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\ GXGV\C G WZBC QKNZBY Q KNBJS \GESG P N[
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91053 OKN[GZK 50197 . E. \
057 =7978992 . SYV 02 =5370106 . NJ
E-mail: [email protected]
:N" GPF G \ MZ TPF
( Z " T ) N " G F G K " \M Z Y I P N N B Z [ K G Q Z F B \ K C Q G M P
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OK N[GZK ,\ GPZ = "Q KNZB Y Q KNB J S" S "[ EGP KNN NNGM
O KN[GZK = "NB Z[ KG QZF B \KC" F NGED F CK[K
F KZ CJ = " QR I GK KC Z E B\ C K\P " E" GK E GPKN N N N GM
YZBK GKR = "QKNZBY QKNB JS " FN GED F C K[K
F K Z C J Y" F K T ' Q K N Z B Y Q K N B JS ' P" G I E G PK N N N N G M
\ KN KT Z \KC = " N B Z[ KG QZ F B \KC " F NG ED FC K[K
\ K N K T F K Z C J ' Q K N G J S Q K N Z Y ' I " G B EG P K NN N N G M
O KN[GZ K = "LNP KN B QGZ MH" FRJ Y FC K[K
Y Z C K R C = " Q K N Z B Y Q K N B J S " O K MZ C B N N G M
O KN[GZ K ,\GP Z = "Z[B \ KC" FRJ Y F C K[K
= " E G E \R [ P " I" G B EG PK N N OK M Z C B N N G M
\ KNKT Z\ KC
\ K N K T Z \ K C - " FB Z G F Z H R " O K M Z C B N N G M
= " F P N[ O G I R Z \ M " F B Z G F E G P K N N O K MZ C B N N G M
\ KNKT Z\ KC
= " K M E Z P \ Z B V \" I " G B E G P K N N O K M Z CB N N G M
\ KNKT Z\ KC
= " Q Z FB \ Z BV \ " I" G B EG PK N N OK M Z C B N N G M
\ KNKT Q KT KE GP
\K N KT Q KT KE GP = " Q KN Z BY Q KN BJ S " F BZ GF N N N GM
- " Q KN Z BY Q KN BJ S " P" G I E G PKN N OKM Z C B N N GM
\ KNKT Q KT KE GP
Q K T KE G P = " FP N [ N F B" S " [ E G PK N N O K M Z C B N N G M
\KN K T
\KN KT Z \ KC = " QRI GK \ ZB V \" F RJY F CK [K
\ KNKT QKT KEGP = "QKNZBY QKNB JS " FRJ Y FC K[K
Y ZC K RC = "QKNZBY QKNB JS " FRJ Y FC K[K
Y ZC KRC = "QZF B \ CF B " \C K[K
Y Z BK G K R = "Q R IG K \Z BV \ " FR J Y FC K[K
,\ GPZ = "QRIG K GRKC ZE B RVN GB \K C" OKM Z CB NN GM
OK N[ GZ K
YZB K GKR = "QKNZBY QKNB JS " OKM Z C B NN GM
OK N [ G Z K = " Q K N Z B Y Q K NB JS " S "[ E G PK NN NN G M
= "NB Z[KG QZ FB \ KC " QGK TC EGP KN N O KM ZC B N N GM
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= " Q R I G K G R K C Z N MK F " S "[ E G PK NN OK M Z CB N N G M
OK N[ GZ K
= " Q K N Z B Y Q K N B J S " O K [ E Y E G P K N N O K MZ C B N N G M
= " QKN Z BY QKN BJ S" E" GK E GPKN N O KM ZC B N N GM
C B H \ T CD
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B"TKH QKNZBY QKNBJSP Y"FGCZ DFRPC
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KYYV \IK\V QKRTC / E"CI ZVM W"GPG CZ ,KGNC FKCGJ CZF - B"PZG T"G[F KYSV \NCY QKRTC
CZFG QPEKZV CBH CZF - \C[C CNI \GKY[G OKZGPK[ \GBSVGY \IK\VG YKJSNV
\EKDB ZES QKRTC / CBH \TCD ,QKNGJS QKNZY ,QGZEC[ QRIGK CZF = FCGD\ / G"\[GZK ,DKXZF
- FZKEN FKGBZ FRKB[ FMGS QKRTC / OKGCRDKKV FPN[ YIXK CZF - CNGNC \GCZTFG OKSEFF
EKD Z\KF QKRTC / N"RF - FGT[F \NGDS QKRTC / CBH \TCD ,QKNGJS QKNZY ,QBPNZTV Q\R CZF
KCX CZF - FMGSC FTKNCG FMGSN WGI FSKTN QKRTC / WKCGYKNH T[GFK CZF - BCN EK\TN F[RF
- N"RF QKRTC / QTHKKB QZFB ZKBP CZF - \PEGY \KTKC[P \GZKV ZGTKC QKRTC / G"\[GZK ,CG[
.ERZC GFKNB CZF
CE ZM[[K
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LNPF QDC ZBXF OT NKKJP QKNGJSP EKSI .D
NERP OIRP KCZ Y"FZF N[ F[EIF ZXIF .E
FKZCJC YSCJKGP
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F "FNH OK YKN B NBZ [K NBV Z K CZ
G" \ QG ZC I KR C ZP
BKZ DNGC C[ BK VGS KP MIP ,O KYKN B CGJ O GK KCZ GKC BN E"S Y\ \R [C LZ TC EN GR
\R[ ZI BNG \ VXC CZM QFKM G F"S Y\ \ R[C Y"F ZBN FNT [ (E RNGFP \Z IB F TEN G)
. G"Z\ \ R[C T"C NR FCG QGZC I Y"F KT E "CB G C ZM QFM\ R B "XY \
OKK I B[ P ZV SC . F NKFY F ZVG SM QF MN FR P\R GK CB OT \VX P QGZC IN GB GC O T
D" Z\ \ R[P QGZ CI K RCZ \ PMS F Y K\TP (HJ \G B 'D \MZ TP) K'DBN BV OKKI KCZ N
Y" Y \ GIKN [C Z" E[M OKP TV FP M T SR . G\P K\I \B XPR GCG OK SKPF \ KKCD QKKRT C
QGX KIF CZT PF KZT N C G[ BXK B"K Z\ \R[C . GY GZP N T SR G "Z\ \R[ C . QGZCI
BC SKRG \C . N "GI C QPH L[P C[ KG GY GZPN G FKM ZG\N G (ZK 'DNB G SKRG \ KNG VKZJ )
KRP P" ,C \GM G (C" KZ\ GR ZGGKN C SV ER) N' DZGC USGK KCZN USGK Q YKG Z VS N T FP MSF C
GFK \GIK N[C NKHB G NKV [ . O KYI ZP W ZB NB I N\[ PF Z"KT X . O KYK\ T OK ZCEF GBX K
FM CF Y" PTC KC [GK . O KYGXP C GZG FZ X UGTP . OKYR BRFG O KIRB RF K[KE Y QRCZ E
OZ C . OKYZ VN FZG \ E PGN OK MZE \[ZVN T KDF . OKY PTF \ R[G[ G "\ QGZC I Y"P T
OKY KNB NBZ [K N BVZ ZKT XF . OKYR T K" RC O DG F KZB K RV O FKRV QFC B ZC BJ [GY C
\N TPP K\ NB[ R" C\GM (B M 'K S P "GI ) GE ZBV F[ P KCZN "F [P GP [" ZVS C . "J" S
ZKT C GR\ GKFC G" KF O KYKNB NBZ [K Z" ZFP M [B ZN KVG NB NB Z[ K ZGB B NVGP F CZ F
SKR G\P QB RGC EGE KC ZN EGE NB [RG CK [F KE ZV SC . "B "TK SR G\ NBZ [KC OB G
\[ GZK KRK EC G\ CG[\ BKF G "\N SGV \ E \ZP F" S ZJR GY GVG SC SV ER (H" KZ\ G RZGGKN )
. F KNJ KBN QGZC I \ GIKN [C TSR J" KZ\ \R[C . ZPGP
F[ P KCZ OT E IK OKZ GSBF \ KCC OK[ EGI 'D C [K FNK NT N[ C B "MZ \ \R[ C
Z[ B O GYP ZP[ PC O \GB Q\KG " C\MR (C"MZ \ OK N[GZ K) OK T[G V ZC [ ZVSC . KIPY
KGB ... OVMC SPI BN NT OKCZ OK PK O [ GKFKG ,OK T[GVFG OKEZ GPF O[ O KZGSB
NM 'E \BZ KCG FP MIC O KPS ZGVP FG OK TGEKF NBZ [K KNGE D KR[ KM \GBG Z LM[ OKRKT N
ZKTF \DF RFC ZYK TF OF OK ZMHRF O KRCZ F KR[G ... FZJPF \KCN GB GCKG GVSBK OGK F
FNFB NF BF LG\P [KPK BN OSZG VPG TGE K B"KZ FGPM CZF JZVCG ... OSZGVPG TGEK M
C\ GM QHI ["ZN F PN[N \GN TPF ' SC . OKN [GZ KC C[ KK\R ZZ IG[[ ZIB N . "FZG\ N[
BN VGPF CZ F" G FRMP G OK N[GZ KC O KEZV SF \ GNNG MN Z KMHP G ZVG SM Q FKM K M
. " OGY KNB NBZ [K 'Z B\KKZ GBE BY \VGZ E
B[ K NTC Z[ KNB NG B[ CY TK KCZ QGB DF . F"M Z\ KZ[\ H"K OKN [GZK C T "CN R
C\ MR G\ CXP NT . NB Z[K \ZB V\ WZB OKP[ P L KN[ F :G EVSF C GK NT I\V FMZ C
" FZG \C QEY[ ,B NP 'E EGCM G ,B NVGP F CZF "
\C K[K [B Z B "JK N[ NNF P "KZDF KE KC BXP RF \"G[ Z VS OKC G\MC GRP P ZB[ R
Z" GPEB Y" M ZX GBC \ BXP RF G RPP \IB FCG [\ O KSKV EP G RB QB M . O GN[ \CF B
. B"XY\ \R[C G"\VX Y"FKTC GK CB KZGDPG GK ZGDP ZMHR GCG ,773 'SP B"JKN[
" N BZ [ K G Q Z F B \K C " WC G Y
F "F N H O K YK N B N B Z [ K NB V Z KC Z K "\ M O GN K X
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GRTR[ OKP[D NT \KRT\ QKRTC
\KRT\F YKSVFN OKB[Z OB
G RTR G O KK RG TC 'F FB Z OK P[ K PI ZC G O KP [DF NT OK RT \P GKF[ Z GCXC FNB[ R GH FNB [
BN G F NM \B ZYN Q \I GR KKF E F BE GF \MZC F MZC GKNT FZ [\[ F KGBZ F Z GT K[M \GXI O EG Y
OB G V"MT O GK C G C \G \[ NG NG MB NG O\KRT \P ZG CXF YK SVFN GRK E K BP F [KZI P Z GT K[M F KF
. M"T B N BP NKE G B O \KRT \N GZ HI K F [K ZI P ZG TK[ M FK FK BN
[ "B ZF OK YS GVF KNGED Q KC FK GR [ \YG NI P CE FB ZK FB GZF BRK E KBF E BZYK T F RF
NT F RT\P F KF[ K ZF B KR\E B KF F K CD \GKRT \E Y"V ["BZ FC B CGF FH F RF N"H E"CBZFG
\KRT \P [ "P E"CB ZF F [YFG , OK N[PG F RT\P H"F FZCT G FZ X NT GB B VZ\RG F NGIF
QGKME OK P[ D \K RT\ K RB [E WZK \G , \G XI O EG Y OK P[ D OF N GEZK OB O GK C QK YK SVP[ O KP [D
LKZX FT [ NM \ZI B F ZX NCB O TVF FH C L ZGX OF N QK B CG [ QMZ GX NM OK P[ D OF N GEZK[
QF N G EZ K B N 'K VB KPR OK P[ DCE YKVSP OT J GR KB G N"HG ["BZ F F [YF G ,Z GH I\ BN [ O KP IZ
B ZG CC O KI JG CG O \NKV \ F NCY\R[ KVN NNF O KZPGBG O KI P[ G O K\G[ G OK NM GB Q MZ GX NM
[ "P NT NB R\R Q CZY CZF F [YF G ,M"T \GZX ZB[C UB ZP GN LKK [ FH G LZ GXF N M OF N G EZK[
O KP[ DF GKF K K\P ET QP YN B KR\E B FP Q K\G[ G OK NM GB QMZG X NM G EZK B N 'KVB ["B ZF
'S N F KG R[ BK FF E WZ K\G ,'G MG I VJ FCZIC FE GFK 'Z 'GM G O\KR T\P Z GCXF G YS VK G OK EZ GK
O GKC G C \ G\[ NG NG MB N NCB O[ K" [ Z 'K VM G 'GM G Q KZHG D E"C G RTR BN G G NB GZCT QR\E \GKR T\
G\GB \NK MB N Q MZ GX NM KT C B NE ["BZF \TEN LN KZF ,[ "T 'GMG FH ZG TK[ N O KP MI GR \R BN
. QMZGX NM QR KTC E"CBZ F \T ENG , NNFF \ZKPBNG OGKF
GP XT \ZCS N FCK\C F CK \ \GBC \GB 'HR F ["BZF KZCE GB CGF D"F[ CZF N N"SE R"M G
O"CPZF ODE ZP GN F BZ R FK F FZ GB MN G ,' HRF [ "BZF \ZCS C K BY B GF O DE F B ZR M"B G ,[ "T
[ "P MG Z GCXN EKI K QK C ["BZF YG NK IM YN KI BGF ODE 'H RF ["B ZF \JK [C K BY EKF 'S C
N"S BN GYGNKIG ,'H RF E"CBZF \K[ GY O G[P J"FE KBEG O "CP ZF O[P O[ ["B ZF
G RKB OZC , NNF ZP GB G F \G[ G N MGB Q MZ GX NM GEZK BN 'KVB N "S E [ "BZF O TJP O"CPZFN
'G MG BVZ\RG FN GI K CD JY RE TP[P Q ME ["BZF [ "P M G RK KF O "CPZF O TJ Z [VB E F KBZ M"M
Z[VB O NGTNG O"CP ZF KZCE OKBZ R J"FPE O [ F "F C\M QMG ZGCX QG [N QBMG EKIK QG [N
UBG ,B \KKZCC ZMHGPF KGBZ Z GT K[ QR KT C \K RT\FP O GK C G\GB Y GSVN BRK E ZYKT C O"CP ZF E
E"CBZ F \K[ GY O G[P G RKKF ZGCXN EKIK QKC YNKI [ O"CP ZF OT JE FBZ R E"CBZF K ZC EPE
'G MG OK P[ D N [ \KRT \P WG I ' GM G Z GCX Q KC EK IK Q KC OKZPG B G RB G G ZP GB C F BG ZF FB ZK Z [B M
\TEC G\TEN UB FK BZ GRK BG B K[Y B N F"VB ,[ "T ZIB Y GN KI C G \K [G Y QY \N FX G Z[
QMZ GX NM QRK TCE Q KEF ZYKT C E"CB ZF \Z CS M N "S \P BC O"CPZFE Z[VB E O "CP ZF
QG [N B MF G EKI K QG[ N C O [ CG \M[ BN OB F VK FN GT Y GNKIF F KF G \KR T\F O GK G \GB YKS VFN
YGN KI Z IBF YGNKI YN IN LKZJXKB B N QM[ QGKMG ZGCXN EKIK QKC YGN KIF IZMGPE OKCZ
,ZIB C YNIN I ZM GP Z GCXN EKI KE Y G NKI K BF G N QKB E QGKM B GF [ E"CB ZF C \M H"TG ,E"CB ZF
O[ B \K BE C"T 'K UE NT \GK RT\ \MS PN G\J K[C B "CJ KZF C BC GF O "CPZ F \TE K PR R"M G
" N BZ [ K G Q Z F B \K C " WC G Y
I
G XZ K\ Z CM 'GM G \GXI OE G Y OF N GEZK O B [ QP YN Q R\E BF G 'G MG F RT \P F KF [ KZF Z" \
QK C C\MG B MF KG [ BN BF CE 'H RF 'KR \P E BV GDP I MGPEM \ZG XC \KRT \C O \F E Q "CP ZF
YNI P FKF ' KR\P E FI MGF GB N KB E BK EF C LN KZF , 'G MG \GZX ZB [ \KRT \N O KP [D \KR T\
. J G[ V G Y GNKI KB F LZXR BN ZI B Y G NKI G RN [K E Q GK M B NB F HC
O K\G[ G OK NM GB QKR TNE ["B ZF \ZCSM N"SE [G CNFG T" [C Q ZP G Z GJ FE F BZ R FZ GB MNG
QK NM GB B NB GP KN [K BN \GXI O E GY EZKN G NKI \F G C\ME B ZP DC Z GP BF ZG TK [ Q RKT C BN
F 'ZB C O[P G NKI \F GC \M OF G OF N EZKG QR\E E GP N\F QG [N P QR CZ G R[ \PB ,'G MG Q K\G[ G
N"KY K MF KB E G M"B G 'HR F [ "BZF \ZCSM NNF O KZP GB G OK \G [G O KNM GB ECN F NI \F CE N"S E
UB B GF E N "[VB Z GTK [M F BZ RG G EZK Q R\E UB G , TE GRM QZP \ZCS ZI B Q RKNHB E Y"FT F V
' G M G Q E G K ' Z E B P G K C (B "K FMN F) \ G K R T \ E D " V S E K P N [ G Z K C G R K B Z K M Z C E N L P S G Z G T K [ M G R K B [
BC BGF FR F ["T ZG TK [M EZK BN [ GR KK F OK P \G MZC [ NT C CZ F] C"F 'K VN G 'G MG B ZJ P \IR
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QEGK 'ZE BPGKC \GKR T\E QKKDGSC KP N[ GZKC ["P LVF BGF FHE FBZ R BJFKZ O GVN O RPBF
N"B K \[ RE GF P KI X B RBE QK DC N"B FK CD N BR P 'Z YNS B[PZ C B ZJ P \IR G B\KR T\ Q KZHD
F "B N KB E O KN [F N QK MK ZX GKF KG ZG TK [M F [ T BNE 'K V O KN[F N ZG CXF G MN PK BP [ LKZ GB
GKF T" [C B"K UKT S F"TY \ ' KS C B "T E"P UEC OK P \G MZC CZF [ "P M \G [Z GN Q\G R F KF
QG [NF B KC R QMC G 'G M G G PKN [K BN \G XI OE G Y EZK N GNKI \F OB G ' GM G O KP [DF NT OK RT\P
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'G MG Z G TK[ LKZX \KRT \F YK SVFN K EM NG ED NNM ' GM G QZP KZ CE \RG G M[ E"YVN BR KPB N"HG
ZI B O\EK ZK \NI \F P"P O\KR T\ OGKC ZG TK [ G \GB QF N G EZK OB 'K VB [ Q N \KEI M"I BG
KB PG 'GMG GP KN[K B N 'GMG \GXI OEGY F\K F OK P[ DF \N I\F O B[ ZB KC M"IB ' GMG \GXI
,' GM G GKZ CE \NKI \ Z\GS M"B E \KRT \F O KYSG V F NI \F CE B ZP KP N GBN G NK I\F QG [N JY RE
G [ZKV G 'G MG OK P[ D O FN GEZK G ' GM G O KRT \P G KF B KF BR [K N B FE BF N" RPE O K[YP K\KB ZG
KGPGKC K PN [G ZKF P BGF Z GJ FG QZPE F KNKI E"YVNG , 'GM G ZG TK[M GEZK GR KK FE OK [ZVP F NM
BN [ O G[P GRK KF \G\[ N \G [Z Q \R B N[ F P[ O [P F ZG P OK N[FN G MN PK B P[ ' GM G QE GK 'ZE
\G\[N \G[ Z GN Q \G R F KF Z GT K[ M OKEZ GK GK F OB B F Z GT K[F GP KN [K BN B P[ G ZG TK [M G KF
BNB B GF FC GI GB N 'K R\PC Q R\E GPK N[KE FZ GP M"B ,O GK F [EY[ Z IB B [PZC GR TR[ 'KVB
NK I\F [M BP N[CE OP XT P G RE QZPG ZGJF F\TP ,["TK TG ZH Z GB O[P B " DF C M"M G \G [Z
\GXI Z IB BZ YK TBE \GXI O EG Y G NK I\FC OR PB ZG TK[M GFN \K IR ' KVB GPK N[K \GXI Z IB
ON GT NG NNF OK ZP GB G OK YS GV BNB QRK ZP B B N GP KN [K [ M" D ZP GN G M"M ZKP I FN \G[ Z B GF
. N"MT 'GMG KZKKP ZGT K[M GEZKCE
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G RRK B O KN [F N Z GCXF G MNPK BP [ Q G[ NE E GT G , NG MB N \G [Z GN Q\GR FK F LKB M"B G N GMB NG
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OK N[FN GXZ ZGCX CG Z O B F"FE N"XG BGF C\M B"KS F"TY\ 'KS C G\[KG GNMB K B NB \GXI
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. 'HR F K "CZF KZCEP 'HR M QCGPF LVF QM KPN[GZKFG
C"ZF [Z KV[ GPM KP N[ GZKF \T EC [ZVN GRB OK MK ZXE E"T NR K "CZF KMZE \GIZ GB Z[KK NG
BN \GXI ZIB NE \GJK [VC N"S E B \NKP BF IMP 'H RF KPN [G ZKF NT G [G ZK VC T[ GF K FE[
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B N F "VBG \GXI O EG YM K GF E K PN [G ZK FP FK BZ BK CP H"TG NG MB N K B[ Z EKI KF QK BG H"B C "ZF
KB [Z EKI KF QK BG OK N[FN Z GCXF G MNPK BP NK E ZG TK [M EZK ZCM[ UB NG MB N \G [Z GN Q \R
F BZ BN [ P"C C"ZF N FP K\F QP G ,H"B C"Z FG KP N[ GZKF 'K VN K "CZF \RG GMC IZ M GP FH , 'GM G
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HP Z BXPR BN JZVCG ,N"YG QKKEF K NT QPB R V"MT K\BXP BN ZK TXF KRB KM UBG OK [ZVPF
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\R G GME FP ZPB Y KM FN ,GKNT OKYN GIM OKB ZRF O KZCE P BX GKMG B\ KNG N"NG F B NB \ PB QKE
QMZ GXNE OKP[ D EGT Q KMKZX OKPK ZI B QKKE T[ N"Z OTVF F HC 'KV BNG QM ZGX N M [" PC [" BZF
OTV F FHC LZG X OF N [KE 'KV B N LM NG QM ZGX KEM KTC QK KETG \ GZKV F[T\ WZ BFG O KTZHF BGF
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QRK[K KI BN M" IBN OG [P FZX OFN QKB OGKFM G OR GX Z F[TR GK [MT[ QG KM[ N" X FPG GN GMZ JXK
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BN[ ZGTK[ M GEZ K BN[ OK P[DE B\NKP KBF KB B VKET K EKEN Z KTXF KRB G ,FHC [KIM P E"C BZF
ZGH I\[ QRK[K KIE BNB BV Z\R V"M T O \F KZFE BV Z\R G FN GIE BKF FP Z\GK OK IJGC [ Z PGN
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N"H E"CB ZF Y GNKI V"MTE G"XK B "P CZF 'KVN M"BE K [G YF QP B GF JT PF KM \PB Q FG
KCD QM BN OGKF ZGHI \ BP [ EPGT BYVSC QEK TG QEKT NMC F NGI KCD KZF[ EPGT GPGYPC
QK RTC YK PTR [M OZC ,B VZ \R G FN GI GPM BN Z TX K NC I GK ZC O F OGK 'P ET V"MTE O KP [D
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G RFB B NG K\B BN GN BM F [T [ F P NM OK P[ DF B GCK B NG LZG XF KP K GB GCKG OK PK FP M
KGF K \B E EKCT QP HF [ NM G GKF B NM GK F TXPB CE IGKZF F HG B KN \ FH C F HE NNM OF K[ TP
NMGB B N K M YGEG \G ZI BC OK KG N\ OK P[ DF GNBG F\TP BGF YVSF FH E F \T BGF G NB M
D"F RM CZF OKYSGVF QP EI OKZ[ FGZVI Z BC F GR BXP BRE KBFM BPGKN G ,QG [N LK ZBFN
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\GXI O E GY GEZK 'KVB M"B F [G EYC OGKF C GZ ZCTE J"FE K"CZF KZCEC B C GF KP N[ GZKF
T[ G FK FE [ CZF KZ CEP Q"MG ,F [G EYC GC GZ ZCT FN CY QP HP CG [I G NKH FK F[ F [TP M
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2
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BN [ QGKM GK NT \K RT\F NI LNKB G \G XI PE OK N[P \G XI ZI B NE J"FG FE G TS TG CYNG NG MBN
QK YS GV[ \K RT\ FK F O B K EK P B NG QN B YVR B N K "[ Z O TJ KVN K ZF , M"T F E GTS \T[C ETS
QG KME B MK B BF KP B YK VS K"[ Z \TE N OD F "K VB G ,Q RK TC B YG E O GKF \G XI C G BN G B OG K E GTCP
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. (N "Y G OG K E G TCP O KYSG V[ \KRT \C K T\[P NMFG 'G 'K S I "S Y \ B GF E
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OF N Z MK R \G XI C ETS B N[ Q GKM ZI B E"PNE \GXI KCD KP R KGF FH G \KRT \F N KI \F [ O FN
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OR KB [ K VN ' G MG F NK NC OK P[ D O FN G EZ K O B[ ZP GN KR B C G ZY (CRY 'KS B"I) B" C [Z F \ ZC S
CZTC GF GNCY[ V"TB G NCCC[ \K RT\F ZYK T F H[ ZI[F E GP TP BN B \GRT \F N Q KNK I\P
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B NG B Y GE ZI [F \G NT P NMC \K RT \ O FN [K[ N" G IC GF [T P FK F F HE B"C[ ZF KZCEP
G\T EC Q \R G NCYE UBE C \MG ZI[F EGPT P BNB \G RT\FN Q KN KI \P Q KBE C \M KZF[ K"TCP
'G MG O EG Y OK PK KR [ F HP G NCYK O B K MF E ZP BY H "T G N GP \BP 'K SVFG C \M B NG \GR T\FN
,NNF QK ZP GB OGK E G TCPE \K RT \C BGF OB [ G NNP Z GZC Q VGB C [PP FNI\F QRK TCE O G[P
ZB [C E"F G NNF G ZP BK BN F NK NC GR TR O BE O\S C \M G J JZ [ GPXTC FH QKEC Q ZP N KH I Y GV G
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B NG \KR T\F ZT X NKI\P H B[ ZI [F E GP TP BNB NK I\P \KRT \F ZYKT Q KB [ NG EDF NNF
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GX G VK G GN KI ' F LZ C KR [F J GI M G K\G\V [ KRG PMI \ \C [ C GN CZ G KEK K" R US GK 'ZF F "G P \" [
. 'GM OKP[F N JP OKYN- B GN Q\K FXGI GK\G RKK TP
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. YVS F KEEX G (O" G MT F F GH CK BP [ J"YS [" \VF BK CP [
B P[ FN JKN ZG SB HB C[ G K QK BP FP P[ ZB [\ ZEF BX GK [M G N BZ [K N[ \K CF OB . B
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KZM G[ G N BZ [K K ZM G[ QK XV GY \KCF NT FB G Z[ Q GD M NNM FZKM [K OB M" D Y V GS P KB . D
. NN M Z GM[ N F XG Z G RK B[ ZP GB C"F TCFG O" G MT
NB Z[K FC ZG EK O B 'K VB B XK [M FRNJK [ F \T KCY F[ TP N OE GY FR \GF[ K BR \ KR FP K P . E
QK RTN QM G B"V 'KS X"X \"G [C [ "P QK KTK G ' D ' C UKT S C"P ' KS I"BC ZB GCP [ F PN KP E KP
. NJC GB R\G F ZG \C [ "PT FR\P M F GF E E"B , K\M GE FP MCG D" R ' Y ' KS I"BC R"MF C
\"KFTC Q\G RG B [ GRM \XY KYNI F RTBG
KCD B R[ KB P G [YF B "YE UGS O [ 'SG \F F RFG F"YE B TK XP E B ZP DP FH QKE Z GYP F RF
,Z GS B \KCC GZ GEK[ Q \GB YKHP G NB M F NJ GR[M F HGH P KCD GXZK \G EDCN EDCP QK ZK \P E \KXKX
QK B F H \K CC FRK M[ \[ GEY B NK KI E QGKM FH GHP KCDE B "CJ KZF O[C O [ R"ZC BGF 'CF WG ZK\
KC D Z GS BE BF E ' GM ZP B CZ F "E B"T C"ME \C [ 'S G\C BG F 'D F W GZK\ ,O [P FYNG SN GN
'S G\F \RGGM M"D F "M[ FB ZR G ,["T ZIB \KCC FIKR FN G \T EC FKF B N OB K ZKKP BP[ FHGHP
FC UJ T\FN WVI BGF [ F \GB C Q\K[ C GJ ["P C 'GM Z PB CZ F"E UGS C"T B "P \GIRP C
TCY KBE B IC [P BI B CZ O [C FH GH P \GMNF C K"YG PR F B KCF QM G ,N"Y G [ "T FHG HP N E" NG
,T "XC O KKS [ B NB EDCN EDCP Q KZK\P \KXKX KCD QR KZPB EM F NJ KN Z \GP ZIB \KCC Z\NBN
QK B[M YIEF \T[C LPS [ K"ZC \CG[ \ H "YS B "XZ 'K S E"ZGKC FCG[ \ K I\VF BK CF ZCMG
J"YSC [" \VF B KCP[ FP F RF G ,[ "T [ B IC [P BI B CZB] O"BZB G \K CN \Z IB F HG HP GN
QK KT KG FH C YVYVN [K ,FGHCK BP [ CGKI E"T B GF B XGKG F NJ GR O "G MT CE W"CT K \NK B[F O[C
3
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( C V Y ) C Q G K ND B N FR [
B XGKG FNJG R QG [ NF QM G 'G M FVZG \F O GYPC QI KR P B NB EK C Q ECB N Z \GP K MG B"T G "JY \C[
UE O[ P"CC Q"ZF K ZCEP KP R IM GP Q MG ZP KP N FK N KT CK P FR NJ K M"NB E C GK I B N Z\KF FZ GP
G ZKM[FN O" G MT NK DZ [ \K CC ' KVB BNB FMZX R B N NJ GR O "G MT CG C \M[ C"T E"MY
CKKI E BC G J Q RKT P[BG O "G MTN GZKM [P [M B YG E BP [ K" [F [ "P N B\KB KB G OK NB Z[KN
FZKM [P[ M KZ KK PG FNJK N CK KI E B XG KG FNJG R BNB Q "ZM [ ZVP BN K" [F E ZPG N Q KBG ,F NJ KN
B XG KG F NJ GR OK NB Z[KN F ZK M[FN O "G MT NKD Z[ M UB E Q" ZF E QK E K" [F N FK NR P M"BE O " GMTN
NB Z[KN O "G MTF GZKM [K K BE G[ M 'KVB Q" ZEB UKSG P[ B NB E GT B NG , CG KI N F K\YKVB BF
Q" NP Y KB P F" NB E QZ PB EM K BE G BNB , GN Q KRP G K" [F P J "YS O [ \"VF B KCF[ G PM Z IB
. KR VN K" [F Q KBG Q "Z F \JK [ ED GRG KZ \ KCE BCKNB B ZJ [ F MKH F ZG BMN G , Q" ZF ["PM G
NJ GR O "G MT CG Q "Z FN FK N F[ YE W"CTK \NK B[F \J K[ N Q "ZF KZCE Z GB KCC ZP GN Z[VBG
EKC QECB P M O "G MT G C GS RMK K BE G O B FZ GB MN E ,K" [F [ "P M FNJK N CKK IE F KN KT CK P F RNJK
B P[ BYK VS PG NBZ [KN Z GM[ N O "GMT NKD Z[ \KCC 'KVB BNB R"N Q"Z F WZK\ H "T G ,KP E
. QCFG \G[ Z B NB C GK I Q KB G F VZ G\F OG YP C QI KRP P V"MT TZ D B N O "G MTN F\T F RZ KM [K
NME C[ GK QK BP OP [ \KCF ZB[ R[ M M"B K" [F N UB FNJKN CG KI QK B YVS CE G RKMH V"MT
ZGSK B QK BG Z EF \C GI FH GH PE Q BM LKK [ BN B" CJ KZF OT J OD G QK KT PF N GF KKR \K N KP TJ K RF
EDCN EDCP QKZK\P QKB ZPBE CZN KZ FG ,NNM FHGHPC CKKI QKB ZE QKB[M NCB ZE [K[M B NB
\GI RP C 'P DF F[ YF[ M F "VB G O [ \GI RP CG \C[ C ' SG \F ["P M F HG HP C Q IM [B EM O TJ FG
FKGBZ QKBE F NC\RE K" [ZVG KBNC KBE BP NE WZK \G EDCN EDCP QKZK\P FR KP \TP [ O [
T"ME B CKNB F HGHPC O D M"B CZN EDCN EDCP QK ZK \P FI E RG FB ZR[ME K ZF Z PB Y \KXKXN
OD FZ GB MN M"B ,[ "P MG F NJ KN Q KB C GKI O D V"MT N CB FNJK N ZGSK B QKB E K BE G M"T ,Q CFG
CKKI \K B N[ B YK VS KR FP E Q RK HI BF E F NJ KN Z \G P O " GMT G B NB Z[K F ZM [K OB YVG SP C
. F NJKN ZGSKB QKBE BYKVS KR FPE F"F K "[F \JK[N F NJKN
OK EK SI ZVSC B \KB E GN FP GEPM [ [ "K E 'K S P" IC L" [F [" PV N EEX N [ K FZ GB MN GF KP
I"S FP B KCF FP N FP \ KR B \P BC G ,\KCFP B X GK [M F HGHP F NGJK O B 'GM G "I FRMS [K[
B\RMS N B ZGSK B \KP EP BY KP J"E QKN GI QK KT KG 'GM EIB C F [T PG O[ P"CC Q M ZBG CP B NF
F "MG ,["T K B ZGSKBP B \R MS B ZKPI P"[ OK ZGSB OKNG DP OKP GNB G ET BK DGSF ["T
QB M [KE ZI B \KCC F IK RFN G\TE[C V"MT OR PB ,'F UK TS H "J Y ' KS E"ZGKC B "P Z \GF DF C
NB Z[KN N "\B G ,O "G MT N GB NBZ [K L Z GM [K K B YVS S"S Z KV [ KG FG O "B ZM BP [ YVS E GT
UKETG FR MS G C [K [ Z CEC 'K VB K RFP E JG [ V S"SG ,NNM Z GS KB QK BE B IC [P B IB ' ZC BP [
'K SC [ " \VF B KCF[ GPM FR MS C UB KR FP E (Q KNJC\P QK B[ O KZCEC UB K RFP S"SE) O K[[P
. O KYS GVF O [C D "YS H "J Y
NCB ,ZIB \K CC F IK RF N G \T E[M Z\GP KB E G NNM F RZK M[K OB M" D YV \S RE B KTCKP B NG
BN B P[ ,S "S BMKB F "B NCE O DF ,ZK\FN KCN KRB NP BN ZI B \K CC FI KR FN G\TE QK B[M
F \B LKZX F NI \P E LVF \P F HC QRK TC B NG , O" GMTN B P[ FZKM [K [ N" \B G ,NNM FZ KM [K
KR [F YVS F QM G , G"JYS K"Y 'K S E" ZG KC L" [F [ "P M NN M F ZKM [K OB Q G[BZF YVSC QGEN
G NJ KN G ZK \P 'BF YVSG ,K"B[F \GJ K[ N F NJ KN G CK KI N BC 'CFE , QG [B ZE B UKS GP ZKV [
,[ "T K C "K B "K YS O[ L "[ F [ "P M \CG ZT \F TE GR [ ZI B S" S E ZP GN M" B LKK[ BN G N" [P M
4
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BN O B 'I UK TS K "Y 'K SC E"Z GK C B"PZN KRF P BNE ,P "NK[EC S "S F H QKR TN KZ YK P KN GB P"P
KF RG ,O "B ZN P "N [K FH G ,J "M 'K S E"Z GK I FE GFK \IR P \"G [C QK KTK G [ "T K NG ED LZ GXN
B K[G YBG ZI B \K CN F\GB LKZ JXKB BN B R"[ RG G ZP BR BN ["T O KYNGSP N "RF O KP TJF E
\KCN X"B[M N CB , QK KTP FN ZB GCPM O F N LK ZX[M G RK KF G EDCN EDCP Q KZ K\PE \K XK XP [ "P E
EDCC FZ [G YN P "T B N[ EDCN EDCP QK ZK \P Q KB \KXKXC ODE KG RK[ K RFN NNM LKZ X BN Z IB
. [ "P MG Z\GP F ZGBMN ZI B \KCC FI KRF N G \TE[M NCB O[ H"M ZB GCPM Z IB
FYH IF QK ED RP \GYKVS FG N BZ [K F C ZG EK [G F HG HP C GK IC \KCF YHI\R ZCME QG KM ZPG N QK BG
J"M I"M H "M Y"S O[ L" [T FYHI OG YPC KRF P S "S KB B\G GCZE B\DG NVC FZ GB MN M"B
'K VB E O"BZ M B P[ N BZ [K N N " \B G NB Z[KN G B O" GMTN F ZM [K K B YVSC M"BG O [ D"PZVC G
Y"S O [ D"PZ VF [ "P M FY HI F QKZ \GS \GYKVSF K R[[M G RKK F I"YP C S"S KRF P E OKZC GS FN
,S "S F GF B N K BE G FYHI F Z\ GS G RKB 'CF YVSF E BMF M" B ,D "K 'KS K "R P \" G[ CG [ "T I" M
OK ZC GS F N S "S KGFG FYHI F \B Q KZ \GS \G YK VS F 'CE NN M F ZK M[K O B M"D YVS C ' KVB B NB
C"NYS O[ L"[F \GJK [N BNB P "N R"F M"B K RFP B NE OK ZCGSF N NCB ,I "YPC K RFPE
B P[ YVS F UG ZK XC \GYKVS 'D [K B MF G ,K RFP \GYKVS [N [C I "YP C P" NE E"P 'K VB E
NCB (Q CF G C GZF \B QK EDRP \GYKVS [N [F N M[M B YG E BP NEE T"X \BH OD UBG ) O"BZM
Z\K F QK B FH C OD M"B O[ D"PZ VT F YHI O GYPC KRF P B N \GYKVS 'D UBE ON GM O KYSGVFN
. F ZGBMN
NK C[ CE B\ G GCZE B \DG NVE S"SN BKP E V "MTG N NM FYHI F H QK BE P "YN B ZYKTP ON GB
. Q CF G F KEKE Q GEKRP E"R UK ET G D "P ZVF O[ ["PM Q KEF F R\[K BN F YH IF
\TEK ZCM G BC GZ O TJP S "S E OK YS GVC ZB GCPF B "\ 'K S ' G[ \C B "C[ZF \J K[ N N"BG
T" [C QG [NF B\KB EM BP K\ K B IR K\F M"B C GZF ZI B QGPP C GMNF BNE NB GP [M N"KKYE
O N[KG KR \ B R\ C"T N "Y Q KNG I QK KT) B RKEP TP [P G GN O N[ N LKZXE ' C UK TS B"XZ ' KS E"Z GK
GN QK B NCB F NJ KN Z GS BE OK PMI GC GT DR Z GS KB O G[P YZ M"B G (\G EK SI \EP \ZP B \BG
O B GN ON [N CGJE IG RP Z"Z F O [C O[ K"CF YK \T F[ GP M B PK\ KB NCB ZKV[ H"KT YH KF
UB FB ZR E B "H , QCFG S" S K RFP BN G QG PP C [ ZCE K GF M" B X "B BR KEP NCB G K\ GT P N T EK VYF
OK ET C BN [ T CG \F S V\ KB M" B ON [K OK P[ KEK \BXN V"MT NCB GN ON [N CG J E B SZKDFN
BCC BNB \GMH G N Q KB E B MKFE F "T 'KS P"IC L"[F C\M B N M"T E , FS KV\ K RF PE FB ZR
'K SCG [ "CKZFP G "M Y"S O[ ZB GCPM F KRK P Q RKYVP O KE TC TCG\ SV\ OB OK P[ KEK \BXN
NN MP FHC BXK BN G BMF F "F M"B KR FP K ZC QTGJG SV\ KB OKETC BN [ NCB ,C"K Y"S G "T
. QCFG Z GS KB
IG RP Z"ZF N[ BSZ KDF ZYKT KVN UBE G RIMGF[ FP KVN F ZGBMN KB R\ K RFP OB QK RT NG
Y ZG FS KV \ KRF P V " MT E Q GP PC [ ZCE H "K T K GF BN [ "K XN BNB B RK EP GN O N[ N CKK I G RKB E
ZCI PF \GJ K[ N B NB ZIB \K CC F IK RF N G \TE QK B[M Z\KF QK B M"B G C GT DR ZGSK B O G[P
[ "P T FR\P KGFG B \KKZ GB E QK TM K GF Q RCZE Q GYK\E O[ B "P ZN NCB K "T S I"N 'KS T "B C
,K BR \ K RF PE V"MT FZ GB MN F N X"B [ O DF ZI B \K CC FI KR FN G\TE[M NCB ,C"R \G FZ G\C
BN E O KYSG VF \T ZMF E DR Z "P DF \T E BK CF [ B "P ZB FP \ B ZY D "K YS O[ [" CF BF E BEI
YNS N Q KB E B "CJ KZF W GZK\ BK TCKP BN ,GFK KR \K N Q ZP BE KP TJ KR F N ME E GT G , ["T F K\GG M
5
FM
( C V Y ) C Q G K ND B N FR [
B ZYKTP KR\B K B NCB N"HG C\M[ O[ X"XE [PP G RK KF G FR \F [ M LKK[ BN E O [P FRK M[F
FK RP HB E O G[P B NB GR KB FKEK E B ZGSK B ZYK T KZFE BGF ZC \S PE BP TJ G K RF P KB R\E K BE G
'G M F PT F ZC G[ G F RP HFM FGFG FK EK E FR PH FN F NJ C K ZF ' GM F R\P B GF O B G 'G M F[ G EY U G DN
OK RV [EIF ZM G[FG ,BZYKTP FK \K NM K GF FR \GFE QGKM Q \GB YKH PE 'SG \F GXZK \ Q MG ,[ "T
LKZX [ C 'S G\F G EG P F H WG ZK \N OD K BE GE EG TG FHG HP \G [T N [ EI F ZM G [F NTG , BC \G [EI
,ZBG CPM QK PE G Y GK KIG T "B YKH K FN JK BN O B BF G \GB YK HK [ OT J F H FP E ZI B \K CN F \GB
KB EM F R\GF E BMKF M"B ,YIEF \T[C ZK \F [ N KT N K \B CF [ K"ZCF \ZCS GF HE Z[VBG
'K VB ZIB \K CC F IK RF N G\TE[M YI EF \T [C B N[ ' KVB GK NT L GP SN B I C[P BI B CZF
WZB C Z[B O KN GEDF K RVN T KXB KET F [ TPN B N NCB ,FMNFN E" RT VN RM Y"GEG F N X"B[C
. FPF
BN G N" RF \GI MGF Z B[ PG S "S O TJP B CN K\MZX GF [ ET KN XB ZGP I Q KRT CE F PE TE G
ZB GCP G N" [P M FR MS G C [K E OG [P BG F ,QR CZ E YVS F GF G QRCZE B\NP ZYK TE O G[P K\Z\F
FB ZR K \C\M[ O KVKRS L RF C NCB K\BCF [ QKN GI C B\K BEM BN GYN GYKVS QR KZP B BN F RMSCE
. T "X G N" RF KV RB LRF C ZK \F N F ZGBMN
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KPK C . CNS ZC KEKS I KCG[ IP G ,DZGC [TZ V \CK[ KC IKD [P N "XH NK [TF T [GF K KCZ I" FDF QK SIGK F
KZG PN GN GKF GH FRGM [C GZZ GD\F [ ZGE F KNGE D . 'ESI KZT[ ' \RGM [C GKZ GF OT ZZ GD\F G\GEN K
GP T Q\GRG B [GR FKF [ N" XH LBC ZTKGB H"[Z DF GZ[ C ZB[ OT \E IGKP F CZKY N FMH UB G ,LZE F
. FMNF KR KRTC \GC Z
FM H EGT . ZKP \ CK[ KC GEG PKN T CY O FKZI BN , 'OKKI WT' \ CK[ KC GEG PN\ FRY GK ZGTR \ GR[ C
ET B KNVF [ N" XH NYRK V FEGF K ZHTKN B KCZ NG EDF QGB DF FC K[KF [ BZ KE K N T FCK[ KN NC Y\F N
OKR GBDF N[ ONKX C UVG\S F O [ . QK YKHR O K[R KZES C O KCIZ R OKY NIC \GDK NVP F GK\ GTKE K \B EGBP
NC KYG T P[[ FP GRG[N NT OKZG D[ GK F EKP\ . N "XH W KCGXZV R"ZDF G N"X H WKC NBGP [ I"ZD F
. FZ G\F KRPM P NM C WKC NBG P[ I "ZD F N[ FN GEDF G\GB KYC \B B KNVP FKF JZV C ,O KNGE DF GK\ GCZP
N" XH NKP Y OKKI KCZ QGB DF OT B\GGX C GEGP KN TC YG ,ZKP \CK[ KC GKE GPKN \ B LK[ PF GK BG[K R ZIB N
. FZ GCIC [ \GKZB F ZB[ OT G
ET G O GKF \ GT[ NM C ,F PGXT F TKDK LG\P QGK TF YPGTC FZG\F NPTN [KEYF GK\GR[ N M \ B
\RK ICC , GKNT Z HIG GC Y ST BN [ FZ G\C T GXYP G FRKV IKRF B N[ E T ,FN KNF N[ \GRJ YF \ GT[ F
\GY IZ\ FG \G [KZV C ,FHF ONGT F KDGRT \ NM \ B GGKD ZI B IKR HF[M . 'ODP D\ NB O EB L NB[ K OB[ '
GNG M NM [M ,ZCE O[N F\KF GC F ZTC [ O KP[ F \ BZK . FZG \F \D[ F \B TG RPN KEMC GC [K[ FP NMP
\G GXP OGKY \T C F PGXT FI P[ IP [ FKF \BH OT EI K . '\K GKR VNP BZG PG EIV N[ \I B F CKJI
\GB CF \GGX PC JZVC ,\GP N[C FG XP O KKYP FKF [ \T F PGXT F G\ IP[ \B BJ CN Q \KR B N . \"K[ F
QVG BC GK\G EKP \B L MKH \GE PF \E GCTC O D . OKRKP F \T CZBG F MGS \GX PG FX P \NKM BM ,QP HN QPHP
,GRG Y KRVN G [VR \ KXP\ \B LV [ FC FNKV \F \E GCTC OD EIKK\R GKZ CB I "PZ N MC EKS IM . B KNVP
. \" K[F C \ GYCE N[ \ IB FCKJ I FKF GC [E GY \ C[ OGK C E IGKP C
Y" M K"T OKRKKG XP O KMZC BN 'Q RIGK GR CZE B RVN GB \K C' CG[ IF NNGM F OY GF \T ,J" N[\ \R[ C
OKR GBDF B" JIN CK N[ OE KXN NNGM F \G [BZ NGT \B GPXT NT NCY N [Y C\F ,B" JKN [ Z" GPE B QZP
,G\ ZKJV ET HB KR KPG ,B"J KN[ KY SCGZ JPK 'HE YIX K KC ZG B"J KN[ [J KGE QFM F NBGP [ LGZC KC Z
\GZ [T GC EKPT FN FMH Z[B M . FBZG FG F ZG\ FH OGYP C W KCZF ,O KR[ [[ G OK[ GN[ P F NTP N L [P C
ZKE IF . GR\ NKF Y \B OKZ BVP F ,FZG\ K XKCZ PG ,QKEP N T KC[G K ,F ZG\ KN GED ,OKE KPN \ N [ \GC Z
FKF E KP\ Z[ BM ,\G FGCD \G [KZE O PXT P [GZE N O\GB O PGZG ,\ GEIG KP \GNE D \ GVKB [ OKEK PN\ C
. TG XYP OG[ ZK SIF N B NC F ZG\ F \G TGXY P N MC ON\ [FN BKF NN GMF N[ G\Z JP KM G RG[N NT ZGD[
. T" [GJ Q FG 'PD F \GKDG S QF ,JV [P Q[G IG ZHT F QC B KYNI N[ OC GZ \B N NGMC G EPN O KR[F L [P C
,QKN GI BZ PD GE PN F VGY\ L[P NG ,E" GK YN I KRKKRT \B O D G\[ KZE KV N EGP NN GNI F QP H ZIB N
. \ GCGZ T\G CNI C Z[C G F JKI[ \ GMNF G
-
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KPK C ,OKC GJ OK PKG \G \C[ KCZT K PKC QG DM ,OK[Y O KRPHN OD GTG KSC GTCYR N NGMC EGPK NF KRP H
NM C O KZES F KG NKPC \K [KB BP DGE FGKF M" FBZ Z[ BM . GNG M CB OI RP [EG IC UBG ,X" FIB F MGRI F
\Y SVF C G\K CN ZHI BN C GZN X "FI B \GT [C O D NNG MF \G [BZ C [P K[[ FVG Y\C Z [B M . CXP
OK[Y OK RKKRT ZZ CN NN GMF Z "GI \ B QCZK E M"GP M . EP GNG NN GMF N MKFC Z B[ R FKF B NB ,OK ZFX F
LM K"TG , FZG\ F ON GTC OXKV FNG O SKVE FNG C \MF NT O KZCE F \B \GNT FNG ,EPN RF TG XYP C
-
8
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GKZ GTK[ . KRZG\ F OKZ VSF QGZB \B O KZBV PF F ZG\F \GTG XYP FCZF C OK ZVS F H NNG MC GZ CI\ F
OKZ GTK[ F \RMF C . \GC CNC OK YGYI O EGT FZ KFC FZ CSF CG \GP KTRC \G EPN RF \GKDG SC ZSG P FKF[
EE RP F KF ,K[K [ O GK NMC ZGT K[ ZGSP N D FGR FKF [ \ T GZCT OK R[C Z[ BM ,IGP G I GM FCZF T KY[ F
ZGS PN FKF D FGR O K[E GYP F OKE TGP F KC ZTC . ZGTK [F \ RMF C IZ GJG , GKRVN [ F NKNF NM G KRKTP FRK[
S" [F KCI ZPC JJ G[P FKF Z[ BM ,DI F KR KKRTP \I B F KDGS CJ KF Q CNP FKF OT V N MCG NNG MC ZGTK[
. OK RGZIBF KNGED KZCEC \GECMR \GT KEKCG ,GK[ZVPG
C[ GK GNKB M GEGP N\C T GY[ F KFG ,FZ HIG QGRK [N NX KR GRPP G NNGM N FTKS RF \T C OKMZ EF \B O D
G\ GRGBD NEG D EX N . G NGM S"[ F \ B OKKSN OD FM H FH GEGP KN ZES \ZD SPC Z[ BM ,[ZE PF \KC C
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N K TN G R B C F K ZF G . 'J Z GC B NB , YH R F F ZY P
KNCCF \JK[C WZ V G RC Z \T E (' F \GB UGS )
K CDN F \ KP N [ Z GC CK [ I QK YHR N [ Z GCE
K CDN F \ K P N [ ZGC O [ G N [ K Z GC F E , O KN M
O [ C O K N MN S I KK \ P ZG C F E G R K K F G , O KN M
E XF \ B O"C PZ C O KBX GP GRB \TM G ,ZG C
ZG C CK [ I F \ KP N [ Z GC E ,F H QK RT N [ K R[F
QK YK H RN SI K K\ P Z GCE ,YH R K CD N QK YH R N [
. 'J Z GCM
ZB CN F"H TC GRN NKTGK FH [EG IP EG SK G
C\ M H"J FMN FCE . O"C PZ C \ VSG R FMN F
F P F CF \ \ K P N T CK KI G R KB Q MG " O " CP ZF
F\KF OB BNB N\C F\JKCI NT GB ZGCC
BPGS G B FJG [ GB \[Z I G B FRJY FP FCF
\ I YV F \ KF O B N C B ,FN K N C FN VR [ GB
KRVP SR GB GPM FH [ ZGJV F\PG OGKC FNVRG
,\G NG[M PF QP Z GSNG \GBZ N FP FCF LZE[
F K F G NK V B ,\ PG O E B GM G \ N N VR O B QM G
GZ GY PG . M " T . "Z G J V F H KZ F ' GM G B PG S
Q J YG F JG [ [ Z I Z G [ G MG \ N N VR" F R [ P C
," ZG JV , FPB GB EC T ,\C GB QC , CK K I
N CB " ( :E R ) 'P DC B CZ G Q R I G K 'Z O [ GZ B KC G
FKN KTC E ,BP TJ K BP ,ZG JV ,I YV BG FG Z G[
L N F PG I YV 'GM G K M F KP R B K R\ ,N HK P G KR GK T
QF ,OKZ CEF CGZ KT T" X ORPB . " ZG JV , OGKC
IY V ZG[ ZGJ V QK C O" CP ZC QFG FR[P C
. G"[I C UBG M"FHD P BGF[ OEB ZGJ VN
T" XE BG F O"C PZF K Z CE OGK S OR PB
G B O E B F G C YH G F O B G " N "H G O K KS [ ,Z \ G K C
GR KK F G , "ON [ YH R CK K I , \ IY VF F P FCF
FKN KTC E QRKZ PB BN QKYKHR QKRTNE N" SE
F P \ G E "C B ZF G KN T D K [ F ZC MG ,N H K PG KR G K T
YH R QKC FPG , FPN OGKC \I YV FP FCG "
K Y H R C G KI E C \ M P"D PC G . "F H Q K R TC F \ K PN
YI ERG ,BZ PD C ZBC \R B N \IY VF FP FCF
F P FC G JT KP [M G" O" CPZ F \Z CS Z BCN
F \ K PF QP BN B F GJT KP BN O GK C \ IY V
\ GZ P[R G \ GR KK TP \ GI YV F[ ,B Y GEC
6
" N BZ [ K G Q Z F B \K C " WC G Y
GR
Q K CN Z GCF Q KC Z[ Y C ZS I N CB Z GC Q B M [ KE
. T" TN K G , F N KV R F
B Z P D C M" [ PE U KS G F N [ K K M F N B R K \ B E G
Q K RT N Y Z G R K K F O EB B N G ZG [ E ( : IM ) Q P YN
,C K KI OE B QK YKHR QK RT N NCB ,F \ K P ZG C
C" K V) FM N F F F \ G BC QBM O" CP ZF GY K\T F G
KZK K B BNE OG[P Y Z BN BGF ,N"R MG (H" JF
Z GJV C BNB " OEB BNG ZG [" ZGC E BZ Y
Z GJV C K ZK KB Z GCE BZY E N " K BN B ,F \ K P
Q K B Q KY KH R Q KR TN E B N B ,Z G C C Q V G B N MC O E B
K G F E , ZG C KZ G J V O D B M K N G ,N N M Z GC Q B M
. G\NY\ NT C K KI [ ECNC Z CE NT C O G [ P
,Z GC O[ OD ZG CC [K[ GRC F[ F \TP G]
OK NTC F \GKZI BG FK KZM OG [P C GK I O DG
N[ \GR G[N 'C C OD Q CG PF GFH E N"K ,Z GCE
OEYFC G ,( QKYH RN CB FHG F"E . D) K" [Z
'C C\M ( ID K K M C K\M F" E :C ) K "[Z CE
QK KTP N ZBG CP G ,O[ ZP BRF [Z VN \G RG[N
KR[ QG[NG Z G[E BCGKIN QG [BZ QG[NE
(N N DF F "E . D) K "[ ZC QM G , O KN T CE B C G K IN
ZG [F F[TP N QG[BZ F GRG [N ZBC N [K
,OKNTC E B CGKI G FBXG\N BZ \C BR[KNG
SK R MF B P Y B R[ K N CE Q B M O D N " K K PR K M F G
ZG C O [ K CDN K ZK K B E , O KY GS VC N M F
BZ CSP C \M BZ\C BR[KNCG ," CK\ME"
ZG CF \ PIP B N E SR GB \ P IP ZG J V [ KE
[.Y"GEG ,OKNTCE BCGKIN LKK[ FHE ,\P
OG[ GC [KE BNG ,ZG C F[TP C GB ZG CF
,' J Z GCC OD C KK I BN K PP G , FZGX GB Z GTK [
,N H KP G KR GK T F K N K TC K BE Z PG N [ K [M O DG
Y H KF [ K E O G [ P B G F Z GT K [ F KC \ K N E B F E
YH K F F SI K KN L Z GX Q K B B N K PP G , YK H P B N G
,Z GC B M K N E C UB Z GCF N T C QB M [ KE ,Y K H PN
\ P KZ D O G [P G , O KN T C E B C G K I O G [ P C K KI G
F K N K TC KB E ZG J V B M KN F HCG ,G ZC IN E S VF
. N "\ R [ PM G , KR GK TN
'J ZVI " ( D"F G" V) B \VS G\C T "T G]
,C KK I QGZ IB F ,I VJ ZV IG ZI B BCG O K IV J
ZI B , F \ KP N QG ZI B F ZI B Z PG B [K CZ ]
F [T R[ ZI B UBE G RK KF G ,"Y HK FN QG [ BZF
, ' J Z G C KG F Q K K ET Q K Y KH R N P" P , ' K ZG C
. [CK K I QG[ BZ F G
BFC O"C PZF M" [PE FBZ R H" K VN G
K GFE 'K Z GCC \I YV FPFC \\K PC ZGJ VE
(' H \ GB ) N K TN M "[ P M GR KB ,S RG B O G [ P
SR GB ZG JV L K ZX G ZG C KG F BN E N \ Q K RTN
ZG JV N L K ZX ,Z GCC U B E" RC BN B ,B YGE
YK HP F F[TP C ZS IE [GZK V , SRG B OG [P
K"FC KM , QBM \T M G RZBKC [ G PMG ,ZG CFE
\ GI V Z GCC K ZK KB E , GPX T Z GC F O XTC ZS IE
QK B BFE ,ZG JV E BN B Z PGN LZX GF BN 'K P
,Z GP D Z GC QBM [KE H "JF C NC B ,Z GC QBM
SI K K\ P E O G[ P ,Y HK F F F [ TP C Z SI YZ G
US G R Z G B K C LK Z X F H ,ZG CN B NG G PXT Z G [ N
,S R G B O " CP ZF B Z GY F H NG ,ZG JV F \ R TJ C
$ $ $
7
HR
FMNF KZGZKC
OKG C RDK KV FPN[ YI XK C ZF
O[ NMGBG GZCI \KCN BC[ KP
FMGRI ZR YKNEK QMKF G\KCC QGNN LNGF QM KZIBG
OT V O [ N M GB B G F [ \ K CC Y KN E K G G\ K C
G \ K C N L N KN L KZ X B N B G ZK C I NX B \ I B
FNKMBF \GG B\ GH IB OBG , O[ YKNEFNG
G\ K C KR CN F GX K G K[M T O [ P H GHN FX GZ G RK B G
E TG S B G F [ \ KC G \ G B E G \ K CC G KN T GY K N EK [
G K N T Q KY KN E P [ KB R SM B M B N B G R KE Q K B O [
,B G F [ O GY PC Y KN E P G R K B B G F G \ KC C
K B [ Z K B RS M B E L G PS C M "[ P N G N KV B G
GR KK F O [ B G F [ O G YPC O D Y KN E F N
M "B [ P O [ G\ C KM [ O D F K F \ G K [ M T[
CG [KG OK\[ GB FT[ QBM NMBK[ FH C
O [ Y KN E K [ ZP GN B Z CS O G[ Q K B G PGY PN
\T [C EP GT GNKBM KGF FHE G \KCC BNG
O[ GN LKK[ QKBE ZKTF CG IZ NT FYNEF
FT [C OE B K RC \XY K \ KBZ [ O DF , FYN E F
ZI B O E B NX B F E G T SC O K N M G B O F [
O [ O KY N GE G O F K \ GZR Z IB O KI N G [
OEKC BGF \GT JG GH F" FDF NT OKMPGS G
. N "M T F H ZC E O KR KC P O R K B G
GB F T[ N M B K [ K PE B KE F N H" JC Z B GCP G
Q K B G \ KC N C G [ K M "I B G GZK CI \ K CC O K \ [
,G \ KC C B N G O [ Y KN E K [ Z PGN B ZC S O G [
OGY PC G PT G\KC KRC OB BR[ KBP M" BG
O \ KC N GC G[ K M " IB B N F B N O B B KR SM B F
O K E PGT [ KP M C [ I R B K RS M B F O GYP M" B G
. F Y NE F O [ G N LK K [ Q K B E Z K T F C G IZ N T
FT [ FNK MB C K DS E N"S E I" CF KZ CE BK CK
K BRS MB N O[ C [IF N GZ CI \K CC OK \[G
BY GE KZ KKBE N"K FKNT D KNVE H"J FE Z BCKG
TCGY OB NC B K BZY B QVG BC O[ N MG B OB
GR KB OK \[ GB F T[ GZCI \ KC C NMGB[ K P
N[ QV GBC F H O B NC B O [ YK NEFN N GM K
O [ YK NEFN K PE Z KV [ \GT KC Y
C" K B"K P 'E 'K S G\K CG [K B ZR K ZV SC . B
FM GR I Z R \YN E F QPH C[ KP N" F HC K \C\M
UB ,ZI B N [ \ K CC QS M B \ P B NB G \ K CC G R K B
NGMK GRKB FT GCY FEGTS O[ NMGB OB
YK N E K G \ K CN M "I B C G [ K [ MG ,O [ Y KN E F N
. LZCKG
G\ K C KR C F YN E F F QP HC GK [M T[ F H N M G
O K B X PR G \ K C KR C O B NC B , \ K CC O K B X P R
N GM K E QM \ K O [ O K N MG B G Z IB N [ \ K CC G P T
\ B ZJ GVG O [ B G F [ O G YP C L ZCN G Y KN E F N
G \ G B C B G F G \ KC O B GN K VB G , G \ K C K [ R B
\KCC YKNEFN NGMK OG YP CG ZKYC G Z KTF
G \ K C N ZG H IN LK Z X G R K B G G K[ MT N M G B B G F [
. M " T , T" X F [ TP NG YK N E F N G
C[IR BNE N"SG OKYN GI F KZCE BK CK
O K \[ G FT [ FN KM B K"T K BRSM BN
K [ VR N GZP B O K CZ K N T G P Y O KC Z F R F G . C
LZC P[ KP G Z I[ N M GN B O K Z CE N QK B[
O N K I G , F N JC N F MZ C B G F KZ F G Z K C I \ KC C
N"H G ' C Y" S H "T Z\ 'K SC H" JF M"[P P
GN [ K[ K PC B N B K Z KK P B N B" PZ O D E F BZ RG
ZI B ZE I G F N KM B N E IG KP Z E I E K P\
F N K M B F ZE I B G F ZY KT F L B F C KM [ N
K PC M" B[P ,K \ZMH[ B" C[Z FE QG ERMG
WG I \IB OT V LNGFG ZKT C FZKE GN [K[
IKRK BN[ BJ K[V G ZKCI NXB ET GSG G\KCN
8
" N BZ [ K G Q Z F B \K C " WC G Y
O GY PN N MG B F G N Q K B K CP G K F GN K B E K E F S
O GY P D"FM C N GM BN FX GZ F KF O [ F RK [
BKDGS C Z BGC PMG F ZKEN TC GYF B GF FRK[
R" F G H" S J "\ ' KS T" G [ C G . DT Q K CG ZK TE
NMGB[ BMKF NME FMGRIC KBRSMB KCDN
BC [ K P QG KP E M G FN KI \ F RGMC F H O G YP C
WV IG G KP I GB GK C B \ K C N G\ I V[ P OT
D" FMCG FHF OGY PC BY GGEC NGMBN GK[MT
FT [N FH OGY PC F HF OGYP C FFG[ OB OD
,FH F QP HN KBRSMB C[I FN FH C KDS OK\[G
FRG GMC FHF OGYPC NMGB G RKB OB NCB
GN Q KB K CP G K F GN K B E K EF S Q R B G F N K I\
B I KR F KF G \ RK N O GY P B GF [ G\ K CN N M GB F
ZY K T B GF G \ R K N O GYP D" F M C K VJ F KN
K ZF N M GB B GF [ B M K F YK N E P O B G F Z KE F
. ZK TF CG I ZC Y KN E P M B GF
\K C TG CY N LK K[ BNE KZCE NT F FK P\
FNKNG O GK O [ ZE GR KB O B
ZG BN BXK FZC T[ FR [C FR FG . E
GN S M ' F Q G K N D B N MK F WC GY O KN [ GZ K C
N [ GZ PBP BC GF E" Y D "Y 'P TC G F" T[\
CZ B " JK N [ Q KC GZ Q F M F KM E Z P Y IX K D" F ZF
K ZC E NT DK [FG U GR ZF FZG \ K RC \N K FY
N[ G[GEKI[ ZI BP[ KRC[ GIG N" HG YKSP G
K ZC E \JFK Z E DRM BG F ZC IP F C ZF
F N JC N F M Z C O G [ P F H C [ KG , O KY SG VF
ZK F H F N [ K F MG R I Z RE F C K CI F GX P N G J KC G
QNG NMGB FC[ FZKE GN [K[ KP[ ZFHKFNG
IZ B\P BG F \G ZR \Y NEF Q PHC YZ G FMGRI C
,O [ Y KN E F N GN Q K B G KZ G F G B GZ CI \ KC C
FHC BXG K BNG FNJC N FMZ C OG [P FH C [KG
O K YS GVF K N GE DE B CK N B F M GR I ZR \ GX P K EK
1
. N " MT O K K I G RB O F K V P [
IR
O[ YKN EFN KPE ZKV [ BY G GEC G \N KMB O[
OD K BRSM B C[I RE GH BZC S \PBC G . D
ZB GCP B G F O K \ [ G B F T[ GZ CI \ KC C N M G B
C\ M[ [ " TG , D" S H" TZ \ 'K S I" CC B KE F N
K PE ZK V [ \ K CC G ZB[ R G \ K C K R C O B G N K V B E
( B E [ I O G [ P G B N K B ) GZ CI \ KC C Y KN E F N
GZ B [ R [ O D F G \ KC KR C \ B L M C Z JGV G
. GZ CI \ K CC G P T O R K B G T GC YF O \ KC C
FZ TF 'E 'KS O[ KZ VS C K\MZBF Z CMG
ZV SF UGS C[ O KB G N KP CG F"S E "S 'P T D"M
KRFP BNE H" JF C\M[ F P OD E ZBC N B" V
K RC [ FH QVG BC K ZK K B GZC I \K CC FYNE FF
\ K CC G\ K KF [ D"FM C E G\ K CC G ZB [ R G\ K C
N CB ,ZK TF CG I ZC E PG T[ K PM C [ IR GZ KC I
O [ F F G [ G GZ KC I \ KC N G \ KC K RC O T B C O B
YKNEFN KPE Z KV[E N" K \GTKCY N[ QVG BC
. O[
F E CM R F PC KC D N T P F H C K\ MZ B F Z CM G
\C J GN S M N BZ [ KG QZF B \ K C W CG YC GH
L N KB G B "Y 'PT P ( I" RY) 'C Q G K ND C" T[ \
GNS M NBZ [KG QZF B \KC WCG YC QMG ,[" T
\ GZ TF C ( E "S Y) 'C Q G K ND D "T[ \ \ C J
O [ F B Z LN K B G F "N Y ' PT P Q G K N D F U G S C[
B Z CD D" F Z F O T F H Q KK RT C O K C\ M P KV G N K I
. B "J KN [ YK E SI R K V KC Z B \ \ TP [ C YK KE E
[ Z V\ R B N E Q G K M O F O K ZC E F Z GX KY G
O GY PC \ GF [ N LK Z X Q PH F PM B KE F N
N M M "T K B RSM B C [ IF N KE M C F KR SM B F
\ GT K CY N[ QVG B C F K RS M B F \ K CC F F G [ [
Q K PG I \ C G Z KT K CD NE Q G K M G , K B R S M B N C[ I R
C[ IFN TCGY F ZYKTE BG F QKEF \GZXI G
WV I K B B Y GE G F N K MB F O GYP B G F F Z KE
QR B OB NCB FH F O GYPC BYGGEC NGMBN
G\ K C K R C Z[ BM Y Z B G F E[ I F N M[ ZP GN N" RF ZC I PF C ZF FX Z[ F P G N" HG C\M [ N"R F W C GY C [" TG 1
O K [E G I P O K ZC E O F , O [ Y K N E F N N G M K G B E [ I B M K N G \ K C K R C O T G Z C I \ KC C B X P R Z[ B M N C B G PT O R KB
G B G \ K C N L N K [ C" R [ P F C \ M F P N G K ZC E M O B T "X O D F M N F N G T C YR O F KZ C E Z [ B O K Y SG VF K ZC E E D R M
. N " M T G\ K C KR C P B E [I B M K N G \G G ZC I \K C C Y K N E P B G F [ F N ZP B K B N F P N Y K N E \ [ G \ [ B N T F GX K
Q R K \ B Y K B R S M B G \ G TK C Y Q K E P B N B F N T Q R K \B Y E [ I Q K E P B N G G N B F O K Z C E M K \ C \ M Q M K F T E B B N K KR T C K R B G
O [ N M G B G G Z C I \ K CC \ G K F N G N Q P E H R [ G R K K F G G Z C I \ K C C K B Z Y B C N M G B B G F [ B M K F E O F K Z C E Z Y KT G F N T
O B N K T G K F P G , O [ N GM B N N GM K G R K B G K B R S M B K Z Y P B N G P T G\ I V[ P Q K B [ QV GB C B GF O K P T V F Q P CG Z CG
N G M B N L N G F F N K I \ F R G G M C O B R " F B G ,Z K T F C G I Z C E P G T M B G F K Z F G ZC I \ K C C YK N E P B G F [ G \[ B N Z P G B
F H Q V GB C E B N B ) O [ Y K NE P B GF [ G\ [ B N ZP B K E [ I F K F K B N [ K EM CG O [ Y K NE F N N G M K D "F M C G ZC I \ K C C
F R GMC O [ N B C[ Q G K M GZ C I \ K C C G \ I V [P O T NM GB [ B M K F M "B [P , (G \ K C K RC \ B G\ Y NE F C Z G J V K B N
. F K N T K B R S M B O [G O [ Q S M B \ F N F N K M B F \ G T[ C W V I B G F K Z F O [ N G M B N \ R P N T F N K I\
9
JR
Z R N \ K C \ G T K C Y N K C [ C K B E K Z C E N F K BZ G
L K B F F N KN G O G K N [ \ G T KC Y Q R KT C F MG R I
G B F T [ G Z C I \ KC C NM G B F E O [ H " J F C \ M
O [ Y K N EF N N G M K F N KN C O [ Q [ K O B O K \ [
\ Z I PN [ F H QVG B C O DE L N K ZF , I" K B X K G
O G K C O [ Z E B N G G \ KC N G M Z E N L NK Z Y G C C
LKBG ,O[ YKNEP FH \KCC Q[K OB FNKNCG
O G K C O [ F K F B N O B F Z KE T G C Y N Z [ V B
F M G R I Z R C K B R S M B Q K E K C D N E M " T G , F N K NC G
\ T [ C [ Z Y KT F G \ K C N[ \ G T K C Y Q R KT C B N
B Y G G EC W V I B F K F K R S M B F \ K C C G \ K K F [
O [ YK N E PG K B RSM B N C[ IR H B G O [ \ G F [ N
. N "RM G
KBRSMB QKE EGPNN Z[VB LKB FFKP\ BKCK
GNKYF CGZKT KCD BNF QKPGI\ CGZKT QKEP
\GTKCY QRKTCE FMGRI ZR KCD M"B[P OKPMI
F\B[ FP G N"HG N" RF CZ F C\M EGT . G
BKDGS FP QKP GI\ KCGZ KTN QGKPEF NT LPG S
,' GM G H "S J "\ ' KS T "G [ CG . DT U E Q K CG ZK TE
O \ FN BM F QK C Q GK PE F F P QK CP KR KB C G[
F \ K C[ \ G RY N K DS Q K PG I\ C GZ KT K CD F R F E
\B GC \VNN Z [VB[ W PGI IKRP OB OD
N M B K O E B O B [ \ TE F N T F NT K K M G , \ V F
O GY P C[ I KK W PG I JTP O K K GS P O G YP C
G P M GC B PK R G F M G R I Z R \ Y N EF N \ GT KC Y
D" FM C CK [ I R "F F \ K C[ \ GR YN KR F P[
. FFP \B G \ZKE OGY P \B \TC GY [ FEGT S
Q K PG I\ C GZ KT K R K E C B N GY B G F [ JG [ V G
. O KZ CE F L [ P F C ZB C \ K[ K VM G
K DS B N G \ K C Q R K TC F M G R I Z R K CD [ Z\ G KC G
. G P F M GS 'S G \ C Z B GC PM G \ GT KC Y O GY P
QK B[ OEB K RC FPM [K [ GC \M[ FBGZ F F"E
ZR \ G GXP O K K YN O E KC Q KB G O K \ C O F N
GN QKBG FE[C FRGI F OEB[ GRKKFG ,FMGR I
O GY PC N M B K O B U B G ,Y KN E F N NG M K G R KB \ K C
F HM O E B [ UB G , \ KC Q R KT CE KR F P B N F H
Q K B [ UB Q K PG I\ CG ZK TN F \ K C[ \ GRY N N G MK
ZD B F K [ Q R K TC B N Q K CGZ K T K CDE G \ KC F H
G \ T E \ B O K E PG B G R B [ F H O X T B NB \ KC C
ZB GCP M KDS FH OGY PC Q GNN W VI FKF[
. O [ Q KC GZ KT K "[ Z C
( C V Y ) C Q G K ND B N FR [
G K ZC E N " R F CZ F ZB K C K NB G C\ M PC G
GT DK K\ F [ G RK XP E G T N "H G ZGB K C Z \ K C
B F \ [ Q K CG ZK T K R K E C[ \ K C KC DN O KY SG VF
'E Y" S T" [ ' KS C "R [ P Q K K T G \ GT K CY O [
K C[ G K[ 'D Y "S X "FT [CG ,DI F \ M GS QK K RT C
O G [ P \ GZX I K CG ZK TC O K C KK I \ G MG S
'K S [ K B Q G H I Q K K TG , ZK E \ O [ O KT GC Y[
\ [ GZ I \ KC C O KN T GV Q K KR TC I" M Y" S K " Y
\ C [ IR F R K B K TZ B L ZE C O KN M G B [ B \ K V[
O [ C B " S I"R [ ' KS N " F CC G , \ GT KC Y
OF[ \G BZK C K SV K CD B "C JK ZFG B"C [ZF
B C K[ I B N O E B F \ KK \ [ [ Q G K M F T[ \ Z KE
K E M F " E B " S C" S[ 'K S N "F C Q K KT G ,F Z KE
FNKNG OGK FC C[G K ZP G[F OB[ ZG P[N
L K ZX [ TP [ PG ,O E B \ Z KE N N M C B GF
F K B Z \ G P E M F H N M G ,F N K N G O G K \ GT KC Y
BN \KC O[N QRKT C Z[BM[ QEKE QGEK RN
F P K DS B N G , KT ZB \ N K MB C \ B H O KT CG Y
C[ I\ GH FNKMB[ GP XT \B TCG Y OEB[
. N " MT Y "G E G TC Y \ N KM B
K DSE Q GKM K BRSMB KC DNE BK [G YF C[ KK P
\ JT GP FK KF [C O D BGF E NM FZ KEC
K BRSM BN C [I R
KNNMCE ODFE \GJ K[V C N" K E"T NG . F
K CG ZK TG \GZ XI K C GZK T P QR KV N K Z K V[ FZ KE
KCDN P"P FMG RI ZRC KBRSMB QKEN QKPG I\
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3
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B M K B E ' G B E P BG F F I K R F N Z G S B E B F B P N E
M"T G BE [I P BN G ' GBE P FK F[ Z GSK B
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JN G CC Y Z F ZS B [ B \ K KZ CF M "B G T YG [ C
ZG SK B F G \ G Z\ G P F \ GZ GXC KZ K KP E M " T
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ZG SK B QK BE T P[P Q" CPZ F QG [NCE BNB
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[Q \ G [ T N] O KZ GS B Q G \ I \ F ZG E PC [ 'K VB
BN G JN GC BR[ BNE ZP GN G [ZV N FBZ RG
Q G [ T\ B N E O E B U GXZ VC Q MG T YG [ B R [
,T YG [N J N GC QK C B R PI Z DK N V BN G C K\M
TY G[ E Q R CZ G ZP B GN G[ T O KZ IB [ M [ B N B
N "M T B E[ I O G [ P Z GS B JN GC G Z\ G P
Q G \ I\ F ZG E PC [ ' KV B M " [ PP T P[ P G
ZG EPC [ GNB OD \GZ GX F NNMC KZK K PE
QMG QG \I\F ZG EPC [ GNB 'KVB G Q GKNTF
G[ T O KZ IB C E ZP B Y G F N G MB G O E B U GX ZV C
OFC QKBG BE[I OG[P YZ Z GS B QKJNGC GN
. ( I F V) B " MI C M "M G ,' GB E P F K F [ Z GSK B
E [ I Q KE P F KF [ F Z SB E G KZ CE UG SE N "X G
ZG E P N T YZ B NB Q KR TF N M N T K B Y B N
ZP GN OFC BGF GZ GCK E ZY K TE QG \I\F
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ZC SE Q R KH I H" KV N V "M T G O E B UGX ZV G GN B F
QG KN T F Z GE PP GR K B O E B U GXZ VE Q" CP ZF
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F K F [ Z GSK B QK BE B PK R KB UBE BN B (E
BMKBE 'PD C ZB GCP QG[T \ BNP 'G BEP
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B M K B \ GZ GSB F \ GZ GXC E K IGM G B N B M KN
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. 'G BEP
BN B ZK \ FN F K BZ Q KB [ Y Z H "K B \ PBC G
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QG [T\ BNC] F ZG\ FZ SB BN ZP BE K KCBE
CG [ G ,K E E F KE F C O KR V 'E \ G P E B NB [ K\ K B
Q K [ P [ B NB F ZG \ F Z SB B N K K CB Z PB
ZP B B N B Q R K ZP B B N G , 'GM G QG KN T F ZGE P C[
FNK I\C Z PB[ FPP GC ZH I BN[ Q RK HI K KCB
FH Z SBR[ Q VGB BM K BE ZP GN G\RGME M"T G
FZ G\ FZS B BN ZP B[ FP G ,FH ZS BR BN G
ZP GN G\R GM QGKNTF Z GEPC [ QK[P[ BNB
QK [P [ BN B FK F[C UB FZG \ FZS B BNE
ZG EPC [ QK[P[ NC B QGKNTF ZGEP C[
BMK BE QRK HI ,FK[TC YZ OKZGS B QG \I\F
F B Z R F I MG F E GTG . 'G B E P F K F [ Z GSK B
ZG SK BN FIM GF F K C DN ] 'M [ Q" ZF K ZC E P
F E GF K C ZP (: DP) QR K[Y PE P [T YG [C
GN ZS B F "V B G O \ G I GN G[ T O KZ IB E
F RC N \ZG X GN G[T E D" ZP B R[ KB P G N B G P[
BE [I OG[P GFH N BGP [ ZS BE BFE K R[ P G
,' GBE P FK F[C ZG SB FK FE E"S E TP [P
ZG S B N E" SE ' P D F \ K [ G Y C G ZB K C [ 'S G \ G
BM K BE E"S E Q"Z FM G[Z K V BN G FK [T E [I P
K ZC S O FE O G[ P G F H 'GBE P F KF [ Z GSK B
G R KK F Q G [ T \ B NE ,' G B E P F K F [ ZG S KB Q KB E
B M K B E E "S E ZP K PN B M K N F" [ PG F K[T Y Z
BM K BE B P KR K B Y ZG ,' GBE P F K F [ Z GSK B
( Q G K NT F Z G E P M) F K F [ F ' G B E P Z G S B [ Q V G B
BNKPP FK[T BYG EC G RKB Q G[T\ BN M" BG
ZG E P P O R KB [ \ G ZG XC U B E E" SE N " MK B
QG KM G 'G B E P F K F [ ZG SK B B M K B Q G K N TF
F K F [ ZG S K B B M K B F R C NC E E " SE T P [ PE
OD NNGM QG [T\ BNE O" ZFP M ZBG CP 'G BEP
. FKF[ ZGSKB
IK M GFN Q"Z F ' M TY G[ Z GS KB QK RTN QM G
[ F E G F K C ZE \ TCJ C] ZG SB N E " SE QG KM E
BN B Z GS B GR KB [ KI E G ' GBE P F KF [ QK E P
\ T CJE B \ K KZ CN K \ KK PG B E [ I O G [ P
F[Y G ,E[I QKEP ZG SK B BMK BE IKMGFN
\ T CJE B \ K K ZC P B E [ I Q KE N I KM G P K MK F
4
" N BZ [ K G Q Z F B \K C " WC G Y
O E B \ R KC F Z B KC G ' GM G O E B \ ZGX N Q K E CG T
Q K E C G T Q KB H " F H CE B "P ZF M" [ PE ( IS )
N N M O F N O KE C GT Q K B [ G\ RG M Q K B \ GZ GXN
M "[ P M G \ R G M B N B O K EC G T [ Q R K H I K ZF E
\ G Z G X F H KB N O K EC G T O F \ P B C E [ G CN F
OK[GT [M LMNG H" TC QKY GEB QKBE BNB
,K GR N B N B O K[ G T O R K B O KN M F N T \ GZG X
ZG SB GN B \ GZG XN Q KE C GT O F [ QG K M G
QK B[ \G ZGX NCB ,E[I OG[P O\GF[FN
BMKNE O\GF[FN Z \GP H" FHC OFN QKECGT
F " E :D P) C\ M B " CJK Z F Q MG . B E [ I
UG XZ V \Z GX QKB[ TG EK Z CME (\KTCKBG
,E [ I G C Q K B G O K N M F NT B KF [ M \ E C T R O E B
Q K E CG T QK B [ F Z GX N M[ B XG K O F K ZC E K VN G
K \TP [ G) ,H" T E [ I O G[ P FC Q KB F \ GB
OB ZZ CN [K G FPI N QK ECG T[ [K H "FH C OD[
Q K E C G T [ [ K O B F Q M G F P I \ Z G X N Q K EC G T O D
ZB KC ( I" YS ) L "[ F O R PB . ( O K CM GM G F RCN N
F " V B G \ G ZG X N Q K EC G T Q K B \ P B CE B " PZ C
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OG[P E[I BMKBE 'M O[ L"[F FRFG
OGY P FKFG ,O\GB FF[P BG F LZ GX FHKBN[
[ GP K[ GC Q KB [ W VI C BY GE E P" R F H P Z PGN
,G \ GB F F [ P B GF L ZG X F H K B N E ,E [ I B MK B
G\ G B F F [ P E WV IC [ GP K[ [ K O B N CB
B N B . B E [ I B M KN G\ G C [ P\ [ F N NK C [ C
L"[F KVNE 'M (JMY E" GK ) S" \I \"G [CE
F P I \ ZGX M N G D KT Q GN I N T GZ KK X O B F H F
O \ F KZ F G ,G \ G F [ F N ZG SB 'GM G \ GX GX R G
Q R KZ PB F "V B G I\ V F O G \ S N Q GN IC [ P \ [ P
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BYGE [P\[P BG F LZGX FHKBNE QRKZ PB
. GH FZG X O T W VI C
O B E P "R 'M (' F M 'B P Y) F [ KZ VC G
BN B Z GSBN Q KB E [ I O G[ P B GF Z GSK B F
E [ I B M KB G Q KB G Z NM F [ O G Y PC G I KR P[ M
. Z \ GP F B GZ QK B [ O GY P FC K\C IK RFN N CB
O K PM I G ZS B [ F P N M E N " K KY B F E C "X G
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NM GK Z" FZC F[TK OB OD[ BM K FE 'M
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C\ MG ,Q G \ I\ F ZGE P C B N G Q G K N TF ZGE P C
Q R KZ P B B N KB P B F [ Y O F K ZC EN E Q " ZF
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ZB CN Z[ V B K\ MB Q RCZ E P Y Z F K F [ GZ SB
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ZG E PC GN K B E Q G K N TF ZGE P C B N B 'G B E P
. Q RCZ E P BN B F K F [ ZGS K B Q KB QG \ I\ F
FZ SB BN K K CB ZP BE BFE 'M B" CJ K ZC G]
ZP GN G RN GM K B F P K BE G RK KF 'GM G BN B FZ G\
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M"D GZC S K M FE FK N ZC \SK BG ' GBE P FK F[
O X TP[ QG KM P O R PB ,O " CP ZF G U" K ZF
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ZG SB E K ZC SE B F E N " MK B E F H Q KR TC O \ TE
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K PR BM K BE Z PGN K\ K \ BM KF P F K [T Z GSK B
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P" P ,O M N P GB B ZK \ K QG [ T\ B NP F K F [
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GF K P . ('D U K TS ) B "P ZF V "M G E [ I B MK B
Q K B F RC N G F P I B Y GE E 'M ( H K) B "Z D F ' KC C
BMKN FH F QPH C QG YZ EC NCB H "FHC \GF[FN
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5
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F " Z K" RV F 'M H "K TM G ) ,F K [ T E [ I N " MK B
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\ B ' O \ K [ TG ' Y G S V C Q K G M N Z PB Y F K \ G M N F \ Z K P [ G R K K F G \ C [ \ G X P O G K Y O X T N T K B Y E K P N [ G Z K F E Z KV [
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11
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,O G K N M C F \ GX P[ O K ZP G B [ K \ C [ \ ZK M H O DG ,F Z G \ N [ F [ T \ GXP Q F N D TF F [ T PG O KZ P
,K RK S ZF N G R\C ZYG ,FZ G\ Q \ P Z GM HK \Z IC GR CG ZP B K[M [ , TP [ \ B K ZY N XB QZM H N CGJ G
B N B B ZCR B N F VF L N \ G EG F N , GTZ H F IP K[ E T O N [ O [ F Q K B [ YN PT F [ TP N GE D F L P[ N
\ C[ B K F G H 'F \ G X P NM \ B O \ Z M H G ,O K ZP F [ T P \ ZK M H G F H G TZ F Q G [ N ZC E N B N G \ G E G F N
BNG FC FBC (LEIKN) Z PGB [M Z GMHK[ ZP GB[ KP [K ND TF F[T PG ,\ GXP F NM EDR M FNG Y[[
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. T G C [ F KP K C \ C [ F \ B ZG M H N \ "F P C G K I B M K B E Q "C P ZF N N" S \ B H
C G KI B M K N E \ C [ \ Z KM H K C D N "S G , Q " C P ZF NT K D K N VE , O K R G [ B ZF \ TE C N KT N Z B G C P EG T
ZP G B B G F [ M CN C N G M K \ C[ F O G K \ B ZG MH B ZVS C B \ K B E F PG ,T GC [ F K P KC \ C[ \ ZK M H
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CG KI O G[ B M KN E N "S E O "C PZ F M B N E YS VE Z B GC P GR G[ N \ G J [ VP B F E ,T GC [ F K PK C
ZB [ E B CK N B N K HB E I ZM F C G , F ZK M H C G K I GF C B M K B E YS V B GF G NK B G ,\ G ZK M HF Z B [ C F ZK M H
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CG KI B M K B O B O K RG [ B ZF ZB [ G Q"C PZ F K DK N V \ G ZK M HF Z B [ C UB B F E ,\ GZ KM H F ZB [ Q K C
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12
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B M K B E Q" CP ZF N K ZF E ,ZG CE I "E K B XG K F CZ F CF B C F Z K MH F K "T [ G K ZC E C ZB GC P EG T
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. Z GCE C GK I KP R O KK YP G\ ZK M HCE IZM FC G
N [ T "P G G F \ GZ KM H F E C\ M E ,\ " F P G G F \ GZ K MH F N [ ZG CE CG K IE N "S E Z B GCP \ B H EG T
. \" F P KG F Z GCE F CGK IE F RK PG ,ON N M P \C[ \ ZK M H U BE Q" CP ZF \TE E Z PBY FN TG ,FZ G\
B N B O KK Y P G R K B F CZ F C F B C F R G G M F K "TE N "S G F K NT KD KN V E \ G VS G R \ G J K[ Z B G C K Q N F N G
L K ZXG , ZG CE CG K I Q K K E T B M K B F N K V\ F Z IB N E B "E K IF M "[ P B C G P E E GT [ "K KT G ,C N C G K I
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7
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. ( N KT N B C G P) \ "F P B G F CG KI F E C \ M F "V Z\ 'K SC GN K B G
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Q P HE YN P TC QR K H I E KM K F K M E ,ZK V [ ZB G CP F ZK M HF Q P H N T Y Z K B Y KB B PN [ CE , C\ M F
BGF Q CGK I E \G ZKMHF ZB[C R" F , FIM[ Z GTK[ KGF BFCE ,FR [C \I B OTV C KGF FZKMH
\ G P E N N "R P ,C \ M F L G \ P F B KZ Y CG KI N T K B Y G K Z CE E Z IB P O N G B , F IM [ P F Z KP [ G F ZK M H F
. C\ M F LG \ P O \ B KZ Y CK K IN G \ GZK M H F ZB [
L G\ P F B K ZY C G K I B M K B E F N K DP K CD QR K V N KE ( B "T I "K F N K DP) 'P DC B \ K B F R F E F B ZR F G
F Z KM H F [ T P C G K I F K C B M KB G F Z K MH C K\ M YN P TC E K M KF K ME ,F Z KM H F Z KM H B K \ B E , C \ M F
B X P R M " B E , F R [ C \ I B O T V F Z K M H B G F F G X PF C G K I N M E , F Z KM H F C G K I O XT N T K B Y E G K ZC E C [ ZV N Q KB 8
QZ K M H F N O G K N M C F GX P B M K B E N " S G F K B B F E , N " R P B F G , F N T KB Y YN PT F [T P P F H E P N R E M "[ PE
, C \ M F L G \ P F B KZ Y B K B Y E I ZM F CG , Q N F N Z B G C P M , U S G R CG KI K G F C \ M F L G \ P F B KZ Y CG K IG , F C Z F C F B C
. F R [C \ IB OT V Y Z F B K Z Y CG K I BMK BE QR K HI Q MB B FCE
B M K N E Q " CP Z F \ TE M F H C N "S B N E F R K P G , C\ M F L G \ P F B KZ Y C G K I B M K B K R K S Z F E P T P \ Z K M H UB E Z B G C P 9
. N K T N Z B GC P M , G P XT \ ZK M H L Z GX N B N G , O K RC N TK E G F N YZ G R K K F G C[ Z GC E CG KI G ,E C N C CN C G K I B N B
14
" N BZ [ K G Q Z F B \K C " WC G Y
EKY
F B K ZY C B CG K I B M KB F ZK M H F K C CK \ M E F N K D PC R" F ,Z VS C Q GZ MH B Z YC CK \ M E M C\ M F L G \ P
N M C G KI E ,YN P T \ Z KM H N Q \ G F P O XT C B K P EE \ G ZK M H F Z B [ N U B U N KR F R K PG ,C \ M F L G \ P
CG KI G F C B M KB R"F E , GC[ Z GC E CG K IG F IM [ P G \ Z KP [ G C NF \ ZK M H Q K RT N F G G[ \ G ZK M H F
. (Q NFN ZBG CKG) C\MF LG \P FZ KMH F[T P
F ZK MH O TJ P KG F \E I GK P \ C[ \R Y\
\ C [ Q Y\ N E IG KP O TJ B MK B Y NP T F [ T PC B PN [ C E , G\ K [ GY C "X Q K KE T P"P E B N B [G
Z B [ C O NG B ,F K[ T N F Z KM H L KP SF N ( B " T ' N F N K D P) F K PT J 'PD C Q R K ZP B E M ,\ E I G K P
. \ G K [ Z V F ZE S NT F B K Z YC I" E K B X G K G , G R Y \ B N F "G [ P E I G K P O T J B M KN E \ G ZK M H F
CN C T CY R H" KT E ,F ZK M H O TJ P KP R KG F F K [ T N F Z KM H \ M K PS E , B \ N KP K B F ZG B KC C N "X G
C NC TCY K Y N PT B G F [ Q P F F [ T PN \ G M K PSC YN PT E \ Z K M H E F B KZ Y [ K [ M E , G H F ZK M H
. G K [ TP \ Z KM H G Y N PTN F B R[ F
E G I KK O X TE , F ZK M H F C N C TCY K [ K EM C B G F \ E IG K P \ C[ G R Y \ [ O T JE Z B G C P Z KV [ G
. QP F F[T PN GMK PS FN FH C EGT G VKSGF G ,F ZKMH KGF \C[F
,F Z K MH O G [ P YN P T F [ T PN \ EI G K P \ C [ G RY\ E K M KF K M E , B "D P F \ K[ G Y ZB G CP H "K VT G
B PT J KB F B M K B R" F ,B X \ K M G IN [ C \ G K [ ZV C F B KZ YC I "E K B X G K F ZG \ C G K I E X PE U B G
10
. \ E IG KP \ C [ G F C K PR QY\ N N "G F G \ GZ K MH F Z B [ C
B M K B P "P ,Q "C PZ F \ T E MG , TGC [ F K P KC F \ Z K MH N T K B Y \ C[ \ ZK M H CG K I E UB G )
GH \ C [ K "T E ,G H F G XP B M K N \ C[ F O G K O XTC F \ Z K M HCE UB G ,\ E I G K P \ C [ \ R Y\ C B \ G KN T P
. ( K E KP \ Q VGB C F Z KM H F Q K RT CN C T CYK
O K P K O F E , F Z K M H G F C B M KB G , \ C [ F " F G , \ ZXT D I G R N [ K \ " PE , G X G Z K \ K P R Z B G C P G
. C N F \ Z K M H L Z G X N \ E I G K P F B K Z Y O FC Q Y \ N G U K S G F N X " B G , T Z G B P F Z M H N O K R K G X P F O K P K G S P
F[TP ZGMHN GRY\ BN F"G[PE ,B"DPF N[ GXGZK\ NT F[YF[ (D"P 'KS C"I) OKZ[KP CCGE ZVSC QKKT 10
B Z YR Q G [ B ZF N DT F [ TP F " G [ PE ZB G CP E ( C" T F "M U E ) F N K DP S "[ P D"T X E , N B Z [K N [ Q \ G R D KR VP N D T
K M U GS MNE FG XP G FZ G\F FS I BN H "T Z GS K BCE OG [P GRK K FG ,FZ VM GF N K G FK \E G FN BI K RE OG[ P ,OD Z\P G
. [" K K T F ZV M G N F K F K E KM KF
\T EMG) EC NC N DT F Q GGT G RK K F Z C EP F[ TP \ZK MH E N "S E B" DP F N[ G\ JK [ N B YG E BN HB G\ K [G Y NM F RF G
Z CE P F [ T P N M N T K B Y E B P K R K B O N G B , N KT N Z B G C P M G ( G F K K \ G G M B "D P F N K H B B F CE , E "C B ZF G [" ZF
K M K F K M UK S M N E Q R K ZP B H "T B J IC Y ZE Z I B P , P "Y N (E " M ' B ) N K TN G RM Z B F [ G P M G ( Q "C P ZF N N "S E M G )
F [ TP \ B O K P DZ \ P B N E B F N T B "G J F \ K [ GY \ B C [ KK P F HC E ,N " R F ZV S C O [ Z B GC P M ) F ZV M F K N K G F N E
. ( [" K KT Q C G B Z
G K N T N K J F E H" T B J I K C D ( C " T C " N F J G S ) ' P D C B \ K B E F P K " V T , B K [ G Y F C [ K K N Z [ V B F K F F Z G B M N G
F H M N G E D [ R G T P F ZV M G N B F \ [ [ K KC \ K [ F K N Z VM R E K M K F KM , ZM H Z K T[ B N G F C Y R F Z K T [ Q CZ Y C G \ M F
K GF K NE K M K F K M F \ J K I[ O G YP \ GT K CY C M" GP M Y GN I K F "B E F [ YF UK S M K N F "EG \C O [G ,K " [Z VC [ "K K T
ZB G C PG , E " M T Z\ G K L K ZX F P Z CE C Z M K F [ K[ E I B Z C E C CG \ M F Y N K I [ Q G K M E W Z\ PG , ' F Z G P D F ZV M ' F KN
, Z \ G K X "B E 'SG \ F \ R G G M E ZP K P N B M K N G ) ' F Z G P D' F ZV M F HC G N F K F K O B U B , Q KR TG ZC E N M C G \ G HC N Q K B E
B F E G R K B F H E , H "T B J I N T ZC T E F ZK T [F QC Z Y K "T O K TE G K ZC M E ZI B P , G \ [GC C O G N M U SG \ K R B N E G R K KF
. ( Z \ G K L KZ X Q K B P "P G ' F Z G P D ' F Z V M F [ G C F \ V SG \ K " T G N B F K E ZZ G C P
Q K R T F Z K \ S F N Q K B \ G K [ ZV F ZE S N T N D TF F [ T P \ B K ZY K CD E , B "D P F K Z CE Z KV [ F Z G B M N Z B G C P H " K V TG
, G P D Z\ N L K Z X F " G [ P G , F ZV M F K N K G F KN E K M K F K M B I K R E O G [ P , N B Z[ K N [ Q \ G R D KG F E UB G , G F G R K CK B N [
. Y " G E G N B Z [ K N [ Q \ G R D O G [ P G F G R Y\ B N Z KV [ B F C Q G G T K B F ZM H N \ E IG K P \ C [ Q Y \ N O N G B
T CY K \ H "K T[ K E M , F ZK M H F O X T E X P B G F YN PT F [ T PN \ C [C F Z K M H F \ RY \ Z YK T E Z B GC P F K "V T E B N B
U KS G P F H K M , \ G Z K M H F ZB [ N UB \ E I G K P \ C[ Q Y \ N N "G F E , \ E P G T F P G Y P C B K [ G Y F Q K K E T M "B , C N C
F N [ K F P XT F Z K M H F [ B N B , F Z K M H F F [T P N B U SG R Z C E F H K ZY K P B N G , C N C T CY K \ [ F Z KM H F O XT C
. U K SMK NE K MK F K M O K RK RT FC ZF U K SG FN G[Y K C B N[ F J GS E LFN B K P E BNG , \C[ C F \TK C Y C FNT P \VS G\
15
GJ Y
( C V Y ) C Q G K ND B N FR [
F ZK M H QY \ N X "B \ C[ O G K B M KB E ZI B PE ,\ C [ K C D W Z\ P E B F P ,G\ RG GM QM E I KM G F N [ K G
'C ( D" VZ ' KS ) T" G [ C ZB GC PM ,\ C [ \ ZK M H Q K RT P \ E IG KP F B K ZY B M K N \ C[ C E U B G ,\ E I G K P
O X T N T G \ K [ GY ZY KT Q K B E F R KP G ,[ " KK T \ C[ N M C O K ZV S 'C Q KB K X G P Q K B E B F N T O K PT J
T CYR GC F\KC[F K" TE \C [C LMNG , G\GT XP BC F[TR[ FZKMHF NT BNB ,FBKZ YF \R Y\
. F Z K M HF L Z GXN \ EI G K P F ZK M H Q Y\ N Z CM L Z GX F Q P Q K B C N C Q \ ZK M H
TG CY N G R K K F G , N B Z[ K N [ Q \ G RD O G[ P G R Y\ B N O KZ P F [ TP G Z CE P F [ TP \ Z KM H O N G B
N T F ZG \ F \ B K ZY \ T KP [ C O KP K KY P F ZK M H F \ GXP P "P G , O F K[ T P GZM H KK [ \ EI G K P F ZK M H
11
. \GK[ZVF ZES
C\ MF L G\ P \ GZKM HF \ TKP[ CGK I BM KB B"DPN E ZBGCP Z VGS O \I F K ZCE P
( F " P B " V \ G MZ C ) ' K R \ P Z B CN ( B "T I"S Z U E C" I \ G [ Z E ) ZV G S O \ I F M " [ P Q K K G T KG [H
ZY K T[ Z PGN G R GXZ [ ,\ G NK N C P "K X K ' ZPB \ '[ K \ KM H B NG F R [ 'T QCM K R B K ZF T "C B Z Z PB E
( ' B I " K) F N KD P C Q R K [ Z E Y N P T C Y Z G , E C N C C N C B KG F E TP [ P O K ZX P \ B K X K \ Z K MH \ G X P
YN P T \ ZK M H P O K ZX P \ B K XK \ Z KM H Q R KV N K ZE F E B N B ,F VC K G F E , IM [ \ B N G Z GM H CK \ M E P
F R K P Q GE ZP GN [ K QM O B G , \ GZK M H F N M C ( 'S Q P K S) O F Z CB Q D PF C\ M[ G PM G ,F V C B K G F E
Q R K[ Z E E K B P G , O K ZX P \ B K X K \ Z K M H K P R KM F , F N K NC B N G O G K C Y N PT \ ZK M H F P , F R KP G
. M "T C NC F Z KM H N G R K K F , \ G N KN F \ G C ZN ,L K K I KP K N M C K \ M E P
N M E G\ G TP [ PE ' \ GZ KM HF N M C B "DP F M " [ M YN P T \ ZK M H P QR K V NK ZE F E ' M " [ P F RF
N M N T [ Z G V P B ZVS C B F E , T" X B G F F ZG B MN ,F V C B KG F E Y N PT \ Z KM H P Q R K VN K \ G ZK M H F
K M F [ Z VN N "S E Q " C P ZF \ T EM N K H B B "D P F E ZB G C PM ) F V C B F K [ L K ZX E Q R K VN K E \ G ZK M H F
F [ T P \ Z KM H P Z G CE C G K I Q RK VN K E N N M C \ M B N G , B Z VS F \ B B K C P G P XT B "D P F G ,( B Z VS C
. YNPT
ZK V [ Z B GC P ,C\ MF L G \ P F B KZ Y Q K RT N K B Y G K Z CE E , B "D PF \ R G G M C ZB GC PF K "V T O N G B
C K\ M B N E ) F VC B YGE L K ZX E F C Z\ R B N O K ZX P \ B K XK \ ZK M HE UB E ZP B YE ,S "\ I F KZ CE
ZB [ C C\ M F L G \ P F B KZ Y Q K E U N KP N N "S B " D P F E Q R KH IE Z IB P P "P , ( IM [ \ B N G Z GM H F K C
\ G Z K MH F N M C E Q " C P ZF \ T EM Y G SV N G \ J K [ N N K H B G F K B G ) Y N PT F [ T P \ ZK M H P \ G ZK M H F
\ Z KM H E Z G CE Q KE F K R K P Q R K VN K ( E "C B ZF G [ " ZF M N " SE U B ) Q E K EN R " F ,( ZG C E C G K I B MK B
12
. P "KXK
B M K B \ GZK M H F Z B [ CE ,B " D PF K Z CE ZG B KC C \ G J K [ VC Z VG S O \ I N N " SE ZB G CP F R KP G
. ZV SF L G\P FBK ZY TG P[N C GK I
YZ \"FP T"P ZYTR LBKFE ,B"DPF N[ GXGZK\ NT (F"MY FZTF J"KV ZCEPC FPKP\ FZG\) QK[YP [K 11
Q K B O Z KM H F N F C KK I F ZG \ F O B E YI G E G N "H G E "S S" S Q I N [ F L G Z TC F [Y F Q M G ) , N B Z[ K N [ Q \ G R D O G [ P
\ C [C F B K Z Y ' Q P H' N T B N B K B Y B N B P T J KB F E , P "Y N Z B GC P F K "V T O N G B , ( KB R DF N T J K C F N G R N
OG K NMC [ F CZ F CFB \ MZC C OK K Y P F ZK MHE T "P OGK Y OX T ONG B ,QRC Z EP FR Y\ Y Z BG FE ,\P K GS P
. ZGP BM G , \ GK [Z V F Z ES NT FBK ZY F \TK P [ CG
ZGFZF E"PN 'KVB Z[VB ,CNC KDS KB OKZXP \BKXK \ZKMH T"X OD N"HG (B"B H"S 'KS) D"PVF M"[P QKKT 12
K VM O D G , I M [ \ B N E B Z Y ( ' B I " K ) F N K D P C L Z X G F [ E T , M "D Z G F Z F C L KK [ F Z KM H O [ P "P , K P E Z G C E M G B N
N " SE Z B G C P G , N "M T I M [ \ B N E F Z K M H P U K N K E , B X K B N P " KX K C Z [V B , B X K Z G F Z F S G R B C Q E KE N F B ZR F
Y GS VN D" PV N N " S E ZB GC PE QN F N Q K K TG ,ZG CE B YG E L K ZX P "K X K E Y N P T \ ZK M H P Q R K V N K E S" \ I F \ T E M F HC
,\G ZK MHF NMC ZGC E CG K I BMK NE N"S G ,BZ VS F K ZC E Z GB K C C Q" CP Z F N T K DK NV E E "C BZF G [ "Z F \ TEM
Y N P T \ ZK M H Q " C PZ F E B C KN B E ) \ G Z KM H F Z B [ P B N G Y N P T \ ZK M H P B Y G E UK N K L M N G , Y N P T \ ZK M H C E C N P
D" P VF G S "\ I F E Z B G C P E Q N F N E GT Q K K T G , ( Z G C E L K ZX E B Z V SC Q R KV N K G F N G M C E , \ G Z K M H F ZB [ P B KR [ B N
. G C [ ZG C E Q K E YZ Q R K V N K E G B , Z G C E B G F E ' Z G M H ' \ G TP [ P Y N P T \ Z K M H P Q R K V N K K B KD K N V
16
" N BZ [ K G Q Z F B \K C " WC G Y
H JY
O G K C B Y GE KG F ZGM H \ B K Z YE B \ N KP KB F F K N B JK [ VE Z VGS O \ IF K ZC E P ZB G CP \ B H EG T
O K [ R CG K I Q KR TN P "Y VR G , D" H F [ T" P KG F E H" K VT Z B GCP E Q NF N Q K K GTK G ,F N K N C B N G
. GH FBK ZY \TK P [C
QR CZE P Y Z Q CGK I ZV SC \ GZK MHF \ BKZ Y
F RF ,\ GK [Z VF ZE S N T \ GZK M HF \ B K ZY \TK P [C C GK I BM KBE B"D PFN N " SE F P F R F G [ I
\ [ Z V YZ B \ KK Z G B E F B KZ Y O G[ Q KB E W" R[ 'S G \ O [ C ( F "VZ \ 'K S) B " D P F M " [ P K "V T
B N E ,O [ B K C P[ O K RG[ B Z K RF N M P Y K GE P R "F G , \"F P CG KI K GF B N E B \ N K P B J K[V ,Z GM H
13
. Q R CZ E P B N B , \ " F P QC G K I Q KB \ GZ K MH F \ B K Z Y ZB [ UB E K Z F ,\ GZK M H F ZB [ \ B G ZK M H F
L [ PC F ZG\C O K BZ GY BN K PP K ZF E ,\ G ZK M HF \ B K ZY E F RY \ F KG F K B P C "X F" BE BN B
G B Z Y B CZ TP CE U B E ,F R [ G F R [ N M C F B KZ Y G RY \ E N "X G , G H \ E IG K P F RY \ K G F KB P G , F R[ F
G P M G , F R[ G F R[ N M C F B KZ Y CG KI B M K B GN B \ G ZK M HC H" M T ,O K R[ 'D L [ PC F Z G \ F N M \ B
. F R [ C \ IB O TV V" F M N GC G K IE \ G JK [ G F R F N ,Y N PT F [ T P \ Z K MH C
C G KI KG F B N F ZG \ F \ B K Z YE O K R G Z I B C ZB G C P F R F E , C G KI F O XT C K G F F R Y \ F E N" K EG T
BGF \GZKMHF \BKZY \RY\E BXPR H"KVTG ,14 ECNC ZGCKX \CGI BNB ,EKIKG EKIK NM NT
. Q \ B KZ Y TG P [ N E K IK G E K IK N M N T C G K I B F K [
I "EK BXGK GRKB TKP[PG TPG[ \RGGM BNN \ GZKM HF \ BKZY
,OK RG [ OKC GK I GFC BMK BE ZB GCP , ZGMH \[Z VC QG DMG \"FP FBKZ Y CGK I KCD FR FG [ J
, I "E K B X G K G R K B F " B N C G F R G M L K ZX \ " F P F G X P CE Q R K Y SVE ( C "Y S S"S ) B "D P F M" [ P Q K K T
,( E "K Y"S F "V Z\ C "P Q KK T ) TK P[ P G TP G[ \ R G GM L KZ X M "G PM G ,T "P N JK C Q G KM B N O B G
F B K ZY N F ZG\ N F N G T GR KB Q KM Z CP K P N T E G K GR K B [ Q J YE (F "VZ \ 'K S) H"J C Z B GC P R" F G
YNPT \[ZV BZYR[ ZPBN OB ,FVC GHF FZKMHF BKF FP K\TEK BNG (H"K F"M OKZCE) Q"CPZF M"[P QKKT 13
, N " M T F ZG \ F Q P F N D P B ZY P N L P S F KF KG , ( B J M F N KD P ) ZG M H F K R [C F ZG \ F Q P Q K E P N G R K XP R G , ZG CK X C
F N Q R KV N K E L [ PF C ZB G C PF K " VT G , \ " F P L P S K G F P " P Q R C Z E P K G F E U B \ G Z K M H F Z B [ K CD R "F E Z [V B G
. F ZK M H F Z K M H [Y K PN
. KMF N"S ONGMM OCGZG ,GRKRPH KRGZIB ET ,OKRGZIBF KZVSC QGEKR FH QKRT 14
, N " H B "Z D F G R K CZ N E I B O M I F [ Y F , C\ M [ ( B T Y Q P K S ) CZ F [T P F N T Z KM [ \ N G T V \ G F D F C E G T Q K K TG
O G [ P ZG H D R , \ C[ C Q F C \ G ZY N O K Z\ G P L K B , \ N F Y G O K ZK [ F Z K [ G \ G Z \ N K D P \ B KZ Y C C G K I [ K [ B \ K B O B E
B N B \ M K K [ G H F ZH D Q K B [ ,C K [F G ,Z\ S B \ N K D PC GZ H D[ G P M , O K CZ F \ G [ ZC \ G P B TC Z B Q ZK C TK B P [ F C ZE
N T G TC Y G F B N GN B \ GN K D P \ B K Z Y N C B , F R P HC F N K DP G ,C N GN G Z VG [ G P M , F C C K K I E K I K G E KI K N M [ F GX P C
C G K I F [ Q G K M P G , E K I K F N T N N M CG KI Q KB F Z[ T Q K B O B [ ' F ZG \ ZV S \ B K ZY G PM ' O K CZ N T B N B N N M E K I KF
. M "T . KE E F B KZ M E P O K CZ Q R K ZP B O K C ZF N T
\ B K Z Y N T GZ H D B N E B F C [K K N ( [" T C \ G K F N N I F " E C" P B " V F N K D P) J " KG \ F M "[ P Q K K X N [ K G \ PG TN
LK Z X F [Z VC BZ GY FE (J "NY S " Z I " B) Z GJ C [ "P C K N B I K RG N" HG , GRZ K CT K B P [ OG[ P \C [C FZ G\F
'S G \ E 'C W GZ K\ N B K P G E , Q F Q K B K Y C Q K ZG YF N M M "B G , ' G M G G P X T Q K C N G R K C [N [ G O K PT V F N I \ F \ G B Z E SN
C G K I K G F E N "S E F ZG B M N F B ZR , Z G C KX \ CG I K G F F B K ZY F E O G [ P WZ K \ B N E B F P G , N " M T G Z H D B N [ F N K P C
N M , KE E F B K Z M E P E Q R KZ P B B N B F CE N "S P " P Z G C K X \ CG I KG F E U B E N "K B P [E B N B , E K IK G E K IK N M N T
B" E GRZ K CT K G EGP NN LNK B P [ [[ I F ZY K T[ L M , ECN C BZ GY NT C F BGF FB K Z YF F[ TP NT F RGP P F[
. GC YZ K GN \ Z "FZ C
N J K C[ ' , R " M F K CC F N J C F I K [ ZG SK B Q K R T C ( F ZT F C ' H Q K[ T F I K \ V ) O K KI WV I Z V SC M "[ P E G T Q K K TG
Z G S KB N T KB Y O \ F E B N B ' \ I B F C K \ G N KV B G B E I B Y G S V G N K V B H " K T Z S I K O B G N K V B F Z G \ F \ B KZ Y
. [" KK T F B K ZY F \ TK P [ N G JK C O XT N T B N G , K N K N V Q GT B G F [ F I K [F
N M N T G R H B \ G J F N F Z G \ F \ B K Z Y \ T [C G N " H G ( B "K ) Q J Y N K JT X C M " [P Q K K T , F B K ZY F \ TK P [ \ G CK [ I CG
. ' F N K D PF \ B B Z G Y M ' B ZG YF P ZG CK E G Z G C KE
17
HKY
( C V Y ) C Q G K ND B N FR [
FN K I\M N BZY N Q KB M " GPM G , FZG \N FN G TF QP FM ZCF \ B T GP [N K GBZ F QPG ,ZG M H \C[E
. ( D" K Y"S J "NY 'K S C" P Q KK T) FZ G\N \ GNT N B P GSN
L G\P FBK ZY F C GK I Z YK T NME ZI BP ,NNM OK CGK I K RF G FC BM K N \G ZK M H K RFC FZ GBMN G
B P GSG Q JY Q K RT N R "F G ,F RGGM B N N U B I" EK B XG K L M [ PG ,Q RCZ E P F RY \ Y Z K GF C\ M F
Z B GCP TK P [ P \ R GGM Q KR TN G ,L ZC PF K V P F M Z CF T G P [ N X" B M "G PM G , F ZG \ N O KN G TF
N TC F Q K B G ZG CK X \ CG I K G F F ZG \ F \ B KZ YE U B B N K PP G ,M " X \ GX PE O G[ P G R K KF E O K YS GV C
NM M"BG M"XB QRCZE FGXPCE ZIBP P"P ,15I"EK ZGCKXF \B G\BKZYC BKXGFN QKGMP BZGY
P" P , ( K "Y S S "S C" P Q K K T) F R GM L K ZX F N KI \ M N E UB G ,I" E K F C B X K Z KV [ F B K ZY TP G [ [
I "E K \ B XN \ E I G KP F R G G M B NN U B B X K R " F M" B G , F R G M ZE T F C U B I" E K B X K E C T K E C
. TKP[P G T PG [ \RG M BNN UBG ,\G ZKMHF
\ R G GM QM G \ GZK M H F \ GXP O K KY N Q G K M B N O B C G , F R G G MF CM TP \ GZ K MH K R F CE N " VB E B Z CK B
F B K ZY \ R Y\ ZY KT G ,\ " F P F GX P KG F \ G ZK M H F CG K IE ZI B P ,I "E K B X K B N ,TK P [ PG TP G [
L G \ P F B K ZYC E IG KP QV G B C F R [ C \ I B O TV O K KY \ K \ "F P \ GZ KM H F CG K I[ B G F C\ MF L G \ P
BNKPP ,16FGXP F[TPN G\GB CK[IPF BGF FGXPF OGKY \TC FRGGMFE ZIBPG ,C\MF
17
. NN M F R Y \ F I" E K B X K B N G ,F G X P F [ T P Q B M Q KB F R G G M ZE T F C
Z B GCP E [ E G I C "K L [ P C F CZ F C F B C Q G K M B NG F V C \ GZ KM H F ZP B B N [ K PN P "Y VR G )
GE K C [ K K Z F F [ ZV F Z E S N T F B K ZY F T PG [ E Z IB P P "P E B N B ,T "P N J KC E (E "N ) QN F N
. ( T" P N JK C F GX P O K KY N \ GZK M H F \ T KP [ C F R G GM GN F KF B N E ZIB PE B N B , F ZK M H F \ GX P
F [ T PN G \ G B CK [ IP F B G F F G XP F O G KY C F R G G M F E Z IB P ,\ B XN F R G GM Q K RT N B YG E H" M G
F P GE M G B P GS G B Q JY N F Z G \ N F K N T Q G D M G , \ "F P F B K ZY C O KC G K IF Q K RT N O N G B ,F GX P
Q R KM P S B N \ " F P F G XPC E ,\ GZ T[ 'C B K C F [ T GE K B N[ D "K Q C Q J Y Q K RT N G B , (N KT N B CG P F )
\ G B K Z Y KR F C ,( C"Y S J "VY \ 'K SC G ,D" YS B " TZ ' KS CG , H"M Y" S J" XY ' KS C" P Q K KT ) F YH IB
Q R CZ EP F B KZ YC O N G B , F ZG \ N [ F B KZ Y O XT K C G K I G G F E ZI B P ,N N M O F C ZK PI F N X "B
. F B K Z YF CG K I C B NG , \ GZK M H F \ GX P O XT C CG K I B G F E F R G G M B Y GE G ,N N M O K CG KI K R F N B M KN
\ K N Q JY E ZI B P ,F B K Z Y O \ S P B T KZ D \ G B KZ Y K R F C ,F ZG \ C B Z G Y F Q JY Q K R T NE B X PR G )
. ( \ B XN F R GGM F KN
TKP [P \ RGM BNN UB I "EK BX GK BN KPPG Z GCEM V"M T BCK [I B ZGY NTC K VP TPG[ [ N M
U B E ( [ "K K T Q N F N B C G P ) B "D P F \ T E C \ " G [ C S "\ I F K ZC EC ZB G C P F K" VT O N G B [K
\ R G GM B M K N E UB R" F E N "K M " B ,\ G ZK M H F N[ ZG CE C G K I Q K RTN ZGC E B C K[ I G "[ I P F T K P[
\ GX P \ B XN Q KG MP T PG[ F [ N M ,Z GCE M B C K [ I P "P I" E K GB K XG F N TK P[ P F N [ \ E I G K P
B X G K \ "F P F ZK M H F C G K I O XT KZ F E ,T "P N JK C B N C G[ Z GC E KG F E ZI B P M " B G ,\ G ZK M H F
K ZF \ G K [ ZV F Z ES N T F B K ZY N T N "H I \ R Y \ O G K Y Q K R TN G ,Z G CE M B C K [ I F H Q KR TN E , I" EK
FZG\C FBKZY NMC UBE ZIBP ,I"EK GBKXGFN W"[F QKGMP BP\SCE FKC QRKZPB KGF BN M"X FKF GNKBG 15
' K S ) C " PF M " [ P N B K P E G , I "E K N F Y F \ B B KX G F N Q KG M P E F C B P K R E , F R G TM T P G [ Q K E P F T K P [ C G K I B M KN
\ R G GM B N N I" E K B X G K G R P P T P G[ F Q K B , DF R P O G [P Y Z R" M F K C C [EY P W "[ F [ M G R K R P HC E ( 'N Y "S D "T Z
. F B K ZY KB F C R" F G , [ "K K T T KP [ P
YST\PM BNB I"EK \BXN FRGGM BNC FB[T OBG ,'GMG M"X \GXPF NM C\M[ F"S 'S 'KS Z"FTG[ QKKT 16
FK [T BC K [I F RGG MF K "T E K Z F ,N" MT \" FP I "EK BX K BN ,FGX P F\G B O[ N BNG \ZI B FRGG MN G B ,BP NT C
. FG XP N[ FK [ TN GH
\ZKMH N[ FBKZYF \TKP[ \TC F\TE ZIBP ,KBF BMKK[ BN \C[ \ZKMHC ONGB ,\GZKMHF ZB[C BYGE H"MG 17
F B K Z YF \ TC F \ T B N K P P G ,T GC [F K P K C F \ ZK M H B N B G R K B C G K I F N M E ZI B P , \ " F P F GX P O KK Y P G R K B \ C [
. Y "G E G F \ [ G E Y G \ C[ F O G K \ G X P \ G B K XP G C N C T CY K F B K ZY F K" T [ , Q R C Z E P C G K I B N B K G F B N
18
" N BZ [ K G Q Z F B \K C " WC G Y
I KY
\ B X N F RG GM E C NP ) ,TK P [ PG TP G[ \ RGGM X" B B N K PP G F RGGM X" B B F C G QRC ZE F G XP K GF
18
. ( \ "F P B G F E \ GZ KM H F E ZG CE \ G XP O K KY P B N F "B N C E ,L K ZX E G P XTN I" EK
ZV SF P \ G ZK MHF \ T KP[ I"E K G BX K O KT PG [F \B BKX G FN BZ GY N TCF Q G KM BN[M U B
F M GS CG , N B YH I K CZ KR \ F "E B " T B " K \ GM ZC ) 'S G \ F \ J K [ E B CK N B Q K K TN [ K E B NB [B "K
F K C B M K B E \ " F P F GX P N M E ( 'I ' D \ N NG M F I K \ V Q K K T) D" PV F JYR QM G (Z PB E F "E B "T 'D
B M F M "B G ,O \ R Y\ K VM F G XP F O KK Y O B B N B B \ K KZ G B E B I "E K B XG K G R K B O KP M I \ R Y\
N "H I \ R Y\ F K C BM K BE ZI B P ,I" E K BX GK GR KB FZ GBM N T KP [ P \ R GGM BN N \ GZ K M HF \TK P [C
K G F F R G GM F CG KI E ZI B PG , \ "F P I" E K B X G K G R K B F RY \ F O K KY B N [ M G ,C \ M F LG \ P B Z YN
G R KB C G [ G ,\ " F P \ G Z K MH F I"E K N NM B X G K G R K B T K P[ P \ R G G M ZE T F C M "B F G X P F O X T P Y N I
. FRY\F I" EK BXGK
Q V G B N T BY G E K B Y , \ " F P I " E K B X G K G R K B F R Y \ F O G K Y B N N E B \ J K [ K B F N M E F B Z R F G
B N Q E KE Q G E K R C O N G B , O K PM I G R Y \ [ Q V G B F NT F P G K Y \ ZG X F [ T B N [ C G R K K F G , F G X P F O G K Y
K Z F [ F R Y \ F O K K Y KZ F F H T P G [ E Z I B P , F R Y\ F I " EK B X K B N F R G G M Z ET F C E Q R K Z P B
B N B ,O K PM I G K N T G RY \ [ F PP F PG KY \ ZG X QV G B C Z SK I B N G ,C\ M F L G \ P TP [ \ G B K XP C
ZP K PN L K K[ Z KV [ B F C G ,F R G GM F Y N I GN Z SI B N KP P T KP [ P \ R G GM Q B M Q KB E Z IB P P" PE
F Z KM H I "E K B X G K ZK V[ G ,(N "R F S" \ IF K Z CE M ) Z GCE \ G B KX PM B C K[ I \ "F P E ZI B PE
19
. Y "G EG F B K ZY F O X TC Q R CZ EP I "E K K PR B XG K CG [ B N KP PG ,\ " F P
\GZ KM HF NT Q KMZCP QKB KBPB ZBGCP B "DPFE BCK NB
,C N K M ZT P Z VS O [ C ( D" K N N M ' H \ M ZTP O KN N M C" I) E PI KE [ C M " [ P Q K K GTK G [C "K
F [ T P \ Z K MH CE C \ M G ,\ "F P T "P K G F E \ G ZK M H F N T \ E I G K P F M Z C Q K M ZCP B N KB P B F P \ PE
. ["K K T FBK Z YF \ TC FZG \F NT QK MZCP E Z IBP ZK V[ ZBG CP YN P T
\ " F T Q K M ZCP K Z F E , \ GZK M H F ZB [ N T UB ZK V [ C [ G K P B "D PF KZ CE C Z B GC PF K" VT F R F G
. F [ ZV F Z ES N T \ G Z KM H F \ B K ZY C
. ( F ZK M H F \ G X P N T F MZ C K G F E , F ZG \ N F N G T F \ M ZC C \ B X N Q K G M N [ KE N " K H "K VN E B N B )
ZGCE QKBE O\F KRB[ ,\GZKMHF I"EK BXGK GRKB GZKCIP FCZ FCFB \MZC TPG[FE QNFN ZBGCPE UBG 18
, O [ Z B G C P M , \ G Z K M H F Q K R TN ZG CE M C [ I K F N N KT G P G R K B F R G T M G N C [ IR E F P L M N G , \ G Z K M H F N [ [Z G V P
. [ ZGV P Z GC E BGFE C \MF LG\ P FB K Z YC M "B[ P
\MZCC OK[R BCZP BRKCZ FKRKP KTC 'PDC B\KBE BF NT \G[YFN C\M[ (J"RY BZ\C) B"TZ \"G[C QKKT 19
Y Z G R K K F G , E "E M Z G F Z F E N "S B R KC Z B F E , I "E K O K CZ K Y G VB N P " YV R KB PN , Q R CZ E G B B \ KK Z G B E Q G H PF
\T K P[ C K Z F E ,I "E K O K C ZF \ B B K XG F N O K [R F \ GNG M K M"B G ,BYG E ZG CE L K Z X Q RC ZE P O NG B B \ K K ZGB E P
, Q R C ZE P Y Z ZG CE C G K I K G F F \ T P G , B \ KK Z G B E B I " E K G B X K Z G F Z F F K "T M "B G , ZG F ZF K P R B M KB O K[ R B F
. [ "K K T Q RC ZE C GK I FT K P [C OK BX GK ZKV [G
B X G K G R K B F R Y\ F O K K Y B N [ N M , \ " F P F G X P N T Q R C ZE F R Y \ B M K B E K M K F E ' S G \ F \ J K[ E B CK N B F ZG B M N G
\ B X N B "B B E K ZD Z G F Z F C K ZF E , O K [ R F P F T K P [C I " E K G B X K O K [ R BF [ L KK [ B N M "B , \ " F P U B I " E K
B K [G Y B ZE F G , \ "F P CG K I ZG F ZF C O KB XG K Q K B C G [ Z GC E N [ Q RC ZE F RY \ B M K B E Z I B N E , B \ K K ZG B E B I " E K
. B \ K KZ G B E O K [ R B F G N K B G Q R CZ E O K [ R F G G F F TK P [ K B F C G , F T K P [ YZ Q B M B M K B E F K \ M G E N
R" F M " B , B \ KK Z G B E B I" E K B X K B N E ZP K P N L K K [ B N CG [ F RY \ F O K K Y \ G B K X P CE N M E Z B GC P F K "V T O N G B
F P N M B R K E Q K R T N E U B KZ F , O K [ R F P F TK P [ K "T ZG CE Q B M B M K B F [T P N E ZI B P E , H " P F M ZC K CD C [ G K P
. I " E K B X G K CG [ , Z G F Z F F K " T U B F [T R I" E K B XG KE
B Y G E L K Z X[ Q G H P F \ M ZC N T \ E I G K P F R Y \ F K F B N E Z I B P , K R B [ B F E K PR C[ K KN [ K H " PF M ZC K CD F R F G
B N [ B \ K K ZG B E F \ B G Z YT E Q R K ZP B B N B F C B N KP P G , ZG C E L KZ X \ "F P F G X P N M C E \ K N N M F R Y \ B N B , ZG CE
. ZGF ZFC \"FP I "EK GBX K
19
J KY
( C V Y ) C Q G K ND B N FR [
K "T E B N B F ZK M H F O X T F G X P F Q K B E , \ K P G K Y F G X P K G F E N "K O G K N MC [ \ G Z KM H F Q K R TN G
N [ ZG CE N T Y Z K G F F MZ C \ R Y \ E , F MZ C O F KN T G R Y \ B N L M NG , F I M [ KE K N T K D K B N ZG CE F
20
. FGX P
N K NC P "K X K ZG V K S NT F M Z C Q K M ZC P Q KB E B F C [ K KN G C \ M O K R G Z I B F G O K R G [ B Z F F R F G
F J PC ,( IS V N KN \ GN V \ Z E S UG S) O F Z E GCB C ,(C "S E " M N N M ) [ "B Z F \ "G[ Q K K T ,Z E SF
\GG XP E ( 'B H"C [P E" T\ 'K S) D "P VF M"[P E G T QK K TG ,( 'R 'K S ) GC NMCG , (D" NZ\ 'K S ) F[P
(C "S ' V 'F \GZ GC D) N"Z FPC F" M G ,OFK NT QK MZC P QK B ZGFZ FCG FC [IP C QC GK I ZY K T[
Z IB P ,O G K N M C[ \ GZK M HF N T Q K M ZCP Q KB E B F B " DP F E B C KN B C[ K K N [ K H "K VT G , [ "K K T
GR Y\ B N B F CG ,C N C[ F Z KM H O G [ P B N B G R K B ZGC E C G K I U B G ,CN F \ Z KM H B G F C G K IF Z YK TE
21
. \EIGKP FMZC
\C[P ["PG FCZ FCFBC Z GCE \CGI B XGK LBK F F [Y
BKXGPM BCK[I FCZ FCFBC \GZKMHF \RGGM K"TE B"DPF KZCEC ZBC\PE FP FRFG [D"K
BCKNB FZGBMNE ,ZGCE I"EK FHC FXGK KBPBG ,[ZGVP ZGCE KGF BN BFE T"X FZGBMN ,GKVP
,ZGFZFM YZ BCK[I BPNTC HPZG ,ZGCE KCGKI ZB[N BKPE ZGCE CGKI \GZKMHC BMKBE Q"CPZFE
FBZRF GZKCIN ZPBK[ OEB NGMKE FIZY QC K"ZN N"SE (B"T Q"Y) \C[ 'PDC B\KBEMG
\C[ KCD CK\ME BZYP QRKVNKE ,(H"S H"[ QPKS QKKT ,FK\GGM B\MNFG) CZTN KPT EGPT\[
,OK[ZGVP ORKB OKZCEF OXTE ZIBPG ,Z\GP ZGFZF GNKBG ZGSB ZGCEE ,ZCE ZCEG LXVI BXPP
BNE QGKMG N"HG K"[Z O[ M"[MG ,ZGCEM BNG ZGFZFM BCK[I G\RGGM QCGP GKZCE \GTP[PP YZG
BNB ZGCKEM NNM BCK[I BN GZGCKEC \[ZGVP FRKB G\RGGM[ NME KZF ,KZ[ BKEFC [ZVP
FCFBE FMZCF OXTCE UB ,I"EK GC BXGKG ZGCEM BCK[I \GZKMH KRF KBPB M"BG ,ECNC ZGFZFM
LKZX[ TEGK[ KNGN ,ORKRT NNM QCGP BN BFCE BNB EGT BNG ,\GZKMHF QKRT NNM [ZGVP QKB FCZ
.\[ZGVP G\GTP[P V"MTE ,CZTN KPT EGPT\[ FBZRFP FCZF BTKZDG ,OFC QKGMN
\C[ C Q"ZF K ZCE K"VT CG[K
' K V N" H G ,ZI B Q V G B C \ C [ C ZG CE ZG S K B E B PT J [ Z VN Q "Z F M "[ P Q K KG T K E B N B [ E "K
QK B E BX PR G ,C ZT N GN Z PB K[ O KP E F GK RK T C G Z[ K K B N B P [ G O K PE GN Y SV B N G N K B GF E
. N "M T B PN T C Z G F Z F B N B , B P K K Y N [ ZG C E K G F B N G ,O G NM G ZG C K E C
K CD LM N G ,ZG F ZF B N G ZG C E B C K [ I [ ZG V P G R K B [ ZG CE U B O N G TN E , ZK V[ Z B G C P G K Z CE N G
K CD BY GE G ,O R KR T ZM G H[ N M , [ZGV P GR KBE U B I "E K BXG K ZG CE \CG I F K C BM K BE \ G ZK M HF
ZG CE F O X T Q KB B P K K Y N [ Z G CE K G F B N E NM G ,Z G CE F O X T B G F Z G S K B F Z Y K TE \ C[ E Z G CE
. NNM BZ GSK B FK C BM K N GK ZC EC [Z GV P G RK B Z GSK BF[ NM QMN G ,Z GS BF Z GCEN BC K [I
. T " XG , [ZG V P Z GC E X " B Z GC E C [ \ GG X P N MC E Q" Z FN N " SE BX PR H " KV TE BN B
BN B I "E K BX GK GR KB ZGC E C[ \ GXP N M Q "Z FN UBE Z[V BE ,H" CH B K N \ BN E N "K E BZ CK B
L M N G ,B P KK Y ZC Z GC E B GF ZG SK B F Z YK TE ,K RB[ \C [E ZG CE ZG SK B BYG E E ,[ZG VP ZGC EC
ZYKT[ KVN ,FRGT OGKY NT QKMZCP QKB[ OTJC (H"NY 'KS B"I) \GRJY \GMNF \"G[C QKKT GH BZCS QKTM 20
. ( ' K ' K S I " G B D" I O K N T V C Z \ " G [ C E G T Q K K T F H Q K R TC G ) , F P G KY O X T B N G , F \ R G T TZ D K B N [ B G F F G X PF
GK\GXPC GR[EY Z[B QKMZCP GRB QKB FPN NB[[ KP K\KBZG N"HG (C"T C"K \GMZC) KZKBPF M"[P QKKGTKG 21
\ G M ZC F N G R Y\ R [ "Y K Z F [ , G H F N B [N O G Y P F B G Z K R K B G , N N V \ F N Q M G , [ "Y N Q M G , P "K X K \ B Z KM H F N G R G XG
. N "M T Q P XT N \ G Z G P D \ G M ZC Q F K Z F F N K V\ G P " KX K G , G H F M ZC Z G J V N K G B Z[
S ' KS ) Z "F TG [ C M "[ P [ ZV N [ K H " K V TG , F M Z C F K N T G R Y \ B N F M ZC F \ G F P[ F G X P N M E G K Z CE C Z B G C P
EZ VR C \GZK MH F Z P GNP FC Z FC FBC QK GMN BV K ETE TP [ P E ,'G MG [ "Y N XB QZM HN 'C GJ G ' \G ZK MHF K CD (E" S
. F M Z C CG KI P \ G ZK M H F \ B ZG J VN G , F M Z CF L G \ C Q K GM N B VK E T E ,Z \ G K C ZB GC K K Z K B P F K "V TG , F N K V \ F ZI B N
20
" N BZ [ K G Q Z F B \K C " WC G Y
MY
NM Z GC E C GK IC M" B[P ,\C [C Z GSBF F[T P FHP BX KE NM ,ZG SB K PR [Z GVP GRK B[M UB
. ZG C E \ G X P NN M C K G F B N [ ZG V P ZG C E K G F B N E
\C [E Z GCE Z GS KB QKCN \ GZ KM HF N [ Z GCE C G KI QK C YG N KI
UB I" E K BXGK \G ZK M H K RFC P "P ,[Z GVP Z GCE L K ZX BP NTC E BPK R K B U BE FBZ RFG [G" J
B G F ZG CE F CG KI Z YK T \ GZ K MH F Q KR TN E ,B PN T C ZG F ZF M B CK [ I B N G ,[ Z GVP G R K B [ ZGC E C
BVK E T G , IM G[ GR KB FVC Z GC E K "T [ , GK VC CN C [ G \ZK M H B JC N GR KK F G ,Q GZM K HF CG KI O G [ P
ZGCE KZYP FZKMH KEKN GZZGTP[ QVGB FHKBC ZCEF ZKMHP[ NM LMNG ,22 BEKZD CNC FZKMHP
. B G F [ Z G CE NM KD S F H N G ,G KV C CN F \ R G G M KG J K C B G F Z G CE F E ,F H Q K R TN
\ B ZGM H K ZV SC F " MG N " H G ( D" Z\ F GX P) YN P T F [ TP K CD L G R K I F ZV SC M " [ P Q K KG TK G
K RB FP BF ,FZ GPB C NF \IM[ KZF I M[\ BN ZP GB BG F[M ,LCC NC NGMK 'GD G F[T Z[B
ZS I \ G G \ C K B [ N I \ Q V ,Z CE F I M[ K B N [ K EM , K Z VS C M "T LK V C F R G [ B F \ [ ,ZG M H O K KY P
. [ " KK T (F " Z\ F GXP ) Y N PT F [ TP \ Z KM H K CD M "M G , N "M T O K R PH F L ZG B C \ GCC N F P
K GF BN G ,I M [ K\ BN [ F \Z JP , YN P T F [TP \ZK M HC FVC FZ K M H CGK I Z YK T E Z B GC P K ZF
Z YK T ,K B F C O NG B ,C G K IF ZY K T N M KG F ZGC E F O XT O \ F E , ZG CE C \ G KG N \ F \ GXP ZB [ M
. F VF K" T F [ TR[ CN C Q GZ M KH B G F F GX PF
K "T E F H C QGG MP F E , ZGC E L K ZX E B ZYP QR K VN K G F N GM E , \ GZ KM HF Z B [ K CD N " K R" F G
. C N F \ ZK M H B M KB ZGC E F \ G B KX P
,\G ZKMHF KCD E , ZGC E KCGK I Z B[ QKCN \G ZKMHF N [ Z GCE C GK I QKC YGNK IF Z KV[ Z BGCP G
ZB[ C ONGB ,I" E K FHC B XGK G CK GI PF Z GCE ZEDC H"F CNFP G IM[K K BN[ OZG DF ZGC E NM
G \ G TP [ P Q K B [ ZGC E D GS C I" E K B X G K G R K B , ZG CE F O XT B G F CG K I F Z YK T N M E ZGC E KC G K I
. Z GC EF OXT NT FZG P
Z YK TE ZIB P , [ ZG VP Z GCE B YG E L KZ XE ,\ C [ E Z GCE ZG SK B K CD K "[ Z E B C K NB R" F G
. B Z G S K B K B F C N N M R B N [ Z G V P Z G C E B M K NE NM G ,Z G C K E F O X T KG F Z G S K B F
ZG CE U B ZG CE K CG K I ZB [ C E B PK R K B U B E ,Z GCE K CG KI ZB [ P K R B [ \ C [ E N "K \ B H EG T
F K C B M K N G Z GCE B CK [ I B N \C [E ZG CE P "P ,I" E K \ BXN QK RT N ZG CE BC K[ I [ZG VP GRK B [
N M G ,N G I K XV IP Z GCK E ZCE K B N [ ,Z GS B F Z GC E B G F ZG SK B F ZY KT \ C [ CE ZI B P ,B Z GSK B
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ZG CE K C GK I Z B [N B K PE BN G ,CN F \ZK M HP YN I BN B GR KB ZGC E F G C N F \ZK M H B GF C GK IF
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ZG CE B N B Z S B R B N Y" TC ZG S K B Q K R TN P "P ZG CE M K G F Z G F ZF B R K CZ NE U B E K RK SC Q IM [ B E M
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24
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O K E PN RF O K C G K IF N T KB Y ZV SC QGZ M K H \ B H C G\ M C K\ M E B F E G R K KF G ,Z VSC QG ZM H P QR K V NK
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24
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26
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,C N F \ Z K M H O G [ P KG F \ GZ K M H F \ Z K PB B F E , G P G K C O G K K E K P Y N P T \ ZK M H C \ G CK K I O K [R E B XP R R "F G
. \GC K K I BNK P P F \VG I P FNM 'KV B Q K BXG K FG XP \P I NP CE ZI BP G
CGKI FKC BMKB T"GMNE) YNPT \ZKMH BN UBG ,OGK NMC \GZKMHF CGKI QKRT CG\M BN FZGZC FR[PC QMBG 26
. ZK V [ ZB G CP C\ M F L G \ P F R [ C \ I B O TV B N B F ZK M H C G K I B M K N E Z B G C P F K" V TG , ( F ZK M H
B"F F[T Z[B \B ZGMH CG\MF \GJ[VE QG[NF \ZKP[ ZVS O[C BCGPE FP (18 FZTF) NKTN QKKGTK ORPB
B N E O " C PZ F N U B E ( ' B Q K [T I "P C ) I "I ZV S C M " M G , O K Z P F [T P F VC ZK M H F N C G K I B M K B E ZB G CP O K Z PN
. FH C GK I ZMH GP BN C "P GZ VS C [ BNV NG ,FZK MH C GK I BMK BE BZY E F K J [V P " P \GX P F QK RP C FH FR P
F[ T Z[ B \B ZG MHE T" P NT Z C GT Z" F[ N Z CEP FE ('B QK [ T FI K \V) OK K I W VI ZV S C M"[ P K "V T FBZ RFG
F [ R GT Q K RT F [T P \ T[ C I M G [ KB E GC \ G N K M Z G B Z "F [N ZC E P [ K P E ZB C N C \ M I" P CC O [G , O K ZP N B "F
Z" F [ N ZGS K B C N [M R [ N M , O K Z P F [ TP \ Z K M H O G K C O KP T V \ GZ[ T O E B ZK M H K O B U B E B X PR G , O K ZP N [
, Z "F [ N P F Z KP [ B G F [ B X G K N T GV F B N B , F V C F ZM H F F O X T C KG F B N C G K I F Z YK T E Z B GC P G , G H T "P N J K C
. Z GC E C GK I YZ K GF E B" DP F K ZC EM FV C OK ZP F[ TP \ZK MH C GK I Z MHG P BN F" G[P G
\T EE B CK NB \ B H C\ M I "I F B FE , T" X O K ZP F [ T P \ZK MH E T "P N JK C Z "F [ N Z CE PF E QK R TF OXT NG
B GF [ CG K IF GC ZED GP E BX PR G ,(I "P C C O [ M"[ M) FZK MH F \ GX P OX T P K GF ZG CE C GK I E N"S E Q"C P ZF
B N Q K K E T G H F Z KM H O K G SP Q P H C I M [[ M M "B G , F Z K M H F \ G X P O K K Y G K V C ZK M H F [ N M F Z G B M N M " B G , ZG CE F
B N B Z G C E CG K I F K C B M K N E N " SG Q "C P ZF N T K D K N V E E "C B Z F G [ "Z F E B C KN B F CZ E B G , F G X P O G [ N J K C
K ZF Z" F [N ZC E P F B N K P PG , \ K E K P \ F F ZK M H F \ G B K XP B G F CG KI F ZY K TE ZP K P N L KK [ ,C N F \ ZK M H C G K I
,T "P N J K C K P R G H F ZK M H O KG SP Q P H C I M [ O B UB M " B E B N B , T" P N JK C G G H F ZK M H T DZ G \ G B C I M G [ B G F
. T " XG ,Z "F[ N ZGC KE \T C BY GE GBNG
25
F MY
( C V Y ) C Q G K ND B N FR [
K TC E F ND PN U KN K (Y N PT B CK G P G R K K F ) F K R K P B F E N " H G , G \ K KB Z [ Z VN [ "F XIP C C \ M G
F [ T PE T P[ P ,F NK D P F " F Z VS L K ZX F Z G \ C CG \ MF YN P T F [ TP Q G ZM HE G PM G R K K F G , ZV S
. YN P T \ Z K MH \ GX P KE K \ B X N G \ G B Q K ZG Y O B ,Z VS K TC IN [ C \ [ Z VC CG \ M F YN P T
,I "E K F C B X G K E F R K P TP[ R Z CM B Y GS V K B F P F N Q R KV N KE O G [ P K MG ,C "X G K Z CE G
,Z VS C \ G K F N L K ZX ZG M H \ [ Z VC B C K\ ME Q G Z M KH K B F E ,B G F E G P K NF \ G J [ V F ZG B MN E
. I "E K B X G K B V GD G H F [ Z VC U B E TP [ P KM K F PG ,N K TN ZB GC PM
K B F E ,Z G M H \ [ Z V NT N N M K B Y B N ZV SC Q G Z M KH E B \ G V N KE , ZK V [ ZB G C P N" R F K" VT O N G B
Z IB P ,I" E K FC BX GK YN P T BC KG \ [ZV BZ GYF U B QM N G ,F IM [ P QGZ M K H K GF BN BC GK I
. B KF ZG CE \ C G I E ZP KP N ,Z VS C F B KZ YE E Z VR CG KI Q R KV N K B F PE
IM [ \ B N O G [ P KG F Z GM H \ C[ \ B KZ Y CG KI E B P KR K B F Z G B M N F R F E , Z\ G K C Z B C\ K G
F N K D P U B E F Z K MH F ZK M H [ "H D 'PD C B CZ UK N K K M KF M " B , ( QM N "S E B M K B E ZB G CK Q N F N G )
C G KI K G F F N KD P F \ B KZ YE , K EE F B N N NM B KP E B N F ZG B M N B F G , C \ M F L G \ P F B KZ Y LK Z X
B YG E B F CE Z PK PN B M K B G , IM [ \ B N O G[ P K GF Z GM H \ B K ZY GN K B G , QGZ MK H O G[ P G B N G Z GCE
O N G B ,C \ MF L G \ P B Y GE B F K C N F \ Z KM H C G K IE , ZV SC F B K ZY K "T B F K Q GZ MK H F E Q R K V NK
. B C G K I KB F F K R K P UN K R Q GZM K H KP R F KC C K\ M E O G [ P YZ K M G , ZV S L K ZX E B P KK Q B P F N KD P
,F N K D P F \ B KZ Y GP M Z GC E C G K I KG F ZGM H \ B K ZY UB QM B E ,P" YN B " D PF E B CK N B O N G B
. Z VS L KZ X F N KD P U B E F K R K P Q R K VN K Z KV [ G
,Z GM H \ [ Z VC B CK \ M E ZG M HN N N M B MK K [ B N YN P T \B K ZY CG KI F K CK N B E ZB C \ P F R KP G
O G [ P G B N G Z GCE C G K I B G F E ,Y N PT B C K G \ [ ZV P Q R K VN K Z VS CG K I E Z IB P E ZB GC P Z KV [ G
. I"E K B X G K G H F [ Z V \ B KZ YC UB E KZ F ,I M [ \ B N
B" D PFE BC K NB ,BPN TC QG KT BPNE 'PD F \K [GY Z GB KC
,B P N TC Q G KT B P N E B K F F B KZ Y F ZK M H KB F E K B PP G ' PDC O \ F Q R K[ Y PE B F F R F G [ F "M
F HC Q G GM PF E T P[ P F Z G B M N ,Z GCE B YGE L K ZX E Q R KV N K IM [ \ B N G ZGM H PE Q R KX Z\ P G
\ G X P B P N EE B P \ SC Q R K [ Y PE B P K R K B E ,Z VS C Q G ZM H P [ "H D U K N KE B C Z N T \ G [ Y F N
N T K BYE IZ M FCG , B M F BYGE QR K[Y P K B PB M " B , BXK B PN T C ZG FZFC G ZG CE X" B FZK M HF
K B P C "X E B N B ,B CZE [ " HD B M K N CN C B N B K GF B N F Z KM H C G K I K B QM B E TP [ R F R K P G ,B C Z
. ( QCB K ZG J F F H C M " [ P Q K KT G ) ,Z GCE CG K I B M K B K B B Y GE B K N \ B CZE [ "H D K M G ,H" NH B J KK [
Z B GCP ( B " D PF M B N E ) I M[ \ B N O G [ P B G F Z GM H \ C [ E F B KZ YF C G K IE N "S KB O R PB
,C \M F L G \ P B F K [ K PR L K ZX E Z PK P N BM K N E K ZF ZG FZF Y Z B GF CG KI F N M E B PK R K BE ,Z K V[
Z GCE C B NB F H B M KK [ B N G ,Z VS F LG \ P B Y GE B F K[ G ZK E D F N ZG F ZF Q K RT C L K K[ B N B F E
LKZXE ZVSC QGZMHP BCZ UKNK LMNG BKF FBKZY FZKMH KBFE KBPPG QRK[YPE GRKKFG ,27ECNC
BYGE GRKKF ,ZGFZF K"T C\MF LG\P FBKZY I"EK \BXN LKK[ E"EM ZGFZFE N"SE BRKCZNE BPKR KB UBE 27
C G K I F N M E B PK R KB O N G B , ZGC E N N M C KG F ZG F ZF UB P" P E B N B , ZG CE B G F F B K Z YF CG K I O XT C E O G [ P
. C \ M F L G \ P ZG F ZF C G K I B M K B E Z P K PN L K K [ B N ,Z G F Z F Y Z B G F F N KI \ M N P
M " [P Q K KG TK , C\ M F L G \ P E C G K I Z G F Z F K "T \ B XN L K K [ E "E M ZG F ZF E N " SE B R K C ZN K B Q K RT F O XT N G
B N [ F N K D P E E " P N F N K D PC ZG F ZF K R F P B N , K P E Z G C E M ZG F ZF E " P N U B E ( B "Y S H " [ P CN \ ' KS ) D" P VF
\ B X N L K K [ B N F Z[ T L K ZX E O G [ P B Y GE E Z B GC P G K ZC E P G , [" KK T D" F M C ZG F ZF C B " B [ , F Z[ T C F R P HC
L K K [ Z K V[ ZG F ZF F O XT E X P E F R K P G , Z G F Z F C UB I" E K B X G K ZK V [ C \ M F L G \ P E Q KE O G [ P O N G B , Z G F Z F C
F Z [T Q K E B M K B E F R P HC B N [ F N K D PC YZ G , F Z [T X " B E F R P HC F N K DP C Q G DM G ,C\ M F L G \ P E F C G I \ B XN
. ZG F ZF Q K E P \ B X N L KK [ B N
ZG CE M BCK [ I B NG ,GP X T N ZFZ F P E IB N ME O G[ P J " FE N" K FZ [T C ZGF ZF LK K [ BN E ZC EF EGS K F RF G
E I K C F Z [T [ G R C G P Q K B G , \ I B F N K D P \ B K ZY O KT P G [ E I K C O N G M [ G R KK F F Z [T C F B K Z YE , O N G M N E IB
26
" N BZ [ K G Q Z F B \K C " WC G Y
GM Y
K B F U N KP N L K K[ B N B NK P PG ,( Z G F Z F G R K KF G ) B KF B PN T C Q G K T B P NE ,C \ M F L G \ P F B K Z Y
. BCZ E [" HD
[ " H D N F K \ K B Z K V [ B N KP P G ,Z G CE C B Y G E G R K KF ZG M H E Q R KV N K B Z VSC E Q R K XZ\ P F NT G
ZG CE F B F K [ KP R L KZ XE K KG ZG B N Z VS C Q GZ M HE B KG CK Z K \ B ,Z GCE B G F C G K IF E ZI B PE ,B C ZE
. C\MF LG \P
\ [ Z VE ) IM [ \ B N G Z G M H K ZF E , ' P D E B X G Z K\ C" X Q K KE T B " D P F E B C KN B F ZG B MN O N G B
CG KI E IM [ \ B N G Z GM H P Q R K VN K KB U B B N K PPG ,O KE ZV R O K CG K I ' C G G F ZV SC Q GZ MH G (Z GM H
B Y GE L KZ X Z VS C Q G ZM HE F Z KM H KB F E B P K K Q B P P "P , ZG CE C B Y GE B G F O G K N M C [ F ZK M H
F P GYP C 'PD F \ K [ GY QK K E TG ,C \ MF L G\ P B YG E B F K Z GCE KB F E [ "H D U N KR F R K PE ,Z GCE
CG KI F R KP UN K P N B M KN B NK P PG ,ZG CE C G K I F C Q K B ZV SC QG ZM K HE F Z KM H K B F E B PK RE ,\ E PG T
. C\ M F LG \ PE
B N G , FZK M H Y Z C K \ M ZV SC QGZ M HCE Z IB P E ,' PDF \ K[ G Y K GF F K V GD B F QM B E F BZR F G
F B K ZY CG KI Z VSC P UN K RE B K F ZG CE F Z K MH K B F E ZP KP N N "R P M " B ,I M [ \ B N K PR F KC C K\ M
,Z GP B M G) , K E KP F R KP U N K PN B MK N B N KP PG B GF Z GF ZF QG ZM H K B F E B P KB ,C \ M F L G \ P
K B E ,Q R KH I I M[ \ B NG ZG MH E B ZV SE B K GC KZ P K ZF E , (C\ M F L G \ P C G K I L K K[ B N Z G F Z F CE
YZ C K \ M E K M KF NM E F R KP G , B PN TC ZG F ZF G R K K F ZG MH E Q R K ZP B K G F , IM[ \ B N K PR C K \ M E G B N
B N G ,B G F B P N TC Z G F Z F F ZK M H KB F E B P KB G 'PD F \ K [ G Y ZB G CP Z KV [ G ,Z G F Z F G R K KF Z GM H
. C\ M F L G\ PE CG K I QR K V NK
O K P K KY P F ' K Q B M [ K E K ZF E I K C O KZ F Z F P F Z[ TE Z I B P Q M B K M F G N KB E , F G X P F \ B F T [ F \ G B C O K PK K Y P
F T K P[ O F N [ K G K E I K F Z [T E G R K K F ' K C F B K Z Y CG K I N [ G R C G P B N B , E I B M E I B Q P H C F N KD P F \ B KZ Y E I K
,(F Z[ TC FT K P [ F H QK BE Z I B P ,GP X TN BZG Y[ F P NK T GP BN \ I B FNK P TP [ BN O B E Z[ VB B FC G) \ IB
O \ S P F N K D P E F Z[ T Q KE B KR [ G , \ I B F T [C K G F E U B , G ZK C IP E Z VR ZG F ZF E IB N M N [ K Z G F Z F G N K B G
' K G K F K [ B G F F Z [T CG K I \ G B K ZY Z B [C E , ( Q N F N ZB G C PM ) ZG F ZF C C \ M F L G \ P I " E K Q K B XG K E F B KZ Y
FBK Z YF I "EK OK BX GK Z K V[ EI BM OK Z FZFP ONGM [M UB BNK P P G ,EI BM FBK ZY F \GX P OK P K K YP OK [RB
B " TZ \ " G [ C B C G P F N K D P QC B K Z G J Q KK T , ZG F ZF Q K E P B N B F T K P[ Q K E P O K B X G K Q KB E , B Z GY F G "[ I C Q G D M G )
(' B ' F F N K D P) K "[ Z M " [M , B S K R K P G S ZV O G [ P K G F F Z[ T C G K I E F N KD P K C D M "B [ P , ( B "R Y F C G [\ B Z \ C
F " E ( B " T 'E ) K "[ Z M " [P E G T Q KK T G , B S K R O G SZ V Q R K T CE F Z [T C B N B F \ G B Q K Z GY Q K B F R P HC B N [ F "E
S R F \ B E I B M O K T E G K O K [ R B ' K [ G R C G P Q K B G , S R F \ B Q K PS Z VP [ B G F I C[ F N K D P \ B KZ YG N "H G E G C M L Z PH K
F " G [ P G , SR F O G S Z V B K F F B KZ Y F CG K I O X T E B N B , F Z[ TN SR O G S ZV F [T K K F B K ZY F K "T [ G R K K F G , F [T R [
. S R F O GS Z V N [ F B K Z Y F HC KG F B N E IB M F Z[ TN F B K Z Y \ G B K X P K G F B N E N M
' O G SZ V' F N KD P G N "H G ZG F ZF N T Q K M ZC P Q K B E B F C ' B H " C [P E "T \ ' K S G P X T D "P V F C\ M G N B O K ZC E M G )
. ( [ "K K T B X K B N Z G F Z F K" T K B E G
T PG [ B "M [ U B G , F R P H C B N [ UB I "E K Q K B XG K ZK V [E F Z [T C F N K DP F \ T KP [ P [" P T "X F Z G B M N E B N B
. GP X T N Z FZF P B" ME ZGF ZF P [" PG , F RGT M TP G [ QK E P I " E K BX GK K ZFE GP X TN
G R KK F G , \ G I KN [ Q K E P F R G T M T P G [ E N " S E ( I" M \ G B D" I \ N N G M F I K \ V ) G \ J K [N N K H B D" P VF E N " V B F K F G
F M Z C O K M Z C P O N G M G N B M G , G E K N T F G X P F O K PK K Y P O N G M G , I " E K O B K XG F N O N G M N I KN [ F [T R T K P [ P F [
T KP [ P F K G F F T K P [C E Z K V[ Z B G C P G , ( G "S D " K Z ' K S Z" F TG [ F Q G [ N ) O F K VM G K V[ L Z C P F KV P B X G K F \ IB
G P X TN Z F Z F P E I B N M E Z G F Z F C M "B [ P , O N G M N \ IB F B KZ Y B M K B Z K V[ G , I " E K O B KX G F N F Z[ TF I K N [
. ONG MN \I B F TK P [ BMKNG
B " M E UB F T K P [E , Z G F Z F P F TK P [ K R B [ G , G K VC ZC E P M B C K[ I TP G [ E B P K R K B UB B N H B E N " KE B Z C KB
FT K P[ F OX T U B B N K P P G ,FT K P [ \ G B K XP B M K B E O G[ P BY GE G RK K F F RG TM BCK [ I E B F P " P GP XT N T P G[
B X P R G , G KV C Z C E P M B "M N B C K [ I F H F Z G C E F K "T B YG E [ , O N G M N E I B Z G C E K G F Z K V[ G , F G X P F P Y N I K G F
G R K KF ) O N G M N E I B ZGC E KG F E U B Z G F Z F C M " B [P , I " E K O K T PG [F O K B X G K F H ZGC E \ G B K X P K "T Y Z[
B K X G P F F G X P F P Y N I M B CK [ I B N Z G C E F O X T P "P , ( Z G F Z F Q KE P O K B X G K E ZB G CP E , G "[ I K V P F T K P[ C
E I B NME ZI B P B N K P PG ,Z GF Z F F K "T I E K O K B X G K K Z F ,Z GF Z F O F N [K ZGC E F K "T E \ P I PE B N B , I " E K
. F Z [T Q KE Q B M B M K N G PX T N Z F Z F P
27
HMY
( C V Y ) C Q G K ND B N FR [
, O G K NM C [ F Z KM H C G KI B K B Y G , ' G M G C N C N G MK Z G M H B ZV SC B K R \ E M E "S B N Q R K XZ \ P F NT G
US G R F ZK M H F [ T P C G K I F C Z\ R E ZV SC Q GZ M H C G K IC [ "M E TP [ R F R KP G , ZGC E B YG E L KZ XE
B P KR K B G ,F Z K MH F [ TP [ " M G ZGC E B YGE L K ZX C N C G K I UB K ZF E ,B Y GE ZG CE C B F K [ L KZ XE
FV SGF KG F U SG RF C GK IE B \ N KP B J K[V G ,BCG K I K B FC U SG\ K R F P ZG CE X "B US GRF CG KI CE
FZK M H F[TP N [ US GRF CG KI ["M , ZG CEC BYGE K GF IM [\ BN E Z IB P G , IM [\ BN E C GK IN
. Z GC E B YG E L KZ XE
FZ KP [ B GF [ O G K N M C [ CG KI K CDE Z IB P E ,B GF BZ VS K B F P ' PDE BX GZ K\ Z YK T E BXP RG
US G R F Z KM H C G K IE ,Z GCE L K ZX F Z KM H K B F C E B J K[ V M "B ,Z GCE L K ZXE Q R KV N K C NF \ I M [ P
L K ZX E ZV SC QGZ M H P [ "HD B CZ U KN K ZK V [ G , ZGC E K "T B YG E KP R B F K [ G \ GTP [ P O KK Y F N T
. C\MF LG\ P BFK[
,B G F B JK [ V E B \ NK P B N B ,B G F [ "M P G B N ZV SC Q GZ M HC Z GC E CG K I E ,F HC ZB C N [ K EG T
B N [ B G F C G KI F ZY KT [ M B Y G E GR KK F ,E CN C CN B G F C G KI F E E X F KF [ Z P K PN B M K B E F P NM E
ZG M H G F IM [ GC N C Q K B K Z F E ,F Z K M H F KC K G F ZK V [ G CN C Z MG H [ M E Q R K ZP B F N T E , GCN P I M [ KK
ZG M H KZ F E , CN F \ IM [ O G [ P B CG K I G B N E IZ M F C ZV SC Q GZ MH K B F C O N G B , B G F E PGT G
K "T B Y GE KG F \ VSG R F ZK M H \ N GT VE IZ MF C M "B G ,I M [ \ B N N [ ZG CE CG K I K "T B G F E PGT G
28
. E CN C Z GCE C B GF QGZ M KH \N GT VE B \N K P B JK [V CN C QGZ M K H O G[ P G BN KB E ,Z GCE
B N B , Z G C E C G K I BM K B E B Z V S E B [ Z E K B F P Q [ Y P F T E K B " G F C U B E N " K E , U K S G F N [ K G
, B G F F Z K MH Z G T K [ G I M [ \ B N O G [ P B G F Z G C E C G K I E G B NG , C NG Z G C E O K C G K I ' C B M K B E N " S E
B " E K I F \ T E F " M E Z B G C P Q N F N G ) Z G C E C G K I K P R B M K B C NF P I M[ \ B N C G K I E C N P E B N B
I M [ \ B N G B N K B G , Z G C E C G K I F K C B M K B E EI G K P K G C K Z L KZ J X K B K B F C E K MK F K M M " B G , ( [ " K K T
, B G F I M [ \ B N O G [P G B N Z V S C Q G Z M H E U S G R C G K I K C D R " F , Z G F Z F G R K K F Z G M H E F K C Q R K Z P B
L B K F G , U S G R F C G K I F K G F K B P M" B G , Z G F Z F B N B G R K B G C [ C G K I F N M K Z F E I G K P K G C K Z G B N C E
BZVSC LZXRE FPE QRKXZ\P FNTG ,BCGKI KBF BMKN ZGFZFCG ,ZVSC FBKZY CGKI UNKPN LKK[
E I G K P K G C K Z L K Z X LM N G , C N F P I M [ \ B N B G F C G K I F N M E O G [ P B Y G E G R K K F Z G C E C G K I U N K P N
C G K I B NB G R K B C G K I F Z Y K T N M E Z V S C Q G Z M H E U S G R C G K I K B F C O N G B , F Z K MH F Z G T K [ K K G Z G B N
. ( N" R M G , B J K [ V E O G [ P G B , [ " M P G B ) Z G C E B Y G E L K Z X E K Z F F Z K M H F [ T P
ZG MH \ C[ E F BKZ YF Q KCN OG K NM C [ \ GZ KM HF QK C YG N KI
B XG K G R KB \ GN K PF [ GZ KV Q K GM P G R K B [ N M F C Z F CF B E \ GZ KM H CE B J K [ VE B F F R F G [ G "M
N M E K ZF [ Z GV P Z GC E KG F B N E Z IB P G , ZGC E CG KI O K K YP F RGG M F K "T K ZF E , \ GZK M HF I" EK
N M E Z G M H \ C[ E F B KZ Y K CD M "B [ P ,ZG CE NN M C \ G ZK M H F \ R G G M K G F B N [ G Z K V F Q K G M P G R KB E
Z G CE C \ G K G N \ F \ G X P F NM Q KE M G ,[ G Z KV F Q K C P G R KB [ U B G I "E K B X K F B K Z Y F \ B T P[ E
B " S D" XY 'K SC E GT Q K KT G , F \ GZY N N GM K F "E C N "F B K CC O [ G , C" YS C" S 'K S C" PC Q K KT )
G R KB [ U B [ E G Y F Q G [ NC E B "K M O K D F G R E C \ M [ B " S F " VY ' K S Z "F T G [ C G , F " YS C" PC O [ G
. ( I" E K B XK Q KC P
T"P P"FVS QKKT) I"EK BXGK GRKB ZGFZFCG ,ZGCE BYGE LKZX \C[E [GEKYE O"CPZF \TE ZBGCK H"KVTG 28
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,\ G ZK M H F O G [ P G B N G ,F M Z CF CG K I E X P G R HG B N T K P [ F N F N K I\ M N C K G IP E K ZF F C Z F CF B
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. ( N N M KY GV \ SB N B M K N Z GM H
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. T" XG ,FT KP [ N [ Z GC E CG KI F GX PC N N M R BN K PP G , FZ[T N F B K ZY B GF CG KI F Z YK T
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\ GZ K MH F Q K GM P T PG [ F [ F PE KZ F ,( O [ , Z" F TG [ F Q G [ N ,O F K V M G KV [ L ZC PF K VP B XG K F
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L ZG XN Z GCE CG K I G F C B M KB E Q R K VN K K R F C E ,B Z VS E \ GZ KM H F ZB [ Q KC Z M H R B N F "G [ P G
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31
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B YG E B F K F H CG KI G ,F I M [ K E K N T K DK B N [ B GF G , E CN C E IB C G K I B N B B M KN S" \ IF E B C KN B
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32
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32
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F H G H PG GE DC C \ K XK XG G TG ZHC Q K N KV \ G G [ B Z C Q KN K V\ GN [ K [ N M Z PG B CY TK QC Z HT KN B
F R G I ,Z PG B G . 6 Y \ R K F Z F PC B N [ N G [ PF JG I F G , ZP B R [ B J I K B N [ Y G H K IC NM F G I \ V C
K \ [ Z KH I P ,T "[ F G Z G J F G C \ M H "V T G 8. G R K R K R T N ' P D F N" M T . 7 O XN I K G G K B ZK N C K CS ' F L B N P
ON GT F D F RP BC F HP G . 9 ' GM G \ GGX PC C CG SP F K F K [ K E M GK Z IBN O K\ [ G G KR VN G K\ G K XK X
N T G K RV N P O F O K R G K N TF \ G KX K XF K \ [ [ QVG B C O K K V\ M F N T \ K N JF Q K ZE S P F V KJ TF Z IB [
10
. H " J F M " [ P M , G K ZG I B P O K Z I B F O K \ [ G U G D F K R V
\ G N K N D N [ O K[ G CN P F Q K R T N U S G K \ K C F Q E [ F P N T F [ P K M ZE F C \ M U B N "R F K V NT G
N K JF N OT F GD F R B N \ GVR M 'E O F N [ K[ CD N T U B , Y"B Z BZ YR F [ GC N PG E ZV SG HRM [ B
. C "T D "P UE ,E" V \ G IR P
K E M N B P[ C O K I KR P [ F M G R I Z R Q KR TN G" M Q P K S IN [K G \ G \ N K B [ C Q M O D G R B X P \ GX P C C C GS P N [ F H Q KR TG
C "M U E \ C [ \ M S P Q " ZC T" TG . O F K R K C \ X K G X P \ K N J C \ KC F N T C G N B P [ P F M G R I ZR G Q K P K P F H G H P F K F K [
. B"T
. E " SY J" K Y , O K N F \
. 'B C" K ,OKNF\
GB F NK P OE \V J FC I P [ [ O[ B" [Z FP F C\ M ZC M ,NG FP ENGR LNP F EG E[ B \K B C" T 'K FJ GS CE U BG
. NZT GRK B[ G P XT F HC
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. 'I E"N ,OK NF\
L B , O K B J G I P " PG F H G H P G , \ K X K X , Q K N KV \ O F N [ K [ O E B K R C F CZ F G R B X P [ U B E C\ M [ US G K U R T C Q K K T
FP C FEGP X G F ZG[ Y G\C [I P [ GRK K FE G [BZ NT BNG G[B ZC QK NK V \ GN [K [ K P C \MG GRG [NC Y EY E BR\F
. [ "T Q K NK V\C ZBG CP [
. ZG JK T F KZ C E O F G . E "S ' I ' K S T " [ G ZG J
. 'K Y "S 'K 'K S H" J
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" N BZ [ K G Q Z F B \K C " WC G Y
I PY
G K Z CE N T F [ P K M ZE F O [ Z K TF G ,O ZJ GV N O KM N F P F PM U SG K \ KC F C\ M G ,\ K XK X O F C
BGF \KXKX \GXP[ ZIBP KM DFRPF C[KKN FBZR KNG . 'GMG KN FGG[ GRRKB FH NMG .11N"HG
B \ K B E I YG ZF C\ M QM G ,'I ' KS N K TN ZB C \ R [ G P M G K Z IB N O K\ [ G G KR VN \ KX KX 'C ZG H IK [
OFC GZFHF OFKZIBP[ OKPN NBKZCD LBNP HKZMF[ 12 ,FPGI OFN OKPFG YGSVF NT [ZEPC
K B F M C B N B F ZG \ F C K KI B N E K [ R K B N N "S Q MN G . O F K ZI B N \ K X K X U R M L KN [ F N Q K E K \ T[
F H Q KB Z IB Q KR TC Q[CN N Z [VB K B G G KR VN \ GV RM 'E F N M [ GRN [ O K [ GC N PC N CB 'G M G B RG GD
13
. N " MT . ' G M G \ KX K XC C K K I
UJT\FN TEGK[ QJY 14,'PDC B\KBE FP NT ,\GKRGPKKP \GFDF O[C O[ K"CF C\M EGT
TE G K[ B NB UJ T\ F N T E G K [ ZC E UGS B N ,B \ KB KP N [ GZK C G . N " H G , \ K XK X G N F [ GT G K CB
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N GM K G R K B [ Q P H N MG \ KX KX \ GX P \ ZG XP Y N I B G F G KZ IB N 'C G G K RV N ' C N [ Q K E F [ KP N [ GZK F
. N N M \ K X KX \ GX PN L K K [ G R KB G L G R KI CG KI G C Q KB F H Q KR TC O [ CN N
O K \ [ G G K RV N O K \ [ G KF K [ B G F \ KX K X \ GXP Z YK T ,C \ M G D K N VF UB Q IN G [ F L GZ TC G
. ["KT 16 ,'GMG L\GSM \GVRM 'E NT CK\ME FGXPC CMTPG ,GKZIBN
K \ [ G F K[ K EM O K KV \ M F N T \ K N J F Q K N VY P[ ,G R KR PH C O N G T F D F R P Z G Y P LN ZB C \ R F R F
. Z G J KT F G B "PZ F G R K CZ K ZC E N T S SG CP B G F [ ,G K ZI B N O K \ [ G G KR VN \ G K XK X
\GGX PC CCGS P \GKFN . C
F K CD F N O G K F D G F R F K VM F K F B N \ G P G Y P F C ZF C B R E \ P E Y P D F R P F [ \ T EN [ K L B
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N T O K E E XF Q K F K CD P Q K B [ O N GT F D F R P KV N N CB " : N "H G ZGE K SF K Y SV C CZ F T" G [ F
N [ \ KN J C F SGM P U JG TP GV G D N M F K F K [ Q GM R [ N "H K Z B F O [ C O [ U KS G F G ," 'GM G O K K V\ M F
QM G ,\ G NK F Y F P M C O G KF E GT DF R PF B GF Q M G , [ "K K T , \ GGX PC C JK F C CG SP F K F K [ K E M F GX P
O F K R V N ' C N [ Q KR T F G . F H F Q K R T C O D F R P G R K[ B N [ O K EZ VS F \ G N K F Y P F CZF G Q P K \ K R C G D F R
O K R G K N TF \ GV RM Q KC O F K\ G TGZ HC GY K SV F [ F HC G M PS[ O K R GZ IB F PM GC\ M O F K ZI B N 'C G
17
. OKRG\I\F \GVRMN
T" X \ K X KX \ GXP \ ZG X O X TP B G F G K ZI B N 'CG G K RVN ' C[ Q I N G [ F L GZ TF C\ M[ F P ,O Z C
G \ J K [ N Q IN [ F L GZT F ,F R F E . K M F G F N B ZK CS B N E O K Y SGV F KZ CE C B K E F N ZB G CPG ,B CG J
. 'G Y" S ,'K 'K S U GS P "E
. C" M E "K ,\GP [ . E" NZ HP Z \ GP [ ,K RGT P [ J GY NK . B "S [ 'K S U GS I Y GZ
U J T\ P F [ F B Z R F H F [Z E P F K V N G N " H G , O [ ' SG \ F K N T C P O KR YH \ T E C Q K K T [ ZE PF KZ C E O X TC O R PB
F V K JT F \ T [ C G R K K F [Z E P C Q R K Z P B E B F E L K ZX G R K B E F B Z R K N G G KZ G I B N \ KX K X F L K N [ F N L K ZX \ K X K X C
ZG Y P [ K Q B M P[ F [ P K M ZE F \ R C F M B N E ZB G C PG . N " M T , O F K Z I B P \ KX K X F N M G \ K N J F N M F T[ F \ G B CE
\ K X KX F N M G O KN B T P [ K \ V K JT M Q K V J T \ P [ B YG E F V K J TF \ T [C K Z K K B [ ZE P F B N B , G K Z I B N ' C G G K R VN ' CN
. G K R VN O N G M B N B , G K Z I B N \ K X KX F Q P Q K B G \ [ K C N \ T N M Q M P Z I B N N C B , G K Z I B N
. B "T C "P U E FM GS 'P D . ' M \G B D "V \K XK X ' NF \ GK RGP K K P \G FDF
' K S F " KC B Z Q K K T . O K R G Z I B F G O K R G [ B Z F K ZC E C O K B C G P K P N [ G Z KF K ZC E L B . B \ K N G R K R V N [ K P N [ G Z K C
, ' M \ G B D" V \ K X K X ' N F \ G K R G P K K P \ F D F , D"S [ \ \ G B F M G S K M E Z P , ' D \ G B E " K [ ' KS C " I TG ZH Z G B , D "V Z\
. C NGN 'NF H" V CG
. C "K C" M OK ZC E . E"BC 'K Y "S 'I 'K S Q I N[F LGZ T
B X G K G R K B ZI B Q K RT CG F G XP C C M T P B G F [ B N B B E K ZD \ GXP C C C GS P F K F K [ O G [ P G R K B [ Q K C F [ G R KK F G
. NNM G\G GX P
. F M G Z B C C "X ' KS CY T K \ K C \ " G [ C Q K K T
11
12
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14
15
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17
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M "B ,F GX PF N O K YN I K R [ [ K G \ K X KX N O GY P T GCY N YG SV F P Q R K VN K E Q G K M E G K ZC E L [ PF C QE
QM N G ,G KZ IB N O F [ O KZ IB F O K R[ P Z \ G K O K CG [ I G K RV N O F [ O K R G K N TF \ K XK X[ B G F JG [ V
18
. ZG IB E X N O K RV E X G N GV NI \ K B N [ Q PK S F H K B F [ TK Q KE K Z G P Q K B G [ E GY C Q K N TP Q K E P
B N N " H K ZB F [ C\ M [ B N B ,[ B ZF E XC Q P KS \ G [ TN 'Y F F " N [ F O [ C B "D PC B G F QM G
B N G B W G I N K PK RV F Y N I UN I\ K B N [ N T E K VY F B N KB \ GB I SG R K R[ O [ C\ M G H" T EK V YF
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F GX PF \ Z GX Q K B [ Z B GCP KZ F G ,Q KE K ZG P B N G [ E GY C Q K N TP B M F L K K[ [ F K N \ KN N "H K ZB F [
20
. Q I N [ F L GZ TF K Z CE M B N E G ,G K ZI B N 'C G G KR VN \ G KX K X ' C G KF K[ QVG B C B YGE
NM GK FK TP [ \BK ZY \T [C[ N" HK ZBF O[C C YT K \K CF O[C C \M [ FCG [\ K ZT [C T "T G
'E F N M G K F K [ F B Z K \ G KR T\ C G \ G \ C[ C F I R P C \ KN J [ C GN F Q M G P M G G K RVN \ G K XK XF 'E
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N JC R G QM F [ TR L KB F M "B \ K XK X \ GXP C CM T P G KZ IB N 'C G G KR VN ' CE [ " F ZT F K Z CE N G
BCG PF ' YF Z F GH F V" T[ J ZV CG . O K PI Z \T G \ G KR T\C QM G , ["Y \T[ C BY GE \ K XK X \ GGX P
ZY[ \GET EKTP BGF KZF G\GXPM \KXKX BNC ["YC \KXKX \[ZV BZGYF 22,OKYSGVF NMC
. \ KX K X \ G XP O K KY P G R K B G KR VN \ G KX KX F H IG B [ M KZ F ,[ "F Z TF E " VN G . G P XT C
,\ G GXP C C CG SP F KF K [ K E M B G F G K ZI B N 'C G G K RV N ' C Q K R T[ T" [ F G Z G J F KZ CE Z YK TP QM G
QM G . \ G GX PC CG CK SF Q K RT N [ O G K YG ZGE K F YZ B N B ,F GX PF Z YK T C CG M KT F HC Q KB E Z B GC P
Q\ K K [TN Z CGT F K F K[ QVG BC \ K XK X F N T L ZC N KG BZF Q PH C O K YS GVF \YGN I PP E GT Z B GC P
NT \KNJF OK[K[ OEGY LZCN LKZX KB 23,ZCGTE ZCGT FKFK BN[ ODG Q\KK[T ZIB BNG
L K N[ K [ O E G Y G [ B Z N T \ K N JF Q \ K [ ZI B E T L Z CP G R K B G , ZC GTE Z CG T K G F F H E G B ,G [ B Z
Z IB KG F E E GT L Z CN B " B G K ZG I B N O M K N [ F G UJ T\ P [ Z IB T" GM N N CB . G KZ G I B N \ GV RM F
N "R M GJ YR O K YS GVF NM [ F HP I M GPG , GK ZIB N 'C G G KR VN ' C OZE K S BN QK K E TE D "T B G ,Q\ K K [T
. FGX PC KBR\ FH QKB[
B N G O F K R V N O F \ G V R M F 'E [ O G [ P \ K X KX P \ G NK N D F K E D C ZG J VN , F [ P K MZ E F M "[ P O D G
O K R [ Q K B [ O G [ P B G F [ Q KR T NM C Z JV B N [ G R G [ NP F B Z R ,O F K ZI B N 'C G O F KR VN P O K R [
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Q [ K C NF N Z [ VB K B E M " [ PP G . N "M T . 'GM G \ K X KX C C KK I F H Q KB Z IB Q K RT C Q [ K C NF N Z [ VB
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. F H C F H G VN I\ K BN [ ,QM [P F K [Z Y NT GP [ Z QM[ \C [C O [G ZB C K K IP E B" T D "Y \C [ 'S P C 'K D GS F QK TM
F NT [ [ ZY ,G J V [P M QM [ P F \ B \ G P Y F G ('N G" M \ G P [ ) YG SV F P GF G[ ZE ( D" N F C" K V) O [ K PN [GZ K CG
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. O [ N Y[ F \ K XI P C Q KK T G . ' G Y "S ' I ' K S B " P
G R KX P [ [ B ZF E X \ G C K[ I O G [ P F H P " P F "N [ F KV N T \ K N J F [ B ZC Q PK S \ G [ TN O K D F G R Q M G R B E U B G
\ G X P \ Z G X O G [ P B G F [ Q I N G [ F L G ZT F Q K CF [ F P M B N N C B Q M O D O K R KE ZB [ N U G D F ZB [ P C G [ I B G F [
. \ KX K X
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, ' I ' K S [ KZ C Z F T " G [ , ' B \ G B I" K ' K S B "P Z , D "Y S E "M ' K S B " D P . F " TY E G P T I N [ \ [Z V [ G E Y F Z F G H
. EG TG
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. ' B Y "S J "FD F K K I K R CFG ,J " FDF
18
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CK[PG NBG[F \YGNIPP ZBGCP QM ,24 GRG[NP QM ZPGN FKBZ QKB[ \GIEN Z[VB[ UBG
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ZG JV N Q KB E G K N T C \ M O " [ ZF P F GN KB G ,N "R F F [ P KM Z E F E " VT , G K ZI B N O K R[ G G K RVN
G N G M[ M B G F G \ [ K CN L Z EE D "T B G ,N "R F Q V G B C G [ C N N Z[ V B B F E F H \ P I P L "G JN B [ F
Q K RT N M C \ K XK XC F Z G\ G\ C KK I K B E GC G K ZI B N ' CG G K RV N 'C Q [ CN N Z [ VB E QG KM P" P G K RVN
QK DD G[ GK FK [ C JG P NBZ[KN OFN IRFG ,FNGDT QZ YC G \G[T N OK P[ BZ K NMN QGMR G ,G[C GN[
QV GBC G RK E FR[ K BN C G[ FZG \ G\CK K IE QGK ME N" RF BZC SC L K Z BP[ GK ZC E NMC [" TG . ' GM G
26
. N YF N Q KV GZ KX F P M GC [ K[ K RVP Y Z N K YP G , G \ [ K CN
F [ P KM Z E C G RG[ N M GR KB T" G[ N G K \ GF D F C B "PZ F QG [ N K ZF [ Y VY VN [ K Q K K E TE B N B
QKEF BGFG ,N"HG B"PZF C\M H"TG ,\KXKXP QKZGJV OKZXPC OKEDCF[ C\M 27 ZCIPF[ ,O[
'C G O F KR VN 'C G K F K [ Q KK G [ T O F KV RM Q KB G N K B G F E ZV SG H R M[ B K RC \ G NK N D N [ O K [ GC N P
K B [ O KE D CC B Y GE ZJ V B N [ YK K E N [ K [ K ZF . N " M T Q K ZG JV G H E DRM G H O KR G GM P O F KZ IB N
M"BG ,Z JV M"D 'C ED RM 'C \GK FN QK K G[T ORK B[M 'KVB BNB ,'C EDRM ' C Q [CNN Z [VB
E D RM ' C \ G K F N Q K G [ T O R K B G O F K RV N \ K X KX F N M[ M \ K N JF [ G CN N \ GE K P\ C O KD F G R [ O G YP C
. \ K X KX \ GX PP \ G \ K N J F ZG JV N O GY P [ K C G [ M " B Q K RT O G [ C ' C
ZBG CP [ FPM GJY R[ BN B QM B"P ZF K ZC E [Z VN G[[I BN OK RG ZI BF[ ZBC \R ZC M FR FG
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F [ P K M ZE C C \ M [ F PP G C ZH I[ ZP B R G G R G [ N YG K E N T E G PT R K B ' KV B O GYP N MP G
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K N F G [ G R R K B H " MG O K KS G ,G KM N F P K R [ N T Z K T F O [ F [ P K MZ E F [ U B G , ' C E D R M ' C O G [ P
C [ KK G Q E B JG H G F K N B F QM G F M GZ B C G KZ CE C \ GE G P I K ZC E F QE ZC M ,N "R M KN F B Z R B N B
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NMN OMSG P G RK B[ FBZR ,' C EDR M 'C OG[P ZJ V[ F[ P K MZEF N[ G \JK [ Z YKTC G
G H 'N F Q K KE T G" C\ M ,F [ P K M ZE F KZ CE B KC F [ Z IB[ B "D PC Q K K T F R F E K Z PDN O KY SG VF
O [ D " PV F F H NT U K S G F G ," ZJ V K N F N G D T Q ZY F [ T K B N B F H O G [ P G Z J G VN Q K B G K EK C \ V V G Z
O K \ [ G O F K RV N \ G KX KX K\ [ G KF K [ Q K M KZ X G R B [ F PE Q GM R Q KB F H O G [ P K ZP DN ZG J VN G E " B C
E GT CG Q B M F C Z ' KN B C G [ G CN C T" TG ,'G M G B P N TC F GX PN Y Z F M N F F ZY KT P G R R K B O F KZ IB N
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. Q K R T N M C Q KC K K I O F Q M N G C K K I E D C F H B G L M G K F K [ Q K R T C Q [C N N Z[ VB E O G [ P B G F G , L M
. C "T Z ' K S D" I O "[ ZF P \ "G [ . H " XY ' KS F B \ K N \ F Z G E F P C K [ P G N B G [ \ " G [
\ " G [C F H C E G T Q K K T , G \ [ K C N Q V G B C Q N \ V M K B B N CG [ \ K X KX C F ZG \ G \ C KK I [ E DC [ E G S K F O X T K C DN G
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. FH EG SK KV NT FM NFN GJ Y R M "D OFK R [[
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. E"M QP KS \G I RP C Y TK \NK FY
24
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E DC C Q M[ N MP G , G K ZI B N 'C G G K R V N 'C G [ C NN G M ZE Q KB [ E D C Z G J VN Q K B E B G F O K R G Z I B
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BGF \KNJF OD[ 'SG\G K"[ZP OKRGZIBF GYKKEG ,30'GMG \KNJF \GXP NJCN QKB CZNE O[
. GRGK HC N QR K[ K K IG F GX P N [ BXV I
E GE Z "ZF P E GC M CZF N K \ K B ZG N "H G ,F C G [ \ C [ " E ZF P F Q G [ N B K C F [ US G K KM Z CC Q K KT G
B M K F \ KX K X ZK \ F N Z \ G P G R K B [ F PE C\ M [ F C G [ \ C K Y KR GN [ KR CZ P E IG KP F E IB GZ K Z[
O" CPZ F C\M [ GR KK F G ' GM G QG[B ZF \K N JF Q GK HC O G [ P BYG E B G F ZIB \ K N JC GIK RP GRK B[
'G MG F M \ G I G F R G [ B ZF ZK \ P F R G [ B Z F N JC N Q K GM \ R O B \ KX K X N T \ KX K X N K JF . \ KX K XE B " V
E I B L G \ I N K X P ZK V [ \ K X K X \ G D G H KR [ G KF [ Q G D M G \ G X P P TYV G F B N F R G [ B ZF \ K N J[ NM E
GC G K IP GT K YV P[ \ KN J F Q G K HC O G [ P B N B GTD R B NG , KP E Z KV [ O V K NI F N F X GZ O B G B O F P
K JG I B " M ' KS T "G [ C QZP C \ M Q M[ \ K XK XC P \ K N JC ZP G I K ZF [ ,Q PX T \ KX K X O G [ P B N G
G R KB G O F P N EG C O E B GN C[ F GXP N [ \ G \ KN J GN K B G F V [ B N GY ZHN NG M K G YS VR [ \ K XK X
31
. [ " KK T 'GM G Z PB Y B N F V[ B N Q YZ G HN GN K B G , O F KN B P Q K N M O F G GY ZG H B N B 'G MG IRY N Z\ G P
\ T EN E Z[ V B M "B ,E D C F \ G X PG O KJ G I F \ G X P F G X P F C O K YN I KR [ [ K[ Z B G C P [ ZI B G
F K F K [ K EM C B N B \ K X KX \ G X P ZY K T P O F K Z I B N ' C G O F KR VN ' C F Q KB E N "SE K" C F G ZG J F
NM ZP B C YT K QC Z HTKNB 'Z [ GPM M" B O[ 'PD C CY TK QC ZHT NB 'Z KZ CEMG \GG XP C CC GS P
K "T B Y GE C CGS P F KF K [ Q R K TC B N G ,GC K CS 'F L B N P F R G I \ K XK XG F H G H P Q K N KV \ G N [ K [ K P
K JG I G K F K G KR VN PG F GXP N[ E D CF C G VG D C GZ CCG SP F KF K O B F "F M "B , E CN \ KX K XF
. K P E ZK V[ M "D \ KX K XF
K "C F G Z G J F G C \ M Q MN G F G X P N [ E DC F [ T R \ G V R M 'E N [ E DC N M [ [ E IR B N K B ' KV B G
F N K V\ N E I G K PF E DC B G F [ NG E D \ K N JC P "P ,B Y GE \ K X KX F K JG IC CC GS P F KF K [ O ZE SK [
FHC KEG ,FGXPF N[ YNI M"D \KNJF KGF KBEGC 32 M"D OKRKE ZB[N FGXP N[ WVI QKE GN [KG
L ZE O F C \ GS M \ F N O K G[ T F \ GVR M 'E O F C [ K [ O K E DC Z B [ CG , \ KN J F C CC GS P F KF K [
C CGS P B G F [ \ GV KE T [ K F HC F N KV \ N E I G K PF \ K NJ G R K B [ Q JY \ K N JC ' KV B G G [ GC N P
. ZPB CZ F"E 'SG\ ,BPNKE F"E K"[Z ,C"T B"P \GIRP 'PD 30
,FGXPFP YNI BGF EDCF OD OKJGIFC [K[ FGXPFP WGI[ ZBGCPE FH QKRTCG ,'C Y"S G"J QPKS USGK KMZC 31
G K R C G M H F N P [ F \ B I Y K G E ZM [ C [ G "J B P G I R \ [Z E P C B C G P [ F H C ZB CP [ D "M ' J \ K[ B Z C ZY K K N M Q K K T
NT R L GZ[ ET G J G I P O B \ GM HC [ (H "K F J G S) N" HZ GZP B [ F P P O [ O "B Z F 'Y F G ,\ K X K X \ GX PN O [ N [
\ G M H C K M K E K P F [ Y B N [ F B Z R G Z Y K K N M F C \ M G , \ K X KX N [ J G I N O F Z CB N [ G K R C G M H ( D "M E " K \ K[ B Z C)
K R [ \ G M H C F G X PF N [ O KY N I K R [ N G M H [ G R K K F G , [ " K K T , ' G M G J G I N G M H J G I \ G M H C G F N P[ N G M H F N P [ K G S KM
. Y" GEG \G ECG TF
QKRTC D"M 'KS CYTK \GTG[K \"G[C QMG ,QZFB EK 'DF O[C F"YS B"M QPKS CJKF ZBCF GC\M FH QKTMG 32
B GF [ NGED \ K NJ C BNB FZ PB R B N G H FMNF ZY K T [ GC \M[ W ZB F NT O K ZZ DR \ K X K XF GK F K BN[ \ G ZK F HF
. O [ Q K K T [ G CN P L Z E B G F [ Q J Y \ KN JC B N G F G X P N E I G K P
Y Z G R K K F E H " J F O [ C\ M G \ K N J C B S M F \ KC N S R M K N Q K B [ ZC I PF C\ M [ ' D U K TS B " M Q P K S C E G T Q K K TG
. O [ D" P VC T" TG F N KV \ N E I G K P B G F [ N G E D \ K N J C
52
" N BZ [ K G Q Z F B \K C " WC G Y
CRY
F HC \ KX K X \ GX P O X TG Q JY \ K N J Q KR TC O F G KR KE C GZ[ T "G [ C 'I 'SC QM N G ,Q P XT O KJ G I C
33
. GK ZI BN O K \ [ G GK RVN O K\ [ \ GV RM F GK F K [ QK RT C OCK [ GK [ Z CI PF G ZG JF G C\M
F P B G F J G [ V M "B F GX P N [ \ K N J K G F K B EG N G ED \ K N JC O KR V N M N TE ZB C \ R [ ZI B G
\ GS M N L K ZX N G ED \ K N JF [ N " H K ZB F O [ C (E G TG CZ F T"G [ , F CZ ' KN B ) O K Y SGV F G B K CF [
JG [ V F H G ) ,G KE E X N M P G RV K YK U KY PF ZG B F G ,CJ K F U JGT P F KF K[ KE M ,F H I F E T GV G D G G [ B Z
\ I R G R B XP F GX P GN G M N GE D \ K N JC [ ZB C\ R[ F HCG ,( \ GVR MF C U JGT P F KF K [ G R G G K M B N [
L K K[ B N F GX P GN GM E Q G KM E ,L VF \ K B N [ G \ K N J N T Q P K S \ G [ T N N " H K ZB F E K VY F B N[ F H C
O B Q K C [ [ I B N [ B " D P F C\ M QM N G ,Q K E KZ G P O G [ P GC Q KB G GZ KC IP Z\ G K [ G E Y E IB YN I G C
B "D PF O K KS F H N TG . Q G \ I \ F E XN L VF \ R Q G KN T F Y N I O B Q K C G W G I E XN KP KR V YN I L VF K \
. CJ K F Q K CC GS P G KF K [ KE M N B P [ U\ M N T Q KP K UR M Q\ K N O K DF GR [ K [ O [
F K P \ F N E D G K M " B , N NM F G X P F \ ZG X P G K Z I B N 'C G G K R V N ' C Q K B [ ZB C \ P F K V NE B N B
L K N[ F N Q J YF TE K K[ E T LG R K I CG K I Q K B [ ( P" F D F O [ C K" CC B C G P F ) K P N[ G ZK C B \ K B F P C
. GK ZI BN 'C G G KR VN ' C
Z CE U GS B N G K RV N F K F [ 'K DF V" T N "HG \ G KR G P KP \ G F DF F QG[ N C Y K KE R Z [ B M O R PB
,T P[ \B K ZY \ T[ C F ZG [ M G K Z IB N ' CG G K RV N \ G K X KX ' C LK N [ F N T E G K [ B N B UJ T\ F N TE G K [
Q K E B G F G K ZI B N ' C G G K R V N 'C 'G B MN K Z F [ . \ G C K \ F P M G ZS I[ G B [ G C K [ F H K B [ K [ F B Z R
\ G V R M F N M I Y K N N B Z[ K NM G D F R [ "Y Q PH C F CZ E B G ,T P[ \ B K ZY \ G X P C B N G \ K X K X \ G X P C
. N"R M OFK RVN
UG S B N GSZ D[ T GZH Z GB F G K M E ZP F G F"K C BZF N [ 'K DF B GF F RG M RF BSZ KD F [ F BZR Z \ GK G
G E K C \ K X K X F H G I BN T E G K G , G K Z I B N 'C G G KR V N ' C L KN [ F N T E G K [ B N B U JT \ F N T E G K [ Z C E
34
. B" PZ C FMN FN \BC GP GH BSZ K DG . N"MT TP [ \BK ZY \T [C
BGF TP [ \BK ZY \T[C \K XK XF \HK IB[ C \M [ YS GV OG[ G RBXP BN G J G[V FH FR FG
O \ H K I B C L G R K I C G K I K PN [ G Z K F F N \ L G R K I Q K R T N O G Y P NM P G . \ K X K X \ G X P O X T P Y N I
. TP [ \BK ZY \T [C
BFK[ BGF QJYN LGRKI NME 35I"CF C\M[ FP V"T BGF LGRKI \GXP ZED[ LIZM NTG
O F G N B F O K JZ V F N M [ NN M F Q K B N C B ,G KC B C F B G Z Z[ B M F G X P F O K K YN G \ G R JY P N KD Z
K R K RT N M C F [ G T G K CB [ F B GZ [ F P \ G [ T N N GM K E N KF Z[ B M[ B N B ,F GXP F O X T O KZ K ED P
OK HI GB T P[ \BK ZY \T [C[ BGF FGXP F LZ E [ QG K M QMN G ,G\G B OK M RI P HB , FGX PF OGK Y
Q G KM G R K R K RTN QM G PM G , [ "Y \ T[ C \ KX K XF \ H KI B C L G R KI \ GX P K PN [ G ZK F F N \ QM N ,\ K X KX C
G D F R Q M N G O K N K D ZF O F K E D C B N B F G X P N [ \ G \ K N J G K F B N O R P H C O F KR K ES G O F KE D C [
K PN [ GZ K F F N \ QM N G \ GGX PC Q K CC GSP G K F K [ K E M O F K ZI B N 'CG O F K RV N \ GVR M 'C L KN [ F N
. N N M \ K XK X \ GX P \Z GX P B G F[ F H P Y KK E R[ BN NCB ,GC L GRK I \ GX P
G\ GB O\ KBZ G \GXP . D
B " T K H G R K \ G C Z G E K VY F [ F P C ZB C N B C R N "R F O K Y G EY E F G C [ K K \ R \ "K [ F H T C [ ZI B F R F G
F I R PC \ C [ M Q GX Z \ TC E N "H K" ZB F O [ C B CG P [ F P QM G ,B YG E O F K RV C \ G KX K XF G KF K [
. GKRV N \GV RM 'EF NM GKFK[ FBZK \ GKRT\C G
. QPYN OKBCGPF EKP\ \NGTF KZCEC QKKT FZG\F \GKPKRV KV NT QJY \KNJN NGED \KNJ QKC[ YGNKIFCG 33
.H"K QPKS UGS B"PZ ,D"S[\ \GB FMGS KMEZP ,'D \GB E"K[ 'KS C"I TGZH ZGB ,D"VZ\ 'KS F"KCBZ 34
.TEGKF QJY F"E H"K 'KS 35
53
DRY
( C V Y ) C Q G K ND B N FR [
FBKCP FKBZ ,\ZIB FGXP ZGMHG GH FGXP FBZ O\ZMHG G\GB O\KBZG QRK[ZE 36'PDC FRFE
K B G \ G B O \ KB Z G CK \ M E B F C O K R G [ B ZF G R EG . [ "K K T ,F K [ T KE K N F B KC P F ZK M H G F Z KM H K E KN
F K DGS F L [ P F CE ,\ ZI B F GXP K E K N F B K CP B N B F R K B [ G B F GX P K G F F PXT \ G N M\ SF F
,F K F G ,G R \ R G ,G [ TG K "[ Z KV G ,\ G G XP ' F C ZC GT GE DC C \ K XK X GN Q KB [ K P \ [ [ ' Z ZP B B \ K B
GE DC C \ K XK X GN Q K B [ F HCG ,F GXP N \ K XK XC \ G N M\ S F G \ KK B Z F R P [ K Z F ,O K N K ED ,O \ KB Z G
L K ZX [ F RG K 'Z QG [ N F HG O K RG [ B Z F P M \ TE B G F QM G , G\ GB O \ KB Z G \ G XP NJ CP B XP R
C K\ M E \ KX K XC N M \ SF N G R G K X[ Y" PS F Q M G , G \ G B O \ K B ZG C K \ M E 'G M G \ K X KX C N M \ SF N
,O \ Z M H G G \ G B O \ K B ZG C K\ M E \ KX K XC N M \ SF N - 'B O KE Z IF Q G [ N F H G ,'G M G G \ G B O \ KB Z G
37
. N"MT ,W "C [ZN G Y" PS N \GGX P D"K Z \ QK RP P
O\KBZG \GXP FRP BN[ O"CPZF NT DK[F[ 38 TKYZF ZFGH GZVSC OF W"C[\F KZCEG
,G R \ R G ,G [ T G \ G XP G R K K F \ G G XP 'F C ZC GT \ KX K X \ G XP NJ CP F [ O [ ' PD F 'K V B N B G \ G B
'E N T "C [ K F GXP F H K B E O K RC G P G K ZC E Q K B E W" C[ \ F Z K TF G , \ GV RM 'E N T ,O K N KE D ,F K F G
'E C O K N K E D F F [ TK [ B G F O GY P F B ZP G O K NK E D \ GX P N [ B ZY F O G KS B N B G R K B K Z F , "\ G VRM
,O\K BZ G C K \ME \KXKXC NM\S FN GR GKX[ O[ K"[Z KZ CEM BNB 'PD C QGMRF 'KV QK BG ,\G VRM
. \ GGX P D"K Z \ ZES C G B RP [ N"R F Y" PS F K ZC E N O[ Q KK XP G
EIB NM \GGXPF KJZVG KYNI \GRPN KGBZ QKB[ 39 O"CPZF ESK ZCME D"TBE O[ UKSGFG
UGDG FGXP BNB \KXKX \GXP KJZVP GRKB \KXKXC \GNM\SF \GXP P"P 40T"RVC FGXPN
\ G X P F R P B N [ O " C P ZF NT T" XC O [ I KR F G . D "K Z\ F P E I B M G \ G R P N K G B Z M" B G B G F T" R V C
41
. ["T \ GG XP F QK RP C G \ GB O \ KBZ G
\CGI \KXKXE E"PN 'KVBE GC\ME EDCN EDCP QKNKJPE 'KDGSC 42 'SG\N EGT QKKXN [KG
O R \ K [ C G J \ I B \ KN J K E M B N B O KJ G I G N Q K B [ K P P" P Q K C K K I F SV G Y K NM G B G F \ K N J
N"SE QGKME 'B ,OKRV KR[C 43OKRGZIBF GZKTFG ,FC UJT\FN FXGZ BGF[ \KNJ G\GBC
Q \ K F P M "B ,F SV G Y K NM C IR G P B G F [ M O D G \ G X P O KK Y PG B G F \ K N J \ C G I \ K X K X[ NB G P[ N
E IB N T B NB \ K XK X GN F K F K B N L M Q K C B F , F C UJ T\ P B G F [ E DC C O R \ K [ U KS G K F P G L N
N JC PG E I B E DC P GE K ZG P L KB F M "B Q K C KK I F S VGY KN M E N " SE QG K M E G ZK TF E GT G ,G K E DC P
M "B B G F \ K N J \ C G IE N "S E Q G K M F CZE B G , K R [ F E D CC O \ G B T G CY N O K K S K [ ET \ KX K X \ G X P
. QG [ BZF E DCC O I KR K[ UK E T
. C " T D" P \ G IR P
\ G G X P F Q K R P C Y " P S , I " K U K T S F B Z K F ZV S C F R G K G R K CZ , G E DC C \ K X KX F "E B "T E " P \ G I R P K "[ ZG B Z P D
. O G K N M C Q P KK Y N Z[ VB G O KR KT C O KK G N \ F F ZG \ F Q P F [ T \ G X P - KR [ YZ V O K E Z I F , J" M F G X P
. H" K FG XP O"C P ZF N \ GGX P F Z V S NT
. 'E [Z G[ C \ G GX PF Z VS N G\ P EY FC
. Q KN KV \ F N [ \ G K[ ZV ' E G , \ N M \ F K J G I G Q CN F K J G I \ G X P Q G DM G
G\G B O\K BZ G [Z E[ QG TP [ ' ZE 'K GR [ OK BR\ 'I P C G \GB O\K BZ G \G XP [ Z P GN FT J \ B N[ O[ E GT C \MG
, F G XP N G \ G B O \ K B Z G G [ ZE F N K N \ G SM Q K C KK I P [ Q RC ZN Y ZG , \ K XK X F \ K K B Z \ GX P GN Q K B F N K N \ GS M N JZ V
K ZF E , G R K B F HE , G \ G B O \ K B Z G \ GX P \ G R P N L K K [ B N C G [ F N K N \ G SM Z JV G Q G TP [ ' ZM Y SV O "C P ZF [ Q G K M G
Q K B Q G T P [ ' Z N Q KC G Q R CZ N Q K C T" G M N E M " TG , O [ \ G [ ZE F N M [Z G E [ B G F Q G T P [ ' ZE ' K D G SC O [ [Z G V P
. F N K N \ G S M ZG J V N O D [ Z E Q G T P [ ' ZE B N B , \ KX K X C N M \ S F N G R K G JX R G , G J G [V K E K P B X G K B ZY P
. ZP B CZ F "E B"T B"P UE
G E KN Q P E H R M " I B G F G X P O K K Y PF Q K R TC CY T K \ G C[ F N T Y N G I [ F T G E K F F C G [ \ C F " P ' KS C , K C X O M IF
K B \ K H QP [ GN Q P EHR M"I B G F GT [ \ GZ RC FZ GRP YK NEP F QGD M ,Z I CG PF QP Z \ GK B GF [ ZI B QV GBC GP K K YN
. ' J \ G B \ K X KX F M Z C Y P T F T" T G , ' SG \ F KZ C E C Q E [ [" KK T , B N G B ' K R [ F F G X P N F R [ K
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
54
" N BZ [ K G Q Z F B \K C " WC G Y
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KZCE GNT ,\KXKXC \GNM\SFG \KKBZ BGFG \KXKXC FGXP EGT [K[ NKTN ZBGCPF KVNE GXZ\G
BN[ FKR[F FGXP OKKYK[ KEM GC UJT\FN FXGZ[ EDCC OR\K[ CJGP[ ,ZPGI QKPM 'SG\F
OG[P ,'KR[F G\KNJC OTCGY BGF[ LG\ QPH G\GBN \KXKXF \GXP NJCP QMNG ,FSVGY KNMC LKK[
EDCFC OIKRFN BGF CKGIP ZKV[ QMNG 44'KRETC BN[ 'KVBG \IB F[T QKIGE QK[T KR[[ N"KKYE
.T"VC FGXP BKF \KXKXF \KKBZ[ GJYR OKRG[BZ FCZF[ FHP GRN BXGKF .45GC UJT\FN FXGZ[
KB OFKZCEC QGEN [K QKKETE BNB .46FGXPN GFGBRP BN ["CKZF QMG O"CPZF LEKBPG
UB F RF E . FZG PD F GX P F RK B [ B N B F G XP O G[ P F H C [ K[ GB N N M F G XP GR KB [ B GF O \TE
OM N F KF G \ GXP O [ F R P K ZF \ GG XP ' F F P E IBM G\ G B O \ KBZ G \ GX P O"C PZ F F RP BN [
. \ K X KXN , O M N F K F K F H F \ K X K X F . O M N F K F G N " H G O [ Y G S V F NT O " C [ Z F ' K VC Q K K T G , \ K X K XN
M "B G . N " MT , I"S G " J IN [ K Z VSC K \ B X P Q M G , O K M ZI F Q P W KX P G PM , G \ G B G B Z \ [ F K B ZN
G\G B O\K BZG F RP BN [ BN B FG XP BGF \K XK XC \GNM \S F[ N"S Q M OD O" CP ZF[ Z [VB
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Q K B F GXP F O T J[ K RVP F G XP N G \ G R PN Q K B [ C \ M G N B G [ F N T Y NG I[ D"T B M " D [ "C KZ F G
K E M GH F G XP N QG[ BZ \ K N M \ B GF ' KB ZF [ Q GK M N CB N " HG O [ C\M P "P ,F P XT F GX PM \ G RPN
'G MG \ D F R [ F \ B G , 'GM G \ K XK XC N M \ S F N K G B Z G C G J F GX PF O G K Y B G F [ Q GZ IB \ K N M\ N B CK [
Q F M F W ZV 'Z CZ F E KS IF K Z G P D F G R F K F Q MG F GX P K CG CK IG B G F F V K D F R P KM L D F R P I R \ N B
. GRK RK RT N TD GRF N"MT ,N"X H
LKZX HB[ FVKJTF \T[C BGF \KXKX \GXP OGKY ZYKT[ C\M[ 47Q[EF \PGZ\C QKKTG
K E M G R K KF O G KF N M GC Q K F G[ [ F P G O [ N "H G ,\ G PB 'E L GN K F ZGT K [ M G O KN B T P[ K \ V KJ T
Q[EF \PGZ\F KZCE KVN M"BG .48 N"MT O\ZMHG G\GB O\KBZG CK\MEM ,\KXKXC ZKE\ NM\SFN
B G F Q KR TF ZY KT ,F GX PF G R PK K Y ZC M [ ZIB F N K V\ F L [ P N M N \ K N JC Q KV JGT P G R B [ F P
B G F \ G GX P D" KZ \ F C F Z K MH F G \ GN M \ S F F \ GX P[ JG [ V F H KZ F G ,\ K X KX C N M \ SF N K E M C
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. \ G P GY P E G TC G ,E K P \ F \ CZ Y F Z I B I S V F \ JK I [ Q K R TC ' GM G F [ T K \ B F "E . J " R O KI S V 'S G \ Q K K T
BNB (O [ GK Z CE \N K I \M [ E I E I B G Q[ K E I B B NG) QK GG[ O K ED C F K R[ 'K V B [ TP [ PG ,O [ K C X OM I F N" HG
Z\ G K F Q V G B C F G XP F \ B O KK Y N F R G [ B ZF F G XP F Q KN JC P Q M N G , F C UJ G TP G [ G C N \ G K F N F G X P F \ VK E T [
. N"M T . 'GM G I C G[ P
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N T \ I R G P B K F [ F H C K DS E G B [B Z F \ V K JT L K Z X K B , Z B G X \ K C G N [ K[ Q J Y \ K N J Q K R T C Q E F " P Q PK S C
L G \ CG , \ KX K X C U JT \ F N G B \ KX K X \ G X P N T L Z C K K B F M Z CF I S G R N F H C P "Y VR G , F C G VG D F S M P G G ZB G X
G K Z G I B P GC GZ G G[ B Z \ G S M N N M G K[ N G E D \ X Y G R [ TK Z B G X F \ K C G N [ K [ \ K N J C DF G R F G " : N "H G , C \ M G K Z CE
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( C V Y ) C Q G K ND B N FR [
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B K F G O K RG XK IF N M \ IZ CP E GT B K F F M GS F B C ZE B KM F ZK CT F L G\ C B C N QV GB O G [ C F M G SF
F N G H D K J GTP N GZ PB F M GS C ( B , J F M GS) 'P D F Q G [ N YK GE P F HC G K" RC N T F R K D P G \ M MG S
B K X G F N L K K [ B N F M G S NX B Q M KM N G H D F \ B G N G B [ F \ B B K X G F N ( C , B P O [ ) G Z P B CN G NC G
N G C D C G T D K NC N I X R N G T N C K G G [ Z D K F MG S F K "T E G T KM B G F L G V F R KM O E K P F M G S \ G X P \ B
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B G F G N " RM M " D U K YP F Z G B 'K IC B G F K M Y "F S C ZB G CP ZC M \ K X KX N [ \ K NJ O D F R F E . N " H
Q P K\ P [ R G K I GZG K[ V R N XR \ \ KX KX \GX P \ GM HC B "[ P M G O K R GX KI F Q P Q D F N E GT N K TG PF
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. GR KR KR TN T DGR F N "M T 'GM G O"K P IZ K "Z T[ ' R \" Z B GF Z "[ R M . U IZK
N [ \ K NJ C Q KC CG SP G R B [ [ E GY KZ ZF C GE GS K[ G R K D F R P CJ KF Z B C\ R G R K ZC E K V N M " B G
ZB GCP M G K B Z KN CK C S ' F L B N P F R G I O K KY \ R GCG K ZP DN UG D F N M G \ GT GZH F G [ B ZF F GX P
'E F N M [ K EK N T [ EG T G , N G E D \ K N J E G S G U KY P F Z G B C O KZ CE F \ G K P KR V K V N T N" R M G , ' P D C
G F H [ ,\ G V R M F ' E NM C N "R F O KR G [ B Z F \ TE M G \ G B O \ K B ZG \ G X P F H C Q K P KK Y P G R KR VN \ G V R M
. N "R M Q [ E F \ P G Z \ F \ T EN F N KV \ F L [ PC \ K N JC \ GV JT \ F F Q KR T N M
FZGDIF LG\N \KXKXF \CKI\ QKRTC . G
ZF H K N [ K ZC IP F C \ M [ T" G [ C Q KK T F Z G D I F L G \ C \ K X KX F CG I \ N G R K \ GC Z G D F R [ F PC G
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G K F K B N B O KZ ZD R B N Q K[ NG [ P \ KX K XF G KF K [ ZI CG P F Q P F G XP C\ M [ \ GZ PB P F Z[ T N T C
F H I F E T B GF \ K N J \ R K IC [ F "N N H CZ F K C\ M C B GF Q M G . F J PN G GV GD K X IP O K EP GT G O K GN \
K M ZCC Q K KT G ,[ " T E G B P O \ K N J O K N [ N [ PF O K [ GT F V K B N G \ K XK X \ R K I C B G F L N KB G O [ P G
CZ F . G Z ZD K B N [ K EM G K R \ P C Z [ B G \ ZG D IC \ G KX KX F C G I \ N N G M K L G Z B \ K N J N "H G U S G K
CZ F K ZG PG ,FC CZ P N GD E ZV SC G\C G[\ FB CGFG WZ BF K ZV Z VS C FK P TE E IG K IZ HP O"Z FP
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57
. N"MT
ZK T F O GN [G O K KI K ZC EC QM G , O KK V \M F NT G\ GNT FN CG J Z\ GK [ C \M O K K IF UM F[ U B G
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\KNJF NM OB[ GB OKRVGB KR[C YNIN C\MG YIXK EK \"G[C FH NT EPT ZCM 58 \KXKXP FH
D"I WZBF KZV ,'F Y"S B"M QPKS USGK KMZC ,'E Y"S B"M QPKS FCG[\ KZT[ ,'E UKTS B"M QPKS T"G[C 57
. C " X Q P K S C YT K \ KC , B "V Y U E F C CZ P N G DE , ' B Q P K S K "M
. HKKD HDKP JRCBE O[ QRKZPBE J"K OKICHC FKDGSF QKTMG ,'D Y"S 'K QPKS OFZCB QDP ,J"K \GB OKKIF UM 58
58
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59
. F C Q N \ KN TY ZY F N T GZ ZDK B N [ B N B QM F [ GT G R K B [ M N C B L G\ IM K GF HB E GE D C ZX YN
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GR KK F K RT RM N F R\ R ZG DIG YG SV F LZE NT GCZ GN Z PB G ,C JGP N GR C Z HI UGS CN G ,FN K V\ F
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60
. CJ G P N GZ KH IF F Z GDI F \ N G DS KE K N TG I XP \ GHT P O ZGY P Q PH F \ GR G K SR N M [ \ GR GGT C
N JC N G ZV MN E I B O R K K R T \ K X K X F G W K X F [ IN [ \ [ ZV C 'Y F Z F G H F P N KT N Z B G C P F K VN G
\ K X K X F [ B N B O F N E I B Q K R T F Z G D I F G \ K X K X F [ B X P R F T R M F F LV K F B G F [ IX P \ G H T \ E P
FZ GDI F LG \C BGF \KXKX F N[ GP GY P QMNG ,C GJ F[T C NJZ BDFG T ZP Z GS \ RK ICC BGF
61
. B YGE
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O[C C"M Y"SC \GRIPF NMN USBPFG ,J"X FGXP EGE KZPBC GC\M QMG . S"Z QPKS C"I YIXK EK \"G[ 59
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,I"XY EGPT (NKCBRZT[J \KCN OKYKEXF KZCEP JGYKN) ZGB KZGBP ZVSC OKBCGP OK[GEYF GKZCE 60
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68
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SE F G N B P [P S EF G Q KP K P SE F Q \ K N K "Z B F D F R P M O K D F GR F GNB N Z ZC N L KZ B F B" J KN [ N "R F CZ F . B
\ GC ZTF E G B WG I KVN M \ GC ZTF G CNG NN O KEG P X O KS EF F O B F N B P [P FC ZTG Q KP K P FCZT G TXP B C
. FHC \GTE BKCF[ 'E 'D \GBCG 28 FZTFC O[ FBZG ,WGI KVNM OKSEFFG CNGNN OKEGPX
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. F H O G Y PC \ G [ T N F Z G \ F F \ G G K X [ K B Z T \ Z K E F
G \ K C C [ F M G SF Q K B Q K K E T , Z I B \ K C C Q G [ K N W N B R G , G \ K C C Q D G P Z E I N N M G N Q K B O B U B E , E G T Q M \ K G
GC Z GE N Z [VB K B NT GVC[ UB , FZK E Z ED P BXG K \ K CF Q K B NNM ZX GCP Z EI GC Q KB[ O GYP C O D E . \ NSV R
GR KRP HC [ UB F ZK E O[ F RP P NSV R BN[ ,OK P GB NP [ I FC QK B[ FZ KE N FP G E FH K ZFG . FRM SF \T C
UBG , FZ KEN KGBZ F NE GDCG OGY PC KBZ T \ZK E GN [K K ZF KP R BM FG . F C ZGE N OK MSK [ KP QK B GRK\ GP GYPC G
FVG DC QGZ SI [K [ FMG SN FPG E H" BG . FZ KE P \NSV R BKF QK B FC QG[ KN P \T RGPF \K RGXK I FRMS [ K[
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D
B R [ K B PG , F C Q K N M G B Y Z B N B F R KX F K R V P F M G S C O K R [ K Q K B \ G Z Y F \ G R KE P C [ ZK V [ K \ B K M F C G
YZ Z P B R F H Q KE KM , P "YN Z B GCP FN G . FNK MBC UB F C BXG K GR KB[ F R K [N F KG BZ F R KB[ FM GSE B R K E K B F P
KR VP Q GZS I F Q K B \ GZY F \ G XZB C L B . NN M FZK EN K G BZ GR K B[ QVG BC G B O G YP C \ K[ TR FMGS F Z [BM
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( C V Y ) C Q G K ND B N FR [
QP N KX FN K EM FK N\M C [ K T CY \ZK E[ BNB . OG YP N MC \J NG [ FR KXF KZ F[ ,FM GSF GC F [T[ OGY P F
YZ B G F QGZ SI F[ QG KM G . F \ G KT ZB G F \ G F P OXTP F R K XF KR VP F R KD P F R K B[ K BZT \Z KE M" B[P , F R KX F
BY K GF ON GTF L ZE M TC Y \ZK E FH OGYP C F[ GT F KF GN KBG , FP GY P K RVP BN G FM GSF N [ F\G KTZ B KR VP
. N NM G NN M O KBZ KF K ZC EN Q KRT F H Q K B , ZK V[ F C ZK KE
QK B[ TCY \Z KEC BN G , KBZ T \ZK EC ZG ENG \BX N BG F FZ G\ F\GGK X[ FMG S \G GXP N[ FZ YKT NM K ZF[
Z T J X P [ Z PB R B V G D F H NT , F \ ZK E \ G KT ZB K R V P F M G S C Q G [ KN Z T J X P B G F [ Q G K M G . F C \ J N G [ F R KX F
YGK EC KT ZB \ZK E F[T BN FG , FMG SC FNK MBP O D ZJV K QM KRV P [ \ TEF NT FNT K KMG . FMGS F QP ZG JV
FCK J OXT P FN KMB N BN B F R K[N F K G BZ KBZ T \ZK E Q KB \ GZY F \ GR KEP C [ Q G KM G . FZ G \ F G \ \ GG K X[ KVM
N [ DD G PM O[ DF TGR PN N GM K GR KB L MS[ K RVP FM GSF QP OK ZJ GV F OKP [ D GPM [P P FH K ZF , FTC J G
Z G J V F K F K FN KN N M O K P [D Q K EZ G K G KF E KP \[ O GYP C[ ZP B R KM G . FC KHT P G FZY \C KG [TF T CY \Z KE
. FC Q G[K N N GMK GRK B[ Q GKM FMG SF QP K ZPDN
F B[ T GN KB G ,F ZK E O[ N F KG BZ FM GSF Q KB Z[ BM YZ O KZ G P B O K BZ KF K ZC E[ ,L EK C BN NM KB F J GYR G
GRK B[ OGY PC FMG SF F[T[ GRK KFE . FRK[ N UB Z KV[ FKGBZ F\KF Z I B Q VGBC GB G H F RKE PC ZI B OGY PC
GR K KFE F BZ RG , O KY GG[ CG \ GCG I Z C G \MGS F[G TC ( 'E UKT S) [ GCN F O[ C (' H Y "S ) B" P F M" [P M G] K G BZ
F R K B [ F M G S F [ T [ G B . [F R M S O G Y P F K F G N F X G I P G I K Z C G O K K \ N E C Z G D S F K F [ O K E G F K F C G I Z N W G I P
FZ KE GN QK B K ZF D" FMC OD[ , O[ M" RCG UK TSF UGS C[ E" F\F KZ CE C Q KKT , F\GRJY K RVP G\Z KEN FK GBZ
GC[ \ N[ F ZK E GH QK B K M , FNK MBC GN KVB FC BX GK GR KB[ BG F D" FM CG . G ZGE \ QKT M GC[ \ FC QKBG N NM
. KGB ZF Q VGBCG OGYPC F\G[ TN G N FK FG , GZ GE\ Q KTM
F H QGZ SI [ , F \ G K TZB OXT C BNB FNE GD G B FM GSF N[ F P GYP C O KK GN \ O R K B QGZ SI F G ZT XF O B L B
KT ZB \Z KE B KF FM GSF[ KRV P BN B GR K B ZT XF KM GR P P NX R KFN LZ E Q K B G GH F R KEP C \ GMG SF NM C KG XP
G F K ZF Z TJ X P GR KB [ F P CG FMG SF Q P Z G J V B G F ZT J XP [ F P C[ Z P B R BV GD F H N T , TCY \ ZKE BN G
. QNFN EM G , FHC D" PVFG N Y[ F \KX I P F KZ CE C J [V F YP GT GFH[ FBZ R E" TN G . YGE G . G \GGX P OKK YP
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F M G S F Q K B Q M N , \ G \ S M G O KZ M E K NT F R K X F K R V P Z P[ K F N N G M K F K F [ Q G K M E C \ M ( G Y "S ) [ "F I P F [
FM GSF Q P ES VR BN[ FIM GF BN B , FCK S H" B[ E" TN FBZ RG . \G\ SMG OKZ M GN QKB [ U B FN KM BN \ NSV R
BN B TCG R F R K XF Q GZS KI Q KB[ F I MG F GH K ZF ,F R KXF NT Z CD \ FN K XP \ BM KF [ K[ QG K M[ . F ZK E O[
\G[ TN Z[ VB Q M GP M TC Y N[ D D G \G RVE KE K N T FRK XF K RVP Q D FN Z [V B[ O[ ME . FMGS F N[ F\GK TZ BP
Z [VB F KF BN , FZ KE Q BM Q KB[ QV G BC F P GEM G O G YP F K RVP Q GZS I F F K F GN KB G . \ G \ SMG O KZ M KEK N T QM
. YGE G . KMF C
Q G [ K N K X P \ B M K F [ K O K J S K N O G Y P C O D M " B E ( E " Y ' PT ) O [ C \ G M F C Z F F [Y \ R [ F P [ " B F H C G
H " T H C H C N C K K G I P G R K B [ G K R K Z I B C B K N \ E B \ N K P G F H E C [ K K N Y IE R G , O K Z P G [ O [ E K P T K [ K E K N T F M G S C
\D [ P GEK Q KB [ QV G BC K ZK KB \ G \SMG O KZ MC OD KZ F[ , F HC YGNK I F BZ KF R BN E "TN G . [P G I P Z \G K
BXG P GRK B O B GB \G\S MG OKZ M \GRYN \D[ P G EK QKB OB KN FP G ,L ZGX F K EM \G\S MG OKZ MN N TGV C
. GR GP P [P G I P Z\G K FN TK O KZ P G[ Z GM [N [ K \K\ K MK FP ODG . OKZ P G[ ZGM [N
KG N\ F ZC E B G F F R KX [ F I MG F BN B GH Q K B[ ,B \ KN BZ YKT P B K [GY G F H N MN L KZ X Q KB N" R FN G
G\Z KE \G[ TN N GMK FKF Z KV [G , FH OGY PC YZ \P KKY OKJSK N \R MS L B . FP G YPC BN G FMG S N[ F\GK TZB C
, F\T B GF[ KV M O GYP F N[ GZ ED FR[ P H" B FR MSF YN SNG OK ZP G[ Z GM [N Z [VB [ F P G . ZI B OGY PC
OD Z [VB KZ F ,K MF BP K\ BN KB E . FZK E \ KK[ TN KGBZ FH OGYP Q KB K ZF OKJSK NF O KYN SP QK B [ EGT NM G
OKZ M M "B [P . U GS Z CEN QKB G ,OK CGC HFG TZ I KZ FN \PZ GDF FV[ BF YN SN G B C[G P Z KT N Z CEP L GVFN
BK F [ O KI KM GP G ,TC Y \ ZK E \R \GR[ OGI F OGY PC K TZB F \Z KE C Q[ KF OKP P I P BNB ORKB [ \G \SM G
. YG EG . FZ KE ZE DC QK KE T
FN KMB C QKC KKI G FRK[ C QK NK YP OKZ YF \GP G YPC[ , WZ \N C \M (' G Y" S OFZ CB N[ B) O[ D"PVF G
KB O BE . ZI B Q KR TC Z[ VB KB[ L MC F P T "X FZ G BMN G . Z I B Q K RTC Z [VB KB [ QG KM G ZGE \ Q KTM K ZY P G
OKDN [G OKP [ D [ K[ OGYPC N[ P N GP M ,FM GS \G GXP P K ZP DN G ZJ GV N [ K FH OG YPC FZ KE \G[ TN Z [V B
[.E"GK Y"S CYTK KZGMCC F[YF QMG] .FMGSF QP KZPDN ZGJV BGF[ ,\T NMC \GIGZG
72
" N BZ [ K G Q Z F B \K C " WC G Y
CT Y
OGY PC FM GSF \G[ TN K XP \ B MKF QK B[ GRK KFE , ZI B QKR TC Z[ VB KB[ Q GKM E . Z P GI Q KPM [ "B N" RFN G
GB O GY P C F B[T [ KRV P B NG FM GSF N[ F \ G KT ZB OXT P Y ZG L B T CGR QG ZS I F[ KZ F ,F R KX GC Q K B[ Z I B
K Z F , F C N G M B N Y Z B NB K B Z T \ Z K E C Q G [ K N \ G Z[ V B Q K B G H F R K E P N M C [ Q G K M G . F Z K E N K G B Z G R K B [ Q V G B C
QRK TC D"FM C UB OB , O[ D" PVCG B" PCG [ GCN C QK KT G] . YGE G . FH OGY PC FZ G\ F \GGKX [ F P GFH[
[.YGEG .FRKXF BNGNKB FRK[N FKGBZ FKF\ FMGSF[
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KC D N OD L KK[ ZI B Q KRT C Z [VB K B[ D " P VF OT J E ( F" Y - E "Y ' P T) C \ GMF CZF N " Z[ GP M O F K R K C
O K R M G S P F \ G P G Y PC [ \ G M G S F N M O D \ G \ S M G O K Z M C Z [V B [ [ " F I P F N [ G P T J N G N K B G \ G B Z J S K N C F
O KK G [ T O F [ Q G K M , N N M G N B \ G M G S C Q G Z S I O G [ Q K B G , B M F O K Z G P B O K B Z K F K Z C E Q K B T " M N B N B . O K N G S V
. YGE G . F RMS F KRV P OFC Q G[K N Z [V B KB[ UB , FZ KEN KG BZF Q VGBC G OGY PC
EG P KNN \ G KG BZ QR KB ON GTC [ \ GMGS F N M[ (E "S J "N Z\ 'K S Q K KT) FMG SC EG P K N Q KRTC [ "M [P OD G ]
FM GSF O B G . Q K RTF K VN NMF [ B K EFN (D "K Y" S) O[ B"P F M " [P MG ,QG MR G R KB ( J "X - I " X ' P TC [ "T )
[.O[ EGPNN FIGRP GN FKFK KBEG FKE \IGGZP
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F[ GTF NCB . FZK E GN Q K B K ZF , F R K[ N F KG BZ F R K B[ F R J Y FMG S Y Z GN [ K[ M B P N[ CE . G KZ CEM B ZC\ SP
FN KMB F Q KY NI P T CY \ ZK EC O D KZ F[ ,G \Z KE C Q GZS KI Q KB F R K[ N \ I B G FNK MBN \ I B \ GMG S K\ [ GR GXZ P
FKG BZ FR KB FPXT G H FMG S[ K RVP OK BZK F NSV [ GRK XP BN FZ KE GN [ K[ NM G . OK RG[ OKZ EIC FR K[F G
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FZ KE QKT M BK GF BN BMF N KHG FZK E Q KTM BKG F BN B MF N KHE ,FN KM BN U B FRG[ BZ F NS V BYE BGF G HP
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, F\GRJY \P I P YZ FR K[N FK GBZ FRK B \I BF FMGS F Z [BM LB . FR K[ N Z I B OG YPC F KXI G FNK MBN
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C" K Y" S E "SZ 'K S B" P C B \ KB EM G ,C" K Y "S G "RZ 'K S L" [ C BCG P F , GCN MC Q M Z MHR Z CM [ [ "TG ] . F G T[ C
[. ' C Y " S K " Z \ ' K S H " J C T " T G . [ " T , C N I N T U K E T F G T [ E
73
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O KP T J NG . GR K \TG[ TP [ K[ , FTG [ \ G K \ G B B G F [ KV N F GT [ N[ \ G K FN Q K MK ZX [ OTJ F K \TP [ OD . EG B P
E C N C F Y N E F B N G . B K K I B K T C B N K [ R G B K K I B K T C B Z C D G J B K M , G N N F \ GZ R C \ G C K K I O K [ R F O D G N B
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T" CN R] Z[ KF CY N TC N[ GCZ F K F[ , KN GG BY Y" YE CB NE KK BE G F K Z "C B R CGE Y "YE CB US G K Z" F G P M
\GZ R Q KRT C C\M [ ,O[ QD P N UN BC BC GP F ( [F"PY \ \R[ C G GBN Y[C FRG[ BZ N S VER ,S "\ ZK KB I" Z C
CG \MF B" [PM , F" CYF KR VN FC KCI FGX P N [ \G ZR \[ GEY [ GR KXP \GP G YP FCZ FCG . N " HG FMG RI
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, BZY ZG ED KC B KC Z ZP GN M BZY D "BZ E N" X K NG B G , E" F J Q BM [K E F BZR ] BZ Y D " ZE F B K NV C B \ K B
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U " Y \ K M . Q K Y K H P F Q P E G IV N X " B O K Z E I Q " \ \ N Y K E X F B C Z [ B M F R F G . \ G P G Y P F P M C Z F G H C Z B G C P M
OK YKE XF GK F OBCG . TZ OF[ OF Q M OP [ MG , OKZ EI T" Z OKZ B[R F BNK P P , BRK EE BVYG\ O RKB OK ZE I
EI B L BNP L NG F KHB . QK ZGFJ Q KSG P KR K RGEZ D P OKY GHK R GKF [ \GK FN N GMK FKF K HB FZ KP [ BNC O [ OK MNG F
GN BC Q KM NG F GN KVB H B G ,F" \ B BZY R F [ F"V N N" XM] O[ F G I X P NT C \ GMG , F GT[ GE KC G T "[ G F K G P [ G
LN B K M OD , D "M O KN F\ F" T LN P F EG E GR N FN KD E GS FH K\TE NG . T" Z TD V Q K BG Q J [ Q K B O KZ EI T "Z
,\ "G P N X B" KD C LN B KM OD N "Z . U" Y\ B K ZJ P K D \"G P NX B"K D B\N KP E BHZ ,T Z T ZK B BN \"G P NX B "K D C
T" Z Q \ G B P T Z BZK B BN P "P ,T "Z O K ZB [R F BN KP P . B R K EE BV YG \ O R K B O F[ R" \ \ Q P O K ZE I U "Y\ C
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74
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NC B , T" P [ ZI B YZ M" NK O K NCG YP F K VN [ ( H" N Y "S ) O[ QD P F UN BC Q KKT G . D G F RM , O GN [F ZP GN
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Z T[ Z GEK SC T" TG] O K ZV B F J P C [ F RG[ BZ F FT EFM , O GN [F F[ GTN FM ZC F \ P K \ I \ GR[ N G C\M
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Q F M N BTP [ K KCZ E \ GN MK F Z VSC T "TG . BCK YT KCZ E \ G K \ G B [Z EP C F" MG] Q" GZ J J P N [ \ G P [ O K TC[ P
NB KZ VGS ,(G ) 'Z \ G B I YGZ F N TCN B KK HZ KE GSCG . F KI P K "K N" B KZ VGS G \ K P P K" K N "B K ZV GS , H" K Y ZV NGE D
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, O K P I Z F G E S IF Z [ [Z G C K I F G " G M Y Z G F G C \ M [ O K P I Z F G N [ G " G F B N N , O " K P I Z F E " S I F G R K K F E
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F[ R F EKD [ O KRG P EYF K ZVS C BXP R KM O B G . QG [BZ F GZ \ KFN Z GH I N EK\T F [R F E KD [ Z GYP BXP BN G
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KZCE \B (\"FY \BXGF 3226 'PT H 'KS FE[F \BV 'I YNI) EPI KE[F CG[ BKCF ZIB OGYPCG
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KG RK[ BN N N "\ TN Z\GP FKFK [ ZP GN QM \K BN \ ZI BE , FZD F NTK OD G GN[ FZ FJ F K RP KSC \GR \[FN
BN B Z KHI F G NM BK N "\ TN[ FRG GMF BN[ H" CE Z \" G[ P O[ BKC F EG TG . FR\[ \ BN FZ G\FE OG[ P
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. NG MBN OFN Z GSB [ K "RC C QK E BN B , (N" RF ' EYF I"FG BF M" [P Q GDMG ) ZK HIM G
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G\NKMB ZIBN ,GRKKF ,UKTSF [KZC FH QG[N Y\TGFG ,FMGSC OK\G[G OKNMGB BZPDC B\KBE BFG :J"MYS
BN FNKMB KNC FK\[ NCB ,FEGTSC BGF NNMRE FMGSC QM OD \G\[N LKZX ,HB \G\[N LZE[ FEGTSC
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FNB[FG FVN GF[P \GTJC OKSKRMPG FEGTSF TXPBC ICJPC OKBXPR[ EGBP KGXPG .E"MT :QGKT LKZXG
SKRMP[ ZCE NMN QGKXF ZT[F \RGGM OBF QKKTN [K \PBCG] .BN GB FMGSC TGNCN FMGSN WGZN FXT [K OBF
FKZMGS FHKB SKRMK OB NCB FEGTSN G\GPXTC LKK[[ ZCEN BYGE[ GB .OKP GNKVB ["PM FEGTSF TXPBC
.[QGKXF ZT[F KZKKB BN FHC BP[ FEGTSN NNM LKK\[P GRKBG G\GPXTC KBZT BGF[ ZCE C"GKM GB
Z \GK N GMBN GPXT T CY[ Q GDM FM GSC G\ NKM B ZPDG FM GSN WGI NG MBN NKI \F [ KPC FR FE OK EYR G
K\T P [ FHC FM GSC G\N KM B ZP DG Z MHR T\V NG FM GSN W GI N GM BN NK I \FG C" GKM G \V GB \GRGH P FX KCM P
FM GSN WG I FX KCM KXI YZ NMB N TGVC [ \ GZ P N Z CGT B G F G T ZV P NF NT N KTG P G R KB[ I " \ F P MG F P M P
KZ FE NM GB[ \XY N M N T FM GSC CK KGI P FH KZ F FXK CM P Z\G K N [ \G TKC Y N[ FN KM B NM GB BG FG NK BGFE
\GT KCY N[ FNK MB F H
. B N G B QY\P BGF OB F FMG SC G \TKN C Z PDG F MGSN WG I SGT NN NK I\P[ GRRK KRT C QG EN [K FH K VN G
FM NF Z GBK CC FRFE . FN KM BC[ \GT KCY F EX P OD G FNK MBF F[TP O[ EXP OD K\ Z\C BGF FNB[ F E GSK G
GBK CF[ B" [C G B" TZ K [G EKIC Q KKT G C "PC QK KT - ' GM G F XPC I"K BX GK OEB QK B :C \M E UKT S ER\ QP K S
FGX P FG F[T P KGRK [C FKKR Y FKS TNE QGK ME F [TP K GRK [ [K FXP NH DC UBE G \TE E B" CJ KZ F \J K[
BXK E FX P GB[T G I PY GB OKJ I NH DN FP GE M" BG BX K FXP T NC B FE FXP F \TKN CC M "I B \P KKY \P
NG MBN G ZG HIN L KZ XG BX K BN E N" SE OKY SGVF C GZ \ TE BG F[ T" G[ F \J K[ M Q RKJYR KBE GC BRK EN E UB G
KR F P BN E J " P Z\ 'K SC N" KYE BVG D F GX P F K" T BC Q K RYF[ K ZY P F HE N" SE Z [VB G GN [P \Z I B F XP
Q K R T N P" P G K V C F X P O T J F K F K [ K E M F S K T N L K Z X F N I \ M N V " M T B F B X K F S K T N B N C T N C O B [ U B E
LZ CK BN M "T G E CTK EC BXK Z CM [ B"C J KZ F \T EN [ G I N [K E Z[ VB FNM G B[M L Z CNG Z GH I N LK ZX F K F K[
OG[ P FH J YRG FGX P F F[ TP P Y NI B KF F SKT NFE J YRE K ZF . E "M T . UN B QD P C OK MSF QM [ K \BXP M" I B
B F F" BNCE : T[G F K KRV F C\M O[ G : I N \ GM ZC BZ P D C GR K XP F H Q K RTG G K VC FXP OTJ FN KI \M N QR K TCE
N" H F RGK GRK CZ [" PM B\KN KBE G BF E [ P P FXP OTJ QR KTC E FR GGM F QK B FXP OTJ Q RKTC E B MF Z P BYE
FXP OTJ QR K TCE N "H \V ZX K RCZ O[ C C\M F H N TG FXP OTJ QR K TCE GR KXP BN[ QG[ NF F H B G F F P K\E
FKG Z[ F FXPCE YI GE Z\G K KN FBZR FH OGY P N MP K BEM KRK B[ UB G BKF FZ K[ T FXP G HE BM KN G FKR T
GFK P QR KTC E G RKK F FX P OTJ QRK TCE BM F Z P BYE BFE E "RT N FBZR LM N FHC LK K[ FZ K[ T FX P K BP OK PC
QR KTCE N KTN QIM [BE KM KF K ME KS GK K CZ Z CGSG OIN O TJ GN QK B OKPC FKG Z[ [ Q GKM GHG OIN O TJ
O I N OTJ QR KTC BNE Z CGS P "Z G O I N OTJ Q R KT C R" F B K XG P F Q KRT N Q KCG FXP Q K RTN Q K C B P FR E B\ K ZG \
KZ CE F BZ BN Q KKE T K "V F GR K CZ[ F[ TB F P G : C\M[ FY Q P KS I YNI K GNF J C[ \"G[ C F B ZG . E" M T
OTJE FRGK G RKCZ M BK EFN Z BGC P [ NM N TG EKM OKISV C 'SG \F KZ CE Z GYP OF[ Q K\TP [ C WRB[ 'SG \
\ GM KK [ GN Q K B O K [G ZK VF NMN F R F G . M "T . KG F G F K P O I N NCB C\M G KRG T O I N O G[P FXP OTJ QR K TCE
OTJ K \KN BNE . HJY OKISV BZP D FP FBZ RM GZ GYP YZ FGXP F P Y NI BK F FSK TNF[ FMN F ZG BKC F KZ CEN
N[ K RGT O IN N [ Q KRTF \B GK VC [ KDZ K BGF[ QKR T [K FRG K GR KCZ N ORP B K NGBG . FX P OTJ N JCK NG Z GZ P
. F MGS C OD F H O B Q K KTN [ K F G XP F P YN I B K F FSK TNFE \ F K P B F V "M T . F HC T "TN T" XG F KK RT FX P F
77
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( C V Y ) C Q G K ND B N FR [
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O I N Q R K T C B N F M G S C K ZF K R G T O I N N[ Q K R T F \ B [K D Z F N B G F F X P O T J Q R KT C E F P O B B N F E F S KT N C
'B NKNC FCGI KEK BXGK QKB FPGEMG \GZKV KPC [GNKRF OIN FBZKG :C\M JNZ\ QPKS OKEDP KZVC ORPB KRGT
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F B C F \ V Q K R T C O N G M G R E [ D "S J NZ \ Q P K S C C " P F G F M Z C Y K H I P F G F C G [ \ K Z T [ F K Z C E P O R P B G . F H C
Q M N Z G P D \ V G R K B [ F P EX P Y Z G Q G E K R F H C F K F B N F Z K [ T F X P E X P [ F B Z R K Z F I " E K B X G K O B O K R S M C
F Y G \ P F N I Q K NM G B [ O T F C G Z NX B J G [ V D F R P F Q M [ F P G E P M G . G \ C G I K E K F H C B X G K G R K B [ EX F K F [ B G F
FXP OTJ QRKTC BNE F\TPG ['KTG GF[P [K O[ ODG \GYK\P FC QKB[ FNI \GRYN OKDFGR OKYEYEPF YZG]
O I N C G \ C G I K EK B X G K O B F F NB [ B G F \ P B C G . F X P O T J N [ Q KE F F H C Q K B B P [ K R G T O I N N [ F K KR T
N B Z [ K O " Z F P O [C B K C F [ K P N K \ K B Z G ] . F X P O T J C Z S I [ Y Z G O I N B G F O X T C [ B Z P D C E X F K V N N [ G C P
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. B N G B N G H D \ K H MC I " E K B X G K O B F F R G [ B Z F N K N C Q K E F F P V " M T G . G P X T K R V C F X P O T J N [ Q K E
GB LZ CK O BF F MGS C FH NMG BG NGH D FX KCM YZ GN [KC Q KE F FP \GM GSF K P K NM C QM OD \TDGR FN B[F G
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NM G B FC F GXP N[ BXV I UGD F NKM BC Q KB N CB F R K[ CG FNK MBC B KF[ \ GT KCY FC B G F F GXP F ZY KTE
FGX P FG \GKF FSK TNC FR GY BGF[ FP BN GN OD FMGS C C[K N LZ CN N GMK BG F N GHDC OD BNK P P K ZF GPX T
QM NT Z[ B GPX T FN KM BC GR KB N CB FN KM BF \T [C YZ TXC\ P BGF[ GZ GE\C BN B FNK MBF OXTC GRK B
Q K ZG KEF NT B KF FMZ CF G \ G KF FMGS C C[ KN L ZCN N GMK B G F [P P N GHD C OD [ E EX N [ K K NG B BNK P P
NV NVN [ K QM OD FHCG . FHC QK KTG \GT KCY N QKZ GK EF QF QKC[ I R FNK MBF \T[ C HB[ YZ F NKM BF \T[ C
BN G QK ZG KEF C BG F FGX P F Z YKT \BH NM C Z TJXPC OKZ KP I P FN ODE QG EN TGE K[ FP K VN FRG [BZ FN KN C
NM C QCG P M L B . FNGH D C M "D BXK F H KVN K NG B G [ FM ZC YP T C ' KT I " ZD F O[C QM F P GE P M] F P XT FN KMB C
. FHC 'K TG FN I C GP M NG HD NN MC FHG FP X T FN KM BF NT LZ CP BGF S"G SE E "N K F H
FHG FM GSC CK KGI P QM OD FH KZ F BN KP P FGXP F N KI \P FPXT FSK TNC E QGKM E GRR KKR TN Z EFR V" MT G
V" MT L KZ X QM NG FS KTN C FGXP F N KI \P FH[ KZ F FSKT NF QR KTC \G TKC YF OG[ P OB N" RF OKE EXC KGN \
. FSKT NC O TJ GN BFK[
QK TMF \ B OKM KZ XP [ FP Q F QF OK TGCY F OKZ CE F[ K GN\E BGF \G TKCY C NM F[ QGKM BMF P N E OR P B
F \TP [ QVG BC \ GTK CYF \Z GX G QVG B N KI \ P FS KTN C ZC M FZ G BM N KZ F FMG SC \ GT KCY GN B F K [ GZ GE \
QT K FMGS C CKK I GR KBE J GN VN \ R P N T STGN C ZC \SP [ \ GZ P NG . FMG S F MKZ XP GH FSK TN OD KZ F
Z C\SP KZ F FM GSC TN CK OB KZF TG NCN \R P NT ST GNC N CB \ GTK CY GRKB FH[ FZ KE D P FPX T FJN VFF[
N K T G K F P Q G E N [ K [ U B G J G N V N B N B F Z K ZC G N Q K B Q M O B G G Z G E \ Q K T M F \ B N JC P B G F F H K E K N T [
O[ T ZVP N TYV Z CM J NG VCE F J GR Z\ G K F H LB FN KMB F N [ \ GT KCY F F[ TP F[ T ZCM [ Z I B J G NVN
\GT KCY BKG [P FH [ FBZ R F ZGBM N KZ F FMG SC L M Z I B FH TN GC BG F OB N CB N NM \GT KCY GRK BG \GT KCY F
. FH C T" XG F BZR LM FMGS C G\N KM B ZG P DN BN G J GN VN BNB FX T GN QKB E FBZ R QM NG FSKT NN OD
O KN[ G ZK ZK P \CK [ K C G[ K CX
\PEGY \KTKC[P \GZKV ZGTKC QKRTC
. NBZ [K G QZ FB \K C WC GY FZ G\ \ XCZ F \MZ TP E GCM
Q G B DF P Z G T K C K R K EC F MG ZT F C G [\ H " T E G P T F " T NG N B C B W C G YC K \ KB Z F M Z T F G F MZ C F B C P KZ I B
LZ T KR J YN LB , G\GP M N GE D OM I N KGB ZM FH KP Z C GBC GKZ CE [ ZI B G , B" J KN [ YKR HNH B" EZ D F NGE D F
. LK ZBFN G Z BCN K\K BZ K RGPM
\ GR KKC 'K GXP F R KP BY VRG ,\ P E GY \ K TK C[ \ GZK VN ZG TKC Q P H F G F O B , GH [ "V ZG TKC Q P H Q GER C
. C G[ Z TC N CK KI OB ,FK ZI B[ \KT KC[ N O KZ\ GR[ E" KC Z XG B N[ \KT KC[
78
" N BZ [ K G Q Z F B \K C " WC G Y
IT Y
, F J KY N C B G F Q P H F Y ZK C G F J R I C B G F F R [F Q PH KZ V C G \ G Z [T P \ R [ \ G ZK V N [ K [ O [ M [ ZG Z C F R F
QP H Z [BM [ , Z GTKC QKE BGFG , KZ VF QP H C KG N\F QK E E GT US GRG FK RK E NM NT \ KTK C[ F R[ QP H OFN [ K QM
. FH KZ V Z GTK C BN KP P G K GN KM N[ GRP H G FH[ \ KCF Q P OZG TKC \CGI Q P H BGF F E[ F QP \GZ KV F KGN KM
QGE RN F P GE , \ P EG Y \ KT KC[ \ R[ K ZV N Z GTK C Q P H B F K [ G H \ KT KC[ \ R[ K ZV ZG TKC Q P HC QG ER F F \ TP
QGE K[ KP QKB Z [ B ,BG F UB KRT Z[ TP QK EC KRT Z[ TP \R [ BC C CK GI K KR[ Z [TP \R[P Z\GR [ Q KK OB
, BYGE G H FR[ C KZ V N[ G RP HC \G Z[ TP QKE NKI FN G TGC YN BG F Z[ TP NM N [ QP H F Z YK T NM KM FH C
K\ KBZ LM NG QG K TF Z I B K\ I MGR[ K VM ZXG YC N "R F UK ZI F QG BD F K ZC EC GH F \ K SK SCF F RCF F F H P ZR G
. LK ZBFN
G \ K C I \V N T QZ KY VP G Y "N H Z FC 'Z VC Q"C P ZF QG[ NN Q K KXB ,B \ K KZ G BE KN KP C KT G[T [N ONG B
" GNM K[ ET LNG FG N MGB" NK TN O[ BK CF[ B\VS G\F KZ CE N G \RGGM KBE G[ UB , "ON GTN " Q KM NGFG QKN MGB G
GR EP N GKZ CE P P "P ,GM ZE M GNM K[ ET NM GBG LN GF BN B FN KMB C Z FP N X "K B[ , FZ GBMN FR GGMF G
. Z GTK C E GT X" KB "ON GTN "[
Z T C N C K K I G N M [ O G Y PN G N M B N [ O G Y P P L K N G P F E , G D F R [ O G Y P [ K Z O K I S V C \ [Z G V P F R [ P E G T
GN M[ OGY P P LK NGP OB U BE ' KT GP [BN N "G F Z \GK \KR[ Z TCN CK KI OBG , O[ N BC [ OGYP K ZP G I OG[ P
. F H C QGE N O G YP Q BM Q K B ZZ C\ R ZCM [ KVM NC B ,K TG[ T[N H" MG ,\ K R[ Z TC N CK KI O[ Z TKC G
. O K P MI F K ND Z ZV TC Y CB \ FN ,FZ \M G FZ G \ F \M ZC C
QT HK KB Q ZFB Z KBP
Y ZC KRC
N"RF QKRTC
CZ OGN [ , 'N BZ[ KG QZ FB \KC ' W CGY \ MZ TP EG CMN
, GH \ KTK C[ Q K K Z GT KC Q P H O B F G "T[ \ QG[ I - K Z[ \ W CGYC QG ER F \ B K\ KB Z ,FM ZC F B GC P Z I B
. \PE GYF \K TKC [FP Q KKC ZG TKC CKK I P
O GY P N GN M[ O GY P P \ KT KC[ \ GZ KV LK NG P F GR K R[ C "T 'R UE O KI SV C B K EFN ZB GCP Z CE F FZ G BMN
L K N G PF U B E , K V J Q R K T G P [ B N N" G F ZG T KC E \ G X Z B 'D C C G [ ZT C N F C G I G R [K O B G . ZT C N C K K I G N M B N [
B G F C G KI F[ O[ Z B GC P K ZF OD G . \ K R[ O ZTC N CK KI GN M[ O G YP N CG[ F \T L KNG P G ZT KCG GNM [ O G YP P
. D FRPN F H CGK I QKR T FP G G PXT K RVC CGK I GFH K ZF N "R FNG ,D FRP K ZP G I QKE P YZ
\ KT KC[ T KD \[ P \ GE TN Q \ GZ [M N O KZ HG I \ KTK C[ KZ I GS ,C "T F" M U E Q KZ EF RS ' P D P ,\ VSGR F I MG F
. OKKR TN FR \PC QKRG \R QF KZ FG \KT KC[ \ GZK VC HG H O K\BP K\S RKM K RGN V QC KR GNV K RB GZ P BKG \Z I B
P" GIC T"PS F C \M[ FP K" VT OTJ FG , \ZI B \K TKC [ BC\[ E T Q \ZH I K RFP B N GH \KTK C[ C Z BGC P G
Z I B F C G [ \ F [T P E G T Q R K T C Y Z B J I F Q G Y K \ C K DS B N \ G E T N Z [M \ G K F N ZG H I N KE M E B "T Y "S E "N ' K S
\Z I B \K TKC [ Q RKT C L MN G BJ I F QGY K\ B NB QBM QKB FC GBJ I [ \KT KC[ C L MK VNG . [" KT ,[ RGT OGY PC
I MG P G . Q KK TP N J G [VG LM C . Q KZ [M \P G FCG [\ F[ TP K GF FZ HI F BN KP P G \P E GY \K TKC [ Q KE T YVE
KZ FG ,BJ I F Q GYK \ FKN K GF Z EF M "N BE ,\P E GYF \KTK C[ FP QK E OG [ Z HGI QKB F BCF \K TKC [C [ BK EFN
. K MFC KDS BN
Q BM [K GN KBM QG[ I - KZ [\ W CGYC O SZV \ F[ F P P TP \[ P F KM Z KT FN K\ K BZ O K ZC EF KN G[ C
Z C KE B " J KN [ K YSC KK R Y I " Z DF KM YZ , B \ D G N V N M Q BM Q KB K\ TE NG ,F MN F N O K NG ED F Q KC B \ D G N V
KV M B" J KN [ Y KRH NH B "E ZD FG . FM NFN GP [ C OSZ V\P F N T L GP SN BN EKP \ ZK FHP [ TGE KM BNGV NVN
. FMN FN TK ZM FN BC Z P BP F KN \GM P ZM KR[
. GCFB OGN[ FG \PBF G
ER ZC GF KN B
‫אברהם אביש שור‬
‫עוללות מפרקי תולדה ועיון במשנת קרלין סטולין‬
‫(ב)‬
‫ג ‪ /‬חסיד מסטולין עם 'הצאר' ב'גן המלך'‬
‫נר לנשמת הרה"ח ר' יהושע מונדשיין ז"ל‬
‫חוקר לאמת ומקושר לצדיקים‬
‫נלב"ע ב' טבת תשע"ה‬
‫קורות 'המאסר הראשון' בשנת תקנ"ט ו'המאסר השני' בשנת תקס"א של הרה"ק רבי שניאור‬
‫זלמן מלאדי‪ ,‬הפכו לסיפור היסטורי‪ .‬סיפורים רבים ושמועות שונות נשזרו סביב המאורעות‬
‫המסעירים‪ ,‬חלקם סיפורי אמת וחלקם לא‪ .‬נקל לשער‪ ,‬כי בגלל הפחד מסיכון המהלכים‬
‫שיביאו להצלתו של הרש"ז השוהה במאסר בפטרבורג‪ ,‬היו העניינים חסויים וחשאיים בידי‬
‫ראשי החסידים‪ .‬מידע אותנטי עבר רק בין מתי–מעט מראשי ומנהיגי החסידים‪ ,‬שנרתמו‬
‫במסירות להצלת רבם‪ .‬אלה וודאי שמרו מכל משמר שהדברים לא ידלפו החוצה‪.‬‬
‫קהילות החסידים‪ ,‬בעיקר ברוסיה הלבנה‪ ,‬געשו‪ ,‬בוודאי‪ ,‬מעוצמת העלילות והמאסרים‪.‬‬
‫הסכנה שריחפה למראשותיו של הרה"ק רש"ז‪ ,‬הדירה שינה מעיניהם של אלפי חסידים‬
‫במשך כל התקופה הקשה‪ .‬הכעס העצור על המלשינים‪ ,‬הדאגה לשלומו של הצדיק‪ ,‬ובעיקר‪,‬‬
‫הצימאון העצום לשמוע מהנעשה בפטרבורג הרחוקה והזרה כל–כך‪ – ,‬כל אלה יצרו גל של‬
‫שמועות רווי קסם‪ ,‬ומאלו נרקמו סיפורים דמיוניים‪.‬‬
‫זכה הרב יהושע מונדשיין ז"ל לזכות את דורנו בגילוי מסמכי חקירות המאסרים של הרה"ק‬
‫הרש"ז‪ ,‬שספונים היו כמאתיים שנה בארכיון התובע הכללי בפטרבורג‪ ,‬ובכך חשף ואישש‬
‫חלק נכבד מההיסטוריוגרפיה של דברי הימים ההם‪ ,‬וחיזק מסורות צדיקים וחסידי חב"ד‪.‬‬
‫מאידך חומר מקורי זה יש בו כדי להפריך שמועות שווא וסיפורים בדויים‪.‬‬
‫לתופעה זו מתייחס הרב יהושע מונדשיין בדבריו על ספר 'מעשה ר' זלמינא – סיפור בדים‬
‫אודות אדמו"ר הזקן' ועל ספר 'שבחי הרב'‪:‬‬
‫'מעשיה זו [מעשה ר' זלמינא] נתחברה ע"י אלעזר מרגליות מסקאליט‪ ,‬שהדפיסה‬
‫בטשערנאוויץ בשנת ‪ ,1863‬בשם 'מעשה נפלאה ונורא מהרב‪ ...‬מוהר"ר זלמינא וויטפסקער'‪.‬‬
‫כעבור שנה‪ ,‬בשנת תרכ"ד הדפיס מיכאל לוי פרומקין [ראדקינזון] בלעמבערג‪ ,‬את ספרו‬
‫'שבחי הרב' ובהקדמתו מספר הוא כי המניע העיקרי להדפסת ספרו היה‪:‬‬
‫'מאשר ראיתי בשנה העברה נדפסה המעשה על ע"ט (נקראה בשם מעשה ר' זלמינא) והיא‬
‫מלאה שקרים ושטותים (כי כתבה יליד בוקאווינא אשר לא ידע ולא שמע מעולם את שם הרב‪,‬‬
‫וכאשר שמע מאיזה תינוק המעשה העלה אותה על הספר ולא השכיל להפריש הטוב מן הרע‪,‬‬
‫ואין מן הצורך להעיר לב הקורא ע"ז‪ ,‬כי מעצמם יבינו כי אין בה ממש)‪ ,‬עכ"ז ראיתי [כי]‬
‫לחיבת שם הקודש מרבינו כל העם בעודה בכפה בלעוה'‪.‬‬
‫אך גם בעל 'שבחי הרב' לקח מלוא חפנים מ'שקרים ושטותים' אלו‪ ,‬ובעיקר מסיפורי‬
‫ה'חכמות' שהראה רבינו במאסרו ובחקירתו‪ .‬מ'שבחי הרב' נעתקו חלקם אל ה'בית רבי'‪,‬‬
‫ונתערב התבן עם הבר (אך בעל ה'בית רבי' מקפיד לציין שמקורם של אותם סיפורים הוא‬
‫מ'סיפורים הנדפסים מכבר' שאין אחריותם עליו)‪ .‬גם לספרים תורניים התגלגלו שמועות‬
‫שמקורם במעשיות אלו'‪.1‬‬
‫סיפור בדוי מתוך 'שבחי הרב'‬
‫הנה לפנינו סיפור אחד מתוך ספר 'שבחי הרב'‪ ,‬המתאר את הסיבה שגרמה כביכול למאסרו‬
‫השני של הרה"ק הרש"ז‪ ,‬שבו מעורב סוחר מסטולין שטייל ב'גן המלך' יחד עם הצאר‬
‫פאבל הראשון‪:2‬‬
‫'ויהי במשך איזה שנים אחדי'[ם] היה מוכרח הרב [הרה"ק רבי שניאור זלמן מלאדי] ז"ל‬
‫להיות בפ"ב [פטרבורג] מאיזה עסק השייך לכלל‪ ,‬והקיסר פאוויל לא ידע מביאתו לפ"ב‪ ,‬ויהי‬
‫שם הרב איזה ימים אחדים‪.‬‬
‫בתוך כך נתהווה סיבה זרה‪ ,‬אשר סוחר א' מעיר סטאלין (שמו ידוע לי אולם העלמתיו מאשר‬
‫פיו הכשילו בלי רצונו) הלך לטייל בגן המלך (כי בימי פאויל היה רשות לכל אדם לילך‬
‫ולטייל בכל מגרשי המלך‪ ,)...‬וכאשר הלך האיש הזה לטייל בגן המלך‪ ,‬פגש אותו הקיסר‪ ,‬כי‬
‫היה דרכו של הקיסר לילך יחידי בכל מגרשי העיר‪ ,‬בהתחפשו בלבושים אחרים‪ ,‬למען יתחקה‬
‫על שורש דבר‪ .‬וכאשר פגש את העברי הנ"ל וישאלהו מאין אתה‪ ,‬ואמר מסטאלין עבדיך‪,‬‬
‫ויאמר לו הקיסר המכיר אתה את הרב מסטאלין‪( ,‬כי הקייסר ידע מהרב ר' אשר מסטאלין‪ ,‬כי‬
‫מסר אותו אביגדור הנ"ל כאשר כתבנו למעלה)‪ ,‬ויאמר לו העברי כן‪ ,‬מכיר אני אותו שהוא‬
‫איש ישר‪ .‬ויוסף הקייסר לשאול אותו ואת הרב מלאדי אתה מכיר‪ ,‬ויען לו האיש לא הכרתיו‬
‫עד כה‪ ,‬אבל תמול שלשום שמעתי כי בא לכאן‪ ,‬והלכתי לראותו‪ .‬ולא התבונן האיש לפני מי‬
‫הוא מדבר‪ ,‬ושכח על מאחז"ל למד לשונך לאמר איני יודע‪ .‬ותיכף אמר הקייסר בגערה‪ :‬הרב‬
‫מלאדי הוא פה‪ ,‬הביאו אותו אלי‪ .‬כי חרה להקייסר על אשר היה הרב בפ"ב‪ ,‬יען כי ידע‪ ,‬כי כל‬
‫שריו אהבו אותו מאוד‪ ,‬והיה ירא‪ ,‬כי לא יעשה הרב איזה קנוניא עם שריו‪.‬‬
‫ויביאו תיכף את הרב לפני הקייסר‪ ,‬וישאלהו מה אתה עושה פה‪ ,‬והתנצל הרב לפניו‪ .‬אבל לא‬
‫הועיל לו שום התנצלות‪ ,‬ויצוה הקייסער להושיבו במשמר מקום אשר אסירי המלך אסורים‪,‬‬
‫והיה פקודה מהקייסר כי יבלה שם הרב כל ימי חייו'‪.3‬‬
‫‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫'כרם חב"ד'‪ ,4 ,‬כרך ב' עמ' ‪.248‬‬
‫קיסר רוסיה משנת תקנ"ז ועד מותו י"ד ניסן בשנת תקס"א‪.‬‬
‫'שבחי הרב' לבוב תרכ"ד‪[ ,‬עמ' ‪.]20–19‬‬
‫לכאורה‪ ,‬הסיפור כולו אינו אלא בדיה‪ ,‬בנוי על דמיונות שווא‪ .‬כאשר מהסיפור עולה כי‬
‫סיבת מאסרו של הרה"ק הרש"ז היא‪ ,‬פגישה מקרית בין סוחר יהודי מסטולין לבין הצאר‬
‫הרוסי פאבל‪ ,‬כשהם מטיילים יחד ב'גן המלך'‪ ,‬ומשוחחים יחדיו‪ ,‬ותוך כדי כך נכשל הסוחר‬
‫הסטולינאי בלשונו‪ ,‬והצאר פאבל מגלה מפיו כי הרה"ק הרש"ז נמצא בפטרבורג‪ – .‬הצאר‬
‫כועס מאד‪ ,‬על הרה"ק הרש"ז על עצם ביאתו לפטרבורג‪ ,‬כי בעיר המלוכה הוא עלול‬
‫לעשות 'איזה קנוניא עם שריו' שאוהבים אותו מאד‪ .‬דברים מופרכים לגמרי‪ ,‬כי כביכול כל‬
‫'חטאו' של הרה"ק הרש"ז הוא ביאתו לפטרבורג‪ ,‬בה הוא עלול לעשות 'איזה קנוניא עם‬
‫שריו'‪.‬‬
‫לא זו אף זו‪ ,‬בלוז הסיפור מושמטת מלשינותו של ר' אביגדור הרב של פינסק‪ ,‬שבטעות‬
‫מייחסו 'שבחי הרב' למאסרו הראשון של הרה"ק הרש"ז בשנת תקנ"ט‪ .‬דבר שהוא לא נכון‪.‬‬
‫גם איזכורו של מרן הרא"ש הגדול מסטולין על ידי הצאר – מופרך‪ ,‬כי בשעה זו עדיין לא‬
‫הגיע לסטולין‪ ,4‬משעקר דירתו מזליחוב‪ ,‬ולא נימנה עם רשימת הנאשמים של השלטונות‪.‬‬
‫כפי שהאריך בזה הרב י‪ .‬מונדשיין במבוא לתעודות החדשות שחשף‪ ,‬תחת הכותרת 'המאסר‬
‫והגאולה – מסורות‪ ,‬בדותות ועובדות'‪.5‬‬
‫אלא שלאחר פרסום ספרו של הרב יהושע מונדשיין 'המאסר הראשון'‪ ,6‬בו רואים אור‬
‫לראשונה‪ ,‬חילופי מכתבים שנשלחו שבועות מספר לפני מאסרו השני של הרה"ק הרש"ז‪,‬‬
‫מווילנא לפטרבורג‪ ,‬בין גדולי חסידי הרה"ק הרש"ז מווילנא‪ ,‬לבין החסיד רבי יהודה יפה‬
‫מקאפוסט‪ ,‬ששהה אז בפטרבורג‪ ,‬ושימש מאוחר יותר כמתורגמן בחקירות שנעשו להרה"ק‬
‫רבי שניאור זלמן‪ – ,‬אנו מתוודעים‪ ,‬למרבה הפלא‪ ,‬לגרעיני אמת הקיימים בתוך הסיפור‬
‫הכה–דמיוני‪.‬‬
‫המציאות כפי שהייתה‬
‫נעתיק קטע ממכתב שכתב חסידו המפורסם רבי משה מייזלש גם בשמו של רבי נחום‬
‫השתדלן מוילנא‪ ,‬ביום ח' חשון תקס"א‪ ,‬לפטרבורג‪ ,‬לידי החסיד רבי יהודה יפה מקאפוסט‪.‬‬
‫כחודש לפני מאסרו השני של הרה"ק רבי שניאור זלמן מלאדי‪ ,‬והנוגעים לסיפורנו‪:‬‬
‫'‪...‬עוד חדושי'[ם] דפה בארוכה‪ .‬ביום אתמול הגיע איג'[רת] מר' ליב מלוטשין לר' דוד‬
‫חיי'[ם] ומבואר בה שהרב דפינסק‪ 7‬דבר עם הקיסר יר"ה בגאטשין‪ ,8‬שעה וחצי בעניני' שונים‪,‬‬
‫ובקש מאתו באשר אין רעזלוציע‪ 9‬על בקשותיו‪ ,‬א' מי"ח בוגין והשני ג"כ מכמה בוגין‪ ,‬והיתה‬
‫תשובת הקיסר יר"ה שיובא לפניו בקשותיו וימלא את כל משאלותיו בעצמו‪ ,‬וגם נתן לו שני‬
‫מאות רובל וציוה להגראף פאלין‪ ,‬שיותן לו מעות בכל עת הצטרכותו‪ .‬זה הי' קודם חצות‬
‫היום‪ ,‬ואחר שגמר עמו הדברי' היה מלוה אותו הקיסר יר"ה בעצמו להרב שלשה חדרים עד‬
‫צאתו‪.‬‬
‫‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫‪6‬‬
‫‪7‬‬
‫‪8‬‬
‫‪9‬‬
‫ראה קובץ בית אהרן וישראל‪ ,‬קסב‪ ,‬עמ' קמט בהערה ‪.150‬‬
‫כרם חב"ד‪ 4 ,‬כרך א' עמ' ‪ .18‬שם הוא מצטט ממאמרי בקובץ בית אהרן וישראל‪ ,‬גל' י‪ ,‬עמ' פח‪.‬‬
‫ירושלים‪ ,‬תשע"ב‪.‬‬
‫ר' אביגדור ב"ר חיים‪.‬‬
‫בארמון הצאר בגאטשין הסמוכה לסנט פטרבורג‪ .‬על כך ראה בהמשך‪.‬‬
‫החלטה‪.‬‬
‫ולעת הצהריים כשהלך הקיסר יר"ה לבית הגן לטייל‪ ,‬מצא את הנגיד ר' מאיר מדווידהארדאק‬
‫ואת מ' יוסף משקלאוו‪ ,‬ושאל אותם הקיסר יר"ה על אודות הרב [אביגדור] אם הוא איש הגון‪,‬‬
‫ואמרו בוודאי הוא איש הגון ונחשב‪ ,‬והשיב הקיסר יר"ה אמת כדבריכם הוא‪ ,‬וגם אני מכיר‬
‫בו שהוא מופלג בלמודית‪ ,‬והרב [אביגדור] ממתין בגאטשין על תשובותיו‪ ,‬ומזה האיג' היתה‬
‫שמחה גדולה לכשנגדינו‪.‬‬
‫ואחר בוא האיג' שלך אף שנכתבה בקיצור גדול עכ"פ החיית את נפשינו‪ ,‬ונייחל עוד על‬
‫מכתבך בפירוש כל המאורע באר היטיב‪.‬‬
‫והנני שולח איג' מיוחד להנגיד מ' מאיר להודיעני ג"כ את המאורע בפירוש‪ ,‬ומה ראה על‬
‫ככה‪ ,‬ומה הגיע לו להחזיק יד הרשע המפורסם‪ ,‬אשר כל מגמתו להבעיר אש מחלקות בין‬
‫אחב"י‪ ,‬ולהטות את לב הקיסר יר"ה‪ ,‬ומקום דשכיחי הזיקא שאני‪ ,‬כי יודע הנגיד מ' מאיר‬
‫את הצרות והתלאות שעברו עלינו‪ ,‬הכל היה בתחבולות אנשי רשע כמוהו‪ ,‬ומי יודע אם לעת‬
‫כזאת הגיע למלכות‪.10'...‬‬
‫באותו יום כותב החסיד ר"מ מייזלש בשמו של רבי נחום מוילנא אל ר' מאיר מדוידהורודוק‪:‬‬
‫'ידידי רחימי עוז אהבתי הרבני הראש הנגיד המפורסם מוהר"ר מאיר נ"י ולכל הנלוים אליו‬
‫שלום'‪.‬‬
‫אה' ידידי עוז אהבתי‪ .‬מאז ידעתיו ואכירהו כריע כאח הוא לי‪ ,‬וידעתי איך לבבו נאמן וישר‬
‫עמי בלי התחלקות‪ ,‬ומעולם הוא מחזיק ידי החסידי' והישרים‪ ,‬אשר אביו ז"ל התאבק בעפר‬
‫רגליהם‪ ,‬כידוע לי ולכל יודעיו ומכיריו‪ .‬וגם בהיותו פה קהלתינו בקיץ העבר‪ ,‬דיברנו הרבה‬
‫בנדון ענינים דפה‪ ,‬וידעתי שהבין וראה וחקר לעמוד על לב אנשי קהלתינו‪ ,‬אשר באמת לדמים‬
‫יארובו‪ ,‬וכל מיני קרבות יחפצון‪ ,‬בכל מיני טצדקי לפי מחשבותם להפק מזימותם‪ ,‬עד אשר‬
‫סמכו ידים על ראש הרשע המפורסם הרב דפינסק‪ ,‬ומריצים איג' לו שיטעה את לב הקיסר‬
‫יר"ה‪ ,‬ואיני צריך להודיע למעלתו מרשעת הרב הנ"ל‪ ,‬אשר יודע בעצמו הרבה יותר ממני‪.‬‬
‫בכן נפלאתי מאוד ותמוה הוא לעיני כל יודעיו אין פשר דבר‪ ,‬אשר כפי האיגרת ששלח ר' ליב‬
‫מלוטשין היושב כעת בפ"ב מאנשי ווילנא‪ ,‬אשר הודיע בה שהרב הנ"ל הי' אצל הקיסר יר"ה‬
‫כפי המבואר באריכות באיג' שכתבתי לידידי האברך מ' יהודא מקאפוסט‪,‬‬
‫ובעת היות הקיסר יר"ה בגן לטייל שאל את כבוד מעלתו על הרב [אביגדור] הנ"ל‪ ,‬מה משפטו‬
‫ומעשהו‪ ,‬והשיב מעלתו כי הרב הוא איש הגון והישר‪.‬‬
‫ומה ראה מעלתו על ככה ומה הגיע אליכם‪ ,‬לחזק מטה רשע‪ ,‬אשר הוא רק מחרחר ריב בין‬
‫אחב"י‪ ,‬וכולו מלא תוך ומרמה‪.‬‬
‫אכן אחר העיון דנתי למעלתו לזכות‪ ,‬כי אימת המלך שאני‪ ,‬וכשגגה שיצאה מלפני השליט‬
‫הוא‪ ,‬אבל להבא בקשתי לתקן במה שאפשר‪ .‬כי באמת בעת ששמענו שכבוד מעלתו הוא‬
‫בע"מ פ"ב‪ ,‬שמחנו כמוצא ש"ר‪ ,‬כי יודע מוצאות ומובאות הכלל‪ ,‬להיטיב במה דאפשר‪,‬‬
‫שיגיע לשלום ולמנוע ולהכרית את כל המרחקים את השלום‪ .‬לכן גם עתה במה שלעתיד‬
‫יעשה לטובת הכלל והיה זה שלום‪.‬‬
‫וגודל בקשתי שאל ימנע פרי עטו‪ ,‬ולצוות לידידי מ' יודל מקאפוסט שיכתוב לי איגרת בשמכם‬
‫ומע"כ בעצמו יבוא על החתום‪ ,‬ויכבדני נא בזה‪ ,‬ואני אענדנו עטרות לי‪ ,‬ומוכן אני לשרתו בכל‬
‫אשר יצווה עלי בחסדו‪.11‬‬
‫‪ 1‬המאסר הראשון‪ ,‬עמ' ‪.531–526‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪ 11‬שם‪ ,‬שם‪.‬‬
‫השוואות בין הסיפור ב'שבחי הרב' לבין מכתבי החסידים האותנטיים‬
‫יש דמיון רב בין מה שמסופר ב'שבחי הרב' לבין המציאות כפי שכתבו אז החסידים‬
‫במכתביהם‪ ,‬בשעה שהתרחשו הדברים‪.‬‬
‫הסוחר מסטולין שבסיפור מזוהה עם חסיד מדוויד–הורדוק הסמוכה‪ ,12‬נפגש עם 'הקיסר'‬
‫הצאר בטיילו ב'גן המלך'‪ ,‬כאשר הוא יודע ומכיר שזהו הצאר‪ ,‬גם השיחה שהייתה ביניהם‬
‫זהה‪ .‬במרכזה שואל 'הקיסר' לחסיד‪' :‬המכיר אתה את הרב'?‪ .‬תשובת החסיד גם זהה בשני‬
‫המקורות‪' :‬מכיר אני אותו שהוא איש ישר'!‬
‫אלא שכאן השתבשה השמועה‪ .‬במציאות‪ ,‬שאל הקיסר על הרב ר' אביגדור הרב מפינסק‬
‫ואילו בסיפור הוא שאל על הרב מסטאלין‪ .‬מכאן ואילך כבר הפליג הדמיון ואין בסיפור כל‬
‫קשר לעובדות‪.‬‬
‫הנגיד רבי מאיר מדויד–הורודוק‬
‫אין בידנו פרטים עליו ממקור אחר‪ .‬אך ממה שאנו למדים מבין ריסי המכתבים‪ ,‬עולה‪ ,‬כי‬
‫יש לו קשר עם החסידים ותמך בהם‪' :‬מאז ידעתיו ואכירהו כריע כאח הוא לי‪ ,‬וידעתי איך‬
‫לבבו נאמן וישר עמי בלי התחלקות‪ ,‬ומעולם הוא מחזיק ידי החסידי' והישרים'‪ .‬אביו היה‬
‫חסיד מובהק של צדיקי החסידים‪' :‬אשר אביו ז"ל התאבק בעפר רגליהם‪ ,‬כידוע לי ולכל‬
‫יודעיו ומכיריו'‪.‬‬
‫מתוך הדברים ניכר כי רבי מאיר אינו חסיד ומקושר להרה"ק הרש"ז‪ ,‬אך נמנה – או היה מקורב‬
‫– עם עדת החסידים‪ .‬בעל 'שבחי הרב' מתארו כסוחר מסטולין‪ ,‬ייתכן כי היה מחסידי מרן‬
‫הרא"ש מסטולין ולכן מייחסו לסטולין ושמקום מושבו בדוויד–הורודוק הסמוכה לסטולין‪.‬‬
‫כאמור‪ ,‬מרן הרא"ש מסטאלין עדיין לא חזר באותה שעה מזליחוב שבפולין להשתקע‬
‫בסטולין‪ .‬אך ידועים לנו כי בדויד–הורודוק‪ ,‬מקום מגורי הנגיד ר' מאיר‪ ,‬היו אז חסידים שציפו‬
‫אז לבואו של מרן הרא"ש לאזור‪ .‬מתוך כתבי חסידים‪ 13‬נמצאים אנו למדים כי היו בין חסידי‬
‫דויד–הורודוק שביקשו בתקופה זו מהמגיד הקדוש רבי דוד מסטעפין‪ ,‬לבוא לדויד–הורודוק‬
‫הסמוכה לסטאלין‪ ,‬ולכהן כמגיד ולעמוד בראש החסידים‪ .‬אך היו בעיר חסידים שהתנגדו‬
‫לכך‪ ,‬ומסתבר כי היו אלה חסידים שרצו בהמשך השושלת הקרלינית‪ ,14‬ועל כן נמנע מלכהן שם‬
‫‪15‬‬
‫כמגיד‪ ,‬וכמוצא של פשרה הכתיר את גדול החסידים בעיר‪ ,‬הרה"ק רבי משה מדויד–הורודוק‬
‫‪16‬‬
‫מתלמידי הרה"ק רבי לוי יצחק מברדיטשוב לכהן כמגיד וכמנהיג החסידים במקום ‪.‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪13‬‬
‫‪14‬‬
‫‪15‬‬
‫‪16‬‬
‫מרחק של כ–‪ 20‬ק"מ‪.‬‬
‫כת"י החסיד ר"מ ברנשטיין ז"ל הי"ד‪ ,‬ומצויין עליו בעל השמועה‪" :‬זה שמעתי מר' א"י [מפי החסיד המופלג רבי‬
‫אברהם יצחק] מהורדוק נ"י [מגדולי החסידים של מרן אור ישראל ומרן הרא"א מקארלין‪ ,‬שנהירין היו לו מסורות‬
‫חסידים מקדמת דנא בעירו דויד–הורודוק]"‪.‬‬
‫בדויד–הורודוק התגוררו בתקופה קדומה זו מספר חסידים גדולים‪ .‬רבי ברוך שזכה לראות פני קודש מרן הבעש"ט‬
‫(ממנו הסתעפה בדויד–הורודוק משפחת ברוכין) ובנו רבי יעקב קאסעס שהסתופפו בצל רבותינו הקוה"ט זיע"א‬
‫אביהם של האחים החסידים המופלגים רבי יצחק ורבי אהרן מדויד–הורודוק תלמידי מרן הרא"ש הגדול‪ .‬רבי‬
‫ישראל יוסף אב"ד דויד–הורדוק – תלמיד של מרן הרש"ק זיע"א ורבי שלום מדויד–הורודוק – תלמיד של מרן‬
‫הרא"ש הגדול‪.‬‬
‫הרה"ק רבי משה מהורדוק היה בנו של רבי אליהו מייזל (אילן היוחסין של משפחת מייזל באנגלית) ואביו של‬
‫הגאון רבי אליהו חיים מייזל רבה של לודז‪.‬‬
‫על כך בקובץ בית אהרן וישראל‪ ,‬קסב‪ ,‬עמ' קלג‪.‬‬
‫לר' מאיר היו מהלכים וקשרים עם המלך ושריו‪' .‬כי יודע מוצאות ומובאות הכלל‪ ,‬להיטיב‬
‫במה דאפשר'‪ .‬וחסידי הרה"ק הרש"ז ראו בו עוגן הצלה שיצליח להטות את לב המלך‬
‫ולהדוף את המלשינות שנרקמת על ידי הרב מפינסק‪' :‬ומי יודע אם לעת כזאת הגיע‬
‫למלכות'‪ ,‬הם אף תכננו לפנות אליו כדי לסייע בידם נגד המלשינות של הרב מפינסק‪' :‬כי‬
‫באמת בעת ששמענו שכבוד מעלתו הוא בע"מ פ"ב [בעיר מלוכה פטרבורג] שמחנו כמוצא‬
‫ש"ר [שלל רב]'‪.‬‬
‫רבי מאיר היה מודע היטב לתעלולי המתנגדים בווילנא‪' :‬וגם בהיותו פה קהלתינו [בווילנא]‬
‫בקיץ העבר‪ ,‬דיברנו הרבה בנדון ענינים דפה‪ ,‬וידעתי שהבין וראה וחקר לעמוד על לב‬
‫אנשי קהלתינו‪ ,‬אשר באמת לדמים יארובו‪ ,‬וכל מיני קרבות יחפצון‪ ,‬בכל מיני טצדקי לפי‬
‫מחשבותם להפק מזימותם‪ ,‬עד אשר סמכו ידים על ראש הרשע המפורסם‪ ...‬ומריצים איג'‬
‫לו שיטעה את לב הקיסר יר"ה‪ ,‬ואיני צריך להודיע למעלתו מרשעת‪ ...‬אשר יודע בעצמו‬
‫הרבה יותר ממני'‪' .‬כי יודע הנגיד מ' מאיר את הצרות והתלאות שעברו עלינו‪ ,‬הכל היה‬
‫בתחבולות אנשי רשע'‪.‬‬
‫החסידים מקווים כי ר' מאיר כי מעתה יסייע בידם להדוף את המלשינות‪' :‬אכן אחר העיון‬
‫דנתי למעלתו לזכות‪ ,‬כי אימת המלך שאני‪ ,‬וכשגגה שיצאה מלפני השליט הוא‪ ,‬אבל להבא‬
‫בקשתי לתקן במה שאפשר'‪.‬‬
‫הזדמנות לשלום שהוחמצה‬
‫מתוך צרור המכתבים שנכתבו באותה שעה‪ ,‬בין וילנא לפטרבורג‪ ,‬מתברר‪ ,‬כי באותם ימים‬
‫הייתה הזדמנות פז לכרות ברית שלום בין המתנגדים לחסידים‪ .‬הגאון רבי חיים מוואלזין‬
‫הגיע למטרה זו לוילנא כדי להשכין את השלום‪ .‬ובקשת החסידים מווילנא מאת ר' מאיר‬
‫היא‪' :‬שיגיע לשלום ולמנוע ולהכרית את כל המרחקים את השלום‪ .‬לכן גם עתה במה‬
‫שלעתיד יעשה לטובת הכלל והיה זה שלום'‪.‬‬
‫אך הידיעות שהגיעו מפטרבורג כי הרב מפינסק נשא חן בעיני הצאר פאבל הראשון‪,‬‬
‫הקשיחו את לב המתנגדים להמשיך במלחמתם‪.‬‬
‫'כעת יושב בכאן הרב דוולאזין‪ ,‬והי' קרוב לגמר לשלוח אחרי אדומו"ר שיבוא לפה קהלתינו‬
‫בוודאי הי' נעשה שלום לא קטיעה‪ ,‬אכן כעת בבוא איג' של ר' ליב מלוטשין הנ"ל נסוגו‬
‫אחור‪ ,‬ולא ידעתי איך שיוגמר‪ ,‬כי הם מצפים לחידושים שונים ח"ו ולדמים יארובו כאשר‬
‫ידעת רוע לבבם'‪.17‬‬
‫פטרבורג עיר מלוכה‬
‫עם יסוד העיר פטרבורג בתס"ג‪ ‬נאסר על היהודים להתיישב בה‪ .‬הישיבה בה הותרה רק‬
‫ליהודים שהמירו דתם‪ ,‬או לפי היתר מיוחד מהצאר‪ – .‬בשנת תקס"ד חוייבו היהודים‬
‫שנוסעים לערי הבירה‪ ,‬לשהות זמנית‪ ,‬בפטרבורג או במוסקבה‪ ,‬להתלבש בלבוש הגויים‪.‬‬
‫וכך הוא לשונו של חוק זה‪' :‬יותר לבעלי תעשיה‪ ,‬בעלי מלאכה‪ ,‬אומנים וסוחרים לנסוע‪,‬‬
‫לזמן קצוב לפלכים הפנימיים‪ ,‬ואף לבירות (פטרבורג ומוסקבה)‪ ...‬יהודים אלה‪ ,‬המגיעים‬
‫‪' 17‬המאסר הראשון' שם‪.‬‬
‫לזמן קצר‪ ,‬וכן נשיהם וילדיהם‪ ,‬חייבים ללבוש לבוש גרמני כדי לא להיות שונים מאחרים‪,‬‬
‫אם ישתמשו בלבוש שלהם‪ ,‬אין לסבול אותם‪ ,‬ויגורשו מיד על–ידי המשטרה'‪.18‬‬
‫לא ידוע אם גזירה זו יושמה במלואה‪ ,‬כי במכתב קודש‪ 19‬של הרה"ק הרש"ז הוא מתייחס‬
‫לדבריו של אחד מאנשיו‪ 20‬של הרה"ק רבי ברוך ממזבוז‪ ,‬במכתב שכתב לחסידי רבו‪ ,‬ובו‬
‫הוא מתאר את הוויכוח שבפגישת הצדיקים‪ ,‬אך שינה את 'הדברים מן הקצה אל הקצה'‪.‬‬
‫בגלל כך נאלץ אפוא הרש"ז לכתוב לחסידיו באזור‪ ,21‬ולהעמיד דברים על דיוקם‪' :‬כי‬
‫בהמכתב הנ"ל היה כתוב שביקשתי מר"ב הסכמתו על נסיעתי לפ"ב‪ ,‬והוא אמר לי שכל מי‬
‫שנוסע לפ"ב צריך ללבוש בגדי רוסיא ולגדל בלורית‪ ,‬וקבלתי עלי לעשות כן בשביל טובת‬
‫ישראל‪ ,‬וזהו השקר ידוע ומפורסם לכל במדינתינו‪ ,‬כי רבים הנוסעים ממדינתנו לפ"ב ואינם‬
‫צריכים כלל זה‪ ,‬גם מה צריך לי הסכמתו‪ ,‬הלא יש תחת ידי כתב חירות מהקיר"ה על כל‬
‫הנהגותי'‪ .‬העולה מהדברים‪ ,‬כי עיר הבירה פטרבורג נתפסה אצל החסידים לא רק רחוקה‬
‫פיזית‪ ,‬אלא בעיקר זרה ומנוכרת רוחנית‪.‬‬
‫הארמון וגן המלך בגאטשין‬
‫בשנת תקכ"ו החלו לבנות את הארמון הגדול בגאטשין הסמוכה לפטרבורג הבירה‪ .‬הארמון‬
‫ענק ממדים נבנה במודל של טירות בריטיות‪ .‬הצארית יקטרינה השנייה‪ ,‬רכשה את הארמון‬
‫והגנים בשנת תקמ"ג‪ .‬והעניקה אותה לבנה פאבל הראשון‪.‬‬
‫הגנים משתרעים על שטח ענק של כ–‪ 150‬דונם‪ .‬כמעט רבע מהשטח של הפארק הוא פני‬
‫מים של נהרות הזורמים בערוצים קטנים ותעלות‪ .‬בהם שוכנים ארבעה איים מלאכותיים‬
‫קטנים ועליהם נטועים גנים‪ .‬הגנים מורכבים מכמה חלקים קשורים‪ .‬הגן אנגלי – החלק‬
‫הגדול ביותר של פרק הארמון‪ .‬גינה פרטית צמודה לקבינט המגדל‪ .‬שלושה גנים ממוקמים‬
‫בסמוך לארמון‪ ,‬ופריסה של גנים בוטניים תחתון והעליון‪ .‬משם מובילה רמפה המחוברת‬
‫למבוך היער‪ .‬הארמון ולידו הגנים עדיין קיימים כיום‪.‬‬
‫לסיכום הדברים‪ ,‬הודות לספרו המונומנטלי של הרב י‪ .‬מונדשיין הצלחנו לחשוף גרעיני‬
‫אמת נוספים בינות לסיפורי בדים לתולדות ה'מאסר השני' של הרה"ק הרש"ז‪.22‬‬
‫‪8‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪19‬‬
‫‪20‬‬
‫‪21‬‬
‫‪22‬‬
‫ש‪ .‬אטינגר‪ ,‬בין פולין לרוסיה‪ ,‬תקנות ‪ 1804‬סעיף ‪ ,28‬עמ' ‪.253‬‬
‫אג"ק אדה"ז‪ ,‬תשע"ב‪ ,‬אביב תק"ע‪ ,‬אגרת צח‪.‬‬
‫ששמו ר' דוד‪ ,‬אך איננו יודעים פרטים כלשהם לגביו‪.‬‬
‫מאהילוב שבפודוליה‪.‬‬
‫בקובץ בית אהרן וישראל‪ ,‬קסב‪ ,‬עמ' קמא–ב הארכתי בענין הזיקה הקרלינית ב'מאסרו הראשון' של הרה"ק הרש"ז‪.‬‬
‫על האשמות שהטילו השלטונות בחסידי קרלין ושתלו בהם את הקולר להיותם תלמידים וקשורים למרן הר"א‬
‫הגדול מקארלין ולמרן הרש"ק‪ .‬כשלא היינו מגיעים לכך לולא חשיפת תיק החקירות בספרו של הרב י‪ .‬מונדשיין‬
‫'המאסר הראשון'‪ ,‬שתוכנו מעלה לפנינו מסכת שלמה של חקירות והאשמות המכוונות נגד רבותינו הקוה"ט‬
‫מסטולין קרלין וחסידיהם שנימנו עם קבוצת כ"ב החסידים שנאסרו בגין המלשינות ב'מאסר הראשון'‪.‬‬
‫ד ‪' /‬החצר החדשה' של הרה"ק רבי מנחם מנדל מויטבסק‬
‫בעבר‪ 23‬העליתי את 'תולדות בית הכנסת העתיק 'בית אהרן' לחסידי קארלין בעיה"ק טבריא‬
‫ת"ו' מראשית השתלשלות בנייתו יחד עם הבית שמתחתיו על ידי הרה"ק רבי מנחם מנדל‬
‫מויטבסק בשנת תקמ"ה‪ ,‬הריסתו של ביהכ"נ ברעש אדמה שפקד את הגליל בשנת תקצ"ז‪,‬‬
‫רכישת הבית מתחתיו בשנת תרכ"ט ושיקומו על–ידי חסידי קרלין בפקודת מרן אדמו"ר‬
‫הזקן בעל ה'בית אהרן'‪ ,‬ופעילותו כמרכז לתורה ותפילה עד עצם היום הזה‪ .‬אלא שנעלם‬
‫ממני פרק חשוב וקדום לתולדות 'החצר החדשה' אשר בשטחה הקים הרמ"מ את ביתו ובית‬
‫הכנסת שמעליו‪.‬‬
‫במכתבים ששלח הרה"ק הרמ"מ לחסידים ברוסיה הלבנה (רייסין)‪ ,‬בה הוא מספר על‬
‫הצלתו שלו ושל החסידים מהמגיפה שהשתוללה בגליל בשנת תקמ"ו‪ .‬מצויה התייחסותו‬
‫ל'חצר החדשה' וממנה משתמע כי עליה הקים ביתו ובית הכנסת שבנה בשנת תקמ"ה‪:‬‬
‫'ותהלות ה' לבשר בתודות והלל‪ ,‬בקול גדול להריע‪ ,‬מיד ה' אשר הויה והחל הנגף פה עיה"ק‬
‫טבריא ת"ו‪ .‬אם אמנם לא נמשך הזמן כי אם מעט ורעים‪ ,‬המה היו בערך שבועים שבעה‪,‬‬
‫מימי הפורים עד כמה ימים בחודש אייר‪ ,‬יקד יקוד כיקוד אש‪ ,‬ועצת ה' היא תקום אותנו‬
‫בעיר בתווך‪ ,‬שלא לנוס אל אחת הערים‪ ,‬כי אנה מפניו נברח‪ ,‬כ"א חבי כמעט רגע עד יעבור‬
‫זעם‪ .‬סגרנו עצמינו בחצר החדשה שלי יותר מערך מנין‪ ,‬כדי להתפלל בציבור‪ ,‬תמיד‬
‫תפילותינו בפינו אקצירי ואמריעי כדרכינו מעולם‪ ,‬ומצלינן בחיי דכל בית ישראל‪.24'...‬‬
‫'והנה חסדי ה' אזכיר‪ ,‬אשר בנה לי בית נכון ונשא‪ ,‬אשר נאספו אלי חברים מקשיבים‬
‫לקולי בחצרי‪ ,‬גם כי קטן הוא מהכיל‪ ,‬המועט החזיק את המרובה‪ ,‬והתפללנו במנין ערב‬
‫ובקר וצהרים‪ ,‬וראיתי בעיני כי דבר ה' הוא אשר הי' סיבת הבית בהבנותו לסיבת‬
‫הצלתינו‪.25'...‬‬
‫לא נתפרש עד עתה מה היא אותה 'חצר חדשה' שעליה הקים הרה"ק הרמ"מ את ביתו‪.26‬‬
‫אלא לאחר עיון נוסף במכתבו של רבי אליעזר זוסמאן מצאנו קטעים מעניינים העוסקים‬
‫בגלגולם של סיבות שגרמו להרחבת הישוב היהודי בטבריה באמצעות שכירת אותה 'חצר‬
‫חדשה'‪.‬‬
‫רבי אליעזר זוסמאן סופרו ומקורבו של הרה"ק רבי מנחם מנדל מויטבסק‪ ,27‬במכתבו‬
‫מחורף תקמ"ד‪ ,‬שכתב אל החסיד רבי יעקב מסמוליין גזבר מעות א"י ברייסין‪ ,28‬מעלה‬
‫פרטים רבים שיש בהם כדי ליצור תמונה שלימה מקורות הימים שהתרחשו בשנת תקמ"ג‪.‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪24‬‬
‫‪25‬‬
‫‪26‬‬
‫‪27‬‬
‫‪28‬‬
‫קובאו"י גליון ט'‪ ,‬שבט–אדר תשמ"ז‪.‬‬
‫יסוד המעלה‪ ,‬בני ברק תש"ס‪ ,‬כרך ב‪ ,‬אגרת כט‪.‬‬
‫שם אגרת ל‪.‬‬
‫ב'ראשיתן של עליות חסידים'‪ ,‬ח‪ .‬שטימן–כץ‪ ,‬ירושלים תשמ"ז‪ ,‬עמ' ‪ ,78–75‬יש התייחסות ל'חצר החדשה'‪ ,‬אך לא‬
‫נזכר בו כל קשר בין 'החצר החדשה' לבין בניית ביתו ובית הכנסת של הרה"ק רבי מנחם מנדל מויטבסק‪.‬‬
‫עלה יחד עם הרה"ק הרמ"מ והר"א מקליסק והר"י מפולוצק בשנת תקל"ז‪ ,‬היה ממקורבי רבותיו הקדושים‪ .‬נסע‬
‫כשד"ר מספר פעמים‪ ,‬סידר וערך לדפוס את הספר הקדוש 'פרי הארץ'‪ .‬סופר וכותב מכתביהם של הצדיקים‬
‫הקדושים הרמ"מ והרא"ק‪ .‬בי"ז שבט תקנ"ט מופיע חתימתו על הסכמה לספר 'שבחי ירושלים'‪ ,‬ובמכתב מעשה‬
‫אלעזר מדיסנא שלהי תקס"א‪ ,‬הוא נזכר כ'המנוח ר' זוסמאן'‪ ,‬אגרות בעל התניא‪ ,‬אגרת צד‪ .‬ייתכן מאד כי גם הוא‬
‫נספה במגיפה בשנת תקנ"ט‪.‬‬
‫יסוה"מ אגרת יג‪.‬‬
‫רא"ז היה שד"ר בחו"ל בעת שאירעו הדברים‪ ,‬והגיע חזרה לארץ בראשית תקמ"ד‪ ,29‬סמוך‬
‫להתרחשות המאורעות‪.‬‬
‫רא"ז העלה את הדברים על הכתב לאחר שהרמ"מ ציווה עליו לכתוב את פרטי רצף מאורעות‬
‫ומצוקות קשות שעברו אז על החסידים בטבריה‪ ,‬תוך גילויי שרשרת נסים ונפלאות שאירעו‬
‫לבסוף‪ ,‬כפי שכתב הרה"ק הרמ"מ לחסידים ברייסין בחורף שנת תקמ"ד והעיד על אמתותם‬
‫של הדברים‪:‬‬
‫'‪...‬ועתה אתם ברוכי ה'‪ ,‬ידוע להוי לכון דרך כללות‪ ,‬כי הברכה אשר הובאת לנו מידכם‪ ,‬הגיעה‬
‫לידינו בשלימות‪ ,‬לא תחסר כל בה אפי' פ"א‪ ,‬והחייתם את נפשותינו‪ ,‬ואורו עינינו מגודל‬
‫הרפתקאות שהיו לנו בשנה זו‪ 30‬יותר מן הקודמות‪ ,‬ולבסוף עשה לנו הש"י נסים ונפלאות‪,‬‬
‫כאשר יתוודע לכם בפרטות ע"י מכתב אהובינו ידידינו הרבני המופלג בתורה וביראה‬
‫הותיק מ' אליעזר זוסמאן אשר צויתי לו לכתוב כל דבר בפרטות‪ ,‬ומה שמבואר שם‬
‫הכל אמת צלול וברור‪ ,‬רב לכם‪ ,‬אשריכם‪ ,‬מה טוב חלקיכם ומה נעים גורליכם‪.31'...‬‬
‫גם רבי אליעזר זוסמאן עצמו במכתבו המפורט‪ 32‬מציין‪:‬‬
‫'עתה באתי לספר מעשה ה' כי נורא הוא‪ ,‬על הנסים ועל הנפלאות ועל התשועות אשר עשה‬
‫ה' עמנו‪ ,‬על אשר חלפו ועברו עלינו בימים ההם ובזמן הזה‪ ,‬והנה חידושי הזמן רבים הם‪,‬‬
‫ואי אפשר לפורטם‪ ,‬אעפ"כ אפס קצהו תראה באגרת הלז למען תספר באזני כל החברים‬
‫המקשיבים לקול ה' שלום‪ ,‬כי כן צוותי מכבוד אדמו"ר בהיר בשחקים להגיד לך‪ ,‬כי‬
‫חמודות אתה‪.'...‬‬
‫במכתבו הוא מספר כי באופן פלא ומוזר הגיע אשכנזי עלום–שם שעלה 'ממדינת‬
‫פאבירעזנא[?‪ ']33‬ושכר את ה'חצר החדשה'‪ ,‬הנמצאת סמוך ל'חצר היהודים'‪ ,‬עבור‬
‫האשכנזים בטבריה‪ ,‬לאחר שהבטיח לשלם סך אלף 'אריות'‪ 34‬ל'פאסע' הוא הפחה אחמד‬
‫פאשה אל–ג'זאר‪ ,‬שמשל על צפון ארץ ישראל מטעם האימפריה העות'מאנית בין השנים‬
‫תקל"ה–תקס"ד‪ 35‬וקבע את העיר עכו כבירתו‪.36‬‬
‫‪29‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪31‬‬
‫‪32‬‬
‫‪33‬‬
‫‪34‬‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪36‬‬
‫דבריו נכתבו לאחר הגיעו לטבריה ביום כ"ד חשון תקמ"ד‪ .‬ומשתמע כי כל הפרשה של שכירת 'החצר החדשה'‬
‫שעליה הוא מספר‪ ,‬התרחשה בשלהי תקמ"ג‪.‬‬
‫דהיינו תקמ"ג‪.‬‬
‫יסוה"מ אגרת יב‪.‬‬
‫שם אגרת יג‪.‬‬
‫פוברזנא‪ ,‬על גדות הנהר 'דנייפר'‪ ,‬בארץ רוסיה (הערת יסו"ה)‪.‬‬
‫הגרוש‪ ,‬מטבע כסף‪ ,‬נקרא גם אריה בגלל הצורה‪ .‬מתוכנו של מכתב זה עולה כי אדום–זהב (דוקאט) היה שווה‬
‫בתקופה זו כ–‪ 5‬אריות‪ .‬בעוד שבשנות תק"כ היה שווה ‪ 3.62‬אריות‪ .‬ראה גם ח‪ .‬שטימן–כץ‪ ,‬ראשיתן של עליות‬
‫החסידים‪ ,‬עמ' ‪.50‬‬
‫'ההיסטוריה של ארץ ישראל' שם‪ ,‬עמ' ‪' .150–131‬ירושלים' א‪ .‬לונץ‪ ,‬כרך שנת תר"ע‪ ,‬עמ' ‪.218–216‬‬
‫ומנהגו להטיל מומים בנתיניו כונה 'אל–ג'זאר' – 'הקצב'‪ .‬יועצו הקרוב של אל–‬
‫רשע עריץ אשר בשל אכזריותו ִ‬
‫ג'זאר היה היהודי הגביר רבי חיים פרחי‪ .‬עליו סמך בכול‪ ,‬אך בעת חימה הורה לנקר את עינו ולחתוך את חוטמו‪.‬‬
‫רבי יהוסף שווארץ‪ ,‬שחי בירושלים באותם הימים‪ ,‬מעיד‪' :‬ויהי אז בעכו הרשע והאכזר אחמד ג'יזר פאשא‪ ,‬וישם‬
‫על הגביר הנ"ל (פרחי) עלילות דברים עד ששלח ידו בו וינקרהו עין אחת וחתך ראש חטמו‪ ,‬ולא יוכל לו‪ ,‬כי האכזר‬
‫מרד גם במלך ויירא המלך מללחום בו'‪ .‬זכרונות ארץ ישראל‪ ,‬כרך ראשון ‪ ,‬עמ' ‪ .101‬על גזירותיו של אל–ג'זאר‪,‬‬
‫משנת תקנ"ט‪ ,‬על החסידים בטבריה ראה 'קארלין בתקופת גלות תקמ"ו–תקס"א' פרק ה‪ ,‬קובץ בית אהרן וישראל‪,‬‬
‫קעב‪ ,‬עמ' קמב–קמו‪.‬‬
‫אלא שכאשר נודע הדבר ל'פקיד' של טבריה‪ ,‬הטיל אימה על הצדיקים והחסידים בעיר‬
‫בהאשימם כי במעשה זה הם עברו על איסור שייחסוהו לרבי חיים אבולעפיה‪ – ,‬מחדש‬
‫היישוב היהודי בטבריה – שקבע שלא להגדיל את תחום מושבם של היהודים בעיר‪ .‬ועל אף‬
‫שידם של החסידים לא הייתה במעשה‪ ,‬הוא הפחיד אותם כל כך‪ ,‬עד שהרה"ק רבי מנחם‬
‫מנדל נאלץ לנסוע עם כמה מהאשכנזים–חסידים לעכו להיפגש עם הפחה אל–ג'זאר‪:‬‬
‫'והנה נתגלגל הדבר מאיש אחד אשכנזי בליעל ממדינת 'פאבירעזנא'‪ ,‬והוא יושב בעכו‪ ,‬כי‬
‫שכר אצל ה'פאסע' היושב בעכו עוד חצר גדול עם בתים מרווחים בטבריה‪ ,‬סמוך לחצר‬
‫היהודים הראשון‪ ,‬בסך אלף אריות לשנה‪ ,‬ואמר שהוא עבור האשכנזים‪ ,‬והדבר ידוע בהסכמה‬
‫אצל כל ספרדי עיה"ק טבריא באיסור וחרם חמור‪ ,‬שלא להגדיל גבול העיר מכמות שהיא‪,‬‬
‫והפריזו על מידותיהם להתיר דמים ולמסור ממון ונפשות העוברים על זה‪ ,‬ויהי כשמוע‬
‫ה'פקיד' את הדבר הזה וכו'‪ ,‬הגם שידע באמת מן האיש הבליעל כי מדעתו עשה הדבר הזה‪,‬‬
‫ולא היה לשום אשכנזי חלק עמו אעפ"כ פסק ואמר שכל האשכנזים חייבים על מעשה אשכנזי‬
‫אחד‪ ,‬ושלח לכבוד רבותינו שבאה"ק בפחדים גדולים כל כך‪ ,‬עד שהוכרחו לנסוע בעצמם עם‬
‫עוד כמה אשכנזים לה'פאסע'‪.‬‬
‫'פקיד' זה של הקהילה היהודית בטבריה‪ ,‬אשר לא אהד את החסידים‪ ,‬התחבר ל'פקיד'‬
‫הקהילה בצפת שהיה מכבר שונאם המר של החסידים בגליל‪ .37‬כשהם מאוחדים בשנאתם‬
‫לחסידים‪ ,‬הגיעו יחד לעכו‪ ,‬כדי לסכל את הופעתו והשפעתו של הרה"ק הרמ"מ על אל–‬
‫ג'זאר‪ ,‬ובכך בקשו למנוע את הרחבת הקהילה האשכנזית–החסידית בטבריה‪.‬‬
‫הרה"ק הרמ"מ תינה את צערו הגדול בעת שהותו בעיר עכו‪ ,‬ואמר בכאב רב לחסידים‪,‬‬
‫כי אם חלילה יעלה בידם ויתקבלו דבריהם ויצליחו למנוע את התרחבות ישוב החסידים‬
‫ב'חצר החדשה'‪ ,‬יש בכך משום סכנה גדולה לעצם קיום הישוב החסידי בגליל‪ ,‬ועלולים הם‬
‫לגרש כליל את החסידים מארץ הקודש‪ .‬למרבה הפליאה‪ ,‬אירע נס והפחה קיבל את בקשת‬
‫משלחת החסידים שנשאו חן בעיניו‪ ,‬ואף פטרם מכל תשלום של שכירות 'החצר החדשה'‪,‬‬
‫וכפי שאנו קוראים בדברי הרא”ז‪:‬‬
‫'והנה כבוד אדומ"ו מוהרמ"מ נשתומם על המראה ותפעם רוחו‪ ,‬וכן אמר בהיותו בעכו עם‬
‫כמה אשכנזים‪' :‬הנני רואה בעינא פקיחא צלול וברור‪ ,‬שהוא מעשה בעל דבר העומד עלינו כל‬
‫האשכנזים‪ ,‬לעקור ולגרש את כולם מאה"ק ממש שלא להניח אף פרסת רגל אחת‪ .‬כי היטבתי‬
‫לראות כל הענין‪ ,‬והנולד ממנו בגלגל החוזר‪ ,‬כי הוא הדבר אשר דיברתי‪ ,‬והבעל דבר לא נתן‬
‫עיניו בממון להפסידנו‪ ,‬כי אם על עיקר שרשינו בארץ‪ ,‬ודעתו לשרש אחרינו‪ ,‬ואני תחילה‬
‫לכל מוכרח לברוח ולנוס ברגליי‪ ,‬והיה כשמוע האשכנזים‪ ,‬הלכו מהרה לה'פאסע'‪ ,‬ואדומ"ו‬
‫העתירו לה' בעדינו‪ ,‬וה' נתן חן האשכנזים בעיני ה'פאסע'‪ ,‬ופטר אותם משכירות החצר‬
‫בלי שום פרוטה ושוה פרוטה'‪.‬‬
‫אך 'פקידי' טבריה וצפת שמלכתחילה רצו לבטל את שכירת 'החצר החדשה' ולמנוע בכך‬
‫הרחבת הישוב האשכנזי בטבריה‪ .‬אף שלא עלתה בידם מזימתם‪ ,‬עדיין לא שקטו וביקשו‬
‫בתואנות מרמה לקבל לידם דמי השכירות של אלף אריות שהובטחו על ידי אותו אשכנזי‬
‫‪' 37‬כי 'הפקיד' מעיה"ק טבריא מבין הי' נקודת האמת‪ ,‬והתנגד באמת שלא ימשכנו לבו לעזוב אהבת עולם‪.'...‬‬
‫'ש'הפקיד' מצפת מגודל שנאתו שלא רצה הרב הנ"ל [הרה"ק הר"א מקאליסק] לאכול משחיטתו‪ ,‬באיבה הדפו‬
‫מעיה"ק צפת תוב"ב ביד רמה'‪ .‬שם באגרת יג‪.‬‬
‫עלום–שם‪ ,‬ושאותם פטר הפחה מלשלם‪ .‬באמצעות קשריהם עם 'שרים רבים ונכבדים של‬
‫ה'פאסע'‪ ,‬הצליחו למנוע פגישה נוספת של החסידים עם הפחה אל–ג'זאר‪ .‬היות ובידי‬
‫הפקיד מטבריה היו מאתיים אדומים שהגיעו אליו מ'מעות אנשי ווילנא שבאו לידו על דרך‬
‫דמשק'‪ 38‬עיקל אותם אצלו תמורת דמי השכירות של 'החצר החדשה'‪:‬‬
‫'ומאלקים היתה תבוסת ה'פקיד' של עיה"ק טבריא תובב"א‪ ,‬שהיטה שכם אחד עם ה'פקיד'‬
‫מעיה"ק צפת תובב"א‪ ,‬שהיו שניהם בעכו באותו פרק‪ ,‬בשביל אותו מעשה‪ ,‬בכדי להתגולל‬
‫עלינו ולהתנפל עלינו לקחת מאתנו סך הנ"ל בערמה‪ ,‬דהיינו שהעמידו עם שרים‪ 39‬רבים‬
‫ונכבדים של ה'פאסע'‪ ,‬שלא להניח האשכנזים עוד הפעם אל ה'פאסע'‪ ,‬ובין כך וכך תבעו‬
‫אותנו בחזקה עם אנשי חיל ופחדים‪ .‬סוף דבר‪ ,‬שהיו ביד ה'פקיד' מעות אנשי ווילנא שבאו‬
‫לידו על דרך דמשק‪ ,‬ועיכב בידו לערך מאתים אדומים‪ ,‬והיו מודים לה' כי טוב כי לעולם‬
‫חסדו‪ ,‬שכילה חמתו על עפרות זהב ונתן לנו שארית בארץ‪ ,‬וה'פקיד' מעיה"ק טברי' לקח‬
‫המעות‪ ,‬ואמר שהוכרח ליתן לה'פאסע' עבור שכירות החצר‪ ,‬ונתאחד עם ה'פקיד' דעיה"ק‬
‫צפת תובב"א‪ ,‬הגם שמעולם היו שונאים זע"ז‪ ,‬עשו שלום ביניהם‪ ,‬בכדי לרדוף אותנו כמשל‬
‫כו'‪ 40‬אעפ"כ לא עזבנו ה' אלקינו‪ ,‬ולא הניח בידם‪ ,‬יהי שם ה' מבורך'‪.‬‬
‫רבי אליעזר זוסמאן שהיה בדרכו לארץ ישראל‪ ,‬שמע על כל המאורעות עוד בהיותו‬
‫באיסטנבול‪ ,‬בדרכו חזרתו משליחותו כשד"ר החסידים‪ ,‬ועוד טרם עלותו לספינה שתיקח‬
‫אותו לארץ הקודש‪ ,‬עודכן כי עם בואו לארץ ישראל מתכננים ה'פקידים' איך לשדוד את‬
‫הכספים שהוא מביא עמו ו'איך שכל 'הפקידים' אורבים אותנו על כל המוצאות ומובאות‬
‫מן הים ליבשה'‪ .‬אך רצה מסבב הסיבות‪ ,‬והספינה עגנה בנמל חיפה‪ ,‬במקום בנמל יפו כפי‬
‫שתוכנן‪ ,‬ורא"ז הצליח להגיע בזריזות בשלום משליחותו בחו"ל עם צרור כספו לטבריה‪,‬‬
‫מיד בתחילת חורף תקמ"ד‪.‬‬
‫עתה התעורר קושי בדבר מאתיים אדומים שעיקל 'פקיד' טבריה שהיו בידו מ'מעות אנשי‬
‫ווילנא שבאו לידו על דרך דמשק'‪:‬‬
‫‪ 3‬בשנת תקל"ח‪ ,‬מיד לאחר עלייתם‪ ,‬כותב הרה"ק הרמ"מ אל ק"ק וילנא בבקשת עזרה לעולים העניים‪' :‬והנה נא‬
‫‪8‬‬
‫אדוני‪ ,‬ידעתי גם ידעתי‪ ,‬כי מפתחות העזרה בידם לכל סביבותיכם‪ ,‬לכן עמדתי לבקש על האביונים האלה‪.'...‬‬
‫יסוה"מ אגרת ג‪ .‬עוד קודם לעליית הפרושים (תקס"ח) כבר תמכו ה'מתנגדים' בהרמת תרומותיהם למען ישוב‬
‫ארץ ישראל‪ .‬כמו שכתב הרה"ק רבי שניאור זלמן מלאדי 'בדברי העדות' לצאר הרוסי במאסר הראשון‪ ,‬בראשית‬
‫תקנ"ט‪' :‬אך בשאר מדינות ליטא כולן כמו סלוצק פינסק מינסק סלאנים ושאר עיירות גדולות וקטנות מסבב שם‬
‫שליח א'[חד] משליח א"י אשר בוואלין ומקבץ נדבותיהם ומביא אליו לבראד‪ .‬וגם אנשי וילנא שולחי' נדבותיהם‬
‫לא"י כשאר כל ישראל‪ ,‬רק שאיני יודע אם מוסרי' ליד שליח השליח שמא"י הנ"ל או שולחין בעצמן לשליח א"י‬
‫או שולחין לבראד ומשם לסטאמבול ע"י סוחרי'[ם]‪ .'...‬אג"ק אדה"ז אגרת נח‪ ,‬עמ' רכח‪' .‬ושם היו עיקרי המנהיגים‬
‫של ישוב האשכנזים דטבריא וצפת מכולל אנשי רוסיא‪ ,‬ורבם הרב המפורסם רבי אברהם רב דקאליסק רבן של‬
‫חסידים‪ ,‬והיו לוקחים מעות אר"י מווילנא והמדינה דליטא וזאמוט‪ .'....‬הגאון רבי ישראל משקלוב‪ ,‬האמת מארץ‬
‫תצמח‪ ,‬עמ' ‪ .130‬עדיין לא ראיתי שדנו בנושא מעניין זה‪ .‬שממרכז ההתנגדות וילנא הגיעו כספים להחזקת ישוב‬
‫א"י שנוהל על ידי החסידים‪ ,‬באותן שנים שההתנגדות לחסידות הייתה במלוא עוזה‪.‬‬
‫‪ 39‬אין אנו יודעים האם השר רבי חיים פרחי יד ימינו של אל–ג'זאר היה ביניהם‪ ,‬או אם עמד לימינם של החסידים‪ .‬כפי‬
‫שראינו מאוחר יותר‪ ,‬בשנת תקנ"ט‪' ,‬כששמע הרה"צ מו' הר"א [מקאליסק] שרבינו [מוהר"ן מברסלב] ז"ל רוצה‬
‫לנהוג נסיעות לביתו‪ ,‬שלח שליח מיוחד אליו עם אגרתו‪ ,‬וגם אגרת הכוללות‪ ,‬ואח"ז יצאו מצפת ובאו לעכו‪ ,‬והלכו‬
‫להגביר שהיה להם אגרת אליו מהרב הקליסקר הנ"ל‪ ,‬ונתארחו אצלו‪ .'...‬חיי מוהר"ן פרק 'נסיעתו לא"י' אות לז‪.‬‬
‫קרוב לוודאי שהכוונה להגביר רבי חיים פרחי שהתגורר בעכו‪.‬‬
‫‪ 40‬כנראה הכוונה לסנהדרין דף קה ע"א‪( .‬הערת יסוה"מ)‬
‫'ואחר שהשלמתי כל כסף היחידים לכל אחד בשלימות‪ ,‬הוכרחתי לשלם לאנשי ק"ק ווילנא‬
‫את המאתים אדומים הנ"ל ממעות הכולל שהי' בידי‪ ,‬כי גם הם עניים הם‪ ,‬אם לא יתנו להם‬
‫אשר להם והיתה צעקה גדולה בעיר'‪.‬‬
‫'‪...‬אח"כ התחילו מדיינים זה עם זה‪ ,‬צעקת העניים היתה‪ ,‬למה יקחו כל האלף אריות מן‬
‫החלוקה‪ ,‬יתנו לזה כל הבעלי בתים שאינם מקבלים‪ ,‬כמו שארי מסים‪ ,‬ושאינם מקבלים‬
‫משיבים‪ ,‬די לכם שאין אנו מחסרים מן המעט הנשאר לחלק יצא‪ ,‬ואין אנו מקבלים‪ ,‬הרי שלכם‬
‫לפניכם‪ ,‬והנה טענת העניים נכנס בלב אדומו"ו עד שהוכרח לקבל על עצמו חובות שהי' מגיע‬
‫מן הכללות בערך מאה אדומים‪ ,‬והחליפו השטרות‪ ,‬ונחה ושקטה הארץ'‪.‬‬
‫אלא שאז ראו כולם את השגחת ה' על יראיו‪:‬‬
‫'אז ראה ה' וישפוט שפוט‪ ,‬והשיב אפו מעלינו על שכנגדינו‪ ,‬הוא ה'פקיד' דפה עיה"ק טבריא‪,‬‬
‫שהי' איש בריא ושמן ופתאום חלה זמן מועט‪ ,‬ובאותו יום שהשלמתי המעות לאנשי ווילנא‬
‫בו ביום נפטר ה'פקיד' ושבק חיים לנו ולכל ישראל‪ ,‬ויראו כל העדה כי בעוונו מת‪ ,‬וגם כמה‬
‫גביות עדות יש תחת יד אדומ"ו [הרה"ק הרמ"מ] שלקח המעות מאתנו חנם‪ ,‬ועדיין מובטחני‬
‫שיבואו המעות לידי גוביינא בהמשך הזמן מן היורש‪ ,‬כי אדיר הוא מלכנו‪ ,‬וה' שופטינו הוא‬
‫יושיענו'‪.‬‬
‫את החובות שהצטברו בגין שכירת 'החצר החדשה' הצליחו החסידים לסלק בשנה‬
‫שלאחריה‪ ,‬בשנת תקמ"ה‪ ,‬ובמכתב ששלחו הצדיקים וגדולי החבריא בשלהי אותה שנה‪,‬‬
‫לאחר שהגיע השד"ר עם צרור התמיכה‪ ,‬הם כותבים‪:‬‬
‫'‪...‬והיא שעמדה לנו בחיזוק הארץ בשנה דאשתקד‪ ,‬ביום המעשה שהוכרחנו מן ה'פאשה'‬
‫לקחת מאיתו חצר החדשה‪ ,‬הוצאנו סך עצום ורב‪ ,‬ורבה העזובה בקרב הארץ'‪.41‬‬
‫עם סיום פרשת שכירת 'החצר החדשה'‪ ,‬שהייתה רצופה מצוקות קשות וגילויי נסי נסים‪,‬‬
‫שכך צערו של הרה"ק הרמ"מ ובני החבריא‪ ,‬וכפי שמתאר זאת רבי אליעזר זוסמאן בסיום‬
‫התרחשות בשנת תקמ"ד‪:‬‬
‫'עתה באתי להודיעך אהובי אחי מרוב טובה של ה'מנין' מיוחד שנעשה בחצר של אדומ"ו‪,‬‬
‫וגודל החירות תורה ותפילה ושמחה של מצוה ועבודה‪ ,‬אין מעצור בעם‪ ,‬כי אם דבר אחד‬
‫לדור‪ ,‬הוא אדמו"ר שי'‪ ,‬ובעצמם עומדים לפני התיבה על פי רוב בשבת ובחול‪ ,‬ותפילתנו זכה‪,‬‬
‫עכ"פ כל אחד ואחד יוצא ידי רצונו ומחשבתו מקום הישג יד שכלו בלהב השמים‪ ,‬בקול גדול‬
‫ולא יסף‪ ,‬והקול מעורר הכוונה עד לב השמים‪ ,‬ברוך ה' אשר לא הסיר תפילתו וחסדו מאיתנו'‪.‬‬
‫'החצר החדשה' שנפלה בחלקם של החסידים בטבריה הייתה 'חצר גדול עם בתים מרווחים‪...‬‬
‫סמוך לחצר היהודים הראשון'‪ ,‬הרחיבה את הישוב החסידי בטבריה‪ ,‬ויכלה עתה לקלוט‬
‫את החסידים שעקרו מצפת‪ ,‬מקום התיישבותם הראשון בארץ ישראל‪ ,‬ובראשם הרה"ק רבי‬
‫אברהם מקאליסק‪ ,‬שבא מצפת באותו חורף תקמ"ד להתיישב בטבריה‪.‬‬
‫'החצר החדשה' עמדה כולה ברשות החסידים‪ ,‬כי הספרדים מנועים היו להתיישב בה‪ ,‬בגלל‬
‫האיסור שלא להגדיל את תחום מושבם של היהודים בטבריה‪ ,‬שיוחס לרבי חיים אבולעפיה‪,‬‬
‫ועל כך מלינים ראשי העדה הספרדית בטבריה במכתבם משנת תקמ"ה‪:‬‬
‫‪ 41‬שם אגרת טו‪.‬‬
‫'אין אנו יכולים לעבור גם בשתיקה על האכזריות שהממשלה נוהגת בנו בכדי למצץ כעלוקה‬
‫רעבה את דמינו‪ ,‬ולרוות מלשד עצמותינו במרמה בצורת מעשי חסד‪ ,‬היות והממשלה רוצה‬
‫להרחיב את תחום מושבנו ואנו באין ביכלתנו ליהנות מההרחבה הזו‪ ,‬בשום לב‬
‫לאסור החמור שהשאיר לנו הרב הגדול המפורסם בעל עץ החיים‪ ,‬כידוע לכל אחד‪,‬‬
‫היינו מוכרחים לסבול‪ ,‬לדאבון לבנו‪ ,‬הכבדת מסים הקשה ולבזבז סכומים לא קטנים בכדי‬
‫להנצל מצרות גדולות יותר‪ ,‬וככה גדלו חובותינו לסדך העצום של חמשה עשר אלף אריות‬
‫שהרבית שלהם‪ ,‬הקשה מנשוא‪ ,‬גוזלת את כל התמיכות המתקבלות מאת אחינו האהובים קהל‬
‫עדת ישראל‪.42'...‬‬
‫בשנת תקמ"ה הקים הרה"ק הרמ"מ את ביתו ובית הכנסת מעליו‪ ,‬כשאף אחד אינו מפריע‬
‫להתפתחות הברוכה‪ .‬ה'פקיד' החדש שנתמנה לקהילת טבריה‪ ,‬הוא‪ ,‬כלשון רבי אליעזר‬
‫זוסמאן‪' :‬איש פשוט‪ ,‬ואינו יודע משום התנגדות בעולם‪ ,‬ובימיו נחה ושקטה הארץ‪ ,‬ולכל‬
‫בני ישראל היה אור במושבותם‪.'...‬‬
‫ביתו העתיק של הרה"ק הרמ"מ שהוקם על 'החצר החדשה' ושרד את ה'רעש' בשנת תקצ"ז‬
‫ושוקם בשנת תרכ"ט בידי חסידי קארלין בפקודתו של מרן אדמו"ר הזקן‪ ,‬שהקימו מחדש‬
‫את בית הכנסת כמרכז לתורה ותפילה העומד עד עצם היום הזה – מהווה לא רק ציון דרך‬
‫ראשונה בעליית החסידים בהנהגתו של הרה"ק הרמ"מ מויטבסק בשנת תקל"ז‪ ,‬אלא אף‬
‫מסמל את ראשית הרחבת הישוב בטבריה בשכירת 'החצר החדשה' בשנת תקמ"ג‪.‬‬
‫‪ 42‬י‪ .‬ריבקינד‪ ,‬דפים בודדים‪ ,‬ציון תרצ"ג‪ ,‬עמ' קסב‪ .‬המכתב מתורגם מאיטלקית‪.‬‬
‫מכון בית אהרן וישראל‬
‫שע"י מרכז מוסדות קרלין סטולין‬
‫בנשיאות כ"ק מרן אדמו"ר שליט"א‬
‫ספרים הנמצאים בשלבי עריכה שונים‬
‫שו"ת שיבת ציון להגאון רבי שמואל לנדא זלה"ה ‪ -‬אבד"ק פראג‬
‫קמא‪ ,‬אשר יצא לאור ע"י המחבר‪ ,‬בתוספות מכתב יד‪ ,‬יחד עם שאלות‬
‫השואלים הרבנים הגאונים אשר נמצאים בכת"י‬
‫תנינא‪ ,‬ובו תשובות חדשות מכתב יד קודש המחבר זצ"ל‬
‫שו"ת וחידושי רבי זרחיה גוטה זלה"ה‬
‫תלמיד המהרי"ט‪ ,‬מחכמי קושטא‬
‫שו"ת‪ ,‬חידושי בבלי וירושלמי‪ ,‬ושולחן ערוך‪ ,‬מתוך כתב ידו‬
‫שו"ת רבי שלמה ברוך זלה"ה‬
‫מחכמי ארטא שביוון‪ ,‬מבית דינו של בעל 'משפטי שמואל'‬
‫כולל שאלות ותשובות מכתב ידו וחכמי דורו בתחילת שנות הש'‬
‫נכדי וצאצאי הגאונים ומוקירי זכרם אשר רוצים ליטול חלק ולהטות שכם‬
‫למלאכת הקודש‪ ,‬וכן מי אשר בידו מכתב יד הגאונים הנ"ל ורוצה לשלבם‬
‫ולהוציאם לאור עולם‪ ,‬מתבקשים לפנות למשרדי המכון‬
‫ספרי וקבצי המכון לישיבות ובתי מדרש‬
‫הננו להודיע כי בעז"ה והודות לתרומת נדיבי לב מתאפשרת חלוקת‬
‫גליונות 'קובץ בית אהרן וישראל' וכן ספרים שיצאו לאור על ידי מכוננו‪,‬‬
‫לבתי כנסת‪ ,‬בתי מדרשות‪ ,‬ישיבות‪ ,‬היכלי תורה‪ ,‬אוצר הספרים‪ ,‬וספריות‬
‫זמני ומקום החלוקה יפורסמו בעז"ה במועדם‬
‫גבאים בתי עקד ספרים ואחראים המעוניינים להעשיר את הספריה‬
‫התורנית שבאחריותם מתבקשים לשלוח בקשה במייל ייעודי לחלוקה‪,‬‬
‫בכתובת ‪ [email protected]‬או בפקס ‪ ,053-7978992‬עם‬
‫פירוט ברור של שם בית הכנסת או הספריה וכדו'‪ ,‬תוך ציון מספר‬
‫המתפללים ‪ /‬הלומדים‪ .‬יש לפרט האם מעוניינים בספרי המכון או‬
‫בגליונות 'קובץ בית אהרן וישראל' מהשנים שעברו‬