the river by its course or perhaps sixty in a straight line, and includes the bottom lands for a distance of one hundred and sixty miles in its windings. North of them, and on the west side of the river, are the Mohaves, called by the Yumas Amohah: North West, in the mountains at the foot of the Sierra Nevada, and behind the last, the Chime-weh-was, and on the [[strikethrough]] North [[/strikethrough]] east, ^ [[bank opposite the Mohaves]] the Yapapai or Apache Toubos, who also inhabit a mountainous and unexplored region. Lt. Whipple, in a contribution to this work (Schoolcraft's large work, vol II, page 115) comprises, under the general name of Yuma, several tribes as the Cuchaus, Mah-ha-os (Mohaves) occupying the right bank of the river, seven days journey from the junction of the Gila, the Hah-watcoes, on the left bank. Eight [[end page]] Observations on the Indians of the Colorado River, California, by George Gibbs; Accompanying vocabularies of the Yuma and Mohave tribes 1856 Transcribed and Reviewed by Digital Volunteers Extracted Dec-10-2015 01:50:44 Smithsonian Institution Transcription Center, National Anthropological Archives days above the same point, and the Yampais (Yapaipa) also on the left bank, six days above it. He also mentions two other tribes, living in the desert west of the Colorado, the Cah-wee-os, and Co-mo-yah, Co-moyei, or Quemeya, the former on Red River near the Salt Lake the latter farther north on the head waters of the same stream. Mr Bartlett supposes the Casuinas of the Spaniards to be the Cochnich-nos, a tribe met with by Mr. Lerouif, one of his party, but whose locality is not specified, and he identifies the Diegenos or Indians of San Diego, with the Comeya or Comoyei. The remnant of a tribe called Cawinas, which he met with among the Pimos and Maricopas and who had been driven eastward by the Yumas, I presume to be a fragment of Lieut Whipple's Cah-wee-os, very probably separated from the rest, at the time of the general disruption of the Colorado tribes. Lieut Mowry, on the authority of Miss Oatman, gives some further particulars of the upper Colorado tribes. According to her account, the true name of the Mohaves, or that which they apply to themselves is Naw-mukhave. Besides these and the Chime-weh-was, she mentions two, living on the opposite bank to the former, the Wyl-o-py-yah and Yeo-oh-py-ah, who speak a dialect of the Yuma. These are probably branches of the same tribe, and included in the Spanish modification of Yampi, or Yampaio, and in the Yapapai of Dr Milham. Above the Mohave on the Colorado is another tribe, which she knew only through their report, the Coh-whyl-chah, which I presume to be Observations on the Indians of the Colorado River, California, by George Gibbs; Accompanying vocabularies of the Yuma and Mohave tribes 1856 Transcribed and Reviewed by Digital Volunteers Extracted Dec-10-2015 01:50:44 Smithsonian Institution Transcription Center, National Anthropological Archives those called by Lieut Whipple, Cah-wal-coes, and still beyond these are the great Ute or Utah nation. The Cah-wee-os, of Lt Whipple are termed Co-hu-il-las, by Lieut Mowry, according to whom they extend to the San Bernardino mountains. Jedediah S. Smith, the fur trader, who visited this country in 1824, calls the Mohaves by the Spanish appellation of Amuchabas. Ten men of his party were killed by that tribe, while crossing the Colorado below the mouth of the Virgin, or, as he calls it, "Adams," river. The account given by the Yumas [[strikethrough]] themselves [[/strikethrough]] of their tribal relations is that the Maricopas, Cocopas, and themselves were originally one people; that they quarreled, and the Maricopas were driven over to the Gila, where they now live with the Pimos, while the Cocopas took the lower valley of the Colorado and the Cuchauos that part above them. Col Emory states that Mr Carson, in 1825, met the Coco "Maricopas" at the mouth of the Gila, and that subsequently they were found by Dr. Anderson about half way between that place the their present village, and Mr Bartlett puts the emigration about thirty years previous to his visit in 1852. But according to Father Sedelmayer (cited by Mr. Gallatin in the article above quoted) the Pimos and Coco Maricopas were living together in 1744, '45. While the Yumas, occupying their present country, were even then at war with them. The discrepancy between the two accounts undoubtedly arose from confounding the Maricopas people and Cocopas, Lieut Mowry mentions Observations on the Indians of the Colorado River, California, by George Gibbs; Accompanying vocabularies of the Yuma and Mohave tribes 1856 Transcribed and Reviewed by Digital Volunteers Extracted Dec-10-2015 01:50:44 Smithsonian Institution Transcription Center, National Anthropological Archives in his letter that the quarrel arose about a chief and the disposal of the dead. The union of a tribe with one of an entirely different language upon the footing of the Maricopas with the Pimos, though an unusual, is not a singular case. The Cayuse of Oregon have actually abandoned their own tongue for that of their neighbors the Nez Percés, with [[strikethrough]]out[[/strikethrough]] whom they live in friendship, without actually fusing into one people. Of these tribes, the Maricopas, Cocopas, Cuchanos, Kammukhaves, Comoyas, Cohuillas, and Yapaipai may therefore be assumed as speaking dialects, more or less remote; of a common tongue, and it is probable that others may hereafter be added to the number. The Chimewehwas, according to Miss Oatman, speak an entirely different language from the Mohahoes and other adjacent tribes, but Indian report, in this particular is not to be relied on where the affinity is only distant. Mr Gallatin (Trans. Am. Eth. Soc. Vol 11 [[blank space left as if for a page number]]) notices the difference of the Maricopa vocabulary furnished him by Major Emery, from any other known to him, but remarks on the fact that the word Apache is given for [[underline]]man[[/underline]], and from this surmises that the two may have had a common origin. I have no means of pursuing the inquiry, but it is to be noticed that in the short vocabulary given by him of the Diegano, [[underline]]Epatch[[/underline]] is the word for man, Lt. Whipple makes it [[underline]]Hy-Cootche[[/underline]] in that language and [[underline]]Epatch[[/underline]] or [[underline]]Epah[[/underline]] in the Yuma, Zee-pah Observations on the Indians of the Colorado River, California, by George Gibbs; Accompanying vocabularies of the Yuma and Mohave tribes 1856 Transcribed and Reviewed by Digital Volunteers Extracted Dec-10-2015 01:50:44 Smithsonian Institution Transcription Center, National Anthropological Archives in the Mohave is its equivalent. Dr. Neilhau gives [[underlined]]Yakpai[[/underlined]], a word having apparently the same root, as the work for Indians, people, among the Yumas & ^ [[derives the]] name of the Apache Toutos or Fool Apaches. Yap-a-pai, [[strikethrough]]as signifying men[[/strikethrough]] ^[[from their word]]. I have seen no vocabulary of this, or of the Apache people. It may be that this name of Apache is not their own designation, but one conferred on them by others, as is not unfrequently the case. But little is known of most of these tribes. The Chimewehwas have been stated to be a low and miserable race, living like the Snake "Diggers" chiefly on reptiles, but Miss Oatman speaks of them as hunters. She gives their own enumeration as 1100 souls. The Apache Toutos, "Fool Apaches ^[[(Yapapai).]], are said to derive their name from having once started on a foraging expedition to Sonora, and failing to find water in the desert, returning empty handed. Dr. Neilhau believes them to form a connecting link between the Colorado Indians and the Apache, and Miss Oatman states that they speak a dialect kindred with the Mohave. They are said to be shorter and stouter built than the Yumas, to live by hunting and dress in skins. The two bands mentioned by Miss Oatman, and who collectively as I suppose constitute this tribe, are said by her to amount each to 1000 souls. Observations on the Indians of the Colorado River, California, by George Gibbs; Accompanying vocabularies of the Yuma and Mohave tribes 1856 Transcribed and Reviewed by Digital Volunteers Extracted Dec-10-2015 01:50:44 Smithsonian Institution Transcription Center, National Anthropological Archives Observations on the Indians of the Colorado River, California by George Gibbs. [[strikethrough]]Principally with Vocabularies of[[/strikethrough]] Accompanying vocabularies of the Yuma and Mohave tribes by Dr Milh. The following paper [[strikethrough]]is[[/strikethrough]] has been prepared chiefly from the notes of Dr. John J. Milham, Asst Surgeon, U.S. Army who was for some time stationed at Fort Yuma and who collected the [[strikethrough]]accompanying[[/strikethrough]] vocabulary of the Yuma or Cuchano language. With these I have incorporated others furnished [[strikethrough]]me[[/strikethrough]] by Lieut Sylvester Mowry, 3d artillery. Lieut Mowry's remarks more especially concern the Mohave or Hammukhave and other tribes living above the Yumas, of whom heretofore little or nothing has been known. His information was chiefly derived from Miss Olive Oatman, a young American girl [[strikethrough]]whose family had[[/strikethrough]] who [[strikethrough]]had been taken[[/strikethrough]] was taken prisoner [[strikethrough]]& her family destroyed[[/strikethrough]] by the Apaches in 1851, & whose release during the last year (1855) excited [[strikethrough]]the interest of the[[/strikethrough]] so much interest. [[strikethrough]]It[[/strikethrough]] The vocabulary of the Hammukhave was obtained by Lieut M. from her, & may be relied on as correct. [[strikethrough]]It is I believe the first[[/strikethrough]] I have subjoined an account of the captivity [[strikethrough]]& release of this young girl taken[[/strikethrough]] of Miss Oatman taken from the [[strikethrough]]San Francisco Herald[[/strikethrough]]Los Angeles Star as embodying [[strikethrough]][[further information??]][[/strikethrough]] other matter of interest. Observations on the Indians of the Colorado River, California, by George Gibbs; Accompanying vocabularies of the Yuma and Mohave tribes 1856 Transcribed and Reviewed by Digital Volunteers Extracted Dec-10-2015 01:50:44 Smithsonian Institution Transcription Center, National Anthropological Archives memories of part of this family and the reported capitivity of sisters is mentioned in Mr. E J. R. Bartlett's personal narration of the Mexican boundary commission, [[strikethrough]]as also the[[/strikethrough]] by whom also steps were taken [[strikethrough]]by him[[/strikethrough]] to bring about the release of the latter. [[page ends]] Observations on the Indians of the Colorado River, California, by George Gibbs; Accompanying vocabularies of the Yuma and Mohave tribes 1856 Transcribed and Reviewed by Digital Volunteers Extracted Dec-10-2015 01:50:44 Smithsonian Institution Transcription Center, National Anthropological Archives The Indian tribes occupying the lower part of the Great Basin of the Colorado, including a part of the Gila, and extending to the coast at San Diego ^[[apparently]] belong to a single family of which the Cuchanos or Yumas [[strikethrough]]Indians[[/strikethrough]] may be taken as the type. The limits of this connection are as yet unknown, [[strikethrough]]owing[[/strikethrough]] but it will very probably be found to [[strikethrough]]?[[/strikethrough]]extend north eastward up the Colorado, to the Great Cañon of that river, and it will therefore be a subject of interesting enquiry to trace the line of migration by which they have wedged themselves into their present [[strikethrough]]?[[/strikethrough]] position [[strikethrough]]. Too little is as yet known[[/strikethrough]] and to identify their more remote connections. As yet, [[strikethrough]]the materials collected, either[[/strikethrough]] neither the geographical nor the ethnological materials collected justify [[strikethrough]]the attempt[[/strikethrough]] the attempt. Col. Fremont in [[strikethrough]]the map accompanying the journal in his[[/strikethrough]] his journal “Map of Oregon & Upper California” [[?]] [[published by order of the Senate]] in 1848, gives, [[strikethrough]]as I suppose[[/strikethrough]] from old Spanish authorities, the names Genigueih [[interlineated]]Dieginos[[/interlineated]], Chenieguabas, [[interlineated]]Echi-mo-way,[[/interlineated]] Iumbui [[interlineated]]Yumas,[[/interlineated]] crariri and Timbabachi [[interlineated]]Yumpa-apach[[/interlineated]] as those of tribes occupying the right or west bank of the Colorado above the Gila, and the Yumas, Tejuas, Cossuinas and Moquis [[strikethrough]]as[[/strikethrough]] on the left bank. [[strikethrough]]But[[/strikethrough]] A few of these only are now recognizable [[strikethrough]]It is however to be understood[[/strikethrough]] not only the mode of [[strikethrough]]spelling &[[/strikethrough]] pronouncing and spelling adopted by different persons & natives varies [[strikethrough]]They were probably applicable. It is however to be[[/strikethrough]] greatly. But speaking of themselves these Indians usually adopt the name of the locality inhabited by their particular band and not a common tribal designation and in speaking of others, apply their own peculiar appelations. [[??]] this is with difficulty, particularly after a considerable lapse of time [[unreadable writing in left margins]] Observations on the Indians of the Colorado River, California, by George Gibbs; Accompanying vocabularies of the Yuma and Mohave tribes 1856 Transcribed and Reviewed by Digital Volunteers Extracted Dec-10-2015 01:50:44 Smithsonian Institution Transcription Center, National Anthropological Archives Archives of the Office of Anthropology Smithsonian Institute No 1043 (pt.) Notes on the Indians of the Colorado pg. 1 Lieut. S Mowry The tribe of Ham-muk-hab-ue Indians live on the right bank of the Colorado River (descending) about ten days journey Indian Travel above the junction of the Gila. Their habits of life are in all respects similar to those of the Yumas (Cuchans). Their country is sandy with little vegetation save mesquite, and willow in the river bottom. The only wood is the cotton wood. The climate is hot eight months in the year and only moderately cold in winter. But little rain falls. The principal support of these Indians is derived from planting when a freshet occurs in the Colorado. Upon the subsidence of the River the cultivate 'pumpkins' a little wheat and corn and melons, both water- and musk-melons. Besides these mesquite beans some few succulent roots, and fish from ponds [[strikethrough]]afford[[/strikethrough]] comprise their food. When the River does not rise, much suffering from starvation occurs. Miss Olive Oatman from whom I have gathered these facts, nearly starved to death one summer, becoming so weak as to be unable to walk. The tribe numbers Observations on the Indians of the Colorado River, California, by George Gibbs; Accompanying vocabularies of the Yuma and Mohave tribes 1856 Transcribed and Reviewed by Digital Volunteers Extracted Dec-10-2015 01:50:44 Smithsonian Institution Transcription Center, National Anthropological Archives 2/ according to their own computation about two thousand souls. They live in holes dug in the ground, covered with brush and dirt, or in the open air. Sleeping always in the sand. Their dress is exceedingly simple, for the man, a narrow band of bark or [[underline]] manta [[/underline]] to cover the privates, for the women, two aprons of bark. One in front call al-tah-dick, falling nearly to the knees. One in rear called ab-bah-haik falling to the hollows behind the knee. These aprons meet at the hips, and are held up by a band fastened tightly round the waist. Beads are their great circulating medium which they obtain from tribes near civilization. They have no canoes, but men women and children swim like South Sea Islanders - playing in the water for hours. Their only means of water transportation is a simple raft made of flags, (tules) or a Cotton wood log. They have no computation of time by weeks or months or years. They worship no God, and fear [[no??]] good or evil spirit. They have no worship. The only ideas of the dead, consist in the belief that the spirits of the departed hover four days around the ancient dwelling performing Observations on the Indians of the Colorado River, California, by George Gibbs; Accompanying vocabularies of the Yuma and Mohave tribes 1856 Transcribed and Reviewed by Digital Volunteers Extracted Dec-10-2015 01:50:44 Smithsonian Institution Transcription Center, National Anthropological Archives 3/ invisibly the avocations of life - building houses, planting, gathering, and sleeping. They believe this actually happens, but becomes invisible on the approach of any living being. After the four days have expired the spirits all depart to a large mountain near the River, where they remain forever enjoying pumpkins of enormous size ([[underlined]]some pumpkins[[/underlined]] ?) and are perpetually happy. There is no marriage ceremony in the Tribe. A man and woman agreeing between themselves, live together as man and wife. Constancy is not the rule, but men and women often indulge in "pro-miscu-ous con-cu-bi-nage". This is considered rather reprehensible in the tribe and a good citizen holds fast to his wife or wives, a plurality being allowed. With regard to religion or religious worship, I have made strict inquiry and the answer is that they laugh at all ideas of God or devil. Apparently having no conception of such existences. Miss Oatman says she often spoke to them of the belief of the whites, but could never discover any analogous belief in this tribe. If this is correct, it presents an almost isolated instance; nearly every people Observations on the Indians of the Colorado River, California, by George Gibbs; Accompanying vocabularies of the Yuma and Mohave tribes 1856 Transcribed and Reviewed by Digital Volunteers Extracted Dec-10-2015 01:50:44 Smithsonian Institution Transcription Center, National Anthropological Archives yet discovered under the sun having some religious system, however depraved and incomprehensible. In the mountains behind the [[Hum-muk-hah-ve]] live the [[Chim-ah-wahwas]]. Their language is different entirely. Miss Oatman says they dress in skins, live upon game, and are "mighty hunters before the Lord". They number by their own computation eleven hundred souls. On the left bank of the Colorado (descending), opposite the [[Hum-mukhah-ve]] two tribes occupy adjoining country. They are called by Miss Oatman [[Yeo-ah-pay-ah]] and [[Wil-law-py-oh]]. Their habits of life are the same as those of the [[Hum-muk-hah-ve]]. They speak a language resembling in many words and sounds the Yuma. They number each by their own computation one thousand souls. From all the information I can gather I believe the Yumas, Cocopas, Maricopas Observations on the Indians of the Colorado River, California, by George Gibbs; Accompanying vocabularies of the Yuma and Mohave tribes 1856 Transcribed and Reviewed by Digital Volunteers Extracted Dec-10-2015 01:50:44 Smithsonian Institution Transcription Center, National Anthropological Archives 5 and Hum-muk-hah-ve nations on the Colorado River, or near it, speak a dialect of the same original language, and that the Yuma (or [[Coo-chanoh]]) is probably the root. That the Co-hu-il-las living on or near the Colorado, and in the San Bernadino [[strikethrough]]Indians[[/strikethrough]] Mountains, the origins and mountain Indians bordering the desert also derive their language from the Yuma but it has become more corrupted - and is spoken with a [[underline]]splutter[[/underline]], unknown to the softer and distinct tones of the River Indians. The Wyl-au-py-yah and Yev-ah-py-ah according to Miss Oatman speak a dialect also of the Yuma. I am at a loss to distinguish what she calls the Yev-ah-py-ah from what we have known heretofore as the Yam-pi, but presume they are different tribes. The Yam-pi and Chim-oh-way-vas speak an entirely different language according to all our authorities. I have no means of obtaining their vocabularies. Miss Oatman speaks of a tribe often heard of and spoken among the Hum-muk-hah-ve living far above there Observations on the Indians of the Colorado River, California, by George Gibbs; Accompanying vocabularies of the Yuma and Mohave tribes 1856 Transcribed and Reviewed by Digital Volunteers Extracted Dec-10-2015 01:50:44 Smithsonian Institution Transcription Center, National Anthropological Archives on the Colorado, called Coh-whyl-chah. She knew nothing of them beyond the fact of their existence. Are not these the Co-hu-il-las! Above all these and extending back easterly, come the great Ute nation. The upper Colorado Indians have among the Ute Indians and among [[underline]]Mountain men[[/underline]], the reputation of being fierce warriors. The whole race of Colorado Indians are perfect in form and generally of good features. I have never seen men or women of such beautifully formed bodies. Elsewhere there is little or no deformity except a hip disease probably syphilitis occasionally occurs. Limbs generally well rounded and tapering, small and exquisitely formed hands and feet, and busts on the young women and girls to warm an anchorite. There is no virtue among the women. They are prostitutes from their youth up, but they have not the vices of stealing, or whiskey drinking so common among other tribes. Venereal disease, probably introduced long ago from Mexico is common, but its form is comparatively mild though accompanied in almost every case by first and secondary symptoms. It has not anything like the fatal effects of the same disease in Oregon or among the Islands of the Pacific. The Cocopas, and Yumas are not hunters. Observations on the Indians of the Colorado River, California, by George Gibbs; Accompanying vocabularies of the Yuma and Mohave tribes 1856 Transcribed and Reviewed by Digital Volunteers Extracted Dec-10-2015 01:50:44 Smithsonian Institution Transcription Center, National Anthropological Archives 7 Their diet is almost purely vegetable. Their only [[underline]]flesh[[/underline]] is [[underline]]fish[[/underline]] caught in lagoons near the mouth of the Colorado. They are principally dependent on the annual freshet for the over flow of their gardens, in which the cultivate - pumpkins - melons - a little wheat and corn. Their only war weapon is a short club. Bows and arrows are used a little but the arrows are seldom pointed, and do little execution. As ever the Yumas are child-like, exceedingly playful, and singularly generous to each other. The Colorado like the Nile to the Egyptians is their common Father and they share equally his gifts. The women are treated with more consideration than among the Pacific Indians, and men and women play together in the sun, from morning 'til night. They have a [[underline]]flute[[/underline]] made of reeds, which is of great service in love making. A young buck will play all day long to his sweet-heart, no words passing, save those conveyed by his flute. During the greater part of the year, the heat being intense, they sleep during the day, and sing and dance nearly all night. They are a large race, many of the men standing "six feet and inches". Women proportionately large, owing to their vegetable diet they Observations on the Indians of the Colorado River, California, by George Gibbs; Accompanying vocabularies of the Yuma and Mohave tribes 1856 Transcribed and Reviewed by Digital Volunteers Extracted Dec-10-2015 01:50:44 Smithsonian Institution Transcription Center, National Anthropological Archives are generally healthy, have beautiful white teeth, remarkably regular and well formed. They use no medicines, I believe, the only remedy for disease being "kneading' the body or part affected. I have often seen them 'punching' and men troding on the stomach and breast to expel pain. My Dear Sikles [[??]] The above has been hastily thrown together, more in the form of notes to be reduced to something like a memoir, by [[??__]] than as a connected narrative. If it is of any service, use it, as you see fit. G.M. (Lieut. Sylvester Mowry, Third Artillery) Fort Yuma Cal. March 23rd, 1856(?) P.S. Wirth tells me the [[Whip??]] disease is quite common and scrofulous, not syphilitic, and that pneumonia is common in the winter owing to the great change from extreme heat to sometime freezing cold. Observations on the Indians of the Colorado River, California, by George Gibbs; Accompanying vocabularies of the Yuma and Mohave tribes 1856 Transcribed and Reviewed by Digital Volunteers Extracted Dec-10-2015 01:50:44 Smithsonian Institution Transcription Center, National Anthropological Archives 9 The Yumas believe in a Good and Bad Spirit. The Good Spirit is always going about doing good. The Bad Spirit is asleep in a mountain far up the Colorado called Av-vee-co may. When he is troubled in his sleep and moves slightly there is a little earthquake. When he turns over, there is 'hell to play' and every thing rocks. They believe the Good Spirits of the dead live in the River bottom near their old haunts, perpetually happy, living on the largest kind of pumpkin of perennial and spontaneous growth. The Bad Spirits of the dead are driven out into the desert and labour eternally. Anything belonging to the dead is esteemed bad, and burned. A lodge in which a person dies is deserted, or burned. A murderer washes out his sin, by repeated ablutions, and abstaining from meat and salt for one moon. A woman after child birth abstains in the like manner. To some extent they deify their dead chief, one especially who died long ago is spoken of as being of great powers. Nothing could resist him, singularly enough they describe his dress as exactly that of the Aztecs. He occupies a mountain up the River. They believe in the Evil Eye. Last year Observations on the Indians of the Colorado River, California, by George Gibbs; Accompanying vocabularies of the Yuma and Mohave tribes 1856 Transcribed and Reviewed by Digital Volunteers Extracted Dec-10-2015 01:50:44 Smithsonian Institution Transcription Center, National Anthropological Archives a boy, who had predicted the death of a chief, his prediction coming true, was killed to save the life of a young girl whose death he had also predicted. In the kneading process - I have spoken of above - to expel pain, they also blow away - the Evil Spirit as it comes out. They are extremely lascivious in conversation, thought, and action. A crowd of girls from the age of four or five upwards are always talks of "in-gen", i.e., (carnal intercourse). This is no exaggeration. On first seeing the piston rod of the Steamboat here, they said it was 'in-gen-ing" - vulgate ("frigging"). The men have names accordingly, one is called Lob-Cock, another BigCock. Another 'Cock with a blue head, another "Ah-hote-ah-in-gen", i.e., "Good F--k-r". This is literally true, Sr., don't hold "your committee" responsible for the "smut". The Yumas are light coloured, some of them a bright olive with [[hard]] of blue eyes. The Yumas use red and black paint. The Squaws also use blue to paint the eyelids. They mix the red paint with spittle. The paints are of high value among the Indians. I have seen once or twice I think [[underline]]plumbago[[/underline]] on the face, making it shine like a kettle newly polished. The Maricopas separated from the Yumas a long time since after a quarrel about a Chief and the burial of the dead. They live on the Gila River below the Pimos. Their first settlements are about 100 miles from the mouth. Observations on the Indians of the Colorado River, California, by George Gibbs; Accompanying vocabularies of the Yuma and Mohave tribes 1856 Transcribed and Reviewed by Digital Volunteers Extracted Dec-10-2015 01:50:44 Smithsonian Institution Transcription Center, National Anthropological Archives Fish no 1. jchj-mo-we No.1 Chimiguagua p. Havasok Blue Havds ok poi[??] blue p[[??]] Bear people Yam-pa-pai Yampai [[MAP]] [Writing on the side of the map] Apach-a-[[hot]] good people Yuman name for the Pimas Yuma from huma smoke, from them carrying fire brands in winter to keep them warm Rough Scale - 175 miles to the inch. Map of the Indian Tribes in the neighborhood of Fort Yuma Cal. Note the spelling is Spanish, as [[Hual]]. [[end page]] Observations on the Indians of the Colorado River, California, by George Gibbs; Accompanying vocabularies of the Yuma and Mohave tribes 1856 Transcribed and Reviewed by Digital Volunteers Extracted Dec-10-2015 01:50:44 Smithsonian Institution Transcription Center, National Anthropological Archives Map of Colorado River 282 [[written and circled in red]] [[back of map from previous page is visible]] Archives of the Office of Anthropology Smithsonian Institution No. 1043 (pt.) Observations on the Indians of the Colorado River, California, by George Gibbs; Accompanying vocabularies of the Yuma and Mohave tribes 1856 Transcribed and Reviewed by Digital Volunteers Extracted Dec-10-2015 01:50:44 Smithsonian Institution Transcription Center, National Anthropological Archives Smithsonian Institution National Anthropological Archives The mission of the Smithsonian is the increase and diffusion of knowledge - shaping the future by preserving our heritage, discovering new knowledge, and sharing our resources with the world. Founded in 1846, the Smithsonian is the world's largest museum and research complex, consisting of 19 museums and galleries, the National Zoological Park, and nine research facilities.Become an active part of our mission through the Transcription Center. Together, we are discovering secrets hidden deep inside our collections that illuminate our history and our world. Join us! 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