Frans C. Stades - American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists

Strategies to target canine inherited ocular disordersa critical review of European approaches
Frans C. Stades
DVM, Ph.D., Dip. ECVO
Assoc. Prof. Em. Vet. Ophthalmology, University Utrecht
[email protected]; [email protected]
Strategies to target (canine) presumed inherited
ocular disorders-a critical review of ECVO
approaches and
differences from other Schemes
___________________________________
_________
Frans C. Stades
DVM, Ph.D., Dip. ECVO
Assoc. Prof. Em. Vet. Ophthalmology, University Utrecht
[email protected]; [email protected]
ECVO Hereditary Eye Disease Scheme
1.
2.
3.
General aspects
Organization and panels
Panellists
1.
2.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Training and examination of Eye Scheme Examiners
Requirements to become and to maintain Panellist status
Arrangements + procedure for the Eye Examination + Form
Examination outside the Scheme
Publication of Results
Conflicting results on same animal + "Suspicious" cases
Appeals Procedure
Other Schemes
European? EU = 27; Eur = 58? (e.g.  Vatican, San Marino)
Languages:  30
n panellists – (Dips)
n cases (’08)
n/panellist
n Inhab x106
(’07)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1. N
19
(1)
5,500
289
4.6
2. Fin
24
(0)
19,000
791
5.2
3. DK
18
(0)
3,500
194
5.4
4. NL
8
(5)
7,000
875
16.3
5. D
80
(8)
12,000
150
82.3
6. Austria
15
(2)
1,512
100
8.3
7. CH
6
(4)
2,480
413
7.2
– Spain-Dips
2
(2)
221
110
44.5
– GB+IE-Dips
3
(11+1)
261
87
60.9 + 4.3
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ECVO total
175
(34)
51,474
294
239
– (Isr)
1
(1)
300
5.5
– France-Dips
6
(8)
starting
63.4
– Belgium problems with privacy laws (identity dog not public?)
10.6
– Ital = training
(4)
59.1
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------•
•
Sweden
BVA=GB+IE
31
28
(5)
(11+1)
17,000
18,000
548
642
9
60.9 + 4.3
ECVO Hereditary Eye Disease Scheme: General aspects
Purposes: diagnose + control PIED
• PIED:
–
–
–
–
(presumed Inherited Eye Disease)
in Animals = HED Committee
disabling
painful
disturbing to wellbeing
necessitate surgical intervention or lifelong medication
• Results made public: identity animal + free + not free of PIED
CERF-ACVO:
PIED:
– potential compromise of vision or other ocular function
• Diagnose + statistical summaries of PIED / breed in “blue book”
• Provide a registry of purebred dogs certified free of PIED
ECVO Hereditary Eye Disease Scheme: General aspects
purpose concerning PIED: Scheme provides:
• definitions
• guidelines
• recommendations
• information
Additional info: appendixes, Procedure notes,
illustrations on website (www.ecvo.org/public/index.htm)
Failing at moment: general breeding advice / PIED
ECVO Hereditary Eye Disease Scheme: General aspects
Tries to guarantee/provide (initial training + continuing education):
• Ability examiners to:
– recognize PIED
– differentiate clinical signs of PIED + their significance
• Authentication of
– veterinary European Eye Specialists (Diplomates)
– specifically trained veterinarians (ESE: European Eye Scheme Examiner)
• Appropriate level of expertise + service for
–
–
–
–
owners
breeders
Breed clubs+ Kennel clubs
public in general, by providing an for the diagnosis of PIED.
• rules + guidelines for the eye examination
ECVO Hereditary Eye Disease Scheme: General aspects
• General examination: eye + adnexa
• Partly examination: not permitted
• Certificate of the examination issued in respect of
PIED
– valid for one year from the date of examination
– recommended: animal examined annually
– inconclusive: re-examined sooner e.g. within 6 months
• Litter screening can also be performed under the
Scheme
Certificate
• National language + English
• Readable + understandable
for well informed breeder +
owner
2. Organization and panels
• ECVO  Hereditary Eye Disease Committee (former Genetics
Comm.) +Advisory Committee (panel representatives)
• National ECVO Diplomates + ESE  Nat. Panel
– national rules and regulations (not violate ECVO-ConstitutionBylaws-Scheme
• Panel  Board, elected by its membership
– consider business + policies of Panel
– In absence of a National Panel: ECVO-HED-Committee will act
in its place
• National Panel must meet at least once per year
3. Panellists
Panellists ECVO to perform examinations are:
• Practising Diplomates of the ECVO (51);
• Eye Scheme Examiners (ESE: 140): veterinarians,
specifically trained and examined (contract may be extended ad
infinitum by the ECVO)
3. Panellists
Training and examination of Eye Scheme Examiners
• Before training commences, the candidate must
confirm normal stereoscopic, color vision
(binocular, corrected for refractive errors)
(first proposal: stereoscopic (at least 240 arc seconds) color vision (corrected for refractive
errors, binocular vision of at least 1.0).
• + Residents who want to do Scheme examinations!
Before ESE-candidates can qualify to sit Scheme examination:
must document:
• examination ≥ 500 dogs under supervision 2 different ECVO panel
members
– ≥ 50 of these: under practicing ECVO Dip
– 200 dogs may be under ACVO Dip
– record of all examined
• examination ≥ 100 cats
– ≥ 10 of these: under practicing ECVO Diplomate or ESE
– record of all examined.
• examination certain specific breeds + diseases, in Appendix A
(e.g.: PHTVL/PHPV Grade 1 (at least 1 in puppies ≤ 10weeks, Complete retinal detachment,
RD focal/multifocal, CEA, ≤ 50 Sheltie-Collie puppies etc)
Before ESE-candidates can qualify to sit Scheme examination:
• must document: participation 3 ECVO recognized
continuing education (anterior + posterior segments + basic
genetic principles)
• trained in direct + indirect ophthalmoscopy, slitlamp biomicroscopy + gonioscopy
• literature concerning PIED: Appendix B
ECVO-Eye Scheme Examiner (ESE)- exam
Coordinated and directed by 2 ECVO members:
• member 1x HED-Committee + 1x Examination Committee
or Executive Committee of the ECVO
Examination consist of 3 parts:
1. written section of multiple choice (50x; 3 min/question) PIED
2. images PIED (40x; 2 min/question)
Passed:
3. live case evaluation (at least 5 cases) + oral examination
Requirements for maintaining Panellist status
Board of National Panel is responsible:
• Panellist obliged to work under the rules;
violation: Board entitled to expel
• Proof of continuing misdiagnosis: re-examined or
expel
• Minimum number examinations: 100 / year or 300
/ 3 years
– less = re-qualification. Recently qualified: exempted
first full year
Requirements for maintaining Panellist status
• Attend annual meeting Panel.absent 3 consec. meetings
(without dispensation): can be expelled;
• Attend related meetings Panel (e.g. arbitrary or appeal
cases), absent more than half (over 3 consec. years),
(without dispensation): can be expelled
• Attend one annual scientific meeting ECVO / 3 years
Absent (without dispensation): can be expelled
• In special circumstances: exemption from:
– minimum number examinations
– attendance of meetings
Requirements for maintaining Panellist status
• Possess good eyesight:
– minimum visual acuity of 0.7 (corrected for refractive
errors)
– certificate visual acuity every 5 years until 70,
thereafter: every second year.
• Expel Panellist: by Board Panel
– appeal to entire National Panel or HED-Committee
ECVO
• Expelled: may be allowed by Board to sit new
examination to re-qualify
5. Procedure for the Eye Examination
• registration document / identifying document
• any previous eye certification.
– not available: examination can be undertaken but
Certificate issued after provided with documentation
• Certificates only issued: identified permanently
(e.g. by tattoo, microchip or otherwise)
• All animals: general examination eye + adnexa
– including use mydriatic
5. Procedure for an ECVO-Eye Examination
• according to the ECVO protocol
– Preliminary or partial examinations are not permitted
– Gonioscopy = additional (thus not separate)
• certificate signed by owner before start examination
• certificate is issued upon completion
• patient: outside Scheme + PIED is recognized:
– Panellist strongly recommended to issue: ECVO Certificate
– recommended cost by Registry or Kennel Club
– no certificate issued: Panellist obliged to keep record of such
cases and report the number/disease to HED-Committee
annually (due December 31, still weak point)
Prior to the examination:
• owner must sign completed first part
of certificate
–
–
–
–
verifying details are correct
date last examination etc.
available for publication +
other ECVO approved use
______
Specific breeds (Procedure Notes): PPM, iris
coloboma, pectinate ligament abnormality:
examination before mydriatic
v
v
minimum equipment:
• slit-lamp biomicroscope ≥ 10 x (≥16x better?)
• binocular indirect ophthalmoscope
• other: optional (Certificate only valid: if accompanied by additional document
specifying method)
– ERG: standardized protocol (Narfstrom K, et Al. Doc Ophthalmol. 2002;
105: 83-92)
__ __
__


Box: Pectinate ligament abnormality:
• before mydriasis
• gonioscopy completed bilaterally (Barkan, Franklin or Koeppe)
• in all breeds primary glaucoma occurs (Proc. Notes)
e.g. Bouvier, Bassets, Samoyed, Husky, Am.C Spaniel, E.Springer Spaniel, Flat
Coated Ret. ,Chow, Dutch Shepherd (Rough Hair), Entlebucher, Viszla, Tatra,
Leonberger, (Border Collie; not yet in PN) etc.
V
V
Procedure notes: e.g. Instructions
• Details of all lesions/conditions (whether relating to
hereditary eye disease or not): recorded in:
– descriptive comments
– drawings
– results
– preferably in English
PIED: criteria
• scientific literature + genetic testing
• incidence affected animals in the population
– numbers in data bank national registry + CERF
– numbers in data banks breed clubs
– panel member experience
Results
Main Groups (8+8):
More: Other (definitive: 1-8 + 11-18: 2 + 2 more can be added)
Congenital
Acquired
Results possibilities:
UNAFFECTED
• displays no clinical evidence of the presumed
inherited eye disease(s) specified
l
Results possibilities
just drawing and/or comment
OS corneal scar
Results possibilities:
N.B.
• PIED, not yet proven in this breed
• under investigation
• to be included in data base Breed Club
Results possibilities:
UNDETERMINED
• displays clinical features that could possibly fit the
presumed inherited eye disease(s) mentioned, but the
changes are inconclusive (e.g. do DNA test)
Sheltie, lat optic disc
___
V
Results possibilities:
SUSPICIOUS
• displays minor, but specific signs of the PIED
mentioned. Further development will confirm the
diagnosis. Re-examination in 6 …12 months
__
Results possibilities:
AFFECTED
• displays clinical evidence of the presumed inherited
eye disease(s) specified (+ specifying boxes)
v
---
Procedure notes ECVO
Pectinate ligament abnormality
1. Fibrae latae (FL; fibre/trabecle: broadened [latae;
Lat.: broad] also described as broad bands);
2. Lamina (LA.; plates/sheets continuous tissue, very
short remaining fibres);
3. Occlusion (OC.; pectinate ligament closed, with flow
holes. Gen.: + narrowed angle a/o shallow A.C.)
Results possibilities:
AFFECTED
• displays clinical evidence of the presumed
inherited eye disease(s) specified
• severity is expressed using the boxes for mild,
moderate or severe
____
v
Procedure notes: e.g. specific breeds
1. Pectinate Ligament Abnor. gonioscopy :
• American Cocker Spaniel
• Bouvier des Flandres
• Bassets (all)
• Border Collie
• Chow Chow
• Dutch Shepherd (Rough Hair)
• English Springer Spaniel
• Entlebucher Mountain Dog
• Flat Coated Retriever
• Husky Siberian
• Leonberger
• Samoyed
• Tatra
• Viszla
2. Persistent Pupillary Membrane
Airdale Terrier
Basenji
Chow Chow
Cheaspeak bay Ret (Cerf)
English Cocker Spaniel
Mastiff
Petit Basset Griffon Vendéen
Welsh Corgi
3. Iris coloboma
Australian shepherd
Chinese crested dog
Procedure notes
•
1.
2.
e.g.: PPM
non-inherited or presumed inherited congenital eye disease in
some breeds. Remnants of the embryological vascular network
(pupillary membrane) which nourishes the anteri-or part of the
developing lens (failing to regress in the first 4-5 weeks after
birth). There can be
tiny, more or less triangular shaped dots, centrally, on the
anterior capsule of the lens. These are to be drawn into the
figures in the “drawing area” and are not to be ticked-in in the
undetermined or affected boxes in the “results area”.
other forms of PPM: these are to be mentioned as
1.
2.
3.
N.B…under investigation
in the specific breeds (see list) in the box PPM: “affected” and the box of
the parts which are involved; if more parts are involved, more boxes are to
be ticked in
If the examiner finds that vision impairment or blindness occurs, the
animal has to be “ticked” as “affected” in all breeds.
Distribution certificate copies:
• top copy: National registry (Major disadv.: should
be European) white + original signatures
• yellow: Breed club or Kennel club  Breed club;
• pink: Panellist
• white: owner
• Litter Examination
• younger than 12 weeks
(after tattoo/chip)
– Litter Screening Form
– Separate certificate
• Germany on line  Registry + breed club
• Norway starting
7. Publication of Results
• name (only animal!), registration, identification + results:
– appropriate National registration office
– national Kennel Club + Breed Club (if sanctioned by the
Members)
• animal exported, all results examinations + pedigree to
importing country
• transferred from one registry to an other, the “exporting”
registry provides all results of examinations on PIED +
“importing” registry is obliged to include them
Conflicting results eye examinations: on the same animal
• conflict: most adverse judgment is valid until the animal is
examined by the National Panel or Chief Panellist, whose
decision will be final
• found “affected” for PIED + transferred to other registry
– “affected” not be changed, unless re-examined by the appeals authority of
the new registry
– “affected” not be changed: for conditions which may be changed
artificially; theses results are definitive (e.g. distichiasis, entropion, etc.)
9. "Suspicious" cases
after the prescribed period
• re-examined by Panel or Chief Panellist
• alternatively: by the first examiner or another Panellist:
 "affected“ = definitive, unless by Panel or Chief Panellist
 "unaffected“ = "suspicious" judgment remains valid until
1. National Panel or the Chief Panellist or
if large distances:
2. after extra follow-up period of at least 1 year: by 2 panellists
3. after extra follow-up period of at least 2 year: by 1 panellists
_________

10. Appeals Procedure
• Panel (regional e.g. Germany) meetings (at least 2 times/year), or a chief panellist
(an ECVO-diplomate appointed by the National Panel) available for the evaluation of
appeal cases.
An owner has the right to appeal the results of an eye examination and the procedure is
as follows:
• Any appeal: in writing + within 60days: Panel /Chief Panellist. Decision is final
– except: choroidal hypoplasia + retinal dysplasia: re-examination must be completed before
12 weeks of age
or:
• Animal + Certificate to second Panellist
– second Panellist agreeing with the first Panellist: appeal deemed to have failed = informs
Panel. Further appeal to Panel Meeting / Chief Panellist is possible
– second Panellist disagreeing with the first Panellist: Panel Meeting/Chief Panellist. This
decision will be final
To be done:
- list breed abnormalities
- general breeding advice / abnormality
e.g. distichiasis – ectopic cilia
• Definition + discomfort to the animal + need to surgical intervention
• Significance to ectopic cilia
• Why PIED ( number cases data bases, literature, DNA test)
• Hereditary basis (not been established – e.g. Cerf: recorded+ breeder’s option)
• Breeding effects know: affected to unaffected  dramatic drop = carriers (shown
in Havaneser) + spread into population, unrecognized.
Breed clubs could decide the following:
• In case there is a low number of cases of distichiasis in a breed, or in
breeds where the type of hairs are stiff and irritating, it is wiser for a
breed club to decide not to use affected dogs for breeding
• If really necessary to use affected: more advisable to breed affected
to affected, until, in future, a DNA test is available.
Differences to other Schemes:
• BVA: Chip-tattoo not obligatory + no identification
check Kennel Club: 2010 chip obligatory
• none use categories of “undetermined” and
“suspicious” (cases which are inconclusive (BVA), respectively
where further development may confirm the diagnosis)
• Sweden + BVA
– no adnexa
– abnormalities mentioned only in breeds in which ≈ proven
(Signs of PRA in the Sahara ice dog breed is no PRA!)
Differences to other Schemes:
• Most European countries: Kennel club issues pedigree;
Breed club issues breeding advice /rules – puppy
registry!
• Sweden + Switzerland: result eye examination may
have direct consequence:
– PIED  no further pedigrees (National Kennel club)
BVA scheme (GB+Ierland)
• Self trained examiners + British Diploma + European
specialists® [28 (12 Dips)]
• certificate is readable and understandable for well
informed owner
– list of specified congenital and of required PIED’s is given
Pass or fail the dog
• Issued for pedigree dogs, regardless if can be
identified! (2010 all chipped)
• Certifies for inherited non-adnexal + include general
examination eye+adnexa
BVA scheme (GB+Ierland)
• Eleven different inherited eye conditions are only
certified in specific breeds (approximately 50), in
other specified breeds (some 45), the eye conditions
are listed as “under investigation”.
• In the remaining breeds they are identified, but not
listed under the BVA-scheme.
Labrador
BVA scheme (GB+Ierland)
• In doubt, or in cases where it is likely that the
appearance will change with time, a re-examination
in 6 months is recommended, or the dog is examined
by a second panellist.
• If two panellists disagree or in case of appeal, the
dog is referred to the Chief panellist, whose decision
is final
SSVO scheme (Sweden)
• Self trained examiners + ECVO-recognized specialists
[total 31 (5 Dips)]
– Training + continuing education: shared 4 Nordic countries
– To sit examination: animals to be examined under direct
supervision doubles ECVO Scheme.
• identification obligatory (tattoo or microchip)
• Only inherited non-adnexal eye disease + include
general examination
• readable and understandable for the well informed
Swedish-reading owner
• Signs of eye disease: specified in handwriting by the
examiner no specific boxes
SSVO scheme (Sweden)
• examiner considers this disease inherited or not
• The different (non-adnexal) inherited eye diseases are
certified only in specified breeds (approximately 55).
• Appeal, dog referred to Swedish ECVO Diplomate
(decision is final)
• Registration of offspring of several specified breeds
will be refused by the Swedish Kennel Club, unless
both parents have been examined or if one or both
parents is/are affected with specified PIED (mainly PRA
and lens luxation).
CERF scheme
• Only recognized specialists (Dip’s ACVO) as examiners
• computer readable certificate
• dog should be microchipped or tattooed
– non-compatible systems
– currently not require examiner to verify permanent identification himself.
• All abnormalities recorded, no matter the significance. If an
abnormality is detected that is not considered to be inherited, it
should be described in the comment section.
• All data are collected by the CERF, which publishes the overall
results.
• Individual dogs’ identities are confidential
• registration number American Kennel Club + for advertising
– For a fee, thus no stimulus to publication of affected to breed club!
– Annual renewal is required
Appendix A
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
The following list of diseases/variations should have been seen and recorded (at the
discretion of the national panel)
Iris Disease Number Persistent pupillary membrane 5 Iris atrophy2, coloboma
Lens Perinuclear ring (cortex)5 Nuclear fibrillar opacities 5 Pigment on anterior lens
capsule; 5 Cataract, complete2 Cataract, posterior cortical, including posterior polar10
Cataract, anterior cortical / subcapsular5 Cataract, anterior suture lines5 Cataract, other
(e.g. suture tips, equatorial)5Cataract, nuclear5
Lens (sub)luxation (can be seen without supervision)5
Vitreous Asteroid hyalosis2 Persistent tunica vasculosa lentis posterior1PHTVL/PHPV
Grade 1 (at least 1 in puppy ≤ 10weeks)3
Fundus Complete retinal detachment2 Partial retinal detachment2 RD focal/multifokal5
CEA, CRD30 CEA, coloboma 5PRA early stage3 PRA late stage3Non-inherited
retinopathies
5Other: Glaucoma (can be seen without supervision)2
Of the 500 dogs examined at least 50 should be collie/Shetland sheepdog puppies ≤ 10
weeks of age. Of these, at least 10 should be merle dogs.
Appendix B
List of relevant literature
1.
Anatomy, embryology and histology, physiology, immunology, pharmacology and vision
2.
Gelatt Veterinary Ophthalmology 4th ed. 2007 Blackwell Synergy
3.
Pathology
4.
Pathology of domestic animals (Jubb & Kennedy) , 4th ed., 3 volumes, London Academic Press, 1993.(chapters on eye and related structures)
Neuro-ophthalmology
1.
DeLahunta & Glass: Veterinary neuroanatomy and clinical neurology 3rd Ed. Saunders/Elsevier 2009 (chapters related to the eye and adnexa and vision)
Clinical ophthalmology
1.
Gelatt Veterinary Ophthalmology 4th ed. 2007 Blackwell Synergy
2.
Slatter’s Fundamentals of Veterinary Ophthalmology (Maggs, Milelr & Ofri), 4th ed. , Saunders/Elsevier, 2009
3.
Ophthalmology for the veterinary practitioner (Stades F,Wyman, Boevé, Neumann, Spiess) , Schlütersche Hannover, 2007
4.
Small animal ophthalmology, a problem oriented approach (Peiffer R. & Peterson – Jones S.), 2009, 4th ed., Saunders/Elsevier.
5.
Canine ophthalmology: an atlas and text (Barnett KC ,Heinrich C & Samson J), 2002, WB Saunders.
6.
Manual of small animal ophthalmology (Peterson – Jones S. et al.), BSAVA Publications Cheltenham, 2002.
7.
Feline ophthalmology, an atlas and text ( Barnett KC & Crispin SM), WB Saunders, 1998
8.
Genetics
9.
Inherited eye diseases in purebred dogs (Rubin L) Williams & Wilkins, 1989.
10.
ACVO Genetics Committee : Ocular disorders proven or suspected to be hereditary in dogs , Vet.Pract.Publishing Cy ed
11.
http:// www.optigen.com: testing for inherited eye diseases of purebred dogs
Recommended articles
1.
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2.
Aguirre, G.D., and Acland, G.M.: Variations in retinal degeneration phenotype inherited at the prcd. locus. Exp. Eye. Res. 46:663,1988.
3.
Aguirre, G.D., and Rubin, L.F.: Progressive retinal atrophy (rod dysplasia) in the Norwegian elkhound: J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 158:208,1971.
4.
Aguirre, GD; Rubin, LF; Pathology of hemeralopia in the Alaskan Malamute dog. Invest Ophthalmol1974;13, 231-235.
5.
Albert, D.M., et al: Canine herpes-induced retinal dysplasia and associated ocular anomalies. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 15:267, 1976.
6.
Barnett KC, Curtis R. Lens luxation and progressive retinal atrophy in the Tibetan Terrier. Vet Rec 1978; 103: 160.
7.
Barnett KC. Curtis R. Autosomal dominant progressive retinal atrophy in Abyssinian cats. J Hered 1985; 76: 168-70.
8.
Bedford PGC. Gonioscopy in the dog. J Small Anim Pract 1977; 18: 615-29
9.
Bedford PGC. A gonioscopic study of the iridocorneal angle in the English and American breeds of cocker spaniel and the basset hound. Journal of Small Animal Practice 1977; 18: 631-642.
10.
Bedford PGC. Collie eye anomaly in the United Kingdom Vet Rec 1982. 111: 263-70.
11.
Bergsjø T, Arnesen K, Heim P, Nes N. Congenital blindness with ocular developmental anomalies including retinal dysplasia, in Doberman Pinscher dogs. J Am Vet Med Ass 1984; 184: 1383-86.
12.
Bjerkås E, Bergsjø T. Hereditary cataract in the rottweiler dog. Progr Vet Comp Ophthalmol 1991; 1: 7-10.
13.
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14.
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15.
Boevé MH, Stades FC, van der Linde-Sipman, Vrensen GFJM. Persistent hyperplastic tunica vasculosa lentis and primary vitreous (PHTVL/PHPV) in the dog: A comparative review. Progr Vet Comp
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16.
Carrig CB, Sponenberg DP, Schmidt GM, Tvedten HW. Inheritance of associated ocular and skeletal dysplasia in Labrador retrievers. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1988; 193: 1269-72
17.
Cottrell BD, Barnett KC. Primary glaucoma in the Welsh springer spaniel. J Small Anim Pract 1988; 29: 185-99.
18.
Crispin S, Long SE, Wheeler CA. Incidence and ocular manifestations of multifocal retinal dysplasia in the golden retriever in the UK. Vet Rec 1999; 145:669-672.
19.
Curtis R. Aetiopathological aspects of inherited lens dislocation in the Tibetan Terrier. J Comp Path 1983; 93: 151-163.
20.
Curtis R, Barnett KC. Primary lens luxation in the miniature bull terrier. Vet Rec 1983; 112: 328-329.
21.
Curtis R. Late-onset cataract in the Boston terrier. Vet Rec 1984; 115: 577-78.
22.
Curtis R, Barnett KC. A survey of cataracts in golden and Labrador retrievers. J Small Anim Pract 1989; 30: 277-86.
23.
Curtis R. Lens luxation in the dog and cat. Vet Clin North Am: Small Anim Pract 1990; 20: 755-773.
24.
Curtis R, Barnett KC. Progressive retinal atrophy in miniature longhaired dachshund dogs. Br Vet J 1993; 149: 71-85.
25.
Dekomien G, Runte M, Gödde R, Epplen JT. Generalized progressive retinal atrophy of Sloughi dogs is due to an 8-bp insertion in exon 21 of the PDE6B gene. Cytogenet Cell Genet 2000; 90: 261-267.
26.
Djajadiningrat-Laanen SC, Boevé MH, Stades FC, van Oost BA. Familial non-rcd 1 generalised retinal degeneration in Irish setters J Sm Anim Pract 2003; 44:113-116.
27.
Ekesten B, Narfström K. Age-related changes in intraocular pressure and iridocorneal angle in samoyeds. Prog Vet Comp Ophthalmol 1991; 2: 37-40.
28.
Ekesten B. Correlation of intraocular distances to the iridocorneal angle in samoyeds with special reference to angle-closure. Prog Vet Comp Ophthalmol 1992; 3: 67-73.
29.
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Journals
Veterinary Ophthalmology (2002 onwards)
Relevant articles in (2002 onwards)
Journal of Small Animal Practice
Veterinary Record
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Procedure notes: Texts e.g.
•
•
•
•
Cataract
Either presumed inherited or non-inherited, congenital or acquired, non-physiological
opacity of the lens and/or its capsule.
Cataracts diagnosed in the period between birth and the 8th week of age are to be ticked
in as congenital. Cataracts diagnosed at older age are to be ticked in as non-congenital
(acquired).
If there is distinct proof the cataract is congenital in origin (e.g. associated PPM),. the
boxes for congenital and non-congenital cataracts can be ticked in. It is strongly
recommended to draw the cataract in the "predrawings" on the certificate, as seen from
the front (see separate instructions for drawing and filling the form).
For the Scheme it is advised all bilateral or unilateral cataracts and especially cortical
cataracts are presumed hereditary (see fig. 1 and 2), except:
Procedure notes:
•
Cataract
minor, clearly circumscribed cataracts e.g. located in the (posterior) suture lines (other
than specifically described to be hereditary), or distinctly in the nucleus e.g.
fibreglass/crystal-like (see fig. 3) cataracts in the nucleus (not to be confused with
pulverulent-like cataracts, see fig. 4), or located, in/on (the back) of the posterior capsule
as whitish "scar-ghosts" of the tunica vasculosa lentis, or in/on the anterior capsule
associated with persistent pupillary membrane. In case of doubt (e.g. very minor cataracts
in the cortex, in the posterior pole etc., only barely visible by the naked eye [thus not a
microscope], using a slit lamp light beam) at least suspicious is given; this means the
animal displays minor, but specific signs of the inherited disease(s) mentioned. Further
change may confirm the diagnosis. Re-examination in .... months is advised. At least 6
months, but usually 12 months later the animal is re-examined, or, preferably examined
at a panel meeting for further judgement.
Procedure notes:
Cataract
•
Unilateral minor, circumscribed cataracts located in the cortex, (such as e.g. punctate
cataracts), developing at the age of 6 years, or later (with proof that the animal was
unaffected at 5 years of age) are given “suspicious” and re-examination after 12 months.
If there is no progression at that re-examination, the animal can be given unaffected for
presumed inherited cataract.
•
To describe the type of cataract, the general box for presumed hereditary cataract and, if
available, the specifying box for the type of cataract should be ticked. If there is e.g. a
punctate cataract or a posterior polar cataract, (which both are generally cortical), the
specifying box for that type is also to be ticked in. If there is e.g. a cortical and a nuclear
cataract, all three boxes have to be ticked in.
Lids Stades
Lids
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