Walt Fick - Northeast Area Office

Weed & Brush Control on
Pastures & Rangeland – What’s
New in Chemical and Management
Practices
Walter H. Fick
Department of Agronomy
K-State Research & Extension
Outline
Definitions and examples
New Bayer products
Additions to Chemical Weed Control
Forage selected by cows
Sericea lespedeza
Smoke impacts
Old World Bluestems
Control/management options
Grazing restrictions
Benefits of brush and weed control
Summary
Weeds → plant growing out of place; any
plant not eaten by livestock
Annuals
Common broomweed
Cocklebur
Common ragweed
Perennials
Baldwin ironweed
Goldenrods
Johnsongrass
Sericea lespedeza
Old World Bluestems
Biennial
Musk thistle
Common mullein
Brush → woody vegetation considered
undesirable for planned use of the area
Buckbrush
Smooth sumac
Roughleaf dogwood
American plum
Eastern redcedar
Osage orange
Common honeylocust
Siberian elm
Willow
New Bayer Products
(from DuPont)
• Cimarron Plus (45% metsulfuron + 15%
chlorsulfuron
• Escort XP (60% metsulfuron)
• Telar XP (75% chlorsulfuron)
• Velpar L (2 lbs/gal hexazinone)
• Pastora (56.2% nicosulfuron + 15% metsulfuron)
• Others
• Hyvar XL
• Perspective
• Streamline
• Viewpoint
Additions to
Chemical Weed Control
Sharpen [saflufenacil]
• Broadleaf weeds postemergence in
bermudagrass
• Annual and biennial weeds in cool-season
pastures and rangeland (do not apply inseason to buffalograss or switchgrass)
• Weeds controlled: Common cocklebur,
common ragweed, common sunflower,
field pennycress, horseweed, kochia,
morningglory, Palmer amaranth, pigweed,
prickly lettuce, velvetleaf
Forage selection by cows grazing
bluestem range in the summer1
June-September
Grass 72%
• Big/little bluestem 11%
• Sideoats grama 8%
• Indiangrass 38%
• Switchgrass 7%
• Blue grama 6%
1
June-September
Forbs 26%
• Purple prairieclover 8%
• Dotted gayfeather 15%
• Heath aster 3%
Shrub 2%
• Leadplant 2%
Studies conducted by K-State Department of Animal Sciences
Non-grass species cows eat in the
Flint Hills
Dotted gayfeather
Leadplant
Heath aster
Purple prairieclover
Sericea lespedeza
Combination Grazing
Cow grazing sericea lespedeza
Burning
Sericea lespedeza control 1 YAT
Herbicide
Rate
6-4-10
9-17-10
10-6-10
Escort
1 oz
12
96
93
Streamline
4.75 oz
82
98
100
Perspective
4.75 oz
91
98
98
Remedy
1 pt
88
97
76
PastureGard
2 pt
91
97
58
Streamline (39.5% aminocyclopyrachlor + 12.6%
metsulfuron)
Perspective (39.5% aminocyclopyrachlor + 15.8%
chlorsulfuron)
Smoke Impacts
Poor aesthetics (haze).
Reduced visibility and increased accidents.
Increased health problems (respiratory).
Ellsworth County. Inset TX.
EPA Air Quality Monitoring
Compliance with EPA Clean Air regulations.
Particulate Matter (PM 2.5 AND 10)
Ozone (O3) Precursors
Monitors located in urban areas.
Prescribed burning can contribute to nonattainment.
New Rule Oct. 1, 2015
O3 standard reduced to 70ppb from 75 ppb.
Ozone season includes March starting 2017.
Kansas Flint Hills Smoke Management Plan
Flint Hills region and metropolitan counties
Check model to see if your smoke will impact
urban areas <www.ksfire.org>.
Be prepared well in advance to take advantage of
all good burn days (smoke and safety).
Currently voluntary compliance.
Photo: Ted Houser
Caucasian Bluestem
Yellow Old World Bluestem
Photos by Mike Haddock
Chase County – September 15, 2014
(1 or 2 applications of 0.25 lb/A imazapyr)
Riley County – 2014 Rate Study (0-1 lb/acre imazapyr)
(% cover 1 year after treatment)
Category
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
Old World
Bluestem
44
27
23
12
1
Warm-season
grass
7
8
3
7
2
Cool-season
grass
3
5
2
3
6
Forbs
28
37
43
44
43
Bare ground
9
23
39
44
52
Litter
12
3
6
4
8
Control/Management Options
•
•
•
•
•
Grazing management
Mechanical
Prescribed burning
Biological
Chemical
Grazing Management
Kind of animal
Season of use
Distribution of
grazing
Stocking rate
Grazing system
Goat Grazing
Forage Resources for Grazing
% Produced by Months
Forage
J
Native
Brome
Fescue
Bermudagrass
Wheat
Spring oats
Sudangrass
10
Cornstalks
Milo stubble 10
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
5
30
33
18
10 4
5
15 50
10
5
10 15
5
15 35
15
8
17 5
15
30
40
20
S
O
N
D
15 20
20
15 20 5
33
67
45
45 10
20 50 20
20 40 30
Grazing Distribution
Dispersion of grazing livestock in a
pasture
Concentration of animals influenced by:
water
shade
prevailing wind direction
topography
Stocking Rate
Livestock Response to Stocking
180
60
120
40
60
0
20
5
3.5
2
Pounds/acre
80
Pounds/animal
240
gain/head
gain/acre
0
Stocking rate (acres/steer)
Determining stocking rates from
forage production
3,600 lbs/acre useable forage
Harvest Index = 25 to 40% (depending on
grazing system)
3,600 lbs/A x 0.25 = 900 lbs/A available
900 lbs/A x 160 A = 144,000 lbs
144,000 lbs/180 days = 800 lbs/day
1500 lbs/pair x 0.026 = 39 lbs/pair/day
800 lbs/day ÷ 39 lbs/pair/day = 20.5 pair
Grazing Systems
•
•
•
•
•
•
Continuous or seasonlong grazing
Deferred grazing
Rotation grazing
Management intensive grazing
Complementary or sequence grazing
Rotation of grazing system
Importance of rest
Allow time for grazed plants to recover
prior to next defoliation and maintain health
and vigor of plants
Late summer rest is important for warmseason grasses to replenish their organic
food reserves prior to entering winter
Summer rest important for cool-season
grasses
Mechanical Control
Hand tools
Mowing
Tree cutters
Bulldozers
Prescribed Burning
Enhance livestock
gain
Improve grazing
distribution
Brush & weed
control
Rhinocyllus conicus
Photo by Norman E. Rees
Musk thistle head
weevil
Diorhabda elongata
Chemical
Application Methods
Broadcast foliar (ground or aerial)
High-volume foliar
Single stem non-foliar
basal (conventional, thinline, etc.)
dormant stem
cut stump
Soil applied (pellets, liquid)
Spot treatment
Common Honeylocust
Common Honeylocust – 1 YAT
Herbicide
Rate
7-22-2011
7-18-12
1%
82
53
1+ 0.25%
92
75
Surmount
0.5%
97
83
Surmount
1%
97
91
PastureGard
1%
82
66
Milestone
7 fl oz
94
100
Streamline
7.5 oz
100
94
Remedy Ultra
0.5%
83
88
Grazon P+D
Grazon P+D + Remedy
Milestone
7 fl oz
1 YAT
Cross section of cut stump
Heartwood
(xylem) nonliving
Cambium
(phloem)
living
Cut-stump treatment of common honeylocust
Treated December, 2012
Herbicide
Rate
Cut-stump
% Mortality (7 MAT)
Remedy Ultra
25%
90
PastureGard HL
25%
100
Arsenal
10%
100
Pathfinder II
RTU
100
Milestone
10%
100
Basal bark/cut-stump treatment of common honeylocust
Treated November, 2011
Herbicide
Rate
Basal
% Mortality (10 MAT)
Cut-stump
% Mortality (10 MAT)
Remedy Ultra
10%
100
Remedy Ultra
25%
94
PastureGard
25%
100
PastureGard
50%
100
Crossbow
4%
92
Arsenal
10%
86
Pathfinder II
RTU
92
70
60
Cut-stump Treatments
Species
Ash
Common honeylocust
Cottonwood
Oaks
Osage orange
Persimmon
Herbicides
1,3,6,7,8
2,3,4,5,6,7
1,2,3,6
2,3,4,6,7,8
2,4,6
2,3,4,6,7,8
Russian olive
1,3,6,8
Siberian elm
1,2,3,4,6,8
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Crossbow
Remedy Ultra
Pathfinder II
PastureGard HL
Milestone
Banvel
Roundup
Arsenal
Soil Applied Herbicides
Species
Spike 20P
Pronone Power Pellets
IPT
1-2/inch
10-20
N
Common honeylocust
N
N
Cottonwood
20
N
Eastern redcedar
IPT
1-2/inch
Elm
10-20
1-2/inch
Oaks
10-20
1-2/inch
Osage orange
N
1-2/inch
Persimmon
N
1-2/inch
Russian olive
IPT
N
Smooth sumac
10-20
2-4 if 3-6 ft tall
Ash
Buckbrush
Soil-Applied Herbicides
Spike 20P [tebuthiuron]
Pronone Power Pellets [hexazinone]
Tordon 22K [picloram]
Velpar L [hexazinone]
Pronone Power Pellets
Roughleaf Dogwood Control
(% Mortality 1 YAT)
Remedy + 2,4-D
0.25% + 0.25%
[22]
PastureGard 1%
[54]
Surmount 0.5%
[74]
Grazon P+D +
Remedy 1% +
0.5% [80]
Buckbrush
Buckbrush
Burning: 2-3 consecutive years in late
spring
Mechanical: repeated mowing in early to
mid May
Chemical: 2-4 pt/A 2,4-D, 2-4 pt/A Grazon
P+D; Chaparral + 2,4-D (3 oz + 2 pt/A)
Smooth sumac
Smooth sumac
Burning: late spring burning will increase
number of stems
Mechanical: repeated mowing in early to
mid June
Chemical: 2-4 pt/A 2,4-D recommended;
also controlled by Grazon P+D, Surmount,
Remedy Ultra, and PastureGard
Eastern Redcedar
Redcedar (Juniperus virginiana)
Burning: small trees killed by fire
Mechanical: cut below all green branches
Chemical: picloram, 3 to 4 ml per 3 feet of
plant height (soil); hexazinone, 2-4 ml per
inch of stem diameter (soil); metsulfuron, 12 oz/100 gal water (high volume); 1-2%
Surmount in water.
Grazing Restrictions for Range and Pasture Herbicides
(days)
Herbicide
Before
grazing
Before hay
harvest
Removal
before
slaughter
Arsenal
0
7
0
Banvel
0
0
30
Chaparral
0
0
0
Cimarron Plus
0
0
0
Escort XP
0
0
0
Grazon P+D
0
30
3
Milestone
0
0
0
PastureGard HL
0
14
3
Remedy Ultra
0
7
3
Tordon 22K
0
14
3
Weedmaster
0
37
30
2,4-D
0
30
3
Benefits of brush and weed control
Increased forage production/availability
Easier livestock handling
Wildlife habitat manipulation
Increased water yield from watersheds
Clear area for other practices, e.g. seeding
Summary
Treat problem woody species when they first
show up. Delay will increase cost of
treatment.
Broadcast application of herbicides for control
of broadleaf weed control rarely
recommended unless grazing distribution
affected.
Proper grazing management, use of
prescribed burning, and spot treatment with
herbicides will prevent extensive tree and
brush problems.
Contact Information
Walter H. Fick
Department of Agronomy – TH
Kansas State University
Manhattan, KS 66506
Phone: (785) 532-7223
E-mail: [email protected]