The Wadsworth Guide to MLA Documentation

The Wadsworth Guide
to
MLA Documentation
SecondEdition
Linda SmoakSchwartz
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FormattingYour Paper
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Use one-inch top, bottom, left, and right margins'
Double-space everything in your paper, including the quotations' the endnote p"S. if you have ott., and the works-cited or works-consulted page.
Use good qualiry white 8Vz-by-11-inchpaper, and type or print only on
one side.
Use a fype size large enough to be easy to read, and make sure the print is
1.ro..oo iig6r. A good choiie in most fonts is 12-point tl'pe. Choose a font
that tookJprofesJional and businesslike.Times New Roman, Arial, Courier,
and Helveti ca are good choices.
Indent all paragraphs one-half inch (on a computer) or five spaces(on a
f
s
f
f
]
O
typewriter) from the Ieft margin.
)
Indent all quotations that take up more than four lines when typed into your
paper one inch (on a computer)tr ten spaceg(9-! a typewriter)-from the left
mirgin. Long quotatiorrr *.h astheseare called block (or set-off) quotations.
l
l
i
margins.
Justify your lines only to the left margin, not to both
Typ. your last name and the page number (Srnith 4) in the top right corner
oi *tt pages, beginning with itt. outline if you are required to submit one.
This can be done or yoor computer as a header,which will aPpearone-half
inch from the top of each pag;. You will find the header option under the
View menu in most word-processing programs'
If your instructor does not require a title page, type the following information flush left and double-rp"..d beginning ott. inch from the top of the first
page of your paper:
Your n.ame
J e r o m e C . S m it h
Your professor'sname
Professor Jacobson
The coursename: the time your classmeets
Engf ish l-02: 9:30 MWF
The d"y, month, and yeat your paper is due
15 February 2003
lf your professor prefers a title page, center your title (not underlined, not in
quotatior, *"rks, not in bold or italics) on a separatepage. Next, center your
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(
(
42
I
FormattingYourpaper
name) your professor'sname, the classname, number, and time, and the paper's due date in a double-spacedlist below the title.
If your professor requires an outline at the beginning of your paper, type the
four=lineheading (double-spaced)on both the outline page
th. firri page
"nd
of your papef
Tg begin the last name and page number header (Smith.il o"
the first page of the outline
Double-space after the four-line heading, and center your title on the fust
page of the text of your paper.
Use a colon
Ttd one spaceto separateyour title from your subtitle. If your
title ends with a question mark, an exclamation point, or a dash, omii the
colon benveen the title and the subtitle and use th; more appropri"t. punctuation mark.
Capitalizethe first and last words of both your title and your subtitle (no matter what parts of speechthey are) and all other words with the exception of
r articles (A,an, the),
r prepositions (in, on, to, under, betueen, or)er, through, etc.),
I the sevencoordinating conjunctions (FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or,
!et, so), and
l the word to used in infinitives (ro see,fo run, ro jump, etc.).
capitalize the following parts of speechwhen used in a title:
nouns: tree, table, democrdcy, M"ry, New york, Chicago, Vednesdag
June
pronouns: her-she, it, theg you, your, everyone, anyone, someone,who,
which, that
43
44
Chapter5
{r.
Formattingyour paper
{}
verbs: rat jumped, danced, called, sat, is, are, were, rises,sets,comes,
works, sees
adjectives:blue, large, h"ppy, calm, biggest, best, hot, cold, srnooth, rough
adverbs: too, very, happilR fast, high, rapidlR sweetlS kindlg often, rarelS
usually
suborditating coniunctions (conjunctions used to introduce subordinare or
dependentclauses):
after
in order that
wharever
c)
fD
frF
ftf-F
although
once
when
f!-
as
rather than
since
whenever
F
as if
'
where
as long as
so that
because
than
whether
before
that
which
even if
though
while
even though
,rril.s
who
how
until
whoever
if
what
whose
wherever
Capitalize the word that follows a hyphen in a hyphenated word (American
Executives Working in Spanish-Speaking Courtri.r, Overcoming the LanguageBarrier).
Do not underline or place your title in quotation marks, bold, italics, or all
capital leters,
Do-not fyPe a period after your title. If appropriate, your title or subtitle may
end in a question mark or exclamatio" pti"i
The story of sarah Good:Guilty or rnnocent?
Gui'lty or rnnocent? The story of Sarah Good
A n A n a ly s t s o f t h e S y m b oi l s m i n F a u lk n e r ' s A b s a lo m! A b s a lo m!
Eureka ! Probl em Solved at Last
Remember that the purpose of your title is to tell your reader exactly what
you will discuss in your paPer. The title should be very specific, fairly brief,
and a phrase or a combination of words and phrases ,.p"r"ted by colo'
-exclamatiin
(unlessyour title ends with a question mark,
pointr or" dash).
'with
rare exceptions',your title should not be a sentence.
ts
F
h
h
fifit-
h
sF
tu
6f-
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0,'F
S+h
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FormattingYour Paper
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After your title, double-spaceand begin the text of your paper.
)
If you use an endnote page, number it as part of your text and place it after
the last page of the body of your paper and immediately before the workscited list. (Seechapter 15 for information on how to format endnptes.)
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The works-cited list is the last page of your paper and should be numbered
as part of your text. Center the title Works Cited or Works Consulted (not
in all capital letters, not underlined, not in quotation marks, and not in bold
or italics) one inch from the top of your page. Double-space after the title,
and list your citations in alphabetical order using a hanging indent: first line
flush with the left margin; all subsequent lines in the same entry indented
one-half inch (on a computer) or five spaces(on a typewriter) from the left
margin
Use the Hanging Indent option on your computer rather than the Thb function to create a hanging indent to prevent your text from scrambling if you
need to add or delete materials in your citation. You will find the Hangtng
Indent option under Forrnat lParagraph/Indentation/Special menusin most
word-processing programs. (Seepage 76 for more information on how to
create a hanging indent.)
45
44
Chapter5
FormattingYourpaper
verbs: ran, jumped, danced, called, sat, is, are, were, rises,sets,comes,
works, sees
adiectives:blue, large, h"ppy, calm, biggest, best, hot, cold, smooth, rough
adverbs: too, v€rY, happilg fast, high, rapidlR sweetl)LkindlS ofren, rarelS
usually
subordinating conjunctions (conjunctions used to introduce subordinare or
dependent clauses):
after
although
as
in order that
once
whatever
when
as if
rather than
since
where
as long as
so that
wherever
because
than
whether
before
that
which
even if
though
while
even though
,tiil.rt
who
how
until
whoever
if
what
whose
whenever
Capitalize the word that follows a hyphen in a hyphenated word (American
Executives Working in Spanish-Speaking Countries: Overcoming the Language Barrier).
Do not underline or place your title in quotation marks, bold, italics, or all
capital letters,
Do-not tyPe a period after your title. If appropriate, your title or subtitle may
end in a question mark or exclamation poini.
T h e s t o r y o f s a r a h G o o d : G u iI t y o r r n n o c e n t ?
G u i1t y o r I n n o c e n t ? T h e S t o r y o f S a r a h G o o d
A n A n a ly s i s o f t h e S y m b oil s m i n F a u lk n e r ' s A b s a lo m! A b s a lo mI
Eureka ! Prloblem Solved at Last
Remember that the purpose of your title is to tell your reader exacgy what
you will discuss in your paper. The title should be very specific, fairly brief,
and a phrase or a combination of words and phrases-rcp"mted by a colog
(unlessyour title ends with a question mark, ixclamatiin point, or dash).
'With
rare exceptions, your title should not be a sentence.
Topic
SampteGeneraI
Paper
Research
By JessicaLynnPiezzo
Each ,studentin JessicaPiezzo'sEnglish 101 classresearcheda personinvolved in the Salem witchcraft trials in SalemVillage, Massachusetts,in
!692. Somestudentschoseto write about one of the supposedly"afflicted"
girls who made the accusations.Others wrote about the judgeswho sent
thoseunfortunateenoughto be convictedto their deaths.Jessicachoseto
discoverwhat historianshad to sayabout SarahGood, one of the fust three
women accusedof practicing witchcraft in SalemVillage and the only one of
thosethree to hang for her supposedallegianceto the devil.Jessicawas interestedin finding out whether Sarah Good was given a fair trial and why
shewas convictedand.condemnedto death.Jessicalater presentedthe results of her researchduring an on-campusconferenceheld at her university
featuring presentationsby studentsand faculry.
Although your professormay ask you to do so, MLA doesnot require
in
and conclusionsentence
you to format your thesis,topic sentences,
bold. ln this text, bold is usedsimply to help you locatethe controlling
in the model studentessays.
sentences
46
TheStoryof SarahGood:Guittyor Innocent?
Piezzo 1
lessica Lynn Piezzo
Professor Schwartz
Eng'li sh L01: 9 : 30 MWF
14 April 2003
E
F
i
F
p
b
F
b
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t
Title:
The Story of Sarah Good:Guilty or Innocent?
T h e s i s : A ' l t h o u g ht h e c o u r t s e n t e n c e d S a r a h G o o dt o d e a t h , s h e
m a i n t a i n e dh e 1 i n n o c e n c e , a n d i t
f a l s e l y a c c u s e do f b e i n g a w i t c h .
I.
R e a s o n sf o r t h e a c c u s a t i o n s o f w i t c h c r a f t i n S a l e m
A. Dr. Griggs's unfortunatediagnosis
B . B r u c e W a t s o n ' st h e o r Y
1. Religious factors
2, Political
4. Social factors
C. Mary Beth Norton's theorY
1, Different situation than most other cases
2. Fear of Indian attacks
'l
II . Many i ves destroYed
A. L80 accused
t
B. L44 arrested
II
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factors
3 . E c o n o m i cf a c t o r s
p
)
s e e m sc l e a r t h a t s h e w a s
47
Topic
SampteGeneraI
Paper
Research
6F
gF
fF
(F
6F
f;F
By JessicaLynnPiezzo
F.
English 101 classresearcheda personinEach,studentin JessicaPiezzo's
volved in the Salem witchcraft trials in SalemVillage, Massachusetts,in
L692. Somestudentschoseto write about one of the supposedly"afflicted"
girls who made the accusations.Others wrote about the iudgeswho sent
those unfortunate enoughto be convicted to their deaths.Jessicachoseto
discoverwhat historianshad to sayabout SarahGood, one of the fust three
women accusedof practicing witchcraft in SalemVillage and the only one of
was inthosethree to hang for her supposedallegianceto the devil.Jessica
terestedin finding out whether Sarah Good was given a fair trial and why
shewas convictedand condemnedto death.Jessicalater presentedthe results of her researchduring an on-campusconferenceheld at her university
featuring presentationsby studentsand faculty.
F
Although your professormay ask you to do so, MLA doesnot require
in
and conclusionsentence
you to format your thesis,topic sentences,
bold. In this text, bold is usedsimply to help you locatethe controlling
sentences
in the model studentessays.
F
h
F
eF
F
F
F
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ts
fi
f=
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Chapter6 Sampte
paper
Genera[
TopicResearch
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(ff
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Piezzo 2
$'
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convict her
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TheStory of SarahGood:Guittyor lnnocent?
Pi ezzo 3
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49
50
Chapter6 Sampte
General
paper
TopicResearch
A
I Ur. one_inch
I top, bonom,
left, and right
I
Double-space
yoru name,
your professor's
name, class
name and time.
and the paDer
due date aithe
top,left margin
ot the hrst Page
of your outline
and on the fust
page of the text
oI yotrl PaPer.
Jessica gives a
brief overview of
events that oc,
curred and some
possible causes
of the Salem
witch trials.
(
Piezzo 4
marBns.
+
Jessica Lynn piezzo
Professor Schwartz
Engli sh 101: 9l 30 MhrF
I
$
f
fl
T
F
tt
L4 Apri1 2003
1
The story of sarah Good: Gui]ty or
rnnocent?
The salemwitch Triars beganin
the middre of January
Centered title
explains exacdv
what will be
discussed in the
Paper.
L 6 9 2 w h e ns e v e r a r y o u n g g i 1 1 s , i n c r u d i n g
the daughter and
n i e c e o f R e v e r e n ds a m u e l p a r r i s ,
b e g a nh a v i n g b i z a r r e f i t s
and
w e r e d i a g n o s e db y a r o c a ] d o c t o r
a s b e i n g b e w i t c h e d . M a n yo f
F
the "afflicted"
e
girls were associated with prominent
families
i n sal em vi'l1age (now Danvers)
, Massachusetts. The gi 11s,
ti
ti
inexplicable behavior and Dr. Griggs,s
unfortunatediagnosis
u l t i m a t e ' l y t r i g g e r e d t h e m a s so u t b r e a k
of witch hysteria in
salemvillage that remainsthe
m o s t f a m o u si n c i d e n t o f i t s
'kind
i n A m e r i c a nh i s t o r y . B r u c e w a t s o n
notes that rerigious,
political,
The fust time
you cite from
an author, sive
the full nari..
Thereafter, give
only the last
name.
C
Your last name
and page number should aopear as a heider
one-half inch
from the top of
every page in
your paper.
e c o n o m i c ,a n d s o c i a ' l i s s u e s w e r e
all important
factors in the cause of this outbreak.
M a r y B e t h ,N o r t o n , a
professor of history at
corneil university, notes that prevr._
ous accusations of witchcraft
i n t h e N e wE n g l a n da r e a t a r g e t e d
what she terms a few and never
more than a dozen of ,,,the
u s u a l s u s p e c t s " ' - - p e o p ' r ew h o
had long
b e e n s u s p e c t e db y t h e i r
No.page citation
rs gtven tor
Watson because
Jessicarefers to
his article as a
I
whole.
Summary of
Nofton's theorv.
Author's.r"-.i,
given at the beginning, and the
page reference is
typed in parentheses before the
period of the last
sentence in the
sulnmary.
F
T
'T
,S*
T
'F
T
T
T
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t
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or Innocent?
The Story of SarahGood:Guitty
51
Piezzo 5
neighborsofpracticingwitchcraft.However,ihsa]emVil]age
andthesurroundingtowns,hundredsofpeoplewereaccused'and
althoughsomeofthoseaccused--SarahGoodandSarahosborne'
were respected
usual suspects" " many
f o r e x a m p l e - - w e r e" ' t h e
witchlike bebeen suspectedof any
n
e
v
e
r
h
a
d
w
h
o
individuals
by
the hysteria maybe explained
b
e
l
i
e
v
e
s
s
h
e
b
e
f
o
r
e
.
havior
fearofthelndianattacksthatsdemedtobemovingc]oser
I
)
andclosertoSa]emVillageatthetime.Oneattackoccurred
. l e s f r o m s a l e mw h i l e t h e t r i a l s w e r e b e i n g
I
ml
twenty
onlY
MlAdoesnot
require Page
were aiddevil and his minions
referencestor held.
Many believed that the
I
electronic
th the devi l
r""t"tt *i'tt "o
anyone consorti ng wi
h e I n d i a rls ; therefore,
atparticu]arhistorica]momentwou]dhavebeenseen
)
askedhertociteasathreattothesurviva]ofthevillage(9).Thetragic
)
t
Topic sentence
foiparagraPh 1'
oage numbers
br-tn.'website
printoutsturnedeventsthattookplacein1692wou.lddestroymanylives.in with her
forever'
p" P t f
change S a' l ernV i l l age
i n c l u d i n g Sa ra h ' G ood' s--and
Thefirstformalaccusationsofwitchcraftweremadeon
FebruaryTg,1692,andthe.lasttria]sresu]tingfromthose
that docuMay of 1693. Norton notes
accusations occurred in
but it is
180 people survive'
m e n t e da c c u s a t i o n s a g a i n s t
]ikelythatmanyotherswereaccusedaswe]l.At]east144
and spent a
l'06 women)were arrested
inhabitants (38 men and
General knowledse information
uncited
"ulil"bl.
in manY sources
may be Presented in the
student's own
words without
citing a source.
52
Chapter6
SampteGenera[Topic Researchpaper
Ptezzo 6
considerable
'length
o f t i m e i n e x t r e m e l y h a r s h - - i n s o m ec a s e s
l e t h a l - - p r i s o n c o n d i t i o n s ( 4 ) . A n e i g h t y - y e a r - o ' l d m a nn a m e d
Giles cory was pressed (crushed) to death by heavystones because he refused to enter a p1ea, apparently hoping to prevent his property from being confiscated. (The property of
c o n d e m n ep
de o p l e w a s f o r f e i t e d
to the state, and cory d-id not
w a n t h i s c h i l d r e n t o l o s e t h e i r i n h e r i t a n c e . ) S i x p e o p l ed i e d
i n p r i s o n ( t h r e e w o m e n ,o n e m a n , a n d t w o i n f a n t s ) , a n d f o u r teen womenand five men were hanged from a large tree on
G a l l o w s H i l ' | . O n e o f t h e n i n e t e e n e x e c u t e dw a s s a r a h G o o d .
Thesis statement
explains what
Jessica intends
to prove in the
essay.
II
I
l3
Topic sentence
for paragraph3.
Although the court sentenced sarah Good to death, she maintained her innocence throughout her trial,
and it seemsclear
that she was falsely accused of being a witch.
sarah Good's poverty was one of the factors that led to
her tragic end. she was the daughter of a wealthy innkeeper
n a m e dJ o h n s o l a r t . A f t e r h e d r o w n e dh i m s e l f i n L 6 7 2 , ? n e s t a t e o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y f i v e h u n d r e d p o u n d sw a s d i v i d e d a m o n g
h i s w i f e a n d h i s t w o s o n s . H i s s e v e n d a u g h t e r sw e r e n o t t o
r e c e i v e t h e i r s h a r e s o f t h e e s t a t e u n t i l t h e y c a m eo f a g e .
M r s . s o l a r t , h o w e v e r ,s o o n r e m a r r i e d , a n d h e r i n h e r i t a n c e a n d
the shares destined for her daughters were turned over to the
Innocent?
GoodlGuittyor
TheStoryof Sarah
53
Piezzo 7
new husband'
control of her
As a resul
inl
shares of the
their
ters never saw
di ed ' h€
Daniel Pool e '
husband,
fi rst
sources,
rnany
paid bv sarah"ti^'::.,t;tt
wereI eft to be
debts
rhose
rrr,J
v
.
l e D ts '
debts
i i
G o od' bY al l '
r edt' V{ i l l i a m
t l uu
> ls
' r sbr a n
oJ OnOd h
to forfeit
They were forced
accoutrts a ne' er-do-w el f
were omrtteo'
I
)
)
.---
r+hai rrl
and shelter from [theirl
for work' food'
' " !1) '
n
amed
nal
from Barbados
An Indian woman
- n--Lrrr{ac
4
i tl i i i ti " e"
so* = " ' I
most of tt
the rest
and then sold
Poole's debts
sutcliffe exnla]n
e x p e n s e s .K a t h e r i n e
r daughtt
usband, and thei
., \ :-j,-a,ec";"r::i.";;;,",
f eouceu .."
EIIiPsisrliicatt-s
th"i words "ft"r
t#'-#q'j^,
ghbors
fl€1g
nei
ttuvt ' r
'ffi.,i:ih'H-
Tituba
(a slave
inthesource
$-$i;#":"T*
be-
longingtoRev.Samue.lParris),sarahGood,andSarahosborne
witchiraft
of practicing
accused
women
three
were the first
bytheafflictedgir.ls,Aftermaintainingherinnocencefor
s o m e t i m e , T i t u b a e v e n t u a l l y c o n f e s s e d t o b e i n g a w i t c hwitches'
and
being
arso
as
.sborne
Good and sarah
identified sarah
( L a t e r T i t u b a c l a i m e d t h a t h e r c o n f e s s i o n h a d b e e n-,:f a- l \s eR.acatls(
'-
:".:
;:";
of Tituba's
;
Parri:'i:"'-samuer
o' n"' master'Rev'
one
Sarah Good was
confession'
false
'
brought to tria'l
womenactua'lly
of the first
H'l'":ildi:I
I
I
|..,'
i"
r
ri
I
li
Ir
54
Chapter6
SampteGeneralTopicResearchpaper
{
{
Piezzo 8
Topic sentence
for paragraph 5.
s
sarah's bad temper helped convict her of witchcraft.
{
f
she
i s d e s c r i b e d b y F r a n c e sH i l l a s a p u s h y , m i d d l e - a g e d ,
foult e m p e r e do u t c a s t w h o s m o k e da p i p e . r f t h e r e w e r e
witches in
s a l e mv i ] ] ? g € , s h e w a s s u r e t o b e o n e o f t h e m ( 3 6 ) .
hrhen
Paraphrase from
Frances Hill
begins with the
author's nrrne
and ends with.
a page reference
in parentheses.
s a r a h b e g g e df o r f o o d a n d s h e l t e r f o r h e r s e l f a n d
her family,
s h e w a s o f t e n t u r n e d a w a y b y h e r n e . i g h b o r s .A c c o r d i n g
to
R i c h a r d v r l e i s m a ns,a r a h o f t e n r e s p o n d e db y , , s c o l d i n g
and cursi n g a s a m e a n so f r e t a l i a t i o n a g a i n s t u n r e s p o n s i v e
ne.igh-
fl
b o r s , " a n d t h i s b e h a v i o r p r o v r ' d e de v i d e n c e f o r t h e
court and
f
"generateda wea'lth of negative testimony" aga-inst
her (56).
F
.rn
addition to the testimony of the afflicted
$
gir1s, at least
s e v e n p e o p ' l ew h o h a d w i t n e s s e d s a r a h , s d i s t u r b . i n g b e h a v i o r
w h i l e b e g g i n gt e s t i f i e d
T
against her in court. rronica].ly, one
$
$
o f t h o s e p e o p l e w a s h e r o w n h u s b a n d .A - l t h o u g hh e t e s t i f i e d
that he had never witnessed his wife practicing witchcraft,
he told the court that he feared sarah ,,,either
was a witch
or wouldbe onevery quick'ly"'(qtd.
Abbreviation
"qtd." informs
the readerthat
the quoted
words are those
of SarahGood's
husbandand
werenot written
by'Weisman.
f
f
f
f
f
i n l r r e i s m a5n6 ) . H e s a i d
that she treated him badly and described her as ,,,an
e n e m yt o
all good,"'apparently oblivious to the pun on his
n a m e( q t d .
i n trrlej
sman 56) .
Single quotation
marks inside
double quotation marks show
that the quoted
woros were ln
double ouotation marls in
the source.
s
s
s
T
e
s
e
e
T
C
e
a-
Good:Guittyor Innocent?
TheStory of Sarah
55
Pfezzo 9
five-year-o'ld
Dorcas Good, Sarah's
lb
lopicsente-lcJ:z
f-oTparagraph5'convict
. r,^^*
her mother.
arrested,
her
helped
daught€Fr also
and
of witchcraft
nnrcas
Dorcas WE.Saccused
and in her terrified
indicated tha
confession' she
young daughter
a witch. sarah's
i
n
d
e
e
d
w
a
s
mother
spent
ninemonthschainedinaprisonce]l.Accusedwitcheswere
keptinchainsbecausethePuritansbe]ievedthechainswou
preventtheirspecters(thedevi]inhumanform)fromflyir
from the
Dorcas never recovered
deeds.
evil
e
r
doing
u
u I IrY
about
rbout
traumaof. her
'*:*lt"*
"'[S]he
her father said,
experience.rn 1710
?["";;l;uri3t"*-
:i;*ti;$F
li ttl" o: no.
ng
havi
e,
very chargeabl
hatheversi ncebeen
,.,...
(qtd' in tt"t]
"'
herself
to
ru*qt
reasonlwith which] sovern
-ll:
)
'r
rl
)
BI
I
.
E^
By
DY
deal
"::::tt"
that she was a sreat
meant
,,charseabte,,
he
v ' rE r J
care of
unabl e to take
w
as
she
h i m b e cause
" v rn
' -s- e to
alnr ud se'x\ lPe
a
II
II
_
E_-
+ha
rcst
hgr
life.
E>vv'
a I*ro".sibre
I
Dorcas's father
of her society'
member
"
I
I
--^-!,r,<artS
I
I
-
-' L'ia
\
-
as reparation
'lt'rnhterts
p l f o r t h e l o s s o f h i s'-w i f e ' s l i f e a n d h i s d a u g h t e
ilu
of
lherselfandhadtobelookedafterfortherest
never became
in prison' she
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
h
e
r
o
f
^r. resurt
\
v'|"s--::
t l ' a t e r y e a r s p a i d t rhq iLrv t' y p o u n d s b y M a s s a c h u s e t t s
i
l^
f:t**t'j
sanity'
frin
fair
did not receivera
sarah
standards
Rv today,s
Corwin
horne and Jonathan
trial.
trla
- a m e tto
o Salem
Saler
came
the accused witches'
LG[Z' to examine
a-
56
paper
Chapter6 SampleGeneral
TopicResearch
Piezzo 10
Sarah Goodwas the fi rst of the accused to b e q u e s t i o n e d b y
A full-sentence
H a t h o r n e . I t i s o b v i o u s f r o m t h e r e c o r d e d testimony that
H a t h o r n eb e ] i e v e d S a r a hw a s a w i t c h :
Block quotation
is indented one
inch from the
left margin.
Double quotation marks in'
the source are
retained in the
quotation.
"Sarah Good, what evi I spi ri t have you famili ar'ity with?"
"None," Sarah answereddefi ant'ly.
" H a v e y o u m a d en o c o n t r a c t w i t h t h e d e v i l ? "
ttNo. t'
" ! i l h yd o y o u h u r t t h e s e c h i l d r e n ? "
"I do not hurt.them. I scorn it."
"hlho do you employ then to do it?"
'"f
e m p l o y n o b o d y ".
" W h a t c r e a t u r e d o y o u e m p l o yt h e n ? "
"No creature, but I amfalsely accused,"
" W h yd i d y o u g o a w a y m u t t e r i n g f r o m M r . P a r r i s
hi s [si c] house?"
Explanatory
information is
added to the
quotation in
souare brackets.
Citation is
placed afterthe period that
ends the block
quotation.
"f did not.mutter but I thanked him for what he
gave my chi'ld [a reference to Sarah's daughter,
Dorcas Good], "
"Have you madeno centract with the devil?"
"No." (qtd. in Hil1 43)
Latin word [sic]
explains that
error appeared
in source and
was not Jessicat
ttrping error.
TheStoryof SarahGood:Guittyor Innocent? 5 7
Piezzo 11
T h r o u g h o u th e r t r i a l ,
S a r a h r e m a i n e dd e f i a n t a n d n e v e r
c o n f e s s e dt o b e i n g a w i t c h .
Highly questionable spectral evidence was also used to
convict Sarah Good. Elizabeth Hubbard, dt seventeen one of
the oldest of the afflicted
gir'ls, claimed that she saw Sarah
s t a n d i n g o n t h e t a b l e i n t h e h o m eo f D r . G r i g g s " n a k e d breasted and bare-legged and that if
it with she would kill
her" (Hill
s h e h a d s o m e t h i n gt o d o
6 6 ) . S a m u e lS i b l e y , a S a ' l e m
i n h a b i t a n t w h ow a s p r e s e n t a t t h e t i m e , " s t r u c k w i t h h i s
staff whereshe pointed," and Elizabeth told those present
that he had struck Sarah's back (Hi'l'l 66). The next day
in court, the constable testified
that Sarah's forearmwas
b l o o d y . T h i s w a s c o n s i d e r e de v i d e n c e t h a t S a r a h G o o d ' s
specter had beenstruck by Sib'ley's staff at Dr. Griggs's
A dashis created
by typing two
hyphenswith
no sPaces
Defore, between,
or after them.
Seepage77 f.or
lnstrucuonson
how to createa
single-linedash.
h o u s e - - e v e nt h o u g h a t t h e t i m e E l i z a b e t h , w h o w a s t h e o n l y
p e r s o n p r e s e n t w h o c o u ' l d a c t u a l ' l y s e e t h e s u p p o s e ds p e c t e r ,
had told those present that the staff
had hit Good'sback.
No one apparent'lynot'iced this important discrepancyin re'lat i o n t o t h e l o c a t i o n o f S a r a h ' s s u p p o s e di n j u r y b y S i b l e y , a n
'injury received while her physica'l
body was not only chained
u p , b u t I o c k e di n a ' p r i s o n c e l l ' .
If the author is
not named in
the sentence,
the name must
appear in the
parenthetical
citation.
58
Chapter6
SampLeGeneraITopicResearchpaper
Piezzo Lz
Topic sentence
for paragraph9.
I
9
some of the spectral evidence in sarah
Good's triar
c'learly proved to be fa'rse, According to
sutcriffe,
cried out during the trial
was
a girl
that sarah Good,sspecter was
stabbing her with a knife. Although part
of a brokenknife
was found in the girl's
p o s s e s s i o n , a y o u n gm a n i n t h e c o u r t -
room stated that he had broken that same
knife and had thrown
it
a w a y " i n t h e p r e s e n c eo f t h e a f f l i c t e d
gir1s.,,He showed
the constable the matchingpart of the
broken knife as proof
that he was telling the truth (1). The gir1,
whohad clearly
l i e d a b o u t h e r s u p p o s e di n j u r y a t t h e
h a n d o f G o o d ,w a s s i m ply told not to lie again, and
the discovery that she had
lied to the court had no effect whatsoever
on the outcomeof
the trial.
T h e m e m b e r so f t h e c o u r t o f 0 y e r a n d T e r m i n e r
were
cl ear'ly 'interested i n f indi ng evi dence
to convict sarah, not
Lowercase f in
source changed
to capital T in
square brackets
indicates that
words were
omined before
therc in the
source; therefore, no ellipsis
is needed.
i n m a k i n gs u r e s h e g o t a f a i r t r i a ] .
As one historian put it,
Jessicagives her
interpretarion
of the information she has
summarized
from Sutcliffe.
"'[T]here was no one in the country
a r o u n d a g a i n s t w h o mp o p u _
lar suspicion courd have beenmore readily
directed, or in
w h o s ef a v o r a n d d e f e n s e ' l e s s i n t e r e s t
could be awakened,,,
(qtd. i n Sutcl i ffe J.).
Sarah Good was sentenceC to death by hanging
on June 2 9 ,
L692. She was executed on July 19. At
her e x e c u t io n , s h e
Topic sentence
for paragraph 10.
TheStory of SarahGood:Guittyor Innocent?
59
Piezzo 13
showedno re'morse,which only further
i .
convinced the people
' 0n the way to
of Salem Vi'l1age that she was i ndeed a wi tch
Gallows Hill,
ister
i
d i t c h e s w e r e h a r r g e d 'a m i n w h e r e t h e c o n d e m n ew
get a conby the nameof Nicholas Noyes attempted to
"'You are a liar'
fession out of sarah Good. she responded,,
F
and if
I am no more a witch than you are a wizard,
a w a ym y l i f e
Sutcliffe
G o dw i l l
give you blood to drink"'
1). Ironically,
you take
(qtd' in
N i c h o ' l a s N o y e s d i e d s o m et i m e l a t e r
predicted, he died
f r o m a n i n t e r n a l h e m o r r h a g e .A s G o o d h a d
wi th b'lood i n hi s mouth (Sutcl i ffe 1) :
W h a t r e a ] ] y h a p p e n e di n S a l e mV i l l 1 9 € , M a s s a c h u s e t t s '
over three hunremains a mystery. The tragedy that occurred
dred years ago intrigue:
historial5
to this day. Most of the
hearsay' which
evidence that was presented against Sarah was
today' It
would neVer have been a]]owed in a courtroom
seems
could have proven
cJear, however, that no amount of evidence
of the townst h a t S a r a h G o o dw a s , i n n o c e n t , f o r i n t h e m i n d s
peopleandthejudges,shehadbeenguiltyfromthestart.
ConclusionSentence:Jessicaexplains whY she
LelievesGood
was executed.
not because she had been
)
was ill-tempered,
she
but because
In the end, Sarah'Good lost
practicing witchcraft,
poor, rind .powerless.
her life
Singlequotation
marksinside
doublequotation marks show
that the quoted
words were ln
doublequotation marks in
the source.
60
Chapter6
\
Sampl,e
GeneralTopicResearchpaper
\
e
Piezzo L4
htorks Consulted
Historical document published
in a book and
accessedthroueh
an online schol-arly project.
Boyer, paul, and Stephen
N i s s e n b a u me, d s . " E x a m i n a t i o n
of
Sarah Good."
e c t ' E d . B e n j a m i nc . ' R a y
and Bernard Rosenthar. zoo2.
Electronic Text Center,
n f a e r m a nL i b . , U o f V i r g i n i a .
L 0 A p r . Z 0 O 3< h t t p t / / e t e x t
lib.virginia.edu>. path:
Peabody':t:* Museumi
s a l e mh t i t c h c r a f t p a p e r s ;
vo].
2.
B r e s ' l a w ,E l a i n e G
. American Social Exper.i_
Web pagewith
no author given.
e n c e S e r i e s 3 5 . N e wy o r k :
N e wy o r k U p , 1 9 9 6 .
..TheExaminationofSarahGood,March1,L6g2.,,@1s
HomePage. 11 Apr. 2003
<http : / /vtwr. .law.umkc.edu,/fac
ulty/
proj ects/ftri
a1s/sal emlASA,_G0OX.
HTM>.
G o u l d , P h i l i p . " N e wE n g r a n d
witch-Hunting
a n d t h e p o r i t i c s of
Reasoni n the Ear.ly Republ
i c. i,
( 1 9 9 5 ): 5 8 - 8 2 .
H il ' l , F r a n c e s .
S a ' l e mW i t c h T r i a . l s . N e wy o r k :
D a C a p o, l 1 g g 7 ,
h
\.
F
F
O u t b r e a ko f 1 G 9 2 .V o l . 2 .
NewYork: Da Capo, Lg7!.
Salem
Book in a series.
G
F
68
TheStoryof SarahGood:Guittyor Innocent? 61
Piezzo 15
Famous
Linder, Douglas, "An Account of Events in Salem'"
'Web
pagewith
author given.
<httpz//
T r i a l s H o m eP a g e . J u n e 2 0 0 1 ' 8 A p r ' 2 0 0 3
wWW.law.umkc.edu/facu.ltylprojects/ftria]s/sa1en/
s a l e m .h t m > .
Details of the
Norton, Mary Beth. "Finding the Devil in the
on
tchcraft tri al s . " chroni cl e of Hi gher Educati
sa]em trrli
Article from an
online scholarly
newsPaper.
2 1 l a n . 2 0 0 0 : 8 4 + . 1 - OA p r . 2 0 0 3 < h t t p = / / c h r o n i c l e ' c o m /
week'ly/vai/i20l20b00401' htm>'
,,Overview of the sal em wi tch Tri a'ls . " sal em wi tch Tri al s
Document from
an online scholaily project.
Ed'
D o c u m e n t a r yA r c h i v e a n d T r a n s c r i o l i o n P r o j e c t .
Electronic
B e n j a m i nc . R a y a n d B e r n a r d R o s e n t h a l ' 2 0 0 2 .
TextCenter,AldermanLib',UofVirginia'2002'
11 Apr. 2003 <http t//iefferson.vi'llage.vi
rginia' edu/
sa'lem/overview.html > .
,,The sal em wi tch rri a ls 1692: A Chronology of Events. " sal em
'Web
pagewith
no autnor glven.
and
H o m eP a g e . 2 7 A u g . L g g 7 . S a l e m0 f f i c e o f T o u r i s m
Cultural
' com/
Affai rs . 10 Apr. 2003 <http t / /vtvtw'sal emweb
memorial /defaul t. htm>.
sutcliffe,
Katherine. "Biographiesof Key Figures in the
s a l e mw i t c h c r a f t T r i a l s :
s a r a h G o o d . " s a l e mT r i a l s H o m e
I[eb page with
author glven.
62
Chapter6 Sampte
Genera[
TopicResearch
paper
Piezzo 16
Fuil-text
database.
page' L2
Apr. 2003 <http://vtvwr.raw.umkc.edu/fac
uTty/
p roj ects/ft ri al s,/sal
em,lsAlBcoo . HTI,,b
.
t d a t s o n ,B r u c e . " s a r e m , s
Dark Hour: Did the Devir
M a k eT h e m
Do ft?,, Smithsonian
Apr. L992: 1L6_30.
@
A S A P .f n f o T r a c . K i m b e l
Lib., Coastal Carolina
U, Conway,
sc' 11 Apr' 2003 <http
://web6.infotrac.ga-regroup.
com>.
W e i s m a nR
, ichard. Wi
I
Century Massachusetts.
A m h e r s t : U o f M a s s a c h u s e t t sp ,
I
L984
I
I
I
I
I
i
t
e
e
€
G
c
c
c
e
c
0
l
samp[e LiteraryAnatysis
Research
Paper
By WiltiamE. Files
\Tilliam Files was askedto analyze a chara*er from a short srory or play
studiedduringthe semesterinhisEnglish102 class.He chosero
gitr
Loman from Arthur Miller's classicpt"y Death of a salesman. "rr"lyr.
63
__-r-- _.sb,s.J ,ar16rysls
Kesgarch paper
Fi'les 1
,
trti'lli am E. Fi I es
Professor Schwartz
(
Engli sh 102: 9: 30 Mh/F
I
L8 April ZO03
I
Outl ine
Tit'e:
An Anarysis of th'e character
Biff
f
Lomanin Death of
a Salesman
f
Audience; General Audi€hce
f
hJordCount| !,243
Thesis: Biff achieves
w h a t e ' r u d e se v e r y o t h e r
character in
this story-a change
in identity and a casting,off
of his
father,s old image
of him.
Topic sentencer: Biff's
first
'rife-changing
experiencedras_
tica'l1y alters his opin.ion
of his father.
T o p i c S e n t e n c e2 : f n
the present and back at
h o m e ,B i f f t e l ] s
his father that he is going
to see Biil Oriver, for
w h o mh e
cJaims to have once
worked as a salesman,
to ask for a loan
to start a business
of his own,selling sporting
goods.
Topic sentence 3: when
Biff rearizes what a
waste his .rife
has been, he feers
the need to confront
his father.
t
T
T
$
$
I
'T
t$r
T
,T
r$
,'$.
,T
iT
T
0'
0.
D
Biff Lomanin Deathof a Salesman 65
An Anatysisof the Character
Files 2
T o p i c S e n t e n c e4 : H i s f a t h e r ' s d e a t h c h a n g e sB i f f ,
h i m t o b e c o m ef u l l y
allowing
h i m s e l f w i t h n o o n e e l s e ' s i m p o s i n gs e n s e
of the world weighing him down.
Conclusion Sentence: Having at last escaped the tenacious
g r a s p o f h i s f a t h e r ' s d r e a m sa n d i l l u s i o n s '
p
n
i
I
p
p
p
p
I
I
p
p
p
p
b
f
E
l
I
I
P
b.
finally
B i f f L o m a nc a n
b e h i s o w n p e r s o n a n d l . i v e o u t h i s o w n d r e a m sa n d
d e s t i n y , u n b u r d e n e dw i t h h i s f a t h e r ' s f a l s e g u i d a n c e .
Hohor Pledge: Except as documentedon my works-ctted Pd9€,
I received no help on this essay other than a discussion with
my brother Michae'l about the play and it's characters a"nd
editing assistance from Professor Schwartz.
66
chapter7 sampter-iterary
AnalysisResearch
paper
Double-space
your name,
your professor's
name,class
nameand time,
and paperdue
date at the top
left margin of
youl PaPer.
Files 3
ttilliam E. Files
Your nameand
p_age
number
shouldappear
f,:,?il'*iJ",
Professor Schwartz
ue top of the
Page.
Engli sh 102: 9: 30 Mh,F
18 April 2003
An Analysis of the Character
Biff
Loman
in Death of a Salesman
Author, genre,
and title of
work should be
identified in the
fust sentence of
a.literary analysrs essay.
Analyze literary
works in the
present tense.
If the author is
not named in
the lead-in to the
quotation, the
name must be
placed in the
parenthetical
citation.
Arthur Miller's play
@
Centered title
explains exactly
what will be
discussed in the
paPer.
I
I
terJs the story
o f L { i 1 1 yL o m a n ,a s a l e s m a n
l i v i n g i n g . o o L l y n , N e wy o r k ,
dhd
his fami'ry. At the heart
of the p.rayis the strained
rera_
t i o n s h i p b e t w e e nh r i ' l y
and his eJdest son, Biff.
rn wi1.1y's
world' the qua'rities
t h a t w i t g e t a m a na h e a d
in rife are
his goodlooks and
his charm,so he tells
h i s b o y . s ,. , [ T ] h e
m a n w h o m a k e sa n a p p e a r a n c e
in the businesswor1d,
the man
w h o c - r e a t e sp e r s o n a ' l
i n t e r e s t , i s t h e m a nw h o
gets ahead. Be
liked and you wilr
n e v e r w a n t , r ( M i . r . r e r1 g 9 o ) .
He is so obsessedwith Biff's good
r o o k s a n d m a s c u r i n ec h a r m
that he
builds him up to be
a successfur businessman
and expects
nothing short of that.
Biff has always been imbued
with the
v a : l u e so f h i s f a t h e .
and the goa'rof monetary
success, but
after a seri es of i l.lumi
natr.ng, though traumati
c events, he
final'ly begins to deve(op
his ownidentity and values
separate
No ellipsis is
needed-to show
the already obvi_
ous omissieu of
words at the be_
ginning of the
quoted sentence
becausethe
Iowercase t in
the source is
changed in
square brackets
to.a capital f,
mforming the
reader that the
was not the frst
word in the
quoted sentence.
I
I
0
I
i
0
0
0
C
0
,0
}
t0
'0
:
)
a satesman 6 7
An Anatysisof the characterBiff Lomanin Deathof
Files 4
I
)
i
i
Thesisstatement.
The purposeof
this essaYis to
presentevidence
io convincethe
readerthat this
thesisstatement
is true.
lz
every other character in this story-a
p
p
p
p
alters
imperi'led,
football scholarship. His graduation i's
h o w e v e r ,w h e n h e f a i l s
I
i
life-changtng experience drastically
of Vi rg'in'ia
s c h o o l, B i f f m a k e sp l a n s t o a t t e n d t h e U n i v e r s i t y
)
I
first
Biff's
on a full
I
and
him'
a casting off of his fdther's old imageof
)
b
change in identity
graduation from high
his opinion of his father. Prior to his
)
b
P
F
b
p
F
p
In the end' Biff achieves what eludes
from his father's.
his senior math course' Biff goes to
teacher for him'
Boston to ask his father to talk to the math
Paraphraseof
Helterman's
analysisbegins
with the critic's
name and ends
with the.pagein
a parenthetrcal
ciiation, which
is placedbefore
thi period ending the sentence.
. J e f f r e y H e l t e r m a ns q g g e s t s t h a t B i f f ,
following his father's
his math
example,believes that having his father convince
the class
teacher to pass him would be easier than taking
correct choice
a g a i n d u r i n g t h e s u m m e ra n d i s t h e r e f o r e t h e
(93).WhenBiffgetstoWilly'shotelroom,hefindshis
discovers Wi11y's
f a t h e r w i t h a s c a n t i l y c l a d w o m a na n d t h u s
infidelity.
This is a rea'l turning point for Biff,
and he
and a phony.
begins to view his father as a 1iar, a fake'
The first time
vou refer to an
arrthor, give the
name in full.
Thereafter, give
only the last
name of the
author.
H e l t e r m a na l s o P o ' i n t s o u t t h a t
l'ing
W i1 1 y n e v e r s t o p s s e 1 1 in g h i m s e fl , a n d s e 1
m e a n si m p r o v i n g t h e p r o d u c t - m a k i n g i t
than it
soundbetter
is. His reports of his selling trips'
even
space bar.
68
Chapter7
SampLe
Litenry AnatysisResearch
paper
\
t
C
Files
Long, block quotation is indented
one inch from
the left margin.
No quotation
marks are used
becausethe.material was not in
quotation marks
or blockedin the
sourceand becausetfie blocking identifies
the materialas
a quote.
on his best days, are always exaggerations, the
G,
step to outright lies is on'ly a small one, and
e
Hapinherits this trait
t
from his father. Biff goes
along with wi11y's petty cheating unti] he dis-
G
covers that wi]ly has cheated even on his own
t
wife. (93)
s
F r o mt h i s p o i n t f o r w a r d B i f f l o o k s a t h i s f a t h e r t h r o u g h
disi'llusioned eyes and starts to'see that his father's way
is
tr
s k e w e d .B i f f ' s
tt
b u r n i n g ' o f h i s t e n n i s s h o e s s y m b o l i z e sh i s
throwing awayhis plans to go to the university of Virginia,
C
t h e r e b y d a s h i n g w ' i l 1 y ' s h o p e s f o r h i s s o n t o b e c o m ea s u c -
t
t
c e s s f u l b u s in e s s m a n .
Topic sentence
for paragraph 3.
rn the present'and back at home, Biff
tells
e
c
his father
t h a t h e i s g o i n g t o s e e B i l I O l i v e r , f o r w h o mh e c ] a i n s ,
to
have once worked as a saresman, to ask for a loan to start
a
sporting goods business, Biff
terest or rea'l skill
t
knows he does not have any in-
Q
i n t h e b u s i n e s sw o r 1 d , y e t h e d o e s t h i s
t o p l e a s e h i s f a t h e r . A s K a r ' l H a r s h b a r g e rp o i n t s o u t , B i f f
d e l u d e s . h i m s e ] fi n t o b e ' l i e v i n g t h a t h e c a n s u c c e e di n a s p o r t s
e q u i p m e n tb u s i n e s s b y g e t t i h g a l o a n f r o m B i l l O l i v e r .
He
'lies
to himself to bui'ld up his confidence that he can create
Paraphrase of
Harshbarger's
analysis begins
with the critic's
name and ends
with.the page
cltauon.
t
t
t
s
c
t
I
I
I
I
Biff Lomanin Deathof a Salesman 6 9
An Analysisof the Character
Files 5
this new business career for himself, even though the thought
of a nine-to-five job in the businessworld fi'lls
him with
h o r r o r ( 4 4 ) . W h e nh i s a t t e m p t e d m e e t i n g w i t h O l i v e r t u r n s o u t
to be a completefai'lure, it
finally
d a w n so n B i f f w h a t a
p h o n ya n d a l o s e r h e i s a n d " w h a t a r i d i c u l o u s 1 i e m y w h o l e
I i fe has been! 'i (Mil'ler 1928). Harshbarger expl ai ns :
'1.
Oliver's rejection, in fact, has a stunning effect
rng guotatlon
marks and before the parenthetical citation.
on Biff.
H e c a n t e ' l l H a p p y , " I ' m a l l n u m b ,I
s w e a r , " a n d h e t a l k s a b o u t w h a t ' h a p p e n e idn 0 l i v e r ' s
office
Bracketed material explains that
r:nderlining appeared in the
source and was
not doue by
'William.
"with great tension and wonder" [emphasis
H a r s h b a f g e r ' s l . A f t e r h a v i n g e v a ' l u a t e dB i f f ' s p a s t
we can see that this event repeats a chronic problem for Biff:
.
Topic sentence
for paragraph4.
Double ouotatidn marics from
the original
source Eueretained in a block
quotation.
t h e s u r f a c i n g o f t h e k n o w l e d g et h a t
he is not a man, that he is a fai'lure' (44)'
WhenBiff
rea'lizes what a waste his life
has been, he'
feels the need to confront his father. After meeting Happyat
a restaurant, Biff tries to explain to him that the Loman
f a m i l y i s c a u g h t i n a w e b o f d e c e i t , b u t H a p p y ,l i k e h i s f a ther, refuses to hear what Biff is trying to tel1 him. When
I
W i l l y s h o w su F , h e t e ' l ' l s t h e b o y s h e h a s b e e n f i r e d .
Biff
wastes no time trying to tel1 his father about his experience
The parenthstical citation is
typed after
the period rhat
encisa block
ouotation.
70
Chapter7 SampteLiteraryAnatysis
paper
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\
u
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Files 7
with 0liver, but lr/illy won,t.listen,
so Biff gives up and
instead ter]s wi1]y what
he wants to hear_that he
has an_
o t h e r a p p o i n t m e n tw i t h O r i v e r
t h e n e x t d a y . A n o wm o r e
rear_
istic Biff rea'lizes, however,
that having stolen a gold pen
from 0'liver's desk, he
cannot go back to see Oriver
again. At
thfs point, uuirly starts
h a v r ' n gf r a s h b a c k s t o t h e B o s t o n
in_
cident and goes to the bathroom
to escape from Biff and the
guilt he feers about
r u i n i n g h i s b e r o v e ds o n , s
rife. The boys
leave their father a'rone
in the restaurant, sett.ing
the stage
for the final confrontation
of the play.
Shon quotation
begins with the
critic's name
in lead-in and
ends with the
page reference,
which is placed
before thi period that ends
the sentence.
Later that night, Biff comes
h o m ea n d e x p l a i n s t o L V i l l y
that it wourd be best for
them to never see each other
again.
Biff cannot, unti] the finar
m o m e n t so f h i s t i m e w i t h t v i 1 1 y ,
a r t i c u l a t e h i s c o n t e m p tf o r
wil.'ly,s life of il.lusions.
He
tries onceagain to explain
that he is ,,nota.reader of men,,,
that he is in fact,,a dime
a d o z e n , , ( M i l l e r L g 4 4 ) .l ^ / i l 1 y
de_
nies this serf-assessment
and teils Biff once again howgreat
he can be. Willy refuses
to see the truth, and this
frus_
trates Biff to the point
t h a t h e b r e a k s d o w na n d s o b s ,
asking
l,l/illy to forget him. However,
d s N e i . l C a r s o np o i n t s o u t ,
" h l i l l y h a s t o o m u c he m o t i o n a r
capital tied up in his dreams
GF
h
h
h
hr
h\
h
tH
H.
Biff Lomanin Deattrof a Salesman
An Anatysisof the Character
7t
Files I
of Biff's
m a g n i f i c e n c e ,a n d h e p r e f e r s t o s a c r i f i c e h i s l i f e
rather than his illusion"
(56). He has in mindonelast busi-
n e s s d e a l : t o c a S h i n o n h i s t w e n t y - t h o u s a n d - d o l l a rl i f e
i n s u r a n c ep o l i c y b y k i ' l 1 i n g h i m s e 1 f .T h i s w i l l
set Biff up
f i n a n c i a l l y , t r a n s f e r r i n g h i s u n f u l f i l l e d d r e a mo f b u s i n e s s
s u c c e s so n t o h i s s o n . W i l l y d r i v e s o u t i n t o t h e n i g h t a n d
c r a s h e s h i s c a r , k i 1 1 - i n gh i m s e l f . A t t h e f u n e r a l , h o w e v e r ,
Biff
a s s u r e s h i s b r o t h e r H a p p y , " I k n o ww h o I a m
(Miller
Topic sentence
for paragraph 5.
L 9 4 7 ) . H i s f a t h e r ' s d e a t h h a s c h a n g e dB i f f ,
h i m t o b e c o m ef u l l y
."
allowing
himself with no one else's imposingsense
Ellipsis (ttuee
spacedperiods)
indicates that
one or more
words were
omitted at the
end of a quotation ttrat ippears
to be a complete
sentence but
contained additional words in
the source.
of the wor'ld weighing him down,
T h e t r a u m a t ic d i s c o v e r y o f h i s f a t h e r ' s i n f i d e l i t y ' i n
B o s t o n, t h e e y e - o p e nni g m e e t in g w i t h B i ' l l 0 l i v e r , a n d t h e
r e a ' l i t y o f h i s f a t h e r ' s s u i c i d e t a k e B i f f t o a n e wa w a r e n e s s .
T h e s e e v e n t s c h a n g eh i s v i e w o f h i m s e l f , h i s f a t h e r , a n d
the world. Traumaticevents in life
often give people new
i n s i g h t t h a t h e l p s t h e m b e c o m em o r e a w a r e o f t h e m s e l v e s
a n d o f t h e i r s u r r o u n d i n g s . H a v i n g a t l a s t e s c a p e dt h e t e n a c i o u s g r a s p o f h i s f a t h e r ' s d r e a m sa n d i l l u s i o n s ,
can finally
be his own person and live
Biff
Loman
out his own dreams and
d e s t i n y , u n b u r d e n e dw i t h h i s f a t h e r ' s f a l s e g u i d a n c e .
Conclusion sentence reminds
reader of the
main point of
the essay.
70
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Chapter7 SampteLiteraryAnatysis
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u
Files l
with Oliver, but Wil]y won,t.liste'n,
so Biff gives up and
instead ter]s wi'Hy what he wants
to hear_that he has an_
o t h e r a p p o i n t m e n tw i t h O r i v e r
the next day. A nowmore rearistic Biff rea'lizes, however,
that having stolen a gold pen
from Oliver's desk, he cannot go
back to see Oriver again. At
this point, hriily starts havr'ng
frashbacks to the Boston in_
cident and goes to the bathroom
to escape from Biff and the
guilt he feers about ruining
h i s b e r o v e ds o n , s r i f e . T h e b o y s
leave their father arone in
the restaurant, setting the stage
for the final confrontation
of the play.
Later that night, Biff comes
h o m ea n d e x p l a i n s t o w i 1 1 y
that it wourd be best for them
to never see each other again.
Biff cannot, unti] the finar
m o m e n t so f h i s t i m e w i t h h l . i . i l y ,
a r t i c u l a t e h i s c o n t e m p tf o r
wi1.ry's rife of iilusions.
He
tries once again to explain'that
he is ,,not a leader of men,,,
that he is in fact,,a dimea
dozen,,(Miller j.944).krlilly de_
n i e s t h i s s e r f - a s s e s s m e na
t nd teils
Short quotation
beginswith the
critic's narne
in lead-in and
endswith the
pagereference,
which is placed
beforethi pe.
riod that ends
the sentence.
he can be. willy
B i f f o n c e a g a i n , h o wg r e a t
refuses to see the truth, and
this frus-
trates Biff to the point that
h e b r e a k s d o w na n d s o b s , a s k . i n g
hlil'ly to forget him. However,
d s N e i . l C a r s o np o i n t s o u t ,
" l i l i l l y h a s t o o m u c he m o t i o n a r
capital tied up in his dreams
ftit
h
h
h
h
Biff Lomanin Deathof a Salesman 7 1
An Analysisof the Character
Files 8
of Biff's
m a g n i f i c e n c e ,a n d h e p r e f e r s t o s a c r i f i c e h i s l i f e
rather than his illusion"
(56). He has in mind onelast busi-
n e s s d e a l : t o c a S h i n o n h i s t w e n t y - t h o u s a n d - d o l l a rl i f e
insurancepolicy by killing
financially,
h i m s e ' l f .T h i s w i l l
transferring his urifulfilled
set Biff up
d r e a mo f b u s i n e s s
s u c c e s so n t o h i s s o n . W i l l y d r i v e s o u t i n t o t h e n i g h t a n d
c r a s h e s h i s c a r , k i ' l 1 i n g h i m s e l f. A t t h e f u n e r a l , h o w e v e r ,
B i f f a s s u r e s h i s b r o t h e r H a p p y , " I k n o ww h o I ' a m
(Mil:ler L947). His father's
I
T opic ' s en te n c eh i m to b e c o m e fu l l y
5.
for paragraph
hi msel f
death has changedB i f f ,
w i th
no one el se' s
."
allowing
imposing sense
Ellipsis (three
spaced periods)
indicates that
one or Elore
words were
omitted at-the
end of a quotation that ippears
to be a complete
sentence but
contained additional words in
tfie source.
of the wor'ld weighing him down.
T h e t r a u m a t i c d i s c o v e r y o f h i s f a t h e r ' s i n f i d e 1 it y i n
B o s t o n , t h e e y e - o p e nni g m e e t in g w i t h B i ' l l 0 l i v e r , a n d t h e
r e a l i t y o f h i s f a t h e n ' s s u i c i d e t a k e B i f f t o a n e wa w a r e n e s s .
T h e s e e v e n t s c h a n g eh i s v i e w o f h i m s e l f , h i s f a t h e r , a n d
the world. Traumatic events in
'life
often give people new
i n s i g h t t h a t h e l p s t h e m b e c o m em o r e a w a r e o f t h e m s e l v e s
a n d o f t h e i r s u r r c u n d i n g s . H a v i n g a t l a s t e s c a p e dt h e t e n a c i o u s g r a s p o f h i s f a t h e r ' s d r e a m sa n d i l ' l u s i o n s , B i f f
Loman
Condusion sentencereminds
readerof the
main point of
the essay.
can finally
b e h i s o w n p e r s o n a n d ' l i v e o u t h i s o w n d r e a m sa n d
destiny, unburdenedwith his father's
fa'lse guidance.
Biff Lomanin Deathof a Salesman 7 l
An Analysisof the Character
Files 8
of Biff's
m a g n i f i c e n c e ,a n d h e p r e f e r s t o s a c r i f i c e h i s l i f e
rather than his illusion"
(55). He has in mindonelast busi-
n e s s d e a l : t o c a S h i n o n h i s t w e n t y ' t h o u s a n d - d o l l a rl i f e
insurancepolicy by killing
financially,
himself. This will
transferring his unfulfilled
set Biff up
d r e a mo f . b u s i n e s s
s u c c e s so n t o h i s s o n . t l l i l l y d r i v e s o u t i n t o t h e n i g h t a n d
c r a s h e s h i s c a r , k i 1 ' l i n g h i m s e lf . A t t h e f u n e r a l , h o w e v e r ,
Biff
'amr , ."
a s s u r e s h i s b r o t h e r H a p p y , " I k n o ww h o I
(Miller
Topic sentence
for paragraph 5.
1 9 4 7 ) . H i s f a t h e r ' s d e a t h h a s c h a n g e dB i f f ,
h i m t o b e c o m ef u l l y
allowing
hinrself with no one else's imposingsense
Ellipsis (tfuee
spacedperiods)
indicates that
one or more
words were
omitted at-the
end of a quotation that appe^$
to be a complete
sentence but
contained additional words in
the source.
of the world weighing him down,
The traumatic discovery of his father's infidelity
in
B o s t o n , t h e e y e - o p e n i n gm e e t i n g w ' i t h B i l l O l i v e r , a n d t h e
r e a l i t y o f h i s f a t h e r ' s s u i c i d e t a k e B i f f t o a n e wa w a r e n e s s .
T h e s e e v e n t s c h a n g eh i s v i e w o f h i m s e l f , h i s f a t h e r , a n d
the world. Traumaticevents in life
often give people new
i n s i g h t t h a t h e l p s t h e m b e c o m em o r e a w a r e o f t h e m s e l v e s
a n d o f t h e i r s u r r o u n d i n g s . H a v i n g a t l a s t e s c a p e dt h e t e n a cious grasp of his father's
dreams and i'llusions, Biff
Loman
Condusion sentencereminds
readerof the
main point of
the essay.
can finally
b e h i s o w n p e r s o n a n d ' l i v e o u t h i s o w n d r e a m sa n d
destiny, unburdenedwith his father's
fa]se guidance.
72
Chapter7
\
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T
F
I
Fi'les 9
Book in a series.
Seriesname(not
underlined)appearsbeforefhe
city of publication and includesthe number of the book
if there is one
(GaleAuthor
Series2.).
F
WorksCited
F
C a r s o n , N e i ' l. A r t h u r M i l l e r .
G r o v ep r e s sM o d e r nD r a m a t i s t s .
ts
Newyork: G r o v e , 1 g g 2 .
H a r s h b a r g € r ,K a r l
Sal esman. UVashi
ngton: Up o f A m e r i c a ,
Article from a
literarr reference
book. Give fuII
bibliographicrnrormatronfor
referencebooks
that havenot
beenfrequently
upoatecl.
P t . Z . E d . : o t , n MacNicho'las.
Vol . 7 o f
. Detroit: Gale, 198L.
86-111.
Miller, Arthur.
@.
. Ed. X. J . Kennedy
a n d D a n aG i o i a , 8 t h e d .
f n t e r a c t i v e e d . NewYork:
L o n g m a n ,Z O O Z 1877
.
-L948.
Book.'Whena
tide that should
be underlined
falls insideanother title that
should be under_
lined, underline
the primary
tide, but do
not underline
the secondarv
'
title. In this
entry the title
of Harshbarger's
Dookts under_
lined, but not the
title of Miller's
F
Fr
tsF
An Anatysisof the characterBiff Lomanin Deathof a salesman 7 3
Files 10
Addi ti onal lrlorks C o n s utl e d
Centola, Steven. "Family Values in Deathof a Salesman."
Scholarlyjournal
article.
C L A l o u r n a l 3 7 ( 1 9 9 3 )z 2 9 - 4 t .
Article from a
Sunday New
York Times.
That the article
jumped from
Page one to another page F .th.
newspaper $ rndicated by the
plus sign (sec.2:
1+.).
D u d a r , H e ' l e n . " A M o d e r nT r a g e d y ' s R o a dt o M a t u r i t y . , , N e w y o r k
T i m e s 2 5 M a r c h1 9 8 4 , l a t e € d . , s e c . Z : 1 + .
H o g a n ,R o b e r t . " A r t h u r M i l l e r . " A m e r i c a nw r i t e r s : A c o l l e c . E d . L e o n a r dU n g e r . V o l . 3 .
A:ticle from a
literarT reference
book that has
not been frequently updated.
N e wY o r k : S c r i b n e r ' s , L 9 7 4 . 1 4 5 - 6 9 .
L a w r e n c e ,s t e p h e nA . " T h e R r ' g h tD r e a mi n M i l l e r ' s D e a t h o f
Scholariy joumal
arucle.
a Salesman.C
" o l l e g e E n g l i s h 2 5 ( 1 9 6 4 ): 5 4 7 _ 4 9 .
Article from
an online
encyclopedia.
" M i l 1 e r , A r t h u r . " E n c y c l o p a e d i aB r i t a n n i c a o n l i n e . 2 0 0 3 .
Encyc'lopaed
ai B r i t a n n i c a . 7 A p r . 2 0 0 3 < h t t p : / /
s e a r c h .e b .c o m > .
Article from
a general
encyclopedia.
" M i l 1 e r , A r t h u r . " E n c y c l o p e d i aA m e r i c a n a .z o 0 3 e d .
M i l l e r , A r t h u r , R o b e r t F a ] 1 s , a n d B r i a n D e n n e h y . . , , AAnm e r i c a n
classic: A Half-century Anniversary." rnterview with
P a u l s o ' l m a n .N e w s H o uwr i t h J i m L e h r e r . p B S . 1 0 F e b .
L 9 9 9 . T r a n - s c rpi t . 7 A p r . z o 0 3 < h t t p =/ / v t v t w . p b. o
s rg/
newshou
r/bb/entertai nment,/jan- j une99/mi'ller_2-10.html>.
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