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Copyright University of Athens 2009 opyright University of Athens
The Antikythera Mechanism an Advanced Astronomical Device and the First Computer? Xenophon Moussas Astrophysics Lab Lab,, University of Athens, Athens, [email protected] KERASTARI Copyright:: University of Athens, 20 Copyright 2012 12 Εθνικό και Καποδιστριακό Πανεπιστήμιο Αθηνών Ο Μηχανισμός των Αντικυθήρωνν Αντικυθήρω Ξενοφών Διον Διον.. Μουσάς Καθηγητής Φυσικής Διαστήματος Διευθυντής Εργαστηρίου Αστροφυσικής [email protected] Κεραστάρης Ιουνιος 2012 copyright University of Athens 2012 2 Ευχαριστίες: Ίδρυμα Ιωάννου Φ. Κωστόπουλου Ίδρυμα Αλέξανδρος Σ. Ωνάσης Πανεπιστήμιο Αθηνών, Ίδρυμα Ευγενίδου ΠΕΤΡΟ ΤΑΤΟΥΛΗ Τασσο Τζιούμη Πανεπιστήμιο Θεσσαλονίκης, Leverhulme Trust Trust,, Υπουργείο Πολιτισμού, Εθνικό Αρχαιολογικό Μουσείο, X-Tek, ΗΡ, copyright University of Athens 2012 3 Τι είναι ο μηχανισμός;; μηχανισμός what is this artefact? 7 What exactly is this artefact artefact? ? It is an Astronomical instrument, an analogue computer, a mechanical Cosmos working with gears It can be used: • Observations (it can measure angular distance between two astronomical objects objects,, the altitude of a star star,, the Sun Sun,, aplant and hence the geographic latitude using tables tables,, hence its name PINAX ΠΙΝΑΞ, ΠΙΝΑΚΙΔΙΟΝ) • Astronomical computer, computer, predict eclipses • Calendar mechanism (many caledars caledars,, incl. Olympiad) Olympiad) • Meteorological Meteorological--climatological Instrument • Impress your enemies (if you are a Governor or King King)) • School demonstration device • Show up to friends Copyright:: University of Athens, 20 Copyright 201 12 It can be used to: Measure Geographic latitude possibly to measure Geographic longitude (using the Moon position for a place, calculated using Kepler’s laws, Archimedes?, Hipparchus?) possibly the position of the planets. possibly Cartography Copyright:: University of Athens, 20 Copyright 201 12 clock? clock ? it is a mechanical clock clock? ? (in the manual we read read:: ΩΡΟΣΚΟΠΟΣ, ΩΡΟΣΚΟΠΟΣ, HOROSCOPOS=clock)) HOROSCOPOS=clock Copyright:: University of Athens, 20 Copyright 201 12 What is the Mechanism? Astronomical instrument Observations (how (how to measure an angular distance between two astronomical objects) objects) Astronomical computer, Anaphoric clock ? Meteorological instrument, Mechanical Universe, Universe, Planetarium ? Calendar mechanism, Festival date determination (Olympic, Pythia,Nemea, Isthmia, Naa, etc.) Teaching device A device to Show up to friends A device to Measure Geographic latitude to Measure Geographic longitude (with the Moon Mechanism, Hipparchus) A device to be used in Cartography A device to be used in Navigation Clock http://www.antikythera--mechanism.gr http://www.antikythera Astronomy. Why? What for? Άνθρωπος: αυτός που βλέπει τον ουρανό. ANTHROPOS, human in Greek: The one that looks the sky Άνθρωπος: αναθρών (αναθρεί δηλαδή εξετάζει, διαλογίζεται, κοιτάζει προς τα πάνω) α (αυτά) όπωπε (βλέπει, παρατηρεί), εμβαθύνει σε ότι παρατηρεί με τη βοήθεια του ανώτερου ή έλλογου νου. άνω + θρώσκω («αναπηδώ») + όπωπα (αρχαϊκός παρακείμενος του ορώ «βλέπω») ή από το Μυκηναϊκό a-to-ro-qo άνδρ-ωπος αυτός που μοιάζει με άνδρα… (δεν μου αρέσει) Copyright 12 Σχολή Αστρονόμων στον Πετσοφά το 2000 π.Χ. (Henriksson and Blomberg 1996, Blomberg and Henriksson 1996, Blomberg 2006) Και όρος Γιούκτα (Blomberg, Henriksson και Παπαθανασίου 2002), Ενδείξεις σεληνοηλιακού ημερολογίου Ισημερία Κνωσός Κατά Goodison Michael Hoskin’s 2001 Tombs, Temples and Their Orientations Κνωσός Κατά Goodison Goodison,, L. (1989 (1989)) Death, Women and the Sun (Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies, Supplement 53). 53 ). University of London, London. Michael Hoskin 2001 Tombs, Temples and Their Orientations Μ. Παπαθανασίου G. Henriksson and M. Blomberg THE EVIDENCE FROM KNOSSOS ON THE MINOAN CALENDAR Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, 11, 59‐68, 2011 copyright ισημερία 16 G. Henriksson and M. Blomberg THE EVIDENCE FROM KNOSSOS ON THE MINOAN CALENDAR ισημερία Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, 11, 59‐68, 2011 17 Ισημερία Φωτογραφία Mary Blomberg 1996 copyright 18 ισημερία copyright 19 Humans develop mathematics for astronomy and calandars Οι άνθρωποι ανέπτυξαν αστρονομία και μαθηματικά • Blombos Cave, South Africa, Middle Stone Age, 75,000 • Lascaux 12500 BC, Cyprus 12500 BC, Asia Minor 9500 BC 20 Humans understand causality and that there are laws of nature αιτιοκρατία, νομοι φυσικής ΟΥΡΑΝΙΟΣ ΝΟΜΟΣ, ΑΣΤΡΟΘΕΤΗΣ (Orphc (Orphc Hymns)) Hymns CELESTAIL LAW, THAT PUTS THE STARS IN POSITION AND MOTION 21 Astronomy is very important for humans humans construct obesrvatories Meton's solar and lunar observatory, observatory at Pnyx, the ancient parliament of Athens, 5th century BC Meton' s calendar is used in the Mechanis. Metonic calendar is used for Christian Orthodox Easrtter Solar observatory and anaphoric clock and clepsydra 1st century BC Copyright:: University of Athens, 20 Copyright 201 10 Archimedes astronomer? Constructs two celestial spheres, planetaria Copyright:: University of Athens, 20 Copyright 201 12 Copyright:: University of Athens, 20 Copyright 2012 12 Copyright:: University of Athens, 20 Copyright 2012 12 Copyright:: University of Athens, 20 Copyright 201 10 Copyright:: University of Athens, 20 Copyright 201 10 Copyright:: University of Athens, 2012 Copyright 2012 Treasures found in a shipwreck of the 1st CBC Antikythera, April 1900-March 1901 Romans or Pirates? Syme Antikythera 80 - 50 BC? Sofa Ανάκλιντρο/α Louis XIV Copyright:: University of Athens, 20 Copyright 2012 12 Murano? v copyright University of Athens 2012 53 copyright University of Athens 2012 54 copyright University of Athens 2012 55 On the first cycle decans 36 On the second the zodiac In the middle the Sun and the Moon Copyright:: University of Athens, 20 Copyright 201 10 Κύκλος του Μέτωνος Κύκλος του Καλλίππου Ολυμπιάς Πύθια Ίσθμια Νάα Νέμεα copyright University of Athens 2012 57 κύκλος του Σάρου και Εξελιγμού (εκλειψεις Ηλίου και Σελήνης) Copyright University of Athens 2009 copyright University of Athens 2012 58 Gynaecological instrument of the same era Γυναικολογικό ιατρικό όργανο της ίδιας εποχής Copyright:: University of Athens, 20 Copyright 201 12 Scales Ecliptic Solar year On the first cycle decans 36 Parapegma On the second the zodiac Calendar In the middle the Sun and the Moon Meteorological device Copyright:: University of Athens, 201 Copyright 2010 How mach it costs such a deveive? 200 pounds of gold! Chromatius, Rome rd 3 century AD Copyright:: University of Athens, 20 Copyright 201 10 Methods of new investigations: 3D photos (PTM) Tomography Callippus cycle 76 years Saros 223 months Meton’s cycle 19 years 3D photos PTM Ecliptic [months] Tom Malzbender, HP Palo Alto Nonlinear computer tomography Αξονική τομογραφία R. Hadland Χ,-ΤΕΚ systems (Metris) How it functions? Πώς λειτουργεί; copyright University of Athens Copyright University of Athens 2012 201 2 2012 69 Copyright University of Athens 201 2012 2 70 How it looked like originally? copyright University of Athens 2012 72 copyright University of Athens 2012 73 copyright University of Athens 2012 74 New discoveries Νέες ανακαλύψεις copyright University of Athens 2012 Copyright 2012 201 2 77 Είναι ρολόι; Is it a clock? copyright University of Athens 2012 78 Πώς κινείται; What drives it? copyright University of Athens 2012 79 Copyright University of Athens 2012 80 Copyright copyright University University of Athens of Athens 2011 2012 81 Copyright copyright University University of Athens of Athens 2011 2012 82 Copyright copyright University University of Athens of Athens 2011 2012 83 copyright University of Athens 2012 84 copyright University of Athens 2012 85 copyright University of Athens 2012 86 copyright University of Athens 2012 87 Decans Equinox Δεκανοί;; Δεκανοί Μετάπτωση ισημεριών; copyright University of Athens 2012 88 copyright University of Athens 2012 89 copyright University of Athens 2012 90 copyright University of Athens 2012 91 Πώς ονομάζεται; how is it named? copyright University of Athens 2012 92 Πίναξ, πινακίδιον (βασιλικόν) PINAX (TABLE) Little table Royal little table Αστρολάβιον, Astrolabion (little astrolabe) Πυξίς, box Μετεωροσκοπείον Meteoroscopion copyright University of Athens 2012 93 94 Υπήρχαν παρόμοια μηχανήματα; Other similar mechanisms?? mechanisms copyright University of Athens 2012 96 Υπάρχουν παρόμοιοι μηχανισμοί; Γρανάζι Σαρδηνίας (Prof. Ing. GIOVANNI PASTORE) Μηχανισμός Δωδώνης Σφαίρα (Μηχανική Ουράνια) του Αρχιμήδη Πλανητάριο και σφαίρα του Αρχιμήδη Ιππάρχου Μηχανισμός Ποσειδωνίου Μηχανισμοί του Κικέρωνα Αναφορικό (;) ρολόι Ανδρόνικου Κυρρήστου Αναφορικό ρολόι Αγρέστιου Χρωμάτιου, κυβ. Ρώμης (κόστος 200 λίβρες χρυσού) Σφαίρα Κλαύδιου Πτολεμαίου Δίσκος της Σεβρώς, Γαλλία Αναφορικό ρολόι Αυστρία Θρόνος Χοσρόη; Αυτόματα μηχανήματα στην αίθουσα θρόνου στην Βασιλέυουσα Αραβικά (!;) ρολόγια και αυτόματα Μεσαιωνικά ρολόγια copyright University of Athens De Dondi… 2012 97 similar mechanisms • Dodone (3 (3rd or 6th Century BC) • Archimdes gear (Sardenia, (Sardenia, Prof. Ing. GIOVANNI PASTORE ) • Archimedes sphere and planetarium • Hipparchus mechanism Ptolemy΄ Ptolemy΄s sphere • Posidonius mechanism • Cicero • Anaphoric clock of Andronicus • Anaphoric clock of Argestius Chromatius (governor of Rome) • Disque de Chevroche in France, 4th century AD • Hosroe Hosroe’’s throne, • Arab clocks and astrolabuses • Medieval clocks • De Dondi… Prague Similarities 1204 Crusades Phase of the Moon Munchen clock automata? doge Agostino Barbarigo, 1493 Giampaolo και Giancaαrlo Rainieri, 1 Feb. 1499 Rotating Statuette nd (2 CBC CBC??) from the shipwreck. Part of an automaton? Copyright:: University of Athens, 20 Copyright 201 10 Statuette of Boxer from Antikythera. Part of an automaton punching a cymbal (gong)? Copyright:: University of Athens, 20 Copyright 201 10 • Δοδώνη (Γ’Αι π.Χ.;) • Dodone (3 (3rd Century BC? BC?) copyright University of Athens 2012 109 Icelandic mechanism, 18 18th th century copyright 110 Icelandic mechanism, 18 18th th century copyright University of Athens 2012 111 Icelandic mechanism, 18 18th th century Στις αρχαίες κοινωνίες ο χρόνος υπολογιζόταν από ειδικούς. Υπήρχαν αιώνια επαναλαμβανόμενα ημερολόγια. copyright University of Athens 2012 112 Copyright:: University of Athens, 20 Copyright 201 10 Copyright:: University of Athens, 201 Copyright 2010 Copyright:: University of Athens, 20 Copyright 201 10 Copyright:: University of Athens, 201 Copyright 2010 Copyright:: University of Athens, 20 Copyright 201 10 Copyright:: University of Athens, 20 Copyright 201 10 Copyright:: University of Athens, 20 Copyright 201 10 Copyright:: University of Athens, 20 Copyright 201 10 how this is made and why? Plato:: Plato the Divine Curiosity [of humans]] humans CODEX ANTIKYTHERIANIS “ΚΟΣΜΟΥ ΚΟΣΜΟΥ” ” COSMOS ΣΤΗΡΙΓΜΟΣ etc Stationary points of planets ΑΦΡΟΔΙΤΗ Aphrodite ΕΡΜΗΣ Hermes ΑΡΗΣ Mars Golden little sphere (for the Sun pointer) ΧΡΥΣΟΥΝ ΣΦΑΙΡΙΟΝ του Ηλίου ΣΤΗΜΑΤΙΑ ΠΡΟΕΤΡΙΜ[Μ]ΕΝΑ Preperforated holes Trunions ΗΛΙOY ΑΚΤΙΝΑ sunray maps maps συνέδριο στις 30 Νοεμβρίου 2006 http://www.antikythera--mechanism.gr http://www.antikythera ΤΑ ΝΕΑ, Σ. Κρίκκης, 18-5-2006 Exhibitions: New York: Children Museum of Manhattan (2 (2 000 000 000 visitors visitors)) Library of Alexandria, Egypt, Geoastrophysical Museum, Observatory of Athens, Greece 7eme Salon d’astronomie, Constantine, Algeria Ionic Center, Athens and many more in Greece Whipple Museum of the History of Science, University of Cambridge UNESCO, Paris . Upsala, Olzstyn, Slovakia, Many Greek Schools including Alexandria and Cairo, Delphi Cultural Centre, Salamis, Rhodes, Kasos, Chios, Skiathos, etc http://www.antikythera-mechanism.gr http://www.antikytherahttp://www.cmom.org What is the Mechanism? Astronomical instrument Observations (how (how to measure an angular distance between two astronomical objects) objects) Astronomical computer, Anaphoric clock ? Meteorological instrument, Mechanical Universe, Universe, Planetarium ? Calendar mechanism, Festival date determination (Olympic, Pythia,Nemea, Isthmia, Naa, etc.) Teaching device A device to Show up to friends A device to Measure Geographic latitude to Measure Geographic longitude (with the Moon Mechanism, Hipparchus) A device to be used in Cartography A device to be used in Navigation Clock http://www.antikythera--mechanism.gr http://www.antikythera
