International Journal of Universal Pharmacy and Life Sciences
Transcription
International Journal of Universal Pharmacy and Life Sciences
International Journal of Universal Pharmacy and Life Sciences RESEARCH ARTICLE ARTICALTICLE Pharmaceutical Sciences EFFECT OF MURVA (MAERUA OBLONGIFOLIA ) ON DIFFERENT FUNGAL STRAINS - AN IN VITRO STUDY Corresponding Author ARULANANDRAJ.N * Co-Authors PUNITHAVANI.T1 AND INDUMATHY.S2 *- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 1- Department of Pharmaceutics, 2- Department of Pharmacology, Mother Theresa Post Graduate & Research Institute of Health Science, Gorimedu, Puducherry- 605006. ABSTRACT Murva is an important ayurvedic drug used as one of the ingredients in many Ayurvedic preparations. Many skin diseases such as tinea and ringworm caused by dermatophytes exist in tropical and semitropical areas.In general, these fungi live in the dead, top layer of skin cells in moist areas of the body, such as between the toes, the groin, and under the breasts. The aim of the present study was carried out to establish the antifungal activity of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Maerua oblongifolia. It was carried out by agar diffusion method. Serial dilution was done to find out Minimum inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and disc diffusion method to carry out the zone of inhibition (ZI). About 10mg of alcoholic & aqeuoes extracts of murva were weighed and dissolved in Dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) and this solutions were used to carry out the In-vitro Antifungal studies. Seven fungal organisms namely Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Sacchromyces cereviaea, Penicillium notatum, Trichoderma harzianum, cladosporium elatum and Bipolaris sorokiniana were used. The standards used were Amphotericin B- 100units/disc from Himedia, Mumbai, Clotrimazole- 20μg/disc from Himedia, Mumbai.The alcoholic and aqueous extracts of murva showed a significant antifungal activity at the test doses of different concentration and the activity was very comparable to the standard drug Amphotericin and Clotrimazole. KEY WORDS 163 Murva, Anti-fungal, Agar, Zone of inhibition, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration. Full Text Available On www.ijupls.com (Free) INTRODUCTION Medicinal plants represent a rich source of antimicrobial agents1. Many of the plant materials used in traditional medicine are readily available in rural areas at relatively cheaper than modern medicine 2. Plants generally produce many secondary metabolites which constitute an important source of microbicides, pesticides and many pharmaceutical drugs. Plant products still remain the principal source of pharmaceutical agents used in traditional medicine 3. Murva is an important ayurvedic drug used as one of the ingredients in many Ayurvedic preparations. Maerua oblongifolia (Forsk.) A. Rich. (Capparaceae) is one of the botanical sources of the Ayurvedic drug Murva. Ethanomedical survey reveals that Murva is used to cure various diseases such as fever, stomach ache, skin infections, urinary calculii, diabetes mellitus, epilepsy, pruritis, rigidity in lower limbs, and abdominal colic.In India, the Ayurvedic systems of medicine has been existing for over three thousand years, Charaka and Sushruta, two of the earliest Indian scholars had sufficient knowledge of the properties of the Indian medicinal plants. The Vedas are the epic poems, which contain rich material on the herbal medicine of that time 4. The medicinal treatises like the Charakasamhita and Sushrutasamhita are esteemed even to this day as the treasures of literature on indigenous medicine 5. Amongst the many synonyms of this plant, one is ‘Dha-nurgunopayogya’ meaning ‘the plant whose bark is being used for the bow-strings’. These synonyms have also contributes to the existing confusion. Many skin diseases such as tinea and ringworm caused by dermatophytes exist in tropical and semitropical areas.In general, these fungi live in the dead, top layer of skin cells in moist areas of the body, such as between the toes, the groin, and under the breasts. These fungal infections cause only a minor irritation. Other types of fungal infections could be more serious. They can penetrate into the cells and cause itching, swelling, blistering and scaling. In some cases, fungal infections can cause reactions elsewhere in the body 6. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The aim of the present study was carried out to establish the antifungal activity of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Maerua oblongifolia. In the present study, the antifungal activity was carried out by agar diffusion method. The responses of the fungal microorganisms to the alcoholic and aqueous extracts were recorded and compared with the standard reference drugs. The alcoholic and aqueous extracts of Maerua oblongifolia, was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and zone of inhibition (ZI). Serial dilution was done to find out MIC and disc diffusion method to carry out the zone of inhibition. About 10mg of alcoholic and aqueous extract was weighed and dissolved in 10ml of DMSO and these solutions were used for the antifungal studies. The medium used for the study 164 Full Text Available On www.ijupls.com (Free) was agar medium and the method is agar diffusion method. Seven fungal organisms namely Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Sacchromyces cereviaea, Penicillium notatum, Trichoderma harzianum, cladosporium elatum and Bipolaris sorokiniana were procured from JIPMER, subcultured and used for the study. Sterilized Petridishes, cork borer, beakers, glass syringes and test tubes were sterilized by dry heat sterilization at 160º c for 1 hr in hot air oven were used for the study. The medis used for the study were Sabouraud fluid media and Sabouraud’s Dextrose Agar media from Himedia, Mumbai were used for the studies.Then serial dilution assay was done using about 200ml of newly prepared sabouraud fluid media, sterilized and distributed into sterile test tubes. One loopful of fungal suspension was inoculated prior to distribution of media. One test tube served as control, 10 test tubes used for ten different concentrations (100µg-1000µg) of alcohol extract and another test tubes used similarly for aqueous extract. Then it is incubated. The agar medium was prepared using about 100ml of sabouraud dextrose agar and autoclaved at 121˚ C for 15mins. It was distributed into 7 sterile beakers and seven different fungal strains were inoculated into each beaker, and then poured into sterile petriplates. Media was allowed to solidify then bores were made using sterile cork borer. Control, (DMSO) alcohol and aqueous extract each 0.1ml was poured into the bores. Standard antifungal discs were placed on the surface of agar. Entire procedure was carried out in the laminar air flow bench. The petriplates were kept for 2h. For the drug to diffuse into agar. The plates were incubated at 25 ˚ C for 48h. And the zone of inhibition was measured. The standards used were Amphotericin B- 100units/disc from Himedia, Mumbai ,Clotrimazole- 20μg/disc from Himedia, Mumbai. 165 Full Text Available On www.ijupls.com (Free) Table 1. Zone of inhibition of standard drugs, alcohol and aqueous extract of M. oblongifolia Alcohol extract S. No Fungal organisms Cl ZI Amp -B ZI MIC (µg) ZI Aqueous extract MIC (µg) ZI 1. Aspergillus niger 38 ± 1.414 44.5 ± 2.121 500 27.66 ± 1.856 550 11.33 ± 1.202 2. Aspergillus flavus 24 ± 1.414 29.5 ± 0.7071 540 19.33 ± 0.8819 620 7.66 ± 0.8819 3. Sacchromyces cerevisae 14 ± 1.414 19.5 ± 0.7071 580 12.33 ± 0.8819 660 6.33 ± 2.33 4. Cladospora carnonii 12 ± 1.414 8± 1.414 840 5.33 ± 1.453 860 1.666 ± 0.333 5. Trichoderma harzianum 45 ± 0.2828 50 ± 1.414 540 26.66 ± 1.453 660 13 ± 1.155 6. Penicillum niger 27 ± 1.414 22 ± 1.414 860 13.33 ± 0.6667 900 7.66 ± 0.333 7. Bipolaris spicefera 29 ± 2.828 25.5 ± 0.7071 860 12.66 ± 1.202 920 6.33 ± 0.8819 Cl- Clotrimazole; Amp-B – Amphotericin B; ZI- Zone of Inhibition, Mean ± SEM; MIC- Minimum Inhibitory Concentratio 166 Full Text Available On www.ijupls.com (Free) 01-07 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 167 Full Text Available On www.ijupls.com (Free) Volume-1/Issue-1/July-August 2011 RESULTS Different concentrations of the test solutions inhibited the growth of the all fungal strains with varying degree of sensitivity. The inhibitory zones were recorded for the MIC concentration of alcoholic and aqueous extract of M. oblongifolia against individual fungal organisms. All the values are mean of triplicates. The alcoholic extract was more effective in the case of all the organisms compared to that of the aqueous extract. DISCUSSION Plants provide abundant resources of antimicrobial compounds and have been used for centuries to inhibit microbial growth. The increasing incidences of fungal infections and gradual rise in resistance to available antibiotics had highlighted the need to find more alternative antifungal agents from other sources. In the African countries the genus Maerua is used as antifungal in traditional medicine. Antifungal activity was done by agar diffusion method. Agar diffusion method was followed in the antifungal studies of plants like Acorus calamus7Calotropis procera 8. Serial dilution was done to find out minimum inhibitory concentration and agar disc diffusion method was done to compare the extract with the standards Amphotericin– B, Clotrimazole and the control. Both aqueous and alcohol extracts showed significant antifungal activity on all the fungal organisms tested. But the effect shown by alcohol extract was more compared to aqueous extract. Plants like Curtisia dentate, Glaucium oxylobum and Epinetrum villosum showed the presence of phytoconstituents such as triterpenoids and alkaloids might be responsible for antifungal activity 9, 10 &11. Similarly the preliminary phytochemical constituents studies showed the presence of triterpenoids and alkaloids could have responsible for the activity. Since prehistoric times, people have used natural resources for medicinal purposes. Folk medicines employ many plants to counteract diverse diseases including skin infections. A Large number of plants have been reported by researchers and practitioners of traditional medicine to be useful in the treatment of skin diseases. Fungi that infect the skin, nails, and hair, generally called “ringworm” or “tinea” are classified as dermatophytes. Agents that prevent growth of fungi are also derived from natural sources. The results observed in the In-vitro antifungal activity of M. oblongifolia were significant. CONCLUSION The In-vitro antifungal activity was carried out on the alcoholic and aqueous extracts of the roots of Maerua oblongifolia showed very signifigant results. Antifungal activity was done by agar diffusion method. Both the aqueous and the alcoholic extract showed significant In-vitro antifungal activity with the various corresponding MIC as per serial dilution assay respectively against different fungal strains. The effect shown by alcoholic extract was more compared to aqueous extract.Thus it was concluded that M. oblongifolia which is considered as one of the 168 Full Text Available On www.ijupls.com (Free) Volume-1/Issue-1/July-August 2011 botanical sources of the drug Murva can be used as a good substitute for antifungal drug with further in vivo studies. REFERENCES 1. Mahesh B., Satish S., “Antimicrobial activity of some important medicinal plant against plant and human pathogens”, World J. Agri. Sci, 2008; Vol 4 (S): 839-843. 2. Mann A., Banso A and Clifford LC., “An antifungal property of crude plant extracts from Anogeissus leiocarpus and Terminalia avicennioides”, Tanzania J. Health Res, 2008;Vol 10 (1): 34-38. 3. Ibrahim MB.,“ Anti-microbial effects of extract leaf,stem and root bark of Anogeissus leiocarpus on Staphylococcus aureaus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris”, J. Pharma. Devpt, 1997; Vol 2: 20-30. 4. 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Shai J., Mcgawl J., Aderogba M.A., Mdee L.K., Eloff J.N.,“ Four pentacyclic triterpenoids with antifungal and antibacterial activity from Curtisia dentata (Burm.f) C. Sm Leaves”, J ethnopharmacol, 2008; Vol 119(2): 238-244. 10. Morteza-Semnani K., GhAminbM., Shidfarc M.R., Hadizadehd H., Shafieed A.,“Antifungal activity of the methanolic extract and alkaloids of Glaucium oxylobum”, Fitoterapia ,2003; Vol 74(5): 493-496. 11. Longanga Otshudia A., Apersb S., Pietersb L., Claeysc M., Pannecouqued C., De Clercqd E., Van Zeebroecke E. Lauwerse S., Frédérichf M., Foriersa L.,“ Biologically active bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids from the root bark of Epinetrum villosum”, J Ethnopharmacol, 2005; Vol 102(1): 89-94. 169 Full Text Available On www.ijupls.com (Free)