Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands Under “The Rising Sun”

Transcription

Afghan-Japan Relations:
LANDS UNDER
THE RISING SUN
Afghan-Japan Relations:
LANDS UNDER
THE RISING SUN
by
Haron Amin
Commemorating
Anniversary
Commemoratingthe
the Centennial
Centennial Anniversary
of of
PrinceAyub’s
Ayub’s Visit
Prince
VisittotoJapan
Japan
&
&
Celebrating76
76Years
Years of
Celebrating
of Formal
FormalRelations
Relations
Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands of the Rising Sun
Copyright © Haron Amin 2007
Embassy of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan in Tokyo
All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purposes of criticism and review, no
part of this publication may be reproduced by any mechanical, photographic, or electronic process, or in the
form of a phonographic recording, nor may it be stored in a retrieval system, transmitted, or otherwise
copied for public or private use, without written permission from the publisher.
First published by The Islamic Embassy of Afghanistan in Tokyo in 2007.
Amin, Haron.
Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands of the Rising Sun / Haron Amin
Includes bibliographical references
Published by The Islamic Embassy of Afghanistan in Tokyo
3-37-8-B Nishihara
Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 151-0066
Tel: (03) 5465-1219
www.afghanistanembassyjp.com
Printed and bound in Tokyo by Morimoto Printing Company, Ltd.
CONTENTS
FOREWORD BY LUDWIG ADAMEC 㨤
PREFACE BY HARON AMIN xi
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xii
1. Ancient Influence and the Personification of Buddha…………………2
1.1. Lapis Lazuli………………………………………………………………………..5
1.2. Shared Heritage and Cultural Similarities…………………………………………6
1.3. The Ayyaran: “Group of Secret Gallant Knights”…………………………………7
1.4. Bushido…………………………………………………………………………….9
2. Historical Relations between Japan and Afghanistan………………..10
2.1. Early Afghan-Japanese Ties: Ayub and Togo Celebrate Asian Victories…………11
2.2. Japan’s Victory and the Rise of Nationalism……………………………………..13
2.2.1 The Pan-Islamist and Pan-Asianist Advocates ……………………………..………16
2.3. The Turko-German Mission in Afghanistan ……..………………………………17
2.4. The Revolutionaries………………………………………………………………19
2.4.1. Mahendra Pratap (1886-1979) ……………………………………………………19
2.4.2. Mitsuru Toyama (1855-1944)………………………………………………………21
2.4.3. Rash Bihari Bose (1885-1945) ………………………………………………….…21
2.4.4. Subhas Chandra “Netaji” Bose (1897-1945)……………………………………….22
2.5. The Pan-Asiatic Congress………………………………………………………...23
3. Formal Diplomatic Relations ………………………………………………25
3.1. Bilateral Developments…………………………………………………………...28
3.2. Post 9.11 Relations………………………………………………………………..32
3.2.1. Japan’s Role in the Reconstruction of Post-Conflict Afghanistan…………………….37
3.2.2. Current Status and Future Strategy of Japanese Assistance to Afghanistan ………….38
3.2.3. Breakdown of Japanese Assistance………………………………………………...39
3.3. Future Commitments……………………………………………………………...40
4. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………….42
TABLE 1: Names of Afghan Officials who visited Japan since 2001
TABLE 2: Names of Japanese VIP Officials who visited Afghanistan since 2001
TABLE 3: Names, Dates and Posts of Afghan Diplomats in Japan
TABLE 4: Names, Dates and Posts of Japanese Diplomats in Afghanistan
TABLE 5: Ambassador in Charge of Afghanistan Assistance based at the Japanese
Foreign Ministry
BIBLIOGRAPHY
PHOTO GALLERY
Foreword
Afghanistan’s relations with major powers have been adequately
examined, especially relations with Britain, Germany, and the
Soviet Union. Some work has been done on relations with
Pakistan and Italy, but virtually nothing exists on Afghanistan
relations with Japan.
Mr. Haron Amin, Afghanistan’s ambassador to Tokyo, has helped
fill this lacuna with his interesting account of relations with the
“Land of the Rising Sun.” Ambassador Amin points out
interesting parallels in cultural and historical actors which may
very well go back to a common heritage, derived from ancient
contact by way of the Silk Route. Afghanistan, once known as
Khorasan - also translates as “The Abode of the Rising Sun.”
Buddhism spread from Afghanistan to Japan as did elements of
Zoroastianism. He sees a number of other influences in the
cultural development of Afghanistan.
Japan’s victory in the Russo-Japanese War (1905) showed Afghan
and other Asian rulers that a policy of modernization was needed
to resist the wave of western imperialism. Early contacts,
beginning with Ayub Khan’s visit to Japan in 1907, are detailed
on the basis of archival sources and tables list diplomatic
representatives of both countries. A number of illustrations depict
individuals involved in diplomatic contacts. Mr. Amin has done
an excellent job and it is hoped that it will help inspire further
research into the field of Afghanistan-Japan relations.
Ludwig Adamec
August 2006, Arizona
Preface
When I first arrived here, the mystique of Japan in those cool
winter days took on a new dimension. I relished the idea of
pursuing the quest for more knowledge and delved myself in
books on Japan. My first book was about Matsuo Basho, the 17th
century master of Haiku. The search proved to be both a
mesmerizing and humbling experience and I began to fall in love
with Japan. Then as time passed on, I began to observe similarities
with my own culture and history – of all sorts – which, I had
neither noticed nor experienced anywhere else during my work
and travels.
As I shared an array of similitude, friends asked me to chronicle
them. When the first few pages were being drafted, I was faced
with disconnected pieces of an interesting puzzle. Fitting those
pieces together suddenly became both fun and rewarding as I
began to discover – apart from culture – interesting historical
parallels between Japan and Afghanistan. When faced with lack of
material and time difference, as well as distance between Japan
and the rest of the world, the research was at times difficult. For
instance, there were occasions when I had to wait more than three
months for a single item such as photo, a date or a newspaper
article. Eventually, the research took over two years as contents
were obtained, among other sources, from the British Archives,
the US Department of State Archives, Afghan National Archives
and experts on Afghanistan. Meanwhile, I established a library
within the Embassy and used those resources for additional
information.
Finally, in July of 2006 - coinciding with the 75th anniversary of
official bilateral relations - the article was published, after its
translation into Japanese, by Jiyu (trans. as Freedom) Magazine.
Haron Amin
Tokyo
Acknowledgments
I must first express my gratitude to two people: Professor Ludwig
Adamec for responding to my initial query regarding Prince
Ayub’s visit to Japan, who encouraged me to conduct the research
and reviewed the material compiled and Dr. A. G. Ravan Farhadi
for reading the initial draft and offering me some
recommendations. I also want to thank Mr. Hideaki Kase for the
main text’s publication in Jiyu Magazine’s July 2006 issue, Mr.
Yoshinori Akiyama for arranging the layout process, and friends
of the Embassy for printing this updated version. And finally,
thank you also Jean Tsang, Hassan Sobman, Masao Sekine, Yuko
Ikenishi, Tomie Soude-Nitobe, Dr. Bashir Mohabbat, Jermaine
Scott and some Foreign Ministry officials here in Tokyo for
helping make this publication possible.
History is past politics; and politics present history.
- John Seely
Afghan-Japan Relations
Lands Under the Rising Sun
Ernest Renan defined a nation as “a soul, a spiritual principle. Only two
things, actually, constitute this soul, this principle. One is in the past, the
other is in the present. One is the possession in common of a rich legacy
of remembrance; the other is the actual consent, the desire to live
together, the will to continue to value the heritage which all hold in
common.”1 Hence, among the peoples of Asia the peoples of Japan and
Afghanistan possess most of the characteristics which are considered
basic elements of nationhood – national pride, romantic patriotism,
sense of superiority and above all, love for freedom.
It is very interesting that in the 6th century A.D., inhabitants who resided
in present-day Afghanistan gave their land a new name: Khorāsān,
meaning “The Abode of the Rising Sun.” “Khor” means sun and “āsān”
means abode. It was around the same time that Japan became known as
Nippon or Nihon which means “the sun’s origin,” or where the sun
originates, although, it is always translated as the “Land of the Rising
Sun.”
Both Japan and Afghanistan thwarted foreign infiltration and occupation
for thousands of years. For Japan, the isolation from the mainland –
separated by the sea – provided it security from foreign attacks and an
opportunity to mold its own distinct civilization. Japan successfully
defended against the Mongolian attacks (1274-1281), maintained limited
influence by the Portugese and Spanish traders (16th-17th centuries) and
subsequently the Dutch and British merchants, and implemented the
1
Hutchinson, John & Smith, Anthony D. Nationalism. (Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 1994), p. 17
1
Haron Amin
closure of the country under the Tokugawa Shogunate (1600-1850s). It
only opened up after the arrival of Commodore Perry (1853) and
reforms under the Meiji Restoration (1868). Paradoxically, Afghanistan
protected its territory while situated in the heart of the mainland. In fact,
its location at the crossroads of various civilizations enabled it to
contribute to and borrow from those civilizations. Alexander the Great
spent three tiresome years during his Afghan campaign (330-327 B.C.),
Genghis Khan suffered a major blow in Bagram (1221), the British were
defeated in the three Anglo-Afghan Wars (1839), (1880) and (1919) and
the former Soviet Union suffered its first and final defeat in (1979-1989)
since its founding in 1917.
The historical relationship between Afghanistan and Japan is little
known to most. Indeed, it is not widely recognized that Afghanistan has
in fact had a significantly lasting influence on Japan to this day. There is
a firm cultural underpinning for the continuation of the long standing
relations between Afghanistan and Japan. The historical relationship
between the two nations, including their religious, historical, and
diplomatic ties demonstrate the various impacts Afghanistan and Japan
have had on each other thus far.
1. Ancient Influence and the Personification of Buddha
Although perhaps little known to most Japanese, Afghanistan has had a
strong influence on one of the pillars of Japanese religious identity. As
the crossroad of numerous civilizations over many centuries,
Afghanistan served as the hub of the Silk Route with flow of goods and
ideas between Europe and Asia. Both Zoroastrianism and Buddhism
spread eastward from Afghanistan to China although the latter
eventually made it to Korea and finally to Japan.2 But there is no doubt
that many elements from Zoroastrianism in Japan can be traced back to
Afghanistan. The Shunie Otaimatsu Festival in Japan which takes place
every year on March 12th involves burning of trees for religious
purposes3. In present-day rural Afghanistan, locals make fire and smoke
2
Whitefield, Susan. Life Along the Silk Road. (London: John Murray Publishers,
2004)
3
Interview with Ikuo Hirayama, renown Japanese Artist and UNESCO Goodwill
Ambassador Volume 2, Issue , May 2005
2
inside their houses on March 21st, the beginning of the spring season
which coincides with the Afghan New Year in order to purify the house
from the evil spirits. This practice has been retained from Afghanistan’s
Zoroastrian past. The founder of this religion, Zoroaster, was killed in
northern Afghanistan by invading nomadic tribes from Central Asia in
552 B.C.4
In the period after Ashoka (232 B.C.) and with Brahmanism’s decline in
India, Mahayana Buddhism’s gestation in Gandhara, an area inclusive of
Kabul, Jalalabad and Peshawar, spread along the commercial Silk Route
to Turkestan, Mongolia, China, Korea and subsequently Japan. It came
to Japan around the 6th century. By the 8th century, the existing sects
were known as the six sects of Nara. With the coming of Zen Buddhism
from China, two sects known as Rinzai and Soto, were introduced.
These were later further subdivided into numerous schools. Just the
Shingon Sect alone, has been subdivided into 57 sects. While the
majority of Japanese belong to these sects, they can be considered
believers when it comes to funeral rites, which are quite similar to
Afghan funeral rites.5 When I attended the funeral of Mr. Ikeda, former
Japanese Foreign Minister on February 25, 2004 at Aoyama Funeral
Hall, I noted the high level of similarity. The only difference was that
instead of monks chanting Sutras, Mullahs will be reciting verses from
the Holy Qur’an in segregated chambers with men in one room and the
women in another. Also, in most Buddhist and Shinto Shrines, people
offer money which they throw into a wooden box. In Afghanistan, they
donate money to mosques as well, in some cases by depositing it in a
big bowl outside the mosques. Hence, one can conclude that many
similar traditions have been preserved in both places. Yet, in today’s
Japan, while Buddhist and Shinto teachings are deeply entangled in
Japanese everyday life, the Japanese people themselves may not be
aware of them. And in Afghanistan, many customs such as a bow
similar to the Japanese – still common in many places – date back to
ancient times.
Under Kanishka I (125 A.D.), a Kushan ruler known as the “Victorious”
who converted to Buddhism, Gandhara expanded into a vast territory
4
Dupree, Louis. Afghanistan (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980), p. 272.
About Japan Series: Japanese Culture (Tokyo: Foreign Press Center, 1999), pp.
14-15.
5
3
Haron Amin
that included parts of the Indus Valley, eastern Afghanistan, central Asia
north to the Aral Sea and parts of present-day north-western China and
became a “Holy Land” dotted with monasteries. 6 Statue making
eventually evolved into the first artistic portrayal of the Buddha in
human form derived from Gandhara’s Hellenic past, a direct influence
of the Greeks and the divine entity Apollo. The Kushan Kingdom was
originally founded by Kajula Kadphises (40-78 A.D.) and brought about
a cultural renaissance and the spread of Buddhism in the neighboring
China. It is in the period after this that the Buddha statues were carved
into the Bamiyan hills (5th century A.D.).7 Therefore, it can be said that
Buddha’s human form, recognized and firmly embedded throughout the
Far East and modern-day Japan, originated in Afghanistan during this
time. The Buddha statues in Nara and Kyoto speak volumes in this
regard. A shared characteristic between them and the Bamiyan Buddha
statues is the likeness of their loosely-fitting robes, which the Chinese
and Japanese sculptors later replicated. Initially, the Bamiyan statues
took their inspiration from the Greek divinity Appolo. These statues
were destroyed in March 2001 by the Taliban, who were not educated in
Afghanistan but were indoctrinated outside the country with
rudimentary teachings and a kind of zeal historically unknown and
unfamiliar to Afghans in general. 8 The fact that the statues were
preserved for centuries, albeit Afghans’ conversion to Islam –
throughout the duration of successive Islamic governments – reveals
plenty.
The strongest cultural influence on Japan has come from China. 9
China’s T’ang Dynasty had very close relations with Afghanistan.
During the Sui and T’ang dynasties in the seventh Century A.D., a large
number of Afghan Buddhist monks and scholars such as the famous
6
Gandhara flourished from the 1st to the 5th centuries A.D.
Located along the Silk Route, Bamiyan served as a center of trade, arts and
religious activity in the Zoroastrian, Buddhist as well as Islamic eras. In 1222,
Genghis Khan wreaked havoc on all of Afghanistan and torched Bamiyan after his
grandson was killed by Bamiyan’s defenders.
8
Rashid, Ahmed. Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia.
(UK: I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd, 2000), pp. 17-30; Nojumi, Neamatollah, The Rise of the
Taliban in Afghanistan: Mass Mobilization, Civil War, and the Future of the Region.
(New York: Palgrave, 2002), pp.122-124.
9
Reischauer, Edwin O. Japan: The Story of a Nation (Boston: Tuttle Publishing,
Fourth Edition, 1990), p. 9.
7
4
Hushien and his five companions, as well as craftsmen were sent to
China and set forth on a mission to North America to preach Buddhism
1,000 years before Christopher Columbus.10 In 632, when the Chinese
pilgrim Xuanzang visited Afghanistan’s Balkh, Kunduz, Bamiyan,
Kapisa, Laghman and Kandahar provinces, he recorded 1,230 Buddhist
temples and counted more than 8,000 monks, while there were many
more across the rest of the country. In particular, the majestic splendor
of the Bamiyan Buddha statues completely overwhelmed him.
1.1 Lapis Lazuli
The first object to come to Japan from Afghanistan was the semiprecious stone Lapis Lazuli – known in Japan as “Ruri” – though no
person is believed to have come to Japan at that time.11 In Buddhism,
Lapis Lazuli is treated as one of the “৾ቲ䙽䎃 meaning “seven treasures”
which shine in heaven. Belts and mirrors decorated with Lapis Lazuli
can be found in Shosoin, an old deposit house of Todaiji Temple in Nara.
More recently, The National Research Institution for Cultural Properties
in Tokyo discovered that Lapis Lazuli was used in the wall painting of
Takamatsuzuka Kofun in Asuka village in Nara.
In addition to Lapis Lazuli, there is proof that gold lace was also brought
to Japan from Afghanistan. In a ruin in Osaka, gold lace was excavated
and found to be exactly the same as a piece of gold lace excavated from
a Shiberghan ruin in northern Afghanistan.12
10
Geddes, Gary. The Kingdom of Ten Thousand Things: An Impossible Journey
from Kabul to Chiapas (Harper Collins Publishers, LTD., 2005)
11
There is no firm evidence as to what language the words “Lapis Lazuli” come
from. Some say that Lapis derives from Latin meaning “stone”. Others say that the
name lapis comes from word pencil in Spanish. Another group argues that it is
called “䊤䊷䉳䊠䊯䉜䊦䊄” (lajaward) in Farsi meaning “deep blue sky” while others
argue that lazuli derives from the Arabic word “䉝䊦䊶䊤䉵䊪䊦” (al-lazuwar).
Persian legend says the sky owes its color to a giant slab of lapis upon which the
earth rests. To Buddhists, lapis lazuli brought peace of mind and dispelled evil
thoughts. Yet, what is certain is most important supplies of Lapis Lazuli are found in
Badakhshan, Afghanistan and Ovalle, Chile.
12
The usual word for prefecture in Japanese is ken. But in the case of Osaka, the
Japanese use “fu”.
5
Haron Amin
1.2. Shared Heritage and Cultural Similarities
Unlike Western culture which is guilt-based, both Afghanistan and
Japan share a common culture of shame. According to Ruth Benedict,
the author of The Chrysanthemums and the Sword, “true shame cultures
rely on external sanctions for good behavior, not, as true guilt cultures
do, on an internalized conviction of sin” (1992. Rutland and Tokyo:
Charles E. Tuttle). There are hundreds of common cultural codes that
are identical in many ways between Afghanistan and Japan. Some
examples include Anmoku no Ryokai (“unspoken understanding”),
Ashirau (“the diplomatic brush-off”), Bushido (the way of the warrior),
furusato (“longing for a spiritual home”), Gochisoh Sama (“thanks for
the hospitality”), Kato Kyoso (“compete or die”), Kuchi-Komi (“by
word of mouth”), Menmoku Maru Tsubure (“losing one’s face”),
Otsukare Sama (“above and beyond the call”), Shibutosa (“fight to the
death”), Shido (“a word from big brother”) and Sode no shita (“a little
something up the sleeve”). 13 Ambassador Kinichi Komano, the first
Japanese Ambassador to a post-conflict Afghanistan summarized
similarities as such: “First of all, Japanese people have their own very
old culture and civilization, and they are grateful to the Afghan people
because of Buddhism, which entered Japan from India through
Afghanistan, China and Korea. This shared history is well understood
by almost all Japanese people. Also, because of the same experience or
situation that the two nations had in the past century or so, that is, the
complete devastation of the country – due to World War II in the case of
Japan, and the civil war in Afghanistan’s case.14 They showed a great
resilience in their efforts toward reconstruction and rehabilitation of
their own country, their own rights and their own society. Moreover, in
this process most of them have shown an emphasis on education and are
fully aware of the importance of education for the future of the country.
This is of utmost importance. The people of Japan and the people of
Afghanistan also have in common their warm hospitality toward people,
to their friends. The Japanese who are here don't feel isolated or sorry
13
De Mente, Boye Lafayette. Japan’s Cultural Code Words: 233 Key Terms That
Explain the Attitudes and Behavior of the Japanese. (Boston: Tuttle Publishing,
2004).
14
The author’s view is that there was an invasion followed by a foreign-sponsored
occupation.
6
about being away from their home country. I think the same holds true
for Afghan people in Japan.”15
It is these ancient parallels between Japan and Afghanistan that have had
a lasting influence to this day with imprints across the region.
1.3. The Ayyārān: “Group of Secret Gallant Knights”
Ayyārān, which literally means “warriors,” was a popular movement
that emerged around the 8th century A.D. in Afghanistan under the
Abbasid Khilafat when it later ruled major parts of the Eastern Islamic
world.16 The movement took on different names in different countries
within and beyond the region. However, one distinct thing that happened
in Khorasan or present-day Afghanistan, was that it gradually merged
together with Islamic mysticism.17
With the emergence of Ayyārān due to the prevailing political and social
circumstances, the movement eventually posited a sort of noninstitutional national authority in Afghanistan against foreign occupation
and domestic repression.
Ayyārān became an instantaneous grass-root movement where many
formed their circles in opposition to Arab dominance and oppression in
major cities of Afghanistan and Iran. These ancient activists strictly
followed certain codes of honor, while pursuing their moral quest with
fierce loyalty around Jus Ad Bellum. 18 The moral codes of an Ayyār
included helping the destitute, persisting patiently through hardship,
acting with a generous heart and telling the truth. Their emphasis on
bravery and fair play were put to the test as they mastered combat skills
such as wrestling, marksmanship, swordsmanship, stick fighting, horseriding and so on.
15
Interview with Ambassador Komano for Afghan News, Volume 1, Issue 1, June
2004, Published by the Embassy.
16
Ayyaran is plural for Ayyar, meaning warrior. See definition on p.1585, Anwari,
Fahang-e-Fishordeh Sukhan, Iran.
17
Yaqin, Ghulam Haider. Ayyaran wa Kaka haye Khurasan. (Kabul: Wezarat-eTalim wa Tarbia press, 1365 Hijri Shamsi which corresponds to 1986 A.D.) p. 5.
18
Translates as ‘Just Cause’
7
Haron Amin
It did not take long for a group of Ayyārān, gathered under the
leadership of Yaqub Lais ibn Saffār or Saffāri in Sistan, to remove the
Abbasid Governor – who had ruled his domain with a heavy fist – from
western Afghanistan. Led by Yaqub-e- Lais-e Saffārī – who was born in
Zaranj, a district in present-day Nimroz Province – the Ayyārān soon
established the Saffārid Dynasty in Afghanistan and in parts of Iran in
872 A.D. Later, he even challenged the Abassid Khilafat in Baghdad.
In the 8th and 9th centuries, the Ayyārān movement existed with specific
organizational structure in the form of political parties. 19 It survived
until Amir Abdul Rahman Khan (ruled from 1880 to 1901), also known
as the Iron Amir of Afghanistan, who banned the Ayyaran movement
after a feud between two masters led to disruption of order within Kabul
city.20 Ayyārān also played a very significant role in popular uprising of
the Afghans against foreign occupation and domestic oppression and
social injustices. Although the Ayyārān has disappeared from
Afghanistan, the values emulated by the movement are still revered in
Afghan culture. The great courage and sacrifice with which the Afghans
repelled three British invasions and the Soviet invasion are codes
derived from the Ayyārān movement. During the Soviet invasion alone,
more than one-and-a-half million Afghans lost their lives in the name of
defending their honor, religion and homeland.
Both Abu Muslim Khurasani and the Late Ahmad Shah Massoud,
Afghanistan’s National Hero who was assassinated on September 9th,
2001, can be called the most noble among the Ayyārān. And
interestingly, certain aspects of their lives mirror those of Saigo
Takamori and Sakamoto Ryoma as followers of Bushido.21
19
Ghobar, Mir Ghulam Muhammad. Afghanistan Dar Maseer-e- Taareekh
(Peshawar: Maiwand Publishers, vol. 1., 2000), p. 90.
20
Yaqin, Ghulam Haider. Ayyaran wa Kaka haye Khurasan. (Kabul: Wezarat-eTalim wa Tarbia Press, 1365 Hejri Shamsi which corresponds to 1986 A.D. ), p. 22.
21
Jansen, Marius B. Sakamoto Ryōma and the Meiji Restoration (New York:
Columbia University Press, 1994) and Ravina, Mark. The Last Samurai: The Life
and Battles of Saigo Takamori (New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2004).
8
1.4. Bushido
It is said that without understanding Bushido or “the way of the warrior”
and feudalism one will not truly understand Japan. 22 According to
Nitobe, Bushido “is the code of moral principles which the knights were
required or instructed to observe. It is not a written code.”23 Although in
existence since 1185, the beginning of feudalism and of the Shogunate
form of government, it was codified by a Confucian scholar named Soko
Yamaga for the first time in mid-1600. This was the period under the
Tokugawa Shogunate which finally ended the constant wars which
drained the Samurai. Known as the Edo period, this era witnessed the
integration of many samurai into government positions.
The most famous story on the subject is The Tale of the Forty-Seven
Ronin, which features a disciple of Yamaga as the lead figure. 24 A
master draws his sword against an official of the Shogun who has
insulted him, and the Shogun orders the former to commit seppuku. As a
result, his samurai followers become masterless warriors. Out of loyalty
to their deceased master, they decide to murder the Edo official. They
finally trap the official and kill him. Their sacrifices included the deaths
of parents, wives, and children. Hence, they become the heroes of their
loyalty to their master. Finally out of loyalty to the Shogun, they must
die by seppuku in the name of the highest loyalty of all.
Bushido entails elements from Buddhism, Shintoism, Confucianism,
and Zen teachings. The moral basis and the seven virtues of Bushido
include a highly developed sense of justice or rectitude, courage,
benevolence, politeness, veracity and sincerity, a highly developed sense
of honor, honesty, loyalty to the state and one’s lord, self control and
seppuku.25 If one were to summarize the traits associated with Bushido,
having “integrity” is key to adhering to Bushido.
22
When lecturing to university and school students, the author encourages his
audience to learn Japanese history and not to forget the spirit of Bushido.
23
Nitobe, Inazo. Bushido: The Soul of Japan (Boston, Tuttle Publishing, 2001), p. 5.
24
Allyn, John. The 47 Ronin Story (Boston: Tuttle Publishing, 1970)
25
Nitobe says that “seppuku was not a mere suicidal process. It was an institution,
legal and ceremonial. And invention of Middle Ages, it was a process by which a
warrior could expiate their crimes, apologise for errors, escape from disgrace,
redeem their friends, or prove their sincerity” (p. 116).
9
Haron Amin
From an early age, the Samurai were taught spear-fighting, swordfighting, jujutsu, archery, horsemanship, military tactics, ethics,
literature, history and calligraphy.
With introduction of Western style commercial activities in 1870, “The
Soul of Japan” witnessed a great shock. But the spirit of Bushido
continues to survive in Japan, as the spirit of the Ayyārān still inhabits
the soul of the Afghan people.26
2. Historical Relations between Japan and Afghanistan
There are some shockingly similar historical parallels between
Afghanistan and Japan. In the 1860’s, both Afghanistan and Japan
launched modern reforms. Amir Sher Ali, the ruler of Afghanistan from
1863-66 and 1868-79, introduced a series of modern reforms,
establishing new administrative zones and a new national army similar
to those in Europe. Amir Sher Ali also abolished the feudal system of
tax-farming, set up the postal system, and published the first Afghan
weekly, the Shams al-Nahar (trans. “Sun of the Day”). Unfortunately,
caught between Tsarist Russia and British India, Afghanistan’s
geographical size in the 19th century struggle known as the Great Game
suffered a series of blows. Under Ahmad Shah Durrani in 1747, the
Afghan Empire extended from Nishapur (present-day Iran) to Pani Pat
(present-day India), and from Bukhara (present-day Uzbekistan) to
Karachi (present-day Pakistan) or from the Arabian Sea to the Indian
Ocean.
In 1868, Japan adopted a series of modern reforms under what became
known as the ‘Meiji Restoration’ and changed the name for the “year
period” to Meiji, meaning “Enlightened Rule.” The drastic changes were
institutionalized under fukoku kyohei and a Five Article Oath (also
called the Charter Oath), was issued by the Emperor which ruled out
ancient evil customs and sought knowledge all over the world. 27
However, both the Japanese Emperor and the Afghan Amir remained
26
De Mente, Boye Lafayette.The Japanese Samurai Code: Classic Strategies for
Success. (Boston: Tuttle Publishing, 2004).
27
Fukoku kyohei translates as “a rich country and a strong military.”
10
suspicious of powers which were militarily more advanced and
particularly in the vicinity.
In 1870, Amir Sher Ali Khan issued the first postal stamps. 28 Its
commemorative stamp was issued in 1964. Japan followed suit in 1871.
It was the following year, when the word “Afghanistan” appeared for
the first time in Japanese newspapers. 29 Later, in 1873, Tokyo Nichi
Nichi Shimbun (the former name of Mainichi Shimbun) published a
story on Afghanistan. In 1887, the Asahi Shimbun wrote an extensive
article on Bamiyan.
2.1. Early Afghan-Japanese Ties: Ayub and Togo Celebrate
Asian Victories
It is interesting that diplomatic relations between Japan and Afghanistan
did not formally occur until the 20th century. Yet, General Ayub Khan,
the victor in the British defeat during the Second Anglo-Afghan War
was the first Afghan to visit Japan. As Admiral Heihachiro Togo’s guest
of honor, Ayub was well received in celebrations marking Asian
victories over European powers. Togo also was known as a hero for his
role in the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905). Both the Afghan and
Japanese victories had sent rays of hope for independence to many
colonized countries across the globe.
Sardar (Prince) Ayub Khan, known as ‘Victor of Maiwand,’ was the
great hero of the Second Anglo-Afghan War (1879-1880). A
commander well-versed in modern warfare and an able General, the
Sardar had on July 27, 1880 decisively defeated a British force led by
Brigadier-General George Burrows in an open battle at Maiwand, forty
miles west of Qandahar by virtually wiping out all British forces. 30
Ayub’s success laid in seizing high ground before the battle began.
According to Tanner, “the first shock to the British was that the Afghans
28
The stamps were round in shape and printed in black with a lion’s head derived
from the King’s first name, “Sher” meaning “lion,” surrounded by text in Dari.
29
Maeda, Kosaku & Sekine, Masao. Nihon Afghanistan Kanke Zenshi. (Tokyo:
Akashi Shoten, 2006), p. 28.
30
Hopkirk, Peter. The Great Game: on Secret Service in High Asia. (London: John
Murray Publishers, Ltd, 1990).
11
Haron Amin
had thirty well-handled guns to their twelve.” 31 Afghan heroine of
Maiwand, Malalai had been heard shouting out the following poem as
she entered the battlefield to hold up the Afghan flag: “Young love! If
you do not fall in the battle of Maiwand, By God, someone is saving
you as a symbol of shame!” Roughly forty years before, the British had
suffered a major defeat that was by far larger in scale. In their first
imperial defeat in the first Anglo-Afghan war (1838-42), the British lost
a total of 16,000 troops with only one survivor, Dr. Brydon. This battle
was known as the “Death March” costing the British 20 million Sterling
Pounds which led to the reshuffling of the cabinet in London. In a final
attempt to have its martial reputation restored, General George Pollack,
in September 1842, wreaked vengeance on Kabul by torching and
plundering the city, which destroyed much of the rest of the city, before
finally leaving with his entire British force. It took many years before
the Forward Policy witnessed a decline.
General Ayub and his entourage, including British Army Major Whyte
and Mr. Aminullah Khan who later became Deputy Justice Minister of
Afghanistan, left Lahore on January 12, 1907 for a long trip to Japan
aboard the “Kawachi Maru” and arrived in Kobe on February 16.32 On
the 18th, he came to Tokyo to visit the naval academy. Ayub’s long trip
ended on March 20 aboard the “Manila.”33 He arrived back in Lahore
on April 8, 1907.
According to original British archival sources, in Japan the General was
extremely well-received everywhere he went.34 He visited regiments of
the Imperial Guard in their barracks and a military college for officers
where he lunched with the Commandant. In addition, he visited the
principal naval dockyard and was hosted for lunch by Naval
31
Tanner, Stephen. Afghanistan: A Military History from Alexander the Great to the
fall of the Taliban (Cambridge: Da Capo Press, 2002), p. 215.
32
Aminullah Khan’s grandfather Arsala Khan had served as the first Foreign
Minister under Amir Sher Ali Khan; and Aminullah’s grandson served as Foreign
Minister in the Mujahideen Government (1992) and has served as Vice-President,
Finance Minister, Senior Adviser and Commerce Minister and currently as the
Senior Cabinet Minister under President Hamid Karzai.
33
Based on Ambassador Tabibi’s letter No. 1335 to Foreign Minister Etemadi dated
21/12/1347 (10 March 1968).
34
Ludwig Adamec’s email to the author dated June 22, 2004 based on original
British archival sources.
12
Commander-in-Chief Admiral Hikonojou Kamimura. He was received
by Count Sigenobu Okuma, the Minister of War and Marine, Admiral
Heihachiro Togo, and the Generals Yasukata Oku and Maresuke Nogi.
Admiral Togo was the hero of the Battle of Tsushima (1905) and
General Nogi was the hero of the capture of Port Arthur (1905). 35
In a gesture of empathy and respect for his hosts, the Sardar donated 200
Yen (estimated now to be roughly equal to 1,600,000 Yen ) to “Tokyo
Haihei In,” the Tokyo home for the soldiers disabled in the 1904-5
Russo-Japanese War, which was established in 1907 in Shibuya-ku and
later moved to Sugamo, Toshima-ku.
Ayub never accepted the legitimacy of Amir Abdul Rahman or his
cousin and successor, Amir Habibullah. It was Yaqub Khan, Ayub’s
own brother who had signed the treaty of Gandumak on May 26, 1879
which was to establish “eternal peace and friendship” between
Afghanistan and Great Britain. This treaty, signed in return for full
British support, obligated Yaqub Khan, to conduct “relations with
Foreign States, in accordance with the advice and wishes of the British
Government.” Abdul Rahman had expelled Sardar Ayub to British India.
When Amir Habibullah went to British India in 1907 on an official visit,
it was arranged for Sardar Ayub to travel to any European country or
America due to a concern that the latter might return to Afghanistan in
an attempt to disrupt the situation and take over power. It was Sardar
Ayub who, out of utmost respect due to the Japanese victory in the
Russo-Japanese War, sought to travel to Japan.
2.2. Japan’s Victory and the Rise of Nationalism
Seraj ul-Akhbar (translated as “Torch of the News”), a modernist,
nationalist and anti-imperialist newspaper began publication in Kabul in
1911 under the able Mahmood Tarzi, a writer and journalist who had
lived for years in Constantinople and Damascus. Seraj ul-Akhbar was
read in places such as Turkey, the Caucasus, Turkestan, India and Japan,
where ideas and words were revered as an art unto themselves.
35
On September 13, 1912, the day of the Emperor Meiji’s funeral, out of devotion
General Nogi and his wife committed ritual suicide in order to follow their Emperor
to the grave.
13
Haron Amin
Focusing on modernization, the paper looked at America and Japan as
successful engines of progress that provided alternatives to the European
models. This he advocated particularly in order to repel the constant
British and Tsarist onslaught. In particular, Tarzi emphasized Japan as a
model for the development of all Asiatic countries, for he explained that
despite wishing to duplicate European progress, the Japanese did not
lose their customs or their way of life. In 1919, Tarzi became Foreign
Minister and under King Amanullah attempted to establish bilateral
relations with Japan. Unfortunately, the Japanese were wrongfully
advised by the British and delayed diplomatic contacts. Seraj-ul-Akhbar
expressed deep sympathy for the Ottoman Empire and went so far as to
call British India “dar-al harb” ‘or the abode of war.’36
Tarzi was deeply influenced by the thoughts of Sayed Jamaluddin
Afghani, known as al-Afghani, who was born in 1838 in Kunar’s
Asadabad District in eastern Afghanistan and died in Constantinople in
1897. Having traveled to India, Iran, Turkey, the Middle East and
Europe, Al-Afghani was in essence the founder of pan-Islamism. A
prominent scholar of Islam and flamboyant anti-colonialist, antiabsolutist agitator, he clashed with Muslim monarchs. In an exchange of
polemics in Paris in 1883 with the French philosopher, historian and
positivist Ernest Renan, he refuted the latter’s views on the
incompatibility of Islam and modernization and established considerable
fame for himself in the Parisian intellectual circles.37 Renan later wrote:
“The freedom of his thought, his noble and loyal character made me
believe during our conversation that I had before me, brought to life
again, one of my old acquaintances, Avicenna, Averroes, or another of
those great infidels who represented during five centuries the tradition of
the human spirit.”
Afghani’s political initiative of pan-Islamism (ittihad-i islam) envisaged
mobilization of Muslim nations against western imperialism and
ascension to power, particularly military, through modern technology.
Further, Afghani’s advocacy of independence for all Muslim nations has
36
Nawid, Senzil K. Religious Response to Social Change in Afghanistan 1919-29:
King Aman-Allah and the Afghan Ulama. (Costa Mesa: Mazda Publishers, Inc.,
1999), p. 38.
37
Keddie, N.R. An Islamic Response to Imperialism, Answer of Jamal al-Din to
Renan Journal des Debats (Paris, May 18, 1883), p. 183.
14
been a key factor in the development of the so-called “Islamic
nationalism” and influenced such Muslim figures as Muhammad Iqbal,
Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Abul-Kalam Azad in the subcontinent of
India and Namik Kemal, Said Nursi and Mehmet Akif Ersoy in the
Ottoman Turkey. Al-Afghani is considered a pioneer of freedom
movements both in Asia and Africa.
Afghani’s eloquent ideology found an efficient messenger in Tarzi, who
was a mentor to Amir Habibullah’s sons, Amanullah and Enayatullah,
both of whom married Tarzi’s daughters. Amanullah, who succeeded his
father, was particularly influenced by Tarzi’s ideas about modernization
beliefs and favorable opinion about Japanese attempt at modernization
while preserving traditions.
Soon after the Russo-Japanese War, King Habibullah had Tarzi translate
a book from Turkish to Persian, which left a strong and lasting
impression on its Afghan readers.
In Afghanistan, both modernists and nationalists were greatly impressed
with Japan’s success in the Russo-Japanese War especially because it
was Asiatic. Trazi had translated a text from Turkish on the RussoJapanese War into local Dari, which was widely read by the intellectuals
as well as Amir Habibullah. They viewed Japan as a country that could
modernize and simultaneously retain its traditions, national culture and
monarchy.38 As a consequence, the modernists and nationalists hoped
for the establishment of formal cordial relations between Afghanistan
and Japan. Furthermore, for modernists, Japan was a clear model for
Afghanistan because it also had strong foundations of independence and
freedom.39
In addition, the end of the Russo-Japanese War and the subsequent
Russian Revolution of 1905 had resounding effects on Asia, increasing
unrest and intensifying nationalist and reformist elements in the
Ottoman Empire, Persia, China, Mongolia, India and Afghanistan.
38
Schinasi, May. Afghanistan at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century:
Nationalism and journalism in Afghanistan; A Study of Seraj ul-Akhbar (1911-1918),
(Naples: Instituto Universitario Orientale, 1979).
39
Seraj-ul Akhbar, 3rd Year, No. 2, pp. 7-8.
15
Haron Amin
Perhaps the biggest trigger for the immediate rise of Afghan nationalism
was the Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907 on which Amir Habibullah
had not even been consulted.40 It came as a shock to Afghan nationalists
who feared for the future of Afghan independence. They regarded this
agreement as effectively eliminating traditional aggressive rivalry
between the two competing empires, and thought it would spark the
creation of further agreements which would only be detrimental to
Afghanistan.
While diplomatic movements from all sides increased and the anxiety
among the Muslim nations of Asia, Japan’s success with regard to
modernization were a catalyst for revolutionary ideologists. One such
revolutionary was the Indian Muslim known as Maulana Barakatullah
who visited Tokyo in May, 1913.
2.2.1 The Pan-Islamist and Pan-Asianist Advocates
But beyond stirring nationalist sentiments in Afghanistan, Iran or
Turkey, what the Japanese victory against the Russians meant to Muslim
masses under domination by the West was whether Japan could serve as
either “Savior of Islam” or as “Savior of Asia” against Western
colonialism. In fact, some believed that Japan could serve both causes.
The seeds of such advocacy were rooted in an open-minded policy
during the Meiji period in which the belittlement of Muslim civilization
was not well received by certain circles in Japan for they noticed that
such defamation would only justify Western imperialism. As such, the
argument for Japanese Pan-Asianist elements was to foster links with
their Pan-Islamist friends throughout the region. These Muslim elements
met in Kabul, Istanbul, Mecca and Medina, San Francisco and Tokyo.
Highly critical of Westernization and Europeanization of their Muslim
lands, many pan-Islamist intellectuals looked at Japan as an alternative
model to emulate and without losing the fabric of their culture or to
convert to Christianity. Mustafa Kamil and Ahmad Fadzli Beg in Egypt,
Mehmed Akif in Turkey, Mahmud Tarzi in Afghanistan, Maulana
40
This agreement concluded between Russia and Great Britain on August 31, 1907
to “ensure perfect security on their respective frontiers in Central Asia and to
maintain in these regions a solid and lasting peace.” Amir Habibullah was not
informed of the negotiations and saw it as an attempt to manage the affairs of the
region without the countries, especially Afghanistan, involved.
16
Barakatullah in British India, Abdul Rasheed Ibrahim, a Tartar in Russia
were among such Muslim intellectuals. In fact, Beg, Barakatullah and
Ibrahim jointly published an English paper in Tokyo called the Islamic
Fraternity, which advanced the Pan-Islamist and Pan-Asianist rhetoric
soon to be stopped under British pressure. However, at the time Japan
and the Islamic world had not established diplomatic relations as the
majority of Muslim lands were under Western Domination.
Among the Pan-Islamist and the Pan-Asianist figures, we will later only
explore the lives of those who were directly or indirectly linked to Kabul.
2.3. The Turko-German Mission in Afghanistan
As the Pan-Islamic movement grew in the Muslim world, the Turks and
the Germans actively sought to draw support from Afghanistan and
Persia. The Hentig-Niedermayer Expedition was conceived in August
1914 by the German general staff for the purpose of revolutionizing
British India, inducing Afghanistan to attack India, and securing Iran as
a bridge from the Ottoman Empire to Afghanistan. 41 The delegation
was headed by two Germans, Lieutenant Werner Otto von Hentig and
Captain Oskar von Niedermayer with other members consisting of
Kazem Bey (Ottoman Turk), and Raja Mahendra Pratap (an Indian
Hindu leader).42 “This officer wears a South West African Police slouch
hat (pinned up at the right side with a brass Imperial Crown- although in
photos Niedermeyer himself doesn't pin his hat up), police tunic
(featuring the distinctive green collar but without insignia or cuff
braiding) worn open at the collar and khaki cord riding breeches. He
carries two pistols, one of which is a naval issue long pistol. The
bandolier and rifle appear to be private purchase items.”43
Maulana Barakatullah (an Indian Muslim leader), who had had visited
Tokyo two years before, was also a member of the Expedition. In
September 1915, the expedition entered Afghanistan through Iran and
41
Niedermayer was promoted to the rank of a General during WWII. He was
captured in Berlin during the Nazi defeat and subsequently died in Russian captivity.
42
Pratap was to later play an important role in the Indian movement against the
British, and as a friend of the Afghan King, he appealed to the Japanese
revolutionaries, especially Mitsuru Toyama.
43
http://www.sacktrick.com/igu/germancolonialuniforms/other%20fronts.htm
17
Haron Amin
stayed until 22 May 1916.44 When they were welcomed by the governor
of Herat in western Afghanistan who immediately ordered new uniforms
for the expedition, they believed that their dignity was partially restored.
With letters of support and credentials from William Wilhelm II,
German Emperor and Mohammed Reshad Khames, the Ottoman Sultan,
the Hentig-Niedermayer delegation attempted to draw Afghanistan into
the war, using religious and moral pressure as well as promising military
and financial assistance. Prior to the arrival of the delegation in
September 1915, probably all of Habibullah’s negotiations with the
Central Powers during World War I simply reflected the usual Afghan
game of positive neutrality, waiting to see which side would win, and
being prepared for either eventuality. After much consideration, the
Amir forced the delegation to agree to a treaty, under which the
Germans agreed to give the Afghans 100,000 rifles, 300 cannon, and
£20 million in gold. However, the expedition’s immediate goal of an
Afghan attack on British India collapsed and the aid never precipitated.
The Amir hinted that he would attack India – but only after the
victorious Expedition entered Afghanistan to lead the assault.45
While the Expedition’s immediate goal of an Afghan attack on British
India collapsed, it was not a complete failure. The Expedition made
Afghan modernists realize that in order for Afghanistan to initiate a
modernization program, they would first have to be completely
independent from British influence. Impacting the political component
of the Anglo-Afghan relations, it also led to deployment of a large
contingent of British forces - amassed at Afghan border – which could
otherwise have been deployed in the European theater of war. This
shows that the Amir indeed took his time while playing both sides. He
eventually proclaimed Afghanistan’s neutrality despite the fact that the
Conservatives, led by Amir’s brother, Nasrullah, and the modernists, led
by Tarzi were supportive of the Hentig-Niedermayer Expedition.46
44
The British Consulate in Mashhad, Iran, had been informed of the HentigNiedermayer Expedition and by the time it reached the border of Afghanistan,
members had been stripped of all their equipment as well as their uniform.
45
P. 94, Adamec 1967.
46
In 1970, King Zahir Shah invited Von Hentig to Kabul as his guest. During an
extravagant reception at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the original copy of the
letter drafted by the British Viceroy in India addressed to King Habibullah asking
18
The defeats inflicted on the Ottoman Empire during the Italian-Ottoman
War in 1911, and the War of the Balkan States in 1912 had also led to a
pan-Islamic Movement across Asia, which was further impacted by
World War I. Being a Muslim Empire, the Ottoman losses to the British,
Russian and French were not well received in Afghanistan.
Paradoxically, the fact that the Ottoman Empire and Germany were
close to Japan bode well with Afghans. Afghans – as part of the Muslim
Ummah – viewed the Ottoman Empire to be the center of Islamic
Khilafat. Cognizant of the British defeats by Afghans, the antiimperialist, anti-Christian sentiments especially gained momentum
amongst the Muslims of India and encouraged them to mobilize. The
sentiments later also influenced Afghanistan’s own movement to restore
sovereignty over her foreign affairs.
2.4. The Revolutionaries
During its quest for restoring autonomy over her foreign affairs,
Afghanistan attempted to establish contact with various capitals and in
Asia enlisted the help of revolutionaries to help the continent rid itself of
foreign aggression and occupation.
2.4.1. Mahendra Pratap (1886-1979)
Mahendra Pratap received his education under British headmasters and
Muslim teachers in India. After devoting his attention to questions of
social and educational reforms and other constructive activities, Pratap
threw himself into a still higher cause of liberating India from the British.
On December 20, 1914, at the age of 28, he left India for Europe to gain
outside support. He had become a big menace there for the foreign rule
in India, so much so that the British Government of India declared a
reward on his head, attached his entire estate and declared him a fugitive.
the latter not to receive the Turko-German delegation was shown to him. Von
Hentig was astonished and confessed that the letter he carried from the German
Emperor in 1915 to King Habibullah was drafted on a small paper. Yet, despite that,
the Afghan Amir stationed them in the Bagh-e-Babur Garden, one of the most
prestigious Royal sites in Kabul.
19
Haron Amin
As part of his work in the Hentig-Niedermayer Expedition, Pratap
established the first Provisional Government of India in Kabul in
December 1915 with himself as President. This government carried on
work on various fronts including the diplomatic fronts by establishing
relationships with anti-British governments such as Turkey, Germany,
China as well as Japan. He collaborated with independence movements
in India such as the Ghadar Party.47 He also worked closely with several
Indian revolutionaries including Mohammed Barakatullah, Rash Bihari
Bose and Subhas Chandra Bose. 48 Pratap also frequently visited
Germany and the Soviet Union to solicit support and political
recognition.
In order to make preparations for a commercial treaty between
Afghanistan and Japan and seek Japanese support, Pratap was in Japan
from 1922 to 1937. It is here that in 1934 Rash Behari Bose introduced
Pratap to Mitsuru Toyama. 49 Known as the Afghan Patriot in Japan,
Pratap was issued an Afghan passport by King Amanullah from 1921 to
1937.50 During the war, the Japanese asked him to help on the invasion
of India by Japan. Pratap made the decision contingent upon formation
of Indian Army from South Asia. Japan rejected. It is because of the
rejection that Subhas Chandra Bose, another influential Indian
revolutionary, was sent from Germany to Japan to form an interim Free
India Government. Based on the archives of the Afghan Embassy in
Tokyo, Pratap stayed in Japan until 1946 and returned to India after
47
The aim of the Ghadar (Mutiny) Party was to overthrow the British rule by using
force and thereby free India from foreign domination.
48
Rash Bihari was one of the founding members of the Ghadar Party (1913-1915) of
which Barakatullah was also a member. In order to gain support from enemies of
the British, Barakatullah was sent to Kabul by the Ghadar Movement to organize
this work. As a close friend of Afghan King Amanullah he joined Pratap and other
anti-British revolutionaries in Kabul and consequently formed the Indian Provisional
Government. Barakatullah was appointed its Prime Minister.
49
Ikawa, Satoshi & Kobayashi, Hiroshi. Hito Arite – Toyama Mitsuru to Genyosha
(2003), p. 188.
50
Amanullah ruled from 1919 to 1928.
20
Indian independence. 51 Pratap was guest of His Majesty, King Zahir
Shah for ten days in 1960.
2.4.2. Mitsuru Toyama (1855-1944)
It was during Pratap’s visit to Japan in 1922 that he met Mitsuru
Toyama, a renowned Japanese nationalist and a revolutionary. Toyama
was perhaps the most notable leader of the Genyosha, a Japanese
nationalist society based in Fukuoka that was founded in 1881 with the
goal of safeguarding Japan and identifying Russia as the only force
threatening their influence in the region. Japan was not too alarmed
about China as it won the 1894 Sino-Japanese War fought over Korea.
Later Toyama and Ryohei Uchida formed Kokuryukai. Japan won the
Russo-Japanese War. Toyama is also said to have been an opponent of
all established governments in Asia. He welcomed dissidents from
China, India and the Philippines who were known to convene at his
home in Shibuya, Tokyo. Included amongst these were the famous
Chinese revolutionary Sun Yat-sen and Indian revolutionary Rash Bihari
Bose, who fled India and exiled to Japan to escape the colonialist British
government. On the request of Sun Yat-sen, Toyama took Bose in and
helped him shelter in Japan. It was actually through the introduction by
Bose that Pratap and Toyama met. Toyama also tried to reach out to
help Afghanistan against the British. His grandson, Okisuke Toyama, in
addition to being the president of Association for Development of
Agricultural Resources, is a long-time observer of Japanese politics and
advises on a nationalist disposition.
2.4.3. Rash Bihari Bose (1885-1945)
Rash Bihari Bose was a revolutionary leader battling against the British
in India and an organizer of the Indian National Army (INA). He was
involved in revolutionary activities early in his life and his involvement
in these activities aroused the suspicion of the British government until
ultimately he was jailed. He broke from prison and subsequently
appeared in Kabul dressed in traditional Afghan clothes. In Kabul an
51
Afghan Ambassador’s letter to the Afghan Ministry of Foreign Affairs dated 20
Dalwe 1350 (February 1971) and Pratap’s letter to the Afghan Ambassador in Japan
dated 28 December 1971.
21
Haron Amin
Afghan entrepreneur named Mr. Sobhan who was married to a German,
provided Bose with a haven. He later moved to Japan where he was
taken in by Mitsuru Toyama. 52 Facing enormous pressure by the
British to expel all exiles from Japan, Japanese authorities issued the
order that Bose leave Japan within a week. But following criticism from
public organs and the likes of revolutionaries such as Mitsuru Toyama
for their indecisive attitude, not to mention the fear that the oppressive
British authorities would arrest and execute him, the Japanese
authorities eventually decided to protect Bose’s life.
The Genyosha Society helped Rash Bihari Bose to escape and shelter
himself in Nakamuraya Bakery where he hid for four and a half months.
Whilst there, he met and married Toshiko, the daughter of the couple
owning the bakery. Subsequently, the British government's search for
Rash Bihari Bose came to an end by the abolition of the Anglo-Japanese
Alliance Treaty.
Bose was instrumental in persuading the Japanese authorities to stand by
the Indian nationalists and ultimately to support actively the Indian
freedom struggle abroad. He commanded Indian troops in Burma under
the lead of the Japanese Imperial Army. Bose convened a conference in
Tokyo on March 28-30, 1942, which led to the establishment of the
Indian Independence League. He convened the second conference of
the League at Bangkok on June 22, 1942. It was at this conference that
a resolution was adopted to invite Subhas Chandra Bose to join the
League and take command as its president. On the organizational
foundation work of Rash Bihari Bose, Subhas Chandra Bose declared
the formation of the Indian National Army in 1943.
Before his death the Japanese Government honored Rash Bihari Bose
with the “Second Order of the Merit of the Rising Sun.”
2.4.4. Subhas Chandra “Netaji” Bose (1897-1945)
Subhas Chandra Bose, who was of no relation to Rash Bihari Bose, was
popularly known as Netaji. Despite being a fine scholar he had no
52
Ikawa, Satoshi & Kobayashi, Hiroshi. Hito Arite – Toyama Mitsuru to Genyosha,
(2003) pp. 184-185.
22
intention of serving the British. Instead he wanted to participate in the
Nationalist Movement and liberate his Motherland. Mahendra Pratap
was one of Netaji’s heroes.
Bose helped set up a provisional government-in-exile for India
established in Kabul soon after the beginning of the First World War. At
the start of World War II, Bose spent time in Germany where he
succeeded in enlisting German support to organize anti-British
movements. There he formed the Provisional Independent Government
for India, and his ideas spread through regular broadcasts from Berlin.
Backed by the governments of both Germany and Japan, Bose embarked
upon a submarine journey to Japan which helped him establish the
Indian National Army in Myanmar under the Japanese.
Subhas Chandra Bose died on August 19, 1945, when his plane crashed
at Matsuyama Airport in Formosa or present-day Taiwan four days after
WWII ended while on his way back to Japan from Myanmar.
2.5. The Pan-Asiatic Congress
On August 1, 1926 fifty-one delegates from Japan, China, India,
Afghanistan, the Philippines and Korea participated in a three-day
conference called “The Pan-Asiatic Congress” which convened at the
Nagasaki Y.M.C.A. Hall. At the Congress, Professor Lin of Peking
University elaborated on its origin: “Our two immediate purposes are to
spread the intellectual and spiritual fruits of our Oriental Civilisation and
to develop the material resources of Asia. To do this we desire to thwart
imperialism, in order that there may be free and spontaneous
development.”53 However, when the Chinese delegate declared soliciting
support for India’s independence, the Japanese delegate Mr. Imazato,
himself a Member of Parliament who had delivered the opening address
“pointed out that the Japanese authorities might close the conference if it
touched upon subjects tending to injure relations between the Japanese
and foreign governments, a resolution to the foregoing effect submitted
by Mr. Huang of the Chinese delegation was withdrawn.” 54 In his
53
The Japan Chronicle, August 5, 1926.
U.S. National Archives and Records Administration: Report No. 220 filed by US
Embassy in Tokyo dated August 7, 1926, p.2.
54
23
Haron Amin
opening address he had remarked that the nine hundred million Asiatic
peoples were experiencing “one of the most painful of existences.” A
second Chinese delegate stated that the mission is “not to drive the white
people out of Asia but to be on terms of equality with them.”55
At the Congress, Pratap represented Afghanistan while Rash Bihari
Bose was the chief Indian delegate. He declared that “The triumph of
the Asiatic nations…meant the realization of world peace, and the final
object of universal love for which all had been yearning would then be
achieved.”56 The Indian delegation submitted a resolution, subsequently
adopted, stating that the Congress expressed its appreciation to the Amir
of Afghanistan, the Shah of Persia, Kemal Pasha, Dr. Tagore, Gandhi,
Mitsuru Toyama and others who had contributed to the Pan-Asiatic
movement.
At the Congress a Provisional Constitution was submitted whose Article
1 reads as follows: “The object of the Federation is to bring permanent
peace to the world, based on the principle of equality and justice,
eliminating all discrimination, whether social, religious or racial, and
thus to assure liberty and happiness to all the races of the world.”
On the evening of Monday the 2nd of August, Pratap visited the Osaka
Mainichi and stated that “all Asiatic peoples look upon Japan as the
savior of Asia.”57
However, the Congress did not generate the kind of sensation expected.
On the one hand, a substantial amount of time and energy was spent on
Sino-Japanese debate on ‘Twenty-One Demands,” and on the other,
many Japanese politicians did distance themselves from the conference.
Yet, the conference did succeed in illuminating the feeling of hostility
by Asians against great powers. The fact that the Congress did not
evolve highlights the difficulties before it.
55
The Japan Chronicle, August 5, 1926 “Pan-Asiatic Congress: The White
Domination of the World.”
56
The Japan Chronicle, August 3, 1926.
57
The Tokyo Nichinichi also called the Mainichi, August 4, 1926.
24
3. Formal Diplomatic Relations
Although official relations between Afghanistan and Japan were
established in 1931, there were several attempts by Afghan authorities to
establish solid contact with the Meiji Administration long before then.
On February 20, 1919, Amir Habibullah was assassinated on a hunting
trip which led to the accession of his third son King Amanullah to the
throne. Amanullah’s ten-year reign saw much dramatic change in
foreign and domestic politics starting with the declaration of sovereignty
over Afghan foreign affairs in 1919 following the month-long Third
Anglo-Afghan War with Britain. One of the King’s important foreign
policy strategy was to establish new diplomatic relations with external
powers. Japan was one of the first countries to whom the newly modern
Afghanistan – constrained by the Gandumak Treaty – turned for support
and cooperation. Unfortunately though, a message sent by the new
government of Afghanistan was captured by British authorities in India
and never reached Japan. The second attempt to send a special mission
through Russia and China failed because of lack of communications.
Meanwhile, the British – bitter over three military defeats by Afghans –
persuaded the Japanese Government through diplomatic contacts to
delay the establishment of relations with Afghanistan, as they
discouraged others like the United States of America.58
Japan and Afghanistan were on very friendly terms and shared many
exchanges before 1930, the year in which the first Afghan-Japanese
treaty of friendship was concluded. King Habibullah Khan, under a
decree, had donated £1000 (Sterling Pounds) in early 1914 to the
victims of the three earthquakes that occurred in Japan. 59 The
earthquakes occurred as follows: January 12th - Sakurajima (M 7.1 and
35 dead); March 15th, Akita Senkita (M 7.1, 94 dead and 640 houses
destroyed) and March 28th, Akita Senkita (M 6.1). Japan was very well
received in Afghanistan and had established a solid commercial
58
Poullada, Leon B. & Poullada, Leila D.J. The Kingdom of Afghanistan and the
United States: 1828-1973. (Omaha: Center for Afghan Studies at the University of
Nebraska at Omaha and Dageforde Publishing, 1995), pp. 35-41
59
The Seraj ul-Akhbar Weekly, dated 25 June 1914 (3rd Year, No. 20, p. 2).
25
Haron Amin
presence. There was an ever increasing demand in Afghanistan for
Japanese products such as cloth, chemical products and machinery.60
In 1922, Hisao Tani, a Japanese military officer in India, was the first
Japanese to visit Afghanistan in modern times. This visit to Afghanistan
was followed by that of Yasunosuke Tanabe in October 1925, who after
returning back to Japan, went on to establish the Japan-Afghanistan
Club in 1935.
In December 1927, when King Amanullah along with Queen Soraya
embarked on his European tour, he visited the Embassy of Japan in
London in order to make preparations for the conclusion of a basic
friendship treaty with Japan. Subsequently, on November 19, 1930, the
Afghan-Japanese Treaty of Friendship was signed and exchanged
between Marshall Shah Wali Khan, the Afghan Envoy and Mr. Tsuneo
Matsudaira, the Japanese Ambassador in London. The Treaty of
Friendship signed was drafted in French.
Diplomatic missions were exchanged when Sardar Habibullah Tarzi, the
first Afghan Minister to Japan, realizing the importance of its evergrowing economic power.61 Traveling aboard the Hakone Maru from
Bombay, he arrived in Kobe and then in Tokyo on October 5, 1933 to
build the first ever Afghan legation. On October 19, he presented his
credentials signed by King Nadir Shah to the Emperor and the first
legation was established in Iikura Azabudai, before moving to Aoba-cho,
Shibuya-ku.62 He remained in this post until March 1939. Subsequent
Afghan ambassadors to Japan include: Mr. Qasim Reshitiya, formerly
Finance Minister; Abdul Majid Khan, formerly Education Minister and
Dr. Abdul Hakim Tabibi, formerly Justice Minister.
The first Japanese Minister to visit Afghanistan was Mr. Masamoto
Kitada in 1934. On November 6, 1934, Kitada arrived in Kabul with his
60
Gregorian, Vartan. The Emergence of Modern Afghanistan: Politics of Reforms
and Modernization. (Stanford University Press, 1969), p. 337.
61
Habibullah was the nephew of Mahmood Tarzi, editor of the Seraj-ul Akhbar
Newspaper.
62
The current Embassy site is also in Iikura, Azabu purchased on March 13, 2006.
Many Japanese involved in the transaction believed that ‘it was meant to be.’
26
wife being the daughter of former Prime Minister Hamaguchi. Upon his
return to Japan, Mr. Kitada joined the Japan-Afghanistan Club.
During the 1930s, some twenty or thirty Japanese were living in
Afghanistan. Many cultural and educational exchanges took place as
well. For example, in 1931, the Afghan government invited Takagaki, a
Japanese judo instructor to train Afghan army officers, who stayed for
seven years. Then, in 1932, Japan invited six Afghan students to learn
Japanese and undertake higher learning. They continued their education
throughout WWII and their graduation was done with Japanese clothing,
contrary to the norm. They left Japan through Siberia in October of
1943 and arrived in Afghanistan in December of that year. Of these,
Abdul Hakim Ziayee later became Chief Justice and Abdullah Yaftali
was appointed as the Deputy Prime Minister.
As mentioned already, after returning from Afghanistan, Yasunosuke
Tanabe founded the Japanese-Afghanistan Club in 1935 which would
function as intercessor between the two countries. With the great help
of Torikichi Obata and Masaji Inoue, in June 1935, he held an
inauguration for the founding of the Japanese-Afghanistan Club. 63 He
issued some brief rules of this club and chose approximately ten people
to be committee members. Tanabe was appointed the committee chair.
The main aims of this club were to improve the friendship between the
two nations, publish bulletins several times a year and hold welcome
and farewell parties for officials of both nations as well as tea parties for
exchange students from Afghanistan to facilitate communication with
their Japanese counterparts. From 1935 to 1941, this club was managed
with financial contributions from several leading companies. The
primary contributors included Mitsubishi Joint-Stock Company,
Sumitomo Joint-Stock Company and Mitsui Products. With these
contributions, the Japan-Afghanistan Club was managed for seven years.
In 1941, its name was changed to The Japan-Afghanistan Association
and its scale expanded immensely.64
63
This club enrolled prominent figures in Japanese politics and included Togo
Shigenori, who later was categorized as “A Class Criminal” at the Yasukuni Shrine.
64
The current Chairman of this association is Mr. Kenshiro Matsunami, a member
of the Lower House of the Diet and a former teacher at Kabul University whose son
was born in Afghanistan.
27
Haron Amin
According to unpublished notes of Mr. Mitsuo Ozaki, a Japanese
government official working in Afghanistan from 1935 to 1938, Japan
was using Afghanistan as a base to spy on the former Soviet Union,
particularly the latter’s combat strength in central Asia, “which irritated
Afghan authorities.”65
During the Second World War, despite declaration of neutrality on
August 17, 1940 by Afghanistan, the British and Russian governments
demanded through diplomatic notes issued on October 9 and 11, 1941
that Afghan authorities hand all Axis (Japanese, German and Italian)
diplomats as well as non-diplomatic members of missions over to the
Allied Forces. The German invasion of the Soviet Union in June of 1941
and vacillation by the Iranian Government not to evacuate Axis
diplomats led to a joint Russo-British invasion of Iran on 25 August
1941. “The Afghan Prime Minister, Mohammad Hashim, even with the
invasion of Iran fresh in the news, considered the Russo-British
ultimatum an insult to traditional Afghan hospitality and neutrality, an
affront to the Muslim custom of sanctuary, and a slap at the growing
national integrity of a small nation. Many Afghans wanted to reject the
note, and, if necessary, fight.”66 At the end, a Loya Jirga or a traditional
Grand Assembly of Afghans was convened on November 5-6, 1941,
which accepted the repatriation of non-diplomatic members only to be
escorted by an Afghan Foreign Ministry delegation through British India
to a neutral country under a free passage. 67 Contrary to British and
Russian expectation, all Axis diplomats were permitted to stay.68
3.1. Bilateral Developments
In 1951, a Japanese anthropologist named Shinobu Iwamura traveled to
Afghanistan and visited some villages near Herat in northwestern
Afghanistan known and established that the Mongolian language was
65
Itar-Tass: 29 November 2004.
Dupree: 483
67
Adamec, Ludwig W. Historical Dictionary of Afghanistan – Second Edition.
(London: The Scarecrow Press, Inc., 1997), p. 120.
68
Adamec, Ludwig W. Historical Dictionary of Afghanistan – Second Edition.
(London: The Scarecrow Press, Inc., 1997), pp. 122-132.
66
28
spoken among the locals of a few villages called “Moghul Qeshlaq69”
and published the finding in the Asahi Shimbun which later was
published as a book called “Afghanistan Kikou.”70 Later, as part of the
Karakorum & Hindukush Gakujyutu Tankentai meaning “Karakorum
and Hindukush Arts and Sciences Expeditionary Party,” Mr. Iwamura
traveled to Afghanistan from May to October 1955 visiting Kabul,
Kandahar, Nuristan and Hazarajat as well as some northern provinces.
The Expedition included Professor Ahmad Ali Motamedi from Kabul
University and Mr. Tadashi Yamazaki who died in April 1956. At the
time some 800 families from Mongolian descent were believed to live in
Ghor Province’s Zarni District who could understand Mongolian but
could not speak it.71 Mr. Iwamura later became a well-known expert on
Mongolian Empire and history of the Silk Road.
1954 saw the first Afghan-Japanese marriage between Abdul Shokur
Shaker and Ms. Mitsuko Yagi. 72 In 1959, the Afghan Crown Prince
Sardar Mohammed Daoud visited Japan. In 1960, a Japanese
mountaineering group climbed Nawshākh, the highest mountain in
Afghanistan. In 1962, the first Afghan Commerce Delegation came to
Japan. To celebrate the 1964 Olympics held in Tokyo, Afghanistan
issued commemorative stamps. In 1964, director of Kabul Museum,
Mr. Ali Ahmad Motamedi, member of the Karakorum & Hindukush
Expedition married Ms. Haruko Tsuchiya. She later produced a book on
Kabul Museum in Japanese.
From April 9-15, 1969, Their Majesties King Zahir Shah and Queen
Homaira, with an entourage of senior cabinet members, paid an official
one-week State visit to Japan. The King and Queen were received at
Haneda Airport by The Majesties Emperor Hirohito and Empress
Nagako as well as high ranking officials of the Japanese government.
Then, Prime Minister Eisaku Sato received the King and they exchanged
views on the international situation at that time and the possibilities of
69
Qeshlaq translates as village. Derived from Turkish, it actually means warm
places where one resides during the winter.
70
Iwamura S. and Schurmann, H. Notes on Mongolian Groups in Afghanistan by
the Institute of Research in Humanities at Kyoto University: 1954., pp. 418-515
71
Adamec, Ludwig W. Historical and Political Gazetteer of Afghanistan: Vol. 3.
(Austria: Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsantalt, Vol. 3., 1975), p. 302.
72
Shaker was a businessman involved in ceramics
29
Haron Amin
further development of economic and cultural relations between the two
countries. The King and Queen visited sites of economic interest and
cultural and historic places in and around the cities of Tokyo, Osaka,
Nara and Kyoto.
During two separate audiences with His Majesty, the Father of the
Nation in December 2003 and April 2005, the author was acutely
impressed by the mental acuity of His Majesty’s memories as H.M.
recalled over a period of one hour details from their trip to Japan.73
In 1970, Crown Prince Ahmad Shah and Crown Princess Belqis came to
Japan to participate at the Osaka Expo.
The 1969 visit by the Afghan King and Queen was reciprocated in June
1971 by a State visit to Afghanistan by Their Imperial Highnesses
Crown Prince and Princess, now Their Majesties Emperor Akihito and
Empress Michiko. The Japanese Imperial couple arrived in Kabul on 5th
June 1971 for a six-day state visit. 74 Afghan Prime Minister Noor
Ahmad Etemadi called on them soon afterwards. Accompanied by
Crown Prince Ahmad Shah and his sister Crown Princess Belqis, the
state-trip included attending dinner receptions hosted by the Afghan
Royal Family in the Gulkhana Palace as well as visits to Bamiyan and
Ai-Khanum, a vast Hellenic period metropolis on the banks of the Oxus
River founded in 327 B.C.75
After their return to Japan, Her Majesty Crown Princess Michiko
composed the following poem:
There at Bamian
Under a moon faintly red
The great stone Buddhas,
73
Under the new Constitution (2004) His Majesty serves as “The Father of the
Nation.”
74
During this trip, the Chief of Protocol Mr. Sa’adullah Ghausy accompanied Their
Imperial Highnesses and later was appointed Charge d’Affaires to Japan in 1978.
75
Mr. Abdullah Yaftali, first Deputy Premier and one of the six initial Afghan
students in Japan in 1930’s served as the interpreter during this trip.
30
Their sacred faces shattered,
Are still awesomely standing.76
In March 2001, saddened by the destruction of the Buddha statues, Her
Majesty Empress Michiko wrote another poem.
All unconsciously
Have I too not fired a shot? With Spring well along
On the plains of Bamian
The stone Buddhas are no more.77
During the occasion of presenting the Letters of Credence to His
Majesty the Emperor of Japan on April 30, 2004 as well as a Tea
Ceremony with Their Majesties, the Emperor and Empress of Japan on
May 24, 2004, I was deeply moved by Their Majesties’ vivid memories
of Afghanistan, remembering names of Afghan Royal Family members
as well as up-to-date information on Afghanistan. Empress Michiko
even went as far as revealing a quasi-hidden fact by saying: “Last year,
when President Karzai was coming to Japan, my husband was in
hospital. He told the doctor to make sure that he would be out of the
hospital by the time President Karzai would arrive since he wanted to
see him at the Imperial Palace.”
In early 1973, the mayor of the City of Jalalabad, Mr. Habibullah AminArsala came to Japan as guest of Tokyo Mayor and visited numerous
gardens and parks. During this trip he laid a wreath on the tomb of
Admiral Heihachiro Togo. He was the son of Aminullah Khan, who in
1907 had accompanied General Ayub to Japan. The garden of the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Kabul was designed based on his
observations in Japan.
However, the new era of cooperation and exchange on political,
economic and cultural matters were short-lived as the former Soviet
Union invaded Afghanistan (1979). Japan condemned the invasion and
subsequently suspended all its projects throughout Afghanistan. It also
76
77
http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/eindex.html
http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/egyosei/egyosei-h13.html
31
Haron Amin
withdrew its nationals from Afghanistan. Although Afghanistan
maintained an Embassy in Tokyo, Japan did not receive any
ambassadors. Meanwhile, Japan actively supported the resistance
movement by the Afghan Mujahedeen and generously assisted the
Afghan refugees in Iran and Pakistan, both directly and indirectly
through Japanese and international governmental as well as nongovernmental organizations, including the United Nations. After the
Communist regime (1992), Japan played a mediatory role.
3.2. Post 9.11 Relations
For the first time since World War II, Japan took on a mission by
dispatching Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF) vessels to the Indian
Ocean for refueling operations of the Coalition Forces to support
international troops in Afghanistan in the fight on terror under the Basic
Plan of Anti-Terrorism Special Measures Law. Also known as “The
Pacific Fleet,” the mission began on November 1, 2001 in order to
topple the Taliban regime.
On the occasion of the Taliban defeat and liberation of Afghanistan, His
Majesty the Emperor composed this poem:
Afghanistan becomes a War Theater
In Kabul City
With the war over at last,
From the people seen
Walking up and down the streets
A great joy is welling up.78
Soon after the Bonn Accord and the announcement of the Interim
Administration on December 22, 2001, and with millions of students
returning back to school and seeing female teachers on the media, Her
Majesty wrote this poem:
A Time of Burgeoning
There in Kabul, too,
78
http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/gyosei/5syu3syuh13-01.html
32
Where the trees are very few,
Buds must be burstingWith all of those young women
Lifting their blue burkha veils.79
Mrs. Sadako Ogata, appointed as Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi’s
Special Representative to Afghanistan visited Afghanistan in January
2002. On January 21-22, 2002, Japan convened the “International
Conference on Reconstruction Assistance to Afghanistan,” which was
attended by Chairman Hamid Karzai heading a big cabinet delegation.
Known as the Tokyo Conference, it recognized the vital importance of
security and counter-narcotics issues to the success of reconstruction,
and placed special emphasis on providing systematic follow-up and
sufficient assistance to ensure steady and irreversible progress. The
cumulative amount of pledges for Afghanistan was more than 4.5 billion
US Dollars.
At the Diet, the Nihon Afghan Giin Renmei or “Japan-Afghan
Parliamentary League” was expanded to support Afghanistan’s
reconstruction. Japan reopened its Embassy in Kabul in February of
2002 appointing Kinichi Komano as the Charge d’Affaires and later as
first Ambassador after the Soviet Invasion. Foreign Minister Kawaguchi
visited sites where rehabilitation assistance for Afghanistan was being
carried out in May 2002 and conveyed Japan's intention to assist the
Government and people of Afghanistan. She met with then Chairman
Hamid Karzai, Foreign Minister Abdullah and Father of the Nation.
Madame Ogata went to Kabul in June 2002 during the Emergency Loya
Jirga. Her visit was followed by Foreign Minister Abdullah’s trip to
Japan in October 2002. Subsequently, the Afghan Embassy in Tokyo
was reopened in Tokyo in November 2002. The Tokyo Conference on
Consolidation of Peace in Afghanistan was launched in order to promote
the Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration process for Afghan
combatants, which was attended by President Hamid Karzai who
delivered a keynote speech. In July 2003, Madame Ogata went to
Afghanistan to review the situation in the country to assess Japanese
assistance and to see implementation of the Ogata Initiative. Then in
November 2003, Mr. Kazunori Tanaka, Parliamentary Secretary for
79
http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/gyosei/5syu3syuh14-01.html
33
Haron Amin
Foreign Affairs traveled to Afghanistan and delivered a personal letter
from Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi addressed to Mr. Hamid Karzai,
President of the Transitional Administration of Afghanistan. During his
stay in that country, Mr. Tanaka exchanged views with dignitaries of the
Transitional Administration about reconstruction assistance and the
country's political process. In March 2004, Madame Ogata attended an
International Conference on Afghan Reconstruction. During the UN
General Assembly, Prime Minister Koizumi and President Karzai met in
September 2004. On April 5, 2005, Minister for Foreign Affairs,
Nobutaka Machimura, paid an official trip to Kabul and met with
President Hamid Karzai and had a working lunch with Minister of
Foreign Affairs, Dr. Abdullah, as well as some other Cabinet Ministers.
This trip coincided with the second day of the Afghan Development
Conference. During the meeting, President Karzai expressed his
gratitude for Japan’s assistance, noting the disarmament, demobilization
and reintegration (DDR) process of ex-combatants and the fueling
activities by Self-Defense Force (SDF) vessels in the Indian Ocean. In
May 2005, Foreign Minister Abdullah visited Japan and had meetings
with Prime Minister Koizumi and Foreign Minister Machimura and had
lunch with members of the Japan-Afghan Parliamentary League. Mrs.
Habiba Sarabi, governor of Bamiyan visited Japan from August 22-29,
2005, followed by a visit from Afghan Information and Culture Minister
Makhdoom Raheen and Prince Mirwais, Advisor to the Ministry. On
January 18-20, 2006, Finance Minister Anwar-ul Haq Ahadi and Deputy
Foreign Minister Mahmoud Saikal visited Japan and had fruitful
discussions with Finance Minister Tanigaki, Foreign Minister Taro Aso
and Senior Vice Minister Katsutoshi Kaneda. Senior Vice Minister
Kaneda headed the Japanese delegation to the London Conference
where the Afghanistan Compact was signed between Afghanistan and
the international community accompanied by Ambassador Ryuichi
Tanabe who was in charge of aid coordination for Afghanistan.
After more than two years of efforts, but only after 73 years of attempts
by numerous ambassadors aimed at buying a permanent Chancery and
Residence, finally the contract for a dignified property at Iikura,
Azabudai was concluded on March 13, 2006. Its redevelopment will
take some time and it will be ready for inhabitation in the summer of
2007, which will coincide with 100th anniversary of Prince Ayub’s visit
34
to Japan.80
On May 24, 2006, the first session of Development Policy Dialogue
(DPD) between Japan and Afghanistan took place at the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs in Kabul. The DPD was a mutual initiative drawing
parallel lessons from Japanese development assistance in the Far East
and elsewhere in order to determine development priorities in
Afghanistan.81
Foreign Minister Dr. Rangeen Dadfar Spanta participated as a Guest at
the Second Foreign Ministers’ Meeting of the “Central Asia plus Japan”
Dialogue on June 5, 2006 also attended by the Foreign Ministers of
Japan, the Kyrgyz Republic, the Republic of Tajikistan and the Republic
of Uzbekistan as well as the Special Envoy of the Republic of
Kazakhstan. 82 The aim of this Dialogue is democratization of the
societies, the promotion of market economy, the improvement of the
people’s standard of living, the eradication of terrorism and poverty and
the protection of human rights and the environment. During his trip, Dr.
Spanta had fruitful discussions with Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi,
Foreign Minister Taro Aso and Afghan-Japan Parliamentary League.
What is significant about Central Asia plus Japan Dialogue is that in his
book “Utsukushii kuni he” (translated as Towards a Beautiful Country)
Prime Minister Shinzo Abe advocates the establishment of a strategic
diplomacy with the Central Asian Countries.83
From June 11-18, 2006, the Japanese House of Councillors invited the
first group from the Afghan Parliament headed by Mr. Sayed Hamid
Gilani, First Deputy President of the Meshrano Jirga (Upper House).
The delegation was on a study visit to learn the importance of decisionmaking process through parliaments, separation of power between
legislature and government, significance of bicameral system, electoral
80
On October 11, 2006, a procurement team was dispatched by the Afghan
Reconstruction and Development Services (ARDS) to Tokyo to launch the
redevelopment of the new embassy in Iikura. The project was approved by the
World Bank and the funds for it came from the international donor community.
81
This initiative was the result of mutual efforts by Ambassadors Riyuchi Tanabe
and the author.
82
Efforts are underway to make Afghanistan a full member of this Dialogue.
83
Shinzo Abe became Prime Minister on September 26, 2006.
35
Haron Amin
system (including party politics), legislative process (including
budgetary debates), oversight of administration including promotion of
transparency and accountability and fighting corruption, parliamentary
affairs such as research, legislation, administration and operation) as
well as gender and human rights in parliamentary procedures.
Ambassador Riyuchi Tanabe headed the Japanese delegation at the
Conference in Moscow from June 27-29, 2006 and Japan pledged fivemillion Dollars to the Counter-Nartcotics Trust Fund (CNTF) to provide
funding for alternative livelihood initiatives in Afghanistan.
President Hamid Karzai headed an Afghan delegation to attend the
“Tokyo Conference II: Consolidation of Peace in Afghanistan” as well
as a Working Official visit to Japan from July 4-7, 2006. The
Conference was inaugurated by H.E. Mr. Taro Aso, Minister for Foreign
Affairs of Japan with the opening statement given by President Karzai
and attended by representatives from 53 states and 15 international
organizations. Japan pledged 60 million Dollars as part of its total
contribution announced in London towards comprehensive rural
development, improvement of security as well as counter-narcotics
initiatives within the greater goal of development throughout
Afghanistan. The conference highlighted the successful completion of
the Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration process known as
the DDR, which successfully disarmed over 60,000 former combatants
and invigorated the Disbandment of Illegal Armed Groups (DIAG). The
President also had an audience with His Majesty the Emperor of Japan
and met with Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi, Mr. Kanzaki, Head of
Komei-Party, members of the Committee on Prevention of International
Terrorism and Support at the House of Representatives, Mrs. Chikage
Oogi, Speaker of the House of Councillors, Mr. Hata, Super Adviser of
the Democratic Party, as well as the Afghan-Japan Parliamentary
Friendship League. On July 6th, he left aboard shinkansen or bullet train
for the beautiful city of Kyoto, and visited Kiyomizudera Temple as
well as Sento Gosho, the Imperial Household which Their Majesties the
Emperor and Empress of Japan still reside in when visiting Kyoto. In the
evening, the Governor of Kyoto welcomed the President and honored
him with a Haori, and in return the President gave his Chapan as a gift.
Later, the Governor hosted a Tea Ceremony followed by dinner
complete with a Koto performance for the President and his delegation.
36
On November 20, 2006, Mr. Masakazu Sekiguchi, Japan's ViceMinister for Foreign Affairs met with President Hamid Karzai at the
Presidential Palace in Kabul. Bilateral relations, regional security, the
fight against terrorism, the Jirgas on both sides of the Durrand Line, and
the Second Regional Economic Cooperation Conference (RECC)
recently held in New Delhi were among the topics discussed. The ViceMinister conveyed a message from Japan’s newly elected Prime
Minister, Shinzo Abe, to President Karzai saying, "Though the
leadership in Japan has changed, there will be no change in the policy of
the government of Japan towards Afghanistan." Later, both the President
and Vice-Minister laid a foundation stone for the construction of a
terminal at the Kabul International Airport, which Japan is funding at a
cost of roughly $35 million.
An eight member Afghan parliamentary delegation headed by Professor
Sibghatullah Mojadedi, President of the Upper House known as the
Meshrano Jirga, visited Tokyo on December 4-5, 2006 to attend the
PGA 28th Annual Parliamentary Forum on Human Security as part of an
initiative by the Parliamentarians for Global Action. The delegation also
included Mr. Aref Noorzai, Deputy President of the Lower House
known as the Welasi Jirga.
3.2.1. Japan’s Role in the Reconstruction of Post-Conflict
Afghanistan
Since 2001, Japan has committed over 1.1 billion US Dollars over seven
years and has effectively delivered more than 1.1 billion so far for the
reconstruction and development of Afghanistan. This includes the recent
pledge by Japan at the London Conference January 31 and February 1,
2006. Japan announced the Ogata Initiative under Japan's Regional
Comprehensive Development Assistance to Afghanistan within the
context of "human security." 84 The initiative concentrates on
reconstruction at the provincial community level and made its start by
assisting the reintegration of returnees and Internally Displaced Persons
(IDP). Some of the underlying concepts include smooth transition from
humanitarian assistance to recovery and reconstruction assistance and
84
The evolution of the ‘Ogata Initiative” had its roots in Madame Ogata’s June 2002
trip and her discussions with the ordinary people.
37
Haron Amin
later a comprehensive development plan for priority regions, namely the
Provinces of Kandahar, Jalalabad, Mazar-i-Sharif and Bamiyan.
3.2.2. Current Status and Future Strategy of Japanese Assistance
to Afghanistan
1. Phase One (August, 2002)
Focus on refugee reintegration, IDPS
- UNHCR (shelter materials, potable water, crop
production)
- UNICEF (distribution of educational items for
children and teachers, provision of temporary
educational facilities, etc.)
- ICRC (distribution of food to inaccessible areas)
2. Phase Two (November, 2002)
Expand to target local communities as well as refugees
and IDPS
Income generation, medical care, sanitation and capacity
building for education, labor-intensive projects
(rehabilitation of basic infrastructure); and mine actions
Specific Kandahar assistance –
- Reconstruction of principal roads between Kabul and
Kandahar / Kandahar and Spin Boldak
- Various assistance projects inside and around
Kandahar city. (Positive results have led to the same
programs being implemented in Mazari-sharif)
3. Phase Three
Support to ex-combatants for re-integration into society
through vocational training, job placement, farming,
small business, de-mining
ANBP (Afghanistan New Beginnings Program)
establishment as focal point for DDR program
㧖 July, 2005 - completion of disarmament phase of the
DDR Programme for Afghanistan Military Forces (over
60,000 soldiers), assistance to disarmed and demobilized
soldiers for their reintegration will continue until June
2006
38
4. Phase Four (March, 2004)
Projects to support Kapisa Province, in addition to three
previous areas
UNHCR will engage in improving the supply of water,
irrigation, road construction (income generation) and
vocational training in the areas where returnees
repatriate; training for teachers, rural-driven educational
infrastructure improvement, improvement of potable
water and public hygiene in schools and communities and
rehabilitation of young soldiers;
Clearing of land mines in designated areas
㧖 Aid collaboration with UNHCR, UNICEF, WFP under
coordination of UNAMA (United Nations Assistance
Mission to Afghanistan)
Japan’s role: Despite some humanitarian assistance, most contributions
went towards reconstruction assistance in the following areas:
Political process and governance
- media support, election support, administration,
capacity building, etc.
Security improvements
- de-mining, police reconstruction, DDR and DIAG,
counter-narcotics, etc.
Reconstruction
- roads, health and medical, infrastructure, education,
agriculture and rural development, etc.
3.2.3. Breakdown of Japanese Assistance
Following are Japan’s commitments in these areas (all US $): (1) $152
million for the political process and governance ($95 million for budget
assistance for the Afghan Interim and Transitional Administrations, $26
million for media support and $30 million for elections support; (2)
$209 million for security improvement ($135 million for DDR and
DIAG, $58 million for de-mining, $11.5 million for counter-narcotics
and $4.2 million for police reform; (3) $655 million for reconstruction
($205 million for primary and other road, $46 million for health and
medical care, $29 million for education, $88 million for refugees and
resettlement of IDPs, $30 million for infrastructure excluding roads, $82
39
Haron Amin
million for agriculture and rural development, $49 million for grass
roots and human security grant assistance and $127 million for other
including technical assistance. An additional $161million were spent on
humanitarian assistance immediately after September 2001.85
Military Assistance
The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force supports the international peace
keeping forces in Afghanistan with ships in the Indian Ocean by
refueling coalition planes and jets.86
3.3. Future Commitments
In his speech entitled “Japan and NATO: Toward Future Collaboration,”
at the NAC on January 12, 2007, Prime Minister Shinzo Abe said:
“Concerning Afghanistan, I for one recognize the imminent challenges
of the task at hand, and I am aware of the obstacles that must be
overcome. Still, I will continue to convey to my fellow Japanese citizens
a very simple message: Japan is investing in the future of Afghanistan
because its stability is vital to Japan and the world.
In the Indian Ocean, Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force vessels
have been providing fuel to countries participating in Operation
Enduring Freedom, including nine NATO member states.
Japan has donated 1.1 billion US dollars for reconstruction assistance.
We have provided Kaboul, Kandahar and Bamian, to name a few, with
hundreds of classrooms. We do this because we know that every school
we rebuild is another ray of hope for the children of Afghanistan.
The International Security Assistance Force and Japan have combined
resources to reintegrate into civilian life 60,000 former Afghan soldiers.
Every father who returns home as a result is a beacon of hope for
Afghan families.
Our next task is to dismantle the illegal militias of more than 125,000
fighters.
I fully agree with much of what the NATO Riga Summit has declared,
and share your opinion that there can be no security in Afghanistan
85
As of January, 2007 (Source: Japanese MoFA)
Known as OEF-MIO (Operation Enduring Freedom-Maritime Interdiction
Operation) in the Indian Ocean to prevent free movement of terrorists and their
related materials such as weapons and ammunition at sea.
86
40
without development. I also share your view on the need to enhance
collaboration between NATO and its partners, including Japan.
On this basis, I would like to reaffirm Japan's solid commitment to
Afghanistan.
First, we will implement further assistance equivalent to 300 million US
dollars to complete our commitment made at the London Conference.
This is to support the Afghan National Development Strategy in areas
such as road and airport construction as well as agricultural
development.
Second, we will enhance assistance in the area of security. Working
closely with NATO, we will carry out vigorously the Disbandment of
Illegal Armed Groups. We will also put emphasis on capacity building
for the Afghan police forces.
Third, we will intensify cooperation with NATO's Provincial
Reconstruction Teams' humanitarian activities. My government highly
commends the important role that PRTs are playing in remote areas of
Afghanistan. Japan will further explore deeper synergies between our
assistance activities and those led by PRTs in such areas as basic
education, as well as medical and health care. For this purpose, Japan
will actively take part in the Contact Group on Afghanistan, whose
establishment was proposed at the Riga summit.
Fourth, we will play a greater role in the fight against narcotics and
terrorism by reinforcing the border control capabilities of the Afghan
government, in collaboration with Germany, the U.S. and the EU.”87
Later in the month, the same sentiments were echoed by Foreign
Minister Taro Aso during a policy speech before the 166th Session of the
Diet on January 26, 2007: “In Afghanistan, together with efforts to
improve order and stability, progress needs to be made in social and
economic reconstruction and development assistance. For the success of
these undertakings, it is essential that all illegal armed groups be
dissolved. We ask ourselves: What can Japan do to build peace in
Afghanistan? Our actions are being closely watched by our NATO
friends. Let me state that Japan is not at all thinking of slackening our
commitment to peace in Afghanistan.
87
http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/europe/pmv0701/nato.html
41
Haron Amin
International efforts to eliminate and control the threat presented by
terrorism are still ongoing in Afghanistan and the surrounding areas.
Japan will continue its cooperation in these efforts including the
assistance activities of the Maritime Self-Defense Force based on the
Anti-Terrorism Special Measures Law.”88
4. Conclusion
In conclusion, cultural, religious, historical, and diplomatic ties between
Japan and Afghanistan were established a long time ago. Although not
well-known, relations between Japan and Afghanistan have been
steadily maintained throughout history based on various cultural and
historic parallels. One cannot consider all the parallels to be coincidental,
although some events may have occurred simultaneously. The
underpinnings which have caused the similarities are rooted in a
common heritage, which was the product of the Silk Route, a passage
which connected Europe with Asia. There is thus a strong basis for
future cultural and diplomatic ties between Japan and Afghanistan that
continue to thrive and expand for the benefit of both nations. It is my
earnest hope – since my research has primarily, and for obvious reasons,
focused on compiling historical facts rather than presenting analysis –
that I have inspired a few to further research Afghan-Japan relations. It
is only through appropriate understanding of each other as members of
the global community – as to solidify correct perception as well as
conception – that we can turn this world into a global village filled with
prosperity, human security and at peace with both itself and nature.
88
http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/fm/aso/speech0701.html
42
Table 1
Names of Afghan Officials who visited Japan since 2001
Date
Visitor
Title
2002 Jan.
President Karzai
20 governmental
officials
2002 Apr.
Minister Rasoul Amin
Minister of Education
2002 Jul.
Minister Makhdoom
Raheen
Minister of Information and
Culture
2002 Oct.
Minister Abdullah
Abdullah
Minister of Foreign Affairs
2003 Feb.
President Karzai
Minister Abdullah
and some
governmental officials
2003 Aug.
2004 Feb.
Mr. Shinwari
Mr. Wardak
Chief Justice of Supreme Court
Minister of Disabled, Martyrs and
Social Affairs
2004 Mar. 3-6
Minister Mohammad
Yunus Qanoni
Mr. Abdul Gafoor
Ghaznawi
Minister of Education of
Afghanistan
Executive Director of the
Academic Council of Education
2004 Mar. 7-10
Dr. Ashraf Ghani
Minister of Finance
Mr. Adib Farhadi
Director of Economics, MOFA
Purpose
International
Conference on the
Reconstruction of
Afghanistan
Meeting with
Minister
Symposium
“Culture of
Afghanistan”
Japan extended a
new assistance
package of more
than a total of
about $136
million for peace
& reconstruction
during Minister
Abdullah’s visit
The Tokyo
Conference on
Consolidation of
Peace (DDR) in
Afghanistan –
Change of Order
“from Guns to
Plows”
Invited by
Yamatogishi
Seisakujo, a
company dealing
with artificial limbs
Meeting with
Minister of
Education, Chief
Cabinet Secretary
Fukuda, Madame
Ogata, Presidents
of some
universities
Meeting with
Ministers of
Finance Tanigaki &
Foreign Affairs
Kawaguchi,
Madame Ogata
2004 Aug. 2-15
Dr. Sharif Fayez
Minister of Higher Education
Mr. Nazif
2005 Jan. 18-22
Minister Pashtun
Director of Foreign Relations
Department
President of Kabul University
President of University of
Education
Minister of Urban Development
2005 Mar. 1-3
Former Minister
Stanekzai
Former Minister for
Communication of Afghanistan
Dr. Ishaq Nadiri
Professor, New York University
General. Ustad
Mohammad Atta
Governor of Balkh Province
Mr. Mohammad
Akbar Akramzadeh
10 Commanders
who laid down their
weapons to join DDR
Minister Abdullah
Dr. Ishaq Nadiri
Mr. Mohammad
Farooq Baraki
Head, Department of
Economics, Balkh Province
Mr. Abdul Samay
Walizada
Ms. Habiba Sarabi
Deputy of First Political
Department of MOFA
Governor of Bamiyan
Dr. Popal
Dr. Rawosh
2005 Mar. 22-31
2005 Apr.
2005 May 17-19
2005 Aug. 22-29
Minister of Foreign Affairs
Acting Director-General,
Economic Affairs Department,
MOFA
Meeting with
Minister of MEXT.
JICA, Signing
Ceremony for
Contract
World Conference
on Disaster
Reduction, Kobe,
Hyogo
Panelist of JIIA
symposium
“Post-election
Afghanistan and
Peacebuilding
Support”
Meeting with
Deputy Minsiter
Aisawa,
Ambassador
Komano
Invited by MOFA
to see how Japan
recovered from war
Meeting with Prime
Minister Koizumi,
Foreign Minister
Machimura, JICA,
Parliament League,
Signing Ceremony
on Technical
Cooperation
Agreement,
subsequently,
Grant Aid to
Afghanistan for the
"Project for
Construction of the
Terminal of Kabul
International
Airport"
Attend “The
Shirakawa-go 10th
2005 Oct. 31-Nov. 3
Minister Makhdoom
Raheen
Minister of Information and
Culture
Mr. Mirwais
Mr. Akbari
Advisor to Ministry of
Information and Culture
Vice Governor of Bamiyan
2005 Dec. 14
Mr. Khalid
Governor of Kandahar
2006 Jan. 18-20
Minister Ahadi
Minister of Finance
Mr. Mahmoud
Saikal
Deputy Minister of Foreign
Affairs
2006 June 5
Dr. Rangeen Dadfar
Spanta
Foreign Minister
2006 June 11-18
Mr. Sayed Hamid
Gilani
First Deputy President of the
Meshrano Jirga (Upper House)
2006 Jul. 4-7
Mr. Hamid Karzai
President of Afghanistan
other high-ranking
officials of the
Afghan government
2006 Dec. 4-5
Professor Sibghatullah
Mojadedi
President of the Upper House
Mr. Aref Noorzai
Deputy President of the Lower
House
Anniversary
International
Forum on World,”
Meeting with
Madame Ogata
Attend the Press
Conference on
Bamiyan
Afghanistan Laser
Project
Invited by MOFA
on how to expedite
development and
improve security in
Qandahar
Meeting with
Ministers Tanigaki
& Aso, Deputy
Foreign Minister
Kaneda, and
Madame Ogata
The Second
"Central Asia plus
Japan" Intellectual
Dialogue Attend
the Second Foreign
Ministers’ Meeting
Study visit invited
by the Japanese
House of
Councillors
Attend the “Tokyo
Conference II:
Consolidation of
Peace in
Afghanistan"
Attend the PGA
28th Annual
Parliamentary
Forum on Human
Security
2007 Jan. 21-23
Dr. Ashraf Ghani
Chancellor of Kabul University
Deliver a lecture
organized by JBIC
2007 Jan. 28-Feb. 3
General Mohammad
Dawood
Deputy Minister of Interior
2007 Feb 11-19
Mr. Masoom
Stanekzai
Advisor to President Hamid
Karzai
2007 Mar. 18-24
Mr. Sayed Ishaq
Gailani and Mr.
Sibghatullah Zaki
Members of the Wolesi Jirga
(Lower House)
Attend the Twelfth
Asia-Pacific
Operational Drug
Enforcement
Conference
Invited by MOFA
to access the
implementation of
DIAG Program in
Afghanistan
Invited by MOFA
to discuss bilateral
issues and to have a
study visit
Table 2
Names of Japanese Officials who visited Afghanistan since 2001
2002 Dec.
Mr. Uetake, Senior Vice-Minister of Foreign Affairs
2002 Jan.
Mrs. Sadako Ogata, Prime Minister’s Special Representative
for Assistance to Afghanistan
2002 Apr.
Mr. Matsunami, Parliamentary Secretary for Foreign Affairs
2002 May
Mrs. Yoriko Kawaguchi, Minister of Foreign Affairs
2002 May
2002 Sep.
Mr. Fumio Kishida, Senior Vice-Minister, Ministry
of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
Mr. Toshimitsu Motegi, Director-General, Foreign Relations
of Liberal Democratic Party
Mr. Kozo Watanabe
Mr. Matsunami, Parliamentary Secretary
Mr. Sugiura, Vice-Minister for Foreign Affairs
2002 Dec.
Mr. Shindo, Parliamentary Secretary of Foreign Affairs
2003 Jul.
Mr. Kazunori Tanaka, Parliamentary Secretary of Foreign
Affairs
Mr. Aizawa, Vice-Minister of Foreign Affairs
2002 June
2002 Aug.
2002 Aug.
2003 Nov.
2004 Jul.
2004 Dec.
2005 Apr.
2006 Nov.
Mr. Nobutaka Machimura, Minister of Foreign Affairs
Mr. Masakazu Sekiguchi, Vice-Minister of Foreign Affairs,
attended the Second Regional Economic Conference on
Afghanistan (India) and visited Afghanistan.
Table 3
Names, Dates and Posts of Afghan Diplomats in Japan
Dates of Presentation
Post
Name
Oct. 19, 1933
Ambassador
Mr. Habibullah Khan Tarzi
May, 1939
Carge d'affaires
Mr. Abdul Rauf Khan
Jul. 12, 1939
Ambassador
Mr. Zul Facar Khan
of Credentials
䋨The Afghan Embassy was closed in August 1945䋩
(Embassy began normal functions on May 23, 1956)
May 31, 1956
Ambassador
Dr. Abdul Majid Khan
Jul. 03, 1963
Charge d'affaires
Mr. Eid M. Mohabbat
Mar. 17, 1965
Ambassador
Mr. Abdul Rahim
Apr. 13, 1967
Charge d'affaires
Mr. Abdul Aziz Ali
May 22, 1967
Ambassador
Dr. Abdul Hakim Tabibi
Aug. 28, 1970
Charge d'affaires
Mr. Abdul Ahad Mahmoud
Sep. 22, 1970
Ambassador
Mr. Said Kassim Rishtya
Sep. 27, 1973
Charge d'affaires
Mr. Mohamad Sarwar
Damani
Oct. 24, 1974
Ambassador
Mr. Ali Ahmad Popal
Nov. 11, 1976
Charge d'affaires
Dr. Sa’adullah Ghausy
June 10, 1977
Ambassador
Dr. Mohammad Hassan
Sharq
May 12, 1978
Charge d'affaires
Dr. Sa’adullah Ghausy
Jul. 10, 1978
Ambassador
Eng. Abdul Hamid Muhtat
Japanese government lowered the status of its relations with the new Communist
regime established through a coup d’etat in on April 28, 1978 and supported the
Afghanistan resistance against the Soviet invasion of December 27, 1979.
Afterwards, the Afghan Embassy in Tokyo had limited connection
Sep. 8, 1987
Charge d'affaires
Mr. Shir Rahman
Nov. 17, 1987
Charge d'affaires
Mr. Mahammad Naim
Mr. Mohammad Rahim
Robin
Mr.Mohammad Asif
Hassani
Mar. 21, 190
Charge d'affaires
Aug. 30, 1992
Charge d'affaires
May 27, 1993
Charge d'affaires
Mr. Mohamoud Saikal
Apr. 7, 1994
Charge d'affaires
Mr. Doulat Khan Ahmadzai
Apr. 30, 1994
Charge d'affaires
Mr. Amir M. Mohabbat
Jul. 24, 1996
Charge d'affaires
Mr. Rahmatullah Amir
The Embassy activities were suspended in November 1997 after the acting
Charge d'affaires, Mr. Rahmatullah Amir left Japan.
Nov. 27, 2002
Charge d'affaires
Mr. Mohammad Noor
Akbary
Apr. 30, 2004
Ambassador
Mr. Haron Amin
Table 4
Names, Dates and Posts of Japanese Diplomats in Afghanistan
(Established in November, 1934)
Post
Dates of
Name
Presentation of
Credentials
Nov. 6, 1934
Envoy extraordinary and minister
plenipotentiary
Mr. Masamoto KITADA
June 9, 1938
plenipotentiary
Mr. Warou MORIYA
Sep. 23, 1941
plenipotentiary
Mr. Kikuo KOBAYASHI
(died in Kabul in 1941)
Sep. 21, 1943
plenipotentiary
Mr. Motoharu SHICHIDA
Legation in Afghanistan was closed in January 27, 1946
Embassy began normal functions on December 23, 1955
Dec. 28, 1955
Ambassador
Mr. Kazuichi MIURA
Jul. 12, 1958
Ambassador
Mr. Kenji NAKAUCHI
Feb. 3, 1962
Ambassador
Mr. Sadao HIROSE
June 4, 1964
Ambassador
June 6, 1968
Ambassador
Mr. Sashichirou MATSUI
Mar. 31, 1971
Ambassador
Mr. Kenji NAKAO
Nov. 22, 1973
Ambassador
Mr. Junji YAMADA
Feb. 16, 1978
Ambassador
Mr. Toshikazu MAEDA
Mr. Hideki MASAKI
Embassy activities were suspended in June, 1989
Embassy was reopened in April 27, 2002
Feb. 19, 2002
Charge d'affaires
Mr. Kinichi KOMANO
Apr. 27, 2002
Ambassador
Mr. Kinichi KOMANO
Sep. 8, 2004
Ambassador
Mr. Norihiro OKUDA
Jul. 18, 2006
Ambassador
Mr. Junichi KOSUGE
Table 5
Ambassador in Charge of Afghanistan Assistance Based at
the Japanese Foreign Ministry
Name
Date of appointment
Ambassador Mutsuyoshi NISHIMURA
Aug. 1, 2002
Ambassador Takahiko HORIMURA
Apr. 4, 2003
Ambassador Yoshiyuki MOTOMURA
Apr. 2, 2004
Ambassador Kinichi KOMANO
Sep. 10, 2004
Ambassador Ryuichi TANABE
Sep. 16, 2005
Ambassador Yoshiki MINE
Dec. 19, 2006
Ambassador Gotaro OGAWA
March 31, 2007
BIBLIOGRAPHY
About Japan Series: Japanese Culture. 1999. Tokyo: Foreign Press Center.
Adamec, Ludwig W. 1996. Dictionary of Afghan Wars, Revolutions, and Insurgencies.
London: The Scarecrow Press, Inc.
Ademec, Ludwig W. 1975. Historical and Political Gazetteer of Afghanistan: Vol. 3.
Austria: Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsantalt.
Adamec, Ludwig W. 1997. Historical Dictionary of Afghanistan- Second Edition.
London: The Scarecrow Press, Inc.
Allyn, John. 1970. The 47 Ronin Story. Boston: Tuttle Publishing.
Anwari, Dr. Hassan. 2003. Farhang-e-Fishordeh Sukhan: Vol. 2. Tehran: Maharat
Printing.
Bajpai, P. & Ram, S. 2002. Encyclopedia of Afghanistan (Vol. 1 & Vol. 3). New Delhi:
Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd.
Benedict, Ruth. 1992. The Chrysanthemum and the Sword. Rutland and Tokyo: Charles
E. Tuttle.
De Mente, Boye Lafayette. 2004. Japan’s Cultural Code Words: 233 Key Terms That
Explain the Attitudes and Behavior of the Japanese. Boston: Tuttle Publishing.
Dupree, Louis. 1980. Afghanistan. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Ewans, Martin. 2002. Afghanistan: A Short History of Its People and Politics. New
York: Harper Collins Publishers Inc.
Geoffroy-Schneiter, Bērēnice. 2001. Gandahara: The Memory of Afghanistan. New
York: Aussouline Publishing.
Ghobar, Mir Ghulam Muhammad. 2000. “Afghanistan Dar Maseer-e- Taareekh”.
Peshawar: Maiwand Publishers.
Gregorian, Vartan. 1969. The Emergence of Modern Afghanistan: Politics of Reforms
and Modernization. Stanford University Press, 1969.
Hopkirk, Peter. 1990. The Great Game: on Secret Service in High Asia. London: John
Murray Publishers, Ltd.
Ikawa, Satoshi & Kobayashi, Hiroshi. 2003. Hito Arite – Toyama Mitsuru to Genyosha.
Tokyo: Kaichosha.
Jansen, Marius B.1994. Sakamoto Ryōma and the Meiji Restoration. New York:
Columbia University Press.
Nawid, Senzil K. 1999. Religious Response to Social Change in Afghanistan 1919-29:
King Aman-Allah and the Afghan Ulama. Costa Mesa: Mazda Publishers, Inc.
Nippon: The Land and Its People. 1993. Nippon Steel Human Resources Development
Co., Ltd.
Nitobe, Inazo. 2001. Bushido: The Soul of Japan. Boston, Tuttle Publishing.
Poullada, Leon B. & Poullada, Leila D.J. 1995. The Kingdom of Afghanistan and the
United States: 1828-1973. Omaha: Center for Afghan Studies at the University of
Nebraska at Omaha and Dageforde Publishing.
Reischauer, Edwin O. 1990. Fourth Edition. Japan: The Story of a Nation. Boston:
Tuttle Publishing.
Schinasi, May. 1979. Afghanistan at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century:
Nationalism and Journalism in Afghanistan; A Study of Seraj ul-Akhbar (1911-1918).
Naples: Instituto Universitario Orientale.
Maeda, Kosaku and Sekine, Masao 2006 Nihon Afghanistan Kankei Zenshi㧚Tokyo
Akashi Shoteni
Tanner, Stephen. 2002. Afghanistan: A Military History from Alexander the Great to the
Fall of the Taliban. Cambridge: Da Capo Press.
Whitfield, Susan. 2004. Life along the Silk Road. London: John Murray Publishers.
His Majesty King Zahir Shah and Queen Homaira shaking hands with members of the Japanese Cabinet at Haneda
Airport upon their arrival on a State Visit on April 9, 1969. [Embassy Archives]
ଐஜƷ᧚·ƨƪƱ੮৖ƢǔǶȸȒȫȷǷȣȸ‫ྛ׎‬Ʊྛ‫ڧ‬ŵ ࠰ உ ଐ፶ဋᆰลƴƯŵ
Ტ‫̅ٻ‬᫾π૨୿̬ሥᲣ
His Majesty King Zahir Shah and Queen Homaira standing next to the Late Emperor His Majesty Hirohito and Her
Royal Highness Princess Nagako at Haneda Airport upon their arrival on a State Visit on April 9, 1969. [Embassy
Archives]
߼ƔǒɤʴႸǑǓțȡǤȩྛ‫ڧ‬ŴǶȸȒȫȷǷȣȸ‫ྛ׎‬Ŵଯԧ‫ټ‬႐Ŵᬐค႐ӹŵ ࠰ உ ଐ፶ဋᆰล
Пბ଺ŵᲢ‫̅ٻ‬᫾π૨୿̬ሥᲣ
Sardar Ayub, Victor of Maiwand who visited Japan in
February of 1907. [National Archives]
࠰ଐஜƴᚧǕƨžȞǤȯȳȉƷѨМᎍſƱƠƯ
ჷǒǕǔǢȦȸȖ‫៾ݩ‬ŵᲢ‫׎‬ᇌπ૨୿᫾Უ
Inside the home of Langar Zameer, an Ayyar in old Kabul. [Author]
ǢǤȤȸȫᲢ৆ٟᲣᲢȩȳǬȫȷǶȟȸȫ൞ᲣƷǫȖȸȫƷܼƷɶŵᲢᓸᎍજࢨᲣ
Pratap with Mitsuru Toyama, leader of the Genyosha society. [Ikawa, 2003]
྘බᅈƷȪȸȀȸ᪽‫ޛ‬฼൞Ʊȗȩǿȃȗ൞ŵᲢʟ߷ᎧŴ‫ݱ‬௎‫ݎ‬ŴƀʴƋǓƯÜ᪽‫ޛ‬฼Ʊ྘බᅈƁ ࠰ǑǓᲣ
Pratap’s letter to the Afghan Ambassador dated
December 28, 1971 describing his role as Afghan
emissary in Japan. [Embassy Archives]
࠰ உ ଐ˄ŴᬟଐǢȕǬȳ‫ܮ̅ٻ‬Ʒȗȩ
ǿȃȗ൞Ʒ‫إ‬ԓ୿ŵᲢ‫̅ٻ‬᫾π૨୿̬ሥᲣ
The uniform worn by members of the Hentig-Niedernmayer
Expedition to Afghanistan in 1915.
࠰ŴȘȳȆǣȃȒȷȋȸȀȞǤȤȸᢒࢯᨛƕბဇ
ƠƯƍƨС஌ŵ
The commemorative postage (1964) of the first
Afghan stamp issued in 1870 with a lion’s head
derived from the King’s first name, “Sher,” and
surrounded by text in Dari.
࠰ƴИǊƯႆᘍƞǕƨЏ৖ƷᚡࣞЏ৖ƕ
࠰ƴႆᘍƞǕƨŵ‫ྛ׎‬ƷȕǡȸǹȈȍȸ
ȠžǷȣȸſƴဌஹƢǔȩǤǪȳƷ᪽ᢿƱȀ
ȪᛖƷ૨‫܌‬ƕҮТƞǕƯƍǔŵ
Text of King Habibullah’s decree to donate £1000 to the
victims of three earthquakes in 1914 in Japan
[Seraj-ul-Akhbar, 3rd Year, No. 20, p. 2, dated June 25,
1914]
ȏȓȖȃȩȸᬍᧈƕŴ ࠰Ŵଐஜưɤ‫ׅ‬ႆဃƠ
ƨ‫ע‬ᩗƷབྷཌᎍƴ‫ݣ‬ƠƯŴ ȝȳȉƷ݃˄Ǜᘍ
ƏƱᡓǂƯƍǔ୿ቇŵ
ǻȩȸǸȥȫ᳽ǢȕȐȸȫ
ᛏ ࠰ உ ଐŴ ࠰Ⴘ ӭ ȚȸǸ Editor-in-Chief of Seraj-ul Akhbar, Mahmood Tarzi who
became Foreign Minister in 1919.
ǻȩȸǸȥȫȷǢȕȐȸȫᛏƷዻᨼᧈưƋǓŴ
࠰ƴ‫ٳ‬Ѧ‫ٻ‬ᐫƴ‫˓ݼ‬ƠƨȞȕȠȸȉȷǿȫǺǣȸ൞ŵ
King Amanullah (below) and Queen Soraya (above) with King George VI and Queen Mary in London, March 1928.
[The Illustrated London News Picture Library]
ǢȞȌȩྛᲢɦ૾ᲣƱǽȩȤྛ‫ ڧ‬ɥ૾ ƸŴȭȳȉȳƴƯ ࠰ உƴǸȧȸǸρɭƱȡǢȪȸ‫ྛڡ‬Ǜ
ᚧբųᲢǤȩǹȈȬȸȆȃȉųȭȳȉȳȋȥȸǹȔǯȁȣȸȩǤȖȩȪȸᲣ
It was during this trip that King Amanullah visited the Japanese Embassy in London in order to conclude a basic
friendship treaty with Japan. [The Illustrated London News Picture Library]
ǢȞȌȩྛƸŴଐஜƱؕஜႎƳӐ‫ڤ‬வኖǛኽƿƨǊŴӷ଺஖ƴȭȳȉȳƷଐஜ‫̅ٻ‬᫾Ǜᚧբų
ǤȩǹȈȬȸ
ȆȃȉųȭȳȉȳȋȥȸǹȔǯȁȣȸȩǤȖȩȪȸ Kitada Masamoto, the first Japanese Ambassador to
Afghanistan. [Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan]
ИˊᬟǢȕǬȋǹǿȳଐஜπ̅҅ဋദΨ൞ŵ
Ტ᝻૰੩̓ ଐஜ‫ٳ‬ѦႾᲣ
Marshall Shah Wali Khan, the Afghan Envoy to London who
signed the Afghan-Japanese Treaty of Friendship in 1930.
࠰ǢȕǬȋǹǿȳȷଐஜӐ‫ڤ‬வኖƴፙӸƠƨǢȕǬ
ȋǹǿȳƷ̅ራǷȣȸȷȯȪȷȏȸȳΨࠕŵ
"Remember Bamiyan" as painted by famous Japanese Artist, Mr. Hirayama.
࠯‫ޛ‬ᢷ‫پ‬ဒˢ˺žȐȸȟȤȳ‫ٻ‬ჽʿſŵ
A vase made out of Lapis Lazuli. Afghanistan possesses the world’s
largest Lapis mines and traces of its use date back to the Babylonian
(circa 2600 B.C.) and Sumerian (circa 2500 B.C.) civilizations. [Gary W.
Bowersox. "The Gem Hunter"]
ȩȔǹȩǺȪư˺ǒǕƨᑶ࿲ŵǢȕǬȋǹǿȳƴƸɭမஇ‫ٻ‬ƷȩȔ
ǹᤸ‫ޛ‬ƕƋǓŴƦƷ̅ဇƴƭƍƯƸȐȓȭȋǢ଺ˊᲢƓǑƦኔΨЭ
࠰᪭ᲣƦƠƯǷȥȡȸȫ૨ଢ ƓǑƦኔΨЭ ࠰᪭ Ǉư
ᢓǔŵ
Ȝȯȸǽȃǯǹ Prime Minister Koizumi, President Karzai and Foreign Minister Abdullah (January 2002). [Cabinet Public Relations
Office]
‫ݱ‬ඡዮྸ‫ٻ‬ᐫŴǫȫǶǤ‫ٻ‬ወ᪸ŴǢȖȉȩ‫ٳ‬Ⴛŵ ࠰ உŵᲢ᝻૰੩̓ųϋ᧚࠼‫ܴإ‬Უ
His Majesty Father of the Nation Zahir Shah with Foreign Minister Yoriko Kawaguchi on May 2, 2002
at the King’s Palace. [AP/WWP]
‫༵׎‬ǶȸȒȫȷǷȣȸƱ߷ӝ‫ٳ‬Ѧ‫ٻ‬ᐫŵ ࠰ உ ଐ‫ٻ‬ወ᪸ܷോƴƯŵᲢ᝻૰੩̓ų#2992Უ
President Karzai shaking hands with Madame Sadako Ogata on July 10, 2003 at the Presidential Palace in
Kabul. Japan’s Ambassador to Afghanistan, Mr. Komano, is in the center. [AP/WWP]
࠰ உ ଐŴ‫ٻ‬ወ᪸ࡅƴƯŴደ૾ǢȕǬȋǹǿȳૅੲዮྸཎКˊᘙƱ੮৖ƢǔǫȫǶǤ‫ٻ‬ወ᪸ŵ
ɶ‫ځ‬ƸᬟǢȕǬȋǹǿȳଐஜ‫̅ٻ‬Ʒᬡ᣼ഗɟ൞ŵᲢ᝻૰੩̓ų#2992Უ
Madame Ogata at the completion ceremony of the Kandahar Road which Afghan officials named after her.
[Kandahar Governor’s Office]
ደ૾ˊᘙŴǫȳȀȏȸȫᢊែ‫ࡸ߻ܦ‬χƴƯŵǢȕǬȋǹǿȳƷ૎ࡅ᧙̞ᎍƸƜƷᢊែǛžǪǬǿȭȸ
ȉſƱӸ˄ƚƨŵᲢ᝻૰੩̓ųǫȳȀȏȸȫ߸࠻Უ
Foreign Minister Abdullah received by Prime Minister Koizumi on May 18, 2005 at his official residence. [Ministry
of Foreign Affairs of Japan]
‫ݱ‬ඡዮྸ‫ٻ‬ᐫƱǢȖȉȩ‫ٳ‬Ѧ‫ٻ‬ᐫŵ ࠰ உ ଐᬍႻ‫ܫ‬ᢶƴƯŵᲢ᝻૰੩̓ųଐஜ‫ٳ‬ѦႾᲣ
Foreign Minister Spanta received by Prime Minister
Koizumi on June 5, 2006 at his official residence.
[Embassy Archives]
‫ݱ‬ඡዮྸ‫ٻ‬ᐫƱǹȑȳǿ‫ٳ‬Ѧ‫ٻ‬ᐫŵ ࠰ உ
ଐᬍႻ‫ܫ‬ᢶƴƯŵᲢ‫̅ٻ‬᫾π૨୿̬ሥᲣ
Japan’s Minister of Foreign Affairs, Mr. Taro Aso, with Afghan Foreign Minister Spanta on June 5, 2006.
[Embassy Archives]
᰺ဃ‫ٳ‬Ѧ‫ٻ‬ᐫƱǹȑȳǿ‫ٳ‬Ѧ‫ٻ‬ᐫŵ ࠰ உ ଐ‫ٳ‬ѦႾƴƯŵᲢ‫̅ٻ‬᫾π૨୿̬ሥᲣ
Japan’s Minister of Foreign Affairs, Mr. Taro Aso, and President Karzai attending the Tokyo Conference II:
Consolidation of Peace in Afghanistan, from July 5, 2006. [Embassy Archives]
᰺ဃ‫ٳ‬Ѧ‫ٻ‬ᐫƱǫȫǶǤ‫ٻ‬ወ᪸ŵ ࠰ உ ଐž࠯ԧƷ‫ܭ‬ბſƴ᧙Ƣǔᇹʚ‫ׅ‬ிʮ˟ᜭƴƯŵ
H.I.H. of Japan, Princess Michiko, attending an Afghan Fashion Show at the Women’s Welfare Society in Kabul
while visiting Afghanistan in 1971. [Embassy Archives]
࠰ǢȕǬȋǹǿȳᚧբɶƴǫȖȸȫƷ‫ࣱڡ‬ᅦᅍʙѦ৑ư᧏͵ƞǕƨǢȕǬȳȷȕǡȃǷȧȳǷȧȸǛ
ƝᚁƴƳǔ፦୓‫܇‬႐‫ڧ܇ٽ‬ോɦŵᲢ‫̅ٻ‬᫾π૨୿̬ሥᲣ
Their Imperial Highness Crown Prince Akihito and Princess Michiko received by Their Royal Highnesses Prince
Ahmad Shah and Princess Belqis at a reception at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs during their official visit to
Afghanistan in 1971. [Embassy Archives]
࠰Ŵ႐‫܇ٽ‬ӷ‫ڧ‬ɲോɦƕǢȕǬȋǹǿȳǛᚧբƞǕƨᨥŴ‫ٳ‬ѦႾư͵ƞǕƨȬǻȗǷȧȳƴƯǢȸȞȉȷ
Ƿȣȸ႐‫܇ٽ‬Ʊӷ‫ڧ‬ƷടᡇǛӖƚǔŵᲢ‫̅ٻ‬᫾π૨୿̬ሥᲣ
President Karzai and His Majesty Emperor Akihito at the Imperial Palace on July 6, 2006. [Embassy Archives]
࠰ உ ଐŴǫȫǶǤ‫ٻ‬ወ᪸Ʊ‫ټ‬႐ᨃɦŵ႐‫އ‬ƴƯŵᲢ‫̅ٻ‬᫾π૨୿̬ሥᲣ
President Karzai at Kiyomizu Temple in Kyoto on
July 6, 2006. [Embassy Archives]
࠰ உ ଐŴǫȫǶǤ‫ٻ‬ወ᪸Ŵฌ൦‫ݢ‬ƴƯŵ
President Karzai, Ambassador Okuda and Ambassador Amin at the Imperial Palace in Kyoto, July 6, 2006.
[Embassy Archives]
࠰ உ ଐŴ˅඼ࣂ৑ƴƯŴǫȫǶǤ‫ٻ‬ወ᪸ŴᬟǢȕǬȋǹǿȳ‫ښ‬ဋଐஜ‫̅ٻ‬ƱᓸᎍǢȟȳ‫̅ٻ‬ŵ
Ambassador Amin arriving for the Credentials Ceremony at the Imperial Palace on April 30, 2004.
[Imperial Household]
࠰ உ ଐŴ̮˓ཞ‫ڊ‬ԑࡸƷƨǊŴ႐ܴဇᬔ៻ƴƯ႐‫އ‬ƴПბƢǔǢȟȳ‫̅ٻ‬ŵᲢ᝻૰੩̓ųܷϋ࠻Უ
Ambassador Amin standing with Master of Ceremonies of the Imperial Household, Mr. Kawashima, at the Imperial
Palace on April 30, 2004. [Imperial Household]
࠰ உ ଐŴܷϋ࠻ࡸᢿ‫޽߷ᧈܫ‬൞ƱǢȟȳ‫̅ٻ‬ŵ႐‫އ‬ƴƯŵᲢ᝻૰੩̓ųܷϋ࠻Უ
Ambassador Amin presenting his Letters of Credence to H. M. Emperor Akihito with Minister Takenaka (far right)
on April 30, 2004. [Imperial Household]
ᓸᎍǢȟȳ‫̅ٻ‬Ŵ‫ټ‬႐ᨃɦƴ̮˓ཞǛ‫ڊ‬ԑƢǔΒࡸŵ̋ᇌƸᇦɶ‫ٻ‬ᐫŵᲢ᝻૰੩̓ųܷϋ࠻Უ
President Karzai and Foreign Vice-Minister Masakazu Sekiguchi inaugurating the construction of a new terminal at
Kabul International Airport on November 20, 2006. [Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan]
࠰ உ ଐŴžǫȖȸȫ‫׎‬ᨥᆰลǿȸȟȊȫ࡫ᚨᚘဒſឪ߻ࡸƴЈࠗƢǔ᧙ӝ‫ٳ‬Ѧ‫ٻ‬ᐫ૎Ѧ‫ܫ‬Ʊ
ǫȫǶǤ‫ٻ‬ወ᪸ŵᲢ᝻૰੩̓ųଐஜ‫ٳ‬ѦႾᲣ
Ambassador Amin meeting the Japanese Prime Minister Abe and his wife, Mrs. Akie Abe, in Tokyo, 2006.
[Office of the Prime Minister]
࠰Ŵ‫̿ܤ‬ዮྸ‫ٻ‬ᐫƱଯऔ‫پ‬ʴŵᲢ᝻૰੩̓ųϋ᧚࠼‫ܴإ‬Უ
Mr. Yohei KONO (center), Speaker of Lower House of the Diet with Mr. Sebghatullah Mojaddedi (to his left),
President of the Upper House and Mr. Aref Noorzai (3rd person to his right), Deputy President of the Lower House
and other Parliamentarians invited to his Official Residence on December 5, 2006. The Afghan delegation was in
Japan to attend the “Parliamentarians for Global Action: 28th Annual Parliamentary Forum on Human Security.”
[Embassy Archives]
࠰ உ ଐŴž᳊᳁᲻ᇹʚҗο‫ᙹྶעׅ‬೉բ᫆ƴӕǓኵǉ‫׎‬ᨥᜭՃᡲႱɭမዮ˟ſЈࠗƷƨǊᚧଐƠ
ƨǻȖǬȈǥȩȷȢǸȣȇǣȇǣɥᨈᜭᧈᲢඕ᣼൞Ʒ߼ͨᲣŴɥᨈиᜭᨈƷǢȬȕȷȌȸȫǶǤ൞Ტ߼Ɣǒ
ʞʴႸᲣŵᜭՃ‫ׇ‬Ʊσƴඕ᣼ᘌᜭᨈᜭᧈπᢶǁƷਔࢳǛӖƚƯŵ
ᬟǢȕǬȋǹǿȳଐஜ‫ ̅ٻ‬π̅ Photos of Japanese Ambassadors to Afghanistan
Mr. Warou MORIYA,
Envoy Extraordinary and Minister
Plenipotentiary
‫ދܣ‬ԧ‫پ‬൞ ίཎԡμೌπ̅ὸ
Mr. Kikuo KOBAYASHI,
Plenipotentiary
‫ݱ‬௎ʒʁᨺ൞ ίཎԡμೌπ̅ὸ
Mr. Motoharu SHICHIDA,
Plenipotentiary
ɡဋؕ྘൞ ίཎԡμೌπ̅ὸᴾ
Mr. Kazuichi MIURA,
Ambassador
ɤිԧɟ൞ ίཎԡμೌ‫̅ٻ‬ὸᴾ
Mr. Kenji NAKAUCHI,
Ambassador
ːϋঙ඙൞ ίཎԡμೌ‫̅ٻ‬ὸᴾ
Mr. Sadao HIROSE,
Ambassador
࠼ແራဏ൞ ίཎԡμೌ‫̅ٻ‬ὸᴾ
Mr. Sashichirou MATSUI,
Ambassador
௅ʟ˱ɡᢹ൞ ίཎԡμೌ‫̅ٻ‬ὸᴾ
Mr. Kenji NAKAO,
Ambassador
ɶ‫ރ‬ជഏ൞ ίཎԡμೌ‫̅ٻ‬ὸᴾ
Mr. Kinichi KOMANO,
Ambassador
ᬡ᣼ഗɟ൞ ίཎԡμೌ‫̅ٻ‬ὸᴾ
Photos provided by the Diplomatic Record Office, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan
Ტ᝻૰੩̓ ‫ٳ‬ʩ᝻૰᫾ ‫̅ٻ‬᫾π૨୿̬ሥᲣ
ᬟଐஜǢȕǬȋǹǿȳ‫̅ٻ‬
Photos of some Afghan Ambassadors to Japan
Mr. Habibullah Khan Tarzi,
Ambassador
ἡἥἨἕἻὊ Ὁ ἡὊὅ Ὁ ἑἽἌỵὊ൞ᴾ
ίཎԡμೌ‫̅ٻ‬ὸᴾ
Mr. Zul Facar Khan,
Ambassador
ἌἽ Ὁ ἧỳỽἽ Ὁ ἡὊὅ൞ᴾ
Dr. Abdul Hakim Tabibi,
Ambassador
ỴἨἛỷἽ Ὁ ἡỿἲ Ὁ ἑἥἥ൞ᴾ
Mr. Said Kassim Rishtya,
Ambassador
ἇỶἛ Ὁ ỽἉἲ Ὁ ἾἉἘỵỴ൞ᴾ
Mr. Ali Ahmad Popal,
Ambassador
ỴἼ Ὁ ỴἡἰἛ Ὁ ἯἣἽᴾ
Dr. Mohammad Hassan Sharq,
Ambassador
ἴἡἰἛ Ὁ ἡἕἇὅ Ὁ ἉἵἽἁҦٟᴾ
Mr. Abdul Hakim Ziayi
Member of the first group of
Afghan students in Japan
ỴἨἛỷἽ Ὁ ἡỿἲ Ὁ ἊỴỶ൞ẅ
ίỴἧỾἝἋἑὅẦỤỉИỜềỉသ‫ܖ‬ဃὸ
Mr. Abudullah Yaftali
Member of the first group of
Afghan students in Japan
ỴἨἛỷἽ Ὁ ἶἧἑἼ൞ẅ
ίỴἧỾἝἋἑὅẦỤỉИỜềỉသ‫ܖ‬ဃὸ
ࠕࡈࠟ࠾ࠬ࠲ࡦߣᣣᧄߩ㑐ଥ
– ࠕࠫࠕߩੑߟߩᣣ಴ߕࠆ࿖ –
© 2007 Printed in Tokyo, Japan
⪺⠪
⊒ⴕ⠪
ࡂ࡞ࡦ࡮ࠕࡒࡦ
࿷੩ࠕࡈࠟ࠾ࠬ࠲ࡦᄢ૶㙚
᧲੩ㇺᷦ⼱඙⷏ේ 3-37-8-B
㔚⹤ (03)5465-1219
www.afghanembassyjp.com
ශ೚
ࡕ࡝ࡕ࠻ශ೚ᩣᑼળ␠
ᧄᦠߩήᢿⶄ౮ⶄ⵾㧔ࠦࡇ࡯㧕ߪ‫․ޔ‬ቯߩ႐วࠍ㒰߈
⪺૞⠪ߩᮭ೑ଚኂߦߥࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬
࿑ 㪌㩷
ᣣᧄᄖോ⋭䈮䈍䈔䉎䉝䊐䉧䊆䉴䉺䊮ᡰេᜂᒰᄢ૶㩷
᳁ฬ㩷
⌕છᣣ㩷
⷏᧛౐ༀᄢ૶㩷
㪉㪇㪇㪉 ᐕ 㪏 ᦬ 㪈 ᣣ㩷
ၳ᧛㓉ᒾᄢ૶㩷
㪉㪇㪇㪊 ᐕ 㪋 ᦬ 㪋 ᣣ㩷
ᧄ᧛⧐ⴕᄢ૶㩷
㪉㪇㪇㪋 ᐕ 㪋 ᦬ 㪉 ᣣ㩷
㚤㊁᱄৻ᄢ૶㩷
㪉㪇㪇㪋 ᐕ 㪐 ᦬ 㪈㪇 ᣣ㩷
↰ㆻ㓉৻ᄢ૶㩷
㪉㪇㪇㪌 ᐕ 㪐 ᦬ 㪈㪍 ᣣ㩷
⟤␼ᘮ᮸ᄢ૶㩷
㪉㪇㪇㪍 ᐕ 㪈㪉 ᦬ 㪈㪐 ᣣ㩷
ዊᎹㇹᄥ㇢ᄢ૶㩷
㪉㪇㪇㪎 ᐕ 㪊 ᦬ 㪊㪈 ᣣ㩷
࿑ 㪋㩷
ᱧઍ㚢䉦䊑䊷䊦ᣣᧄᄢ૶㩷䋨౏૶䋩㩷
⌕છᐕ᦬ᣣ㩷
⡯૏㩷
᳁ฬ㩷
㪈㪐㪊㪋 ᐕ㩷㪈㪈 ᦬ 㪍 ᣣ㩷㩷 ․๮ోᮭ౏૶㩷
ർ↰ᱜర㩷
㪈㪐㪊㪏㩷 ᐕ 㪍 ᦬ 㪇㪐 ᣣ㩷 ․๮ోᮭ౏૶㩷
቞ደ๺㇢㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷
㪈㪐㪋㪈 ᐕ 㪐 ᦬ 㪉㪊 ᣣ㩷
․๮ోᮭ౏૶㩷
ዊᨋ੉ਭ㓶㩷
㩿㪈㪐㪋㪈 ᐕ 㪈㪇 ᦬ 㪐 ᣣછᚲ䈮䈩ᱫ෰㪀
㪈㪐㪋㪊 ᐕ 㪈㪇 ᦬ 㪉㪈 ᣣ㩷 ․๮ోᮭ౏૶㩷㩷
৾↰ၮ₵㩷
㪈㪐㪋㪍 ᐕ 㪈 ᦬ 㪉㪎 ᣣᒁ឴㩷
㪈㪐㪌㪌 ᐕ 㪈㪉 ᦬ 㪉㪊 ᣣᄢ૶㙚䈫䈚䈩ౣ㐿㩷
㪈㪐㪌㪌 ᐕ 㪈㪉 ᦬ 㪉㪏 ᣣ㩷 ․๮ోᮭᄢ૶㩷
ਃᶆ๺৻㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷
㪈㪐㪌㪏 ᐕ 㪎 ᦬ 㪈㪉 ᣣ㩷㩷 ․๮ోᮭᄢ૶㩷
ખౝᙗᴦ㩷
㪈㪐㪍㪉 ᐕ 㪉 ᦬ 㪊 ᣣ㩷
․๮ోᮭᄢ૶㩷㩷
ᐢἑ▵↵㩷
㪈㪐㪍㪋 ᐕ 㪍 ᦬ 㪋 ᣣ㩷
․๮ోᮭᄢ૶㩷㩷㩷㩷
⌀ፒ⑲᮸㩷
㪈㪐㪍㪏 ᐕ 㪍 ᦬ 㪍 ᣣ㩷
․๮ోᮭᄢ૶㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷
᧻੗૒৾㇢㩷
㪈㪐㪎㪈 ᐕ 㪊 ᦬ 㪊㪈 ᣣ㩷
․๮ోᮭᄢ૶㩷
ਛየ⾫ᰴ㩷
㪈㪐㪎㪊 ᐕ 㪈㪈 ᦬ 㪉㪉 ᣣ㩷 ․๮ోᮭᄢ૶㩷㩷
ጊ↰ᷕᴦ㩷
㪈㪐㪎㪏 ᐕ 㪉 ᦬ 㪈㪍 ᣣ㩷㩷 ․๮ోᮭᄢ૶㩷㩷
೨↰೑৻㩷
㪈㪐㪏㪐 ᐕ 㪍 ᦬ 㪈 ᣣ৻ᤨ㐽㎮㩷
㪉㪇㪇㪉 ᐕ 㪋 ᦬ 㪉㪎 ᣣౣ㐿㩷
㪉㪇㪇㪉 ᐕ 㪋 ᦬ 㪉㪎 ᣣ㩷
㚤㊁᱄৻㩷
㪉㪇㪇㪋 ᐕ 㪐 ᦬ 㪏 ᣣ㩷
ᅏ↰♿ብ㩷
㪉㪇㪇㪍 ᐕ 㪎 ᦬ 㪈㪏 ᣣ㩷
ዊ⩲ᷕ৻㩷
࿑ 㪊㩷
ᱧઍ㚢ᣣ䉝䊐䉧䊆䉴䉺䊮ᄢ૶䋨౏૶䋩㩷
ାછ⁁ᄺ๒ᣣ㩷
㪈㪐㪊㪊 ᐕ 㪈㪇 ᦬ 㪈㪐 ᣣ㩷
㪈㪐㪊㪐 ᐕ 㪌 ᦬㩷
㪈㪐㪊㪐 ᐕ 㪎 ᦬ 㪈㪉 ᣣ㩷
⡯ฬ㩷
᳁ฬ㩷
ᄢ૶㩷
䊊䊎䊑䉾䊤䊷䊶䊊䊷䊮䊶䉺䊦䉵䉞䊷᳁㩷
⥃ᤨઍℂᄢ૶㩷
䉝䊑䊄䉠䊦䊶䊤䉡䊐䊶䊊䊷䊮᳁㩷
ᄢ૶㩷
䉵䊦䊶䊐䉜䉦䊦䊶䊊䊷䊮᳁㩷
䋨䉝䊐䉧䊆䉴䉺䊮ᄢ૶㙚䈲㪈㪐㪋㪌 ᐕ 㪏 ᦬䈮㐽㎮䈘䉏䈢䋩㩷
䋨ᄢ૶㙚䈲㪈㪐㪌㪍 ᐕ 㪌 ᦬ 㪉㪊 ᣣ䈮ౣ㐿䈚䈢䋩㩷
㪈㪐㪌㪍 ᐕ 㪌 ᦬ 㪊㪈 ᣣ㩷
ᄢ૶㩷
䉝䊑䊄䉠䊦䊶䊙䉳䊷䊄䊶䊊䊷䊮ඳ჻㩷
㪈㪐㪍㪊 ᐕ 㪎 ᦬ 㪊 ᣣ㩷
䉣䉟䊄䊶㪤䊶䊝䊊䊋䊃᳁㩷
㪈㪐㪍㪌 ᐕ 㪊 ᦬ 㪈㪎 ᣣ㩷
ᄢ૶㩷
䉝䊑䊄䉠䊦䊶䊤䊍䊛᳁㩷
㪈㪐㪍㪎 ᐕ 㪐 ᦬ 㪈㪊 ᣣ㩷
䉝䊑䊄䉠䊦䊶䉝䉳䉵䊶䉝䊥᳁㩷
㪈㪐㪍㪎 ᐕ 㪌 ᦬ 㪉㪉 ᣣ㩷
ᄢ૶㩷
䉝䊑䊄䉠䊦䊶䊊䉨䊛䊶䉺䊎䊎᳁㩷
㪈㪐㪎㪇 ᐕ 㪏 ᦬ 㪉㪏 ᣣ㩷
䉝䊑䊄䉠䊦䊶䉝䊊䊄䊶䊙䊊䊛䊄᳁㩷
㪈㪐㪎㪇 ᐕ 㪐 ᦬ 㪉㪉 ᣣ㩷
ᄢ૶㩷
䉰䉟䊄䊶䉦䉲䊛䊶䊧䉲䊁䉞䊟᳁㩷
㪈㪐㪎㪊 ᐕ 㪐 ᦬ 㪉㪎 ᣣ㩷
䊝䊊䊙䊄䊶䉰䊦䊪䊦䊶䉻䊙䊆᳁㩷
㪈㪐㪎㪋 ᐕ 㪈㪇 ᦬ 㪉㪋 ᣣ㩷
ᄢ૶㩷
䉝䊥䊶䉝䊊䊙䊄䊶䊘䊌䊦᳁㩷
㪈㪐㪎㪍 ᐕ 㪈㪈 ᦬ 㪈㪈 ᣣ㩷
䉰䊷䊄䊤䊶䉧䉡䉲ඳ჻㩷
㪈㪐㪎㪎 ᐕ 㪍 ᦬ 㪈㪇 ᣣ㩷
ᄢ૶㩷
䊝䊊䊙䊄䊶䊊䉾䉰䊮䊶䉲䊞䊦䉪ඳ჻㩷
㪈㪐㪎㪏 ᐕ 㪌 ᦬ 㪈㪉 ᣣ㩷
䉰䊷䊄䊤䊶䉧䉡䉲ඳ჻㩷
㪈㪐㪎㪏 ᐕ 㪎 ᦬ 㪈㪇 ᣣ㩷
ᄢ૶㩷
䉝䊑䊄䉠䊦䊶䊊䊚䊄䊶䊛䊐䉺䊃ᛛᏧ㩷
ᣣᧄ᡽ᐭ䈲䇮㪈㪐㪎㪏 ᐕ 㪋 ᦬ 㪉㪏 ᣣ䈮⊒↢䈚䈢䉪䊷䊂䉺䊷䈮䉋䈦䈩⸳┙䈘䉏䈢౒↥ਥ⟵᡽ᮭ䈫䈱㑐
ଥ䉕ᒙ䉄䇮㪈㪐㪎㪐 ᐕ 㪈㪉 ᦬ 㪉㪎 ᣣ䈱䉸䊎䉣䊃䈱ଚ᡹એ᧪䇮෻䉸䊎䉣䊃䈱䉝䊐䉧䊮ᛶ᛫൓ജ䉕ᡰᜬ䈚䈩
䈇䈢䈏䇮䈠䈱ᓟ䇮࿷੩䉝䊐䉧䊆䉴䉺䊮ᄢ૶㙚䈫䈱ᄖ੤⊛䈭ធ⸅䉕೙㒢䈚䈢䇯㩷
㪈㪐㪏㪎 ᐕ 㪐 ᦬ 㪏 ᣣ㩷
䉲䊷䊦䊶䊤䊊䊙䊮᳁㩷
㪈㪐㪏㪎 ᐕ 㪈㪈 ᦬ 㪈㪎 ᣣ㩷
䊛䊊䊮䊙䊄䊶䊅䉟䊛᳁㩷
㪈㪐㪐㪇 ᐕ 㪊 ᦬ 㪉㪈 ᣣ㩷
䊝䊊䊙䊄䊶䊤䊍䊛䊶䊨䊎䊮᳁㩷
㪈㪐㪐㪉 ᐕ 㪏 ᦬ 㪊㪇 ᣣ㩷
䊝䊊䊙䊄䊶䉝䉲䊐䊶䊊䉰䊆᳁㩷
㪈㪐㪐㪊 ᐕ 㪌 ᦬ 㪉㪎 ᣣ㩷
䊝䊊䊛䊄䊶䉰䉟䉦䊦᳁㩷
㪈㪐㪐㪋 ᐕ 㪐 ᦬ 㪎 ᣣ㩷
䊄䉠䊤䊃䊶䊊䊷䊮䊶䉝䊊䊙䉱䉟᳁㩷
㪈㪐㪐㪋 ᐕ 㪐 ᦬ 㪊㪇 ᣣ㩷
䉝䊚䊷䊦䊶㪤䊶䊝䊊䊋䊃᳁㩷
㪈㪐㪐㪍 ᐕ 㪎 ᦬ 㪉㪋 ᣣ㩷
䊤䊊䊙䊃䉠䊤䊶䉝䊚䊷䊦᳁㩷
⥃ᤨઍℂᄢ૶䈱䊤䊊䊙䊃䉠䊤䊶䉝䊚䊷䊦᳁䈏㔌ᣣ䈚䈢ᓟ䇮㪈㪐㪐㪎 ᐕ 㪈㪈 ᦬䈮ᄢ૶㙚䈱ᵴേ䈏஗ᱛ䈘
䉏䈢䇯㩷
㪉㪇㪇㪉 ᐕ 㪈㪈 ᦬ 㪉㪎 ᣣ㩷
䊝䊊䊙䊄䊶䊇䊷䊦䊶䉝䉪䊋䊥䊷᳁㩷
㪉㪇㪇㪋 ᐕ 㪋 ᦬ 㪊㪇 ᣣ㩷
ᄢ૶㩷
䊊䊦䊮䊶䉝䊚䊮᳁㩷
࿑ 㪉㩷
䉝䊐䉧䊆䉴䉺䊮䉕⸰໧䈚䈢ᣣᧄ䈱᡽ᐭ㑐ଥ⠪䋨㪉㪇㪇㪈 ᐕએ㒠䋩㩷
㪉㪇㪇㪈 ᐕ 㪈㪉 ᦬㩷
ᬀ┻ᄖോ೽ᄢ⤿㩷
㪉㪇㪇㪉 ᐕ 㪈 ᦬㩷
✜ᣇ⽵ሶ䉝䊐䉧䊆䉴䉺䊮ᡰេ✚ℂ․೎ઍ⴫㩷
㪉㪇㪇㪉 ᐕ 㪋 ᦬㩷
᧻ᶉᄖോᄢ⤿᡽ോቭ㩷
㪉㪇㪇㪉 ᐕ 㪌 ᦬㩷
Ꮉญᄖോᄢ⤿㩷
㪉㪇㪇㪉 ᐕ 㪌 ᦬㩷
ጯ↰ᢥㇱ⑼ቇ೽ᄢ⤿㩷
㪉㪇㪇㪉 ᐕ 㪍 ᦬㩷
㪉㪇㪇㪉 ᐕ 㪏 ᦬㩷
⨃ᧁᢅల⥄᳃ౄኻᄖ⚻ᷣදജ․೎ᆔຬ㩷
㪉㪇㪇㪉 ᐕ 㪏 ᦬㩷
ᷰㇱⴐ⼏㒮೽⼏㐳䇮᧻ᶉᄖോᄢ⤿᡽ോቭ㩷
㪉㪇㪇㪉 ᐕ 㪐 ᦬㩷
᧖ᶆᄖോ೽ᄢ⤿㩷
㪉㪇㪇㪉 ᐕ 㪈㪉 ᦬㩷
ᣂ⮮ᄖോᄢ⤿᡽ോቭ㩷
㪉㪇㪇㪊 ᐕ 㪎 ᦬㩷
㪉㪇㪇㪊 ᐕ 㪈㪈 ᦬㩷
↰ਛᄖോᄢ⤿᡽ോቭ㩷
㪉㪇㪇㪋 ᐕ 㪎 ᦬㩷
ㅩᴛᄖോ೽ᄢ⤿㩷
㪉㪇㪇㪋 ᐕ 㪈㪉 ᦬㩷
ㅩᴛᄖോ೽ᄢ⤿㩷
㪉㪇㪇㪌 ᐕ 㪋 ᦬㩷
↸᧛ᄖോᄢ⤿㩷
㪉㪇㪇㪍 ᐕ 㪈㪈 ᦬㩷
㑐ญᄖോᄢ⤿᡽ോቭ㩷
ᵐᵎᵎᵕ ࠰ ᵐ உ ἰἋὊἲὉἋἑἜἁἈỶᴾ
ࠞ࡞ࠩࠗᄢ⛔㗔㘈໧
ỴἧỾἝἋἑὅỆấẬỦ᩼ӳඥἂ
ἽὊἩỉᚐ˳ܱ଀ửᘍạẺỜ‫ٳ‬
ᵏᵏ ଐḘᵏᵗ ଐᴾ
ѦႾỆợụਔᎣᴾ
ᵐᵎᵎᵕ ࠰ ᵑ உ ἇỶὊἛὉỶἋἡὊἁὉἀἻἝᴾ
ἋỶἨỾἚἻὉἈỿᴾ
ᵏᵖ ଐḘᵐᵒ ଐᴾ
࠙࡟ࠬࠖࠫ࡞ࠟ
㧔ਅ㒮㧕
ɲ‫׎‬բ᫆ử᚛ᜭὉᙻ‫ݑ‬ỉẺỜ‫ٳ‬
ѦႾỆợụਔᎣᴾ
ᵐᵎᵎᵓ ࠰ ᵑ உᴾ
ỸἋἑἛὉἴἡἰἛὉỴἕἑ‫ ݩ‬ἢἽἧ߸ჷʙᴾ
ᡱඑи‫ٻ‬ᐫẆᬡ᣼‫̅ٻ‬ểỉ˟
ᛩᴾ
ᵐᵐ ଐὼᵑᵏ ଐᴾ ៾ᴾ
ἴἡἰἛὉỴἁἢἽὉỴἁἻἲ ἢἽἧ߸ኺฎ‫ᧈޅޅ‬ᴾ
ἈἙ൞ᴾ
ᵐᵎᵎᵓ ࠰ ᵓ உᴾ
ỴἨἛἻ‫ٻ‬ᐫᴾ
ᵏᵕ ଐὼᵏᵗ ଐᴾ ỶἉἵἁὉἜἙỵἼ൞ᴾ
‫ٳ‬Ѧ‫ٻ‬ᐫᴾ
‫ݱ‬ඡዮྸ‫ٻ‬ᐫẆထ஭‫ٳ‬Ѧ‫ٻ‬
‫ٻ‬ወ᪸᫑բᴾ
ᐫẆᵨᵧᵡᵟẆᜭՃᡲႱểỉ˟ᛩẆ
ἴἡἰἛὉἧỳἽὊἁὉἢἻỿ ᝠѦႾኺฎ‫ ˊᧈޅޅ‬২ᘐңщң‫ܭ‬ፙӸࡸẆẐỽἨὊ
Ἵ‫׎‬ᨥᆰลἑὊἱἜἽ࡫ᚨᚘ
൞ᴾ
ᘍᴾ
ỴἨἛỷἽὉἇἰỶὉὁἼἈἒ൞
ᝠѦႾᇹɟ૎඙‫ޅ‬ഏ ဒẑồỉ໯Ν᝻᣿ңщᴾ ᴾ
ἡἥἢὉἇἻἥ‫ڡ‬Ӫᴾ
ἢὊἱἶὅჷʙᴾ
ᧈᴾ
ᵐᵎᵎᵓ ࠰ ᵖ உᴾ
ᵐᵐ ଐḘᵐᵗ ଐᴾ
ႉ߷ᣂɭမᢡင ᵏᵎ ԗ࠰ᚡࣞ
‫׎‬ᨥἉὅἯἊỸἲЈࠗẆደ૾‫ڡ‬
Ӫểỉ˟ᛩᴾ
ᵐᵎᵎᵓ ࠰ᴾ
ἻἤὊὅ‫ٻ‬ᐫᴾ
ऴ‫إ‬૨҄‫ٻ‬ᐫᴾ
ἢὊἱἶὅὉỴἧỾἝἋἑὅὉἾὊ
ᵏᵎ உ ᵑᵏ ଐὼᴾ ἱἽὁỶἋ൞ᴾ
ऴ‫إ‬૨҄Ⴞ᫑բᴾ
ἈὊὉἩἿἊỹἁἚỆ᧙ẴỦᚡᎍ˟
ᵏᵏ உ ᵑ ଐᴾ
ἢὊἱἶὅиჷʙᴾ
ᙸЈࠗᴾ
ỴἁἢἼ൞ᴾ
ᵐᵎᵎᵓ ࠰ ᵏᵐ உᴾ ỴἇἛỷἻῒἡἼἕἛ൞ᴾ
ỽὅἒἡὊἽ߸ჷʙᴾ
‫ٳ‬ѦႾỆợỦਔᎣẇỽὅἒἡὊἽ
ỉ඙‫ܤ‬ોծỆếẟềễỄᛅẲӳ
ạẇᴾ
ᵐᵎᵎᵔ ࠰ ᵏ உᴾ
ỴἡἙỵ‫ٻ‬ᐫᴾ
ᵏᵖ ଐὼᵐᵎ ଐᴾ ἰἡἲἛὉἇỶỽἽ൞ᴾ
ᝠѦ‫ٻ‬ᐫᴾ
᜿‫ٻ׽‬ᐫẆ᰺ဃ‫ٻ‬ᐫẆ᣿ဋ‫ٳ‬
‫ٳ‬Ѧи‫ٻ‬ᐫᴾ
Ѧи‫ٻ‬ᐫẆደ૾‫ڡ‬Ӫểỉ˟ᛩᴾ
ᵐᵎᵎᵔ ࠰ ᵔ உᴾ
ἻὅἀὅὉἒὊἛἧỳἽὉἋἣ ‫ٳ‬Ѧ‫ٻ‬ᐫᴾ
ᵒ ଐḘᵔ ଐᴾ
ὅἑ‫ٻ‬ᐫᴾ
‫ٳׅ‬Ⴛ˟ӳᴾ
ᵐᵎᵎᵔ ࠰ ᵔ உᴾ
ἳἉἷἻἠὉἊἽỾίɥᨈὸἇỶ ᇹ ᵏ иᜭᧈᴾ
ӋᜭᨈỆợỦਔᎣᴾ
Ẑɶ‫ځ‬ỴἊỴᵉଐஜẑ‫ݣ‬ᛅὉᇹʚ
ᵏᵏ ଐḘᵏᵖ ଐᴾ ỺἛὉἡἱἛὉἀἻἝ൞ᴾ
ᵐᵎᵎᵔ ࠰ ᵕ உᴾ
ỽἽἈỶ‫ٻ‬ወ᪸ᴾ
ᵒ ଐḘᵕ ଐᴾ
᨟ᘍՃ ᵐᵖ Ӹᴾ
ᵐᵎᵎᵔ ࠰ ᵏᵐ உᴾ ἉἨỾἚỸὊἻῒἴἊἵἙỵἙỵ
൞ᴾ
ᵒ ଐḘᵓ ଐᴾ
ᴾ
ỴἾἧὉ἞ὊἽἈỶ൞ᴾ
ᵐᵎᵎᵕ ࠰ ᵏ உ ỴἉἷἻἧὉỾὊἝᴾ
‫ٻ‬ወ᪸ᴾ
Ẑ࠯ԧỉ‫ܭ‬ბẑỆ᧙ẴỦᇹ ᵐ ‫ׅ‬ி
ʮ˟ᜭᴾ
਄㒮⼏㐳ᴾ
ᵮᵥᵟ ᇹ ᵐᵖ ‫ׅ‬ɭမዮ˟ᴾ
ਅ㒮೽⼏㐳
ᴾ
ࠞࡉ࡯࡞ᄢቇ✚㐳
ᵨᵠᵧᵡ ỉਔᎣὉᜒ๫˟ᴾ
ᵐᵏ ଐḘᵐᵑ ଐᴾ
ᵐᵎᵎᵕ ࠰ ᵏ உ ࡕࡂࡑ࠼㨯࠳࠙࡯࠼೽ᄢ ౝോ೽ᄢ⤿
⤿
ᵐᵖ ଐḘᵐ உ ᵑ
ᴾ
ଐᴾ
ᇹ ᵏᵐ ‫ׅ‬ỴἊỴὉ‫࠯ٽ‬බᕤཋӕ
ዸ˟ᜭЈࠗỉẺỜᴾ
ᵒ ᘙ ᵏᴾ
ஹଐẲẺỴἧỾἝἋἑὅ૎ࡅ᧙̞ᎍίᵐᵎᵎᵏ ࠰ˌᨀὸᴾ
଺஖ᴾ
ᵐᵎᵎᵐ ࠰ ᵏ உᴾ
ᚧբᎍᴾ
ࢫᎰӸᴾ
ᆆᘍ૎ೌ‫ٻ‬ወ᪸ᴾ
᨟ᘍՃ ᵐᵎ Ӹᴾ
Ⴘႎᴾ
ỴἧỾἝἋἑὅࣄᐻૅੲ‫׎‬ᨥ˟
ᜭᴾ
ᵐᵎᵎᵐ ࠰ ᵒ உᴾ
ἻἋὊἽὉỴἱὅ‫ٻ‬ᐫᴾ
૙Ꮛ‫ٻ‬ᐫᴾ
‫ٻ‬ᐫểỉ˟ᛩᴾ
ᵐᵎᵎᵐ ࠰ ᵕ உᴾ
ἻἤὊὅ‫ٻ‬ᐫᴾ
ऴ‫إ‬૨҄‫ٻ‬ᐫᴾ
‫׎‬ᨥ૨҄ʩ්ἉὅἯἊỸἲ ᵐᵎᵎᵐ
ẐỴἧỾἝἋἑὅỉ૨҄ὼிᙱ૨
҄ʩ්ểʿ૙૨҄ẑᴾ
ᴾ
ᵐᵎᵎᵐ ࠰ ᵏᵎ உᴾ ỴἨἛἻ‫ٻ‬ᐫᴾ
ଐஜỊ໯Ν᝻᣿ңщሁử෇ဇ
ẲẺዮ᫇ኖ ᵏ Ε ᵑᵊᵔᵎᵎ ɢἛἽίኖ
ᵏᵔᵕ ΕόὸửឭẴૅੲἣἕἃὊἊ
ửૼẺỆ̓ɨẴỦẮểểẲẺẇᴾ
ᵐᵎᵎᵑ ࠰ ᵐ உᴾ
ᆆᘍ૎ೌ‫ٻ‬ወ᪸ᴾ
ỴἧỾἝἋἑὅẐ࠯ԧỉ‫ܭ‬ბẑி
ỴἨἛἻ‫ٻ‬ᐫᴾ
ʮ˟ᜭᴾ
ᵐᵎᵎᵑ ࠰ ᵖ உᴾ
ἉὅὁἼ൞ᴾ
இ᭗ᘶЙ৑ᧈ‫ܫ‬ᴾ
ᴾ
ᵐᵎᵎᵒ ࠰ ᵐ உᴾ
ὁἽἒἕἁ‫ٻ‬ᐫᴾ
ശ૙ᎍẆᨦܹᎍ‫ٻ‬ᐫᴾ
‫ٻ‬ԧ፯Ꮓᙌ˺৑ỆợỦਔᎣᴾ
ᵐᵎᵎᵒ ࠰ ᵑ உᴾ
ἴἡἰἛὉἸ἞ἋὉỽ἞Ἕᴾ
૙Ꮛ‫ٻ‬ᐫᴾ
ඕ஭૨ᢿᅹ‫ٻܖ‬ᐫẆᅦဋϋ᧚
ᵑ ଐὼᵔ ଐᴾ
ỴἨἛỷἽὉỾἧὊἽὉỾἌἜ ‫ܖٻ‬ᚸᜭ‫ۀ‬Ճ˟˟ᧈᴾ
‫ܫ‬৐ᧈ‫ܫ‬Ẇደ૾‫ڡ‬ӪẆᙐૠỉ
ἥ൞ᴾ
‫ᧈܖܖٻ‬ểỉ˟ᛩᴾ
ᵐᵎᵎᵒ ࠰ ᵑ உᴾ
ỴἉἷἻἧὉỾὊἝ‫ٻ‬ᐫᴾ
ᝠѦ‫ٻ‬ᐫᴾ
᜿‫׽‬ᝠѦ‫ٻ‬ᐫẆ߷ӝ‫ٳ‬Ѧ‫ٻ‬
ᵕ ଐὼᵏᵎ ଐᴾ
ỴἙỵἨὉἧỳἽἡἙỵ൞ᴾ
‫ٳ‬ѦႾኺฎᢿᧉᧈᴾ
ᐫẆደ૾‫ڡ‬Ӫểỉ˟ᛩᴾ
ᵐᵎᵎᵒ ࠰ ᵖ உᴾ
ἉἵὊἼἧὉἧỳỺἌ‫ٻ‬ᐫᴾ
᭗ሁ૙Ꮛ‫ٻ‬ᐫᴾ
ඕ஭૨ᢿᅹ‫ٻܖ‬ᐫểỉ˟ᛩẇ
ᵐ ଐὼᵏᵓ ଐᴾ
ἜἊἧ൞ᴾ
‫ٳ‬ʩ᧙̞ᛢᛢᧈᴾ
ᵨᵧᵡᵟẆ‫ڎ‬ኖፙӸࡸᴾ
ἯἣἽҦٟᴾ
ỽἨὊἽ‫ᧈܖܖٻ‬ᴾ
ἻỼἉἷҦٟᴾ
૙Ꮛ‫ᧈܖܖٻ‬ᴾ
ἣἉἷἚỷὅ‫ٻ‬ᐫᴾ
ᣃࠊ᧏ႆ‫ٻ‬ᐫᴾ
‫׎‬ᡲ᧸໎ɭမ˟ᜭᴾ
ᵐᵎᵎᵓ ࠰ ᵑ உᴾ
Ἃἑ἟ἁἈỶΨ‫ٻ‬ᐫᴾ
Ψᡫ̮‫ٻ‬ᐫᴾ
ᵨᵧᵧᵟ ỉπ᧏ἉὅἯἊỸἲᴾ
ᵏ ଐὼᵑ ଐᴾ
ỶἉἵἁὉἜἙỵἼ൞ᴾ
ἝἷὊἺὊἁ‫ܖٻ‬૙੉ᴾ
ẐᢠਫࢸỉỴἧỾἝἋἑὅể࠯ԧ
ᵐᵎᵎᵓ ࠰ ᵏ உᴾ
ᵏᵖ ଐὼᵐᵐ ଐᴾ
ನሰૅੲẑἣ἟ἼἋἚᴾ
䉝䊐䉧䊆䉴䉺䊮䈫ᣣᧄ䈱㑐ଥ䇸䉝䉳䉝䈱ੑ䈧䈱ᣣ಴䈝䉎࿖䇹㩷
ࡂ࡞ࡦ㨯ࠕࡒࡦ
䉝䊐䉧䊆䉴䉺䊮䈫ᣣᧄ䈱㑐ଥ䇸䉝䉳䉝䈱ੑ䈧䈱ᣣ಴䈝䉎࿖䇹㩷
䉝䊐䉧䊆䉴䉺䊮䈫ᣣᧄ䈱㑐ଥ㩷
㘃ૃᕈ䓐↢䒙䒖䒚䒞࿯บ䒮䑳䔝䔭䔢䓸䔆䓐䓗䓭䓗䒧⚿䒲ઃ䒒䒞䓬䔠䓤䔢䔭䓾䒭↥‛䒦䒃䓉౒ㅢ䒭ㆮ↥䒪ᩮᏅ䒘䒥
䒅䓉䑴㩷
䒔䒭䓆䒇䒪䑳ᣣᧄ䒧䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒧䒭㑆䒪䒮䑳ਔ࿖䒭೑⋉䒪ะ䒒䒥ᩕ䒉䑳䒌䒣䑳᜛ᄢ䒘⛯䒒䓉ᢥൻ⊛䔬ᄖ੤⊛
㑐ଥ䒭䒞䓀䒭ᒝ࿕䒩ၮ⋚䒍ሽ࿷䈜䓉䑴㩷
㩷㩷 ⑳䒮䑳䒔䒭⎇ⓥ䒪䒋䒅䒥䑳ಽᨆ䓐␜䈜䒔䒧䓆䓈䑳ᢓ䒉䒥ᱧผ⊛੐ታ䓐⚫੺䈜䓉䒔䒧䒪㊀ὐ䓐⟎䒅䒥䒅䓉䑴䒔䒭
⎇ⓥ䓐ㅢ䒘䒥䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䔬ᣣᧄ䒭㑐ଥ䓐䒖䓇䒪⎇ⓥ䒘䒞䒅䒧䒅䒇ᕁ䒅䓐䒅䒟䒅䒥䒅䒞䒟䒒䓉䒔䒧䓐ಾ䒪㗿䒢䒥
䒅䓉䒭䒦䒃䓉䑴㩷
㩷
㩷
㩷
㩷
㩷
63
㩷
㩷
䒌䑴䕞䕑䕤䕟䒭෹ੱ䒞䒠䓁䑳⌀೶䒩ⷞ✢䓐ነ䒚䒥䒅䒽䈜䑴ᚒ䒍࿖䒮䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒪ᐔ๺䓐䓁䒞䓇䈜ദജ
䓐䒅䒖䒖䒌䓁✭䓀䓆䒇䒧䒮ᕁ䒅䒽䒚䓑䑴㩷
䒽䒞䑳ห࿖䒧䒜䒭๟ㄝ࿾ၞ䒦䒮䑳࿖㓙䓻䔢䒭⢿ᆭ䓐㒰෰䑳ᛥᱛ䈜䓉ข⚵䒍⛯䒅䒥䒅䒽䈜䑴䓻䔢ኻ╷․೎ភ
⟎ᴺ䒪ၮ䒤䒐ᶏ਄⥄ⴡ㓌䒭ᡰេᵴേ䓐฽䓀䑳දജ䓐⛯䒒䒥䒽䒅䓈䒽䈜䑴䑺౎৾㩷
ፀ ᝲ 㩷
ᣣᧄ䒧䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒧䒭ᢥൻ䑳ቬᢎ䑳ᱧผ䒋䓆䒲ᄖ੤䒭㕙䒦䒭㑐ଥ䒮䑳ᄢಽ೨䒪⏕┙䒖䓊䒥䒅䒞䑴䒃䒽䓈䓆
䒐⍮䓇䓊䒥䒅䒩䒅䒍䑳ᣣᧄ䒧䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒭㑆䒭㑐ଥ䒮䑳᭽䇱䒩ᢥൻ⊛䔬ᱧผ⊛㘃ૃὐ䓐␜䒘䒩䒍䓇䑳ᱧผ䓐
ㅢ䒙䒥⌕ታ䒪⛽ᜬ䒖䓊䒥䒎䒞䑴㩷
৻ㇱ䒭಴᧪੐䒮หᤨ䒪⿠䒔䒢䒞䒌䓁䒘䓊䒩䒅䒍䑳䈜䒸䒥䒭㘃ૃὐ䓐஧ὼ䒭䓁䒭䒦䒃䓉䒧⠨䒉䓉䒔䒧䒮䒦䒎䒩䒅䑴
㩷㪿㫋㫋㫇㪑㪆㪆㫎㫎㫎㪅㫄㫆㪽㪸㪅㪾㫆㪅㫁㫇㪆㫄㫆㪽㪸㫁㪆㫇㫉㪼㫊㫊㪆㪼㫅㫑㪼㫋㫊㫌㪆㪈㪐㪆㪼㪸㫊㫆㪶㪇㪈㪉㪍㪅㪿㫋㫄㫃㩷
౎৾
62
㩷
㩷 ╙ਃ䒪䑳䕞䕑䕤䕟䒭࿾ᣇᓳ⥝ᡰេ䓶䔭䔕䕀䕠䕢䕤䕁䒍ታᣉ䈜䓉ੱ㆏ᵴേ䒧䒭දജ䓐ᒝൻ䒘䒽䈜䑴ᚒ䒍࿖᡽
ᐭ䒮䕠䕢䕤䒍䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒭ᅏ࿾䒦ᨐ䒞䒘䒥䒅䓉㊀ⷐ䒩ᓎഀ䓐㜞䒐⹏ଔ䒘䒥䒅䒽䈜䑴䒣䒅䒥䒮䑳ೋ╬ᢎ⢒䑳
ක≮䑳ⴡ↢╬䒭ಽ㊁䓐ਛᔃ䒧䈜䓉ಽ㊁䒦䑳䒨䒭䓆䒇䒪䈜䓊䒯ᣣᧄ䒭ᡰេᵴേ䒧䕠䕢䕤䒭ᡰេᵴേ䒍䓆䓈
ᷓ䒅⋧ਸ਼ലᨐ䓐ᜬ䒣䓆䒇䒪䒩䓉䒌䓐ᦝ䒪ㅊ᳞䒘䒥䒅䒎䒽䈜䑴䒔䒭䒞䓀䑳ᣣᧄ䒮䑳䔟䓡㚂⣖ળว䒦⸳┙䒍ឭ
᩺䒖䓊䒞䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒪㑐䈜䓉䓨䔨䓴䓤䓽䔬䓥䔠䔭䔌䒪Ⓧᭂ⊛䒪ෳട䒘䒽䈜䑴㩷
㩷 ╙྾䒪䑳ᣣᧄ䒮㤗⮎䔬䓻䔢䒧䒭㑵䒅䒪䓆䓈ᄢ䒎䒩ᓎഀ䓐ᨐ䒞䒘䒥䒅䒎䒽䈜䑴䒜䒭䒞䓀䑳䓾䓙䓹䑳☨࿖䑳䕕䕥
䒧ද⺞䒘䒣䒣䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨᡽ᐭ䒭࿖Ⴚ▤ℂ⢻ജᒝൻ䒪ข䓈⚵䓑䒦䒅䒎䒽䈜䑴䑺౎౐㩷
ᢙ䔪᦬ᓟ䒪㐿䒌䓊䒞╙৻౐౐࿁࿖ળ䒪䒋䒅䒥䑳㤗↢ᄖോ೽ᄢ⤿䒮એਅ䒭䓆䒇䒩ᄖ੤Ṷ⺑䓐ⴕ䒢䒥䒅䓉䑴㩷
㩷
䑹䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒦䒮䑳ᴦ቟ᡷༀ䒭ข⚵䒪૬䒚䑳⚻ᷣ␠ળ䒭ᓳ⥝䒧䑳㐿⊒ᡰេ䓐ㅴ䓀䒩䒐䒥䒮䒩䓈䒽䒚䓑䑴
䒔䒭㓙ਇนᰳ䒩䓁䒭䒮䑳㕖วᴺᱞⵝ㓸࿅䒭⸃૕䒦䈜䑴䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒪ᐔ๺䓐▽䒐䒞䓀䑳ᣣᧄ䒪૗䒍䒦䒎䓉
㩷㪿㫋㫋㫇㪑㪆㪆㫎㫎㫎㪅㫄㫆㪽㪸㪅㪾㫆㪅㫁㫇㪆㫄㫆㪽㪸㫁㪆㫇㫉㪼㫊㫊㪆㪼㫅㫑㪼㫋㫊㫌㪆㪈㪐㪆㪼㪸㪹㪼㪶㪇㪈㪈㪉㪅㪿㫋㫄㫃㩷
౎౐
61
㩷 ࿖㓙ᴦ቟ᡰេㇱ㓌䕀䕙䕣䕑䕖䕁䒧ᣣᧄ䒮ജ䓐ว䓍䒚䑳౐ਁੱ䒭ᣥ䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨౓჻䒭␠ળᓳᏫ䓐ᨐ䒞䒘
䒽䒘䒞䑴ᚢ႐䒌䓇ኅ䒪Ꮻ䓉ῳⷫ䒭৻ੱ৻ੱ䒍䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒭ኅᐸ䒪䒧䒢䒥Ꮧᦸ䒭శ䒟䒌䓇䒦䈜䑴ᰴ䒭㔍
㗴䒮චੑਁ੖ජੱ䒪਄䓉䒧䒅䓍䓊䓉㕖วᴺ᳃౓䒭⸃૕䒦䈜䑴㩷
㩷 ⑳䒮䔟䓡㚂⣖ળว䒦ት⸒䒖䓊䒞ౝኈ䒭ᄙ䒐䒪⾥ᚑ䒘䒽䈜䑴․䒪㐿⊒䒩䒐䒘䒥䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒭቟ቯ䒩䒘
䒧䒭⠨䒉䓐౒䒪䒘䒽䈜䑴䒽䒞䑳䕞䕑䕤䕟䒧ᣣᧄ䓐฽䒿䔆䔭䓽䓿䔭䒧䒭ද⺞䓐ᒝൻ䈜䓉ᔅⷐ䒍䒃䓉䒧䒭⷗ᣇ
䒪䓁หᗧ䒘䒽䈜䑴㩷
㩷䒔䒭䓆䒇䒩⠨䒉ᣇ䒪ၮ䒤䒎䑳⑳䒮䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䓐ᡰេ䈜䓉⏕࿕䒞䓉䓨䔔䓸䓽䔖䔨䓽䓐⴫᣿䒘䒽䈜䑴㩷
㩷 ╙৻䒪䑳䔢䔨䓾䔨ળว䒭䓨䔔䓸䓽䔖䔨䓽䓐㆐ᚑ䈜䓉䒞䓀⚂ਃం䓾䔠䒭ᦝ䒩䓉ᡰេ䓐ታᣉ䒘䒽䈜䑴䒔䓊䒪䓆
䓈䑳㆏〝䑳ⓨ᷼䑳ㄘᬺ㐿⊒䒭ಽ㊁╬䓐ਛᔃ䒪䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨࿖ኅ㐿⊒ᚢ⇛䓐ᡰេ䒘䒽䈜䑴㩷
㩷 ╙ੑ䒪䑳ᴦ቟ಽ㊁䒦䒭ᡰេ䓐ᒝൻ䒘䒽䈜䑴ᚒ䇱䒮䕞䕑䕤䕟䒧✕ኒ䒪දജ䒘䒣䒣䑳㕖วᴺᱞⵝ㓸࿅⸃૕䕀䕔
䕙䕑䕗䕁䓐ᾲᗧ䓐䓁䒢䒥ㅴ䓀䒥䒅䒎䒽䈜䑴䒽䒞䑳ᣣᧄ䒮․䒪䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨⼊ኤ䒭⢻ജᒝൻ䒪㊀ὐ䓐䒋䒎䒽
䈜䑴㩷
60
Ƙ̾ऻɁୈ૵ ੑ䇳䇳৾ᐕ৻᦬චੑᣣ䒭ർᄢ⷏ᵗℂ੐ળ䒪䒋䒒䓉቟୚᤯ਃ✚ℂᄢ⤿䒭Ṷ⺑䑹ᣣᧄ䒧䕞䕑䕤䕟䑄ᦝ䒩䓉දജ
䒪ะ䒒䒥䑺䕀઒⸶䕁䒭ਛ䒦એਅ䒭䓆䒇䒪ㅀ䒸䒞䑴㩷㩷
㩷
䑹䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒪㑐䒘䒥↳䒘਄䒓䓊䒯䑳ᚒ䇱䒍⢛⽶䒢䒥䒅䓉Ꮕ䒘ㄼ䒢䒞⺖㗴䓐චಽ⹺⼂䒘䒥䒅䒽䈜䑴䒽䒞䑳
ਸ਼䓈⿧䒉䒩䒒䓊䒯䒩䓇䒩䒅㓚ኂ䒍䒞䒐䒖䓑䒃䓉䒔䒧䓁චಽℂ⸃䒘䒥䒅䒽䈜䑴㩷
㩷䒜䓊䒦䓁䒩䒋䑳⑳䒮ᣣᧄ࿖᳃䒪䑳ᣣᧄ䒮䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒭ᧂ᧪䒪䒌䒒䒥䒅䓉䒭䒟䑳䒩䒛䒩䓇䒯䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨
䒭቟ቯ䒍ᣣᧄ䒧਎⇇䒪ᱫᵴ⊛䒪㊀ⷐ䒟䒌䓇䒟䑳䒧䒅䒇᣿ᔟ䒩䔖䓸䓰䔭䓭䓐➅䓈㄰䒘⺆䓈䒌䒒䒥䒅䒽䈜䑴㩷
㩷䓙䔨䓾ᵗ䒪䒋䒅䒥䒮䑳ᶏ਄⥄ⴡ㓌䒭⦘⦁䒍䕞䕑䕤䕟ട⋖࿖਻䒌࿖䓐฽䒿䑹ਇ᧎䒭⥄↱૞ᚢ䕀䕟䕕䕖䕁䑺ෳട
⻉࿖䒪Άᢱ⵬⛎䓐ⴕ䒢䒥䒅䒽䈜䑴㩷
㩷 ᣣᧄ䒮䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒪ኻ䒘䑳ච৻ం䓾䔠䒭ᓳ⥝ᡰេ䓐ⴕ䒢䒥䒎䒽䒘䒞䑴䓠䔋䔭䔠䑳䓠䔨䓵䔄䔠䑳䔅䔭䔔䔙䔨
䒩䒨䒪䑳૗⊖䓁䒭ᣂ䒘䒅ᢎቶ䓐૞䓈䒽䒘䒞䑴ౣᑪ䒖䓊䒞ቇᩞ䒭৻䒣৻䒣䒍䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒭ሶ䒨䓁䒞䒠䒪䒧
䒢䒥Ꮧᦸ䒭䒧䓁䒘Ἣ䒟䒌䓇䒦䈜䑴㩷
59
䓼䓘䓗ᡰេ䒪ੑච౐⊖ਁ䓾䔠䑳ㆬ᜼ᡰេ䒪ਃච⊖ਁ䓾䔠䕁㩷
䕀䕆䕁 ᴦ቟䒭ᡷༀ䒭ὑੑ⊖਻⊖ਁ䓾䔠䕀䕔䕔䕢෸䒲䕔䕙䕑䕗䒪⊖ਃච੖⊖ਁ䓾䔠䑳࿾㔗ኻ╷䒪੖ච౎⊖ਁ䓾䔠䑳
㤗⮎ኻ╷䒪ච৻䕃੖⊖ਁ䓾䔠䑳⼊ኤᡰេ䒪྾䕃ੑ⊖ਁ䓾䔠䕁㩷
಴䒖䓊䒞䑴㩷
េഥ䕁䒪⊖ੑච৾⊖ਁ䓾䔠䑴ᦝ䒪೎ㅜ䒭⊖౐ච৻⊖ਁ䓾䔠䒍ੑ䇳䇳৻ᐕએ㒠⋥䒠䒪ੱ㆏ᡰេ䒧䒘䒥᜚
䔠䑳ㄘᬺ䔬ㄘ᧛㐿⊒䒪౎චੑ⊖ਁ䓾䔠䑳⨲䒭ᩮ䔬ੱ㑆䒭቟ో଻㓚ήఘ䒪྾ච਻⊖ਁ䓾䔠䑳䒜䒭ઁ䕀฽ᛛⴚ
ੑච਻⊖ਁ䓾䔠䑳㔍᳃䒧࿖ౝㆱ㔍᳃䒭ౣቯ૑䒪౎ච౎⊖ਁ䓾䔠䑳䓙䔨䔊䔞ᢛ஻䕀㒰㆏〝䕁䒪ਃච⊖ਁ䓾
䕀䕇䕁 ᓳ⥝䒭ὑ౐⊖੖ච੖⊖ਁ䓾䔠䕀ᐙ✢㆏〝ᢛ஻䒪ੑ⊖੖⊖ਁ䓾䔠䑳଻ஜ䔬ක≮䒪྾ච౐⊖ਁ䓾䔠䑳ᢎ⢒䒪
㩷
ᒲᚖ᪞Ⱦɛɞୈ૵ ᣣᧄ䒭ᶏ਄⥄ⴡ㓌䒮䑳䓙䔨䓾ᵗ਄䒦䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨࿖㓙ᐔ๺⛽ᜬㇱ㓌䒭⥶ⓨᯏΆᢱ⵬⛎䒭ᡰេ䒭ὑ䑳⵬⛎⦘䓐
ᵷ㆜䒘䒥䒅䓉䑴౎੖㩷
㩷
㩷䓙䔨䓾ᵗ䒪⵬⛎⦘䓐ᵷ㆜䒘䑳ᶏ਄㒖ᱛᵴേ䕀䕟䕕䕖㪄䕝䕙䕟䕁䓐ⴕ䒢䒥䒅䓉ฦ࿖⦘⦈䒷䒭⵬⛎䓐ਛᔃ䒧䒘䒞දജᡰេᵴേ䓐ⴕ䒢䒥䒅䓉䑴㩷
౎੖
58
䃩ᜰቯ࿾ၞ䒪䒋䒒䓉࿾㔗㒰෰㩷
㩷㩷㩷䋪䕥䕞䕑䕝䕑䕀࿖ㅪ䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨ᡰេ䔔䓸䓬䔜䔨䕁䒭⺞ᢛਅ䒭䕥䕞䕘䕓䕢䑳䔛䔀䓰䔊䑳䕧䕖䕠䒧䒭ᡰេ⺞ᢛ㩷
ஓటɁमҾ䑄ੱ㆏ᡰេ䑴᜚಴㗵䒭䒺䒧䓑䒨䒮ᓳ⥝ᡰេ䒪ల䒥䓇䓊䒞䑴㩷
䃩᡽ᴦ䔌䔢䓰䓮䒋䓆䒲䓡䔅䓿䔨䓮㩷
丵䔖䓼䓘䓗䒭ᡰេ䑳ㆬ᜼ੱ⊓㍳䔬ㆬ᜼ታᣉᡰេ䑳ᥳቯ䔬ⴕ᡽᡽ᮭ䒷䒭ⴕ᡽⚻⾌㩷
䃩ᴦ቟䒭ᡷༀ㩷
丵 ࿾㔗ኻ╷䑳⼊ኤᡰេ䑳䕔䕔䕢䒋䓆䒲䕔䕙䕑䕗䑳㤗⮎ኻ╷╬䑴㩷
䃩ᓳ⥝㩷
丵 ᐙ✢㆏〝ᢛ஻䑳଻ஜ䔬ක≮䑳䓙䔨䔊䔞ᢛ஻䑳ᢎ⢒䑳ㄘᬺ䔬ㄘ᧛㐿⊒䑳⨲䒭ᩮ䔬ੱ㑆䒭቟ో଻㓚ήఘ╬㩷
㩷
ƗஓటɁୈ૵Ɂюᜭ એਅ䒍ᣣᧄ᡽ᐭ䒭䓨䔔䓸䓽䔖䔨䓽䒦䒃䓉䑴౎྾㩷
䕀䕅䕁 ᡽ᴦ䔌䔢䓰䓮䔬䓡䔅䓿䔨䓮䒭ὑ⊖੖චੑ⊖ਁ䓾䔠䕀ᥳቯ䔬ⴕ᡽᡽ᮭ䒷䒭ⴕ᡽⚻⾌ᡰេ䒪਻ච੖⊖ਁ䓾䔠䑳䔖
㩷 ᐔᚑච਻ᐕ৻᦬䒭ᤨὐ㩷
౎྾
57
䔬䓠䔋䔭䔠䔬䓠䔨䓵䔄䔭䔠㑆䒋䓆䒲䓠䔨䓵䔄䔭䔠䔬䓮䔉䔨䔑䔠䓵䓤㑆䒭ਥⷐᐙ✢㆏〝䒭ᢛ஻㩷
䔬䓠䔨䓵䔄䔭䔠Ꮢ᳃䒋䓆䒲๟ㄝ䒭᭽䇱䒩ᡰេ䔌䔢䓭䓜䓤䓽䕀ᚑᨐ䒍䒃䒢䒞䒭䒦䑳ห䒙䔌䔢䓥䔞䔕䒍䔓䓫䔟䓬䔘䔟䔊
䒦䓁ታᣉ䒖䓊䒥䒅䓉䕁㩷
㩷㩷 ቼ˧෉᪡ 䃩⡯ᬺ⸠✵䑳ዞ⡯ᢷᣓ䑳ㄘᬺ䑳ዊડᬺ䑳࿾㔗㒰෰䓐ㅢ䒙䒞ర౓჻䒭␠ળᓳᏫᡰេ㩷
䃩䕔䕔䕢䕀ర౓჻䒭ᱞⵝ⸃㒰䔬േຬ⸃㒰䔬␠ળᓳᏫ䕁䔌䔢䓥䔞䔕䒭ਛᩭ䒧䒘䒥䒭䕑䕞䕒䕠䕀䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨ᣂ↢⸘
↹䕁䒭╷ቯ㩷
㩷㩷㩷䋪ੑ䇳䇳੖ᐕ৾᦬䑄䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨ァ䕀౓჻౐ਁੱᒝ䕁䒭䒞䓀䒭䕔䕔䕢䔌䔢䓥䔞䔕䒭ᱞⵝ⸃㒰Ბ㓏䒭ቢੌ䑴㩷
ᱞⵝ⸃㒰䒖䓊䒞ర౓჻䒭␠ળᓳᏫᡰេ䒮ੑ䇳䇳౐ᐕ౐᦬䒽䒦⛮⛯䒖䓊䓉䑴㩷
㩷㩷 ቼ‫෉ه‬᪡̝ᷡȃȃ‫˧ࢳه‬ఌᷢ 䃩೨ㅀ䒭ਃ࿾ၞ䒪ട䒉䑳䓠䔉䓪Ꮊ䓐ᡰេ䈜䓉䒞䓀䒭䔌䔢䓭䓜䓤䓽㩷
䃩䕥䕞䕘䕓䕢䒮䑳Ꮻㆶ⠪䒍ᚯ䓉࿾ၞ䒪䒋䒒䓉᳓ଏ⛎䑳ἠṴ䑳㆏〝ᑪ⸳䕀ᚲᓧഃ಴䕁䒋䓆䒲⡯ᬺ⸠✵䒭ᒝൻ䑳䒩
䓇䒲䒪ᢎᏧ䒭⸠✵䑳࿾ၞਥዉ䒭ᢎ⢒䓙䔨䔊䔞ᡷༀ䑳ቇᩞ䒋䓆䒲࿾ၞ␠ળ䒪䒋䒒䓉㘶ᢱ᳓䒋䓆䒲౏ⴐⴡ↢
䒭ᡷༀ䑳䒩䓇䒲䒪ዋᐕ౓䒭䔟䔄䔈䔟䓻䔭䓬䔜䔨䒪៤䓍䓉䑴㩷
56
వ࿾ၞ䑄䈜䒩䓍䒠䓠䔨䓵䔄䔭䔠Ꮊ䑳䓭䔘䔞䔞䔅䔭䓾Ꮊ䑳䔓䓫䔟䓬䔘䔟䔊Ꮊ䑳䒋䓆䒲䔅䔭䔔䔙䔨Ꮊ䑄䒪䒌䒌䓉✚ว㐿
⊒⸘↹䒷䒭౞Ṗ䒩⒖ⴕ䒩䒨䒍䒃䓉䑴㩷
㩷
ƖஓటɁɬʟɶʕʃʉʽୈ૵Ɂး٣Ɂ࿡มȝɛɆ఼߬Ɂ੉Ⴉ 㩷 ቼˢ෉᪡̝ᷡȃȃ̝ࢳтఌᷢ 䃩㔍᳃䔬࿖ౝ㔍᳃䒭ౣቯ૑䒪㊀ὐ㩷
䔬䕥䕞䕘䕓䕢䕀઒⸳૑ቛ䑳᳓ଏ⛎䑳㘩♳䕁㩷
䔬䔛䔀䓰䔊䕀ఽ┬䒋䓆䒲ᢎᏧ䒭䒞䓀䒭ᢎ⢒↪ຠ䒭㈩Ꮣ䑳઒⸳ᢎ⢒ᣉ⸳䒭ଏਈ╬䕁㩷
䔬䕙䕓䕢䕓䕀⿒චሼ࿖㓙ᆔຬળ䕁䕀䓗䓤䓰䓮䒍࿎㔍䒩࿾ၞ䒷䒭㘩♳㈩Ꮣ䕁㩷
㩷㩷 ቼ̝෉᪡̝ᷡȃȃ̝ࢳԚˢఌᷢ 䃩࿾ၞ␠ળ䒩䓇䒲䒪㔍᳃䒋䓆䒲࿖ౝㆱ㔍᳃䒪ኻ⽎䓐ᐢ䒓䓉䑴㩷
䃩ᚲᓧഃ಴䑳଻ஜ䔬ක≮䑳ᢎ⢒䒭䒞䓀䒭ⴡ↢䒋䓆䒲⢻ജᒻᚑ䑳ഭ௛㓸⚂⊛䔌䔢䓭䓜䓤䓽䕀ၮ␆⊛䓙䔨䔊䔞䒭ౣ
ᑪ䑳䒩䓇䒲䒪࿾㔗ኻ╷䕁㩷
䃩ౕ૕⊛䒩䓠䔨䓵䔄䔭䔠ᡰេ㩷
55
䒭ᓟ䑳ᄢ⛔㗔䒧ᄢ⤿᡽ോቭ䒮䑳ᣣᧄ䒌䓇⚂ਃච੖⊖ਁ䓾䔠ᡰេ䒖䓊䓉䓠䔋䔭䔠࿖㓙ⓨ᷼䒪䒥䑳䓴䔭䔔䓿䔠ᑪ⸳
⸥ᔨ䒭␆⍹䓐ᝪ䒉䒞䑴㩷
ੑ䇳䇳౐ᐕචੑ᦬྾䑄੖ᣣ䒪䒌䒒䑳䔖䓬䔚䔞䔃䔬䓭䔠䓡䒧䒘䒥⍮䓇䓊䓉਄㒮⼏㐳䓬䔋䓡䓽䓛䔭䔞䔬䔗䓭䔘䓼䓘
䓼䓘䓐࿅㐳䒧䈜䓉౎ੱ䒭䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨⼏ຬ࿅䒍ੱ㆏⊛቟ో଻㓚䒪ଥ䓉䕠䕗䕑╙ੑච౎࿁਎⇇✚ળ಴Ꮸ䒭䒞䓀
᧲੩䒪᧪ᣣ䒘䒞䑴䒔䓊䒮࿾⃿ⷙᮨ໧㗴䒪ข䓈⚵䒿࿖㓙⼏ຬㅪ⋖䒦䒃䓉䑴᧪ᣣ䒘䒞৻ⴕ䒪䑳䓛䓞䔡䓬䍃䓭䔠䓡䒧䒘
䒥⍮䓇䓊䓉䓗䔡䔊䍃䔁䔭䔠䓫䓙ਅ㒮೽⼏㐳䓁฽䒽䓊䒥䒅䓉䑴㩷
㩷
ƕጦ̚ऻɁɬʟɶʕʃʉʽेᒾȾȝȤɞஓటɁमҾ ᣣᧄ䒮䑳ੑ䇳䇳৻ᐕએ㒠䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒭ᓳ⥝䒋䓆䒲㐿⊒䒭䒞䓀䒪ච৻ం☨䓾䔠એ਄䓐᜚಴䒘䒥䒅䓉䑴䒔䓊
䒪䒮䑳৻᦬ਃච৻ᣣ䒋䓆䒲ੑ᦬৻ᣣ䒭䔢䔨䓾䔨ળ⼏䒦䒭ᣣᧄ䒪䓆䓉⹿⚂㗵䒍฽䒽䓊䒥䒅䓉䑴ᣣᧄ䒮䑳䑹ੱ㑆䒭቟
ో଻㓚䑺䒧䒭㑐ଥ䒦䑳ᣣᧄ䒭䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨࿾ၞ✚ว㐿⊒ᡰេ䒭ਅ䒦䒭✜ᣇ䓙䔀䓬䓗䓶䔋䓐⊒⴫䒘䒞䑴౎ਃ㩷䒔䒭䓙
䔀䓬䓗䓶䔋䒮䑳࿾ᣇ䒭࿾ၞ␠ળ䔡䔎䔠䒦䒭ᓳ⥝䒪ὶὐ䓐⛉䒢䒥䒋䓈䑳Ꮻㆶ⠪䒋䓆䒲࿖ౝㆱ㔍᳃䕀䕙䕔䕠䕁䒭ౣቯ૑
䓐ഥ䒒䓉䒔䒧䒌䓇ᆎ䒽䒢䒞䑴ၮ␆䒧䒩䒢䒥䒅䓉⠨䒉ᣇ䒧䒘䒥䒮䑳ੱ㆏ᡰេ䒌䓇࿁ᓳ䒋䓆䒲ᓳ⥝ᡰេ䑳䒖䓇䒪ఝ
㩷䑹✜ᣇ䓙䔀䓬䓗䓶䔋䑺䒍䒇䒽䓊䒞⢛᥊䒪䒮䑳✜ᣇᅚผ䒭ੑ䇳䇳ੑᐕ౐᦬䒭⸰໧䒋䓆䒲৻⥸᳃ⴐ䒧䒭⹤䒘ว䒅䒍䒃䓉䑴㩷
౎ਃ
54
䔭䓶䓐ⴕ䒢䒞䑴ᣣᧄ䒮䔢䔨䓾䔨࿖㓙ળ⼏䒦⴫᣿䒘䒞ᡰេ╷䒭৻Ⅳ䒧䒘䒥䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨ో࿯䒭㐿⊒䒧䒅䒇ో⥸⊛
䒩⋡ᮡ䒪ะ䒒䑳࿾ᣇ䒭㐿⊒䑳ᴦ቟䒭ᡷༀ䑳㤗⮎ኻ╷䒩䒨䒭ಽ㊁䒦౐ජਁ䓾䔠䒭᜚಴䓐⹿⚂䒘䒞䑴ળ⼏䒦䒮䑳౐
ਁੱ䓐⿥䒉䓉ర౓჻䒭ᱞⵝ⸃㒰䓐ฃ䒒䑳ᱞⵝ⸃㒰䔬േຬ⸃㒰䔬␠ળᓳᏫ䕀䕔䕔䕢䕁䔌䔢䓰䓮䒍ቢੌ䒘䒞䒔䒧䒍⏕
⹺䒖䓊䑳㕖วᴺᱞⵝ㓸࿅䒭⸃૕䕀䕔䕙䕑䕗䕁ଦㅴ䒭ᔅⷐᕈ䒍ᒝ⺞䒖䓊䒞䑴ᄢ⛔㗔䒮䒖䓇䒪䑳ᄤ⊞㒨ਅ䒧⻏⷗䒘
䒞䒺䒌䑳ዊᴰ⚐৻㇢㚂⋧䑳␹ፒ౏᣿ౄઍ⴫䑳ⴐ⼏㒮䓙䔞䓤䕀䓻䔢䕁․೎ᆔຬળᆔຬ䑳ᚸජ᥊ෳ⼏㒮⼏㐳䑳⠀↰
᳃ਥౄᦨ㜞㘈໧䒋䓆䒲ᣣᧄ䔬䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨෹ᅢ⼏ຬㅪ⋖䒧䓁ળ⺣䒘䒞䑴৾᦬౐ᣣ䑳ᄢ⛔㗔䒮ᣂᐙ✢䒦ฎㇺ੩
ㇺ䓐⸰䓊䑳ᷡ᳓ኹ䒭䒺䒌䑳ᄤ⊞䔬⊞อਔ㒨ਅ䒍੹䓁੩ㇺ⸰໧䒭㓙䒪䒕ኋᴱ䒪䒩䓇䓊䓉ᄢችᓮᚲ䒪㓞ធ䈜䓉઄
ᵢᓮᚲ䒪┙䒠ነ䒢䒞䑴หᣣᄕ䑳੩ㇺᐭ⍮੐䒮ᄢ⛔㗔䓐᱑ㄫ䒘䑳⸥ᔨ䒪⠀❱䓐⿅๒䑴䒔䓊䒪ኻ䒘䑳ᄢ⛔㗔䒮⍮੐
䒪䓶䔘䔆䔨䕀ⵓⵉ䕁䓐䔌䔡䓱䔨䓽䒘䒞䑴䒜䒭ᓟ䑳⍮੐䒮⨥ળ䒪⛯䒅䒥ᄕ㘩ળ䓐ਥቿ䑴ᄢ⛔㗔䒧ઍ⴫࿅䒪䒮ℙ䒭Ṷᄼ
䓁ᛲ㔺䒖䓊䒞䑴㩷㩷
ੑ䇳䇳౐ᐕච৻᦬ੑචᣣ䑳㑐ญ᣽৻ᄢ⤿᡽ോቭ䒮䑳䓠䔋䔭䔠䒭ᄢ⛔㗔ᐭ䒦䓠䔠䓫䓙ᄢ⛔㗔䒧ળ⺣䓐ⴕ䒅䑳
ਔ࿖㑐ଥ䑳࿾ၞ䒭ᴦ቟䑳ኻ䓻䔢ኻ╷䑳䓼䔚䔞䔨䓾䔬䔞䓙䔨໧㗴䑳వ⥸䔀䔚䔭䓼䔟䔭䒦㐿௅䒖䓊䒞䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨࿾ၞ
⚻ᷣදജળ⼏╙ੑ࿁ળว䕀䕢䕕䕓䕓䕁╬䓐⼏㗴䒧䒘⹤䒘ว䒅䒍ⴕ䓍䓊䒞䑴ᄢ⤿᡽ോቭ䒮䓠䔠䓫䓙ᄢ⛔㗔䒷䑳቟୚
᤯ਃᣂ✚ℂ䒭䑹ᣣᧄ䒭䔟䔭䓵䔭䒍ઍ䓍䒢䒥䓁ኻ䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨᡽╷䒮ਇᄌ䒦䒃䓉䑺䒧䒅䒇䔖䓸䓰䔭䓭䓐વ䒉䒞䑴䒜
53
䒭ᚢ⇛⊛ᄖ੤䒭⏕┙䒍㊀ⷐ䒦䒃䓉䒧໒䒉䒥䒅䓉੐䒦䒃䓉䑴౎ੑ㩷
ੑ䇳䇳౐ᐕ౐᦬ච৻ᣣ䒌䓇ච౎ᣣ䒪䒌䒒䑳ᣣᧄ䒭ෳ⼏㒮䒮䑳䔖䓬䔚䔞䔃䔬䓭䔠䓡䕀਄㒮䕁╙৻೽⼏㐳䒭䓪䓙䓝
䓾䔬䔄䔔䓾䔬䓣䔞䔀᳁䓐࿅㐳䒧䈜䓉䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨⼏ຬ࿅䓐ೋ䓀䒥ᣣᧄ䒪᜗䒅䒞䑴⼏ຬ࿅䒮⺞ᩏ⸰໧䓐ㅢ䒙䑳⼏ળ
೙䑳┙ᴺ䒧ⴕ᡽䒭ᮭജಽ㔌䑳ੑ㒮೙䒭ᗧ⟵䑳ㆬ᜼೙ᐲ䕀᡽ౄ᡽ᴦ䓐฽䒿䕁䑳┙ᴺㆊ⒟䕀੍▚᩺䒭ክ⼏䓐฽䒿䕁䑳
ㅘ᣿ᕈ䒧⺑᣿⽿છ䒭ផㅴ䒋䓆䒲⣣ᢌኻ╷䓐䒮䒙䓀䒧䈜䓉ⴕ᡽䒭⋙〈䑳⺞ᩏ䑳┙ᴺ䑳▤ℂ䑳ㆇ༡䒩䒨䒭⼏ળ੐
ോ䑳䒩䓇䒲䒪䑳⼏ળㆇ༡ᚻ⛯䒎䒪䒋䒒䓉䓭䓜䔨䓵䔭䒧ੱᮭ䒭໧㗴䓐ㅢ䒙䑳᡽╷᳿ቯㆊ⒟䒭㊀ⷐᕈ䓐ቇ䒲ข䒢
䒞䑴㩷
ੑ䇳䇳౐ᐕ౐᦬ੑච৾ᣣ䒌䓇ੑච਻ᣣ䒪䒌䒒䔗䓮䓤䔤䒦㐿䒌䓊䒞ળ⼏䒦䒮䑳↰ㆻ㓉৻ᄢ૶䒍ᣣᧄ䒭ઍ⴫࿅
㐳䓐ോ䓀䒞䑴ળ⼏䒭Ꮸ਄䑳ᣣᧄ䒮䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒦ઍᦧ↢⸘䒭ଦㅴ䒪ข䓈⚵䒿䒞䓀䑳㤗⮎ኻ╷ା⸤ၮ㊄䕀䕓䕞䕤
䕖䕁䒷੖⊖ਁ䓾䔠䒭᜚಴䓐⹿⚂䒘䒞䑴㩷
䔄䔔䓾䔬䓠䔠䓫䓙ᄢ⛔㗔䒮䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒭䑹ᐔ๺䒭ቯ⌕䑺䒪㑐䈜䓉╙ੑ࿁᧲੩ળ⼏䒪಴Ꮸ䈜䓉䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨ઍ
⴫࿅䓐₸䒅䑳ੑ䇳䇳౐ᐕ৾᦬྾ᣣ䒌䓇৾ᣣ䒪䒌䒒䑳ᣣᧄ䓐౏ᑼታോ⸰໧䒘䒞䑴੖චਃ䓠࿖䒧ච੖䒭࿖㓙ᯏ㑐
ઍ⴫䒍ෳട䒘䒞ળ⼏䒦䒮䑳㤗↢ᄥ㇢ᄖോᄢ⤿䒍㐿ળ䒭ㄉ䓐ㅀ䒸䒞䒭䒪⛯䒎䑳䓠䔠䓫䓙ᄢ⛔㗔䒍䓟䔭䔌䔀䔨䓥䓮䔉
㩷 ቟୚᤯ਃ᳁䒮ੑ䇳䇳౐ᐕ਻᦬ੑච౐ᣣ䒪✚ℂᄢ⤿䒪છ๮䒖䓊䒞䑴㩷㩷㩷
౎ੑ
㩷
52
⑳⥄り䒭⌕છએ᧪䒭ੑᐕ䓐⿥䒉䓉⧰㔍䒭ᧃ䑳ੑ䇳䇳౐ᐕਃ᦬චਃᣣ䑳䓆䒇䉇䒐㘵ୖ䒭㤗Ꮣบ䒪⋧ᔕ䒭‛ઙ䓐
⏕଻䒘䒞䑴䒔䓊䒌䓇ᡷ▽૞ᬺ䒪ᤨ㑆䒍䒌䒌䓉䒞䓀䑳ታ㓙䒔䒭ᑪ‛䒦ᬺോ䒍ⴕ䒉䓉䓆䒇䒪䒩䓉䒭䒮ੑ䇳䇳৾ᐕ䒭
ᄐ䒕䓋䒪䒩䓉䑴৾਻㩷
ੑ䇳䇳౐ᐕ੖᦬ੑච྾ᣣ䒪䒮䑳䓠䔋䔭䔠䒭ᄖോ⋭䒦䑳ᣣᧄ䔬䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨㐿⊒᡽╷ኻ⹤䕀䕔䕠䕔䕁╙৻࿁ળว
䒍ⴕ䓍䓊䒞䑴䕔䕠䕔䒮䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒪䒋䒒䓉㐿⊒ఝవ⺖㗴䓐್ቯ䈜䓉䒞䓀䒪䑳ᭂ᧲䒜䒭ઁ࿾ၞ䒪䒋䒒䓉ᣣᧄ
䒭㐿⊒េഥ䒌䓇᦭⋉䒩ᢎ⸠䓐ᒁ䒎಴䒜䒇䒧䈜䓉⋧੕䒭ข䓈⚵䒾䒦䒃䓉䑴౎䇳㩷
ੑ䇳䇳౐ᐕ౐᦬੖ᣣ䒭䑹ਛᄩ䓗䓭䓗㪂ᣣᧄ䑺ኻ⹤䔬╙ੑ࿁ᄖ⋧ળว䒪䒮䑳䔞䔨䓣䔨䔬䓵䔭䓾䔊䓖䔠䔬䓮䔆䔨䓴ᄖോ
ᄢ⤿䒍䓟䔋䓫䔭䔅䔭䒧䒘䒥ෳട䒘䒞䑴หળว䒪䒮ᣣᧄ䑳䓢䔠䓣䓮౒๺࿖䑳䓴䓭䓢䓮䓴䔨౒๺࿖䑳䓛䓯䔎䓢䓮䓴䔨౒
๺࿖䒭ᄖ⋧䒭䒺䒌䑳䓠䓫䔊䓮䓴䔨౒๺࿖․૶䓁಴Ꮸ䒘䒥䒅䓉䑴౎৻㩷䒔䒭ኻ⹤䒭⋡⊛䒮䑳␠ળ䒭᳃ਥൻ䑳Ꮢ႐⚻ᷣ
䒭ଦㅴ䑳࿖᳃䒭↢ᵴ᳓Ḱᡷༀ䑳䓻䔢䒧⽺࿎䒭ᩮ⛘䑳䒋䓆䒲䑳ੱᮭ䒧ⅣႺ䒭଻⼔䒪䒃䓉䑴䓮䔆䔨䓴ᄖ⋧䒮䑳⸰ᣣਛ䑳
ዊᴰ⚐৻㇢㚂⋧䑳㤗↢ᄥ㇢ᄖ⋧䒋䓆䒲ᣣᧄ䔬䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨෹ᅢ⼏ຬㅪ⋖䒧䒭㑆䒦᦭⋉䒩⹤䒘ว䒅䓐ⴕ䒢䒞䑴ᄢ
ಾ䒩䒔䒧䒮䑳቟୚᤯ਃ✚ℂ䒍ᓐ䒭⪺ᦠ䑹⟤䒘䒅࿖䒷䑺䒭ਛ䒦䑳ਛᄩ䓗䓭䓗⻉࿖䒧ᣣᧄ䒪䒧䒢䒥䑳ਛᄩ䓗䓭䓗⻉࿖䒧
৾਻
㩷 ੑ䇳䇳౐ᐕච᦬ච৻ᣣ䑳䕑䕢䕔䕣䕀㪘㪽㪾㪿㪸㫅㫀㫊㫋㪸㫅㩷㪩㪼㪺㫆㫅㫊㫋㫉㫌㪺㫋㫀㫆㫅㩷㪸㫅㪻㩷㪛㪼㫍㪼㫃㫆㫇㫄㪼㫅㫋㩷㪪㪼㫉㫍㫀㪺㪼䕁䒭⺞㆐䓶䔭䔕৻ⴕ䒍䑳㘵ୖ䒭㤗Ꮣบ䒭ᣂᄢ૶㙚
Ꮏ੐㐿ᆎ䒭Ḱ஻䒭䒞䓀᧪ᣣ䒘䒞䑴ᧄઙ䒮䑳਎⇇㌁ⴕ䒌䓇䒭ᛚ⹺䓐ᓧ䒥䒋䓈䑳੍▚䒮䑳㐿⊒੍▚䒭ਛ䒌䓇᜚಴䒖䓊䒥䒅䓉䑴㩷
౎䇳
㩷䒔䒭ข䓈⚵䒾䒮䑳↰ㆻ㓉৻ᄢ૶䒧⪺⠪䒪䓆䓉ദജ䒭ᚑᨐ䒦䒃䒢䒞䑴㩷㩷㩷
㩷䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒍䑳䒔䒭ኻ⹤䒭ᱜᑼ䒩䔖䔨䔅䔭䒪䒩䓊䓉䓆䒇ദജ䒍⛯䒒䓇䓊䒥䒅䓉䑴㩷
౎৻
51
ᴰ㚂⋧䒧䓠䔠䓫䓙ᄢ⛔㗔䒧䒍ળ⷗䒘䒞䑴ੑ䇳䇳੖ᐕ྾᦬੖ᣣ䒪䑳↸᧛ାቁᄖോᄢ⤿䒍䓠䔋䔭䔠䓐౏ᑼ⸰໧䒘䑳
䔄䔔䓾䔬䓠䔠䓫䓙ᄢ⛔㗔䒧ળ⷗䈜䓉䒧䒧䓁䒪䑳䓗䔋䓾䔞ᄖോᄢ⤿䒋䓆䒲ઁ䒭㑑௥䒧ળ⺣䒘䒩䒍䓇ᤤ㘩䓐䒧䓁䒪
䒘䒞䑴㩷
䒔䒭⸰໧䒮䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨㐿⊒ળ⼏䒭╙ੑᣣ⋡䒪ᒰ䒞䒢䒥䒅䒞䑴ળ⺣䒭㓙䑳䓠䔠䓫䓙ᄢ⛔㗔䒮䑳రᚢ㑵ຬ䒭ᱞ
ⵝ⸃㒰䔬േຬ⸃㒰䒋䓆䒲ౣ⛔ว䕀䕔䕔䕢䕁䔌䔢䓰䓮䒋䓆䒲䓙䔨䓾ᵗ䒪䒋䒒䓉⥄ⴡ⦘䒪䓆䓉Άᢱ⵬⛎ᵴേ䒪⸒෸䒘
䒣䒣䑳ᣣᧄ䒪䓆䓉ᡰេ䒪⻢ᗧ䓐⴫᣿䒘䒞䑴ੑ䇳䇳੖ᐕ੖᦬䑳䓗䔋䓾䔞ᄖോᄢ⤿䒍ᣣᧄ䓐⸰䓊ዊᴰ㚂⋧䒋䓆䒲
↸᧛ᄖോᄢ⤿䒧ળ⺣䒘䑳䒌䒣䑳ᣣᧄ䔬䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨෹ᅢ⼏ຬㅪ⋖䒭䔖䔨䔅䔭䒧ᤤ㘩䓐䒧䓁䒪䒘䒞䑴䔄䔈䔅䔬䓪䔞䔈㩷
䔅䔭䔔䔙䔨Ꮊ⍮੐䒍ੑ䇳䇳੖ᐕ౎᦬ੑචੑ䑄ੑච਻ᣣ䒪ᣣᧄ䓐⸰䓊䑳ᰴ䒅䒦䑳䔓䓤䓾䓚䔕䔬䔞䔇䔭䔨㩷䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮
䓴䔨ᖱႎᢥൻᄢ⤿䒋䓆䒲ᖱႎᢥൻ⋭䒭㘈໧䒧䒘䒥䔔䔠䔤䓙䓮₺ሶ䒍⸰䓊䒞䑴ੑ䇳䇳౐ᐕ৻᦬ච౎䑄ੑචᣣ䑳
䓗䔨䔤䔠䔬䓛䔠䔬䔄䓤䔬䓗䔄䓼䓘⽷ോᄢ⤿䒋䓆䒲䔓䔄䔕䔭䓾䔬䓪䓙䓠䔠ᄖോ೽ᄢ⤿䒍ᣣᧄ䓐⸰䓊䑳⼱၂⑓৻⽷ോᄢ⤿䑳
㤗↢ᄥ㇢ᄖോᄢ⤿䒋䓆䒲㊄↰ൎᐕ೽ᄢ⤿䒧ળ⺣䓐ⴕ䒢䒞䑴㊄↰೽ᄢ⤿䒮䑳↰ㆻ㓉৻ᄢ૶䑄䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨ᡰ
េ⺞ᢛᜂᒰ䑄䒪઻䓍䓊䑳ᣣᧄઍ⴫࿅䓐₸䒅䒥䔢䔨䓾䔨ળ⼏䒪⿞䒅䒞䑴หળ⼏䒪䒋䒅䒥䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䔬䓨䔨䔆䓤䓽
䒍䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒧࿖㓙␠ળ䒭㑆䒦⟑ฬ䒖䓊䒞䑴㩷
࿷੩䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨ᄢ૶㙚䒮䑳৾චਃᐕ㑆䒪෸䒵Ᏹ⸳ᄢ૶㙚䒧ᄢ૶౏㇗䒭⾼౉䒪ะ䒒䒞ᱧઍᄢ૶䒭⹜䒾䒧
50
࿖ળ䒪䒋䒅䒥䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒭ᓳ⥝䓐ᡰេ䈜䓉䒞䓀䒪䑳ᣣᧄ䔬䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨෹ᅢ⼏ຬㅪ⋖䒍᜛ᄢ䒖䓊䒞䑴ᣣ
ᧄ䒮䑳ੑ䇳䇳ੑᐕੑ᦬䑳䓠䔋䔭䔠䒭ᄢ૶㙚䓐ౣ㐿䒘䑳㚤㊁᱄৻᳁䓐⥃ᤨઍℂᄢ૶䒧䒘䒥䑳䒽䒞䒜䒭ᓟ䒪䓲ㅪଚ
᡹ᓟ䒭ೋ䓀䒥䒭ᄢ૶䒧䒘䒥છ๮䒘䒞䑴Ꮉญ㗅ሶᄖോᄢ⤿䒮䑳ੑ䇳䇳ੑᐕ੖᦬䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒪ኻ䈜䓉ᓳ⥝ᡰ
េ䒍ⴕ䓍䓊䒥䒅䓉⃻႐䓐⸰䓊䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䓐ᡰេ䈜䓉ᣣᧄ䒭ᗧ࿑䓐䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨᡽ᐭ䒧࿖᳃䒪વ䒉䒞䑴ᓐ
ᅚ䒮䑳䔄䔔䓾䔬䓠䔠䓫䓙⼏㐳䑳䓗䔋䓾䔞ᄖോᄢ⤿䑳࿖ῳ䒧ળ⷗䒘䒞䑴✜ᣇᅚผ䒮䑳ੑ䇳䇳ੑᐕ౐᦬䑳✕ᕆ࿖᳃ᄢ
ળ⼏䒭㓙䓠䔋䔭䔠䒪⿞䒅䒞䑴ᓐᅚ䒭⸰໧䒭ᓟ䑳ੑ䇳䇳ੑᐕච᦬䒪䓗䔋䓾䔞ᄖോᄢ⤿䒍ᣣᧄ䒪⿞䒅䒞䑴㩷
ੑ䇳䇳ੑᐕච৻᦬䒪䒮䑳࿷੩䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨ᄢ૶㙚䒍᧲੩䒪ౣ㐿䒖䓊䒞䑴䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䑹ᐔ๺䒭ቯ⌕䑺᧲੩ળ
⼏䒮䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨ੱᚢ㑵ຬ䒪䒌䒌䓉ᱞⵝ⸃㒰䑳ᓳຬ䒋䓆䒲ౣ⛔ว䔌䔢䓰䓮䓐ଦㅴ䈜䓉䒞䓀䒪㐿䒌䓊䒞䓁䒭䒦䑳
䔄䔔䓾䔬䓠䔠䓫䓙ᄢ⛔㗔䒍಴Ꮸ䒘䑳ၮ⺞Ṷ⺑䓐ⴕ䒢䒞䑴㩷
ੑ䇳䇳ਃᐕ৾᦬䒪䑳✜ᣇᅚผ䒮䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒭⁁ᴫ䓐ี๧䒘䑳ᣣᧄ䒭ᡰេ䓐⹏ଔ䒘䑳䒜䒭ታᣉ䒵䓈䓐⷗䓉
䒞䓀䒪ห࿖䒪⿞䒅䒞䑴ᰴ䒅䒦ੑ䇳䇳ਃᐕච৻᦬䒪䑳↰ਛ๺ᓼᄖോᄢ⤿᡽ോቭ䒍䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒪⿞䒎䑳ዊᴰ⚐
৻㇢㚂⋧䒌䓇䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨ᥳቯⴕ᡽ᯏ᭴ᄢ⛔㗔䒭䔄䔔䓾䔬䓠䔠䓫䓙᳁䒪ተ䒥䒞ⷫᦠ䓐ᷰ䒘䒞䑴䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨ṛ
࿷ਛ䑳↰ਛ᳁䒮䑳ᓳ⥝ᡰេ䒋䓆䒲ห࿖䒭᡽ᴦ䔌䔢䓰䓮䒪䒣䒅䒥ᥳቯⴕ᡽ᯏ᭴䒭㜞ቭ䒧ᗧ⷗䓐੤឵䒘䒞䑴㩷
ੑ䇳䇳྾ᐕਃ᦬䑳✜ᣇᅚผ䒮䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨ᓳ⥝࿖㓙ળ⼏䒪಴Ꮸ䒘䒞䑴ੑ䇳䇳྾ᐕ਻᦬䒭࿖ㅪ✚ળ䒭㓙䑳ዊ
49
㩷
㩷
䓠䔋䔭䔠䒭㩷
ᢙ䒩䒎ᧁ䇱䓁㩷
⧘็䒎䓎䒿㩷
䓐䒾䒩䒮㕍䒎㩷
䔋䔠䓠䓐਄䒑䓉৾౎㩷
ዊᴰ⚐৻㇢㚂⋧䒭䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨․೎ઍ⴫䒧䒘䒥છ๮䒖䓊䒞✜ᣇ⽵ሶᅚผ䒍䑳ੑ䇳䇳ੑᐕ৻᦬䒪䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮
䓴䔨䓐⸰䓊䒞䑴ੑ䇳䇳ੑᐕ৻᦬ੑච৻䑄ੑචੑ䒪䑳ᣣᧄ䒮䑹䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨ᓳ⥝ᡰេ࿖㓙ળ⼏䑺䓐㐿௅䒘䑳䒔䓊
䒪䒮䑳䔄䔔䓾䔬䓠䔠䓫䓙⼏㐳䒍ᄢⷙᮨ䒩㑑௥ઍ⴫࿅䓐₸䒅䒥಴Ꮸ䒘䒞䑴㩷
᧲੩ળ⼏䒧๭䒯䓊䓉䒔䒭ળ⼏䒪䒋䒅䒥䒮䑳ᓳ⥝䒭ᚑഞ䒪䒧䒢䒥䒭቟ో䒋䓆䒲㤗⮎ኻ╷໧㗴䒭᳿ቯ⊛䒩㊀ⷐᕈ
䒍⏕⹺䒖䓊䑳⌕ታ䒦ᜬ⛯䒍น⢻䒩ㅴᱠ䓐⏕଻䈜䓉䒞䓀䒭⚵❱⊛䒩䔊䓞䔢䔭䓗䓸䔌䒋䓆䒲චಽ䒩ᡰេ䓐ଏਈ䈜䓉
䒔䒧䒪․೎䒭㊀ὐ䒍⟎䒌䓊䑳⚥⸘䒦྾੖ం☨䓾䔠䒭ᡰេ㗵䒍⴫᣿䒖䓊䒞䑴㩷
㩷㪿㫋㫋㫇㪑㪆㪆㫎㫎㫎㪅㫂㫌㫅㪸㫀㪺㪿㫆㪅㪾㫆㪅㫁㫇㪆㪾㫐㫆㫊㪼㫀㪆㪾㫐㫆㫊㪼㫀㪄㪿㪈㪋㪅㪿㫋㫄㫃㩷㩷
৾౎
48
㩷
༑䒲䒪ḩ䒣৾৾㩷
ⴝ䓄䒐䈜䒍䒞㩷
ੱ䇱䒭㩷
ᚢ䕀䒅䒐䒖䕁⚳䓈䒥㩷
䓠䔭䔋䔠䒭㩷
㩷㩷䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨ᚢ႐䒧䒩䓈䒥㩷
㩷
㩷
ੑ䇳䇳৻ᐕචੑ᦬ੑචੑᣣ䒭䔑䔨วᗧ䒋䓆䒲ᥳቯ᡽ᮭ䒭⊒⴫䒭䈜䒑ᓟ䑳૗⊖ਁ䒧䒅䒇↢ᓤ䒍ቇᩞ䒪ᚯ䓈䑳
ᅚᕈᢎᏧ䒭ᆫ䓐䒕ⷩ䒪䒩䓈䑳⊞อ㒨ਅ䒮ᰴ䒭᱌䓐⹗䒽䓊䒞䑴㩷
㩷
㩷㩷 ⧘䒑䒿㗃㩷
㩷㪿㫋㫋㫇㪑㪆㪆㫎㫎㫎㪅㫂㫌㫅㪸㫀㪺㪿㫆㪅㪾㫆㪅㫁㫇㪆㪾㫐㫆㫊㪼㫀㪆㪾㫐㫆㫊㪼㫀㪄㪿㪈㪊㪅㪿㫋㫄㫃㩷㩷
৾৾
47
䒥⸳⸘䒖䓊䒞䓁䒭䒦䒃䓉䑴㩷
䒘䒌䒘䑳ᣂᤨઍ䒭᡽ᴦ䔬⚻ᷣ䔬ᢥൻ㕙䒦䒭දജ䒋䓆䒲੤ᵹ䒮⍴๮䒪⚳䓍䒢䒞䑴ᣥ䓲ㅪ䒍䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒪ଚ᡹䒘
䒞䕀৻਻৾਻ᐕ䕁䒌䓇䒦䒃䓉䑴ᣣᧄ䒮ଚ᡹䓐㕖㔍䒘䑳ᰴ䒅䒦䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨ో࿯䒪䒋䒒䓉䔌䔢䓭䓜䓤䓽䓐ਛᱛ䒘䒞䑴
䒽䒞䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒌䓇⥄࿖᳃䓐ᒁ䒎឴䒓䒖䒚䒞䑴䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒮᧲੩䒪ᄢ૶㙚䓐⛽ᜬ䒘䒞䒍䑳ᣣᧄ䒮ᄢ૶䓐
ฃ䒒౉䓊䒩䒌䒢䒞䑴ઁᣇ䑳ᣣᧄ䒮䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨ੱ䔕䓭䔘䔇䓼䓘䔨䒭ᛶ᛫ㆇേ䓐Ⓧᭂ⊛䒪ᡰេ䒘䑳䓙䔞䔨䒋䓆䒲䔆
䓢䓮䓴䔨䒪䒅䓉䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨ੱㆱ㔍᳃䓐䑳⋥ធ⊛䒪䑳䒽䒞䒮࿖ㅪ䓐฽䒿ᣣᧄ䒋䓆䒲࿖㓙⊛䒩᡽ᐭ䔬㕖᡽ᐭ⚵❱
䓐ㅢ䒙䒥㑆ធ⊛䒪䑳೨ะ䒎䒪េഥ䒘䒞䑴౒↥ਥ⟵૕೙䒍⚳䓍䒢䒥䒌䓇䕀৻਻਻ੑᐕ䕁䑳ᣣᧄ䒮ખ੺⊛䒩ᓎഀ䓐
ᨐ䒞䒘䒥䒎䒞䑴㩷
㩷
Ḩ̎ˁˢˢ͏᪃Ɂ˵ّɁᩜΡ ᣣᧄ䒮䑳╙ੑᰴ਎⇇ᄢᚢᓟೋ䓀䒥䑳ኻ䓻䔢ᚢ੎䒭৻Ⅳ䒧䒘䒥䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒪䒃䓉࿖㓙ㇱ㓌䓐ᡰេ䒘䑳ㅪวァ
⥶ⓨᯏ䒭Άᢱ⵬⛎䓐ⴕ䒇છോ䓐㐿ᆎ䒘䒞䑴䒔䒭૞ᚢ䒮䑳䓴䔟䔅䔨૕೙䓐ᛂୟ䈜䓉䒸䒐ੑ䇳䇳৻ᐕච৻᦬৻ᣣ
䒌䓇ᆎ䒽䒢䒥䒅䓉䑴㩷
䓴䔟䔅䔨䒭ᢌർ䒋䓆䒲䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒭⸃᡼䒪ᒰ䒞䓈䑳ᄤ⊞㒨ਅ䒮ᰴ䒭᱌䓐⹗䒽䓊䒞䑴㩷
46
ᤐ㑬䕀䒞䕁䒐䓉㩷
䔅䔭䔔䓗䔨䒭㊁䒪㩷
䒾੽࿷䕀䒽䕁䒖䈝৾౐㩷
㩷
⑳䒮䑳ੑ䇳䇳྾ᐕ྾᦬ਃචᣣ䒪ᄤ⊞㒨ਅ䒪ାછ⁁䓐ᄺ๒䒘䒞㓙䑳䒋䓆䒲ੑ䇳䇳྾ᐕ੖᦬ੑච྾ᣣ䒭ᄤ⊞
⊞อਔ㒨ਅ䒧䒭⨥ળ䒭Ꮸ䒦䑳ਔ㒨ਅ䒍䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨₺ᣖ䒭ฬ೨䒩䒨䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒭䒔䒧䓐↢䒎↢䒎䒧ᕁ䒅಴
䒖䓊䑳䒽䒞䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒭ᦨᣂᖱႎ䓐䒋⹤䒪䒩䓇䓊䒞䒔䒧䒪ᗵ㌏䓐ฃ䒒䒞䑴䒖䓇䒪⟤ᥓሶ⊞อ䒮䑳ඨ䒯⒁䓀
䓇䓊䒥䒅䓉䒔䒧䓐ᛂ䒠᣿䒒䓇䓊䒥䑳ᰴ䒭䓆䒇䒪䒋⹤䒪䒩䒢䒞䑴䑹ᤓᐕ䑳䓠䔠䓫䓙ᄢ⛔㗔䒍᧪ᣣ䒖䓊䒞ᤨ䑳㒨ਅ䒮
∛㒮䒪䒋䓈䒽䒘䒞䑴㒨ਅ䒮䓠䔠䓫䓙ᄢ⛔㗔䒪䒮⊞ዬ䒦䒋ળ䒅䒘䒞䒅䒭䒦䑳ᄢ⛔㗔ᓮ೔⌕䒽䒦䒪䒮ㅌ㒮಴᧪䓉䓆
䒇䒪䒧කᏧ䒪䒋䒢䒘䓂䓇䓊䒽䒘䒞䑴䑺㩷
৻਻৾ਃᐕೋ䓀䑳䓭䔘䔞䔞䔅䔭䓾Ꮢ㐳䒭䔄䔈䔋䓸䔞䔭䔬䓗䔔䔨䔬䓗䔠䓪䔞᳁䒍᧲੩ㇺ⍮੐䒭⾠ቴ䒧䒘䒥᧪ᣣ䒘䑳
ᢙᄙ䒐䒭ᐸ࿦䉇౏࿦䓐⸰䓊䒞䑴䒜䒭ᤨ䒪᧲ㇹᐔ౎㇢రᏥ䒭Ⴤ೨䒪₂⧎䒘䒞䑴ห᳁䒮৻਻䇳৾ᐕ䒪䓗䔛䔋዁ァ
䒭⸰ᣣ䒪㓐઻䒘䒞䓗䔔䔁䔞䔬䔄䔭䔨䒭ᕷሶ䒦䒃䒢䒞䑴䓠䔋䔭䔠䒭ᄖോ⋭䒭ᐸ࿦䒮䑳ᣣᧄ䒦ᓐ䒍⷗䒞䒧䒔䓋䒪ၮ䒤䒅
㩷㪿㫋㫋㫇㪑㪆㪆㫎㫎㫎㪅㫂㫌㫅㪸㫀㪺㪿㫆㪅㪾㫆㪅㫁㫇㪆㪾㫐㫆㫊㪼㫀㪆㪾㫐㫆㫊㪼㫀㪄㪿㪈㪊㪅㪿㫋㫄㫃㩷㫃㩷
৾౐
45
⟤ᥓሶ⊞ᄥሶᅥᲚਅ䒮䑳Ꮻ࿖ᓟ䑳ᰴ䒭᱌䓐⹗䒽䓊䒞䑴㩷
ੑ䇳䇳৻ᐕਃ᦬䑳⟤ᥓሶ⊞อ㒨ਅ䒮䑳੽௝䒭⎕უ䓐䒋ᖤ䒘䒾䒪䒩䒢䒥䑳೎䒭᱌䓐⹗䒽䓊䒞䑴㩷
┙䒠⛎䒱䒒䓈৾੖㩷
ᓮ⽩೥䕀䒾䒌䒺䒜䕁䒍䓊䒥㩷
⍹੽䕀䒚䒎䒵䒣䕁䒮㩷
᦬䒺䒭䒃䒌䒐㩷
䔅䔭䔔䓗䔨䒭㩷
ࠕࡈࠟ࠾ࠬ࠲ࡦߩᣏ㩷
㩷
㩷
⍮䓇䈝䒘䒥㩷
䓍䓊䓁᠄䒠䒘䉇㩷
㩷㪿㫋㫋㫇㪑㪆㪆㫎㫎㫎㪅㫂㫌㫅㪸㫀㪺㪿㫆㪅㪾㫆㪅㫁㫇㪆㪾㫐㫆㫊㪼㫀㪆㪾㫐㫆㫊㪼㫀㪄㪿㪈㪊㪅㪿㫋㫄㫃㩷㩷
৾੖
44
ਔ࿖㑆䒭⚻ᷣ䔬ᢥൻ㑐ଥ䒭৻ጀ䒭⊒ዷ䒭น⢻ᕈ䒪㑐䒘䒥ᗧ⷗䓐੤឵䒘䒞䑴࿖₺䒋䓆䒲₺ᅥ䒮䑳᧲੩䑳ᄢ㒋䑳ᄹ
⦟䒋䓆䒲੩ㇺ๟ㄝ䒭⚻ᷣ⊛䒪䒌䒣ᢥൻ⊛䔬ᱧผ⊛䒪⥝๧ᷓ䒅႐ᚲ䓐⸰䓊䒞䑴㩷
㩷 ⑳䒮䑳ੑ䇳䇳ਃᐕචੑ᦬䒋䓆䒲ੑ䇳䇳੖ᐕ྾᦬䒭ੑ࿁䑳࿖䒭ῳ䑳࿖₺㒨ਅ䒪⻏⷗䒘䒞㓙䑳৻ᤨ㑆䒪䓍䒞䒢䒥
ᣣᧄ䒷䒭ᣏ䒭ᕁ䒅಴䓐⹦⚦䒪ㅀ䒸䓇䓊䒞࿖₺㒨ਅ䒭⸥ᙘജ䒪㛳䒐䒧౒䒪ᗵേ䓐ⷡ䒉䒞䑴৾ੑ㩷㩷
৻਻৾䇳ᐕ䑳䓗䔊䔓䓾䔬䓬䔘䔭⊞ᄥሶหᅥਔᲚਅ䒍⸰ᣣ䒘䑳ᄢ㒋ਁඳ䒪⿞䒅䒞䑴৻਻౐਻ᐕ䒭䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒭
࿖₺䒋䓆䒲₺ᅥ䒪䓆䓉⸰໧䒭╵␞䒧䒘䒥䑳⊞ᄥሶ䒋䓆䒲⊞ᄥሶᅥਔᲚਅ䑄⃻࿷䒭ᄤ⊞⊞อਔ㒨ਅ䑄䒍࿖⾠
䒧䒘䒥䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䓐౐ᣣ㑆⸰䓊䒞䑴ਔ㒨ਅ䒮䑳৻਻৾৻ᐕ౐᦬੖ᣣ䒪䓠䔋䔭䔠䒪೔⌕䒘䒞䑴৾ਃ㩷䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴
䔨䒭䔃䔁䔭䔠䔬䓗䔄䔓䓾䔬䓝䓻䔓䓼䓘ᄢ⛔㗔䒮䑳䒜䒭䈜䒑ᓟ䒪ਔᲚਅ䓐⸰໧䒘䒞䑴䓗䔄䔓䓾⊞ᄥሶ䒋䓆䒲䒜䒭ఱᒉ䒦䒃
䓉䔎䔠䓢䓮₺ᅚ䒪઻䓍䓊䒞࿖⾠䒭ᣣ⒟䒪䒮䑳䓥䔠䓠䓿ችᲚ䒦䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒭₺ᣖ䒪䓆䓈ਥ௅䒖䓊䒞䓼䓘䓿䔭䔬䔡䓰
䔌䓬䔜䔨䒷䒭಴Ꮸ䑳䒩䓇䒲䒪䔅䔭䔔䔙䔨䒋䓆䒲䓗䓙䔬䔄䔁䔕䑄♿ర೨ਃੑ৾ᐕ䒪䓟䓤䓪䓮Ꮉ䒭䒺䒧䓈䒪ᑪ⸳䒖䓊䒞ฎ
ઍ䓣䔟䓬䔘ᤨઍ䒭ᐢᄢ䒩ㇺ䑄䒭⷗ቇ䒍฽䒽䓊䒞䑴৾྾㩷
㩷
৾ੑ
㩷 ੑ䇳䇳྾ᐕ䒭ᣂᙗᴺ䒭ਅ䒦䑳࿖₺㒨ਅ䒮䑹࿖ῳ䑺䒧䒘䒥⽎ᓽ⊛䒩࿾૏䒧䒩䒢䒞䑴㩷
৾ਃ
ਔ㒨ਅ䒭ోᣣ⒟䓐ᒰᤨ䒭௾ౖ㐳䒦䒃䒢䒞䓪䔭䓾䔞䔬䓡䓛䓬᳁䒍หⴕ䒘䒞䑴ᓐ䒮䑳৻਻৾౎ᐕ䑳㚢ᣣ䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨⥃ᤨઍℂᄢ૶䒪છ๮䒖䓊䒞䑴㩷㩷
㩷 ㅢ⸶䒮䑳ᦨೋ䒭೽㚂⋧䒦䒃䓈䑳৻਻ਃ䇳ᐕઍ䒭ᣣᧄ䒷䒭ᦨೋ䒭䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨ੱ⇐ቇ↢౐ฬ䒭ౝ䒭৻ੱ䒦䒃䒢䒞䓗䔋䓾䔞䔬䔙䔊䓴䔟᳁䒍ോ䓀䒞䑴㩷
৾྾
43
䓉䒔䒧䒮䒦䒎䒞䒍䑳⹤䈜䒔䒧䒮䒦䒎䒩䒌䒢䒞䑴৾䇳㩷䒜䒭ᓟ䑳ጤ᧛᳁䒮䑳䔗䔨䓩䔠Ꮲ࿖䒋䓆䒲䓬䔠䓤䔢䔭䓾䒭ᱧผ䒪㑐
䈜䓉⪺ฬ䒩ኾ㐷ኅ䒪䒩䒢䒞䑴㩷
৻਻੖྾ᐕ䒪䒮䑳䓗䔋䓾䓚䔠䔬䓬䔘䓤䔠䔬䓬䔘䓦䔠䒧౎ᧁ⟤ᵤሶ䒖䓑䒧䒭㑆䒦䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨ੱ䒧ᣣᧄੱ䒭ᦨೋ
䒭⚿ᇕ䒍ⴕ䓍䓊䒞䑴৾৻㩷
৻਻੖਻ᐕ䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒭⊞ᄥሶ䔗䔄䔓䓾䔬䓵䓛䔭䓾዁ァ䒍⸰ᣣ䒘䒞䑴৻਻౐䇳ᐕ䑳ᣣᧄ䒭⊓ጊ㓌䒍䓗䔊䓡
䔀䓮䓴䔨䒦ᦨ䓁㜞䒅ጊ䔃䓛䓬䔘䓤䒪⊓䒢䒞䑴৻਻౐ੑᐕ䒪䒮䑳ᦨೋ䒭䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒭໡ᬺઍ⴫࿅䒍᧪ᣣ䒘䒞䑴৻
਻౐྾ᐕ䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒮᧲੩䓟䔟䔨䔉䓸䓤㐿௅䒪㓙䒘䒥⸥ᔨಾᚻ䓐⊒ⴕ䒘䒞䑴หᐕ䑳䓠䔋䔭䔠ඳ‛㙚㐳䒦䓠
৾৻
৾䇳
㩷㪘㪻㪸㫄㪼㪺㪃㩷㪣㫌㪻㫎㫀㪾㩷㪮㪅㩷㪟㫀㫊㫋㫆㫉㫀㪺㪸㫃㩷㪸㫅㪻㩷㪧㫆㫃㫀㫋㫀㪺㪸㫃㩷㪞㪸㫑㪼㫋㫋㪼㪼㫉㩷㫆㪽㩷㪘㪽㪾㪿㪸㫅㫀㫊㫋㪸㫅㪑㩷㪭㫆㫃㪅㩷㪊㪅㩷㩿㪘㫌㫊㫋㫉㫀㪸㪑㩷㪘㫂㪸㪻㪼㫄㫀㫊㪺㪿㪼㩷㪛㫉㫌㪺㫂㪄㩷㫌㪅㩷㪭㪼㫉㫃㪸㪾㫊㪸㫅㫋㪸㫃㫋㪃㩷㪭㫆㫃㪅㩷㪊㪅㪃㩷㪈㪐㪎㪌㪀㪃㩷㫇㪅㩷
㪊㪇㪉㪅㩷
㩷䓬䔘䓦䔠᳁䒮┇ᬺ㑐ଥ䒭䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨ੱ䒭㕍ᐕታᬺኅ䒟䒢䒞䑴㩷
䒪ᣣᧄ᡽ᐭ䒭㜞ቭ䒪䓆䒢䒥ㄫ䒉䓇䓊䒞䑴ᰴ䒅䒦䑳૒⮮ᩕ૞㚂⋧䒍࿖₺䓐ㄫ䒉䑳ਔ⠪䒮䑳ᒰᤨ䒭࿖㓙ᖱ൓䒋䓆䒲
࿖⾠䒧䒘䒥৻ㅳ㑆ᣣᧄ䓐౏ᑼ⸰໧䒘䒞䑴࿖₺䒋䓆䒲₺ᅥ䒮⠀↰ⓨ᷼䒦ᤘ๺ᄤ⊞䒋䓆䒲⦟ሶ⊞อ㒨ਅ䒩䓇䒲
৻਻౐਻ᐕ྾᦬਻ᣣ䒌䓇ච੖ᣣ䒽䒦䑳䓫䔭䔇䔠䔬䓬䔘䔭࿖₺䒋䓆䒲䔐䔖䓙䔞₺ᅥਔ㒨ਅ䒍ฎෳ㑑௥䓐઻䒢䒥䑳
หඳ‛㙚䒪㑐䈜䓉⾗ᢱ䓐ᣣᧄ⺆䒦ᦠ䒅䒞䑴㩷
䔞䓨䔠䔕䔬䔇䔨䓯䔭䓤䓬䔚ቇⴚតᬌ㓌䒭䓗䔟䔬䓗䔄䔓䓾䔬䔗䓴䔖䓼䓘᳁䒍࿯⼱㆝ሶ䒖䓑䒧⚿ᇕ䒘䒞䑴㆝ሶ䒖䓑䒮䒜䒭ᓟ䑳
42
䓾䓐ㅢ䒢䒥ਛ┙࿖䒪ㅍ䓉䒔䒧䓐ฃ䒒౉䓊䒞䑴౐౐㩷䓙䓣䔟䓮䒋䓆䒲䓲ㅪ䒭ᦼᓙ䒪෻䒘䒥䑳䈜䒸䒥䒭ᨔゲ஥䒭ᄖ੤ቭ
䒮⇐䒽䓉䒔䒧䓐⸵䒖䓊䒞䑴౐৾㩷
㩷
ḧ˵ّᩜΡɁࠕᩒ ৻਻੖৻ᐕ䒪䑳ᣣᧄ䒭ੱ㘃ቇ⠪䒭ጤ᧛ᔋ᳁䒍䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䓐⸰䓊䒥䑳ห࿖ർ⷏ㇱ䒭䔍䔞䔭䓽ㄭ䒐䒭䒅䒐䒣䒌
䒭᧛䓐Ꮌ䓈䑳䑹䔗䓥䔠䔬䓦䓬䔚䔞䓤䑺౐౎䒧๭䒯䓊䓉ੑ䑳ਃ䒭᧛䒭૑᳃䒭㑆䒦䔗䔨䓩䔠⺆䒍⹤䒖䓊䒥䒅䓉䒔䒧䓐⏕⹺䒘䑳
䒜䒭⺞ᩏ⚿ᨐ䓐ᦺᣣᣂ⡞䒦౏⴫䒘䒞䑴䒔䓊䒮ᓟ䒪䑻䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨♿ⴕ䑼䒧㗴䈜䓉ᧄ䒧䒘䒥ೀⴕ䒖䓊䒞䑴౐਻㩷䒜䒭
ᓟ䑳ጤ᧛᳁䒮䑳䓠䔞䓨䔠䔕䔬䔇䔨䓯䔭䓤䓬ቇⴚតᬌ㓌䒭৻ຬ䒧䒘䒥৻਻੖੖ᐕ੖᦬䒌䓇ච᦬䒽䒦䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒪
⿞䒎䑳䓠䔋䔭䔠䑳䓠䔨䓵䔄䔭䔠䑳䔁䔭䔟䓮䓴䔨䒋䓆䒲䔄䓫䔞䓭䔘䔭䓽䑳䒖䓇䒪ർㇱ䒭䒅䒐䒣䒌䒭Ꮊ䓐⸰䓊䒞䑴តᬌ㓌
䒪䒮䑳䓠䔋䔭䔠ᄢቇ䒭䓗䔄䔓䓾䍃䓗䔟䍃䔗䓴䔖䓼䓘ᢎ᝼䉇৻਻੖౐ᐕ྾᦬䒪੢䒐䒩䒢䒞ጊፒᔘ᳁䓁ട䓍䒢䒥䒅䒞䑴ᒰ
ᤨ䑳䔗䔨䓩䔠ੱ䒭ሶቊ⚂౎⊖ኅᣖ䒍䓩䔭䔠Ꮊ䒭䓫䔠䔀࿾඙䒪૑䒿䒧⠨䒉䓇䓊䒥䒅䒞䒍䑳ᓐ╬䒮䔗䔨䓩䔠⺆䓐ℂ⸃䈜
౐౐
㩷㪘㪻㪸㫄㪼㪺㪃㩷㪣㫌㪻㫎㫀㪾㩷㪮㪅㩷㪟㫀㫊㫋㫆㫉㫀㪺㪸㫃㩷㪛㫀㪺㫋㫀㫆㫅㪸㫉㫐㩷㫆㪽㩷㪘㪽㪾㪿㪸㫅㫀㫊㫋㪸㫅㩷䑄㩷㪪㪼㪺㫆㫅㪻㩷㪜㪻㫀㫋㫀㫆㫅㪅㩷㩿㪣㫆㫅㪻㫆㫅㪑㩷㪫㪿㪼㩷㪪㪺㪸㫉㪼㪺㫉㫆㫎㩷㪧㫉㪼㫊㫊㪃㩷㪠㫅㪺㪅㪃㩷㪈㪐㪐㪎㩷㪀㪃㫇㪅㩷㪈㪉㪇㪅㩷
౐৾
㩷㪘㪻㪸㫄㪼㪺㪃㩷㪣㫌㪻㫎㫀㪾㩷㪮㪅㩷㪟㫀㫊㫋㫆㫉㫀㪺㪸㫃㩷㪛㫀㪺㫋㫀㫆㫅㪸㫉㫐㩷㫆㪽㩷㪘㪽㪾㪿㪸㫅㫀㫊㫋㪸㫅㩷䑄㩷㪪㪼㪺㫆㫅㪻㩷㪜㪻㫀㫋㫀㫆㫅㪅㩷㩿㪣㫆㫅㪻㫆㫅㪑㩷㪫㪿㪼㩷㪪㪺㪸㫉㪼㪺㫉㫆㫎㩷㪧㫉㪼㫊㫊㪃㩷㪠㫅㪺㪅㪃㩷㪈㪐㪐㪎㩷㪀㪃㩷㫇㫇㪅㩷㪈㪉㪉㪄㪈㪊㪉㪅㩷
౐౎
㩷䓦䓬䔚䔞䓤䒧䒮᧛䒧䒅䒇ᗧ๧䑴䓽䔠䓨䒌䓇વ䓍䒢䒞⸒⪲䒦䑳ర䇱ㆱኙ࿾䒧䒘䒥ੱ䇱䒍ㆊ䒕䈜᷷䒌䒅႐ᚲ䒧䒅䒇ᗧ๧䒦䒃䓉䑴㩷
౐਻
㩷㪠㫎㪸㫄㫌㫉㪸㩷㪪㪅㩷㪸㫅㪻㩷㪪㪺㪿㫌㫉㫄㪸㫅㫅㪃㩷㪟㪅㩷㪥㫆㫋㪼㫊㩷㫆㫅㩷㪤㫆㫅㪾㫆㫃㫀㪸㫅㩷㪞㫉㫆㫌㫇㫊㩷㫀㫅㩷㪘㪽㪾㪿㪸㫅㫀㫊㫋㪸㫅㩷㪹㫐㩷㫋㪿㪼㩷㪠㫅㫊㫋㫀㫋㫌㫋㪼㩷㫆㪽㩷㪩㪼㫊㪼㪸㫉㪺㪿㩷㫀㫅㩷㪟㫌㫄㪸㫅㫀㫋㫀㪼㫊㩷㪸㫋㩷㪢㫐㫆㫋㫆㩷㪬㫅㫀㫍㪼㫉㫊㫀㫋㫐㪑㩷
㪈㪐㪌㪋㪅㪃㩷㫇㫇㪅㩷㪋㪈㪏㪄㪌㪈㪌㩷
41
ᣣᧄ䒮䑳䓲ㅪ䑄․䒪䒜䒭ਛᄩ䓗䓭䓗䒪䒋䒒䓉ᚢ㑵ജ䑄䓐⒁ኒ䒪ត䓉䒞䓀䒭ၮ࿾䒧䒘䒥䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䓐೑↪䒘䒥
䒅䒞䒍䑳䑹䒔䓊䒮䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨ᒰዪ䓐⧦┙䒞䒚䒞䑺౐྾䑳䒧䒅䒇䑴㩷
╙ੑᰴ਎⇇ᄢᚢਛ䑳৻਻྾䇳ᐕ౎᦬ච৾ᣣ䒭䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒪䓆䓉ਛ┙ት⸒䒪䓁䒌䒌䓍䓇䈝䑳䓙䓣䔟䓮᡽ᐭ
䒋䓆䒲䓲ㅪ᡽ᐭ䒮䑳৻਻྾৻ᐕච᦬਻ᣣ䒋䓆䒲ච৻ᣣઃ䒭ᄖ੤ⷡᦠ䒪䓆䓈䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨ᒰዪ䒍ᨔゲ஥䕀ᣣ
ᧄ䑳䓾䓙䓹䒋䓆䒲䓙䓴䔟䓗䕁䒭䈜䒸䒥䒭ᄖ੤ቭ䒋䓆䒲ᄖ੤౏㙚䒭㕖ᄖ੤ቭຬ䓐ㅪวァ䒪ᒁ䒎ᷰ䈜䓆䒇ⷐ᳞䒘䒞䑴
৻਻྾৻ᐕ౐᦬䒭䓾䓙䓹䒪䓆䓉䓲ㅪଚ᡹䒋䓆䒲ᨔゲ஥ᄖ੤ቭ䓐ㅌ෰䒖䒚䒩䒅䒔䒧䒪ኻ䈜䓉䓙䔞䔨᡽ᐭ䒭ఝᨵ
ਇᢿ䒮䑳৻਻྾৻ᐕ౎᦬ੑච੖ᣣ䒭㔺⧷౒ห䓙䔞䔨ଚ᡹䓐ᒁ䒎⿠䒔䒘䒞䑴䔗䔄䔓䓾䔬䔄䓬䔕䔬䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨ᄢ⛔㗔
䒮䑳䓙䔞䔨ଚ᡹䒍ᆎ䒽䒢䒞䒯䒌䓈䒭ᤨ䒌䓇䑳㔺⧷䒭ᦨᓟㅢ๔䒮䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒭વ⛔⊛䒩₂り⊛䒩♖␹䒋䓆䒲
ਛ┙䒪ኻ䈜䓉ଗㄗ䑳䓙䓮䔞䔕ᢎ䒭⡛ၞ䒭ᘠ⠌䒪ኻ䈜䓉ଗㄗ䑳䒖䓇䒪䒮ዊ࿖䒭⢒䒠䒣䒣䒃䓉࿖ኅ଻ో䒪ኻ䈜䓉ᐔ
ᚻᛂ䒠䒦䒃䓉䒧䒾䒩䒘䒞䑴ᄙ䒐䒭䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨ੱ䒮䑳䒔䒭ⷡᦠ䓐ᜎ⛘䒘䑳䒌䒣䑳ᔅⷐ䒩䓇㑵䒇䒔䒧䓐ᦸ䓑䒟䑴౐੖㩷
⚿ዪ䑳৻਻྾৻ᐕච৻᦬੖䑄౐ᣣ䒪䔢䔙䔬䓭䔠䓡䑳䈜䒩䓍䒠વ⛔⊛䒩䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨ੱᄢળ⼏䒍㐿௅䒖䓊䑳ห
ળ⼏䒪䒋䒅䒥䑳㕖ᄖ੤ቭຬ䒭䒾䓐䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨ᄖോ⋭䒭ઍ⴫࿅䒭⼔ⴡ䓐ઃ䒘䒥䑳⥄↱ㅢⴕᮭ䒭ਅ䒪⧷㗔䓙䔨
౐྾
㩷㪠㫋㪸㫉㪄㪫㪸㫊㫊㪑㩷㪉㪐㩷㪥㫆㫍㪼㫄㪹㪼㫉㩷㪉㪇㪇㪋㪅㩷
㩷㪛㫌㫇㫉㪼㪼㪑㩷㪋㪏㪊㩷
౐੖
40
೽㚂⋧䒪છ๮䒖䓊䒞䑴㩷
వ䒪ㅀ䒸䒞↰㍿቟ਯഥ䒮䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒌䓇Ꮻ࿖䒘䒞ᓟ䑳৻਻ਃ੖ᐕ䒪ᣣᧄ䔬䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨୾ᭉㇱ䓐⸳┙䒘䑳
䒔䓊䒮䑳ਔ࿖㑆䒭ખ੺⠪䒧䒘䒥䒭ᯏ⢻䓐ᨐ䒞䈜䒔䒧䒧䒩䒢䒞䑴৻਻ਃ੖ᐕ౐᦬䑳↰㍿䒮䑳ዊᐈ㈥ศ䒋䓆䒲੗਄
㓷ੑ䒌䓇ᄙᄢ䒭ഥജ䓐ᓧ䒥䑳ᣣᧄ䔬䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨୾ᭉㇱ䒭⸳┙ᑼ䓐௅䒘䒞䑴౐ੑ㩷 ᓐ䒮䑳䒔䒭୾ᭉㇱ䒭◲න䒩ⷙ
ೣ䓐䒅䒐䒣䒌ቯ䓀䑳⚂චฬ䒭⠪䓐ᆔຬળ䒭䔖䔨䔅䔭䒪ㆬ䒲䑳↰㍿䒮ᆔຬળ䒭⼏㐳䒪ㆬછ䒖䓊䒞䑴䒔䒭୾ᭉㇱ䒭ਥ
䒞䓉⋡⊛䒮䑳ਔ࿖䒭෹ᅢ㑐ଥ䓐ᒝൻ䒘䑳ᐕ䒪ᢙ࿁ળႎ䓐಴䒘䑳ਔ࿖䒭ᓎੱ䒭䒞䓀䒭᱑ㄫ䔬ㅍ೎䔆䔭䓻䓘䔭䓐㐿
௅䒘䑳䒌䒣䑳ᣣᧄ䒭⋧ᚻᣇ䒧䒭䓨䔔䔚䔀䓦䔭䓬䔜䔨䓐౞Ṗ䒪䈜䓉⋡⊛䒦䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒌䓇䒭੤឵⇐ቇ↢䒭䒞䓀䒭
⨥ળ䓐㐿௅䈜䓉䒔䒧䒦䒃䒢䒞䑴䒔䒭୾ᭉㇱ䒮৻਻ਃ੖ᐕ䒌䓇৻਻྾৻ᐕ䒽䒦䑳䒅䒐䒣䒌䒭ᄢᚻડᬺ䒌䓇䒭ነઃ
㊄䒪䓆䓈ㆇ༡䒖䓊䒞䑴ਥ䒩ነઃ⠪䒧䒘䒥䒮䑳ᒰ੐䒭ਃ⪉ว⾗ળ␠䑳૑෹ว⾗ળ␠෸䒲ਃ੗วฬળ␠䒩䒨䒍䒃
䒢䒞䑴ᣣᧄ䔬䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨୾ᭉㇱ䒮䑳䒔䓊䓇ડᬺ䒭ነઃ㊄䒦৾ᐕ㑆ㆇ༡䒖䓊䒞䑴৻਻྾৻ᐕ䑳ฬ⒓䒍ᣣᧄ䔬䓗䔊
䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨දળ䒪ᄌ䒉䓇䓊䑳䒜䒭ⷙᮨ䓁ᄢ᏷䒪᜛ᄢ䒘䒞䑴౐ਃ㩷
৻਻ਃ੖ᐕ䒌䓇৻਻ਃ౎ᐕ䒽䒦䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒦ൕോ䒘䒞ᣣᧄ᡽ᐭ䒭የፒਃ㓶᳁䒭ᧂ౏⴫䒭䔖䔗䒪䓆䓊䒯䑳
౐ੑ
㩷
䒔䒭୾ᭉㇱ䒮ᣣᧄ᡽⇇䒭ᄢ‛䓐ળຬ䒪ട䒉䑳ᓟ䒪䑹䕑⚖ᚢ‽䑺䒧䒖䓊䒞᧲ㇹ⨃ᓼ䓁䒅䒞䑴㩷
౐ਃ
㩷 ⃻࿷䑳᧻ᶉஜ྾㇢ⴐ⼏㒮⼏ຬ䒍ℂ੐䓐ോ䓀䓉␠࿅ᴺੱᣣᧄ䔬䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨දળ䑴᧻ᶉઍ⼏჻䒮䒌䒣䒥䓠䔭䔋䔠ᄢቇ䒪䒥ᢎ㖊䓐䒧䒢䒥䒋䓇䓊䑳
䒕ሶᕷ䒮䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒦⺀↢䒘䒥䒅䓉䑴㩷
39
บ䒪⸳┙䒘䑳ᓟ䒪ᷦ⼱඙㕍⪲↸䒪⒖ォ䒘䒞䑴౐৻㩷 ᄢ૶౏㇗䒮౐ᧄᧁ䒪⸳䒒䒞䑴ච᦬ච਻ᣣ䑳䓿䓼䓘䔠䔬䓬䔘䔭
࿖₺䒪䓆䓈⟑ฬ䒖䓊䒞ାછ⁁䓐ᄤ⊞㒨ਅ䒪ᄺ๒䒘䒞䑴ᓐ䒮䑳৻਻ਃ਻ᐕਃ᦬䒽䒦છോ䓐ㆀⴕ䒘䒞䑴䒜䒭ᓟ䒭
㚢ᣣ䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨ᄢ૶䒧䒘䒥䒮䑳ర⽷ോᄢ⤿䒭䓠䓬䔕䔬䔡䓬䓻䓘䔙᳁䑳రᢎ⢒ᄢ⤿䒭䓗䔋䓾䓚䔠䔬䔓䓭䔭䓾䔬䔄䔭䔨
᳁䑳రมᴺᄢ⤿䒭䓗䔋䓾䓚䔠䔬䔄䓢䔕䔬䓴䔈䔈᳁䒩䒨䒍䒅䓉䑴㩷
ೋઍ㚢䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨ᣣᧄ౏૶䒮䑳৻਻ਃ྾ᐕ䒪⌕છ䒘䒞ർ↰ᱜర᳁䒦䒃䒢䒞䑴ർ↰䒮䑳৻਻ਃ྾ᐕච৻᦬
౐ᣣ䑳ựญర㚂⋧䒭ᆷ䒦䒃䓉ᆄ䒧䒧䓁䒪䓠䔋䔭䔠䒪೔⌕䒘䒞䑴ർ↰౏૶䒮Ꮻ࿖ᓟ䑳ᣣᧄ䔬䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨୾ᭉㇱ
䒪ෳട䒘䑳ೋઍળ㐳䓐ോ䓀䒞䑴㩷
৻਻ਃ䇳ᐕઍ䑳ੑචੱ䒩䒅䒘ਃචੱ䒭ᣣᧄੱ䒍䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒪૑䓑䒦䒋䓈䑳ᐞᄙ䒭ᢥൻ䔬ᢎ⢒੤ᵹ䒍ⴕ䓍䓊
䒥䒅䒞䑴䒞䒧䒉䒯䑳৻਻ਃ৻ᐕ䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨᡽ᐭ䒮䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒭㒽ァ჻ቭ䒭⸠✵䒭䒞䓀䒪ᣣᧄ䒭ᨵ㆏ᜰዉ
⠪䒦䒃䓉㜞၂᳁䓐᜗⺧䒘䑳ᓐ䒮৾ᐕ㑆ṛ࿷䒘䒞䑴৻਻ਃੑᐕ䒪ᣣᧄ䒮䑳ᣣᧄ⺆䒭ቇ⠌䒋䓆䒲䑳㜞╬ᢎ⢒䓐ฃ
䒒䓉䒞䓀䒪䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒭ቇ↢౐ฬ䓐᜗⺧䒘䒞䑴ᓐ╬䒮╙ੑᰴ਎⇇ᄢᚢਛ䓁ᢎ⢒䓐ฃ䒒⛯䒒䑳ⷙ▸䒪෻䒘
䒥䑳๺᦯䒦තᬺᑼ䒪಴䒞䑴ᓐ╬䒮䑳৻਻྾ਃᐕච᦬䒪䑳䓬䔎䔟䓗䓐⚻↱䒘䒥ᣣᧄ䓐㔌䓊䑳หᐕචੑ᦬䒪䓗䔊䓡䔀
䓮䓴䔨䒪೔⌕䒘䒞䑴ᓐ䓇䒭䒇䒠䑳䓗䔋䓾䓚䔠䔬䔄䓢䔕䔬䓭䓗䓙䔭䒮ᓟ䒪ᦨ㜞ⵙ್ᚲ㐳䒪䒩䓈䑳䓗䔋䓾䔞䔬䔙䔊䓴䔟䒮
౐৻
㩷 ੑ䇳䇳౐ᐕਃ᦬චਃᣣ䒪ᣂ䒞䒪⾼౉䒘䒞ᄢ૶㙚ᢝ࿾䓁㘵ୖ䒭㤗Ꮣบ䒦䒃䓉䑴䒔䒭ᄢ૶㙚䒭⒖േ䒮䑳⾼౉䒪㑐䓍䒢䒞ᄙ䒐䒭ᣣᧄੱ䒍䑹ᗧ⟵䒃
䓉䒔䒧䑺䒧⠨䒉䒥䒅䓉䑴㩷
38
ਃ᦬ੑච౎ᣣ⑺↰઄ർ䕀䕝䕊䔬䕅䕁䑄䒭‶†⠪䒪ජ䔒䔨䓾䕀⧷䔒䔨䓾䕁䓐ነઃ䒘䒞䑴੖౎㩷 ᣣᧄ䒮䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒪
䒋䒅䒥䓆䒐ฃ䒒౉䓊䓇䓊䑳ᒝ࿕䒩໡ᬺ⊛䔌䔡䓱䔨䓮䓐⏕┙䒘䒞䑴䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒦䒮䑳᦯࿾䑳ൻቇຠ䑳ᯏ᪾╬䑳ᣣ
ᧄ⵾ຠ䒪ኻ䈜䓉㔛ⷐ䒍㜞䒽䓉৻ᣇ䒦䒃䒢䒞䑴੖਻㩷
৻਻ੑੑᐕ䒪䑳䓙䔨䓾䒪䒅䒞ᣣᧄ㒽ァ჻ቭ⼱ኼᄦ䒍䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䓐⸰䓊䒞ᦨೋ䒭ᣣᧄੱ䒦䒃䒢䒞䑴䒔䒭⸰
໧䒪⛯䒅䒥䑳৻਻ੑ੖ᐕච᦬䒪↰㍿቟ਯഥ䒍⸰䓊䒞䑴↰㍿䒮䑳Ꮻ࿖ᓟ䑳৻਻ਃ੖ᐕ䒪ᣣᧄ䔬䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨୾ᭉ
ㇱ䓐⸳┙䒘䒞䑴৻਻ੑ৾ᐕචੑ᦬䑳䓗䔓䔁䓸䔞䔭࿖₺䒍䓲䔞䔙₺ᅥ䒧䒧䓁䒪䔝䔭䔢䓸䔆ᣏⴕ䒪⿞䒅䒞㓙䑳ᣣᧄ䒧
䒭ၮᧄୃᅢ᧦⚂✦⚿䒭Ḱ஻䒭䒞䓀䒪䑳䔢䔨䓾䔨䒭ᣣᧄᄢ૶㙚䓐⸰䓊䒞䑴䒜䒭ᓟ䑳৻਻ਃ䇳ᐕච৻᦬ච਻ᣣ䒪䑳
䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒭૶▵䒦䒃䓉䓬䔘䔭䔬䔤䔟䔬䔄䔭䔨రᏥ䒧࿷⧷ᣣᧄᄢ૶䒭᧻ᐔᕡ㓶䒧䒭㑆䒦䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䔬ᣣᧄୃ
ᅢ᧦⚂䒍⟑ฬ䑳੤឵䒖䓊䒞䑴⟑ฬ䒖䓊䒞ୃᅢ᧦⚂䒮䑳䔊䔞䔨䓮⺆䒦૞ᚑ䒖䓊䒥䒅䒞䑴㩷
䔄䔈䔋䔞䔬䓴䔠䓯䓘䔭዁ァ౐䇳䑄ೋઍ㚢ᣣ䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨౏૶䑄䒍䑳ᣣᧄ䒭᜛ᄢ䈜䓉⚻ᷣജ䒭㊀ⷐᕈ䓐⹺⼂䒘䒥䑳
ᣣᧄ䓐⸰䓊䓉䒔䒧䓐᳿ᔃ䒘䑳ᄖ੤૶▵䒍੤឵䒖䓊䓉䒔䒧䒧䒩䒢䒞䑴䔑䔨䔎䓙䒌䓇▫ᩮਣ䒪ਸ਼⦁䒘䑳␹ᚭ䓐⚻䒥
৻਻ਃਃᐕච᦬੖ᣣ䒪ᦨೋ䒭䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨౏૶㙚䓐ᑪ䒥䓉䒞䓀䑳᧲੩䒪⌕䒅䒞䑴ᦨೋ䒭౏૶㙚䒮㘵ୖ䒭㤗Ꮣ
੖౎
㩷㪫㪿㪼㩷㪪㪼㫉㪸㫁㩷㫌㫃㪄㪘㫂㪿㪹㪸㫉㩷㪮㪼㪼㫂㫃㫐㪃㩷㪻㪸㫋㪼㪻㩷㪉㪌㩷㪡㫌㫅㪼㩷㪈㪐㪈㪋㩷㩿㪊㫉㪻㩷㪰㪼㪸㫉㪃㩷㪥㫆㪅㩷㪉㪇㪃㩷㫇㪅㩷㪉㪀㪅㩷
੖਻
㩷㪞㫉㪼㪾㫆㫉㫀㪸㫅㪃㩷㪭㪸㫉㫋㪸㫅㪅㪫㪿㪼㩷㪜㫄㪼㫉㪾㪼㫅㪺㪼㩷㫆㪽㩷㪤㫆㪻㪼㫉㫅㩷㪘㪽㪾㪿㪸㫅㫀㫊㫋㪸㫅㪑㩷㪧㫆㫃㫀㫋㫀㪺㫊㩷㫆㪽㩷㪩㪼㪽㫆㫉㫄㫊㩷㪸㫅㪻㩷㪤㫆㪻㪼㫉㫅㫀㫑㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅㪅㩷㩿㪪㫋㪸㫅㪽㫆㫉㪻㩷㪬㫅㫀㫍㪼㫉㫊㫀㫋㫐㩷㪧㫉㪼㫊㫊㪃㩷㪈㪐㪍㪐㪀㪃㩷㫇㪅㩷㪊㪊㪎㪅㩷㩷
㩷㪪㪼㫉㪸㫁㪄㫌㫃㩷㪘㫂㪿㪹㪸㫉㩷㪥㪼㫎㫊㫇㪸㫇㪼㫉 ⚕䒭✬㓸⠪䒭䔓䔊䔕䔭䓾䔬䓴䔠䓯䓘䔭䒭↧䒦䒃䓉㩷
౐䇳
37
৻਻৻਻ᐕੑ᦬ੑචᣣ䑳䔄䔈䔋䓸䔞䔭㚂㐳䒍⁚⁸ᣏⴕਛ䒪ᥧᲕ䒖䓊䑳䒜䒭ਃ⇟⋡䒭ᕷሶ䓗䔓䔁䓸䔞䔭㚂㐳䒍
₺૏䒪ዞ䒅䒞䑴චᐕ䒭࿷૏ᦼ㑆ਛ䑳৻䓠᦬䒪䓍䒞䓉╙ਃᰴ⧷䔬䓗䔊䓡䔨ᚢ੎䒪ᒁ䒎⛯䒐৻਻৻਻ᐕ䒭䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮
䓴䔨䒭ᄖ੤䒪䒣䒅䒥䒭⁛┙ት⸒䒪ᆎ䒽䓈䑳ᄖ᡽䒋䓆䒲ౝ᡽䒪ᄙᄢ䒭഍⊛䒩ᄌൻ䒍↢䒙䒞䑴䓗䔓䔁䓸䔞䔭䒭㊀ⷐ䒩
ᚢ⇛䒭৻䒣䒮䑳ᄖ࿖䒧ᣂ䒞䒩ᄖ੤㑐ଥ䓐᮸┙䈜䓉䒔䒧䒦䒃䒢䒞䑴㩷
ᣣᧄ䒮䑳ㄭઍൻ䒘䒞䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䑄䓡䔨䓾䔓䓤᧦⚂䒪䓆䓈೙⚂䓐ฃ䒒䒥䒅䒞䑄䒍ᡰេ䒋䓆䒲දജ䓐᳞䓀䒞ᦨ
ೋ䒭࿖䒭৻䒣䒦䒃䒢䒞䑴䒘䒌䒘䑳ਇᐘ䒩䒔䒧䒪䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒭ᣂ᡽ᐭ䒍ㅍ䒢䒞䔖䓸䓰䔭䓭䒮䓙䔨䓾䒭䓙䓣䔟䓮ᒰዪ
䒭ᚻ䒪⪭䒠䑳ᣣᧄ䒪ዯ䒐䒔䒧䒮䒩䒌䒢䒞䑴䔢䓬䓗䒋䓆䒲ਛ࿖䓐ㅢ䒙䒥․೎૶▵࿅䓐ᵷ㆜䈜䓉䒧䒅䒇ੑ࿁⋡䒭⹜
䒾䒮䑳ㅢା䒭ᰳ㒱䒪䓆䓈ᄬᢌ䒪⚳䓍䒢䒞䑴৻ᣇ䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒪ኻ䈜䓉ਃ࿁䒭ァ੐⊛ᢌർ䒪ᕱ䒾䓐ᛴ䒅䒥䒅䒞䓙
䓣䔟䓮䒮䑳ᄖ੤ធ⸅䓐ㅢ䒙䒥䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒧䒭㑐ଥ᮸┙䓐ㆃ䓇䒚䓉䓆䒇䑳䓗䔖䔟䓠วⴐ࿖╬ઁ䒭࿖䓐ᕁ䒅䒧
䒨䒽䓇䒚䒞䓆䒇䒪䑳ᣣᧄ᡽ᐭ䓐⺑ᓧ䒘䒞䑴੖৾㩷
ᣣᧄ䒋䓆䒲䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒮䑳╙৻ᰴ䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䔬ᣣᧄୃᅢ᧦⚂䒍✦⚿䒖䓊䒞৻਻ਃ䇳ᐕ䒽䒦䑳ᭂ䓀䒥෹
ᅢ⊛䒩㑐ଥ䒪䒃䓈䑳ᄙᄢ䒭੤ᵹ䒍ⴕ䓍䓊䒞䑴หᐕ䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨࿖₺䒭ᜰ␜䒦䑳ᣣᧄ䒦⿠䒔䒢䒞ਃ࿁䒭࿾㔡䑄
੖৾
㩷㪧㫆㫌㫃㫃㪸㪻㪸㪃㩷㪣㪼㫆㫅㩷㪙㪅㩷㩽㩷㪧㫆㫌㫃㫃㪸㪻㪸㪃㩷㪣㪼㫀㫃㪸㩷㪛㪅㪡㪅㩷㪫㪿㪼㩷㪢㫀㫅㪾㪻㫆㫄㩷㫆㪽㩷㪘㪽㪾㪿㪸㫅㫀㫊㫋㪸㫅㩷㪸㫅㪻㩷㫋㪿㪼㩷㪬㫅㫀㫋㪼㪻㩷㪪㫋㪸㫋㪼㫊㪑㩷㪈㪏㪉㪏㪄㪈㪐㪎㪊㪅㩷㩿㪦㫄㪸㪿㪸㪑㩷㪚㪼㫅㫋㪼㫉㩷㪽㫆㫉㩷㪘㪽㪾㪿㪸㫅㩷㪪㫋㫌㪻㫀㪼㫊㩷㪸㫋㩷
㫋㪿㪼㩷㪬㫅㫀㫍㪼㫉㫊㫀㫋㫐㩷㫆㪽㩷㪥㪼㪹㫉㪸㫊㫂㪸㩷㪸㫋㩷㪦㫄㪸㪿㪸㩷㪸㫅㪻㩷㪛㪸㪾㪼㪽㫆㫉㪻㪼㩷㪧㫌㪹㫃㫀㫊㪿㫀㫅㪾㪃㩷㪈㪐㪐㪌㪀㪃㩷㫇㫇㪅㩷㪊㪌㪄㪋㪈㩷
৻᦬චੑᣣ᪉ፉ䕀䕝䕋䔬䕅䑳ᱫ⠪ਃච੖ฬ䕁䑳ਃ᦬ච੖ᣣ⑺↰઄ർ䕀䕝䕋䔬䕅䑳ᱫ⠪਻ච྾ฬ䑳౐⊖྾චᚭ⎕უ䕁䑳
36
䑹ㅪว䒭⋡⊛䒮䑳␠ળ⊛䑳ቬᢎ⊛䒽䒞䒮ੱ⒳⊛䒭ᅤ૗䓐໧䓍䈝䈜䒸䒥䒭Ꮕ೎䓐ឃ㒰䒘䒥䑳ᐔ╬䒋䓆䒲ᱜ⟵
䒭ේೣ䒪ၮ䒤䒅䒥਎⇇䒪ᕡਭᐔ๺䓐䓁䒞䓇䒘䑳䒜䓊䒪䓆䓈䑳਎⇇䒭䈜䒸䒥䒭ੱ⒳䒪⥄↱䒋䓆䒲ᐘ⑔䓐଻⸽
䈜䓉䒔䒧䒦䒃䓉䑴䑺㩷
౎᦬ੑᣣ᦬ᦐᣣ䒭᥅䑳䔌䔞䓴䓸䔌䒮ᄢ㒋Ფᣣᣂ⡞␠䓐⸰䓊䑳䑹䓗䓭䓗䒭䈜䒸䒥䒭ੱ䇱䒮䑳ᣣᧄ䓐䓗䓭䓗䒭ᢇ਎
ਥ䒧䒾䒩䒘䒥䒅䓉䑺ᣦㅀ䒸䒥䒅䓉䑴੖౐㩷
䒘䒌䒘䑳ળ⼏䒌䓇䒮䑳ᦼᓙ䒖䓊䒞䓆䒇䒩䓰䔨䓰䔭䓬䔜䔨䒮↢䒙䒩䒌䒢䒞䑴ᄙᄢ䒭ᤨ㑆䒧䓝䔂䔠䓣䔭䒍䑹ੑච৻䓠
᧦䒭ⷐ᳞䑺䓐䓀䒑䓉⺰੎䒪⾌䉇䒖䓊䒞৻ᣇ䑳ᄙ䒐䒭ᣣᧄ䒭᡽ᴦኅ䒮ળ⼏䒪〒㔌䓐⟎䒅䒞䑴䒜䓊䒦䓁䑳ળ⼏䒮䑳
ᄢ࿖䒪ኻ䈜䓉䓗䓭䓗ੱ䒭ᢜኻ⊛ᗵᖱ䓐ᶋ䒎ᓂ䓈䒪䈜䓉䒭䒪ᚑഞ䒘䒞䑴ળ⼏䒍ㅴዷ䒘䒩䒌䒢䒞䒧䒅䒇੐ታ䒮䑳ળ
⼏䒍⋥㕙䒘䒥䒅䓉࿎㔍䒩⁁ᴫ䓐᣿⏕䒪␜䒘䒥䒅䒞䑴㩷
㩷
˧ᷯඩࣻȽ۶̬ᩜΡ ৻਻ਃ৻ᐕ䒪䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒧ᣣᧄ䒧䒭㑆䒪౏ᑼ䒭㑐ଥ䒍᮸┙䒖䓊䒞䒍䑳䒜䓊䓆䓈䈝䒢䒧೨䒌䓇䑳᣿ᴦ᡽ᐭ
䒧䒭㑆䒪ᒝ࿕䒩㑐ଥ䓐⏕┙䒘䓆䒇䒧䈜䓉⹜䒾䒍䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒭ᒰዪ䒪䓆䓈૗࿁䒌ⴕ䓍䓊䒞䑴㩷
㩷 ᧲੩ᣣᣣᣂ⡞䑳৻਻ੑ౐ᐕ౎᦬྾ᣣ㩷
੖౐
35
䒘䒌䒘䑳ਛ࿖ઍ⴫䒍䓙䔨䓾䒭⁛┙䒪ኻ䈜䓉ᡰេ䓐⸷䒉䓉䒧䑳㐿ળ䒭ㄉ䓐ㅀ䒸䒞ᣣᧄઍ⴫䒭࿖ળ⼏ຬ੹㉿ᑝ
⸥᳁䒮䑳䑹ળ⼏䒍ᣣᧄ䒧ᄖ࿖᡽ᐭ䒭㑆䒭㑐ଥ䓐ኂ䈜䓉ᕟ䓊䒍䒃䓉໧㗴䒪⸅䓊䒞႐ว䒮䑳ᣣᧄ䒭ᒰዪ䒮ળ⼏䓐
ਛᱛ䒖䒚䓉䒌䓁䒘䓊䒩䒅䑺ᣦᜰ៰䒘䑳ਛ࿖ઍ⴫࿅䒭㪟㫌㪸㫅㪾᳁䒪䓆䓈ឭ಴䒖䓊䒞೨⸥⿰ᣦ䒭᳿⼏䒮ข䓈ਅ䒓䓇䓊
䒞䑴੖ਃ㩷
੹㉿᳁䒮䑳㐿ળ䒭ㄉ䒭ਛ䒦䑳਻ంੱ䒭䓗䓭䓗䒭᳃䒮䑹ᦨ䓁⧰䒘䒅↢ᵴ䑺䓐⚻㛎䒘䒥䒅䓉ᣦㅀ䒸䒞䑴ਛ࿖ઍ⴫䒮䑳
䑹⊕ੱ䓐䓗䓭䓗䒌䓇ㅊ䒅಴䈜䒔䒧䒦䒮䒩䒐䑳ᓐ╬䒧ᐔ╬䒪䒩䓉䒔䒧䑺䒦䒃䓉ᣦㅀ䒸䒞䑴੖྾㩷
䒔䒭ળ⼏䒪䒋䒅䒥䑳䔌䔞䓴䓸䔌䒮䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒭ઍ⴫䑳䔞䔭䓮䔬䔈䔄䔭䔟䔭䔬䔑䔭䓮䒮䓙䔨䓾䒭㚂Ꮸઍ⴫䒦䒃䒢䒞䑴
ᓐ䒮䑳䑹䓗䓭䓗⻉࿖䒭ൎ೑䒮䑌਎⇇ᐔ๺䒭ታ⃻䓐ᗧ๧䒘䑳䈜䒸䒥䒭⠪䒍ᾲᦸ䒘䒥䒎䒞᥉ㆉ⊛䒩ᗲ䒧䒅䒇ᦨ⚳⋡
⊛䒍㆐ᚑ䒖䓊䓉䒔䒧䒪䒃䓉䑺䒧ት⸒䒘䒞䑴੖੖㩷䓙䔨䓾ઍ⴫࿅䒮䑳ળ⼏䒮䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒭㚂㐳䑳䔏䔠䓬䔘䒭₺䑳䓦䔓
䔠䔬䔆䓬䔘䑳䓴䓩䔭䔠ඳ჻䑳䓡䔨䓭䔭䑳㗡ጊḩ䒋䓆䒲᳢䓗䓭䓗ㆇേ䒪⽸₂䒘䒞䒜䒭ઁ䒭ੱ䇱䒪⻢ᗧ䓐⴫䈜䓉ᣦ䒭᳿
⼏䓐ឭ಴䒘䑳ណᛯ䒖䓊䒞䑴㩷
ળ⼏䒪䒋䒅䒥䑳ᥳቯᙗᴺ䒍ឭ಴䒖䓊䒞䒍䑳䒜䒭╙৻᧦䒮ᰴ䒭䓆䒇䒩䓁䒭䒦䒃䒢䒞䑴㩷
੖ਃ
㩷 ☨࿖࿖┙౏ᢥᦠ㙚䑄࿷੩☨࿖ᄢ૶㙚䒪䓆䓈䔊䓖䓙䔠䒖䓊䒞৻਻ੑ౐ᐕ౎᦬৾ᣣઃႎ๔╙ੑੑ䇳ภ㩷
੖྾
㩷㪫㪿㪼㩷㪡㪸㫇㪸㫅㩷㪚㪿㫉㫆㫅㫀㪺㫃㪼㩷㪘㫌㪾㫌㫊㫋㩷㪌㪃㩷㪈㪐㪉㪍㩷㪧㪸㫅㪄㩷㪘㫊㫀㪸㫋㫀㪺㩷㪚㫆㫅㪾㫉㪼㫊㫊㪑㩷㪫㪿㪼㩷㪮㪿㫀㫋㪼㩷㪛㫆㫄㫀㫅㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅㩷㫆㪽㩷㫋㪿㪼㩷㪮㫆㫉㫃㪻㩷
㩷㪫㪿㪼㩷㪡㪸㫇㪸㫅㩷㪚㪿㫉㫆㫅㫀㪺㫃㪼㩷㪘㫌㪾㫌㫊㫋㩷㪊㪃㩷㪈㪐㪉㪍㩷
੖੖
34
䔨䓾⥃ᤨ⁛┙᡽ᐭ䓐⚿ᚑ䒘䑳ᓐ䒭⠨䒉䒮䔎䔠䔟䔨䒌䓇䒭ㅢᏱ䒭᡼ㅍ䓐ㅢ䒙䒥ᐢ䒽䒢䒞䑴䔑䔭䓮䒮䑳䓾䓙䓹䒋䓆䒲ᣣ
ᧄਔ࿖᡽ᐭ䒪ᡰេ䒖䓊䒥䑳ẜ᳓⦘䒦ᣣᧄ䒪⿞䒅䒞䒍䑳䒔䓊䒮䑳ᓐ䒍ᣣᧄੱ䒭ਅ䒦䔔䔘䔨䔓䔭䒪䓙䔨䓾࿖᳃ァ䓐ഃ
┙䈜䓉䒭䒪ᓎ┙䒢䒞䑴㩷
䓮䔅䓮䔬䓶䔘䔨䓾䔞䔬䔑䔭䓮䒮䑳╙ੑᰴ਎⇇ᄢᚢ䒍⚳䓍䒢䒞྾ᣣᓟ䒭৻਻྾੖ᐕ౎᦬ච਻ᣣ䒪䑳䔔䔘䔨䔓䔭䒌䓇
ᣣᧄ䒪ᚯ䓉ㅜ਄䑳บḧ䒭᧻ጊ㘧ⴕ႐䒦៞ਸ਼ᯏ䒭჈⪭੐᡿䒦੢䒐䒩䒢䒞䑴㩷
㩷
ḫ෱ɬʂɬ͢ឰ ৻਻ੑ౐ᐕ౎᦬৻ᣣ䒪䑳ᣣᧄ䑳ਛ࿖䑳䓙䔨䓾䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䑳䔊䓘䔟䔉䔨䒋䓆䒲ᦺ㞲䒌䓇䒭੖ච৻ฬ䒭ઍ⴫䒍䑳
㐳ፒ䕩䕝䕓䕑䔐䔭䔠䒦㐿௅䒖䓊䒞䑹᳢䓗䓭䓗ળ⼏䑺䒧๭䒯䓊䓉ਃᣣ㑆䒭ળ⼏䒪ෳട䒘䒞䑴ળ⼏䒪䒋䒅䒥䑳ർ੩ᄢ
ቇ䒭䔟䔨ᢎ᝼䒮䑳䒜䒭⿠Ḯ䒪䒣䒅䒥⺑᣿䒘䒥䒅䓉䑴㩷
䑹ᚒ䇱䒭Ꮕ䒘ᒰ䒞䒢䒥䒭ੑ䒣䒭⋡⊛䒮䑳ᚒ䇱䒭᧲ᵗᢥ᣿䒭⍮⊛䒋䓆䒲♖␹⊛ᚑᨐ䓐ᐢ䓀䓉䒔䒧䑳䒩䓇䒲䒪䓗
䓭䓗䒭‛⾰⊛⾗Ḯ䓐㐿⊒䈜䓉䒔䒧䒦䒃䓉䑴䒜䒭䒞䓀䒪䑳ᚒ䇱䒮䑳Ꮲ࿖ਥ⟵䓐ᝂ᛬䒖䒚䑳⥄↱䒌䒣⥄⊒⊛䒩㐿⊒
䒍น⢻䒪䒩䓉䓆䒇䒪䈜䓉䒔䒧䓐ᦸ䒿䑺䑴੖ੑ㩷
㩷㪫㪿㪼㩷㪡㪸㫇㪸㫅㩷㪚㪿㫉㫆㫅㫀㪺㫃㪼㪃㩷㪘㫌㪾㫌㫊㫋㩷㪌㪃㩷㪈㪐㪉㪍㩷
੖ੑ
33
⚂䒭ᑄ᫈䒪઻䒅䑳䓙䓣䔟䓮᡽ᐭ䒭䔞䔭䓮䔬䔈䔄䔭䔟䔭䔬䔑䔭䓮ᝡ⚝䓁⚳䓍䒢䒞䑴㩷
䔑䔭䓮䒮䑳ᣣᧄ䒭ᒰዪ䒍䓙䔨䓾᳃ᣖਥ⟵⠪䒭஥䒪┙䒠䑳‧䒅䒥䒮ᶏᄖ䒦䒭䓙䔨䓾ੱ䒭㑵੎䓐Ⓧᭂ⊛䒪ᡰេ䈜
䓉䓆䒇⺑ᓧ䈜䓉਄䒦ജ䒍䒃䒢䒞䑴ᓐ䒮ᣣᧄᏢ࿖㒽ァ䒭ਥዉ䒭ਅ䒪䑳䔈䔠䔓䒦䓙䔨䓾ァ䓐ᜰើ䒘䒞䑴䔑䔭䓮䒮৻਻
྾ੑᐕਃ᦬ੑච౎ᣣ䑄ਃචᣣ䑳᧲੩䒪䒋䒅䒥ળ⼏䓐㐿௅䒘䑳หળ⼏䒦䓙䔨䓾⁛┙ㅪ⋖䒭᮸┙䓐ᨐ䒞䒘䒞䑴ᓐ
䒮䑳৻਻྾ੑᐕ౐᦬ੑචੑᣣ䒪䔅䔨䓨䓤䒪䒋䒅䒥ㅪ⋖䒭╙ੑ࿁ળ⼏䓐㐿௅䒘䑳䒜䒭ળ⼏䒦䓮䔅䓮䔬䓶䔘䔨䓾䔞䔬䔑
䔭䓮䓐✚ⵙ䒧䒘䒥ᦨ㜞ᜰዉ⠪䒧䈜䓉᳿⼏䓐ណᛯ䒘䒞䑴䓮䔅䓮䔬䓶䔘䔨䓾䔞䔬䔑䔭䓮䒮䑳䔞䔭䓮䔬䔈䔄䔭䔟䔭䔬䔑䔭䓮䒍
࿯บ⚵❱䓐䒣䒐䒢䒞ᓟ䓐ฃ䒒䒥䑳৻਻྾ਃᐕ䒪䓙䔨䓾࿖᳃ァ䒭⚿ᚑ䓐ት⸒䒘䒞䑴㩷
ᣣᧄ᡽ᐭ䒮䑳䔞䔭䓮䔬䔈䔄䔭䔟䔭䔬䔑䔭䓮䒪䑹ൟੑ╬ᣩᣣ㊀శ┨䑺䓐᝼ਈ䒘䒥䒅䓉䑴㩷
Ƙʃʚʃeʋ᷊ʽʓʳebʗʉʂceʦ᷐ʃ䕀৻౎਻৾ᐕ䑄৻਻྾੖ᐕ䕁䒮䑳䔞䔭䓮䔬䔈䔄䔭䔟䔭䔬䔑䔭䓮䒧䒮૗
䒭✼ᚘ㑐ଥ䓁䒩䒅ੱ‛䒦䒃䓈䑳ᄢⴐ䒌䓇䔂䓴䓭䒧๭䒯䓊䒞䑴䈜䒑䓊䒞ቇ⠪䒦䒃䒢䒞䒍䑳䓙䓣䔟䓮ੱ䒪઀䒉䓉᳇䒮
Ძ㗡䒩䒌䒢䒞䑴䒿䒘䓋䑳᳃ᣖਥ⟵ㆇേ䒪ෳട䒘䑳␲࿖䓐⸃᡼䈜䓉䒔䒧䓐ᦸ䓑䒟䑴䔓䔍䔨䓾䔞䔬䔌䔞䓴䓸䔌䒮䑳䔂䓴䓭
䒪䒧䒢䒥䒭⧷㓶䒭৻ੱ䒦䒃䒢䒞䑴㩷
䔑䔭䓮䒮䑳╙৻ᰴ਎⇇ᄢᚢഺ⊒⋥ᓟ䑳䓠䔋䔭䔠䒪䓙䔨䓾⥃ᤨ੢๮᡽ᐭ䓐᮸┙䈜䓉䒭䓐ഥ䒒䒞䑴╙ੑᰴ਎⇇
ᄢᚢ㐿ᆎᤨ䑳䔑䔭䓮䒮䓾䓙䓹䒪ṛ࿷䒘䑳෻⧷ㆇേ䒭⚵❱䒪䒣䒅䒥䓾䓙䓹䒭ᡰេ䓐ᓧ䓉䒔䒧䒪ᚑഞ䒘䒞䑴ห࿖䒦䓙
32
䒒䓆䒇䒧䓁䒘䒞䑴ᓐ䒭ቊ䒭㗡ጊ⥝ഥ䒮⃻࿷䑳ㄘᬺ⾗Ḯ㐿⊒දળ䒭ℂ੐㐳䓐ോ䓀䓉䒧䒧䓁䒪䑳㐳ᐕ䒪䓍䒞䒢䒥ᣣ
ᧄ䒭᡽ᴦ䓐ⷰኤ䒘䑳᳃ᣖਥ⟵⊛䒩ㆇേ䒪ᓥ੐䒘䒥䒎䒥䒅䓉䑴㩷
㩷 Ɨʳ᷐ʃeʝʙ᷐ʴ᷐eʦ᷐ʃ䕀৻౎౎੖ᐕ䑄৻਻྾੖ᐕ䕁䒮䑳䓙䔨䓾䒪䒋䒅䒥䓙䓣䔟䓮ੱ䒧㑵䒢䒞㕟๮ᜰዉ
⠪䒦䒃䓈䑳䓙䔨䓾࿖᳃ァ䕀䕙䕞䕑䕁䒭⚵❱⠪䒦䒃䒢䒞䑴ᓐ䒮䑳⧯䒅ᤨ䒌䓇㕟๮ᵴേ䒪㑐ଥ䒘䒞䒍䑳䒔䒭䓆䒇䒩ᓐ䒭ᵴ
േ䒮䑳䓙䓣䔟䓮᡽ᐭ䒭⇼ᖺ䓐᜗䒎䑳ㆀ䒪䒮ᛩₐ䒖䓊䒞䑴⣕ₐ䒘䑳䒜䒭ᓟવ⛔⊛䒩䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒭⴩ⵝ䓐䒽䒧䒢䒥
䓠䔋䔭䔠䒪ᆫ䓐⃻䒘䒞䑴䓠䔋䔭䔠䒦䒮䑳䓾䓙䓹ੱ䒧⚿ᇕ䒘䒥䒅䓉䓲䔅䔨䒧䒅䒇䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨ੱ䒭੐ᬺኅ䒍䔑䔭䓮䒪
㓝䓊ኅ䓐ឭଏ䒘䒞䑴䔑䔭䓮䒮䒜䒭ᓟᣣᧄ䒪⿞䒎䑳㗡ጊḩ䒪ฃ䒒౉䓊䓇䓊䒞䑴੖৻㩷 ᣣᧄ䒌䓇䈜䒸䒥䒭੢๮⠪䓐ㅊ
᡼䒚䓆䒧䒭䓙䓣䔟䓮䒭ᒝ䒅࿶ജ䒪⋥㕙䒘䒥䑳ᣣᧄ䒭ᒰዪ䒮䑳䔑䔭䓮䒪৻ㅳ㑆એౝ䒪ᣣᧄ䓐෰䓉䒸䒎ᣦ䒭๮઎䓐⊒
䒘䒞䑴䒘䒌䒘䑳ᯏ㑐⹹䉇㗡ጊḩ䒩䒨䒭㕟๮ኅ䒞䒠䒌䓇䒜䒭ఝᨵਇᢿ䒩ᘒᐲ䒪䒣䒅䒥ᛕ್䓐ฃ䒒䑳䒽䒞࿶೙⊛䒩
䓙䓣䔟䓮ᒰዪ䒍䔑䔭䓮䓐ㅱ᝝䒘䒥ಣೃ䈜䓉䒌䓁䒘䓊䒩䒅䒧䒭 ᔨ䓁䒃䒢䒥䑳ᣣᧄ䒭ᒰዪ䒮䑳⚿ዪ䑳䔑䔭䓮䒭↢๮
䓐଻⼔䈜䓉䒔䒧䒧䒘䒞䑴㩷
₵ᵗ␠䒮䔞䔭䓮䔬䔈䔄䔭䔟䔭䔬䔑䔭䓮䒍ㅏ䒓䓉ὑ䒪䑳ਛ᧛ደ䒪り䓐㓝䈜䒭䓐ഥ䒒䑳䔑䔭䓮䒮ਛ᧛ደ䒪྾䓠᦬ඨ
㓝䓊䒥䒅䒞䑴ਛ᧛ደ䒪䒅䒞ᤨ䑳䔑䔭䓮䒮ਛ᧛ደ䒭⚻༡⠪⋧㚍ᄦᇚ䒭ᆷ䑳ବሶ䒧⚿ᇕ䒘䒞䑴䒜䒭ᓟ䑳ᣣ⧷ห⋖᧦
㩷 ੗Ꮉ⡡䔬ዊᨋኡ䑻ੱ䒃䓈䒥䑄㗡ጊḩ䒧₵ᵗ␠䑼ੑ䇳䇳ਃ㩷
੖৻
31
ᧄ䒪䒧䒨䒽䓈䑳䓙䔨䓾䒭⁛┙ᓟ䓙䔨䓾䒪ᚯ䒢䒞䑴੖䇳㩷䔌䔞䓴䓸䔌䒮䑳৻਻౐䇳ᐕ䒪චᣣ㑆䑳䓫䔭䔇䔠䔬䓬䔘䔭࿖₺
䒭⾠ቴ䒧䒩䒢䒞䑴㩷
Ɩᭀࠞ຿ᷡˢт̡̡ᶃˢ̎ˤ̎ᷢ䔌䔞䓴䓸䔌䒍䑳᦭ฬ䒩ᣣᧄ䒭㕟๮ኅ䒦䒃䓉㗡ጊḩ䕀৻౎੖੖ᐕ㪄৻਻྾྾
ᐕ䕁䒪ળ䒢䒞䒭䒮䑳⸰ᣣਛ䒭৻਻ੑੑᐕ䒭䒔䒧䒦䒃䓉䑴㗡ጊ䒮䑳ᄙಽ䑳₵ᵗ␠䒭ᦨ䓁வ಴䒘䒞ᜰዉ⠪䒟䒢䒞䒦䒃
䓋䒇䑴₵ᵗ␠䒮⑔ጟ䓐ᧄ᜚䒧䈜䓉ᣣᧄ䒭᳃ᣖਥ⟵࿅૕䒦䑳ᣣᧄ䓐቞䓉䒧䒧䓁䒪䑳䓗䓭䓗䓐⸃᡼䒘䑳䔢䓬䓗䓐䒔䒭
࿾ၞ䒪䒋䒒䓉ᣣᧄ䓐⢿䒌䈜໑৻䒭൓ജ䒧䒾䒩䈜䒔䒧䓐⋡⊛䒧䒘䒥䑳৻౎౎৻ᐕ䒪⸳┙䒖䓊䒞䑴㩷
ᣣᧄ䒮䑳ᦺ㞲䓐䓀䒑䒢䒥ᚢ䒢䒞৻౎਻྾ᐕ䒭ᣣᷡᚢ੎䒪ൎ೑䒘䒞䒞䓀䑳ਛ࿖䒪䒣䒅䒥䒮ᄢ䒘䒥⼊ᚓ䒘䒥䒅䒩䒌
䒢䒞䑴ᓟ䒪䑳㗡ጊ䒋䓆䒲ౝ↰⦟ᐔ䒪䓆䓈㤥┥ળ䒍⚿ᚑ䒖䓊䒞䑴ᣣᧄ䒮ᣣ㔺ᚢ੎䒪ൎ䒢䒞䑴㗡ጊ䒮䑳䓗䓭䓗䒪䒋䒅
䒥᮸┙䒖䓊䒥䒅䓉䈜䒸䒥䒭෻േ⊛䒩᡽ᐭ䒪෻ኻ䒘䒥䒅䒞䒧䓁⸒䓍䓊䒥䒅䓉䑴ᓐ䒮ਛ࿖䑳䓙䔨䓾䒋䓆䒲䔊䓘䔟䔉䔨䒌
䓇䒭෻૕೙ᵷ䒭ᵴേኅ䓐᱑ㄫ䒘䑳䒔䓊䓇䒭ੱ䇱䒮䑳᧲੩ᷦ⼱䒭ᓐ䒭ኅ䒪㓸䒽䒢䒞䑴䒔䒭ਛ䒪䒮䑳᦭ฬ䒩ਛ࿖䒭㕟
๮ኅቊㅺ઄䕀ቊᢥ䕁䉇䓙䔨䓾䒭㕟๮ኅ䒦䓙䓣䔟䓮ᬀ᳃࿾᡽ᐭ䒌䓇ㅏ䓊䓉䒞䓀䒪䓙䔨䓾䓐෰䓈ᣣᧄ䒪੢๮䒘䒞䔞
䔭䓮䔬䔈䔄䔭䔟䔭䔬䔑䔭䓮䒍䒅䒞䑴㗡ጊ䒮䑳ቊㅺ઄䒭ⷐ⺧䒪ᔕ䒙䔑䔭䓮䓐ฃ䒒౉䓊䑳ᣣᧄ䒪㓝䓊䓉䒭䓐ഥ䒒䒞䑴䔌
䔞䓴䓸䔌䒧㗡ጊ䒍ળ䒢䒞䒭䒮䑳䔑䔭䓮䒭⚫੺䒪䓆䓉䓁䒭䒦䒃䒢䒞䑴㗡ጊ䒮䓙䓣䔟䓮䒪ኻ᛫䒘䒥䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䓐ഥ
㩷 ᄖോᄢ⤿䒃䒥䕀৻਻৾৻ᐕੑ᦬ઃ䕁㚢ᣣ䓗䔊䓡䔨ᄢ૶ᦠ◲䒧㚢ᣣ䓗䔊䓡䔨ᄢ૶䒃䒥䕀৻਻৾৻ᐕචੑ᦬䕁䔌䔞䓴䓸䔌᳁ᦠ◲䒪䓆䓉㩷
੖䇳
30
䉇䔗䔄䔓䓾䔬䔅䔞䓠䓽䓚䓸䔞䔭䑳䔞䔭䓮䔬䔈䔄䔭䔟䔭䔬䔑䔭䓮䒋䓆䒲䓮䔅䓮䔬䓶䔘䔨䓾䔞䔬䔑䔭䓮䓐฽䒿䓙䔨䓾ੱ㕟๮ኅ䒭
䓙䔨䓾䒪䒋䒒䓉⁛┙ㆇേ䒧ឭ៤䒘䒞䑴྾৾㩷䔌䔞䓴䓸䔌䒮䒽䒞䑳ᡰេ䒋䓆䒲᡽ᴦ⊛ᛚ⹺䓐᳞䓀䒥䓾䓙䓹䒋䓆䒲䓲䔈
䓝䓽ㅪ㇌䓐䒘䒯䒘䒯⸰䓊䒞䑴㩷
䔌䔞䓴䓸䔌䒮䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒧ᣣᧄ䒧䒭㑆䒭ㅢ໡᧦⚂䒭Ḱ஻䓐ⴕ䒅䑳䒽䒞䑳ᣣᧄ䒭ᡰេ䓐᳞䓀䓉䒞䓀䒪䑳৻਻
ੑੑᐕ䒌䓇৻਻ਃ৾ᐕ䒽䒦ᣣᧄ䒪ṛ࿷䒘䒞䑴৻਻ਃ྾ᐕ䒪䔞䔭䓮䔬䔈䔄䔭䔟䔭䔬䔑䔭䓮䒍䔌䔞䓴䓸䔌䓐㗡ጊḩ䒪
⚫੺䒘䒞䒭䒮ᣣᧄ䒪䒋䒅䒥䒦䒃䓉䑴྾౎㩷 ᣣᧄ䒪䒋䒒䓉䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒭ᗲ࿖⠪䒧䒘䒥⍮䓇䓊䒞䔌䔞䓴䓸䔌䒮䑳৻਻
ੑ৻ᐕ䒌䓇৻਻ਃ৾ᐕ䒽䒦䓗䔓䔁䓸䔞䔭࿖₺䒪䓆䓈䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒭ᣏ೛䓐⊒⛎䒖䓊䒞䑴྾਻㩷 ᚢ੎ਛ䑳ᣣᧄੱ䒮䑳
ᣣᧄ䒭䓙䔨䓾ㅴ᡹䓐ഥ䒒䓉䓆䒇ᓐ䒪᳞䓀䒞䑴䔌䔞䓴䓸䔌䒮䑳ධ䓙䔨䓾䒌䓇䒭䓙䔨䓾ァ䒭⚿ᚑ䓐᧦ઙ䒧䒘䒥หᗧ䒘
䒞䑴䒘䒌䒘䑳ᣣᧄ᡽ᐭ䒮ᜎ⛘䒘䒞䑴䒔䒭ᜎ⛘䒭䓄䒉䒪䑳ᥳቯ⥄↱䓙䔨䓾᡽ᐭ䓐ᒻᚑ䈜䓉䒞䓀䒪䓁䒇৻ੱ䒭᦭ജ
䒩䓙䔨䓾ੱ㕟๮ኅ䒦䒃䓉䓮䔅䓮䔬䓶䔘䔨䓾䔞䔬䔑䔭䓮䒍䓾䓙䓹䒌䓇ᣣᧄ䒷ㅍ䓇䓊䒞䑴䔌䔞䓴䓸䔌䒮৻਻྾౐ᐕ䒽䒦ᣣ
྾৾
㩷䔞䔭䓮䔬䔈䔄䔭䔟䔭䔬䔑䔭䓮䒮䑳䓡䓵䔭䔠ౄ䕀෻ੂౄ䕁䕀৻਻৻ਃᐕ㪄৻਻৻੖ᐕ䕁䒭ഃ┙䔖䔨䔅䔭䒦䒃䓈䑳䔅䔞䓠䓽䓚䓸䔞䔭䓁ౄຬ䒦䒃䒢䒞䑴䔅䔞䓠
䓽䓚䓸䔞䔭䒮䑳䒔䒭઀੐䓐⚵❱䈜䓉䒞䓀䒪䑳䓡䓵䔭䔠ౄ䒌䓇䓠䔋䔭䔠䒪ᵷ㆜䒖䓊䑳ᓐ䒮䑳䓗䔓䔁䓸䔞䔭䔬䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨࿖₺䕀৻਻৻਻䑄ੑ౎ᐕ䕁䒭
ⷫ෹䒧䒘䒥䓠䔋䔭䔠䒪䒋䒅䒥䔌䔞䓴䓸䔌䉇䒜䒭ઁ䒭෻⧷㕟๮ኅ䒧วᵹ䒘䑳ㆀ䒪䒮䓙䔨䓾⥃ᤨ᡽ᐭ䓐⚿ᚑ䒘䑳䒜䒭㚂⋧䒪છ๮䒖䓊䒞䑴㩷
྾౎
㩷 ੗Ꮉ⡡䔬ዊᨋኡ䑻ੱ䒃䓈䒥䑄㗡ጊḩ䒧₵ᵗ␠䑼ੑ䇳䇳ਃ㩷
㩷䓗䔓䔁䓸䔞䔭࿖₺㩷 ࿷૏৻਻৻਻䑄৻਻ੑ౎㩷
྾਻
29
㩷
Ḫᬆ֤޿ 䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒮䑳ᄖ੤㑐ଥ䒪䒣䒅䒥䒭⥄ਥᕈ䓐ข䓈ᚯ䈜䒔䒧䓐⋡ᜰ䒘䒥䑳ฦ࿖䒧䒭ㅪ៤䓐⏕┙䒘䓆䒇䒧⹜䒾䑳
䓗䓭䓗䒪䒋䒅䒥⻉ᄖ࿖䒭ଚ౉䑳භ㗔䓐ឃ㒰䒘䓆䒇䒧㕟๮ኅ䒭ᡰេ䓐ขઃ䒒䒞䑴㩷
ƕʨʢʽʓʳˁʡʳʉ᷉ʡ䕀৻౎౎౐ᐕ䑄৻਻৾਻ᐕ䕁䒮䑳䓙䔨䓾䒦䓙䓣䔟䓮ੱ䒭ᩞ㐳䉇䓙䓮䔞䔕ᢎᓤ䒭ᢎ
Ꮷ䒭ਅ䒦ᢎ⢒䓐ฃ䒒䒞䑴䔌䔞䓴䓸䔌䒮䑳␠ળ䔬ᢎ⢒ᡷ㕟䒭໧㗴䉇䒜䒭ઁ䒭ᑪ⸳⊛䒩ᵴേ䒪㑐ᔃ䓐ะ䒒䒞ᓟ䑳䓙
䓣䔟䓮ੱ䒌䓇䓙䔨䓾䓐⸃᡼䈜䓉䒧䒅䒇䓆䓈㜞䒅ℂᗐ䒪₂り䒘䒞䑴৻਻৻྾ᐕචੑ᦬ੑචᣣ䑳ੑ౎ᱦ䒭ᤨ䑳ᄖㇱ
䒌䓇䒭ᡰᜬ䓐ᓧ䓉䒞䓀䒪䑳䔝䔭䔢䓸䔆䒪ะ䒒䓙䔨䓾䓐಴⊒䒘䒞䑴ᓐ䒮䔝䔭䔢䓸䔆䒦䓙䔨䓾䒪䒋䒒䓉ᄖ࿖⛔ᴦ䒪ኻ䈜
㩷䓡䓵䔭䔠ౄ䒭⋡⊛䒮䑳ᱞജ䓐↪䒅䒥䓙䓣䔟䓮䒭⛔ᴦ䓐ᛂୟ䒘䑳䒜䓊䒪䓆䓈䓙䔨䓾䓐ᄖ࿖䒭ᡰ㈩䒌䓇⸃᡼䈜䓉䒔䒧䒦䒃䒢䒞䑴㩷
྾౐
ᄖ੤㕙䒦䓁䑳䓽䔠䓨䑳䓾䓙䓹䑳ਛ࿖䒧䒅䒢䒞෻⧷⊛䒩࿖䇱䒋䓆䒲ᣣᧄ䒧㑐ଥ䓐᮸┙䒘䒞䑴྾౐㩷 ᓐ䒮䑳䓡䓵䔭䔠ౄ
䔭䔠䒪䑳⥄ಽ䓐ᄢ⛔㗔䒧䈜䓉ᦨೋ䒭䓙䔨䓾⥃ᤨ᡽ᐭ䓐᮸┙䒘䒞䑴䒔䒭᡽ᐭ䒮䑳᭽䇱䒩஥㕙䒦ᵴേ䓐ⴕ䒢䒞䒍䑳
䔌䔞䓴䓸䔌䒮䑳䔍䔨䓻䓘䓸䔇䕐䔀䔭䓵䔭䔓䓙䔙䔭㆙ᓕ㓌䒦䒭⥄ಽ䒭છോ䒭৻Ⅳ䒧䒘䒥䑳৻਻৻੖ᐕචੑ᦬䑳䓠䔋
ᓐ䓐ㅏ੢⠪䒧ት䒘䒥ᚻ㈩䒘䒞䑴㩷
䓉ᄢ䒎䒩⢿ᆭ䒧䒩䒢䒞䑴䒜䒭䒞䓀䑳䓙䔨䓾䒭䓙䓣䔟䓮✚〈ᐭ䒮䑳ᓐ䒭㚂䒪⾨㊄䓐䒌䒒䑳ᓐ䒭ో⽷↥䓐Ꮕ䒘᛼䒖䒉䑳
28
䓈₸䒅䓇䓊䒞଻቞ᵷ䒋䓆䒲䓴䔠䓯䓘䔭䒪₸䒅䓇䓊䒞ㄭઍਥ⟵⠪䒍䔍䔨䓻䓘䓸䔇䕐䔀䔭䓵䔭䔓䓙䔙䔭㆙ᓕ㓌䒪දജ
⊛䒦䒃䓉䒧䒅䒇੐ታ䒪䓁䒌䒌䓍䓇䈝䑳ᦨ⚳⊛䒪䒮䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒭ਛ┙䓐ት⸒䒘䒞䑴྾੖㩷
৻਻৻৻ᐕ䒭䓙䓴䔟䓗䔬䓟䓮䔓䔨ᚢ੎䒋䓆䒲৻਻৻ੑᐕ䒭䔅䔠䓠䔨⻉࿖ᚢ੎䒭㓙䒪䓟䓮䔓䔨Ꮲ࿖䒍ⵍ䒢䒞ᢌർ䓁
䓗䓭䓗䒪䒋䒒䓉᳢䓙䓮䔞䔕ㆇേ䓐䓁䒞䓇䒘䒞䒍䑳䒖䓇䒪䒔䒭ㆇേ䒮䑳╙৻ᰴ਎⇇ᄢᚢ䒌䓇ᓇ㗀䓐ฃ䒒䒞䑴䓙䓮䔞
䔕Ꮲ࿖䒦䒃䓉䓟䓮䔓䔨䓽䔠䓨䒭䓙䓣䔟䓮䑳䔢䓬䓗䒋䓆䒲䔊䔞䔨䓮䒭ᚻ䒪䓆䓉ᢌർ䒮䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒦ᔟ䒐ㄫ䒉䓇䓊䒩
䒌䒢䒞䑴㩷
ㅒ⺑⊛䒦䒃䓉䒍䑳䓟䓮䔓䔨Ꮲ࿖䒋䓆䒲䓾䓙䓹䒍ᣣᧄ䒪ㄭ䒌䒢䒞䒧䒅䒇੐ታ䒮䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨ੱ䒪䒧䒢䒥⦟䒅ళ䒘
䒦䒃䒢䒞䑴䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨ੱ䒮䑳䓙䓮䔞䔕౒ห૕䒭৻ㇱ䒧䒘䒥䑳䓟䓮䔓䔨Ꮲ࿖䓐䓙䓮䔞䔕䔬䔇䔞䔭䔊䓖䓽䒭ਛᔃ䒧䒾䒩
䒘䒥䒅䒞䑴㩷
䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨ੱ䒭ᚻ䒪䓆䓉䓙䓣䔟䓮䒭ᢌർ䒪᳇ઃ䒅䒥䑳䓙䔨䓾䒭䓙䓮䔞䔕ᢎᓤ䒭㑆䒦෻Ꮲ࿖ਥ⟵䑳෻䓢䔟䓮䓽
ᢎ䒭ᗵᖱ䒍൓䒅䓐Ⴧ䒘䑳ᓐ╬䒭േຬ䓐ഥ㐳䒘䒞䑴䒔䒭䓆䒇䒩ᗵᖱ䒮䑳䒜䒭ᓟ䑳ᄖ੤㑐ଥ䒪䒣䒅䒥䒭ਥᮭ䓐࿁ᓳ䒘
䓆䒇䒧䈜䓉䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨⥄り䒭ㆇേ䒪䓁ᓇ㗀䓐䒋䓆䒻䒘䒞䑴㩷
྾੖
㩷 ৻਻৾䇳ᐕ䒪䓫䔭䔇䔠䔬䓬䔘䔭࿖₺䒮䔊䓞䔨䔬䔍䔨䓻䓘䓸䔇䓐⾠ቴ䒧䒘䒥䓠䔋䔭䔠䒪᜗ᓙ䒘䒞䑴ᄖോ⋭䒦䒭⽕൓䒩䔡䓰䔌䓬䔜䔨䒭㓙䑳৻਻৻੖ᐕ䓽
䔠䓨䔬䓾䓙䓹ઍ⴫࿅䓐ฃ䒒౉䓊䒩䒅䓆䒇᳞䓀䓉䓙䓣䔟䓮䒭䓙䔨䓾✚〈䒍⿠⨲䒘䒞䔄䔈䔋䓸䔞䔭࿖₺䒃䒥䒭ᦠ◲䒭ේᧄ䓐䑳䔊䓞䔨䔬䔍䔨䓻䓘䓸䔇䒪⷗䒚
䒞䑴ᓐ䒮䑳㛳䒐䒍䑳ታ䒮䓾䓙䓹⊞Ꮲ䒌䓇䓁䓆䓈ዊ䒖䒅↪⚕䒭ᦠ◲䒍䒃䒢䒞䒔䒧䓐⊕⁁䒘䒞䑴䒜䓊䒦䓁䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒭㚂㐳䒮䑳䓠䔋䔭䔠䒭ᦨ䓁ᩰ
ᑼ䒭㜞䒅₺↪䒭႐ᚲ䒭৻䒣䒦䒃䓉䔅䔭䓧䔬䔅䔭䔋䔠ᐸ࿦䒪㆙ᓕ㓌䓐ኋᴱ䒖䒚䒞䒭䒟䒢䒞䑴㩷
27
⊛ਛ┙䒪ၮ䒤䒐㚟䒒ᒁ䒎䒦䑳䒨䒠䓇䒭஥䒍ൎ䒣䒌ᚑ䓈ⴕ䒎䓐⷗቞䓈䑳䒅䈝䓊䒭⚿ᨐ䒪䓁஻䒉䓉䓁䒭䒦䒃䒢䒞䒭䒦
䒃䓋䒇䑴㩷
㚂㐳䒮䑳ᾫᘦ䒭ᧃ䑳ઍ⴫࿅䓐ᒝ䒅䒥৻䒣䒭᧦⚂䒪หᗧ䒖䒚䒞䑴䒔䒭᧦⚂䒭ਅ䒦䑳䓾䓙䓹䒮䑳䔞䓙䔊䔠㌂චਁᝈ䑳
ᄢ⎔ਃ⊖㐷䒋䓆䒲㊄⽻䒦ੑජਁ䔒䔨䓾䓐䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒪ਈ䒉䓉䒔䒧䒪หᗧ䒘䒞䑴䒘䒌䒘䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒪䓆䓉
⧷㗔䓙䔨䓾᡹᠄䒧䒅䒇㆙ᓕ㓌䒭Ꮕ䒘ᒰ䒞䒢䒥䒭⋡ᮡ䒮⎕✋䒘䑳䒔䒭េഥ䒍ⴕ䓍䓊䓉䒔䒧䒮䒩䒌䒢䒞䑴㚂㐳䒮䑳䓙䔨
䓾䓐᡹᠄䈜䓉䒔䒧䓐䒺䒭䓀䒌䒘䒞䒍䑳䒜䓊䒮䑳᡹᠄䓐వዉ䈜䓉䒞䓀䒪ൎ೑⠪䒦䒃䓉㆙ᓕ㓌䒍䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒪౉
䒢䒞ᓟ䒭䒔䒧䒪㒢䓇䓊䒥䒅䒞䑴྾྾㩷
䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒪䓆䓉⧷㗔䓙䔨䓾䒪ኻ䈜䓉᡹᠄䒧䒅䒇㆙ᓕ㓌䒭Ꮕ䒘ᒰ䒞䒢䒥䒭⋡ᮡ䒮⎕✋䒘䒞䒍䑳ቢో䒩ᄬᢌ
䒧䒅䒇䓍䒒䒦䓁䒩䒌䒢䒞䑴㆙ᓕ㓌䒮䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒭ㄭઍਥ⟵⠪䒪䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒍ㄭઍൻ䔌䔢䓥䔞䔕䒪⌕ᚻ䈜
䓉䒞䓀䒪䒮䑳䒽䈝䓙䓣䔟䓮䒭ᓇ㗀䒌䓇ቢో䒪⁛┙䒘䒩䒒䓊䒯䒩䓇䒩䒅䒧䒅䒇䒔䒧䓐⹺⼂䒖䒚䒞䑴㩷
䒔䓊䒮䓙䓣䔟䓮䔬䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨㑐ଥ䒭᡽ᴦ⊛ⷐ⚛䒪ᓇ㗀䓐෸䒻䒘䑳䓙䓣䔟䓮ァ䒭ᄢⷙᮨ䒩ಽ㆜㓌䒭䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮
䓴䔨࿖Ⴚ䒷䒭ዷ㐿䓐䓁䒞䓇䒘䒞䒍䑳䒔䒭ㇱ㓌䒮䑳䒖䓁䒩䒒䓊䒯䔝䔭䔢䓸䔆䒭ᚢ႐䒪ዷ㐿䒖䓊䒞䒌䓁䒘䓊䒩䒌䒢䒞䑴
䒔䒭䒔䒧䒮䑳㚂㐳䒍෺ᣇ䓐ᠲ䒢䒥ᤨ䓐Ⓙ䒅䒦䒅䒞䒔䒧䓐␜䒘䒥䒅䓉䑴㚂㐳䒮䑳⥄ಽ䒭ఱᒉ䒦䒃䓉䓿䓮䔠䓸䔞䔭䒪䓆
㩷㪘㪻㪸㫄㪼㪺㩷㪈㪐㪍㪎㪃㩷㫇㪅㩷㪐㪋㪅㩷
྾྾
26
䓊䑳ઁ䒭䔖䔨䔅䔭䒧䒘䒥䒮䓠䓭䔕䔬䔎䓙䕀䓟䓮䔓䔨䓽䔠䓨ੱ䕁䒋䓆䒲䔞䓭䔘䔬䔓䔍䔨䓾䔞䔬䔌䔞䓴䓸䔌྾৻䕀䓙䔨䓾ੱ䔇䔨䓾䓚
䔭ᢎᜰዉ⠪䕁䒍฽䒽䓊䒥䒅䒞䑴ᓐ╬䒮ධ⷏䓗䔊䔟䓠⼊ኤ䒭䓮䔢䔭䓶䔄䓸䓽䑳೙᦯䒋䓆䒲䔉䓮䓽䔠ੑᝈ䕀৻ᝈ䒮ᶏァ
↪䒭㐳䒅䓁䒭䕁䓐ⵝ⌕䒘䒥䒅䒞䑴྾ੑ㩷
ੑᐕ೨䒪᧲੩䓐⸰䓊䒥䒅䒞䔓䓛䔞䓿䔬䔅䔞䓠䓽䓚䓸䔞䔭䕀䓙䔨䓾ੱ䓙䓮䔞䔕ᢎᜰዉ⠪䕁䓁㆙ᓕ㓌䒭䔖䔨䔅䔭䒦䒃䒢
㩷 ᓐ╬䒍䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨⷏ㇱ䒭䔍䔞䔭䓽䒭⍮੐䒪ㄫ䒉䓇䓊䒞ᤨ䑳⍮੐䒮䒞䒟䒠䒪㆙ᓕ㓌䒭䒞䓀䒪ᣂ䒘䒅೙᦯䓐
䒞䑴㆙ᓕ㓌䒮৻਻৻੖ᐕ਻᦬䒪䓙䔞䔨䓐ㅢ䒢䒥䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒪౉䓈䑳৻਻৻౐ᐕ੖᦬ੑචੑᣣ䒽䒦⇐䒽䒢䒞䑴
྾ਃ
ᵈᢥ䒘䒞䑴ᓐ╬䒮䑳䒔䓊䒪䓆䓈⥄ಽ䒞䒠䒭ᆭ෩䒍䒃䓉⒟ᐲ࿁ᓳ䒖䓊䒞䒧⠨䒉䒞䑴㩷
䓾䓙䓹⊞Ꮲ䒦䒃䓉䔩䓘䔠䔍䔠䔕ੑ਎䒋䓆䒲䓟䓮䔓䔨䓽䔠䓨䒭䓮䔠䓴䔨䒦䒃䓉㪤㫆㪿㪸㫄㫄㪼㪻㩷㪩㪼㫊㪿㪸㪻㩷㪢㪿㪸㫄㪼㫊㩷䕀䔖䔊䔖䓽
੖਎䕁䒌䓇䒭ାછ⁁䓐៤䒉䒞䔍䔨䓻䓘䓸䔇䕐䔀䔭䓵䔭䔓䓙䔙䔭ઍ⴫࿅䒮䑳ቬᢎ⊛䒋䓆䒲㆏ᓼ⊛࿶ജ䓐↪䒅䒥䑳䒽
䒞䑳ァ੐䔬㊄Ⲣᡰេ䓐⚂᧤䒘䒥䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䓐ᚢ੎䒪ᒁ䒎ㄟ䓁䒇䒧䒘䒞䑴৻਻৻੖ᐕ਻᦬䒭ઍ⴫࿅䒭೔⌕೨
䒮䑳╙৻ᰴ਎⇇ᄢᚢਛ䒭䔄䔈䔋䓸䔞䔭䒭ห⋖࿖䒧䒭੤ᷤ䒮䈜䒸䒥䑳ᕟ䓇䒐䒮䑳න䒪䑳ㅢᏱ䒭䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒭Ⓧᭂ
྾৻
㩷䔌䔞䓴䓸䔌䒮䑳ᓟ䒪䓙䔨䓾ੱ䒭෻⧷ㆇേ䒪䒋䒅䒥㊀ⷐ䒩ᓎഀ䓐ᨐ䒞䈜䒔䒧䒧䒩䓈䑳ᓐ䒮䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒭࿖₺䒭෹ੱ䒧䒘䒥䑳ᣣᧄ䒭㕟๮ኅ䑳䓿䓬
䔜䓿䔟䓮䓽䒭Ꮒ㝫䒦䒃䓉㗡ጊḩ䒪⸷䒉䒌䒒䒞䑴㩷
྾ੑ
㩷
㪿㫋㫋㫇㪑㪆㪆㫎㫎㫎㪅㫊㪸㪺㫂㫋㫉㫀㪺㫂㪅㪺㫆㫄㪆㫀㪾㫌㪆㪾㪼㫉㫄㪸㫅㪺㫆㫃㫆㫅㫀㪸㫃㫌㫅㫀㪽㫆㫉㫄㫊㪆㫆㫋㪿㪼㫉㩼㪉㪇㪽㫉㫆㫅㫋㫊㪅㪿㫋㫄㩷
྾ਃ
㩷䓙䔞䔨䒭䔓䓬䔚䔄䓾䒭䓙䓣䔟䓮㗔੐㙚䒮䔍䔨䓻䓘䓸䔇䕐䔀䔭䓵䔭䔓䓙䔙䔭㆙ᓕ㓌䒪䒣䒅䒥ㅢႎ䓐ฃ䒒䒥䒋䓈䑳㆙ᓕ㓌䒍䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨࿖Ⴚ䒪೔㆐䒘䒞
ᤨ䒪䒮䑳䔖䔨䔅䔭䒮ⵝ஻䒋䓆䒲೙᦯䓐䈜䒸䒥ᅓ䓍䓊䒥䒅䒞䑴㩷
25
ᗲ䑺䒧๭䒯䓊䒞⧷ሼᣂ⡞䓐᧲੩䒦⊒ⴕ䒘䒞䑴㩷䒔䓊䒮䑳᳢䓙䓮䔞䔕ਥ⟵਌䒣᳢䓗䓭䓗ਥ⟵䒭ୃㄉ䒭ଦㅴ䓐⋡ᜰ䒘
䒞䓁䒭䒦䒃䒢䒞䒍䑳⧷࿖䒭ᛥ࿶䒪䒃䒢䒥䑳䒽䓁䒩䒐⚳ᱛ╓䓐ᛂ䒣䒔䒧䒪䒩䒢䒞䑴㩷䒘䒌䒘䒩䒍䓇䑳䒜䒭㗃䑳䓙䓮䔞䔕
⻉࿖䒭ᄢㇱಽ䒮᰷☨䒭ᡰ㈩ਅ䒪䒃䒢䒞䒭䒦䑳ᣣᧄ䒧䒭ᄖ੤㑐ଥ䓐⸳┙䒘䒥䒅䒩䒌䒢䒞䑴㩷
㩷㩷 ᳢䓙䓮䔞䔕⊛䑳䒜䒘䒥᳢䓗䓭䓗⊛ੱ‛䒭䒩䒌䒦䑳⋥ធ䒽䒞䒮㑆ធ⊛䒪䓠䔋䔭䔠䒧㑐ㅪ䒘䒞ੱ䒞䒠䒭↢ᶦ䒪䒣䒅
䒥䒮ᓟ䒦⹦䒘䒐⺞ᩏ䈜䓉䑴㩷
㩷
ḩɬʟɶʕʃʉʽȾȝȤɞʒʵɽˁʓɮʎΈኮ‫ي‬ ᳢䓙䓮䔞䔕ㆇേ䒍䓙䓮䔞䔕ᢎᓤ਎⇇䒦ᚑ㐳䈜䓉䒭䒪઻䒅䑳䓽䔠䓨䒧䓾䓙䓹䒮䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒋䓆䒲䔏䔠䓬䔘䒌䓇
ᡰេ䓐ᒁ䒎಴䒜䒇䒧Ⓧᭂ⊛䒪േ䒅䒞䑴䓾䓙䓹ෳ⻎ᧄㇱ䒮䑳⧷㗔䓙䔨䓾䓐㕟๮ൻ䒘䒥䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒪䓙䔨䓾䓐
᡹᠄䈜䓉䓆䒇઀ะ䒒䓉䒧䒧䓁䒪䑳䓟䓮䔓䔨Ꮲ࿖䒌䓇䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒽䒦䒭ᯅ䒧䒘䒥䓙䔞䔨䓐⏕଻䈜䓉⋡⊛䒦䑳৻਻
৻྾ᐕ౎᦬䒪䔍䔨䓻䓘䓸䔇䕐䔀䔭䓵䔭䔓䓙䔙䔭䕀㪟㪼㫅㫋㫀㪾䑄㪥㫀㪼㪻㪼㫉㫄㪸㫐㪼㫉䕁㆙ᓕ㓌䓐⠨䒉಴䒘䒞䑴྾䇳㩷 ࿅䒮䑳ੑੱ䒭
䓾䓙䓹ੱ䑄䔩䓜䔠䓿䔭䔬䓟䓸䓽䔭䔬䔊䓞䔨䔬䔍䔨䓻䓘䓸䔇ਛዄ䒋䓆䒲䓟䓮䓠䔭䔬䔊䓞䔨䔬䔀䔭䓵䔭䔓䓙䔙䔭䑄䒪䓆䓈₸䒅䓇
྾䇳
㩷䔀䔭䓵䔭䔓䓙䔙䔭䒮╙ੑᰴ਎⇇ᄢᚢਛ䒪዁ቭ䒪᣹ㅴ䒘䒞䑴䓿䓶䒭ᢌർ䒪㓙䒘䒥䔎䔠䔟䔨䒦᝝䓇䒉䓇䓊䑳䒜䒭ᓟ䔢䓬䓗䒦᝝䓇䓍䓊䒭り䒭䒽䒽ᱫ੢
䒘䒞䑴㩷
24
䒮䑳㕟๮ᕁᗐ໒㆏⠪䒪䒧䒢䒥⸅ᇦ䒦䒃䒢䒞䑴䒔䒭䓆䒇䒩㕟๮ኅ䒭৻ੱ䒧䒘䒥䑳৻਻৻ਃᐕ੖᦬䒪᧲੩䒪⿞䒅䒞䔓
䓛䔞䓿䔬䔅䔞䓠䓽䓚䓸䔞䔭䒧๭䒯䓊䓉䓙䔨䓾ੱ䓙䓮䔞䔕ᢎᓤ䒍䒅䓉䑴㩷
㩷 ƕ෱ɮʃʳʪ˿ᏲȻ෱ɬʂɬ˿ᏲɁ૬‫כ‬ᐐᤎ 䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䑳䓙䔞䔨䑳䓽䔠䓨䒪䒋䒒䓉ᗲ࿖ਥ⟵⊛䒩ᔃᖱ䓐
ᅗ⿠䒖䒚䓉䒔䒧䒮䒖䒥䒋䒎䑳᰷☨䒭ᬀ᳃࿾ਥ⟵䒪ኻ᛫䈜䓉ᣣᧄ䒍䔢䓬䓗䒪ൎ೑䒘䒞䒧䒅䒇䒔䒧䒮䑳⷏஥⻉࿖䒪
ᡰ㈩䒖䓊䒥䒅䒞䓙䓮䔞䔕⟲ⴐ䒪ኻ䒘䑳ᣣᧄ䒮䑹䓙䓮䔞䔕䒭ᢇ਎ਥ䑺䒃䓉䒅䒮䑹䓗䓭䓗䒭ᢇ਎ਥ䑺䒪䓁䒩䓈䒉䓉䒧䒅䒇
䒔䒧䓐ᗧ๧䒘䒞䑴㩷 ታ㓙䑳᣿ᴦᤨઍ䒭ᣂ䒘䒅ᕁᗐ䒦䒃䓉䑳․ቯ䒭ಽ㊁䒭ੱ䒞䒠䒭㑆䒦䒮䑳䓙䓮䔞䔕ᢥ᣿䓐ᛕ್䈜
䓉䒔䒧䒮᰷☨䒭Ꮲ࿖ਥ⟵䓐ᱜᒰൻ䈜䓉䒪ㆊ䒏䒩䒅䒧䒅䒇ᕁᗐ䒍䒃䒢䒞䒞䓀䑳ᣣᧄ䒮ਔᣇ䒭ᄢ⟵䓐ᨐ䒞䈜䒔䒧䒍
಴᧪䓉䒧ା䒙䓇䓊䒥䒅䒞䑴㩷䒔䒭䓆䒇䒩ਛ䒦䑳ᣣᧄੱ䒭᳢䓗䓭䓗ਥ⟵䒪ኻ䈜䓉⺰⼏䒮䑳䒜䒭࿾ၞ䒭᳢䓙䓮䔞䔕ਥ
⟵䒭ખ㑆㆐䒪ㅪ៤䓐ଦ䈜䒔䒧䒪䒩䓈䑳䓠䔋䔭䔠䑳䓙䓮䓴䔨䔋䔭䔠䑳䔖䓸䓠䑳䔖䓼䓘䓿䑳䓪䔨䔊䔞䔨䓬䓮䓨䑳᧲੩䒪㓸
⚿䈜䓉䒔䒧䒪䒩䒢䒞䑴㩷䓙䓮䔞䔕⻉࿖䒮䑳࿖䒭⷏ᵗൻ䔬䔝䔭䔢䓸䔆ൻ䒪ኻ䒘䒥㕖Ᏹ䒪ᛕ್⊛䒦䒃䓈䑳ᄙ䒐䒭⍮⼂ੱ
㆐䒮䑳䓢䔟䓮䓽ᢎ䒪ᡷቬ䈜䓉䒔䒧䓁䒩䒐䑳⁛⥄䒭ᢥൻ᭴ㅧ䓐ᄬ䓍䒩䒌䒢䒞ᣣᧄ䓐䑳ᮨ▸䒧䈜䒸䒎࿖䒭৻䒣䒧䒘䒥
䒾䒥䒅䒞䑴㩷䓝䓭䔌䓽䒭䔕䓮䓴䔊䓖䔬䓠䔔䔭䔠䒧䓗䔄䔓䓾䔬䔊䓖䓯䔟䔬䒸䓥䑳䓽䔠䓨䒭䔖䔊䔖䓾䔬䓗䓢䔊䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒭䔓䔊
䔕䔭䓾䔬䓴䔠䓯䓘䔭䑳⧷㗔䓙䔨䓾䒭䔓䓛䔞䓿䔬䔅䔞䓠䓽䓚䓸䔞䔭䑳䔢䓬䓗䒭䓴䓴䔭䔠ੱ䒦䒃䓉䓗䔋䓾䔠䔬䔞䓬䔭䓾䔬䓙䔋
䔞䔇䔕䓇䒍䑳䒜䒭䓙䓮䔞䔕⍮⼂ੱ䒦䒃䓈䑳䒜䒭䒇䒠䒭䑳䒸䓥䑳䔅䔞䓠䓽䓚䔭䔞䑳䓙䔋䔞䔇䔕䒮䑳ታ㓙䒪䑹䓙䓮䔞䔕ห⢩
23
䓉䒔䒧䒍಴᧪䓉࿖䒦䒃䓉䒧䒾䒩䒘䒞䑴ਃ৾㩷䒜䒭⚿ᨐ䑳ㄭઍਥ⟵⠪䒧᳃ᣖਥ⟵⠪䒮䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒧ᣣᧄ䒧䒭㑆
䒪ᱜᑼ䒩⺈ᗧ䒃䓉㑐ଥ䓐⏕┙䈜䓉䒔䒧䓐ᦸ䓑䒟䑴䒖䓇䒪䑳ㄭઍਥ⟵⠪䒪䒧䒢䒥䑳ᣣᧄ䒮䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒭᣿⏕䒩
䔗䓼䔠䒦䒃䒢䒞䑴䒧䒅䒇䒭䓁䑳ᣣᧄ䒮䑳⁛┙䒋䓆䒲⥄↱䒧䒅䒇ᒝ࿕䒩࿯บ䓁ᜬ䒢䒥䒅䒞䒌䓇䒦䒃䓉䑴ਃ౎㩷
䒖䓇䒪䑳ᣣ㔺ᚢ੎䒋䓆䒲䒜䒭ᓟ䒭৻਻䇳੖ᐕ䒪䒮䒙䒽䒢䒞䔢䓬䓗㕟๮䒮䑳䓗䓭䓗䒪↟ᄢ䒩ᓇ㗀䓐෸䒻䒘䑳䓟䓮
䔓䔨Ꮲ࿖䑳䔏䔠䓬䔘䑳ਛ࿖䑳䔗䔨䓩䔠䑳䓙䔨䓾䒋䓆䒲䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒪䒋䒅䒥᡽ᖱਇ቟䓐Ⴧᄢ䒖䒚䑳᳃ᣖਥ⟵䒋䓆䒲ᡷ
㕟ਥ⟵䒭൓䒅䓐ᒝ䓀䒞䑴ᄙಽ䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒭᳃ᣖਥ⟵䒭හᐳ䒭㜞឴䒭ᦨᄢ䒭ᒁ䒎㊄䒪䒩䒢䒞䒭䒮䑳䔄䔈䔋䓸䔞
䔭㚂㐳䒍ද⼏䒖䒉䓁ฃ䒒䒩䒌䒢䒞৻਻䇳৾ᐕ䒭⧷㔺දቯ䒦䒃䒢䒞䒟䓋䒇䑴ਃ਻㩷
䒔䓊䒮䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒭⁛┙䒭዁᧪ᕈ䒪䒣䒅䒥 ᔨ䓐ᛴ䒅䒥䒅䒞䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒭᳃ᣖਥ⟵⠪䒪䒧䒢䒥ⴣ᠄䒦䒃
䒢䒞䑴ᓐ╬䒮䑳䒔䒭දቯ䓐䑳┹੎䈜䓉ਔᏢ࿖䒭㑆䒭વ⛔⊛䒩᡹᠄⊛ኻ┙㑐ଥ䓐੐ታ਄⸃ᶖ䒖䒚䓉䓁䒭䒦䒃䓉䒧
䒾䒩䒘䑳䒌䒣䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒪䒧䒢䒥䒮ኂ䒪䒘䒌䒩䓇䒩䒅ᣂ䒞䒩දቯ䒭಴⃻䓐ଦ䈜䓁䒭䒧⠨䒉䒞䑴㩷
䈜䒸䒥䒭஥䒌䓇䒭ᄖ੤਄䒭േ䒎䒍Ⴧᄢ䒘䑳䓗䓭䓗䒭䓙䓮䔞䔕ᢎ⻉࿖䒭ਇ቟䒍㜞䒽䓉ਛ䒦䑳ᣣᧄ䒭ㄭઍൻ䒭ᚑഞ
ਃ৾
㩷㪪㪺㪿㫀㫅㪸㫊㫀㪃㩷㪤㪸㫐㪅㩷㪘㪽㪾㪿㪸㫅㫀㫊㫋㪸㫅㩷㪸㫋㩷㫋㪿㪼㩷㪙㪼㪾㫀㫅㫅㫀㫅㪾㩷㫆㪽㩷㫋㪿㪼㩷㪫㫎㪼㫅㫋㫀㪼㫋㪿㩷㪚㪼㫅㫋㫌㫉㫐㪑㩷㪥㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅㪸㫃㫀㫊㫄㩷㪸㫅㪻㩷㫁㫆㫌㫉㫅㪸㫃㫀㫊㫄㩷㫀㫅㩷㪘㪽㪾㪿㪸㫅㫀㫊㫋㪸㫅㪒㩷㪘㩷㪪㫋㫌㪻㫐㩷㫆㪽㩷㪪㪼㫉㪸㫁㩷㫌㫃㪄㪘㫂㪿㪹㪸㫉㩷
㩿㪈㪐㪈㪈㪄㪈㪐㪈㪏㪀㪃㩷㩿㪥㪸㫇㫃㪼㫊㪑㩷㪠㫅㫊㫋㫀㫋㫌㫋㫆㩷㪬㫅㫀㫍㪼㫉㫊㫀㫋㪸㫉㫀㫆㩷㪦㫉㫀㪼㫅㫋㪸㫃㪼㪃㩷㪈㪐㪎㪐㪀㪅㩷㩷㩷
ਃ౎
㩷㪪㪼㫉㪸㫁㪄㫌㫃㩷㪘㫂㪿㪹㪸㫉㪃㩷㪊㫉㪻㩷㪰㪼㪸㫉㪃㩷㪥㫆㪅㪉㪃㩷㫇㪅㩷㪎㪄㪏㪅㩷
ਃ਻
㩷䒔䒭දቯ䒮䑳䑹ਛᄩ䓗䓭䓗䒭ਔ࿖䒜䓊䒝䓊䒭࿖Ⴚ䒪䒋䒒䓉ቢో䒩቟ో䓐⏕଻䒘䑳䒌䒣䑳⏕࿕䒧䒘䒞᳗⛯⊛ᐔ๺䓐䒔䒭࿾ၞ䒪⛽ᜬ䈜䓉䑺䒞䓀䒪䑳
৻਻䇳৾ᐕ౎᦬ਃච৻ᣣ䒪䔢䓬䓗䒧䓙䓣䔟䓮䒧䒭㑆䒦✦⚿䒖䓊䒞䑴䔄䔈䔋䓸䔞䔭㚂㐳䒮䑳䒔䒭੤ᷤ䒪䒣䒅䒥⍮䓇䒖䓊䒥䒋䓇䈝䑳䒔䓊䓐䑳㑐ଥ࿖䒧
䓈䓍䒒䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䓐㒰ᄖ䒘䒥䒔䒭࿾ၞ䒭໧㗴䓐ಣℂ䈜䓉⹜䒾䒧䒾䒩䒘䒞䑴㩷
22
䒲ജ䑄․䒪ァ੐ജ䑄䒭ㅊ᳞䒪ኻ䈜䓉䓙䓮䔞䔕ᢎ⻉࿖䒭േຬ䓐ᗐቯ䒘䒞䑴䒖䓇䒪䑳䓗䔊䓡䔭䔀䔭䒪䓆䓉ో䓙䓮䔞䔕
ᢎ⻉࿖䒭⁛┙䒭ਥᒛ䒮䑳䒅䓍䓄䓉䑹䓙䓮䔞䔕ᢎ᳃ᣖਥ⟵䑺䒭⊒ዷ䒭ਥⷐ䒩ⷐ࿃䒦䒃䓈䑳䓙䔨䓾੝ᄢ㒽䒪䒋䒒䓉䔗䔄
䔓䓾䔬䓙䓤䔅䔠䑳䔗䔄䔓䓾䔬䓗䔟䔬䓭䔨䓿䔭䒋䓆䒲䓗䔋䔠䔬䓠䔞䔕䔬䓗䓫䓾䑳䓟䓮䔓䔨䓽䔠䓨䒪䒋䒒䓉䓪䓙䓾䔬䔁䔠䓬䒋䓆䒲䔖
䔊䔖䓽䔬䓗䔭䓢䔊䔬䓝䔠䓲䓙䒧䒅䒢䒞䓙䓮䔞䔕ᢎ䒭ੱ‛䒪ᓇ㗀䓐ਈ䒉䒞䑴䓗䔠䔬䓗䔊䓡䔭䔀䔭䒮䑳䓗䓭䓗䒋䓆䒲䓗䔊䔟䓠
䒭෺ᣇ䒪䒋䒒䓉⥄↱ㆇേ䒭వ㚟⠪䒦䒃䓉䒧⠨䒉䓇䓊䒥䒅䓉䑴㩷
䓴䔠䓯䓘䔭䒮䑳䓗䔊䓡䔭䔀䔭䒭⺑ᓧജ䒭䒃䓉䓙䓼䓟䔢䓣䔭䒭᦭⢻䒩䔖䓸䓰䔨䓭䔘䔭䒪䒩䒢䒞䑴䓴䔠䓯䓘䔭䒮䔄䔈䔋䓸
䔞䔭㚂㐳䒭ሶᕷ䓗䔓䔁䓸䔞䔭䒋䓆䒲䓝䓿䔙䓽䓚䔭䔞䒭ᜰዉ⠪䒦䒃䓈䑳ੑੱ䒧䓁䓴䔠䓯䓘䔭䒭ᆷ䒧⚿ᇕ䒘䒞䑴ῳⷫ
䒭ᓟ䓐⛮䒅䒟䓗䔓䔁䓸䔞䔭䒮䑳․䒪䑳䓴䔠䓯䓘䔭䒭ㄭઍൻ䒭ାᔨ䒪䒣䒅䒥䒭⠨䒉ᣇ䒋䓆䒲ᣣᧄ䒭વ⛔䓐቞䓈䒩䒍䓇
䒭ㄭઍൻ䒭⹜䒾䒪䒣䒅䒥䒭ᅢᗧ⊛䒩ᗧ⷗䒭ᓇ㗀䓐ฃ䒒䒥䒅䓉䑴㩷
ᣣ㔺ᚢ੎䒭⋥ᓟ䑳䔄䔈䔋䓸䔞䔭࿖₺䒮䑳䓴䔠䓯䓘䔭䒪䒃䓉ᧄ䓐䓽䔠䓨⺆䒌䓇䔏䔠䓬䔘⺆䒪⠡⸶䒖䒚䑳䒔䒭ᧄ䒮䑳䓗
䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨ੱ䒭⺒⠪䒪ᒝ䒅᳗⛯⊛䒩ශ⽎䓐ᱷ䒘䒞䑴䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒪䒋䒅䒥䒮䑳ㄭઍਥ⟵⠪䒋䓆䒲᳃ᣖਥ⟵⠪䒭
䓇䈝䑳⍮⼂ੱ䒭㑆䒦ᐢ䒐⺒䒽䓊䒞䑴ᓐ╬䒮䑳ㄭઍൻ䈜䓉䒧หᤨ䒪䒜䒭વ⛔䑳᳃ᣖᢥൻ䒋䓆䒲ำਥ೙䓐⛽ᜬ䈜
䓴䔠䓯䓘䔭䒮䑳ᣣ㔺ᚢ੎䒪㑐䈜䓉䓽䔠䓨⺆䒭ේᧄ䓐࿾ర䒭䓵䔟⺆䒪⠡⸶䒘䒞䒍䑳䒔䓊䒮䑳䔄䔈䔋䓸䔞䔭㚂㐳䒭䒾䒩
෺ᣇ䒍ᣣ㔺ᚢ੎䒪䒋䒒䓉ᣣᧄ䒭ൎ೑䒪ᷓ䒐ᗵ㌏䓐ฃ䒒䒞䑴䒔䒧䒪䒜䓊䒍䓗䓭䓗ੱ䒪䓆䓉䓁䒭䒟䒢䒞䒌䓇䒦䒃䓉䑴
21
䔋䕁䑺䈜䒩䓍䒠䑹ᚢ੎䒭㗔ၞ䑺䒧䒽䒦๭䓑䒟䑴ਃ੖㩷
䓴䔠䓯䓘䔭䒮䑳䓗䔠䔬䓗䔊䓡䔭䔀䔭䒧๭䒯䓊䓉䓪䓙䓾䔬䓭䔘䔓䔠䓼䓘䔨䔬䓗䔊䓡䔭䔀䔭䒭ᕁᗐ䒪ᄢ䒎䒩ᓇ㗀䓐ฃ䒒
䒞䑴䓗䔠䔬䓗䔊䓡䔭䔀䔭䒮䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒭䓤䓿䔭䔠䒭䓗䓪䓵䔅䔭䓾࿾඙䒪৻౎ਃ౎ᐕ䒪↢䒽䓊䑳৻౎਻৾ᐕ䒪䓨
䔨䓮䓴䔨䓶䔃䔭䔌䔠䒦੢䒐䒩䒢䒞䑴䓙䔨䓾䑳䓙䔞䔨䑳䓽䔠䓨䑳ਛ᧲䒋䓆䒲䔝䔭䔢䓸䔆䓐ᣏ䒘䒞䓗䔠䔬䓗䔊䓡䔭䔀䔭䒮䑳ᧄ
⾰⊛䒪᳢䓙䓮䔞䔕ਥ⟵䒭ഃᆎ⠪䒦䒃䒢䒞䑴⪺ฬ䒩䓙䓮䔞䔕ቇ⠪䒦䒃䓈䑳ㆊỗ䒩෻ᬀ᳃࿾ਥ⟵䒋䓆䒲෻⛘ኻਥ⟵
䒭ᾜേኅ䒦䒃䒢䒞ᓐ䒮䑳䓙䓮䔞䔕ᢎᓤ䒭਎ⷅำਥ䒧ⴣ⓭䒘䒞䑴ᓐ䒮䑳৻౎౎ਃᐕ䔆䔟䒪䒋䒒䓉䔊䔞䔨䓮䒭ືቇ⠪䔬
ᱧผኅ䔬ታ⸽ਥ⟵⠪䓝䔠䔂䓮䓽䔬䔠䓿䔨䒧䒭⺰੎䒪䒋䒅䒥䑳䓙䓮䔞䔕䒧ㄭઍൻ䒭㕖ਔ┙ᕈ䒪㑐䈜䓉䔠䓿䔨䒭⷗⸃䓐
⺰⎕䒘䑳䔆䔟䒭⍮⊛㓸࿅䒭㑆䒦ฬჿ䓐⏕┙䒘䒞䑴ਃ౐㩷䔠䓿䔨䒮ᓟ䒪ᰴ䒭䓆䒇䒪ᦠ䒅䒥䒅䓉䑴䑹ᓐ䒭ᕁᗐ䒭⥄↱䑳ᓐ
䒭㜞ẖ䒦⺈ታ䒩ᕈᩰ䒮䑳ᚒ䇱䒭ળ⹤䒭㑆䒪䑳⑳䒭ฎ䒅⍮ੱ䒭৻ੱ䑄䓗䔈䓰䔨䓿䕀䓙䔋䔨䔬䓬䔭䓿䔭䕁䑳䓗䓛䓜䔢䓝䓮
䕀䓙䔋䔨䔬䔠䓬䔚䓾䕁䒽䒞䒮੖਎♿䒪䓍䒞䒢䒥ੱ㑆䒭♖␹䒭વ⛔䓐ઍ⴫䒘䒞உᄢ䒩⇣ᢎᓤ䒭೎䒭৻ੱ䑄䒍⑳䒭೨䒪
⯃䒢䒞䒧ᕁ䓍䒚䒞䑴䑺㩷
䓗䔊䓡䔭䔀䔭䒭᳢䓙䓮䔞䔕ᢎ䒪䒌䒌䓉᡽ᴦ⊛䓙䔀䓬䓗䓶䔋䒪䒋䒅䒥䒮䑳ㄭઍᛛⴚ䓐ㅢ䒙䒞⷏ᵗ䒭Ꮲ࿖ਥ⟵䒋䓆
ਃ੖
㩷㪥㪸㫎㫀㪻㪃㩷㪪㪼㫅㫑㫀㫃㩷㪢㪅㩷㪩㪼㫃㫀㪾㫀㫆㫌㫊㩷㪩㪼㫊㫇㫆㫅㫊㪼㩷㫋㫆㩷㪪㫆㪺㫀㪸㫃㩷㪚㪿㪸㫅㪾㪼㩷㫀㫅㩷㪘㪽㪾㪿㪸㫅㫀㫊㫋㪸㫅㩷㪈㪐㪈㪐㪄㪉㪐㪑㩷㪢㫀㫅㪾㩷㪘㫄㪸㫅㪄㪘㫃㫃㪸㪿㩷㪸㫅㪻㩷㫋㪿㪼㩷㪘㪽㪾㪿㪸㫅㩷㪬㫃㪸㫄㪸㪅㩷㩿㪚㫆㫊㫋㪸㩷㪤㪼㫊㪸㪑㩷㪤㪸㫑㪻㪸㩷
㪧㫌㪹㫃㫀㫊㪿㪼㫉㫊㪃㩷㪠㫅㪺㪅㪃㩷㪈㪐㪐㪐㪀㪃㩷㫇㪅㩷㪊㪏㪅㩷
ਃ౐
㩷㪥㪅㪩㪅㩷㪢㪼㪻㪻㫀㪼㪃㩷㪘㫅㩷㪠㫊㫃㪸㫄㫀㪺㩷㪩㪼㫊㫇㫆㫅㫊㪼㩷㫋㫆㩷㪠㫄㫇㪼㫉㫀㪸㫃㫀㫊㫄㪃㩷 ৻౎౎ਃᐕ੖᦬ච౎ᣣઃ 㪡㫆㫌㫉㫅㪸㫃㩷㪻㪼㫊㩷㪛㪼㪹㪸㫋㫊䒭䔠䓿䔨䒪ኻ䈜䓉䓭䔘䔓䔠䓼䓘䔨䒭࿁╵㩷
20
㔺ᚢ੎䒪䒋䒒䓉ᣣᧄ䒭ൎ೑䒪ኻ䈜䓉⌀៼䒩ᢘᗧ䒌䓇䑳ᣣᧄ䒪ᣏⴕ䒘䓆䒇䒧䒘䒞䒭䒦䒃䓉䑴㩷
㩷
ḨஓటɁӫҟȝɛɆ෢஋˿ᏲɁիᭀ 䓰䔞䔭䓭䔚䔠䔬䓗䔊䔅䔭䔠䕀䑹䔀䔚䔭䓮䒭Ἦ䑺䕁䒮䑳䓨䔨䓮䓴䔨䓶䔃䔭䔌䔠䒋䓆䒲䓵䔓䓮䓠䓮䒪૗ᐕ䓁૑䓑䒟⸥⠪౗䓭䔘
䔭䓿䔟䓮䓽䒦䒃䓉᦭⢻䒩䔓䔊䔕䔭䓾䔬䓴䔠䓯䓘䔭䒭ਅ䒦䑳৻਻৻৻ᐕ䒪䓠䔋䔭䔠䒦⊒ೀ䒖䓊䒞ㄭઍ⊛䒦䑳᳃ᣖਥ
⟵⊛਌䒣䑳෻Ꮲ࿖ਥ⟵䒭ᣂ⡞䒦䒃䒢䒞䑴䓰䔞䔭䓭䔚䔠䔬䓗䔊䔅䔭䔠䒮䑳䓽䔠䓨䑳䓨䔭䓠䓪䓮䑳䓽䔠䓢䓮䓴䔨䑳䓙䔨䓾䒋䓆
䒲ᣣᧄ䒧䒅䒢䒞࿾ၞ䒦⺒䒽䓊䒞䑴ห⚕䒮䑳ㄭઍൻ䒪㊀ὐ䓐⟎䒎䑳䓗䔖䔟䓠䒋䓆䒲ᣣᧄ䓐䔝䔭䔢䓸䔆䔬䔗䓼䔠䒭ઍ䓍
䓈䒧䒩䓉᦭ല䒩ㅴᱠ䒭ේേജ䒧䒾䒥䒅䒞䑴䓴䔠䓯䓘䔭䒮䑳⛘䒉㑆䒩䒅䓙䓣䔟䓮䒋䓆䒲Ꮲ᡽䔢䓬䓗䒭᡹൓䓐᠄ㅌ䈜
䓉䒞䓀䒪䑳․䒪䒔䒭䒔䒧䓐ᒝ⺞䒘䒞䑴䒩䒌䓑䈝䒐ᓐ䒮䑳ో䓗䓭䓗⻉࿖䒭⊒ዷ䒭䒞䓀䒭䔗䓼䔠䒧䒘䒥䒭ᣣᧄ䓐ᒝ⺞
䒘䑳ᣣᧄੱ䒮䑳䔝䔭䔢䓸䔆䒭ㅴᱠ䓐ౣ⃻䒘䓆䒇䒧ᦸ䒾䒣䒣䓁䑳⥄ಽ䒞䒠䒭⠌ᘠ䉇↢ᵴ᭽ᑼ䓐ᄬ䓍䒩䒌䒢䒞䒧⺑᣿
䒘䒞䑴৻਻৻਻ᐕ䒪䓴䔠䓯䓘䔭䒮ᄖോᄢ⤿䒧䒩䓈䑳䓗䔓䔁䓸䔞䔭࿖₺䒭ਅ䒦ᣣᧄ䒧䒭㑆䒪ੑ࿖㑆㑐ଥ䓐᮸┙䒘
䓆䒇䒧⹜䒾䒞䑴ㆮᙝ䒩䒔䒧䒪䑳ᣣᧄ஥䒮䓙䓣䔟䓮䒌䓇ਇᒰ䒩ഥ⸒䓐ฃ䒒䑳ᄖ੤⊛䒩ធ⸅䓐ㆃ䓇䒚䒞䑴㩷
䓰䔞䔭䓭䔚䔠䔬䓗䔊䔅䔭䔠䒮䑳䓟䓮䔓䔨Ꮲ࿖䒪ᷓ↟䒩หᖱ䓐⴫᣿䒘䑳⧷㗔䓙䔨䓾䓐䑹㪻㪸㫉䑄㪸㫃㩷㪿㪸㫉㪹䕀䓵䔭䔠䔬䓗䔠䔄䔠
19
䓆䒲㒽ァ჻ቭቇᩞ䓐⸰䓊䑳ᩞ㐳䒧ᤤ㘩䓐౒䒪䒘䒞䑴䒖䓇䒪䑳ਥⷐ䒩ᶏァᎿᑚ䓐⸰䓊䑳ᶏァม઎㐳ቭ਄᧛ᒾਯ
਒ឭ〈䒪ᤤ㘩䒦䓁䒥䒩䒖䓊䒞䑴㒽ᶏァᄢ⤿ᅏ㑆ષῲ䑳᧲ㇹᐔ౎㇢ឭ〈䒋䓆䒲ᅏ䑳ਫᧁਔᄢ዁䒧ળ⷗䒘䒞䑴᧲
ㇹឭ〈䒮ᣣᧄᶏᶏᚢ䕀৻਻䇳੖ᐕ䕁䑳ਫᧁᄢ዁䒮ᣏ㗅᡹⇛䕀৻਻䇳੖ᐕ䕁䒭䒜䓊䒝䓊⧷㓶䒦䒃䒢䒞䑴ਃ྾㩷
዁ァ䒮䑳ਥੱᓎ䓐ോ䓀䒞ੱ䇱䒪ኻ䈜䓉౒ᗵ䒧ᢘᗧ䒭䒘䓉䒘䒧䒘䒥䑳ੑ⊖౞䕀⃻࿷䒋䓆䒜⊖౐චਁ౞⋧ᒰ䕁䓐
᧲੩ᑄ౓㒮䒪ነઃ䒘䒞䑴หᣉ⸳䒮ᣣ㔺ᚢ੎䒦㓚ኂ⠪䒧䒩䒢䒞౓჻䒭䒞䓀䒭∛⥢䒦䑳৻਻䇳৾ᐕ䒪ᷦ⼱඙䒪⸳
┙䒖䓊䑳ᓟ䒪Ꮍ㡞䒪⒖䒢䒞䑴㩷
䓗䔛䔋䒮䑳䓗䔋䓾䓚䔠䔬䔞䔊䔓䔭䔨㚂㐳䉇䒜䒭ᓥఱᒉ䒦ᓟ⛮⠪䒭䔄䔈䔋䓸䔞䔭㚂㐳䒭ਥᒛ䓐᳿䒘䒥ฃ䒒౉䓊䒩䒌
䒢䒞䑴䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒧䓙䓣䔟䓮䒧䒭㑆䒭䑹᳗㆙䒭ᐔ๺䒋䓆䒲෹ᅢ䑺䓐⏕┙䈜䓉䓡䔨䓾䔓䓤᧦⚂䒪৻౎৾਻ᐕ੖᦬
ੑච౐ᣣ䒪⟑ฬ䒘䒞䒭䒮䑳䓗䔛䔋䒭ఱᒉ䒦䒃䓉䔙䓤䔋䔬䔄䔭䔨䒦䒃䒢䒞䑴ో㕙⊛䒩䓙䓣䔟䓮䒭ᡰេ䒭⷗㄰䓈䒪⟑ฬ
䒖䓊䒞䒔䒭᧦⚂䒮䑳䑹䓙䓣䔟䓮᡽ᐭ䒭ᔘ๔䒋䓆䒲ᦸ䒾䒪ᓥ䒢䒥ᄖ੤㑐ଥ䓐▽䒐䑺䒔䒧䓐䔙䓤䔋䔬䔄䔭䔨䒪⟵ോઃ䒒
䒞䑴䓗䔋䓾䓚䔠䔬䔞䔊䔓䔭䔨䒮䑳䓗䔛䔋዁ァ䓐⧷㗔䓙䔨䓾䒪ㅊ᡼䒘䒞䑴৻਻䇳৾ᐕ䒪䔄䔈䔋䓸䔞䔭㚂㐳䒍⧷㗔䓙䔨䓾
䒪౏ᑼ⸰໧䓐ⴕ䒢䒞㓙䑳䓗䔛䔋዁ァ䒍䔝䔭䔢䓸䔆䒭࿖䒽䒞䒮䓗䔖䔟䓠䒪ᣏⴕ䈜䓉䓆䒇ភ⟎䒖䓊䒞䑴዁ァ䒍⁁ᴫ䓐
ᷙੂ䒖䒚䒥ᮭജ䓐ᅓข䒘䓆䒇䒧䒘䒥䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒪ᚯ䓉䒭䒦䒮䒩䒅䒌䒧䒭 ᔨ䒌䓇䒦䒃䒢䒞䑴䓗䔛䔋዁ァ䒮䑳ᣣ
㩷 ᣿ᴦᄤ⊞䒭ᄢ⫋ᒰᣣ䒭৻਻৻ੑᐕ਻᦬චਃᣣ䑳ਫᧁᄢ዁䒮ᔘ⺈ᔃ䒌䓇䑳ᆄ䒧䒧䓁䒪᣿ᴦᄤ⊞䒭ᓟ䓐ㅊ䒅⥄಺䒘䒞䑴㩷
ਃ྾
18
䒩ᢌർ䓐ⵍ䒢䒥䒅䒞䑴䓙䓣䔟䓮䒮╙৻ᰴ⧷䔬䓗䔊䓡䔨ᚢ੎䕀৻౎ਃ౎㪄྾ੑᐕ䕁䒪䒋䒒䓉Ꮲ࿖䒧䒘䒥䒭ᦨೋ䒭ᢌർ
䒪䓆䒢䒥䑳ว⸘৻ਁ౐ජฬ䒭౓჻䓐ᄬ䒅䑳↢ሽ⠪䒮䔋䔞䓙䓾䔨ァක৻ੱ䒦䒃䒢䒞䑴䒔䒭ᚢ㑵䒮䑹ᱫ䒭ⴕㅴ䑺䒧๭䒯
䓊䑳⧷஥䒮ੑජਁ䔒䔨䓾䒭಴⾌䓐ᒝ䒅䓇䓊䑳䒜䓊䒍䔢䔨䓾䔨䒪䒋䒒䓉ౝ㑑ᡷㅧ䒪䒣䒩䒍䒢䒞䑴䓭䔜䔭䓭䔬䔒䔞䓸䓤዁
ァ䒮䑳ァ䒭ା㗬䓐࿁ᓳ䈜䓉䒞䓀䒭ᦨᓟ䒭⹜䒾䒧䒘䒥䑳৻౎྾ੑᐕ਻᦬䑳↸䒪Ἣ䓐᡼䒠䑳⇛ᅓ䓐ⴕ䒇䒔䒧䒪䓆䓈
䓠䔋䔭䔠䒪઀㄰䒘䓐䒘䑳ో⧷ㇱ㓌䒍ᦨ⚳⊛䒪ㅌ෰䒘䒞ᤨ䒪䒮↸䒭ᄢㇱಽ䓐⎕უ䒘䒥䒅䒞䑴䒘䒌䒘䑳ᬀ᳃࿾᡽╷
䒍⴮䒉䓉䒽䒦䒪䒮䑳䒩䒋㐳䒅ᤨ䒍䒌䒌䒢䒞䑴㩷
䓗䔛䔋዁ァ䒧⧷㒽ァ䒭䔐䓗䓙䓽ዋ૒䒋䓆䒲ᓟ䒪䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒭೽ᴺോᄢ⤿䒪䒩䒢䒞䓗䔔䔁䓸䔞䔭䔬䔄䔭䔨ਃ৻䓐
฽䒿㓐ⴕຬ䒮䑳৻਻䇳৾ᐕ৻᦬චੑᣣ䑳ᴡౝਣ䒦䒭ᣣᧄ䒷䒭㐳ᣏ䒪ะ䒒䒥䔞䔐䔭䔠䓐⊒䒠䑳ੑ᦬ච౐ᣣ䒪␹ᚭ
䒪⌕䒅䒞䑴ච౎ᣣ䒪᧲੩䒪⌕䒎䑳ᒰᤨ䒮▽࿾䒪䒃䒢䒞ᶏァ౓ቇᩞ䓐⸰䓊䒞䑴䓗䔛䔋዁ァ䒭㐳ᣏ䒮䑳ਃ᦬ੑචᣣ䑳
䔓䔀䔞ภ਄䒦⚳䓍䒢䒞䒧䒃䓉䑴ਃੑ㩷 ৻਻䇳৾ᐕ྾᦬౎ᣣ䒪䔞䔐䔭䔠䒪Ꮻ⌕䒘䒞䑴㩷
䓙䓣䔟䓮䒭౏ᢥᦠਃਃ䒪䓆䓉䒧䑳ᣣᧄ䒪䒋䒅䒥䒮䑳዁ァ䒮ⴕ䒐వ䇱䒦䑳ᚻෘ䒐᱑ᓙ䒖䓊䒞䑴ㄭⴡㅪ㓌䒭౓༡䒋
ਃ৻
㩷䓗䔔䔁䓸䔞䔭䔬䔄䔭䔨䒭␲ῳ䓗䔠䓪䔞䔬䔄䔭䔨䒮䑳䓬䓜䔭䔠䔬䓗䔟䔬䔄䔭䔨䒭ਅ䒦ೋઍᄖോᄢ⤿䓐ോ䓀䒞䑴䒽䒞䑳䓗䔔䔁䓸䔞䔭䒭ቊ䒮䔕䓭䔘䔇䓼䓘䔨᡽ᐭ
䒦ᄖോᄢ⤿䓐ോ䓀䑳䒽䒞䑳䔄䔔䓾䔬䓠䔠䓫䓙ᄢ⛔㗔䒭ਅ䒦೽ᄢ⛔㗔䑳⽷ോᄢ⤿䑳਄⚖㘈໧䒋䓆䒲໡ോᄢ⤿䓐ോ䓀䑳⃻࿷䒮╩㗡ᄢ⤿䒭࿾૏䒦䒃
䓉䑴㩷
ਃੑ
㩷 ᄖോᄢ⤿䓝䓻䔓䓼䓘䒃䒥㪉㪈㪆㪈㪉㪆㪈㪊㪋㪎䕀৻਻౐౎ᐕਃ᦬ਛᣣ䕁ઃ䓴䔈䔈㚢ᣣᄢ૶ᦠ◲╙৻ਃਃ੖ภ䒪䓆䓉䑴㩷
㩷 ੑ䇳䇳྾ᐕ౐᦬ੑචੑᣣ䒪䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒪㑐䈜䓉ኾ㐷ኅ䔠䔭䓽䔩䓘䔇䔬䓗䓵䔖䓸䓤䓆䓈⪺⠪䒪વ䒉䓇䓊䒞䑴㩷
ਃਃ
17
╙ੑᰴ⧷䔬䓗䔊䓡䔨ᚢ੎䕀৻౎৾਻䑄৻౎౎䇳ᐕ䕁䒪䒋䒅䒥䓙䓣䔟䓮䓐⎕䒢䒞ൎ೑⠪䒭䓗䔛䔋䔬䔄䔭䔨዁ァ䒮䑳ᣣᧄ
䓐⸰䓊䒞ᦨೋ䒭䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨ੱ䒦䒃䒢䒞䑴䓗䔛䔋䒮䑳᧲ㇹᐔ౎㇢ឭ〈䒭⾠ቴ䒧䒘䒥䑳䔝䔭䔢䓸䔆䒭ᒝ࿖䒪ኻ䈜䓉䓗
䓭䓗䒭ൎ೑䓐⸥ᔨ䈜䓉␸⾐䒪ৼ㊀䒪ㄫ䒉䓇䓊䒞䑴᧲ㇹ䓁䑳ᣣ㔺ᚢ੎䕀৻਻䇳྾䑄৻਻䇳੖ᐕ䕁䒪䒋䒅䒥ᨐ䒞䒘
䒞ᓎഀ䒭䒞䓀䒪⧷㓶䒧䒘䒥⍮䓇䓊䒥䒅䓉䑴䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒋䓆䒲ᣣᧄਔ࿖䒭⷏ᵗ೉ᒝ䒪ኻ䈜䓉ൎ೑䒮䑳ᬀ᳃࿾䒪
䒩䒢䒥䒅䒞਎⇇ਛ䒭ᄙ䒐䒭࿖䒪⁛┙䒷䒭Ꮧᦸ䒭శ䓐ਈ䒉䓉䓁䒭䒦䒃䒢䒞䑴㩷
䑹䔓䓙䔤䔨䓾䒭ൎ೑⠪䑺䒧䒘䒥⍮䓇䓊䓉䓗䔛䔋䔬䔄䔭䔨䕀₺ሶ䕁䒮䑳╙ੑᰴ⧷䔬䓗䔊䓡䔨ᚢ੎䒭உᄢ䒩⧷㓶䒦䒃䒢䒞䑴
ㄭઍ⊛ᚢ㑵䒪♖ㅢ䒘䒞ม઎ቭ䒦䒃䓈䑳᦭⢻䒩዁ァ䒦䒃䒢䒞䓗䔛䔋䒮䑳৻౎౎䇳ᐕ৾᦬ੑච৾ᣣ䒪䑳䓭䔜䔭䓭䔬䔅
ਃ䇳
ੑ਻
㩷㪟㫆㫇㫂㫀㫉㫂㪃㩷㪧㪼㫋㪼㫉㪅㩷㩷㪫㪿㪼㩷㪞㫉㪼㪸㫋㩷㪞㪸㫄㪼㪑㩷㫆㫅㩷㪪㪼㪺㫉㪼㫋㩷㪪㪼㫉㫍㫀㪺㪼㩷㫀㫅㩷㪟㫀㪾㪿㩷㪘㫊㫀㪸㪅㩷㩿㪣㫆㫅㪻㫆㫅㪑㩷㪡㫆㪿㫅㩷㪤㫌㫉㫉㪸㫐㩷㪧㫌㪹㫃㫀㫊㪿㪼㫉㫊㪃㩷㪣㫋㪻㪃㩷㪈㪐㪐㪇㪀㪅㩷
㩷㪫㪸㫅㫅㪼㫉㪃㩷㪪㫋㪼㫇㪿㪼㫅㪅㩷㪘㪽㪾㪿㪸㫅㫀㫊㫋㪸㫅㪑㩷㪘㩷㪤㫀㫃㫀㫋㪸㫉㫐㩷㪟㫀㫊㫋㫆㫉㫐㩷㪽㫉㫆㫄㩷㪘㫃㪼㫏㪸㫅㪻㪼㫉㩷㫋㪿㪼㩷㪞㫉㪼㪸㫋㩷㫋㫆㩷㫋㪿㪼㩷㪽㪸㫃㫃㩷㫆㪽㩷㫋㪿㪼㩷㪫㪸㫃㫀㪹㪸㫅㩷㩿㪚㪸㫄㪹㫉㫀㪻㪾㪼㪑㩷㪛㪸㩷㪚㪸㫇㫆㩷㪧㫉㪼㫊㫊㪃㩷㪉㪇㪇㪉㪀㪃㩷㫇㪅㪉㪈㪌㪅㩷
䈝⺕䒌䒍䒃䒩䒞ᣇ䓐ᕯㄗ䒭⽎ᓽ䒧䒘䒥⇐䓀䓉䒦䒘䓅䒇䋣䑺䑴㩷 ྾චᐕ䒺䒨೨䑳⧷ァ䒮䑳䒔䓊䓆䓈䒮䓉䒌䒪ᄢ䇱⊛
䒣䒞䓀䒪ᚢ႐䒪⃻䓊䑳䒔䒇ต䓑䒟䑴䑄䑹⧯䒅⠪䒞䒠䓆䋣䓁䒘䒃䒩䒞ᣇ䒍䔓䓙䔤䔨䓾䒭ᚢ䒅䒦ୟ䓊䒩䒅䒭䒩䓇䒯䑳ᔅ
ᄢ⎔䓐ᜬ䒢䒥䒅䒞䒔䒧䒦䒃䓉䑺䑴䔓䓙䔤䔨䓾䒭䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨ੱ䒭䔇䔢䓙䔨䒭䔓䔞䔞䓙䒮䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒭ᣛ䓐ᡰ䒉ᜬ
䒪䓆䓊䒯䑳䑹䓙䓣䔟䓮஥䒪䒧䒢䒥䒭ᦨೋ䒭ⴣ᠄䒮䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨஥䒍⧷஥䒭චੑ㐷䒪ኻ䒘䒥䑳ਃච㐷䒭ᛒ䒅䉇䈜䒅
䓙䓣䔟䓮౓䓐䒺䒧䓑䒨৻᝹䒘䒞䑴ੑ਻㩷䓗䔛䔋䒭ᚑഞ䒮䑳ᚢ㑵䒍ᆎ䒽䓉೨䒪㜞ᚲ䓐ᅓข䒘䒞䒔䒧䒪䒃䓉䑴䓴䓿䔭ਃ䇳
䔢䓛䓯ಎ዁䒪₸䒅䓇䓊䒞䓙䓣䔟䓮ァ䓐䓠䔨䓵䔄䔭䔠䒌䓇྾䇳䔓䓙䔠⷏ᣇ䒭䔓䓙䔤䔨䓾䒪䒋䒒䓉㊁ᚢ䒦᳿ቯ⊛䒪⎕䓈䑳
16
㩷 ৻౎౐౎ᐕ䑳ᣣᧄ䒮䒅䓍䓄䓉䑹᣿ᴦ⛽ᣂ䑺䒭ਅ䒦䑳৻ㅪ䒭ㄭઍ⊛ᡷ㕟䓐ข䓈౉䓊䑳䑹ᐕภ䑺䒭ฬ⒓䓁䑹໪⫥䒖䓊
䒞⛔ᴦ䑺䓐ᗧ๧䈜䓉᣿ᴦ䒪ᄌ䒉䒞䑴䒔䒭ᕆỗ䒩ᄌൻ䒮䑳ን࿖ᒝ౓ੑ౐䒭ਅ䒦೙ᐲൻ䒖䓊䑳䒽䒞䑳੖䔪᧦䒭ᓮ⹿ᢥ
䕀ᙗ┨⹿ᢥ䒧䓁๭䒯䓊䓉䕁䒍ᄤ⊞䒪䓆䓈⊒઎䒖䓊䑳䒔䓊䒮䑳ฎ䒐䒌䓇䒭ᖡᑷ䓐ᢿ䒠䑳ో਎⇇䒌䓇⍮⼂䓐᳞䓀䓆
䒇䒧䈜䓉䓁䒭䒦䒃䒢䒞䑴㩷
㩷 ৻౎৾䇳ᐕ䑳䔄䔭䔨䒮䑳ᦨೋ䒭ㇷଢಾᚻ䓐⊒ⴕ䒘䒞䑴ੑ৾㩷䒔䒭ಾᚻ䒮৻਻౐྾ᐕ䒪⸥ᔨಾᚻ䒧䒘䒥⊒ⴕ䒖䓊
䒞䑴ᣣᧄ䒮৻౎৾৻ᐕ䒪ᓟ䓐ㅊ䒢䒞䑴࿃䒾䒪䑳䒔䒭ᐕ䒮䑳䑹䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䑺䒭ᢥሼ䒍ᣣᧄ䒭ᣂ⡞䒪ೋ䓀䒥⃻䓍䓊䒞
ᐕ䒦䓁䒃䒢䒞䑴৻౎৾ਃᐕ䒪䑳᧲੩ᣣᣣᣂ⡞䕀Ფᣣᣂ⡞䒭ᣥ⒓䕁䒍䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒪㑐䈜䓉⸥੐䓐タ䒚䒞䑴৻౎
౎৾ᐕ䑳ᦺᣣᣂ⡞䒮䑳䔅䔭䔔䔙䔨䒪䒣䒅䒥㐳ᢥ䒭⸥੐䓐ᦠ䒅䒞䑴ੑ౎㩷
㩷
ḧқఙɁɬʟɶʕʃʉʽˁஓటᩜΡᶃɬʰʠȻూ᥅ȟɬʂɬɁӫҟɥᇗș
ᣣᧄ䒧䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒧䒭㑆䒭ᄖ੤㑐ଥ䒍䑳ੑච਎♿䒪⥋䓉䒽䒦ᱜᑼ䒪ᚑ┙䒘䒩䒌䒢䒞䒭䒮䒿䒘䓋⥝๧ᷓ䒅䑴
ੑ౐
㩷䑹ን䓑䒟࿖䒧ᒝ䒅ァ㓌䑺䒭ᗧ๧㩷
ੑ৾
㩷 ಾᚻ䒮ਣ䒅ᒻ䒦䑳䑹䔞䓙䓟䔨䑺䓐ᗧ๧䈜䓉࿖₺䒭䔊䓖䔭䓮䓽䔂䔭䔕䑹䓬䔘䔭䑺䒪↱᧪䈜䓉䔞䓙䓟䔨䒭㗡ㇱ䒋䓆䒲䒜䒭๟䓈䒪䓵䔟⺆䒭⸒⪲䒍㤥⦡䒦
ශ೚䒖䓊䒥䒅䒞䑴㩷
㩷 ᣣᧄ䔬䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨㑐ଥోผ㩷 ᣿⍹ᦠᐫ㩷㩷
ੑ౎
15
␹䒍੹䒩䒋䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨ੱ䒭㝬䒪ኋ䒢䒥䒅䓉䒕䒧䒐䑳ᱞ჻㆏䒭♖␹䒮䑳੹䓁ᣣᧄ䒪↢䒎⛯䒒䒥䒅䓉䑴ੑ੖㩷
㩷
̝ᷯஓటȻɬʟɶʕʃʉʽȻɁᩖɁධխᄑᩜΡ 䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒧ᣣᧄ䒧䒭㑆䒪䒮䑳ᱧผ⊛䒪䓁㛳䒐䒺䒨㘃ૃ䒘䒥䒅䓉ὐ䒍䒅䒐䒣䒌䒃䓉䑴৻౎౐䇳ᐕઍ䑳䓗䔊䓡
䔀䓮䓴䔨䒋䓆䒲ᣣᧄਔ࿖䒧䓁ㄭઍ⊛ᡷ㕟䒪⌕ᚻ䒘䒞䑴㩷
৻౎౐ਃ䑄౐౐ᐕ䒋䓆䒲৻౎౐౎䑄৾਻ᐕ䒪䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒭⛔ᴦ⠪䒦䒃䒢䒞䓬䓜䔭䔠䔬䓗䔟䔬䔄䔭䔨䒮䑳৻ㅪ
䒭ㄭઍ⊛ᡷ㕟ភ⟎䓐ዉ౉䒘䑳䔝䔭䔢䓸䔆䒪䒋䒒䓉䓆䒇䒩ᣂ䒘䒅ⴕ᡽࿾ၞ䒋䓆䒲ᣂ䒘䒅࿖ァ䓐ഃ⸳䒘䒞䑴䒽䒞䔄䔭
䔨䒮䑳ኽᑪ⊛䒩⒅⒢䒭⺧⽶ข䓈┙䒥೙ᐲ䓐ᑄᱛ䒘䑳ㇷଢ೙ᐲ䓐⸳⟎䒘䑳ᦨೋ䒭䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒭ㅳೀ⚕㪪㪿㪸㫄㫊㩷㪸㫃
䑄㪥㪸㪿㪸㫉䕀䑹ᣣ䒭ᄥ㓁䑺䕁䓐⊒ೀ䒘䒞䑴㩷
ਇᐘ䒩䒔䒧䒪䑳Ꮲ᡽䔢䓬䓗䒧⧷㗔䓙䔨䓾䒧䒭㑆䒪᜽䒽䓊䒥䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒭࿾ℂ⊛䒩ᄢ䒎䒖䒮䑳䑹䓥䔡䔭䓽䔬䓧
䔭䔕䑺䒧๭䒯䓊䒞ච਻਎♿䒭ᚢ䒅䒪䒋䒅䒥৻ㅪ䒭ᛂ᠄䓐䒔䒇䒿䒢䒞䑴৻৾྾৾ᐕ䑳䓗䔊䓡䔨Ꮲ࿖䒮䑳䓗䔊䔓䓾䔬䓬䔘
䔭䔬䓾䓚䓸䔞䔭䔀䔭䒭ਅ䒦䑳䔀䓬䔘䔌䔭䔠䕀⃻࿷䒮䓙䔞䔨䕁䒌䓇䔆䔀䔆䓽䕀⃻࿷䒮䓙䔨䓾䕁䒽䒦䑳䒽䒞䑳䔋䔄䔞䕀⃻࿷䒮䓛
䓯䔎䓢䓮䓴䔨䕁䒌䓇䓠䔞䓶䕀⃻࿷䒮䔆䓢䓮䓴䔨䕁䒽䒦䑳䒃䓉䒅䒮䓗䔞䔈䓗ᶏ䒌䓇䓙䔨䓾ᵗ䒽䒦᜛ᄢ䒘䒞䑴㩷
㩷㪛㪼㩷㪤㪼㫅㫋㪼㪃㩷㪙㫆㫐㪼㩷㪣㪸㪽㪸㫐㪼㫋㫋㪼㪅㪫㪿㪼㩷㪡㪸㫇㪸㫅㪼㫊㪼㩷㪪㪸㫄㫌㫉㪸㫀㩷㪚㫆㪻㪼㪑㩷㪚㫃㪸㫊㫊㫀㪺㩷㪪㫋㫉㪸㫋㪼㪾㫀㪼㫊㩷㪽㫆㫉㩷㪪㫌㪺㪺㪼㫊㫊㪅㩷㩿㪙㫆㫊㫋㫆㫅㪑㩷㪫㫌㫋㫋㫃㪼㩷㪧㫌㪹㫃㫀㫊㪿㫀㫅㪾㪃㩷㪉㪇㪇㪋㪀㪅㩷
ੑ੖
14
䒪䒣䒅䒥䒭ᦨ䓁᦭ฬ䒩⹤䒮䑳ጊ㣮䒭ᒉሶ䓐ਥੱ౏䒧䈜䓉䑹྾ච৾ੱ䒭ᶉੱ䒭‛⺆䑺䒦䒃䓉䑴ੑਃ㩷䒃䓉ำਥ䒍⥄ಽ
䓐ଗㄗ䒘䒞ᓎੱ䒪ኻ䒘䒥ಷ䓐ᛮ䒎䑳዁ァ䒌䓇ಾ⣻䓐๮䒙䓇䓊䓉䑴䒜䒭⚿ᨐ䑳ㇱਅ䒮ਥੱ䒭䒩䒅ᚢ჻䒧䒩䓉䑴ᓐ
╬䒮䑳ಾ⣻䓐๮䒛䓇䓊䒞ਥำ䒪ኻ䈜䓉ᔘ⺈ᔃ䒌䓇䑳䒌䒭ᓎੱ䓐Ვ䈜䒔䒧䓐᳿ᗧ䈜䓉䑴ᓐ╬䒍ᛄ䒢䒞‶†䒪䒮䑳
ⷫ䉇ᆄሶ䒭ᱫ䒍฽䒽䓊䒞䑴ᦨᓟ䒪ᓐ╬䒮䒜䒭ᓎੱ䓐Ვኂ䈜䓉䑴䒔䒇䒘䒥ᓐ╬䒮䑳ਥำ䒪ኻ䈜䓉ᔘ⺈ᔃ䒪䓆䓈⧷
㓶䒪䒩䒢䒞䒍䑳᐀ᐭ䒭䓁䒧䒪䒋䒒䓉␠ળ⒎ᐨ䓐ੂ䒘䒞⟋䒪䓆䒢䒥䑳ᓐ╬䒮ᔘ⺈ᔃ䒭ฬ䒪䒋䒅䒥ಾ⣻䒪䓆䓈ᱫ䒩䒩
䒒䓊䒯䒩䓇䒩䒌䒢䒞䑴ᱞ჻㆏䒮䑳੽ᢎ䑳␹㆏䑳ఌᢎ䒋䓆䒲⑎䒭ᢎ䒉䒭ⷐ⚛䓐൮฽䒘䒥䒅䓉䑴㩷
ᱞ჻㆏䒭㆏ᓼ⊛ၮ␆䒋䓆䒲৾䒣䒭ᓼ⋡䒪䒮䑳⟵䔬ാ䔬ੳ䔬␞䔬⺈䔬ฬ⹷䔬ᔘ⟵䒧䒃䓈䑳䒔䓊䒪䑳⥄೙ᔃ䒋䓆䒲ಾ
⣻䒭ⷰᔨ䒩䒨䓁฽䒽䓊䓉䑴ੑ྾㩷
ᱞ჻㆏䒪䒌䒌䓍䓉․ᕈ䓐ⷐ⚂䈜䓉䒩䓇䒯䑳䑹㜞ẖ䒖䑺䓐଻䒣䒔䒧䒍䑳ᱞ჻㆏䓐቞䓉᳿䓀ᚻ䒦䒃䓉䒧䒅䒉䓆䒇䑴㩷
䓪䔕䔞䓙䒮䑳ᐕዋ䒭㗃䒌䓇䑳᭶ⴚ䑳೶ⴚ䑳ᨵⴚ䑳ᑿⴚ䑳㚍ⴚ䑳ᚢⴚ䑳୶ℂ䑳ᢥ⧓䑳ᱧผ䒋䓆䒲ᦠ㆏䓐ᢎ䒉䓇䓊
䒞䑴㩷
৻౎৾䇳ᐕ䒪⷏ᵗᑼ䒭໡ᬺਥ⟵䒍ዉ౉䒖䓊䑳䑹ᣣᧄ䒭㝬䑺䒮ᄢ䒎䒩ⴣ᠄䓐ฃ䒒䒞䑴䒘䒌䒘䑳䓗䓙䔙䔭䔞䔨䒭♖
ੑਃ
㩷
㪘㫃㫃㫐㫅㪃㩷㪡㫆㪿㫅㪅㩷㪫㪿㪼㩷㪋㪎㩷㪩㫆㫅㫀㫅㩷㪪㫋㫆㫉㫐㩷㩿㩷㪙㫆㫊㫋㫆㫅㪑㩷㪫㫌㫋㫋㫃㪼㩷㪧㫌㪹㫃㫀㫊㪿㫀㫅㪾㪃㩷㪈㪐㪎㪇㪀㩷
ੑ྾
㩷 ᣂᷰᚭ䒮䑳䑹ಾ⣻䒮න䒩䓉⥄Ვ䒭ᣇᴺ䒦䒮䒩䒌䒢䒞䑴ᴺ⊛䒩䑳䒽䒞䑳௾ᑼ਄䒭೙ᐲ䒦䒃䒢䒞䑴ਛ਎䒪᩺಴䒖䓊䒞ಾ⣻䒮䑳ᚢ჻䒍⥄ಽ䒭‽⟋䓐⿏
䒅䑳ㆊ䒠䓐⻢⟋䒘䑳ਇฬ⹷䓐఺䓊䑳෹ੱ䓐ᢇ䒅䒽䒞䒮⺈ታ䒖䓐⸽᣿䈜䓉䒞䓀䒭ᣇᴺ䒦䒃䒢䒞䑺䒧ㅀ䒸䒥䒅䓉䑴㩷
13
䓗䔋䔬䔕䓮䔟䔕䔬䔐䔞䓪䔀䒋䓆䒲ੑ䇳䇳৻ᐕ਻᦬਻ᣣ䒪ᥧᲕ䒖䓊䒞䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒭࿖᳃⊛⧷㓶᡿䓗䔊䔓䓾䔬䓬䔘
䔭䔬䔓䓮䔭䓾䒮䑳䓗䓙䔙䔭䔞䔨䒭ਛ䒦ᦨ䓁┙ᵷ䒟䒢䒞䒧⸒䒉䓉䑴ᓐ╬䒭↢ᶦ䒮䑳ᱞ჻㆏䒭ㅊ᳞⠪䒧䒘䒥䒭⷏ㇹ㓉⋓
䉇ဈᧄ┥㚍䒭↢ᶦ䒧ૃ䒥䒅䓉䓁䒭䒍䒃䓉䑴ੑ䇳㩷
㩷
Ḫණۢᤍ ᱞ჻㆏䈜䒩䓍䒠䑹ᱞ჻䒭䒃䓈ᣇ䑺䒋䓆䒲ኽᑪਥ⟵䓐ℂ⸃䈜䓉䒔䒧䒩䒘䒪䒮⌀䒪ᣣᧄ䓐ℂ⸃䈜䓉䒔䒧䒮䒦䒎䒩
䒅䒧⸒䓍䓊䒥䒅䓉䑴ੑ৻㩷 ᣂᷰᚭ䒪䓆䓊䒯ᱞ჻㆏䒧䒮䑳䑹㛉჻䒍቞䓉䓆䒇᳞䓀䓇䓊䒞䒽䒞䒮ᢎ䒉䓇䓊䒞㆏ᓼ૕♽
䒦䒃䓈䑳䒔䓊䒮ᢥᦠൻ䒖䓊䒞ឌ䒦䒮䒩䒅䑺䑴ੑੑ㩷
ᱞ჻㆏䒮䑳ኽᑪਥ⟵䒋䓆䒲᐀ᐭ᡽ᴦ䒍ᆎ䒽䒢䒞৻৻౎੖ᐕએ㒠ሽ࿷䒘䒥䒅䒞䒍䑳৻౐䇳䇳ᐕઍਛ㗃䒪ೋ䓀
䒥ጊ㣮⚛ⴕ䒧䒅䒇ఌ⠪䒪䓆䓈ⷙḰൻ䒖䓊䒞䑴䒔䓊䒮䑳䓪䔕䔞䓙䓐∋ᑷ䒖䒚䒞ᐲ㊀䒩䓉ᚢ䒅䓐䑳ᦨ⚳⊛䒪⚳䓍䓇
䒚䒞ᓼᎹ᐀ᐭᤨઍ䒦䒃䒢䒞䑴ᳯᚭᤨઍ䒧๭䒯䓊䓉䒔䒭ᤨઍ䒪䑳ᄙ䒐䒭䓪䔕䔞䓙䒍᡽ᐭ䒭ᓎ⡯䒪ዞ䒅䒞䑴䒔䒭ਥ㗴
ੑ䇳
㩷㪡㪸㫅㫊㪼㫅㪃㩷㪤㪸㫉㫀㫌㫊㩷㪙㪅㩷㪪㪸㫂㪸㫄㫆㫋㫆㩷㪩㫐㮃㫄㪸㩷㪸㫅㪻㩷㫋㪿㪼㩷㪤㪼㫀㫁㫀㩷㪩㪼㫊㫋㫆㫉㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅㩷㩿㪥㪼㫎㩷㪰㫆㫉㫂㪑㩷㪚㫆㫃㫌㫄㪹㫀㪸㩷㪬㫅㫀㫍㪼㫉㫊㫀㫋㫐㩷㪧㫉㪼㫊㫊㪃㩷㪈㪐㪐㪋㪀㩷㪸㫅㪻㩷㪩㪸㫍㫀㫅㪸㪃㩷㪤㪸㫉㫂㪅㩷㪫㪿㪼㩷㪣㪸㫊㫋㩷
㪪㪸㫄㫌㫉㪸㫀㪑㩷㪫㪿㪼㩷㪣㫀㪽㪼㩷㪸㫅㪻㩷㪙㪸㫋㫋㫃㪼㫊㩷㫆㪽㩷㪪㪸㫀㪾㫆㩷㪫㪸㫂㪸㫄㫆㫉㫀㩷㩿㪥㪼㫎㩷㪡㪼㫉㫊㪼㫐㪑㩷㪡㫆㪿㫅㩷㪮㫀㫃㪼㫐㩷㩽㩷㪪㫆㫅㫊㪃㩷㪠㫅㪺㪅㪃㩷㪉㪇㪇㪋㪀㪅㩷
ੑ৻
㩷 ⪺⠪䒮ᄢቇ䒦⻠⟵䓐ⴕ䒇㓙䑳Ᏹ䒪ᣣᧄ䒭ᱧผ䓐ቇ䒵䒟䒒䒦䒩䒐䑳ᱞ჻㆏䒭♖␹䓁ᔓ䓊䒩䒅䓆䒇ቇ↢䒪ଦ䒘䒥䒅䓉䑴㩷
㩷㪥㫀㫋㫆㪹㪼㪃㩷㪠㫅㪸㫑㫆㪅㩷㪙㫌㫊㪿㫀㪻㫆㪑㩷㪫㪿㪼㩷㪪㫆㫌㫃㩷㫆㪽㩷㪡㪸㫇㪸㫅㩷㩿㪙㫆㫊㫋㫆㫅㪃㩷㪫㫌㫋㫋㫃㪼㩷㪧㫌㪹㫃㫀㫊㪿㫀㫅㪾㪃㩷㪉㪇㪇㪈㪀㪃㩷㫇㪅㩷㪌㪅㩷
ੑੑ
12
䔨䒭䓥䔠䔭䔌䒍ᡰ㈩࿾ၞ䓐ᒝᮭ⊛䒪⛔ᴦ䒘䒥䒅䒞䓗䔅䓬䓸䓾䓐䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨⷏ㇱ䒌䓇ㅊ䒅಴䈜䒭䒪ᤨ㑆䒮䒌䒌䓇
䒩䒌䒢䒞䑴䔙䓗䓤䔭䔋䔬䔋䔨䔬䔞䓙䓮䍃䓪䓸䔊䓖䔭䔠䒪₸䒅䓇䓊䒞䓗䓙䔙䔭䔞䔨䒮䑳㑆䓁䒩䒐䑳౎৾ੑᐕ䒪䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴
䔨䒋䓆䒲䓙䔞䔨䒭৻ㇱ䒪䓪䓸䔊䓖䔭䔟ᦺ䓐᮸┙䒘䒞䑴㩷
౎਎♿䒋䓆䒲਻਎♿䒪䒮䑳䓗䓙䔙䔭䔞䔨ㆇേ䒮䑳᡽ౄ䒭ᒻ䒦․ቯ䒭⚵❱૞䓈䓐ᚑ䒘䒥䒅䒞䑴㪈㪐㩷䒔䓊䒮䑳䓗䔊䓡
䔀䓮䓴䔨䒭㋕㚂㐳䒧䓁๭䒯䓊䒞䓗䔋䓾䓚䔠䔬䔞䔊䔓䔨䔬䔄䔭䔨䕀৻౎౎䇳ᐕ䒌䓇৻਻䇳৻ᐕ䒽䒦⛔ᴦ䕁䒍᦭ജੑㇱᣖ
㑆䒭ኻ┙䓐ᯏ䒪䒔䒭䓗䓙䔙䔭䔞䔨ㆇേ䓐⑌ᱛ䒘䒞ᤨ䒽䒦⛯䒅䒞䑴৻਻㩷
䓗䓙䔙䔭䔞䔨䒮䑳ᄖ࿖䒪䓆䓉භ㗔䒋䓆䒲࿖ౝ⊛䒩ᛥ࿶䉇␠ળ⊛ਇ౏ᱜ䒪ኻ䈜䓉䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨ੱ䒭ᄢⴐⱎ⿠
䒪䒋䒅䒥䓁ᭂ䓀䒥㊀ⷐ䒩ᓎഀ䓐ᨐ䒞䒘䒞䑴䓗䓙䔙䔭䔞䔨䒮䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒌䓇ᆫ䓐ᶖ䒘䒞䒍䑳䒔䒭ㆇേ䒍ᠩ䒘䒞ଔ
୯ⷰ䒮䑳੹䒩䒋䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒭ᢥൻ䒪䒋䒅䒥ᢘᗧ䓐ᛄ䓍䓊䒥䒅䓉䑴ਃ࿁䒪䓍䒞䓉䓙䓣䔟䓮䒭ଚ᡹䒋䓆䒲䓲ㅪ䒭
ଚ᡹䓐᠄ㅌ䒘䒞䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨ੱ䒭ᄙᄢ䒭ാ᳇䒧‶†䒧䒮䑳䓗䓙䔙䔭䔞䔨ㆇേ䒪↱᧪䈜䓉ⴕേⷙḰ䒦䒃䓉䑴㩷
䓲ㅪ䒪䓆䓉ଚ᡹䒭㑆䒟䒒䒦䓁䑳⊖੖චਁੱ䓐⿥䒉䓉䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨ੱ䒍⥄ಽ䒞䒠䒭ฬ⹷䑳ቬᢎ䒋䓆䒲␲࿖䓐
቞䓉䒞䓀䒪๮䓐ᄬ䒢䒞䑴㩷
㪈㪐
㩷㪞㪿㫆㪹㪸㫉㪃㩷㪤㫀㫉㩷㪞㪿㫌㫃㪸㫄㩷㪤㫌㪿㪸㫄㫄㪸㪻㪅㩷㪘㪽㪾㪿㪸㫅㫀㫊㫋㪸㫅㩷㪛㪸㫉㩷㪤㪸㫊㪼㪼㫉㪄㪼㪄㩷㪫㪸㪸㫉㪼㪼㫂㪿㩷
㩷㩿㪧㪼㫊㪿㪸㫎㪸㫉㪑㩷㪤㪸㫀㫎㪸㫅㪻㩷㪧㫌㪹㫃㫀㫊㪿㪼㫉㫊㪃㩷㫍㫆㫃㪅㩷㪈㪅㪃㩷㪉㪇㪇㪇㪀㪃㩷㫇㪅㩷㪐㪇㪅㩷
৻਻
㩷㪰㪸㫈㫀㫅㪃㩷㪞㪿㫌㫃㪸㫄㩷㪟㪸㫀㪻㪼㫉㪅㩷㪘㫐㫐㪸㫉㪸㫅㩷㫎㪸㩷㪢㪸㫂㪸㩷㪿㪸㫐㪼㩷㪢㪿㫌㫉㪸㫊㪸㫅㪅㩷㩿㪢㪸㪹㫌㫃㪑㩷㪮㪼㫑㪸㫉㪸㫋㪄㪼㪄㪫㪸㫃㫀㫄㩷㫎㪸㩷㪫㪸㫉㪹㫀㪸㩷㫇㫉㪼㫊㫊㪃㩷㪈㪊㪍㪌㩷㪟㪼㫁㫉㫀㩷㪪㪿㪸㫄㫊㫀㩷㫎㪿㫀㪺㪿㩷㪺㫆㫉㫉㪼㫊㫇㫆㫅㪻㫊㩷㫋㫆㩷
㪈㪐㪏㪍㩷㪘㪅㪛㪅㩷㪀㩷㫇㪅㩷㪉㪉㪅㩷
11
⇇䒭᧲஥䒭ᄢㇱಽ䓐ᡰ㈩䈜䓉䓗䔅䓬䓸䓾䔬䔇䔞䔊䓖䓽䒭ਅ䒦⊒↢䒘䒞ᄢⴐㆇേ䒦䒃䒢䒞䑴䒔䒭ㆇേ䒮䑳࿾ၞౝᄖ䒭
䒜䓊䒝䓊䒭࿖䒦⦡䇱䒩ฬ೨䒦๭䒯䓊䒥䒅䒞䑴䒘䒌䒘䑳᣿⏕䒩䒭䒮䑳䔐䔞䓪䔨හ䒠⃻࿷䒭䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒦⿠䒔䒢䒞ㆇ
േ䒍ᰴ╙䒪䓙䓮䔞䔕䒭␹⒁ਥ⟵䒧Ⲣว䒘䒞੐䒦䒃䓉䑴৻৾㩷
ᒰᤨ䒭᡽ᴦ⊛䒋䓆䒲␠ળ⊛䒩⁁ᴫ䓐⢛᥊䒪಴⃻䒘䒞䓗䓙䔙䔭䔞䔨䒭ㆇേ䒮䑳䒣䒅䒪䑳ᄖ࿖䒪䓆䓉භ㗔䒋䓆䒲
࿖ౝ䒭ᛥ࿶䒪ኻ䈜䓉৻⒳䒭㕖೙ᐲ⊛䒩࿖ኅᯏ㑐䒧䒘䒥૏⟎䒤䒒䓇䓊䓉䒪⥋䒢䒞䑴㩷
䓗䓙䔙䔭䔞䔨䒮䑳හᐳ䒪⨲䒭ᩮㆇേ䒧䒩䓈䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒧䓙䔞䔨䒭㊀ⷐㇺᏒ䒪䒋䒅䒥䑳䓗䔞䔋ੱ䒭ᡰ㈩䒋䓆
䒲࿶೙䒪෻᛫䒘䒥ᄙ䒐䒭⠪䒍䓥䔠䔭䔌䓐⚿ᚑ䒘䒞䑴䒔䓊䓇䒭ᵴേኅ䒮䑳ᚢ੎䒭วᴺᕈ䒪㑐䈜䓉ᴺ䕀㪡㫌㫊㩷㪘㪻㩷
㪙㪼㫃㫃㫌㫄৻౎䕁䒪ၮ䒤䒅䒥㆏ᓼ⊛ⷐ᳞䓐ᾲὓ䒩ᔘ⺈ᔃ䓐䓁䒢䒥ㅊ᳞䈜䓉৻ᣇ䑳৻ቯ䒭૞ᴺⷙḰ䓐෩ᩰ䒪቞䒢䒞䑴䓗
䓙䔙䔭䔞䔨䒭㆏ᓼⷙḰ䒪䒮䑳⽺࿎⠪䓐ᢇᷣ䈜䓉䒔䒧䑳࿎㔍䒪ᔋ⠴ᒝ䒐⠴䒉䓉䒔䒧䑳ኡᄢ䒩ᔃ䓐䓁䒢䒥ᝄ䓉⥰䒇
䒔䒧䒋䓆䒲⌀ታ䓐⸒䒇䒔䒧䒍฽䒽䓊䒥䒅䓉䑴ᓐ╬䒮䔡䓮䔟䔨䓥䉇኿᠄䑳೶ⴚ䑳᧟ⴚ䑳㚍ⴚ╬䒭ᚢ㑵ᛛ⢻䓐り䒪ઃ
䒒䓉䒭䒪઻䒅䑳ാᢓ䒖䒋䓆䒲౏᣿ᱜᄢᕈ䓐㊀ⷞ䈜䓉ᆫ൓䒍⹜䒖䓊䒥䒅䒞䑴㩷
䓬䓮䓴䔨䒭䔙䓗䓤䔭䔋䔬䔋䔨䔬䔞䓙䓮䔬䓪䓸䔊䓖䔭䔠䑄䔀䔕䔢䓯Ꮊ䓫䔞䔨䓭಴り䑄䒭⛔₸䒭ਅ䒪㓸䒽䒢䒞䓗䓙䔙䔭䔞
৻৾
㩷㪰㪸㫈㫀㫅㪃㩷㪞㪿㫌㫃㪸㫄㩷㪟㪸㫀㪻㪼㫉㪅㩷㪘㫐㫐㪸㫉㪸㫅㩷㫎㪸㩷㪢㪸㫂㪸㩷㪿㪸㫐㪼㩷㪢㪿㫌㫉㪸㫊㪸㫅㪅㩷㩿㪢㪸㪹㫌㫃㪑㩷㪮㪼㫑㪸㫉㪸㫋㪄㪼㪄㪫㪸㫃㫀㫄㩷㫎㪸㩷㪫㪸㫉㪹㫀㪸㩷㫇㫉㪼㫊㫊㪃㩷㪈㪊㪍㪌㩷㪟㫀㫁㫉㫀㩷㪪㪿㪸㫄㫊㫀㩷㫎㪿㫀㪺㪿㩷㪺㫆㫉㫉㪼㫊㫇㫆㫅㪻㫊㩷㫋㫆㩷
㪈㪐㪏㪍㩷㪘㪅㪛㪅㪀㩷㫇㪅㩷㪌㪅㩷
㩷 ⧷⺆䒦䒮䑳䑹㪡㫌㫊㫋㩷㪚㪸㫌㫊㪼䑺䒧⸶䈜䑴㩷
৻౎
10
䒽䒞䑳ㆊ෰⚂৻਎♿䒪ਔ࿖䒍๧䓍䒢䒞ห䒙⚻㛎䒩䒅䒘⁁ᴫ䑳䈜䒩䓍䒠࿖䒭ቢో䒩⨹ᑄ䑄ᣣᧄ䒭႐ว䒮╙ੑ
ᰴ਎⇇ᄢᚢ䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒭႐ว䒮ౝੂ䒧䒅䒇ᱧผ䓁౒ㅢ䒘䒥䒅䓉䑴৻྾㩷
ᓐ╬䒮䑳⥄ಽ䒞䒠䒭࿖䑳⥄ಽ䒞䒠䒭ᮭ೑䒋䓆䒲⥄ಽ䒞䒠䒭␠ળ䒭ౣᑪ䉇ౣ↢䒪ะ䒒䒥ദജ䈜䓉਄䒦ᄙᄢ
䒭ᒢജᕈ䓐␜䒘䒞䑴䒔䒭ㆊ⒟䒦䑳ᓐ╬䒭ᄢㇱಽ䒮䑳ᢎ⢒䓐㊀ⷞ䒘䒞䑴ᓐ╬䒭ᄢㇱಽ䒮䑳࿖䒭዁᧪䒪䒧䒢䒥䒭ᢎ
⢒䒭㊀ⷐᕈ䓐චಽ䒪⹺⼂䒘䒥䒅䓉䑴ᣣᧄ࿖᳃䒧䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨࿖᳃䒧䒮䑳ઁੱ䉇෹ੱ䒪ኻ䈜䓉᷷䒌䒅䓁䒥䒩䒘
䒵䓈䒦䓁౒ㅢ䒘䒥䒅䓉䑴䒔䒔䒪䒅䓉ᣣᧄੱ䒮䑳ᣣᧄ䒌䓇㔌䓊䒥䒅䓉䒔䒧䒪䒣䒅䒥ᶷ䒘䒅䒧䒌ᱷᔨ䒧䒮ᕁ䒢䒥䒅䒩
䒅䑴⑳䒮䑳䒔䓊䒮ᣣᧄ䒪䒅䓉䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨ੱ䒪䒣䒅䒥䓁⸒䒉䓉䒧ᕁ䒇䑴䑺৻੖㩷
ᣣᧄ䒧䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒧䒭㑆䒭䒔䒭䓆䒇䒩વ⛔⊛䒩㘃ૃᕈ䒮䑳੹ᣣ䒪⥋䓉䒽䒦㐳䒎䒪䓍䒞䒢䒥ᓇ㗀䓐෸䒻䒘䒞
ቬᢎ䒪∥〔䓐ᱷ䒘䒥䒅䓉䑴㩷
㩷
ḩÁùù㬷ò㬷îᶱᇿ߈ɁӢɑȪȗ᮴ۢɺʵ᷐ʡᶲ ৻౐
䒮ᢥሼㅢ䓈䒪䒮䑹ᚢ჻䑺䓐ᗧ๧䈜䓉䑴䒔䒭䓗䓙䔙䔭䔞䔨䒮䑳౎਎♿䒕䓋䓙䓮䔞䔕਎
Áùù㬷ò㬷î䕀䓗䓙䔙䔭䔞䔨䕁
৻྾
㩷 ଚ᡹䒪ᰴ䒅䒦䑳ᄖ࿖䒭பఙ᡽ᮭ䒪䓆䓉භ㗔䒍䒃䒢䒞䒧䒅䒇䒭䒍䑳⪺⠪䒭⷗⸃䒦䒃䓉䑴㩷
৻੖
㩷 ࿷੩䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨ᄢ૶㙚⊒ⴕ䑹䓗䔊䓡䔨䔬䔀䔚䔭䓮䑺䒭㚤㊁ᄢ૶䒭䓙䔨䓴䔈䔚䔭䒌䓇䑴ੑ䇳䇳྾ᐕ౐᦬ภ㩷
㩷㪘㫐㫐㪸㫉䕀䓗䓙䔙䔭䔠䕁䒭ⶄᢙᒻ䒦䒃䓉䑴㩷㪘㫅㫎㪸㫉㫀㪃㩷㪝㪸㪿㪸㫅㪾㪄㪼㪄㪝㫀㫊㪿㫆㫉㪻㪼㪿㩷㪪㫌㫂㪿㪸㫅㪃㩷㪠㫉㪸㫅㪅㩷㪧㪈㪌㪏㪌㩷㩷
৻౐
9
䒔䒧䒍್᣿䒘䒞䑴৻ੑ㩷
㩷
ḨцᣮɁᤤႇȝɛɆ୫ԇᄑ᭒ͬॴ 䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒧ᣣᧄ䒧䒮䑳⟋䒪ၮ䒤䒐⷏ᵗ䒭ᢥൻ䒧⇣䒩䓈䑳ᕯ䒭ᢥൻ䓐౒᦭䈜䓉䑴䑻⩵䒧ಷ䑼䒭⪺⠪䔠䔭䓮䔬䔎
䔂䓼䓘䓤䓽䒪䓆䓉䒧䑳䑹⌀䒭⟋䒭ᢥൻ䒍ౝ㕙⊛䒩⟋䒭⥄ⷡ䒪ၮ䒤䒅䒥ༀⴕ䓐ⴕ䒇䒭䒪ኻ䒘䒥䑳⌀䒭ᕯ䒭ᢥൻ䒮ᄖ
㕙⊛ᒝ೙ജ䒪ၮ䒤䒅䒥ༀⴕ䓐ⴕ䒇䑺䑴㩷
䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒧ᣣᧄ䒧䒭㑆䒪䒮䑳ᄙ䒐䒭ὐ䒦ห䒙౒ㅢ䒭ᢥൻ⊛ⷙḰ䒍ᢙ㒢䓈䒩䒐ሽ࿷䈜䓉䑴଀䒧䒘䒥䒮䑳
䑹ᥧ㤩䒭ੌ⸃䑺䑳䑹䒃䒘䓇䒇䑺䑳䑹ᱞ჻㆏䑺䑳䑹䒴䓉䒖䒧䑺䑳䑹ᓮ㚓⿛᭽䑺䑳䑹ㆊᒰ┹੎䑺䑳䑹ญ䓨䔔䑺䑳䑹㕙⋡ਣẩ䓊䑺䑳䑹䒋
∋䓊᭽䑺䑳䑹䒘䒵䒧䒖䑺䑳䑹ᜰዉ䑺䑳䑹ⴿ䒭ਅ䑺䒩䒨䒍䒃䓉䑴৻ਃ㩷㚤㊁᱄৻ᄢ૶䑄䓴䔟䔅䔨᡽ᮭ፣უᓟ䒭䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴
䔨䒷છ๮䒖䓊䒞ೋઍᄢ૶䑄䒮䑳㘃ૃᕈ䓐ᰴ䒭䓆䒇䒪ㅀ䒸䒞䑴㩷
䑹╙৻䒪䑳ᣣᧄੱ䒮⁛⥄䒭ᭂ䓀䒥ฎ䒅ᢥൻ䉇ᢥ᣿䓐ᜬ䒢䒥䒅䓉䒍䑳੽ᢎ䒍䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䑳ਛ࿖䒋䓆䒲ᦺ㞲
৻ੑ
㩷 ᣣᧄ⺆䒦䒮ㅢᏱ䑹⋵䑺䒧䒅䒇䒍䑳ᄢ㒋䒭႐ว䑹ᐭ䑺䒧䒅䒇䑴㩷
৻ਃ
㩷㪛㪼㩷㪤㪼㫅㫋㪼㪃㩷㪙㫆㫐㪼㩷㪣㪸㪽㪸㫐㪼㫋㫋㪼㪅㩷㪡㪸㫇㪸㫅䑆㫊㩷㪚㫌㫃㫋㫌㫉㪸㫃㩷㪚㫆㪻㪼㩷㪮㫆㫉㪻㫊㪑㩷㪉㪊㪊㩷㪢㪼㫐㩷㪫㪼㫉㫄㫊㩷㪫㪿㪸㫋㩷㪜㫏㫇㫃㪸㫀㫅㩷㪫㪿㪼㩷㪘㫋㫋㫀㫋㫌㪻㪼㫊㩷㪸㫅㪻㩷㪙㪼㪿㪸㫍㫀㫆㫉㩷㫆㪽㩷㪫㪿㪼㩷㪡㪸㫇㪸㫅㪼㫊㪼㪅㩷㩿㪙㫆㫊㫋㫆㫅㪑㩷
㪫㫌㫋㫋㫃㪼㩷㪧㫌㪹㫃㫀㫊㪿㫀㫅㪾㪃㩷㪉㪇㪇㪋㪀㪅㩷
䓐ㅢ䒢䒥䓙䔨䓾䒌䓇ᣣᧄ䒪વ䒉䓇䓊䒞䒔䒧䒮䑳ᣣᧄ䒦ᐢ䒐⍮䓇䓊䒥䒋䓈䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒭ੱ䇱䒪ᗵ⻢䒘䒥䒅䓉䑴
8
䔠䒭ฦ࿾ᣇ䓐⸰䓊䒞㓙䑳䒜䒔䒪ජੑ⊖ਃච䒭੽ᢎኹ㒮䑳౎ජੱ䓐⿥䒉䓉௯ଛ䓐ᢙ䒉䒞䒍䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒭ઁ䒭
࿾ၞ䒪䒮䒖䓇䒪ᄙ䒐䒍ሽ࿷䒘䒞䑴․䒪䑳䔅䔭䔔䔙䔨䒭੽௝䒭⨿෩䒖䒮䑳ᓐ䓇䓐ቢో䒪㝯ੌ䒘䒞䑴㩷
㩷
ḧʳʞʃʳʄʴ 䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒌䓇ᣣᧄ䒪೔᧪䒘䒞ᦨೋ䒭ᢥ‛䒮䑳Ḱቲ⍹䒭䔞䔉䓮䔞䓯䔟䑄ᣣᧄ䒦䒮䑹Ⅎⅇ䑺䒧๭䒯䓊䓉䑄䒦䒃
䒢䒞䑴䓁䒢䒧䓁䑳䒔䒭ᤨ䒪⺕䒍ᣣᧄ䒪᧪䒞䒌䒮ቯ䒌䒦䒮䒩䒅䑴৻৻㩷
੽ᢎ䒦䒮䑳䔞䔉䓮䔞䓯䔟䒮ᄤ䒦ノ䒐䑹৾䒣䒭ቲ‛䑺䓐ᗧ๧䈜䓉䑹৾ቲ䑺䒭৻䒣䒧䒘䒥ᛒ䓍䓊䒥䒅䓉䑴䔞䔉䓮䔞䓯䔟
䒦ⵝ㘼䒖䓊䒥䒅䓉Ꮺ䒋䓆䒲㏜䓐䑳ᄹ⦟䒭᧲ᄢኹ䒭଻▤ᚲ䒦䒃䓉ᱜୖ㒮䒦⷗䓉䒔䒧䒍಴᧪䓉䑴䒣䒅ᦨㄭ䑳᧲੩ᢥ
ൻ⽷⎇ⓥᚲ䒮䑳ᄹ⦟⋵᣿ᣣ㚅᧛䒭㜞᧻Ⴆฎზ䒭ო↹䒪䑳䔞䔉䓮䔞䓯䔟䒍↪䒅䓇䓊䒥䒅䓉䒔䒧䓐⊒⷗䒘䒞䑴㩷
䔞䔉䓮䔞䓯䔟䒭䒺䒌䑳㊄䔗䔭䔠䓁䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒌䓇ᣣᧄ䒪વ䒉䓇䓊䒞䒧䒭⸽᜚䒍䒃䓉䑴ᄢ㒋ᐭ䒭䒃䓉ㆮ〔䒌䓇
㊄䔗䔭䔠䒍⊒ជ䒖䓊䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨ർㇱ䒭䓬䔅䔠䓡䔨ㆮ〔䒌䓇⊒ជ䒖䓊䒞㊄䔗䔭䔠䒧䒽䒢䒞䒐ห䒙䓁䒭䒦䒃䓉
৻৻
㩷䑹䔞䔉䓮䔞䓯䔟䑺䒭⺆䒍䒨䒭⸒⺆䒌䓇಴䒞䓁䒭䒌䒪䒣䒅䒥䑳⏕䒌䒩⸽᜚䒮ሽ࿷䒘䒩䒅䑴৻⺑䒪䒮䑳䔞䔉䓮䒮䑹⍹䑺䓐ᗧ๧䈜䓉䔞䓻䔨⺆䒌䓇಴䒞䓁䒭
䒦䒃䓉䒧䒖䓊䒥䒅䓉䒍䑳ઁ䒪䒮䑳䔞䔉䓮䒭ฬ⒓䒮䓮䔏䓙䔨⺆䒭㋦╩䒧䒅䒇⺆䒌䓇᧪䒞䓁䒭䒧⸒䒇䑴ઁ䒭⠪䒮䑳䒜䓊䒮䑹⚬⏉䒭ⓨ䑺䓐ᗧ๧䈜䓉䔏䔠䓬䔘
⺆䒦䑹䔞䔭䓭䔚䔩䓖䔠䓾䑺䕀㫃㪸㫁㪸㫎㪸㫉㪻䕁䒧๭䒯䓊䓉䒧ਥᒛ䒘䑳䒽䒞೎䒭⠪䒮䑳䔞䓯䔟䒮䓗䔞䔈䓗⺆䒭䑹䓗䔠䔬䔞䓯䔤䔠䑺䕀㪸㫃䑄㫃㪸㫑㫌㫎㪸㫉䕁䓐⿠Ḯ䒧䒖䓊䒥䒅䓉䑴
䔏䔠䓬䔘䒭વ⺑䒦䒮䑳ⓨ䒭⦡䒮ᄢ࿾䒍ਸ਼䒢䒥䒅䓉䔞䔉䓮䒭Ꮒᄢ䒩ෘ᧼䒪䓆䓉䓁䒭䒦䒃䓉䒧䈜䓉䑴੽ᢎᓤ䒪䒧䒢䒥䑳䔞䔉䓮䔞䓯䔟䒮䑳ᔃ䒭ᐔ๺䓐䓁䒞䓇
䒘䑳ᖡ䒅⠨䒉䓐ㅊ䒅ᛄ䒇䓁䒭䒦䒃䒢䒞䑴䔞䔉䓮䔞䓯䔟䒭ᦨ䓁᦭ฬ䒩↥࿾䒮䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒭䔅䓵䓤䓬䔘䔨䒋䓆䒲䓶䔟䒭䓟䔅䓙䓝䒦䒃䓉䑴㩷
7
㑆䒭౒ㅢ䒭․ᓽ䒮䑳䒜䒭䓄䒢䒞䓈䒧䒘䒞ᄖ⴩䒦䒃䓉䑴䒔䓊䒮䑳ਛ࿖䉇ᣣᧄ䒭ᓂೞኅ䒍ᓟ䒪ౣ⃻䒘䒞䒭䒦䒃䓉䒍䑳
ᒰೋ䑳䔅䔭䔔䔙䔨䒭௝䒮䑳䓣䔟䓬䔘䒭␹䓗䔒䔢䒌䓇䓙䔨䓮䔉䔡䔭䓬䔜䔨䓐ᓧ䒥䒅䒞䑴䒔䓊䓇䒭௝䒮䑳ੑ䇳䇳৻ᐕਃ᦬
䒪䓴䔟䔅䔨䒪䓆䓈⎕უ䒖䓊䒥䒘䒽䒢䒞䑴ᓐ╬䒮䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒦ᢎ⢒䓐ฃ䒒䒥䒋䓇䈝䑳࿖ᄖ䒦ೋᱠ⊛䒩ᢎ⢒䓐ฃ
䒒䒞䒟䒒䒦䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒭ᱧผ䒮ో䒐⍮䓇䒩䒅䑴౎㩷䒘䒌䒘䑳䒔䓊䓇䒭௝䒍૗਎♿䒪䓁䓍䒞䒢䒥଻ሽ䒖䓊䒥䒎䒞
䒧䒅䒇੐ታ䒮䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨ੱ䒭䓙䓮䔞䔕ᢎ䒷䒭ᡷቬ䒋䓆䒲䓙䓮䔞䔕᡽ᐭ䒭⛮⛯䒪䓁䒌䒌䓍䓇䈝䑳ᄙ䒐䒭䒔䒧䓐
‛⺆䒢䒥䒅䓉䑴㩷
ᣣᧄ䒷䒭ᦨ䓁ᒝ䒅ᢥൻ⊛ᓇ㗀䒮ਛ࿖䒌䓇䓁䒞䓇䒖䓊䒞䒍਻䑳ਛ࿖䒮໊ઍ䒪䒋䒅䒥䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒧ᭂ䓀䒥ኒធ
䒩㑐ଥ䒍䒃䒢䒞䑴৾਎♿䒭㓍₺ᦺ䒋䓆䒲໊₺ᦺ䒭ᤨઍ䑳᦭ฬ䒩䔊䓬䓝䔨䕀㪟㫌㫊㪿㫀㪼㫅䕁䒋䓆䒲䒜䒭੖ੱ䒭ખ㑆䒩䒨ᄙ
ᢙ䒭䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒭੽௯䉇ቇ⠪䒋䓆䒲⡯ੱ䒍ਛ࿖䒪ㅍ䓇䓊䑳ᦝ䒪䒮ർ䓗䔖䔟䓠䒷Ꮣᢎ䒪ᵷ㆜䒖䓊䒞䑴䓧䓙䔟䔭䔬
৻䇳
౎
㩷
㪩㪸㫊㪿㫀㪻㪃㩷㪘㪿㫄㪼㪻㪅㩷㪫㪸㫃㫀㪹㪸㫅㪑㩷㪤㫀㫃㫀㫋㪸㫅㫋㩷㪠㫊㫃㪸㫄㪃㩷㪦㫀㫃㩷㪸㫅㪻㩷㪝㫌㫅㪻㪸㫄㪼㫅㫋㪸㫃㫀㫊㫄㩷㫀㫅㩷㪚㪼㫅㫋㫉㪸㫃㩷㪘㫊㫀㪸㪅㩷㩿㪬㪢㪑㩷㪠㪅㪙㪅㪫㪸㫌㫉㫀㫊㩷㩽㩷㪚㫆㩷㪣㫋㪻㪃㩷㪉㪇㪇㪇㪀㪃㩷㫇㫇㪅㩷㪈㪎㪄㪊㪇㪒㩷㪥㫆㫁㫌㫄㫀㪃㩷
㪥㪼㪸㫄㪸㫋㫆㫃㫃㪸㪿㪃㩷㪫㪿㪼㩷㪩㫀㫊㪼㩷㫆㪽㩷㫋㪿㪼㩷㪫㪸㫃㫀㪹㪸㫅㩷㫀㫅㩷㪘㪽㪾㪿㪸㫅㫀㫊㫋㪸㫅㪑㩷㪤㪸㫊㫊㩷㪤㫆㪹㫀㫃㫀㫑㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅㪃㩷㪚㫀㫍㫀㫃㩷㪮㪸㫉㪃㩷㪸㫅㪻㩷㫋㪿㪼㩷㪝㫌㫋㫌㫉㪼㩷㫆㪽㩷㫋㪿㪼㩷㪩㪼㪾㫀㫆㫅㪅㩷㩿㪥㪼㫎㩷㪰㫆㫉㫂㪑㩷㪧㪸㫃㪾㫉㪸㫍㪼㪃㩷㪉㪇㪇㪉㪀㪃㩷㫇㫇㪅㩷
㪈㪉㪉㪄㪋㪅㩷
਻
㩷
㪩㪼㫀㫊㪺㪿㪸㫌㪼㫉㪃㩷㪜㪻㫎㫀㫅㩷㪦㪅㩷㪡㪸㫇㪸㫅㪑㩷㪫㪿㪼㩷㪪㫋㫆㫉㫐㩷㫆㪽㩷㪸㩷㪥㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅㩷㩿㪙㫆㫊㫋㫆㫅㪑㩷㪫㫌㫋㫋㫃㪼㩷㪧㫌㪹㫃㫀㫊㪿㫀㫅㪾㪃㩷㪝㫆㫌㫉㫋㪿㩷㪜㪻㫀㫋㫀㫆㫅㪃㩷㪈㪐㪐㪇㪀㪃㩷㫇㪅㩷㪐㪅㩷
㩷㪞㪼㪻㪻㪼㫊㪃㩷㪞㪸㫉㫐㪅㩷㪫㪿㪼㩷㪢㫀㫅㪾㪻㫆㫄㩷㫆㪽㩷㪫㪼㫅㩷㪫㪿㫆㫌㫊㪸㫅㪻㩷㪫㪿㫀㫅㪾㫊㪑㩷㪘㫅㩷㪠㫄㫇㫆㫊㫊㫀㪹㫃㪼㩷㪡㫆㫌㫉㫅㪼㫐㩷㪽㫉㫆㫄㩷㪢㪸㪹㫌㫃㩷㫋㫆㩷㪚㪿㫀㪸㫇㪸㫊㩷㩿㪟㪸㫉㫇㪼㫉㩷㪚㫆㫃㫃㫀㫅㫊㩷㪧㫌㪹㫃㫀㫊㪿㪼㫉㫊㪃㩷㪣㪫㪛㪅㪃㩷㪉㪇㪇㪌㪀㩷㩷
㩷 ౐ਃੑᐕ䑳ਛ࿖䒭₵ᅄ䒍䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒭䔅䔠䔊䑳䓤䔨䓾䓚䔭䓯䑳䔅䔭䔔䔙䔨䑳䓠䔉䓪䑳䔞䓥䔓䔨䒋䓆䒲䓠䔨䓵䔄䔭
৻䇳
䓧䓼䓮䒪䓆䓉䒧䑳䓤䔟䓮䓽䔊䓖䔭䔬䓨䔢䔨䔋䓮䓆䓈৻䇳䇳䇳ᐕ䓁೨䒪䔊䓬䓝䔨䒭䓗䔖䔟䓠ᄢ㒽䒷䒭ᣏ䒍ታ⸽䒖䓊䒥䒅䓉䑴
6
䒌䒩䒅䒌䓁䒘䓊䒩䒅䒍䑳ᣣᧄੱ䒭ᣣᏱ↢ᵴ䒪ᷓ䒐⚿䒲ઃ䒅䒥䒅䓉䑴䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒦䒮䑳䒋ㄉ௾䒭䓆䒇䒩ᣣᧄ䒪ૃ
䒞ᄙ䒐䒭⠌ᘠ䑄ᄙ䒐䒭႐ᚲ䒦਌䒣৻⥸⊛䒩䓁䒭䑄䒍ᤄ䒌䓇ⴕ䓍䓊䒥䒅䓉䑴㩷
䓡䔨䓵䔭䔞䒮䑳੽ᢎ䒪ᡷቬ䒘䒞䑹ൎ೑⠪䑺䒧๭䒯䓊䓉䓤䓬䔘䔨ᦺ䒭⛔ᴦ⠪䓠䔀䓬䓠৻਎䕀⷏ᥲ৻ੑ੖ᐕ䕁䒭ਅ䒦䑳
䓙䔨䓵䓮ᷧ⼱䒭৻ㇱ䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨᧲ㇱ䑳ਛᄩ䓗䓭䓗䒭ർㇱ䒌䓇䓗䔞䔠ᶏ䒽䒦䒪䒋䓆䒲⃻࿷䒭ਛ࿖ർ⷏ㇱ䒭৻
ㇱ䓐฽䒿ᐢᄢ䒩㗔ၞ䒪᜛ᄢ䒘䑳ୃ㆏㒮䒍ὐ࿷䈜䓉䑹⡛࿾䑺䒧䒩䒢䒞䑴౐㩷 ᓂ௝૞䓈䒮䑳䓡䔨䓵䔭䔞䒭ฎઍ䓣䔟䓬䔘
ᢥൻ䒭ᱧผ䒌䓇ዉ䒌䓊䒞ᦨೋ䒭ੱ㑆䒭ᆫ䒦䒭䔋䓸䓵䒭⧓ⴚ⊛ឬ౮䒷䒧⊒ዷ䒘䒞䒍䑳䒔䓊䒮䑳䓣䔟䓬䔘ੱ䒋䓆䒲␹
⊛ታ࿷⠪䓗䔒䔢䒭⋥ធ⊛䒩ᓇ㗀䒦䒃䓉䑴㩷
䓤䓬䔘䔨₺࿖䒮䑳䓤䓭䔚䔞䔬䓠䓾䔊䓘䓰䓮䕀⷏ᥲ྾䇳㪄৾౎ᐕ䕁䒪䓆䓈ഃ⸳䒖䓊䑳ᢥൻᓳ⥝䒋䓆䒲㓞ធ䈜䓉ਛ࿖䒷
䒭੽ᢎ䒭વ᠞䓐䓁䒞䓇䒘䒞䑴੽௝䒍䔅䔭䔔䔙䔨䒭ਐ䒪ᓂ䓇䓊䒞䒭䒮䒜䒭ᓟ䒭ᤨᦼ䒦䒃䒢䒞䕀⷏ᥲ੖਎♿䕁䑴৾㩷䒘䒞
䒍䒢䒥䑳ᭂ᧲ో૕䒋䓆䒲⃻ઍᣣᧄ䒪䒋䒅䒥⹺䓀䓇䓊⏕ታ䒪ᩮઃ䒅䒥䒅䓉䔋䓸䓵䒭ੱ㑆䒭ᆫ䒮䑳䒔䒭ᤨᦼ䒭䓗䔊䓡䔀
䓮䓴䔨䒪⿠Ḯ䓐⊒䒘䒥䒅䓉䒧䒅䒉䓉䑴㩷
䒔䒭ὐ䒦䑳ᄹ⦟䒋䓆䒲੩ㇺ䒭੽௝䒮䑳ᭂ䓀䒥ᄙ䒐䒭䒔䒧䓐‛⺆䒢䒥䒅䓉䑴䒔䓊䓇䒭੽௝䒧䔅䔭䔔䔙䔨䒭੽௝䒧䒭
౐
㩷䓡䔨䓵䔭䔞䒍ᩕ䒉䒞䒭䒮䑳⷏ᥲ৻਎♿䒌䓇੖਎♿䒽䒦䒦䒃䒢䒞䑴㩷
৾
㩷
䓬䔠䓤䔢䔭䓾䒪ᴪ䒢䒥૏⟎䈜䓉䔅䔭䔔䔙䔨䒮䑳䓳䔢䓗䓮䓴䔭ᢎ䑳੽ᢎ䒋䓆䒲䓙䓮䔞䔕ᢎ䒭ᤨઍ䒪䒋䒒䓉⾏ᤃ䑳⧓ⴚ䒋䓆䒲ቬᢎᵴേ䒭ਛᔃ䒧䒘䒥䒭ᓎ
ഀ䓐ᨐ䒞䒘䒞䑴৻ੑੑੑᐕ䑳䓭䔨䓣䓮䔬䔄䔭䔨䒮䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨ో࿯䓐⎕უ䒘䑳䔅䔭䔔䔙䔨䒭㒐ᓮ⠪䒪䓆䓈ቊ䒍Ვ䒖䓊䓉䒧䑳䔅䔭䔔䔙䔨䒪Ἣ䓐᡼䒢
䒞䑴㩷
5
ర೨੖੖ੑᐕ䒪䑳ਛᄩ䓗䓭䓗䒌䓇ଚ౉䒘䒥䒎䒞ㆆ’᳃䒪䓆䓈䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨ർㇱ䒦Ვኂ䒖䓊䒥䒅䓉䑴྾㩷
㩷䓙䔨䓾䒪䒋䒒䓉䓗䓬䔜䓠₺䕀♿ర೨ੑਃੑᐕ䕁䒭ᤨઍ䒭ᓟ䑳䔅䔞䔗䔨ᢎ䒭⴮ㅌ䒧䒧䓁䒪䑳䓡䔨䓵䔭䔞䕀䓠䔋䔭䔠䑳
䓭䔘䔞䔞䔅䔭䓾䒋䓆䒲䔏䓬䔘䔤䔭䔠䓐൮฽䈜䓉࿾ၞ䕁䒪䒋䒅䒥⊒㆐䒘䒞ᄢਸ਼੽ᢎ䒮䑳໡ᬺ䒭䓬䔠䓤䔢䔭䓾䒪ᴪ䒢䒥
䓽䔠䓢䓮䓴䔨䑳䔗䔨䓩䔠䑳ਛ࿖䑳ᦺ㞲䒷䒧䑳䒜䒘䒥ᣣᧄ䒪䒮౐਎♿㗃䒪વ䓍䒢䒞䑴౎਎♿䒪䒮䑳ᣢሽ䒭ቬᵷ䒍ධㇺ౐
ቬ䒧䒘䒥⍮䓇䓊䒞䑴ਛ࿖䒌䓇䒭⑎䒭વ᧪䒪઻䒅䑳⥃ᷣ䒋䓆䒲ᦡᵢ䒧๭䒯䓊䓉ੑ䒣䒭ቬᵷ䒍ዉ౉䒖䓊䒞䑴䒔䓊䓇
䒮䑳䒜䒭ᓟ䒖䓇䒪ᄙᢙ䒭ቇᵷ䒪ಽ䒌䓊䒞䑴⌀⸒ቬ䒟䒒䒦䓁䑳੖ච৾䒭ቬᵷ䒪ಽ䒌䓊䒞䑴ᣣᧄੱ䒭ᄢඨ䒮䒔䓊䓇
䒭ቬᵷ䒪ዻ䒘䑳⫋ᑼ䒪ෳ೉䈜䓉ੱ䒮ା⠪䒧䒾䒩䒖䓊䓉䒍䑳⫋ᑼ䒮䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒭⫋ᑼ䒧ᭂ䓀䒥ૃ䒥䒅䓉䑴੖㩷
⑳䒍ੑ䇳䇳྾ᐕੑ᦬ੑච੖ᣣ䑳㕍ጊᢪ႐䒦ᣣᧄ䒭రᄖോᄢ⤿ᳰ↰ⴕᒾ᳁䒭⫋௾䒪ෳ೉䒘䒞㓙䑳㘃ૃᕈ䒭
ᄙ䒅䒔䒧䒪㛳䒅䒞䑴໑৻䒭⋧㆑䒮䑳⚻ౖ䓐໒䒉䓉௯ଛ䒭ઍ䓍䓈䒪䑳↵ᅚ೎䇱䒭ㇱደ䒦䒜䓊䒝䓊䔕䓸䔞䔭䒍䓨䔭䔞
੖
㩷㪛㫌㫇㫉㪼㪼㪃㩷㪣㫆㫌㫀㫊㪅㩷㪘㪽㪾㪿㪸㫅㫀㫊㫋㪸㫅㩷㩿㪧㫉㫀㫅㪺㪼㫋㫆㫅㪑㩷㪧㫉㫀㫅㪺㪼㫋㫆㫅㩷㪬㫅㫀㫍㪼㫉㫊㫀㫋㫐㩷㪧㫉㪼㫊㫊㪃㩷㪈㪐㪏㪇㪀㪃㩷㫇㪅㩷㪉㪎㪉㪅㩷
㩷㪘㪹㫆㫌㫋㩷㪡㪸㫇㪸㫅㩷㪪㪼㫉㫀㪼㫊㪑㩷㪡㪸㫇㪸㫅㪼㫊㪼㩷㪚㫌㫃㫋㫌㫉㪼㩷㩿㪫㫆㫂㫐㫆㪑㩷㪝㫆㫉㪼㫀㪾㫅㩷㪧㫉㪼㫊㫊㩷㪚㪼㫅㫋㪼㫉㪃㩷㪈㪐㪐㪐㪀㪃㩷㫇㫇㪅㩷㪈㪋㪄㪈㪌㪅㩷
྾
䒢䒥䑳෺ᣇ䒪䒋䒅䒥ᄙ䒐䒭ૃㅢ䒢䒞વ⛔䒍቞䓇䓊䒥䒅䓉䒧⸒䒉䓉䑴䒘䒌䒘੽ᢎ䉇␹㆏䒭ᢎ䒉䒮䑳⥄ಽ㆐䒦䒮᳇ઃ
䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒦䒮䑳䉇䒮䓈䔗䓮䓤䒦㊄䓐ነઃ䈜䓉䒍䑳႐ว䒪䓆䒢䒥䒮䔗䓮䓤䒭ᄖ䒭ᄢ䒎䒩㋬䒪㊄䓐౉䓊䓉䑴䒘䒞䒍
䔨䒭⹞䓐ᦶ⺍䈜䓉䒔䒧䒦䒃䒢䒞䑴䒽䒞䑳䒺䒧䓑䒨䒭੽ᢎኹ㒮䉇␹␠䒪䒋䒅䒥䑳ෳ⹚ੱ䒮ᧁ▫䒪⾽㌛䓐ᛩ䒓౉䓊䓉䑴
4
ଥ䑄ቬᢎ⊛䒋䓆䒲ᄖ੤⊛❬䒍䓈䓐฽䒿䑄䒮䑳䒔䓊䒽䒦䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒧ᣣᧄ䒧䒍⋧੕䒪෸䒻䒘䒥䒎䒞᭽䇱䒩ᓇ
㗀䓐␜䒘䒥䒅䓉䑴㩷
㩷
ˢᷯ͂᩾ɁफᬭȝɛɆ̷ಐԇ ᄢㇱಽ䒭ᣣᧄੱ䒪䒮⍮䓇䓊䒥䒅䒩䒅䒭䒟䒍䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒮ᣣᧄ䒭ቬᢎ⊛䓗䓙䓼䔨䓻䓘䓻䓘䔭䒭ᩇ䒭৻䒣䒪䑳
ᒝ䒅ᓇ㗀䓐෸䒻䒘䒥䒅䓉䑴䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒮䓬䔠䓤䔢䔭䓾䒭ਛᩭ䒪䒃䒢䒥䑳૗਎♿䒪䓁䓍䒞䓉ᢙᄙ䒐䒭ᢥ᣿䒭චሼ
〝䒧䒘䒥䑳䔝䔭䔢䓸䔆䒧䓗䓭䓗䒧䒭㑆䒭ᢥ‛䉇⠨䒉ᣇ䓐੤ᵹ䒖䒚䓉㊀ⷐ䒩ᓎഀ䓐ᨐ䒞䒘䒥䒎䒞䑴䓳䔢䓗䓮䓴䔭ᢎ
䒋䓆䒲੽ᢎ䒮䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒌䓇᧲ᣇਛ࿖䒷䒧ᐢ䒍䓈䑳䒖䓇䒪ᦺ㞲䓐⚻䒥ᣣᧄ䒷䒧વ䓍䒢䒞䑴ੑ㩷 ᣣᧄ䒪䒋䒒䓉䓳
䔢䓗䓮䓴䔭ᢎ䒭ᄙ䒐䒭ⷐ⚛䒭Ḯ䒮䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒪㆚䓉䒔䒧䒍಴᧪䓉䑴ᣣᧄ䒦Ფᐕਃ᦬චੑᣣ䒪ⴕ䓍䓊䓉ୃੑળ
䒭ᓮ᧻᣿䒦䒮䑳ቬᢎ⊛䒩⋡⊛䒦᮸ᧁ䓐Ά䉇䈜䒍ਃ䑳⃻࿷䒭䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒭ㄘ᧛࿾ၞ䒦䓁䑳ਃ᦬ੑච৻ᣣ䒪⥄ಽ
䒞䒠䒭૑ኅ䒭ਛ䒦Ἣ䓐ά䒅䒥ῗ䈜䑴䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒭ᣂᐕ䒪ᒰ䒞䓉ᤐ䒭ೋ䓀䒪ኅ䒌䓇ᖡ㔤䓐␯䒇䒞䓀䒦䒃䓉䑴䒔䒭
⠌ᘠ䒮䑳ᤄ䒌䓇䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒭䓳䔢䓗䓮䓴䔭ᢎ䒭ੱ䇱䒪቞䓇䓊䒥䒅䓉䓁䒭䒦䒃䓉䑴䓳䔢䓗䓮䓴䔭ᢎ䒭ഃᆎ⠪䒮䑳♿
ੑ
㩷㪮㪿㫀㫋㪼㪽㫀㪼㫃㪻㪃㩷㪪㫌㫊㪸㫅㪅㩷㪣㫀㪽㪼㩷㪸㫃㫆㫅㪾㩷㫋㪿㪼㩷㪪㫀㫃㫂㩷㪩㫆㪸㪻㪅㩷㩿㪣㫆㫅㪻㫆㫅㪑㩷㪡㫆㪿㫅㩷㪤㫌㫉㫉㪸㫐㩷㪧㫌㪹㫃㫀㫊㪿㪼㫉㫊㪃㩷㪉㪇㪇㪋㪀㩷
㩷 ࿷੩䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨ᄢ૶㙚⊒ⴕ䑹䓗䔊䓡䔨䔬䔀䔚䔭䓮䑺㩷 ੑ䇳䇳੖ᐕ੖᦬ภ㩷 ᐔጊ㇚ᄦ䑄⟤ⴚኅ䔬䔛䔂䓮䓨ⷫༀᄢ૶䒧䒭䓙䔨䓴䔈䔚䔭䒌䓇㩷
ਃ
3
䒪䒩䒢䒞䒭䒮䑳ห䒙䒔䓋䒦䒃䒢䒞䑴㩷
ਔ࿖䒧䓁૗ජᐕ䓁䒭㑆䑳ᄖ࿖䒌䓇䒭ଚ᡹䔬භ㗔䓐㒐䒅䒦䒎䒞䑴ᣣᧄ䒮ᶏ䒪࿐䒽䓊䒞ፉ࿖䒧䒅䒇䒔䒧䒍ᄖ࿖䒌
䓇䒭᡹᠄䓐㒐䒏䑳⚛᥍䓇䒘䒅⁛⥄䒭ᢥ᣿䓐▽䒐ᯏળ䓐ᓧ䒞䑴⫥ฎⷅ᧪䕀৻ੑ৾྾䑄৻ੑ౎৻䕁䒪䓁ዮ䈜䓉䒔䒧
䒩䒐䑳䔒䔠䓽䓡䔠䑳䓮䔏䓙䔨䒌䓇䒭໡ੱ㩿ච౐䑄ච৾਎♿㪀䉇䒜䓊䒪⛯䒐䓙䓣䔟䓮䑳䓟䔞䔨䓵໡ੱ䒭ᓇ㗀䓁䑳㒢䓇䓊
䒞▸࿐䒪䒧䒨䓀䓉䒔䒧䒍䒦䒎䑳ᓼᎹᤨઍ㩿৻౐䇳䇳䑄৻౎੖䇳ᐕઍ㪀䒪䒮㎮࿖䓐䒘䒞䑴䒜䒭ᓟ䑳䔏䔟䔭ឭ〈䒭ᣣ
ᧄ䒷䒭᧪⥶䕀৻౎੖ਃ䕁䒧᣿ᴦ⛽ᣂ䕀৻౎౐౎䕁䒭ᡷ㕟䓐䒎䒢䒌䒒䒪ᣣᧄ䒮㐿࿖䓐䒘䒞䑴㩷
㩷䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒮䑳ㅒ䒪䑳ᄢ㒽䒭ਛᔃ䒪૏⟎䒘䒩䒍䓇㗔࿯䓐቞䓈ᛮ䒅䒥䒎䒞䑴ᢥ᣿䒭චሼ〝䒪૏⟎䒘䒩䒍䓇䑳
䒃䓉ᤨ䒮䑳᭽䇱䒩ᢥ᣿䒪⽸₂䒘䑳䒃䓉ᤨ䒮ᄙ䒐䒭䓁䒭䓐ข䓈౉䓊䒥䒎䒞䑴䓗䔡䓢䓪䔨䓵䔭ᄢ₺䒮䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨㆙
ᓕ㩿♿ర೨ਃਃ䇳䑄ਃੑ৾㪀䒦ਃᐕ㑆䒭෩䒘䒅⹜✵䓐ฃ䒒䑳䓶䔨䓣䓮䔬䔄䔭䔨䒮䔅䓥䔞䔕䒦ᄢᛂ᠄䕀৻ੑੑ৻䕁䓐ฃ
䒒䑳⧷࿖䒮ਃᐲ䒪ਗ਼䓉⧷䔬䓗䔊䓡䔨ᚢ੎㩿৻౎ਃ਻䑳৻౎౎䇳䑳৻਻৻਻㪀䒦⎕䓊䑳ᦝ䒪వ䒭䓲ㅪ䒮৻਻৻৾ᐕ䒭
ᑪ࿖એ᧪䒭ᦨೋ䒪䒘䒥ᦨᓟ䒭ᢌർ䓐༛䒘䒥䒅䓉䑴㩷
䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒧ᣣᧄ䒧䒭㑆䒭ᱧผ⊛㑐ଥ䒮䑳ᄢㇱಽ䒭ੱ䇱䒪䒺䒧䓑䒨⍮䓇䓊䒥䒅䒩䒅䑴ታ㓙䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨
䒍੹ᣣ䒪⥋䓉䒽䒦ᣣᧄ䒪ᭂ䓀䒥᳗⛯⊛䒩ᓇ㗀䓐෸䒻䒘䒥䒎䒞䒔䒧䒮䑳ᐢ䒐䒮⹺䓀䓇䓊䒥䒅䒩䒅䑴䒜䒔䒪䒮䑳䓗䔊
䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒧ᣣᧄ䒧䒭㑆䒭㐳ᐕ䒪䓍䒞䓉㑐ଥ䒭⛮⛯䒭䒞䓀䒭ၷ࿕䒩ᢥൻ⊛ᡰ䒉䒍ሽ࿷䈜䓉䑴ਔ࿖㑆䒭ᱧผ⊛㑐
2
䑹䓗䓭䓗䒭ੑ䒣䒭ᣣ಴䈝䓉࿖䑺㩷
䑄䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒧ᣣᧄ䒭㑐ଥ䑄㩷
㩷
䓝䔠䔂䓮䓽䔬䔠䓿䔨䒮䑳࿖᳃ߣߪ䎬
䎲㝬ߢ޽ࠅ䎬♖␹⊛ේℂߢ޽ࠆ䎭䎳ߣቯ⟵ߔࠆ䎭
䎲ታ㓙䎬ੑߟߩ߽ߩ߇ߎ
ߩ㝬ߣ♖␹⊛ේℂࠍ᭴ᚑߒߡ޿ࠆ䎭৻ߟߪㆊ෰ߢ޽ࠅ䎬ઁᣇߪ⃻࿷ߢ޽ࠆ䎭৻ߟߪ䎬౒ㅢߩㆊ෰ߩㆮ↥
ߢ޽ࠅ䎬ઁᣇߪ䎬⃻࿷ߩᗧᔒߢ޽ࠅ䎬౒ㅢߩ⸥ᙘࠍᜬߜߣ߽ߦ↢߈ߡ޿ߊᗧᔒߢ޽ࠆ䎭䎳৻
ߎࠇࠍ〯߹߃ࠆߣ䎬䓗䓭䓗⻉࿖᳃䒭ਛ䒦䑳ᣣᧄ࿖᳃䒧䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨࿖᳃䒮䑳࿖᳃䒭ၮᧄ⊛⾗⾰䒧⠨䒉䓇䓊
䒥䒅䓉․ᓽ䑳䒣䒽䓈䑳࿖䒭⹶䓈䑳ℂᗐ⊛䒩ᗲ࿖ਥ⟵䑳ఝ⿧ᗵ䒋䓆䒲䑳૗䒪䓁䒽䒘䒥䑳⥄↱䓐ᗲ䈜䓉ᔃ䒭䒺䒧䓑䒨
䓐ᜬ䒠ว䓍䒚䒥䒅䓉䒧⸒䒉䓉䑴㩷
㩷
౐਎♿䒪䑳⃻࿷䒭䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒪ዬ૑䒘䒥䒅䒞૑᳃䒍䑳⥄ಽ䒞䒠䒭࿯࿾䒪䔐䔞䓪䔨䕀㪢㪿㫆㫉㬷㫊㬷㫅䕁䑄䑹ᣣ䒅䈝䓉ᄥ
㓁䒭࿖䑺䓐ᗧ๧䈜䓉䑄䒧䒅䒇ᣂ䒘䒅ฬ䓐ઃ䒒䒞䒭䒮䑳䒽䒔䒧䒪⥝๧ᷓ䒅䑴䑹㪢㪿㫆㫉䑺䒧䒮ᄥ㓁䓐ᗧ๧䒘䑳䑹㬷㫊㬷㫅䑺䒮ዬ
ᚲ䓐ᗧ๧䈜䓉䑴ᣣᧄ䒍䑹ᄥ㓁䒭⿠Ḯ䑺䑳ᄥ㓁䒍ᣣ಴䈝䓉䒧䒔䓋䓐ᗧ๧䈜䓉䔀䓸䔒䔨䑳䒽䒞䒮䔀䔐䔨䒧๭䒯䓊䓉䓆䒇
㩷㪟㫌㫋㪺㪿㫀㫅㫊㫆㫅㪃㩷㪡㫆㪿㫅㩷㩽㩷㪪㫄㫀㫋㪿㪃㩷㪘㫅㫋㪿㫆㫅㫐㩷㪛㪅㩷㪈㪐㪐㪋㪅㩷㪥㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅㪸㫃㫀㫊㫄㪅㩷㪦㫏㪽㫆㫉㪻䕎㪦㫏㪽㫆㫉㪻㩷㪬㫅㫀㫍㪼㫉㫊㫀㫋㫐㩷㪧㫉㪼㫊㫊㩷
৻
1
㩷
㩷
㩷
㩷
㩷
ำ ‫ װ‬Ố ᦋ ‫ א‬ỏ ௔ ຟ Ỉ ả Ử Ḩ Ế Ẹ ệ ௔ ຟ Ố Ⴛ ‫ ۦ‬ỏ ำ ‫ װ‬Ỉ ả Ử ḇ¡ ¡ ¡
ἌἻ὇ḊἋḠἾḠ¡
!
899:,;<=>?
899:ABC;<=>?
EFGHI)*JI
EFGLMNOHI)*JI
QRS#$TUHI
23#$
/#$01
"#$%&'()*+,-.
45
67
6@
6D
6K
6P
VWXY
Z[
!"#$%&'(
)*+
,-%&*%&./01
2 3 456789:+;<=>
? @AB
)CD:,9E,FEGHIIJHKLKM
N(OPGHIQQHKRRM
S,T
UVTWT
XT
GHIIQHKRQM
Y
Z
[\:,
]^_XT
GHIKLHKRQM
cdef
` *ab
- .(/
!"#$%&'()*+,
᠙¡
¡ ¡ ᤺¡
߹ߕೋ߼ߦ䎬߅ੑੱߩᣇߦⴲᔃࠃࠅᗵ⻢↳ߒ਄ߍ߹ߔ䎭߅৻ੱߪ䎬ࠕ࡙ࡉ⊞ᄥሶߩ᧪ᣣߦ㑐ߒߡ
߅╵߃ߊߛߐ޿߹ߒߚ䎬࡞࠼࠙䏏ࠣ࡮ࠕ࠳ࡔ䏓ࠢᢎ᝼䎭⺞ᩏߩታᣉ߿⾗ᢱߩ෼㓸ߥߤߦߟ޿ߡᄙ
ᄢߥࠆỗബࠍ޿ߚߛ߈߹ߒߚ䎭ੑੱ⋡ߪ䎬ේᧄߩ⸃⺒߿⾗ᢱߦߟ޿ߡߏផ⮈ߊߛߐ޿߹ߒߚ㧭࡮
㧳࡮࡜ࡃࡦ࡮ࡈ䏎࡞ࡂ࠺䏏ᢎ᝼ߢߔ䎭
䎴⥄↱䎵ߣ޿߁ᐔᚑච౎ᐕ৾᦬⊒ⴕ᦬ೀ⹹߳ߩឝタࠍߏḰ஻
ߊߛߐ޿߹ߒߚടἑ⧷᣿᳁䎬ශ೚߹ߢߩㆊ⒟ߦߏዧജߊߛߐ޿߹ߒߚ⑺ጊ⟵ᙗ᳁䎬ߘߒߡߎߩᐲ䎬
ᦨᣂ ࠍ಴ ߔࠆߦ޽ߚࠅ䎬ߏᡰេ޿ߚߛ޿ߚᄢ૶㙚ߩ෹ੱ㆐ߦᗵ⻢޿ߚߒ߹ߔ䎭
ᦨᓟߦࠫ䏚ࡦ࡮࠷䏎ࡦࠣߐࠎ䎬ࡂ䏓ࠨࡦ࡮࠰ࡉࡑࡦ᳁䎬㑐ᩮᱜ↵᳁䎬ᳰ⷏ᄕሶߐࠎ䎬ᣂᷰᚭን
ᕺߐࠎ䎬ࡃࠪ䏚࡞࡮ࡕࡂࡃ䏓࠻᳁䎬ࠫ䏑ࡈࡑࠗࡦ࡮ࠬࠦ䏓࠻᳁䎬ߘߒߡᣣᧄߩᄖോ⋭ߩ෹ੱ╬䎬
ᄙߊߩ⊝᭽ߩߏදജߦࠃࠅ಴ ߳ߩߪߎ߮ߣߥࠅ߹ߒߚߎߣ䎬ᡷ߼ߡᓮ␞↳ߒ਄ߍ߹ߔ䎭
ỐẹỢỌ¡
㩷
ೋ䓀䒥ᣣᧄ䒪᧪䒞ᤨ䑳ኙ䒅౻䒭ᣣ䒭␹⒁⊛䒩㔓࿐᳇䓐ᜬ䒣ᣣᧄ䒍䑳ᣂ䒘䒅᭽⋧䓐๒䒘䒞䑴㩷
⑳䒮䑳ᦝ䒪ᣣᧄ䓐๧䓍䒅䒞䒅䒧䒅䒇㗿ᦸ䒪䒌䓇䓊䑳ᣣᧄ䒪䒣䒅䒥ᦠ䒌䓊䒥䒅䓉ᦠ‛䒪ᴚ㗡䒘䒞䑴ᦨೋ䒪಴ળ䒢
䒞ᧄ䒮䑳ච৾਎♿䒭େ⡛᧻የ⧊⭈䒪䒣䒅䒥䒦䒃䓉䑴䒜䒭ត᳞䒮䑳ᔃᅓ䓍䓊䓉䑳䒜䒘䒥⻞⯯䒩᳇ᜬ䒠䒪䒖䒚䓇䓊䓉
⚻㛎䒧䒩䓈䑳䈜䒑䒪ᣣᧄ䒭䒧䓈䒔䒧䒩䒢䒞䑴䒜䒘䒥䑳ᤨ䒭⚻ㆊ䒧䒧䓁䒪䑳᳇䒤䒅䒞䒔䒧䒍䒃䒢䒞䑴䒜䓊䒮䑳ᣣᧄ䒧
⑳䒭Უ࿖䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒍䑳ᢥൻ䒭㕙䒦䓁ᱧผ䒭ᵹ䓊䓁ૃ䒥䒅䓉䒧䒅䒇䒔䒧䒦䒃䓈䑳䒌䒣䒥⿞છ䒘䒞࿖䑳ᣏⴕ䒦⸰
䓊䒞࿖䒦䒮䑳৻ᐲ䓁⠨䒉䓁䒘䒩䒌䒢䒞䒔䒧䒦䒃䒢䒞䑴㩷
෹ੱ䒪䒔䒭㘃ૃὐ䒪䒣䒅䒥⹤䈜䒧䑳⸥㍳䒪ᱷ䈜䓆䒇൘䓀䓇䓊䒞䑴૗䔏䔭䓭䒌ㅴ䓀䒥䒅䒐䒇䒠䒪䑳䒜䒔䒪䒮䑳䒽
䓉䒦ᭉ䒘䒅䔆䓯䔠䒍䔅䔞䔅䔞䒭⁁ᘒ䒦ሽ࿷䒘䑳䒱䒧䒞䒲䔉䔭䓮䓐⚵䒾ㄟ䒿䒧䑳ᢥൻ䒭䒾䒩䓇䈝䑳⥝๧ᷓ䒅ᱧผ⊛䒩
㘃ૃὐ䒍⷗䒉䒥䒎䑳⓭ὼᭉ䒘䒐਌䒣䉇䓈䒍䒅䒭䒃䓉૞ᬺ䒧䒩䒢䒥䒅䒢䒞䑴䒘䒌䒘䑳⾗ᢱ䒭ਇ⿷䑳ᣣᧄ䒍ઁ࿖䒧㆙
䒐㔌䓊䒥䒅䓉䒔䒧䑳ᤨᏅ䒭໧㗴䒪⋥㕙䒘䑳⎇ⓥ䒮৻╭✽䒦䒮ㅴ䒽䒩䒌䒢䒞䑴䒞䒢䒞৻ᨎ䒭౮⌀䓐ត䈜䒭䒪䑳䒽䒞䑳
৻䒣䒭ᣂ⡞⸥੐䒭ᣣઃ䓐⏕⹺䈜䓉䒭䒪䑳ਃ䔫᦬એ਄䓁䒌䒌䓉䒔䒧䒍䒃䒢䒞䑴⚿ᨐ䑳⧷䍃☨䍃䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨౏ᢥᦠ
䉇䓗䔊䓡䔨ኾ㐷ኅ䓆䓈ᓧ䒞ᖱႎ䒦లታ䒘䒞ౝኈ䒪೔㆐䈜䓉䒭䒪䑳ੑᐕએ਄䒭ᐕ᦬䓐⾌䉇䈜䒔䒧䒪䒩䒢䒞䑴䒜䒭
㑆䒪ᄢ૶㙚ౝ䒪࿑ᦠቶ䒍䒦䒎䓉䒺䒨䒭⾗ᢱ䒍㓸䒽䓈䑳ᦝ䒩䓉⎇ⓥ䒭䒞䓀䒪ᵴ↪䒘䒥䒅䓉䑴㩷
㩷
⑳䒭⎇ⓥ䒮䑳ਔ࿖㑆䒦ୃᅢ᧦⚂䒍⚿䒯䓊䒞৾ච੖๟ᐕ䒭ੑ䇳䇳౐ᐕ䒭৾᦬䒪䑳⥄↱␠䒌䓇⊒ⴕ䒖䓊䒥䒅䓉
䑹⥄↱䑺䒧䒅䒇㔀⹹䒪䑳৻ᐲᣣᧄ⺆䒪⠡⸶䒖䓊䒞䓁䒭䓐ឝタ䒘䒥䒅䒞䒟䒅䒥䒅䓉䑴㩷
䔄䔠䔨䔬䓗䔔䔨㩷 ᧲੩䒪䒥㩷
ॆ¡
䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒧ਥⷐ࿖䒧䒭㑐ଥ䑳䒧䓈䓍䒒䑳⧷࿖䑳䓾䓙䓹䑳䒜䒘䒥䓲䔈䓝䓽ㅪ㇌䒪䒣䒅䒥䒮䑳䒔䓊䒽䒦䒪ᄙ䒐䒭㩷
⎇ⓥ䒍ⴕ䓍䓊䒥䒋䓈䑳䒽䒞䑳䔆䓢䓮䓴䔨䑳䓙䓴䔟䓗䒧䒭㑐ଥ䒪䒣䒅䒥䓁䒃䓉⒟ᐲ䒭⠨ኤ䒍䒩䒖䓊䒥䒎䒞䑴䒘䒌䒘䑳㩷
䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒧ᣣᧄ䒭㑐ଥ䒪䒣䒅䒥䒮䑳⃻࿷䒭䒧䒔䓋ᢥሼㅢ䓈૗䓁䒩䒅䑴㩷
㚢ᣣ䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨ᄢ૶䒭䔄䔠䔨䔬䓗䔔䔨᳁䒮䑳ੑ࿖䒭䑹ᣣ䒅䒤䓉࿖䑺䒭㑐ଥ䒪⌕⋡䒘䑳䒔䒭ⓨ㓗䓐ၒ䓀䓉৻ഥ䒧䒩㩷
䒢䒞䑴㩷
䓗䔔䔨᳁䒮䑳䓬䔠䓤䔢䔭䓾䓐⚻↱䒘䒞䑳ฎઍ䒭੤ᤃ䒪↱᧪䈜䓉౒ㅢ䒭ㆮ↥䒪䒖䒌䒭䒻䓈䑳ᢥൻ⊛䑳ᱧผ⊛䒩ⷞ㩷
ὐ䒌䓇⥝๧ᷓ䒅ਔ࿖䒭㘃ૃὐ䓐⚌䒧䒅䒥䒅䓉䑴㩷
䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒍䑳䒌䒣䒥䕛䕷䕾䖁䕰䖂䕰䕽䕀䔐䔞䓪䔨䕁䑄㩷䑹ᄥ㓁䒭᣹䓉䒧䒔䓋䑺䑄䒧䒘䒥⍮䓇䓊䒥䒅䒞䒔䒧䉇䑳੽ᢎ䒮䑳
䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒌䓇ᣣᧄ䒪વ᠞䒖䓊䑳䓳䔢䓗䓮䓴䔭ᢎ䒭৻ㇱ䒭⠌ᘠ䓁ᣣᧄ䒪વ䓍䒢䒥䒅䓉䒔䒧䒩䒨䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨㩷
䒭ᢥൻ䒭⊒ዷ䒍䑳ᄙ䒐䒭ᓇ㗀䓐෸䒻䒘䒥䒅䓉䒧䓗䔔䔨᳁䒮⷗䒥䒅䓉䑴㩷
ᣣ㔺ᚢ੎䕀৻਻䇳੖ᐕ䕁䒪䒋䒒䓉ᣣᧄ䒭ൎ೑䒮䑳ㄭઍൻ᡽╷䒔䒜䒍⷏᰷䒭Ꮲ࿖ਥ⟵䒭ᵄ䒪ኻ᛫䈜䓉ὑ䒪ᔅ㩷
ⷐ䒦䒃䓉䒧䒅䒇䒔䒧䓐䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䉇䓗䓭䓗⻉࿖䒭ᡰ㈩⠪䒞䒠䒪␜䒘䒞䑴৻਻䇳৾ᐕ䒭䓗䔛䔋䔬䔄䔭䔨䒭⸰ᣣ䒪㩷
ᆎ䒽䓉ೋᦼ䒭੤ᷤ䒍䑳౏ᢥᦠ䒪ၮ䒤䒅䒥⹦ㅀ䒖䓊䑳ਔ࿖䒭ᄖ੤࿅䒭ฬ★䓁ឝタ䒖䓊䒥䒅䓉䑴ᄖ੤਄䑳੤ᵹ䒭䒃㩷
䒢䒞ੱ䇱䒭౮⌀䓁ᢙᄙ䒐฽䒽䓊䒥䒋䓈䑳䓗䔔䔨᳁䒮ታ䒪⚛᥍䓇䒘䒅ഞ❣䓐ᱷ䒖䓊䒞䑴㩷
䒔䒭૞ຠ䓐䒎䒢䒌䒒䒪䑳䓗䔊䓡䔀䓮䓴䔨䒧ᣣᧄ䒭㑐ଥ䒪䒣䒅䒥䒭ᦝ䒩䓉⎇ⓥ䒍ⴕ䒩䓍䓊䒥䒅䒐䒔䒧䓐ᒝ䒐ᦸ䒿䑴㩷
㩷
㩷
ੑ䇳䇳౐ᐕ౎᦬䓗䔟䓳䓿䒪䒥㩷
䔠䓾䔚䓙䓸䓤䔬䓗䓵䔖䓸䓤㩷
ࠕࡈࠟ࠾ࠬ࠲ࡦߣᣣᧄߩ㑐ଥ
ࠕࠫࠕߩੑߟߩᣣ಴ߕࠆ࿖
㨋㨋㨋㨋㨋㨋㨋㨋㨋㨋㨋㨋
ࠕ࡙ࡉ࡮ࡂ࡯ࡦߩ⸰ᣣ߆ࠄ100 ᐕ⋡ࠍㄫ߃ߡ
ᣣᧄ࡮ࠕࡈࠟ࠾ࠬ࠲ࡦୃᅢ᧦⚂76 ๟ᐕߦ㓙ߒߡ
ࡂ࡞ࡦ࡮ࠕࡒࡦ ⪺
ᐨᢥ㧦࡞࠼ࠗ࠶ࠢ࡮ࠕ࠳ࡔ࠶ࠢ

Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands Under “The Rising Sun”

Transcription

Similar documents

New Jan Group Supply Service

File

H.E. Dr. ZAHIR TANIN Permanent Representative of the Islamic

Afghanistan

Canada`s unexpected Afghan war

Minerals in Afghanistan - British Geological Survey

Snow Tubing Night A Benefit Fundraiser for Home Base Ride the

The Family During Crisis in Afghanistan