1 INTRODUCTION

Transcription

1 INTRODUCTION

Regional Touristic Masterplan Ulcinj
Supplement 2
Environmental Assessment
Environmental Impact Assessment
for the Development of Module No. 2
May 2003
ERM
Lahmeyer International
GmbH
FINAL REPORT
DEUTSCHE INVESTITIONS- UND
ENTWICKLUNGSGESELLSCHAFT MBH, COLOGNE
MONTENEGRO
Environmental Assessment of Urban
and Tourism Development Plan
Ulcinj
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY PHASE 2
OF URBAN DESIGN PLAN FOR
DEVELOPMENT OF MODULE NO. 2
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
Prepared by:
P1452
Cooperation with
December 2002
Prepared by
ERM Lahmeyer International
Achim Brönner
Susanne Ende
Margarete Langer
Peter Mertel
Dr. Norbert Raschke (EIA Team Leader)
MonteCEP, Local Team
Sasa Karajovic (Local Coordinator)
Aleksandra Ivanovic
Prof. Dr. Vukic Pulevic
Vesna Macic
Ruza Cirovic
Darko Saveljic
Jelena Franovic
Dragana Cenic
This report has been prepared by ERM Lahmeyer International GmbH (ERM-LI) with all reasonable skill, care and diligence
within the terms of the Contract with the client, incorporating Environmental Resources Management’s General Terms and
Conditions of Business and taking account of the manpower and resources devoted to it by agreement with the client.
ERM Lahmeyer International GmbH disclaims any responsibility to the client and others in respect of any matters outside the
scope of the above.
This report is confidential to the client and ERM Lahmeyer International GmbH accepts no responsibility of whatsoever nature
to third parties whom this report, or any part thereof, is made known. Any such party relies upon the report at their own risk.
ERM Lahmeyer International GmbH
Peter Mertel
Project Director
Neu-Isenburg, 20th December 2002
Dr. Norbert Raschke
Project Manager
In line with our company environmental policy, for our documents we purchase environmental friendly
recycled paper with the Nordic Environmental Label and PVC free files only from ISO 14001 certified or
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CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
ES1
1
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1
BACKGROUND TO PROJECT
1
1.2
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
1
1.3
PUBLIC PRESENTATION
2
2
PROJECT DETAILS
3
2.1
PROJECT LOCATION AND SITE SETTING
3
2.2
DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT
4
3
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT STUDY SETUP
7
3.1
MONTENEGRO PLANNING LEGAL FRAMEWORK
3.1.1 Environmental Laws and Regulations
3.1.2 Spatial Planning Law and Regulations
3.2
3.2.1
3.2.2
3.2.3
3.2.4
7
7
7
PLANNING FRAMEWORK FOR THE PROJECT
Nature Protection Act and Law (1968)
Coastal Area Spatial Plan (Draft)
Spatial Plan of Ulcinj Municipality (2000)
General Urban Plan of Ulcinj (GUP from 1985)
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10
10
12
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ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE DESCRIPTION
16
4.1
ENVIRONMENTAL INVESTIGATION AREA
16
4.2
NATURAL SETTING AND LAND USE
16
4.3
4.3.1
4.3.2
4.3.3
GEOLOGY, GEOMORPHOLOGY AND SOILS
Geology
Geomorphology and Landforms
Soils
16
16
17
17
4.4
CLIMATE AND AMBIENT AIR QUALITY
17
4.5
4.5.1
4.5.2
4.5.3
HYDROLOGY
Surface Water and Land Drainage
Groundwater
Flooding Zones
18
18
18
19
4.6
4.6.1
4.6.2
4.6.3
4.6.4
FLORA AND FAUNA
Flora
Fauna
Avifauna
Important Ecological Sites
20
20
25
35
37
4.7
4.7.1
4.7.2
4.7.3
4.7.4
HUMAN ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS
Cultural Heritage
Settlements
Road Traffic
Infrastructure
38
38
38
39
39
5
IMPACT ASSESSMENT, MITIGATION AND COMPENSATION MEASURES
42
5.1
GENERAL
42
5.2
5.2.1
5.2.2
5.2.3
DEVELOPMENT OF THE FACILITY
Landtake and Sealing of Surface
Visual Intrusion of the Landscape
Consistency with Planning Policy Context
42
42
44
44
44
45
CONSTRUCTION OF THE FACILITIES
5.3
5.3.1 Landtake
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5.3.2
5.3.3
5.3.4
5.3.5
Noise and Vibration, Dust and Light Emission
Construction Waste
Impacts on Surface and Ground Water
Construction Traffic and Transport of Building Materials
45
46
47
47
5.4
5.4.1
5.4.2
5.4.3
5.4.4
5.4.5
OPERATION OF THE FACILITIES
Water Consumption and Sewage water Generation
Waste Generation
Energy Consumption
Noise and Light Emission
Traffic Generation
47
48
51
51
51
52
5.5
SOCIO ECONOMIC EFFECTS
52
5.6
CONCLUSION
52
6
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
53
6.1
PURPOSE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
53
6.2
6.2.1
6.2.2
6.2.3
6.2.4
6.2.5
DESIGN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
Re-planting of Trees
Visual Intrusion of the Landscape
Waste Management
Health and Safety Aspects
Competent Surveying Environmental Agency
53
53
55
55
55
55
6.3
6.3.1
6.3.2
6.3.3
CONSTRUCTION ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
Integrated Health & Safety and Environmental Management System
Mitigation Measures
Construction Monitoring Plan
55
56
56
60
6.4
6.4.1
6.4.2
6.4.3
OPERATION MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING
Environmental Management System
Mitigation Measures
Operation Environmental Monitoring Plan
62
62
62
64
7
REFERENCES
66
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INDEX
List of Figures
Figure 2-1
Figure 2-2
Overview of the Project Area
Urban Design Plan of Module 2 by AS&P
3
6
Figure 2-3
6
Figure 3-1
Planning Zones according to Draft of Coastal Area Spatial Plan
11
Figure 4-1
Geological Overview and Seismic Units of the Study Area
17
Figure 4-2
Climate Chart of Ulcinj
18
Figure 4-3
Flooding Zones in the Project area
19
List of Tables
Table 3-1
Summary of Planned Tourist Capacities according to Ulcinj GUP
14
Table 4-1
Main vascular plant species in the investigation area
21
Table 4-2
Amphibians in the Investigation Area
26
Table 4-3
Reptiles in the Investigation Area
27
Table 4-4
Bats in the Velika Plaža Area
29
Table 4-5
Table 4-6
Most Important Insects in the Ulcinj Area
Most Important Birds in the Western Part of Velika Plaža
32
36
Table 4-7
Planned Wastewater Sewerage System Novi Ulcinj – Velika Plaža and Velika Plaža - East
41
Table 5-1
Comparison of Estimations of Water Consumption and Wastewater Generation in Tourism
Sector in Montenegro, Slovenia and Germany
50
Table 5-2
Comparison of Estimations of Waste Generation in Montenegro, Slovenia and Germany
51
Table 6-1
Tree and Shrub Species of Maritime Forest Association suitable for Re-planting
54
ANNEX
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Project Description
capacity of max. 6,000 accommodation beds.
Introduction
Ulcinj is located at the south-eastern part
of the Montenegrin Mediterranean coast
west of the border to Albania. The area of
Velika Plaža is situated east of Ulcinj town
and the Port Milena channel. The regional
road R 17 Ulcinj - Port Milena - Ada
Bojana passes along the northern edge of
Velika Plaža and joins the region with
Ulcinj. The main road M 2.4 (E752)
connects the region with other settlements
on the coast and the capital of
Montenegro, Podgorica.
The area of Module 2 is part of the coastal
stretch of Velika Plaža and about 900 m in
length and width. It is situated approx.
2.5 km east of Port Milena channel.
DEG – Deutsche Investitions- und
Entwicklungsgesellschaft (The Client) in
December 2001 commissioned ERM
Lahmeyer International (The Consultant) to
conduct an Environmental Assessment of
the proposed Urban and Tourism
Development of Ulcinj (The Project),
especially for the area of Velika Plaža.
The Tourism Development project at Ulcinj
is one of the model projects identified by
the Tourism Master Plan for Croatia and
Montenegro which had been prepared on
behalf of DEG in 2000/01. The Project has
been designed to support the Municipality
of Ulcinj in the preparation and the
implementation of an Urban Development
Plan presently prepared by Albert Speer &
Partner (AS&P).
The Project is divided into two project
phases. The purpose of the first
Environmental Study Phase was to identify
areas with high ecological value as well as
areas where future development is
environmentally acceptable . After Phase 1,
a sub-area for the development of the first
complex was selected by AS&P. Purpose of
the present Phase 2 Study is the assessment
of the environmental impacts of the facility,
in the following referred to as “Module 2”.
The report on hand was prepared by ERM
Lahmeyer International in cooperation with
the consulting company MonteCEP.
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Along the coastal stretch south–east of
Ulcinj town, the stepwise establishment of
accommodation (hotels, resorts) and
leisure facilities as well as related
infrastructure is envisaged with a final
capacity of 25,000 – 30,000 beds as a
maximum option . Key features comprise
tourism infrastructure including hotel and
accommodation buildings, internal access
roads, other auxiliary and ancillary
facilities (roads, paths, water/energy
supply and distribution,
wastewater/waste collection and
disposal), parks and green spaces.
The general setting envisages five about
700 x 900 metres sized development
modules with the accommodation
buildings and infrastructure facilities
alternate with about 200 to 300 metres
wide green spaces in between. In addition,
a golf resort is planned of approx. half the
size of the other modules. Each
development module would provide a
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As outcome of the Phase 1 Environmental
Study areas suitable for further planning as
well as areas recommended for protection
were determined. Most of the ecological
sensitive areas are located in the east of
Velika Plaža, whereas less sensitive areas
are situated in the west.
The Phase 1 Environmental Study
recommendations were integrated into the
land use planning by AS&P. While the
holiday resorts almost reaches the area
behind the dunes in the less sensitive
western area of Velika Plaža, development
keeps more distance to the ecological
sensitive dune and beach area in the east
which constitute important bird habitats.
The golf course on the eastern part of the
development area can be integrated into the
existing landscape with function as a buffer
zone between the more intensively used
recreational areas in the west and areas with
high ecological value in the east of Velika
Plaža.
The development concept was presented by
DEG to the municipality of Ulcinj in a public
meeting in September 2002, where also the
results of the environmental investigations
were presented.
Description of the Environment
The investigation area covers the area for
the development of Module 2 plus 300 to
500 m west and east of it. Where necessary
the study area is extended to consider
important nature reserves in the vicinity
and for instance functional relations of bird
habitats.
The study area is situated east of Ulcinj
town and approx. 2.5 km east of the Port
Milena channel. It is part of the coastal
stretch between the regional road R 17
Ulcinj - Port Milena - Ada Bojana and the
sea. The area is structured in stretches
parallel to road and can be divided as
follows. The sandy beach in the south is
bare of vegetation. Behind several tens of
meter halophyte vegetation on the dunes
and pine forest on the backside of the
primary dunes are found. In the eastern
part of the study area temporary marshland
in the depressions of the older dune
sections is located. Behind the pine
woodlands dry pastures and meadows,
partly with fallow fields are situated. These
are followed by a second strip of
woodlands (deciduous trees such as Skadar
Oak) which are partly degraded.
In the western part of the forest, bungalows
and an apartment house of the “Bratstvo
Jedinstvo” tourist resort are located which
is also called “Odmaraliste”. East of this
facility lies the so-called “Safari Camp”
presently inhabited by refugees (also
named “Ulcinj Riviera” resort). North of the
woodlands another stretch of pastures and
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meadow is located which borders on the
regional road. Here, some orchards
(mandarine, pomegranate) are found. In
large parts the meadows are structured by
hedges and bushes. Between deciduous
forest and meadows a drainage ditch is
situated. On the northern side of the road
the Donji Stoj settlement is located. The
study area is limited by the road.
Most of the residential houses in the study
area are scattered in the meadows close to
the road. In the southern strip of meadows
only some barracks and deserted trailers
are found.
Three access paths lead from the regional
road to the beach. Each of them ends at a
beach facility.
Thus, the study area is characterised by
cultivated landscape with decreasing
human influence from north to south
(except the three beach facilities).
The main environmental conditions in the
project are summarized in the following.
Physical Environment
Topography, Geology, Soils and
Geomorphology
The Ulcinj hinterland represents the
alluvial plain. Coastal relief was formed
under the influence of abrasion and
accumulation processes at the border
between sea and land. As a result large
sandy accumulations are found at Velika
Plaža. The sand is transported by Bojana
River towards the sea, carried by the
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longshore currents and deposited along the
Velika Plaža beach. Wind also has some
influence on the erosion and transportation
processes of sand. In the coastal stretch, low
dunes and a broad sandy beach are typical
features of the landscape.
The Montenegrin coast is an area of
intensive seismic activity with powerful
earthquakes likely to occur. The last major
event was the 1979 earthquake which hit
and largely devastated the Montenegrin
Coast.
Climate
Montenegro´s coasts enjoy a Mediterranean
climate, having dry summers and mild,
rainy winters. The average monthly air
temperature for Ulcinj is 15.8°C with an
average maximum of 27°C in July/August
and an average minimum of about 5°C in
January. The average yearly rainfall
amounts to 1,109 l/m2. There are 108
days/year of summer days in Ulcinj.
Hydrology
The main freshwater body of Velika Plaža is
the Bojana River which flows approx. 6 km
south east of the investigation area into the
sea.
In the investigation area two smaller non
permanent water-bearing ponds are located,
a third one is situated east of the study area.
They are ecological important amphibian
and reptile habitats. A main drainage ditch,
with a smaller branch west of the Safari
Camp, is running approx. 200 m south of
the regional road.
Groundwater level in the investigation area
is estimated to be at about 3 m below
ground.
Before construction of flood protection
dykes along Bojana River several years ago,
large areas of Velika Plaža and the
hinterland were regularly flooded in
Winter. Nowadays flooding is less
intensive and spatially limited.
deciduous forest parts with old trees have
a high ecology value. Compared, the open
forest woodland which is characterised by
less old trees and low tree density has
medium ecological value. The forests also
are important for preservation of an
authentic landscape.
Important floristic habitat areas are:
•
coastal stretch with protected
halophyte vegetation;
•
deciduous forest north of
“Odmaraliste”;
•
deciduous forest north and east of
Safari Camp;
•
forest patches south of the drainage
channel and west of the paved road
from Donji Stoj to the Safari Camp;
and
Ecological Resources
Flora
In the Ulcinj area particular autochthonous
flora is developed due to the special
ecological conditions. The flora occurs in
different types of habitats like salted and
brackish inland and wetland habitats, dry
pastures and natural forests.
The biotope types with the highest
ecological sensitivity and the highest
conservation value are the salt-tolerant
halophyte vegetation and the natural
deciduous forest vegetation. Important
plant species are the endemic Skadar Oak
(Quercus robur ssp. scutariensis) and the
highly endangered Sand Lily (Pancratium
maritimum).
The almost intact halophyte vegetation
band along Velika Plaža constitutes a
significant last refuge of this beach plant
species in Montenegro. Because of the
occurrence of Skadar Oak and old trees
from other species, in particular the
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•
part of "Brijeg Mora” forest between
the Nikic’s farm and drainage ditch
on eastern side of investigated area.
Fauna
In the investigation area important aquatic
ecosystems for amphibians and reptiles
such as marshes, non permanent waterbearing ponds and drainage ditches are
located. Important areas for amphibians
and reptiles are:
•
the pond east of the investigation are
and the adjacent marshland has
significant importance for the
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endangered newt species Triturus
carnifex and Triturus vulgaris;
•
the dunes with halophyte vegetation are
habitat for lizards; and
•
the still waterbodies such as drainage
ditch are important for endangered
European pond terrapin Emys
orbicularis.
Due to the fact that old tree populations
(potential roosts) and deciduous
woodlands, scrubs and permanent pastures
(feeding habitats) occur in the investigation
area, the area has a potential for bats.
Known bat caves are located at 5 km
distance.
The most important areas for insects are the
coastal sands and the zone of sandy
vegetation (Psammo-Halophyte vegetation),
still waters and swamp habitats. Also
ditches and smaller swamp areas in the area
with swamp border vegetation around the
ponds are important.
Ulcinj area is one of the most prominent
areas for birdlife in the adriatic coast of the
Balkan region. Sasko Lake and the Ulcinj
Saltpan in the vicinity as well as numerous
small wetlands are designated as Important
Bird Areas (IBA). Ulcinj area is of great
importance during autumn and spring
migrations of birds as well as for winter stay
and nesting. In addition, during nesting
season the coast of Ulcinj is passed by a
number of rare bird species.
In the investigation area the dune-slack
behind the primary dune of Velika Plaža
with the temporary marshlands is an
important breeding and feeding area (e.g.
for protected Marsh Harrier Circus
aeruginosus).
Human Environment and Socio-economic
Conditions
Settlements and Cultural Heritage
In the investigation area private residential
houses, holiday resort facilities, beach
facilities and deserted barracks and trailers
are found.
area are scattered in the northern meadows
strip close to the regional road. Barracks
and deserted trailers are found on the
southern strip of meadows. In the
deciduous forest in the west, two camp
resorts are located. The western camp is
called “Bratstvo Jedinstvo” or
“Odmaraliste” and consists of several small
bungalows and an apartment house. The
eastern “Safari” camp or so-called “Ulcinj
Riviera” is a former scout camp of wooden
barracks on stilts scattered between old
trees. It is presently inhabited by refugees.
Three facilities with regulated parking
areas exist at the beach.
In the area of Velika Plaža there are no
registered cultural monuments.
Traffic
The basic traffic network is consisting of a
main road which passes near the town of
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Ulcinj and branches off several regional
directions. Usually a traffic jam forms at
the bridge over Port Milena near hotel
“Otrant” during tourist season due to the
narrow street profile. The construction of
a new bridge to connect the new bypass,
so-called “Magistrale”, with the city is
planned.
Most of the guests arrive by cars that they
park in the vicinity of the hotel complexes.
Additionaly there is a great number of
daily guests in the area of Velika Plaža
who park their vehicles at improvisational
parking lots.
Water Supply and Wastewater Discharge
The municipal water utility system of
Ulcinj supplies 82% of the households in
the urban area of Ulcinj and the
surrounding settlements. The existing
water abstraction rates are adequate to
satisfy the current needs of the
municipality even during summer season.
However, it will not be sufficient for
further urban or tourism development. A
new reservoir is planned in order to serve
the increasing needs during high season.
The water supply system in Ulcinj
municipality needs comprehensive
modernization. A reduction of the water
losses from the pipeline system as well as
an adequate sanitary protection of the
springs is necessary.
The municipality of Ulcinj has mixed
wastewater sewerage. Due to the poor
existing infrastructure and incomplete
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sewage system wastewaters are discharged
often directly into the coastal water near
attractive beaches. The tourist complexes at
Velika Plaža and Ada Bojana as well as all
the settlements in the hinterland are not
connected to the wastewater sewerage. In
the region of Velika Plaža it is planned to
build separate wastewater sewerage
systems.
Solid Waste Treatment
The estimated yearly amount of waste in
Ulcinj municipality is approx 10,000 t/year.
Due to the number of tourists the average
daily amount of solid waste can increase up
to 9 time during summer.
Impact assessment, Mitigation and
Compensation Measures
The general concept of development of
Velika Plaža and details of the layout of
Module 2 aim at avoiding adverse
environmental impacts by considering the
sensitivities of the existing landscape,
natural conditions and ecological values and
functions. An optimisation of the siting of
the main components and buildings was
carried out by AS&P based on the
environmental baseline and flora habitat
maps in order to avoid unnecessary losses
of valuable vegetation.
In the following potential environmental
impacts of the planned holiday resort
development on the environment as well as
general corresponding mitigation and
compensation measures are described. A
detailed description of how mitigation and
compensation measures can be translated
into action, is given in the Environmental
Management Plan (EMP).
The impact assessment and the mitigation
and compensation measures are considered
regarding the general layout of the
development of the facility, the
construction phase and the operation
phase.
Development of the Facility
A main issue of the planned holiday resort
is the landtake for the development. In
particular following significant impacts for
Flora and Fauna are to be expected:
•
•
•
•
complete loss of parts of natural
deciduous forest with old trees north of
the presently used refugee camp;
partly loss of the open natural forests
which will be affected by the
construction of holiday apartments and
small hotels near the main access road
and the building of sport facilities,
roads and paths;
loss of the drainage ditch west of
refugee camp which constitute loss of
the habitat of Emys orbicularis
(European pond terrapin); and
loss of Skadar Oaks due to cutting.
Following measures should be adopted in
order to mitigate or compensate the
impacts caused by the landtake of the
development:
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•
compensation of woodland loss by replanting of trees.
•
planting of appropriate native tree
species and also seeding of speciesrich grassland in the designated areas;
and
•
establishment of a new drainage ditch
as a habitat of Emys orbicularis;
(European pond terrapin) north east
of Brijeg Mora.
The visual impact of the development on
the landscape is only small since the type
of buildings will be relatively low and due
to the preserved forests they will not
significantly stick out.
The development of the Module 2 holiday
resort complies with planning policies on
the national, regional and local levels, i.e.
the Coastal Area Spatial Plan, the Spatial
Plan of Ulcinj Municipality as well as the
General Urban Plan. It also complies with
the Nature Protection Status concerning
Velika Plaža.
Construction of the Facilities
Besides the area which is occupied by the
facility further area is used during time of
construction, including areas of operation,
building site equipment laydown areas,
and temporary construction roads.
Mitigation measures should be practiced
in order to minimise construction site
landtake and potential accompanying
habitat disturbance, such as loss of
vegetation, in particular single old trees.
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Noise and accompanying vibration as well
as dust and lighting may be a concern at the
construction site, for the construction
workers, people living and working in the
surrounding areas as well as fauna living in
the surrounding habitats, in particular birds
during breeding time.
During the construction phase, the main
activities which will potentially result in
waste generation involve mainly foundation
works and site clearance, with soil
material/sand as well as vegetation such as
trees as associated waste. In addition
general refuse is produced on the
construction site. No adverse environmental
impacts from the disposal of soil material or
site clearance waste is expected. Mitigation
measures to minimise impacts by
construction waste should aim at properly
storage, handling, transport and disposal of
waste, minimising the amount of generated
waste and training of workers.
Where construction activities are being
carried out in the vicinity of surface waters
(drainage ditch, ponds), inappropriate
handling and storage of materials (concrete,
asphalt, lubricants, fuels, solvents) may pose
risk of water contamination. In addition
sewage will arise from the construction
workforce, site office’s sanitary facilities and
sanitary waste from chemical toilets. If not
properly managed, these materials could
cause odour and potential health risks to the
workforce. Mitigation measures to prevent
impacts on surface and ground water
during construction should aim at adoption
of good engineering and working practices
during the construction to avoid impacting
both surface and groundwater, appropriate
storage of potential water endangering
pollutants and connection to an appropriate
waste water treatment facility.
The construction of the facilities will
increase traffic on roads and heavy load
traffic. Appropriate mitigation measures
should ensure that construction traffic
impacts are minimised by scheduling of
traffic to avoid the peak hours of the local
road network and attention regarding
nuisances for the residential areas along
main access roads.
Operation of the Facilities
During operation of the facility following
potential impacts are likely to occur. It
should be considered that tourist season at
the Montenegrin Coast currently lasts
about 150 days per year. However, due to
the favourable climatic conditions and
potential attractive activities (e.g. golfing,
bird watching, nature program, saltsole
bathing etc. ) the season might be extended.
Water Consumption and Sewage water
Generation
The project implementation will increase
water consumption and accompanying
sewage water generation. These effects will
be notable in particular during high season.
The amount of daily water
consumption/waste water generation in
Module 2 can be estimated to max. 1,200 to
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2,100 m³ for a high season peak scenario.
Including irrigation of green plots, the
daily water consumption/wastewater
generation could raise up to almost
2,600 m³.
It should be ensured that the capacity of
the planned sewerage system will be
sufficient for the planned tourist
accommodations. This could be achieved
through implementation of water saving
techniques and restriction or reduction of
green plot irrigation.
Waste Generation
The Project will increase the amount of
municipal waste in particular during high
season.
The amount of daily solid waste
generation of 6,000 tourists can be
estimated to a range of 7 to 12 t. The
currently peak quantities of daily solid
waste during tourist season can raise up
to 32 t/day. Through the planned holiday
resort this amount is increased by approx.
20 to 40%.
It is recommended to develop a waste
management concept which can be an
effective tool to reduce waste amounts
and enhancing the use of more
environmental friendly products and
encourage recycling of residues in the
tourist resort facilities as well as in Ulcinj
municipality. This waste management
system should aim at waste reduction, reuse and recycling as well as appropriate
waste disposal.
FINAL REPORT
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Energy Consumption
Tourist accommodations can have large
energy requirements which are expensive to
run. This large range of energy
requirements is partly due to energy
intensive activities such as air conditioning
but it also reflects high wastage of energy in
some cases.
The new development should demonstrate
energy saving by a good building design as
well as appropriate equipment and
handling (e.g. lighting). More over
implementing solar heating (hot water etc.)
as well as photovoltaics could reduce
consumption of non-renewable energy.
Noise and Light Emission
Noise may be a concern for the fauna living
in the surrounding habitats. Animals
sensitive to disturbance can be driven away
not only by noise but also through
accompanying vibrations (such as birds,
reptiles, insects). Disturbance (noise and
visual irritation) could also occur through
increased numbers of beach visitors in the
eastern parts of Velika Plaža, which is less
disturbed. This could be an issue for birds
especially during nesting and breeding
season.
Guiding visitors by boardwalks, creating
awareness of visitors by signs and
protecting ecological sensitive areas by
wooden piles with wires as it is envisaged in
the Module 2 Planning Concept will
significantly reduce negative impacts of
disturbance by noise.
Traffic Generation
The Project will generate further traffic by
getting to and leaving of the holiday resort,
moving in the area during stay, e.g. getting
around during the day (beach, trips in the
area) as well as getting to entertainment
facilities during night. The service
personnel, delivery of food and other
supplies will also cause further traffic.
The existing Concept for Development of
Module 2 considers measures to reduce
traffic in the Project area such as
stimulating going on foot by convenient
public footpaths, reducing individual car
traffic by establishing public transportation
and providing attractive vehicles for public
transportation.
Socio economic effects
It can be assumed that a touristic
development will create positive socioeconomic impulses. The touristic
development in the planned order of
magnitude will affect existing community.
New work places, esp. in the services
sector, will be created as well as during the
construction phase jobs will be created.
Environmental Management Plan
The main objective of the Environmental
Management Plan (EMP) is to ensure the
acceptability of design, construction
practices and operation with respect to the
identified impacts and the realisation of
mitigation measures. More over a
monitoring program should be developed
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to verify compliance with the
recommended mitigation measures to
monitor for unanticipated impacts that
might arise.
The EMP therefore points out procedures
and practices which should be
implemented during development
activities, construction and the future
operation of the Module 2 facilities.
As at the present stage of planning no
developer or operator model is yet
defined, the EMP can at this stage only
provide recommendations and an outline
of the actions which should be taken by
a or the future developer(s) and / or
operator(s).
It should become the obligation of a future
developer(s) and/or operator(s) to further
develop this outline to ensure compliance
with both Montenegrin and local level
legislative and regulatory requirements,
as well as additional requirements and
conditions which will come out of a future
building permit for the facilities.
Compliance should be supervised by an
Environmental Inspector.
avoid unnecessary losses of valuable
vegetation.
Moreover the design of the planned holiday
facilities should consider efficient waste
reduction as well as health and safety
aspects (e.g. fire protection, avoidance of
environmentally unfriendly products etc.)
At the current stage of the Project it is not
clear whether the Developers of the hotel
facilities will also care for the
implementation of the Open Space Concept.
Therefore it is recommended that a Public
Agency, e.g. Morsko Dobro, monitors the
implementation of the Concept since it is a
prerequisite for an environmental sound
development of the Module.
Construction Environmental Management
Plan
The Environmental Management Plan for
construction phase should be
Design of Module 2 Facilities
Construction Developers involved in the
Project should comply with conditions of all
permits necessary for the Project, including
but not limited to, providing agency
notifications, facilitating agency inspections
of the job site and complying with specific
construction requirements. The Developer
should bind the EMP into all contracts and
commit subcontractors to making the EMP
part of any works subcontracted.
An optimisation of the siting of the main
components and buildings was carried
out by AS&P based on the environmental
baseline and flora habitat maps in order to
The Construction EMP should cover all
relevant issues during construction such as
landtake and clearing, noise, vibration, dust
and light emission, waste, impacts on
The Environmental Management Plan
covers Design, Construction and
Operation Phase of the Facilities.
FINAL REPORT
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surface and groundwater, handling of
potential water endangering contaminants
as well as construction induced traffic.
More over a Monitoring Plan including
responsibilities and reporting during
Construction Phase should be
implemented. The EMP should be
implemented in the scope of an integrated
Health & Safety and Environmental
Management System. The Management
System should be established in accordance
with EN ISO 14001. A Health & Safety and
Environmental Inspector should be
designated in order to survey conduction
and monitoring of the EMP.
Concept. Further mitigation and
compensation measures are
recommended to reduce potential impacts
on the environment. In order to ensure
environmental sound construction and
operation phase an Environmental
Management Plan should be
implemented.
Operation Management and Monitoring
Analogical a Code of Environmental
Conduct as tool for developing and
implementing a sound environmental
program for operating the planned holiday
facilities should be developed including
implementation of an Environmental
Management System such as EN ISO
14000ff. and designating an Environmental
Inspector to survey compliance of
operation with targets of the EMP. Relevant
issues are water saving techniques, waste
handling and reduction, reduction of
energy consumption and traffic.
Conclusion
This EIA concludes that no unacceptable
environmental impacts will result from the
construction and operation of the Module 2
development. Several mitigation measures
are already integrated into the Planning
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1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
BACKGROUND TO PROJECT
The Municipality of Ulcinj is located at the
south-eastern part of the Mediterranean
coast of Montenegro at the border to
Albania. The main economic activities in the
southern part of the Montenegrin Coast
have always been tourism and related
activities, salt processing and agriculture.
Ulcinj, with its extended sandy beaches and
the historic old town is one of the main
tourism destinations in Montenegro.
Following the 1979 earthquake, which hit
Coast, a master plan for the future
development of the urban settlement of
Ulcinj was prepared with technical and
financial assistance provided by UN
agencies. The implementation of this master
plan has faced a substantial setback during
the Balkan crisis in the 90s until the end of
war in Serbia. Although Montenegro was
not directly involved in war activities, the
economical development and especially
tourism has dramatically suffered. The redevelopment of this area both in
infrastructure and economical terms is one
of the priority activities of the Stability Pact
in this area.
Croatia and Montenegro. The results of this
study have been presented in 2001 and form
a basis for the re-development of tourism to
its past importance in the whole area. The
Municipality of Ulcinj has been chosen as
one of the priority projects to be further
developed as part of the integrated
approach for the sustainable development
towards stability of the Balkan region.
The destination Ulcinj has significant
importance for the future Montenegrin
tourism strategy. It is the largest single
sandy beach on the whole Croatian and
Montenegrin Adriatic Sea coast. It is located
close to the population centre of Ulcinj and
at the same time it is largely undeveloped.
Along with the significant increase of
accommodation capacity of 25,000 – 30,000
beds in the 3 to 4 star segment, the project at
the same time aims at improvement of
leisure and recreation infrastructure;
conservation of valuable nature and
landscape and thus overall re-placing of
Ulcinj as an attractive holiday destination on
the European and international market
which helps strengthening the economic
situation in Montenegro. In the long run, a
potential of up to 40,000 accommodation
beds at the Velika Plaža could sustainably
develop.
1.2
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
DEG – Deutsche Investitions- und
Entwicklungsgesellschaft in December 2001
commissioned ERM Lahmeyer International (The
Consultant) to conduct an Environmental
Assessment of the proposed Urban and
Tourism Development of Ulcinj (The Project),
especially for the area of Velika Plaža 3. The
Project has been designed to support the
Municipality of Ulcinj in the preparation and
the implementation of the Urban Development
Plan.
The Urban Planners and Architects Albert Speer
& Partner AS&P, Frankfurt/Main, have been
assigned by DEG to prepare the urban and
tourism development plan for Ulcinj (Title:
"Pre-Masterplan Ulcinj").
The Project is divided into two project phases.
The purpose of the first Environmental Study
Phase was to identify areas with high ecological
value as well as areas where future
development is environmentally acceptable.
The results have been presented in a report
(ERM LAHMEYER 2002). After Phase 1, a subarea for the development of the first complex
was selected by AS&P. Purpose of the present
Phase 2 Study is the Assessment of the
Environmental Impacts of the facility, in the
following referred to as “Module 2”.
In 2000/2001 the DEG funded the
elaboration of a Tourism Master Plan for
1
2
the "Great Beach"
Kotor office, Montenegro
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the "Great Beach"
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The Phase 2 report on hand was prepared by
ERM Lahmeyer International in cooperation
with the consulting company MonteCEP 4.
1.3
PUBLIC PRESENTATION
The development concept was presented by
were presented. The main environmental
issues were addressed. The results were
discussed with the citizens, official
representatives of Ulcinj and other
stakeholders. No objections were raised in
this meeting and the touristic development
was appreciated by the speakers.
4
Kotor office, Montenegro
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2
PROJECT DETAILS
2.1
PROJECT LOCATION AND SITE SETTING
Ulcinj is located at the south-eastern part of
the Montenegrin Mediterranean coast west
of the border to Albania.
The area of Velika Plaža is situated east of
Ulcinj town and the Port Milena channel.
The regional road R 17 Ulcinj - Port Milena Ada Bojana passes along the northern edge
of Velika Plaža and joins the region with
Ulcinj. The main road M 2.4 (E752) connects
the region with other settlements on the
coast and the capital of Montenegro,
Podgorica. The distance from Ulcinj to the
railway station at Bar is about 25 km, the
distance from Ulcinj to the airport in Tivat
further up the coast is 90 km, and the
distance from Ulcinj to the Podgorica airport
is 110 km.
The area of Module 2 is part of the coastal
stretch of Velika Plaža and about 900 m in
length and width. It is situated approx.
2.5 km east of Port Milena channel. Figure
2-1 gives an overview of the project area.
The area for large parts is used as pastures
and meadows with two strips of woodlands.
Private houses are scattered in the pastures,
bungalows of a holiday resort and a former
scout camp with wooden barracks, presently
used as refugee camp, are located in the
northern deciduous woodlands. The
southern coniferous woodlands is bordering
on the dunes and beach area where a
halophyte vegetation is situated.
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Investigation Project
Area Phase 2
Figure 2-1
Project Area Phase 1
Overview of the Project Area
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2.2
Along the coastal stretch south–east of
Ulcinj town, the stepwise establishment of
accommodation (hotels, resorts) and leisure
facilities as well as related infrastructure is
envisaged with a final capacity of up to
35,000 beds as a maximum option in the 3 to
4 star category segment. Key features
comprise tourism infrastructure including
hotel and accommodation buildings,
internal access roads, other auxiliary and
ancillary facilities (roads, paths,
water/energy supply and distribution,
wastewater/waste collection and disposal),
parks and green spaces.
The general setting envisages five about 700
x 900 metres sized development modules
with the accommodation buildings and
infrastructure facilities alternate with about
200 to 300 metres wide green spaces in
between. In addition, a golf resort is planned
of approx. half the size of the other modules.
Each development module would provide a
capacity of max. 6,000 accommodation beds.
It is intended to establish a planning
framework to secure that the green
freespaces will be kept free from built-up in
the future.
In detail following development concept is
pursued:
•
the area of the existing holiday complex
at Odmaralista east of Port Milena
which is subject of the report on hand;
DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT
development in Phases, beginning with
a module in the North –West. At an
initial stage, a first such complex
(Module No. 2) shall be developed in
P1452, DEG
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•
the built up of plots will consider the
existing green and open space structure.
Structures and a sequence of density
and building typology (type/size ) will
be established:
-
-
-
plots which are suitable for club/resorthotels with a size of 700 - 800
beds each will be developed closer
to the beach,
larger buildings, such as bigger
hotels and space taking sports
facilities (e.g. tennis) are placed into
the existing open grasslands,
along the main access road (regional
road R 17) small buildings will be
placed which provide holiday
appartments and small hotels in the
3 star segment.
•
each development module will be
developed as an independent unit with
village character;
•
the resort hotels will provide
accommodation for staff in the area of
small unit built-up;
•
in each development module a public
multifunctional area for events will be
established;
•
the modules will be managed and
coordinated; a common event concept
will be set up;
FINAL REPORT
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•
in every development module at least one
public footpath leads from the
development areas close to the main road
to the beach;
•
a public beach promenade will be
developed (e.g. boardwalks);
•
within the green spaces between the
modules public communication pathways
and parking spots for day visitors will be
established;
•
a public transport system will connect the
modules with Ulcinj town;
•
private individual car traffic within the
modules will be restricted by means of road
layout, parking regulations etc;
•
a public pedestrian-/bicycle pathway will
connect the modules. This will be available
for emergency access (e.g. fire brigade) and
could also be used for public
transportation; and
•
existing natural structures, such as the
dune and woodland strips will be
preserved and losses of green structures
will be compensated;
Issues of waste water and sewerage system,
waste disposal and management and respective
infrastructure (waste treatment facility/landfill;
sewage treatment plant) are not within the
scope of the planning activities of the present
AS&P Pre-Masterplan Ulcinj.
As outcome of the Phase 1 Environmental
Study areas suitable for further planning as
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well as areas recommended for protection
were determined. Most of the ecological
sensitive areas are located in the east of
Velika Plaža, whereas less sensitive areas are
situated in the west.
The Phase 1 Environmental Study
recommendations were integrated into the
land use planning by AS&P (cf. Figure 2-2).
While the holiday resorts almost reaches the
area behind the dunes in the less sensitive
western area of Velika Plaža, development
keeps more distance to the ecological
sensitive dune and beach area in the east
which constitute important bird habitats. A
golf course on the eastern part of the
development area can be integrated into the
existing landscape with function as a buffer
zone between the more intensively used
recreational areas in the west and areas with
high ecological value in the east of Velika
Plaža.
the plan. The buildings are concentrated
mainly in the pasture and meadow area. In
the northern part of the Module 2 territory,
close to the regional road lower buildings
are planned which be used as apartment
houses and also ,for service personnel’s
residence.
The southern part of the Module 2 area is
developed with larger hotel facilities of in
general four stories. The total Module
facilities are designed for 6,000 tourists.
A detailed Environmental Impact
Assessment of the Module 2 Urban Design
Plan is subject of the report on hand.
This development concept was presented by
(Phase 1) were presented.
Within the Land Use Plan, an Urban Design
Plan for Module 2 area, selected for the
development of the first holiday resort
complex was developed by AS&P.
The Urban Design Plan for Module 2 is
depicted in Figure 2-3. The
recommendations given in the
Environmental Study of Phase 1 (ERM
LAHMEYER 2002) have been integrated into
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Figure 2-2
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Figure 2-3
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3
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
ASSESSMENT STUDY SETUP
3.1
MONTENEGRO PLANNING LEGAL
FRAMEWORK
The Project is planned within the legal and
statutory framework and environmental
regulations which are applicable in
Montenegro. The environmental
requirements are summarised below.
3.1.1 Environmental Laws and Regulations
Environmental Impact Assessment is
regulated in the Montenegrin legislation by
The Environmental Law (Sluzbeni List RCG
12/96), The Environmental Impact
Assessment Act (Sluzbeni List RCG 14/97)
and the Guidelines for Components of EIA
Study (Sluzbeni List RCG 21/97). The
Environmental Law provides the basic
obligation to carry out an EIA for all projects
with potential impact on the environment.
The EIA Act includes an Annex with a list of
projects for which an EIA must be carried
out. The projects can be planned and
realized by domestic or international
individuals or companies. In accordance
with EIA Act and EIA Guidelines the EIA
study has to be conducted before the
projects are realized. The EIA must be
approved by the Competent Authority
(Ministry of Environmental Protection and
Physical Planning) during the process of
obtaining Building Permit or other
realization permits. The building permit for
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tourist resorts is issued by the Republic
Ministry for Urban Planning.
Article 20 of the Environmental law
prescribes that all spatial and urban plans
need to assess the environmental conditions.
Each planning document has to be approved
by the competent authority.
The EIA study is among the technical
planning documentation part of the permit
application documents of an activity or
project.
The EIA Act defines that only registered
companies are allowed to conduct EIA
studies and that at least one competent
expert for each segment has to be hired.
Public participation is not obligatory but can
be organized by the Ministry if the project
may have a great influence on the
environment (Article 7, EIA Act). The
project proponent / investor submits the
EIA Report to the competent authority. The
Ministry appoints a commission to evaluate
the EIA. Based on the results of the
evaluation report an authorized person in
the Ministry decides about approval or
disapproval of the study.
The Annex of the EIA Act comprises a list of
projects for which EIA has to be carried out.
The most important types of projects are the
production of metals, chemical industry,
food industry, mining, energy production,
agriculture, forestry and fisheries, building
and infrastructure. The construction of
ports, marinas, navigational channels, sea,
river and lake docks as well as the
FINAL REPORT
7
construction of tourist settlements, hotel
complexes and hotels are recorded in No. 61
and No. 72 of the list as projects mandatory to
EIA study.
The need for Environmental Assessment in the
planning procedure is regulated by the
Environmental Law and the EIA Act, while the
1995 Law on Physical Planning does not
specifically address the Environmental
Assessment. However, it should be mentioned
that the regular planning procedure in
Montenegro implicitly requires environmental
protection consideration at different planning
stages.
There are no legal regulations in Montenegro
yet relating to the Strategic Environmental
Impact Assessment (SEA) 5, although some
elements of SEA procedure can be found in
different planning procedures. Presently, the
passing of the new Montenegrin Physical
Planning Law is in process under the auspices
of UNDP experts. Strategic Impact Assessment
is expected to be included in the new law.
3.1.2 Spatial Planning Law and Regulations
In order to understand in which legal context
the development of tourism infrastructure on
Velika Plaža will take place, Spatial Planning
Law and Regulations are described in the
following. According to the Spatial planning
and organization law (Sluzbeni list RCG br.
5 Information on EU EIA Standards: EIA for tourism developments
mandatory in the EU counties by the EIA Directive 85/337/EEC and
amendment Directive 97/11/EE). Strategic Environmental
Assessment (SEA) will be statutory in the EU member states
through Directive 2001-42-EC to be implemented by July 2004;
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16/95) spatial planning is considered to be
the determination of purpose and use of
space through the process of adoption of
spatial and urban plans. According to this
law the organization of space means the
utilization of space in accordance with the
spatial and urban plans.
3.1.2.1 Type of Plans
Spatial plans are strategic, long-term
planning documents in which the goals of
spatial development are determined, as well
as the bases of spatial organization and the
guidelines for the realization.
The Law recognizes the following spatial
plans: for the area of the Republic, for
regions, for municipalities and for the areas
of special purpose (National parks or Nature
reserves, coastal area, tourist and
recreational zones, fields for exploitation
etc.).
Urban plans are planning documents that
determine criteria, guidelines and normative
for building and reconstruction of buildings,
as well as the organization of settlements.
The Law recognizes the following urban
plans:
•
•
GUP – General Urban Plan (for the
capital and municipal centers, cf.
chapter 3.2.4);
UPN – Urban plan of the settlement (for
less developed centers);
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•
•
DUP –Detailed Urban Plan (for parts of
the settlements that are covered by
GUP); and
UP –Urban Project (for parts of the
settlements and monumental units that
require more complex building or
reconstruction).
Spatial plans (except the municipal plans)
are under the jurisdiction of central
government (republic government) so the
planning procedure is coordinated by the
Ministry of Urban Planning and these plans
are adopted by the Parliament of
Montenegro.
3.1.2.2 Planning Procedures
Planning is carried out by the registered
companies6.
During the procedure of drawing of a plan,
it is needed to cooperate with all responsible
institutions and public companies which are
obligated to give all necessary data to the
planners.
The drafts of spatial and urban plans are
forwarded to the Ministry of Urban
planning for ensuring that they are in
6
These companies have at least 6 highly qualified
experts (two architects, one civil engineer, one
traffic engineer, one spatial planner and one
economist). The companies can hire further
experts if needed for specific parts of the plan.
The permission for drawing of plans gives the
Ministry of Urban Planning.
FINAL REPORT
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accordance with higher level plans and with the
provisions of the Spatial Planning Law.
The Draft plans, depending on type and
importance of planned spaces, are given to
other Ministries and/or government
institutions for approval.
Draft plans are also forwarded for expert
examination to the Examination Board which is
made up of different experts that did not take
part in the drawing of the plan.
After positive opinions and approvals from the
Ministries and the Board, the executive subject
(the Government or the Mayor) forwards the
draft plan to the Parliament of Montenegro (or
the Municipal Parliament), which puts it up for
public hearing. According to the law, public
hearing usually lasts 30 days (except with
smaller changes in plans when public hearing
can last 15 days). During the public hearing, the
public and the citizens who are users or owners
of the space considered by the plan, have the
opportunity to familiarize with the suggested
planned solutions and submit complaints,
comments or suggestions.
During the preparation of the final version of
the plan (suggested plan) the planers are
obligated to take into consideration the
suggestions from the expert Board, however are
not obligated to take into account the comments
from the public hearing.
Finally, the accepted draft plan is sent to the
Parliament of the Republic or a municipality
(depending on the plan type) for adoption. The
adopted planning document has the power of
law.
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3.1.2.3 Location Permit
The realization of adopted plans is done
through the Location Permit and through
Urbanistic and Technical requirements (UT
requirements) from the plan.
According to the plans that are under
municipal jurisdiction, the Secretariat for
Urban Planning of a municipality issues the
Location Permit for building, reconstruction
and expansion of buildings, except for
certain capital infrastructure, traffic or
communal buildings as well as bigger and
complex buildings, hotels etc., where the
permits are obtained from the Ministry of
Urban Planning.
The Location Permit consists of basic data
on the investor and the type of building
(dimensions of base, area, number of flats,
purpose), as well as the technical
characteristics, infrastructure requirements
and the protection of environment.
The Location Permit loses validity if the
investor, within one year from the date of
issue, does not request the Building Permit.
Based on the defined requirements from
Location Permit, the technical
documentation is prepared on which, later
on, the approval is given that it is in
accordance with plans and UT
requirements. Further this represents a basis
for issuing a Building Permit. Once the
Building Permit is issued, if the investor
does not start building within a year, this
permit expires.
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The existing legal planning framework does
not require the environmental impact
assessment in the planning phase, but in the
phase of building projects. This means that
during the planning procedure, the
environmental protection requirements are
set, while the environment impact
assessment is a part of technical
documentation required for obtaining
approvals and permits.
content of a DUP and the graphic part would be
in the scales 1:500 up to 1:1,000.
3.2
The Law requires public participation (public,
NGOs) in the stage of public hearing about the
draft plan. However, there are no restrictions to
include the public in the earlier phases of the
planning process.
PLANNING FRAMEWORK FOR THE
PROJECT
The Velika Plaža area is covered by General
Urban Plan of Ulcinj and Coastal Area
Spatial Plan (that is in the Draft phase). For
each of proposed spatial units for tourist
development, a detail planning at the level
of DUP is needed.
Since this area represents the Coastal Zone
(Morsko Dobro) and is the area of special
importance, the Government of Montenegro
(based on the Ministry of Urban Planning
suggestion), decided that 7 zones should be
planned in more detailed manner.
Therefore, parallel to the drawing of the
Coastal Area Spatial Plan which represents
the strategic plan for the Coastal Area, seven
other locations will be planned in more
detailed, among which the largest is the
Velika Plaža zone which will be planned in
accordance with the solutions of the Master
Plan for Tourism Development at the
general level for the area of Ulcinj. This
means that this detail plan would have
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During the drawing of the plan, the
municipality of Ulcinj (to which Velika Plaža
belongs) will be consulted and its Secretariats,
as well as the Coastal Zone Management
Agency (JP Morsko Dobro), Ministries of
Tourism, Urban planning and Environmental
Protection, and the Institution for the protection
of nature and cultural monuments.
The area of Velika Plaža is dealt with in the
following planning documents:
•
Spatial Plan of the Republic of Montenegro
(1986, amended in 1991 and 1997);
•
Nature Protection Act and Law (1968);
•
Spatial Plan for the Montenegrin Coastal
Area (draft status);
•
Spatial Plan of the Ulcinj municipality
(2000); and
•
General Urban Plan (Master plan) for Ulcinj
town (1985).
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3.2.1 Nature Protection Act and Law (1968)
3.2.2 Coastal Area Spatial Plan (Draft)
According to the Nature Protection Act
(Official Gazette of SRM 38/68) and the
Nature Protection Law (Official Gazette of
SRM 36/77. 2/82) 19 important beaches in
Montenegro have the protection status of
"spomenik prirode" (natural monument).
Velika Plaža beach belongs to the protected
areas The protected area has a length of
approx. 12.5 km, a width of approx. 400 m
and a size of approx. 500 ha. This is not
including the hinterland.
The Ministry of Urban Planning and the
Coastal Zone Management Agency
prepared the draft of Coastal Area Spatial
Plan of Montenegro (CASP).
Within the framework of Phase 2 Study
further information about the protection
status of those natural monuments was
required from the Nature Protection Agency
in Podgorica. Thereafter activities in these
areas shall not change the natural features
and the purpose of protection of the area. In
particular the Environmental protection
Law (official gazette 12/96) prohibits any
activity in the protected areas which cause
disturbance of the ecological balance, the
biological diversity, the hydrographic,
geomorphologic, geologic or landscape
values. In addition activities which aim at
trapping or killing of protected animal
species as well as removal, damage or
destruction of protected plant species are
prohibited.
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The CASP for the first time considers the
Coastal Zone in an integrated manner,
taking into account the area of six coastal
municipalities and representing the basis for
integrated development strategy for the
Coastal Region. At the same time, the CASP
is the first spatial plan in Montenegro that
takes into account the sea area of
Montenegrin territorial waters.
Some of the existing problems were
recognized such as overlapping jurisdiction
of central and local authorities and different
agencies, Coastal Zone being too narrow on
the land part, ambiguous land ownership of
certain locations, and questionable purpose
of sites and complexes that were used for
military defence purposes.
The basic goal of the CASP is to determine
the spatial and planning conditions and
establish the directions for the most
synchronized and homogeneous
development of the Coastal area. The main
purpose of this strategic plan is to propose
recommendations (on macro and micro
level), a matrix of regimes and restrictions
for all activities. Within the CASP, the
specific zone and corridors are defined for
the basic purposes and functions within the
area, while the lager part of the area remains
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flexible for use, with certain guidelines for
future development.
CASP also proposes solving land use conflicts
on few locations such as: tourism vs.
environmental protection, tourism vs.
mariculture, and tourism vs. military purpose.
Based on analysis, the following new proposals
for protection of flora and fauna, biodiversity
and landscape are given, according to the IUCN
categories for management of natural areas.
The hinterland of Velika Plaža is proposed for
the VI7 category of management (IUCN). This
area is considered to be the major fauna area on
the Coast. The protection of natural area that is
outside of the Coastal zone should be solved
through the joint effort of Ulcinj municipality
and Coastal Zone Management Agency.
According to the expert conclusions after
needed research, the part of the Velika Plaža
hinterland along with the most of the beach
area, should be excluded from the building of
tourist complexes. The tourist complex
development should be adjusted to the
category of the protected area. The part of this
area that is in the Coastal zone should be
excluded from the hunting offer. The sand
excavation, and logging should be forbidden,
7 VI IUCN category relates to the protected area whose resources are
managed using the sustainable use of the natural ecosystems. The
goal of this management is the long term biodiversity protection
and other natural values of the area, the promotion of sustainable
management in practice, protection of the base of natural resources
from activities that would cause the change of biodiversity, and
importance of the area for national and regional development.
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and pasture areas should be designated. The
limitation and conflict due to land use with
owners and citizens should be solved
according to the law by compensation or
similar.For the beach, the protected zone
should be designated where the strict
protection from unplanned and
inappropriate building of hotels, living
buildings, roads and other structures will be
enforced. Around the protected area of the
beach, the wider protecting buffer belt
should be established which, along with the
beach would represent an unique
recreational area. The intensive use of the
beach area brings up the need for active
maintenance.
For the first time in Montenegro several sites
were chosen to be evaluated for establishing
Marine Protected Areas. The CASP
recognized also the sea areas and
underwater sites for recreational activities,
archeological locations and sites of special
interest (coral reef communities, shipwrecks
etc.).
The region of Velika Plaža which comprises
development zones 60, 61 and 62 (cf. Figure
3-1).
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Figure 3-1
Planning Zones according to Draft of Coastal Area Spatial Plan
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The following planning recommendations
are given in the CASP:
Zone 60. Rt Djerane - Port Milena
•
•
•
tourist zone with all accompanying
facilities and expansion of the zone
toward Solana;
•
in the hinterland of the beach several
parking lots should be organized;
2000 and is covering the period of the next 20
years (i.e. until 2020).
•
in the zone near the bridge over Bojana
river a smaller tourist complex could be
established; and
The basic principles of this plan are:
•
careful construction of the channel
Bojana River - Port Milena with
assessment of the possible
environmental impact; and
in case of building of marina, the
priority is given to the location within
the Port Milena.
Zone 61. Velika Plaža
in the zone of river Bojana mouth no
construction of marina should be
allowed due the to the great amounts of
sedimets brought by the river to the
coast - river Bojana feeds Velika Plaža
beach by longshore current sediment
transport from the mouth of river
towards Rt Djerane and Port Milena;
any construction within this site would
stop further feeding of the beach and
cause the erosion of existing beach.
•
protection of Brijeg od mora8 (sand dunes
vegetation) and Spatula;
Zone 62. Ada Bojana
•
•
formation of several smaller tourists
centers in the western parts that are
equipped with accompanying facilities
surrounded by green areas;
protection of intimacy and isolation on
the island;
•
limited building of specific
accommodation capacities;
•
the status of the nudist vacation center
should be kept; and
•
the possibility of using of small
agricultural areas for agro-eco-tourism.
•
all buildings should be located away
from the coastline and beach area;
•
in the eastern part of Velika Plaža the
access and movement of tourist should
be restricted to keep interventions into
nature to minimum in order to preserve
the habitats of migratory species of
birds; however, bird watching should be
allowed;
8
3.2.3 Spatial Plan of Ulcinj Municipality
(2000)
This spatial plan covers the total area of
municipality of Ulcinj of 255 km2, where in
39 settlements over 25 thousand inhabitants
are living. The Plan was adopted in year
•
complex spatial, economic and social
development;
•
basic economic development activities are
tourism, agriculture and usage of the sea
resources; and
•
balanced functional and economic
development of the settlement network.
The development of tourism as the key
economic activity should be planned,
monitored and controlled according to the
principles of sustainable development.
The development of agriculture should allow
greater economic independence of the
municipality, even out development of all
settlements in the municipality and decrease
the migration from villages. This considers
improvements in infrastructure, protection and
improvement of agricultural land through the
regulation of river Bojana.
The usage of the marine resources, that were so
far neglected, need to be improved through
production of salt, fisheries, nautical tourism,
marine transportation and careful exploitation
of crude oil.
The municipality of Ulcinj has all landscape
portions within its territory – sea, river, lake,
mountain, hill, valley, rocky coast, sandy
beaches, forests, wetlands, etc.
Hills of sea
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For the study area following functions
emphasized:
•
•
Velika Plaža – specific area that differs
from other parts of the municipality.
With all components this area is primary
reserved for the development of
tourism; and
Stoj – the area between Velika Plaža and
Solana, which is favorable for living, for
additional tourist facilities and for
smaller agriculture.
•
the linear organization of the territory at
a greater part of the coastal area and its
connection to the existing longitudinal
road;
•
the main city center or central zone is
formed on the stretch from Mala Plaza
to Port Milena; and
•
secondary centers are formed in some
tourist and living centers at Velika
Plaža, Donji Stoj, Zoganje and
surrounding settlements.
Besides the city of Ulcinj, this plan
encompasses parts of surrounding
settlements: Kruta, Bratica, Kolonza, Pistula,
Zoganje, Donji Stoj and Gornji Stoj, where
the tourist zones Stari Ulcinj, Valdanos,
Velika Plaža and Ada are located.
The estimation of the tourist
accommodation facilities in the region of
GUP is based on the natural potentials such
as areas and capacities of the beaches and
free terrains for building, terrains with
network infrastructures and so on. The
projection of tourism facilities was also
influenced by the fact that Ulcinj is an area
of mass tourism where tourist season lasts
for 150 days. This area has good
connections, geographical position, good
ambient conditions for prevention and
treatment of some illnesses and other
benefits.
The area covered under this plan amounts to
9,021 ha, among which only 30% of land is
built-up area. The other parts of the area
constitutes of woods, olive fields, wetlands,
agricultural land, beaches and other type of
land.
The whole coastal area is divided into seven
tourist zones with different tourist activities
and phases of development. In the area of
Ulcinj four zones are important, and the
following recommendations are given by
this plan:
3.2.4 General Urban Plan of Ulcinj (GUP
from 1985)
This plan considers the coastal area of the
Ulcinj municipality, a coastal belt of a width
of 1 to 5 km and a length of 30 km. The plan
was adopted in 1985 and is formally valid
for the period of 20 years (i.e. until 2005).
The most important parameters of
development as urban territory are:
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Novi Ulcinj covers the territory of hill
Pinjes, bay Port Milena and first 2 km of
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Velika Plaža. Besides the existing hotels, tourist
settlements and private accommodations in this
area the following is envisaged: marina for
1,000 boats, centers with numerous services and
additional tourist facilities, sport center and
numerous facilities for public functions, green
market and others.
Velika Plaža – western part takes up the
central area of Velika Plaža, being the area
between the regional road Ulcinj-Ada and the
sea. Proposed complexes are to be built in three
groups of about the same capacity: group I
(hotels), group II (hotels and camps) and
group III (hotels, camps and hostels). Between
the groups, green spaces are foreseen for sport
and recreational activities, parking lots, service
and entertainment facilities. Each unit operates
independent for the daily tourist activities.
Velika Plaža – eastern part takes up the eastern
part of Velika Plaža to the Bojana River. The
capacities are planned in two groups: group IV
(hotels) and group V (camps). Between the
groups green spaces for resting, sport and
recreation facilities are envisaged, and the
eastern part is reserved for agriculture.
Ada – A hotel complex with 2,500 beds is
proposed on the island among which 940 are
already existing and 1,560 are new bungalow
capacities. The free areas of Ada should be used
for recreation, agriculture and hunting. In
addition and protected natural area should be
protected as far as possible. The facilities on the
island should serve daily needs. The rest of the
needed services are in Novi Ulcinj and Ulcinjcenter.
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Table 3-1
Summary of Planned Tourist Capacities according to Ulcinj GUP
Hotels and tourist
settlements
Camps
Others
Total GUP
Novi Ulcinj
13,600
-
6,750
-
20,350
V.Plaza-west
10,850
4,500
3,000
2,600
20,950
V.Plaza-east
5,350
8,250
-
3,500
17,100
Ada
2,500
-
-
-
2,500
Total 4 zones
32,300
12,750
9,750
6,100
60,900
GUP Ulcinj
34,300
14,750
19,150
8,600
76,800
For the organized recreation, considering
the character and importance of the city, the
following areas are foreseen:
•
Private
accommodation
a specific zone of main sports and
recreational centers shall be located in
the area of Port Milena: sports fields for
10,000 spectators, closed and open areas
for football, tennis, racetrack, basketball
and water sports for tourists as well as
inhabitants, for professional sportsman
as well as amateurs. The occupied area
is 22 ha;
•
a zone of public green areas and tourist
zones with sport terrains, playground
for group sports and recreational
activities; and
•
a zone for picnic and camping in the
areas of Bijela Gora, beach Valdanos,
Pinjes hill, Sasko lake and other areas.
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Ulcinj (5,500 inhabitants in 1,718 flats), Velika
Plaža west - Donji Stoj (1,520 inhabitants in
475 flats; 940 flats for rest and recreation) and
Velika Plaža east – Gornji Stoj (580 inhabitants
in 190 flats).
Besides the foreseen capacities for tourism, a
marina with 1,100 places is proposed in the
bay of Port Milena, as well as a port for
nautical tourism below the Old town Ulcinj,
special docks in Valdanos and Ada, a center
for sport fishing at Bojana River and a
center for keeping and renting of boats.
A network of restaurants and cafes with
adequate capacities should serve the needs
of tourist development in the centers.
The zone for living in the territory of GUP
and some individual settlements take up
20% of the built-up areas. This zone takes
the relatively best areas considering slope,
latitude, position, vicinity of the sea and
central functions. Individual living takes up
80% of this territory which resembles the
character of the settlement, economic
possibilities for further development,
tradition etc. In the narrow area of the city
following living zones are planned: Novi
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Even distribution of green areas in the
territory covered by GUP was one of the
guiding principles in the organization of the
space in the city and surrounding
settlements. The following
recommendations were given by this plan:
•
green areas along the coast take up the
space between the beach and hinterland.
This area differs in width and in most
cases it touches the tourist complexes
areas, and rarely the agricultural land,
forests and maquis;
•
these green belts play a delicate role - to
enhance environmental conditions, to
improve landscape and to provide area
of recreation, sport and entertainment
during the tourist seasons;
•
the green areas should be fitted into the
relief so that the existing beaches and
sandy dunes keep their specific
characteristics;
•
the green areas should favour the micro
climatic conditions, stop the movement
of sand, reduce unfavourable winds,
increase air humidity, support
groundwater regime and add value to
the landscape by rich Mediterranean
vegetation. The planting of high trees
and other plants should be situated not
too close to the water. The beach should
be kept in its natural form to preserve its
natural value.
4
the island Ada Bojana should be put
under the protection as an area of
exceptional natural values. The forest
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complex in the coastal area of Bojana
and in the zone of Velika Plaža will be
put under the protection for its capacity
as green protective belts
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4
ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE
DESCRIPTION
4.1
ENVIRONMENTAL INVESTIGATION AREA
The investigation area of this report covers
the area for the development of Module 2
plus 300 to 500 m west and east of it. Where
necessary the study area is extended to
consider important nature reserves in the
vicinity and for instance functional relations
of bird habitats.
4.2
NATURAL SETTING AND LAND USE
The study area is situated east of Ulcinj
town and approx. 2.5 km east of the Port
Milena channel. It is part of the coastal
stretch between the regional road R 17 Ulcinj
- Port Milena - Ada Bojana and the sea. The
area is structured in stretches parallel to
road and sea which provides clear
orientation. Photo 4 (view is directed to the
east; cf. Annex B) gives an overview of the
basic constitution of the landscape. The
sandy beach in the south is bare of
vegetation. Behind several tens of meter
halophyte vegetation on the dunes and pine
forest on the backside of the primary dunes
are found. In the eastern part of the study
area temporary marshland in the
depressions of the older dune sections is
located. Behind the pine woodlands dry
pastures and meadows, partly with fallow
fields are situated. These are followed by a
second strip of woodlands (deciduous trees
such as Skadar Oak) which are partly
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degraded (“open forest”, s. Photo 9, Annex
B).
In the western part of the forest, bungalows
and an apartment house of the “Bratstvo
Jedinstvo” tourist resort are located (cf.
Photo 6 and 7) which is also called
“Odmaraliste”. East of this facility lies the
so-called “Safari Camp” presently inhabited
by refugees (cf. Photos 7 & 8) which is
sometimes named after its owners “Ulcinj
Riviera” resort. North of the woodlands
another stretch of pastures and meadow is
located which borders on the regional road.
Here, some orchards (mandarine,
pomegranate) are found. In large parts the
meadows are structured by hedges and
bushes (Photos 7 & 12). Between deciduous
forest and meadows a drainage ditch is
situated. On the northern side of the road
the Donji Stoj settlement is located. The
study area is limited by the road.
area are scattered in the meadows close to
the road (s. Photo 12 & 15). In the southern
strip of meadows only some barracks and
deserted trailers are found.
Three access paths lead from the regional
road to the beach. Each of them ends at a
beach facility: Bukaria Ulcinit in the west
(Photo 1), Safari Beach in the middle (Photo
3) and Tropicana Beach in the east of the
study area (Photo 4).
Thus, the study area is characterised by
cultivated landscape with decreasing human
influence from north to south (except the
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three beach facilities). The existing camp resorts
in the forests do not constitute an infringement,
as buildings are relatively low and hidden by
trees.
4.3
GEOLOGY, GEOMORPHOLOGY AND SOILS
4.3.1 Geology
The sediments of Velika Plaža belong to the
Quaternary period consisting of alluvial and
beach sediments with pebbles, sand, mud and
muddy clay. The geological units are depicted
on Figure 4-1.
Velika Plaža beachline is part of the coastal
erosion and deposition dynamics. Due to
sediment load of Bojana River and the
longshore sea currents, the beach is
permanently growing into the sea.
Sulphuric thermo-mineral waters in the area of
Ulcinj are unique in Montenegro. The
combination of these waters with in Ulcinj area
abundant peloids (healthy mud) allows the use
for therapeutical and medical purposes
(rheumatic disease and diseases of skeletal
system, neurological, gynaecological and skin
illnesses). The use of these mineral waters could
be a further attraction to tourists in the context
of “wellness holidays”.
The Montenegrin coast is an area of intensive
seismic activity with powerful earthquakes
likely to occur with a maximum intensity of 9
on the MCS scale. The seismic risk is increased
by the fact that the area of Velika Plaža is
mainly made up of Quaternary sediments. The
region is located in a 9c seismic zone with
seismic coefficient of 0.12 ks. The last major
event was the 1979 earthquake which hit
Coast.
Most of the investigation area is considered
to show average ground conditions. Parts of
the terrain close to the sea with high
groundwater level are considered only
conditionally stable. A detailed engineering
soil investigation for foundation of buildings
has to be carried out at a later planning
stage.
Additional information on the geological
features, morphology and landscape history
of Velika Plaža area have been described in
detail in the Phase 1 study.
1.1.1 Geomorphology and Landforms
Fluvial accumulations and coastal relief are
the main geomorphologic characteristics in
the study area as part of Velika Plaža.
The Ulcinj hinterland represents the alluvial
plain. Coastal relief was formed under the
influence of abrasion and accumulation
processes at the border between sea and
land. As a result large sandy accumulations
are found at Velika Plaža. The fine
granulated sand originates from the
ophiolitic (basic and ultrabasic lava) belt of
the Skadar Lake catchment area. The
material is transported by Bojana River
towards the sea, carried by the longshore
currents and deposited along the Velika
Plaža beach.
Wind also has some influence on the erosion
and transportation processes of sand. In the
coastal stretch, low dunes and a broad sandy
beach are typical features of the landscape.
1.1.2 Soils
Alluvial soils are occurring in the stretch farther
from the sea. These soils mostly consist of
sandy and muddy components and are situated
in lower terrains so they are often salted by
seawater. They have low bonity classes
between IV to VI. The soils of the raised terrains
of Donji Stoj, so-called Brijeg od mora, are of
better quality (class III to IV) than in the lower
parts and can be improved up to two classes by
irrigation.
According to Agriculture Law (Sluzbeni list
RCG 15/92) all farming land from quality class
I to IV should be protected for agricultural use.
Exceptions are other essential requirements in
cities or tourist settlements.
1.2
Figure 4-1
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Geological Overview and Seismic Units of the Study Area
CLIMATE AND AMBIENT AIR QUALITY
Montenegro's coasts enjoy a Mediterranean
climate, having dry summers and mild, rainy
winters (cf.Table 4-2). The average monthly air
temperature for Ulcinj is 15.8°C with maximum
in Juli/August (24.8°C) and minimum in
January (7.7°C). Average yearly rainfall for
Ulcinj is 1,109 l/m2, which is the lowest value at
the Montenegrin coast. Most of the rainfall
takes place in October, November and
December with 30 to 40% of total annual
precipitation; lowest amounts of rainfall are in
June, July and August with only 10% of annual
precipitation.
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4.5
HYDROLOGY
4.5.1 Surface Water and Land Drainage
The main freshwater body of Velika Plaža is the
Bojana River which flows approx. 6 km south
east of the investigation area into the sea.
In the investigation area two smaller non
permanent water-bearing ponds are located.
Approx. 200 m east of the study area a third
pond is situated which is 15 x 50 m in size and
2 m in depth. Reportedly, the ponds originate
from sand excavation about 15 years back.
During the field observation in summer 2002 all
these ponds were dried up. They are ecological
important amphibian and reptile habitats (cf.
chapter 4.6.2.1). Concerning the water quality
there is no data available .
A main drainage ditch is running approx.
200 m south of the regional road. This ditch was
dry during summer field investigations. West
of the Safari Camp, a smaller drainage ditch
flows into the main ditch.
4.5.2 Groundwater
Figure 4-2
Climate Chart of Ulcinj
According to the last available official Air
Quality Report (2001), the concentrations of
almost all sampled parameters were below
the highest permissible concentrations
(HPC) which are comparable to EU limit
values. HPC values were exceeded
occasionally for ground ozone (1.5 times in
April) and the maximum values of PAH.
Additional information on climate and
ambient air quality of the Ulcinj area can be
found in the Phase 1 study.
Since no literature data on groundwater level
and flooding in the study area is available,
interviews with local people (farmers,
restaurant owners, refugees) have been carried
out.
Groundwater level in the investigation area is
estimated to be at about 3 m below ground
according to local farmers. This corresponds to
9
A map of the soil quality was not available.
Bush and shrub vegetation
10
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field observations that an approx. 2 m deep
pond is dry during summer (July). Since
feeding of the pond by groundwater can be
assumed, groundwater level is lower than
2 m below ground during summer.
4.5.3 Flooding Zones
Before construction of flood protection
dykes along Bojana River several years ago,
large areas of Velika Plaža and the
hinterland were regularly flooded in Winter.
According to information gained through
interviews, nowadays flooding takes place
between main drainage ditch and beach
from autumn (October/November) to
spring (March/May) with a water depth of 5
to 15 cm. The flooding takes place mainly in
the eastern part of the study area in the
marshland region. The area between road
R17 and drainage ditch is flooded very
seldom and only after extremely high
precipitation. On
the flooding zones are depicted. The last
few years have been drier than earlier years.
Figure 4-3
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Flooding Zones in the Project area
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4.6
FLORA AND FAUNA
4.6.1 Flora
vascular plant species with biological
importance for the vegetation structure in
the investigation area are listed in Table 4-1.
4.6.1.1 Flora Elements
General Overview
In the Ulcinj area particular autochthonous
flora is developed due to the special
ecological conditions such as maritime
impacts of the Adriatic Sea, mediterranean
climate and regular seasonal flooding.
Seasonal winter flooding is a remarkable
feature of the investigated area. The flora
occurs in different types of habitats like
salted and brackish inland and wetland
habitats, dry pastures and natural forests.
4.6.1.2 Plant species
In the course of additional field surveys in
the second half of August 2002 and
literature research (Trinajstic, 1989) for the
Phase 2 investigations, some new species
have been identified in the halophyte
vegetation belt (compared to the field
surveys for Phase 1) such as Sporobolus
arenarius, a new plant species for
Montenegrin Flora, Aethoriza bulbosa,
Alkanna tinctoria, Chondrilla juncea, Citrulus
vulgaris, Crepis sp, Elymus farctus, Holoscoenus
romanus, Hypochoeris radicata, Mattihola
sinuata, Setaria viridis, Taraxacum officinale,
Tribulus terestris and Verbascum sunuatum.
On the other hand, some of the species
typical for the Eastern part of Velica Plaža
and Ada Bojana were not found in the
investigated area defined for Module 2. The
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Table 4-1
Main vascular plant species in the investigation area
Formal Conservation Status
in Montenegro11 and
Actual endangering
status12
Latin name of species
English Name of species
Aegilops ovata L.
Ovate Goatgrass
Agropyrum junceum (L.) P. B.
(syn: Elymusfarctus)
Sand Couch
Alkanna tinctoriaL
Alkanet
Alnus glutinosa L.
Sticky Alder
Ammophila arenaria Lk.
European Beachgrass
Atriplex hastata L.
Wild Orache
Bromus tectorum L
Downy Chess
Cakile maritima Scop.
Sea Rocket
+
Calystegiasoldanella (L.) R. BR.
Sea Bindweed
+
Carpinus orientalisL.
Oriental Hornbeam
Cinanchum acutum L.
-
Cyperus capitatus Vand
Capitate Galingale
+
Daucus pumilus (Gou.)Ball.
American Wild Carrot,
Rattlesnake Weed
+
Echinophora spinosaL.
Sea Parsnip
+
Elymus farctus
-
Eryngium maritimum L.
Sea Holly
+
Euphorbia paraliasL.
Sea Spurge
+
Euphorbia peplisL.
Purple Spurge
Euphorbia terracina L.
Geraldtons Carnation Spurge
Fraxinus angustifolia L.
Field Ash
Inula crithmoides L.
Golden Samphire
Iris pseudacorus
Yellow Iris
Juncus acutus L.
Sharp Rush
Juncus maritimus Lam
Sea Rush
According to Act on Protection of Rare, Endangered and Threatened Animal and Plant Species (Rjesenje o stavljanju pod zastitu
rijetkih, prorijedjenih, endemicnih i ugrozenih biljnih i zivotinjskih vrsta). Official Gazette of SR Montenegro, Nr.36/82, Podgorica 1982.
12 Endangering Status according to Prof. Pulevic, Univ. of Podgorica. The Montenegrin Act on Protection of Rare, Endangered and
Threatened Animal and Plant Species from 1982 is not reflecting actual status of endangered halophyte vegetation, therefore
additional assessment was made.
11
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Latin name of species
English Name of species
Lagurus ovatus L.
Hare's-Tail
Lepturus cylindricusTrin.
-
Lepturusincurvus Sch et Thel.
Coast BarbGrass, Curved
Sicklegrass
Limonium angustifolium L.
Wild Privet
+
Lippia nodiflora L.
Mat Grass, Garden Lippia
+
Mattihola sinuata L. R.
Br.
Sea Stock
Medicago marina L.
Sea Medick
Oenanthera biennisL.
Usual Night Candle
Pancratium maritimum L.
Sand Lily, SeaDaffodil
Periploca graeca L.
Virginia Silkvine
Phragmites communis L.
Ditch Reed
Polygonum maritimum L.
Sea Knotgrass
Populus alba L.
Silver-leaf Poplar
Pseudorlaya pumila (L.) Grande
Dune Carrot
Quercus roburL. sspscutariensis
Cernj.
Skadar Oak
Reichardia picroides (L.) Roth.
Common Reichardia
Salsola kali L.
PricklySaltwort,PricklyGlasswort
+
Salsola soda L.
Saltwort, Barilla, 'Liscari sativa',
Kelpwort
+
Schoenus nigricans L.
Black Bog-Rush
Sporobolus arenarius Duv. Jouv
-
Tamarix africana L.
Tamarisk
Urticulariavulgaris L.
Greater Bladderwort
Vitexagnus-castus L.
Chaste-Tree
Vulpia ciliata Lk.
Bearded Fescue
Xantium italicum Mor.
Spiny Cocklebur
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Formal Conservation Status
in Montenegro and
Actual endangering
status
+
*
+
+
*
+
+
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4.6.1.3 Biotope Types /Vegetation
Communities/ Vegetation Zones
Behind a bare sandy beach belt which is
several tens of meters wide, the terrestrial
vegetation of the investigation area is found.
This can be divided in subsequent
vegetation belts as follows:
•
•
Starting from the Sea where Zosteretum
marinae adriaticum (Eelgrass, Widgeon
grass) and Posidonietum oceanicae
adriaticum (Posidonia bed) associations
occurs, several inland vegetation zones
are found within the investigated area;
The landside sequence is Psammo Halophyte vegetation partly with a semi
natural Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis)
forest strip on the backside of the
primary dune partly with temporary
wetlands and marsh in the depressions
of the older dune sections. This is
followed by dry pastures and meadows
and partly fallow fields and strips of
forests (cf. Map 2).
The characteristics of the vegetation zones
and biotope types are described in detail in
the following sections.
Submersed Shoreline Vegetation
At short distance from the shoreline, in the
sea submerse vegetation occurs which is
described in literature as Zosteretum marinae
adriaticum (Eelgrass, Widgeon grass) and
Posidonietum oceanicae adriaticum (Posidonia
bed) associations.
Psammo-Halophyte14 Vegetation
The Psammo-Halophyte vegetation belt (cf.
Photo 24 and 25, Annex B) composed by the
two rare and endangered pioneer vegetation
associations Xantio-Cakiletum maritimae (Beg.
1941) Pign. 1953 and Agropyretum
mediterraneum (Kuhn) Br.-Bl. 1933. It covers
so-called young dunes.
The plant association of Xanthio-Cakiletum
maritimae survives in extreme ecological
conditions under direct impact of salt water
and wind. Typical plant species of this
association are: Sea Rocket (Cakile maritima
Scop.), Spiny Cocklebur (Xanthium italicum),
Pricky Saltwort (Salsola kali L.), Purple
Spurge (Euphorbia peplis L.), Sea Spurge
(Euphorbia paralias L.), Sea Knotgrass
(Polygonum maritimum L.), Wild Orache
(Atriplex hastata L.), Sea Parsnip (Echinophora
spinosa L.), Sea Holly (Eryngium maritimum
L.), Sand Couch (Agropyrum junceum L.), Sea
Medick (Medicago marina L.), Golden
Samphire (Inula crithmoides L.), Hare’s Tail
(Lagurus ovatus L.) and Cuscuta sp. L.
The association of Agropyretum
mediterraneum occurs a bit farther from the
sea up to the hinterland and is composed of
following species: Agropyrum junceum (L.) P.
B., Echinophora spinosa L., Eryngium
maritimum L, Euphorbia paralias L, Medicago
marina L., Ammophila arenaria Lk., Pancratium
maritimum L., Calystegia soldanella (L.) R. BR.,
Pseudorlaya pumila (L.) Grande, Lagurus ovatus L,
Xanthium italicum Mor., Cakile maritima Scop.,
Euphorbia peplis L, Polygonum maritimum L.,
Atriplex hastata L., Aegilops ovata L., Lepturus
cylindricus Trin. Lepturus incurvus Sch et Thel.,
Vulpia ciliata Lk., Schoenus nigricans L.,
Blackstonia perfoliata (L.) Hud., Bromus tectorum
L, Juncus maritimus Lam, Euphorbia terracina L.,
Inula crithmoides L., Reichardia picroides (L.) Roth.
Seminatural Pine forest
This biotope type is found in the western part
of the investigation area on the old dunes (cf.
Photo 2, Annex B). The pine forest primarily is
composed of Aleppo Pine (Pinus halepensis) and
Black Pine (Pinus nigra L.). Partly this pine
forest was planted about 20 years ago to
stabilise the dunes. In the west near the Safari
beach, there is hardly any understorey under
the trees. In the eastern part of the investigation
area psammo-halophyte species occurs under
the trees.
Marshland Vegetation
In certain parts of the investigation area (within
the pine forest and in the east of the
investigation area, cf. Photo 28, Annex B)
marshland vegetation of natural or man made
origin (sand exploitation pits) is permanently,
temporally or seasonally flooded. In the
marshlands usual lush vegetation is occurring
such as: Ditch Reed (Phragmites communis),
Yellow Iris (Iris pseudacorus) etc.
14 salt tolerant vegetation prefering sandy ground, e.g. coastal
dune habitats
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Pastures and Meadows
Behind the wet zone, out of the direct
influence of salt water mediterranean
pastures and meadows are situated,
vegetated with psammophytic TheroBrachypodietalia Br.-Bl. 1947 association.
These mediterranean pastures and dried
meadows (cf. Photo 7, Annex B) have
changed very much and are mostly
transformed to ruderal vegetation / arable
land. Remains of this dry grassland
vegetation can be found only on pastures
and meadows not used for a long time,
particularly at the margins.
Natural Forests
North of the pastures and meadows, a strip
of natural forests about 200 metres wide is
situated which can be divided in two main
groups:
•
Forest woodland with old trees (see
Annex B: Photo 10 and 26); and
•
Open forest characterised by degraded
light open woodland with only a few
old trees remaining (see Annex B: Photo
10 and 26).
These forests are influenced by the
Mediterranean climate, resulting in mixed
evergreen and deciduous species. Beside the
Montenegro endemic Skadar Oak (Quercus
robur spp. scutariensis15), the thermophyllous
The so-called Skadar Oak (Quercus Robur ssp. scutariensis
Cernj.) is a thermophile mediterranean subspecies of the
Pendunculate Oak (Quercus robur) also known as English Oak.
In Montenegro it is found in 3 areas. The typus locality of the
ssp. scutariensis is the northern shore of the Skadar Lake where
15
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deciduous species Oriental Hornbeam
(Carpinus orientalis) occurs together with
ordinary Silver-leaf Poplar (Populus alba). An
other typical tree species in this area is the
Field Ash (Fraxinus angustifolia).
The open forest is characterised by less trees,
most of them younger and more open space
between them. White Poplar is dominating
and newly cut areas are found.
Autochthonous Skadar Oak is additionally
damaged after cutting and White Poplar and
Oriental Hornbeam dominate in the open
regenerated forest. Areas affected by cutting
in recent years are (cf. Map 2):
•
between “Odmaraliste” resorts and
Safari Camp16
•
eastern side of Safari Camp; and
•
part of forest on eastern side of
investigated area (“Brijeg Mora on
1:5,000 topographic map), located
between Nikic’s farm and the drainage
ditch.
Certain areas where old trees occur (forests
with old trees) are located at:
it is growing as a vegetation community in association with
Field Ash (Fraxinus angustifoluim), and Silkvine (Periploca graeca
L.) as typical ground layer species. A second such areal is
known NW of Podgoriza in the Zeta River valley. The most
southern distribution areal is Velika Plaža and the area adjacent
to the East in Albania (without Periploca graeca L.).
In general, the occurence of Q.robur and the typical
mediterranean Q. pubescens is depending on the groundwater
table. While Q. Pubescens preferes dry locations, Q.robur is
found in areas with high groundwater table. (Prof. Pulevic,
Univ. Podgoriza, Personal communication July 2002).
16 Presently used as refugee camp
FINAL REPORT
24
•
northern side of “Odmaraliste”;
•
northern and eastern side of Safari Camp;
•
forest patches south of the drainage
channel and west of the paved road from
Donji Stoj to the Safari Camp (building
No. 34 is located in the centre of this patch);
and
•
part of "Brijeg Mora” forest between the
Nikic’s farm and drainage ditch on eastern
side of investigated area.
Plantation and Arable Land
Within the investigation area, pomegranate and
mandarin plantation as well as arable land can
be found (cf. Map 2). These biotope types are
characterised by a low species diversity (see
Annex B: Photo 21).
4.6.1.4 Present Degree of Disturbance and
Impairment of the Vegetation at the
Investigation Area
The investigation area is under manmade
influence much more than the eastern part of
Velika Plaža, which could be seen on forest
fragments that changed their original
composition of species. Earlier very common
Skadar Oak (Quercus robur spp. scutariensis) is
quite rare today. Associated species to the
Skadar Oak such as Silver-leaf Poplar (Populus
alba) and Oriental Hornbeam (Carpinus
orientalis) dominate today. On the other hand,
Aleppo and Black Pine forestation took place to
stabilise dunes originally covered by halophyte
vegetation. Because of that halophyte plants
remained as Xantio-Cakiletum maritimae and
Agropyretum mediterraneum associations at soENVIRONMENTAL STUDY PHASE 2, EIA
called young dunes. Cultivation of the
arable land caused change of the original
psammophytic plant association TheroBrachypodietalia to typical ruderal vegetation
on intensive used plots of agriculture land.
1.1.1.1 Evaluation
The halophyte vegetation is the most
ecological valuable vegetation in the
investigation area (cf. Map 3). The 13
kilometres long halophyte belt of Velika
Plaža and Ada Bojana constitutes the last
completely intact halophyte vegetation
community at the Montenegrin coast. In the
areas of the beach access paths the
halophyte vegetation is affected by visitor
pressure (trampling). All halophyte plants1
at Montenegrin beaches are endangered.
Other beaches in Montenegro are
considerably smaller in comparison to
Velika Plaža. Often they are devastated,
especially in the hinterland. The almost
intact halophyte vegetation band along
Velika Plaža therefore constitutes a
significant last refuge of this beach plant
species in Montenegro. The most
endangered plant species in Montenegro is
the Sand Lily Pancratium maritimum (cf.
Photo 27 Annex B) which can be found only
at Velika Plaža in the narrow zone of
Psammo-Halophyte vegetation on the beach
itself. This species has disappeared from
other habitats in Montenegro and is
included in the national Red List (Act on
Halophytes are plants which are able to survive in salty
environment.
1
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S25.DOC
Protection of Rare, Endangered and
Threatened Animal and Plant Species;
Sluzbeni list RCG, 36/82).
All forests and woodlands in the investigation area are only patches of natural
forest. Most of them are disturbed and
impacted by cutting, grazing or other use.
Nevertheless, because of the occurrence of
Skadar Oak and old trees from other species,
in particular the forest parts with old trees
have a high ecology value (cf. Map 3).
Compared, the open forest woodland which
is characterised by less old trees and low
tree density has medium ecological value.
These areas are fragmented by former use,
e.g. greenhouses are drawn in the 1:5,000
topographic maps from the 1980s, which
now have disappeared.
The forests also are important for
preservation of an authentic landscape.
However, the habitat is currently
experiencing pressure of different human
impacts such as camps, tourist resorts and
infrastructure, and agriculture.
Cutting of old trees should be avoided to the
maximum extend possible, in particular
Skadar Oaks should be preserved. The
natural forests patches are ecologically
important for protection of very rare Skadar
Oak listed on national Red list (SR
Montenegro, 1982).
However, the marshland vegetation forms
important habitats for birds and amphibian.
Also the plantation, the arable land, the scrubs
and young trees have no notable flora.
The stands of semi-natural pine forest, even
though planted and with little natural undergrowth, is partly of ecological importance,
because it has a dune stabilisation function
against sand drift.
In the SE part of the study area, the bush and
wood vegetation around the pond acts together
with some parts of the scrubs and young trees
as a buffer for this important fauna habitat.
1.1.2 Fauna
1.1.2.1 Amphibians and Reptiles
The field research were conducted during the
month of August 2002. Unfortunately, the
weather conditions were not favourable for
observing lizards. In addition to the field
observation, literature was reviewed.
During the field observation four amphibian
species and seven reptile species were
registered at the investigation area. (cf. Table
4-2 and Table 4-3; cf. Map 2), while literature
data reports the existence of 10 amphibian and
21 reptile species in the investigation area
The marshland vegetation and the pastures
and meadows vegetation, especially where
they have been transformed to ruderal
vegetation are not of floristic significance.
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Triturus carnifex - Arty Newt
Table 4-2
Amphibians in the Investigation Area
Species
Triturus carnifex
Triturus vulgaris
Hyla arborea
Rana ridibunda
local/english name mic
veliki mrmoljak/
Arty Newt
mali mrmoljak
Smooth Newt
Gatalinka/ Common
tree Frog
velika zelena
žaba/Marsh Frog
IUCN
BRN
EU Dir.
Mn
no
VU
II
II, IV
+
no
VU
III
-
+
no
VU
II
-
+
no
EN
III
-
-
endemic endemic status: B e - Balkan endemic
specimen; YU e - Yugoslav endemic specimen;
YU se - Yugoslav sub endemic specimen)
IUCN Categories according to International Union for
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
for nature protection: EN – endangered, VU –
vulnerable, LR - low vulnerability rate, LRnt almost vulnerable, R – rare, DD - insufficient
data
BRN
categories according the Bern Convention for
protection of European living nature and
habitats (II - strictly protected fauna species, III
- protected fauna species)
EU Dir. directives and legal regulations for protection
of amphibians and reptiles in countries of
European Union (Herpetofauna Annexes to the
proposed EC Habitats Directive I.II.88) (II Annex II, IV - Annex IV)
Mn
Legal regulative of Montenegro (Act on
Protection of Rare, Endangered and Threatened
Animal and Plant Species (Sluzbeni list RCG,
36/82)
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Ecology and habitat requirements of the
recorded species are briefly described in the
following:
Triturus vulgaris (Linnaeus, 1758) - Smooth
Newt
This is an European-west Asian species. In
Europe it is absent at Pyrenean peninsula and
Mediterranean islands as well as it does not exist
in the south of Apennine peninsula. The area of
this specie in Yugoslavia is still not clearly
defined. The whole area can only be defined by a
synthesis of the area of certain subspecies. It is
spread along the whole territory of Montenegro,
from flatlands to mountainous areas. It does not
exist on the Adriatic islands. This species is more
terrestrial than other species of newt. Due to
weather conditions when it comes to drying of
the aquatic ecosystems, this species can be found
in different humid locations on land. The
numerous existence in aquatic habitats, mostly
smaller and shallow with vegetation, is followed
with explicit sexual dimorphism and period of
mating during month of May.
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26
Triturus carnifex has a distribution centred around
Italy and the former Yugoslavia. This species is
distributed in Italy, southern Alps and the Balkans.
This species is more terrestrial than other species of
newt. Due to weather conditions when it comes to
drying of the aquatic ecosystems, this species can be
found in different humid locations on land.
Hyla arborea (Linnaeus, 1758) - Common Tree
Frog
This is holomediterranean – middle European specie.
It is widely distributed and an abundant specie,
which is active mostly at night. It is registered at
habitats with vegetation (trees, bushes, marsh).
Juvenile specimen can be found among grass.
Rana ridibunda (Pallas, 1814) - Marsh Frog
Eastern Mediterranean –middle European species. It
is a very abundant population in this area and can be
found in aquatic accumulations (smaller ponds
which represent the reproductive centres of these
species). This species is not protected in Montenegro.
It is collected without any control since it represents
an attractive export article.
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Table 4-3
Emys orbicularis (Linnaeus, 1758) - European
Pond Terrapin
Reptiles in the Investigation Area
Species
Testudo hermanni
Emys orbicularis
Podarcis muralis
(Lacerta muralis)
Podarcis
melisellensis
Lacerta viridis
local/english name
sumska kornjaca/
Hermann’s
Tortoise
barska kornjaca
/European Pond
Terrapin
zidni guster/
Common Wall
Lizard
kraski guster/
Dalmatian Wall
Lizard
zelembac/Green
Lizard
endem
IUCN
ic
BRN
EU Dir.
Mn
no
VU
II
II IV
+
no
VU
II
II IV
+
no
LR
II
IV
+
YU e
VU
II
IV
+
no
VU
II
IV
+
Pseudopus apodus
(Ophisaurus
apodus)
blavor/european
Glass Lizard
Be
EN
II
IV
+
Vipera ammodytes
poskok/Nosehorned Snake
Be
VU
II
IV
-
data
BRN
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EU Dir. directives and legal regulations for protection
of amphibians and reptiles in countries of
European Union (Herpetofauna Annexes to the
proposed EC Habitats Directive I.II.88) (II - Annex II, IV
- Annex IV)
Mn
Legal regulative of Montenegro (Act on
Protection of Rare, Endangered and Threatened
Animal and Plant Species (Sluzbeni list RCG,
36/82)
following:
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27
This species represents the circum-Mediterranean
element. In Montenegro it is limited to the narrow
coastal belt. In the investigation area numerous
populations of this species are registered in quite
polluted still waters which is characteristic of this
species.
Testudo hermanni (Gmelin 1768) - Hermann’s
Tortoise
Mostly lives in dry and rocky areas, in flatlands and
hilly areas. It can be found in the territories with high
summer temperatures und in humid habitats. Often
it can be found in cultivated land, as well as in
polluted deserted holes. This species prefers
locations with vegetation.
Lacerta viridis (Laurenti, 1768) - Green Lizard
This is a widely distributed species. In Montenegro it
is very abundant species at locations. It is a very
quick and movable lizard that is found in dry and
sunny places, mostly in locations with bushes and
shrubs, along the fences, near roads, woody areas,
tree stomps and fallen tree trunks. Most of the day
this lizard spends sun bathing, often on the hot road.
Podarcis muralis (Laurenti, 1768) - Common
Wall Lizard
This species is the most abundant and most
widespread lizard and it can be found in almost all
areas of Montenegro. It is mostly found at rocky
places, on walls and building remains, as well as
near roads. It favours heat, but it is resistant to cold
temperatures. Most of the species are found in urban
settlements around houses and fences.
Podarcis melisellensis (Braun 1877) - Dalmatian
Wall Lizard
This is a Yugoslavian endemic species. It is very
abundant in the investigation area and is living in
dry places. It can be found on fences and near roads,
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as well as on the beach, in the sand, under rocks
and in small bushes. This is very fast animal on
land, and is a good climber along fences and low
walls. It is often found near human settlements,
arable lands, pastures and around hotel
complexes
Pseudopodus apodus (Pallas 1775) - European
Glass Lizard
This species is endemic at Balkan, and is very
abundant in the researched area of Velika Plaža.
It can be found in bushes and on rocks, near
fences and roads in small woods and in
meadows. Also it can be seen in cultivated areas,
near human settlements. It is a day animal, very
fast and it is most active after rain.
Vipera ammodytes (Linnaeus 1758) - Nosehorned Snake
This is the widely spread poison snake in
Montenegro. It lives in dry rocky habitats,
exposed to intense sunlight, with very little
vegetation. Also, it can often be seen in open
woods, rocky walls, near human settlements as
well as near fences and roads. It is very slow and
is not moving far from its permanent habitat.
This speciess is endemic (Balkan).
As far as the reptiles are concerned, the most
common are the species of Lacertilia. In the
narrow area of the beach along the coast the
most numerous is Podarcis melisellensis –
which is an endemic species in Yugoslavia.
In the pastures, meadows and woodland
stripes the following species can be found:
Podarcis muralis and Lacerta viridis. In the
whole area Pseudoapdus apodus which is
Balkan endemic species and Testudo
hermanni are common.
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Among the snakes, the most common in all
areas is Vipera ammodytes.
Evaluation
Velika Plaža area represents a region with a
unique herpetofauna which is depending on
its rather high naturalness and low level of
disturbance compared with other
Montenegrin beaches. Nevertheless, changes
of this area can be observed. The tourism
and infrastructure development and the
intensive agriculture result in a higher level
of disturbance and damage of habitats and
individuals. Additional to these problems,
some species, such as Testudo hermanni and
Rana ridibunda are the target of collectors
and hunters.
From the tailed amphibians (Caudata) the
most important are the newts (Triturus
vulgaris and Triturus carnifex). Their habitats
are the aquatic ecosystems (ponds with
permanent water as well as temporary
ponds), but they can be found in the vicinity
of these habitats as well.
The most important amphibian habitats
within the investigation area are the surface
waters, e.g. ponds and their surrounding
area. These areas should be maintained in
the current situation. All in all the
investigation area has only little significance
for amphibians. From three mentioned
species, one (Rana ridibunda) is common and
not protected, another is widely distributed
and abundant (Hyla arborea). Only the pond
in the SE of the investigation are and the
adjacent marshland has significant
FINAL REPORT
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importance as it is habitat for the endangered
newt species Triturus carnifex and Triturus
vulgaris.
The most important reptile habitats in the study
area are the dunes (lizards) and the still
waterbodies (European pond terrapin Emys
orbicularis). These habitats should be preserved.
Furthermore, nearly all dry and open territories
are potential habitats for the mentioned reptiles
(cf. Map 3). Altogether the investigation area
has a high value for reptiles. Endemic species
found are the snake species Vipera ammodytes
(Balkan), the lizard Podarcis melisellensis
(Yugoslavia) and glass.lizars species
Pseudopodus apodus (Balkan). Similar to all
lizards mentioned above, these species are very
abundant in the investigation area.
4.6.2.2 Mammals (exclusive of Bats)
According to data of the public organization
Sumsko Gazdinstvo who manages the hunting
grounds in Ulcinj (RZZP Gazette 01-505/3)
following wildlife mammals can be found in
the whole area of Velika Plaža: rabbit Lepus
europeus, jackal Canis aureus, fox Vulpes vulpes,
weasels Martes martes, Hedgehog Erinaceus
europeus, Otter Lutra lutra and Wild hog Sus
scrofa.
The investigation area has no special
importance for mammals.
4.6.2.3 Bats (Chiroptera)
Bats represent the group of animals whose
abundance in whole Europe is decreasing. They
are scarcely investigated in Montenegro, so for
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certain species there is no data available. In
Montenegro 15 species are registered so far.
Taking into account the specific style of
living, the habitat spectra of Chiroptera is
categorised: according to openness of
microhabitats, according to close contact
with the hiding places and according to
microhabitats.
blythii, Myotis myotis, Myotis capaccinii,
Miniopterus schreibersii) permanently live in
the caves Sumporna and Josova. The species
Pipistrellus kuhlii lives in the area of Velika
Plaža near Donji Stoi (Miric & Paunovic
1994):
Table 4-4
The research and registration of bat species
requires an investigation of five nights
minimum. The Ulcinj area has not been
investigated in that way, yet. Presently there
is only data available concerning bat species
investigated in caves. Besides that it is
expected to find some other species that
prefer open type habitats such as Plecotus
auritus and Myotis emarginatus. However
such data on habitat and species is not
available.
In the area of Ulcinj, several important
speleologic objects can be found, among
which some are recognised as suitable for
large colonies of bats. The most important
and best investigated caves are the two sea
caves Sumporna18 and Josova19, where bat
fauna was researched during the 1960s.
Detailed data from that period allows the
comparison with the current situation.
Six species of bats (Rhinolophus
ferrumequinum, Rhinolophus euryale, Myotis
“sulphur cave”; located close to hotel "Albatros" at air
distance of 1 km from old town and approx. 5 km from the
investigation area.
19 Located under hotel “Galeb”, about 0.5 km air distance from
old town and approx. 5.5 km from the investigation area.
18
P1452, DEG
PHASE2_EIA.DOC
Bats in the Velika Plaža Area
Species
local/english name
Rhinolophus
ferrumequinum
Greater horseshoe Bat
/veliki potkovicar
Mediterrenean
Horseshoe Bat /juzni
potkovicar
Lesser Mouse-eared
Bat / ostrouhi ljiljak
Greater Mouse-eared
Bat / veliki ljiljak
Long-fingered Bat /
dugonogi ljiljak
dugokrili ljiljak/
Common Bentwing
Bat
Kuhl´s pipistrelle/
Bjelorubi ljiljak
Rhinolophus
euryale
Myotis blythii
Myotis myotis
Myotis capaccinii
Miniopterus
schreibersii
Pipistrellus kuhlii
ende
IUCN
mic
BRN
EU
Dir.
Serbian
Mn
-
LR
II
II
P
P
-
LR
II
II
P
P
-
LR
II
II
P
P
-
LR
II
II
P
P
-
LR
II
II
P
P
-
LR
II
II
P
P
-
LR
-
-
-
P
data
BRN
FINAL REPORT
29
EU Dir. directives and legal regulations for protection of
amphibians and reptiles in countries of European
Union (Herpetofauna Annexes to the proposed EC
Habitats Directive I.II.88) (II - Annex II, IV - Annex
IV)
Serbian Protected status in Serbian: P = completely
protected
Mn
Decision on the Protection of Rare, Endemic and
Threatened Plant and Animal Species (1982)
proclaims protection of all bat species living on
territory of Montenegro (P=protected) (Eurobats
2002)
ERM
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following:
Rhinolophus ferrumequinum (Schreber, 1774)
This is a widely distributed and common species
in Yugoslavia. It can be recorded mostly in
natural underground shelters, and much less in
artificial shelters – buildings and old mines,
respectively. Breeding colonies can be observed
in small caves, between rocks or entrances of a
larger cave, rarely in buildings. In the winter
period it can be found in underground roosts:
very often single individuals or groups of 10-15
individuals, but also hibernating colonies of 200500 individuals. Seasonal migrations between the
winter and summer roosts were registered
(Eurobats 2002). Feeding habitats are deciduous
woodlands, scrubs and permanent pastures (Bats
UK 2002). The population in Yugoslavia is
currently stable (Eurobats 2002).
Rhinolophus euryale (Blasius, 1853)
It is a common cave dweller of hilly-mountain
karst areas. It constitutes mixed summer and
nursery colonies of 100-400 individuals with
other cave-dwelling species. It hibernates in
caves. Seasonal migrations between the winter
and summer roosts were registered. The
population in Yugoslavia is currently stable
(Eurobats 2002).
Myotis blythii (Tomes, 1857)
Mostly inhabits natural underground shelters
(caves). The population in Yugoslavia is currently
stable (Eurobats 2002).
Myotis myotis (Borkhausen, 1797)
It is one of the most abundant and widespread
cave-dwelling bat species in Yugoslavia,
recorded at about 55 localities. Summer roosts
and hibernacula are known to include natural
P1452, DEG
PHASE2_EIA.DOC
caves, artificial galleries, churches and buildings,
respectively. Seasonal migrations between the
winter and summer roosts were registered. The
population in Yugoslavia is currently
stable/decreasing (Eurobats 2002).
and in Montenegro, are disturbance or
destruction of habitats, poison (insecticides etc.)
and decrease in food supply.
Myotis capaccinii (Bonaparte, 1837)
In the legal framework of Montenegro, all bats
are on the Red List of endangered species and
law in Montenegro protects all. Due to the fact
that old tree populations (potential roosts) and
deciduous woodlands, scrubs and permanent
pastures (feeding habitats) occur in the
investigation area, the area has a potential for
bats. In the vicinity of the investigation area
different protected bat populations can be
found. For this reason, the structures which are
important for bats (old trees with roosts, open
habitats) should be protected.
It is common cave-dwelling species in
Yugoslavia. It inhabits the low karst areas all over
the country. Forms colonies in the caves very
often together with M. schreibersii. Generally
hibernates in big caves whose floor is covered
with water. The population in Yugoslavia is
currently stable/decreasing (Eurobats 2002).
Miniopterus schreibersii (Kuhl, 1817)
This is one of the common and relatively
widespread cave-dwelling bat species in
Yugoslavia, which forms large colonies. It often
shares the same roost with M. myotis, M .blythii,
M. capaccinii. Seasonal migrations between the
winter and summer roosts (caves, mines and old
fortifications) were registered. The population in
Yugoslavia is currently stable (Eurobats 2002).
Pipistrellus kuhlii (Kuhl, 1817)
There are many recent records in the cities and
other human settlements of this almost
exclusively anthropophilous species in
Yugoslavia. About 20 sites are known. All stages
of life cycle were observed in large cities of
Yugoslavia. In last several years, special attention
was paid to research on recorded displacement
by this species of previously widely distributed
bat Pipistrellus pipistrellus. The population in
Yugoslavia is currently increasing (Eurobats
2002).
Present Degree of Disturbance and Impairment
of Bat Habitats at Montenegro
The key factors of the drastic fall in
abundance of these populations in Europe,
FINAL REPORT
30
Evaluation
4.6.2.4 Insects
For the purpose of this report, one day field
examination was conducted in the investigation
area. Furthermore the investigation was
supported by literature research.
The investigation area can be divided in three
vegetation zones parallel to the coast line, each
with accompanying enthemofauna (insects): the
zone of sand vegetation, the zone of permanent
or temporary flooded meso-hydrophytic
vegetation and the zone of hydro-mesothermophytic woods.
The zones of hydrophytic vegetation and
woods and the accompanying living organisms
are more sensitive to human influence, while
the sandy vegetation belt and its enthomofauna
is less sensitive. In the zone of hydrophytic
vegetation of Ulcinj area (including Velika
ERM
GmbH
Plaža, Sasko Jezero, the banks of Bojana
River and Port Milena channel) the most
important and most sensitive species of
enthomofauna are registered.
There are no papers dealing particularly
with the Orthoptera20 fauna of the Ulcinj
District. The newest research (field research
from Dr. A. Cetkovic, D. Pavicevic and J.
Nikcevic) in the Ulcinj area at the
characteristic habitats shows the existence of
the following species of Orthoptera. The
bold type shows the species, which are from
international importance (Radovic et. al,
1995); the bold and underline type shows
the species which were detected at the
investigation area during the field
examination.
20
crickets, katydids, grasshoppers etc.
P1452, DEG
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Table 4-5
Most Important Insects in the Ulcinj Area
Species
Acrida ungarica
mediterranea
Acrometopa serville
macropoda
Acrotylus insubricus
Acrotylus longipes
Acrotylus patruelis
Aiolopus thalassinus
Anacridium
aegyptum
Bacillus rossi
Barbitistes ocskayi
Barbitistes yersini
Calliptamus italicus
Chorthippus sp.?
Conocephalus
conocephalus
Decticus albifrons
Dociostaurus genei
Empusa fasciata
Eupholidoptera
chabrieri
Homorocoryphus
nitidulus
Locusta migratoria
Mantis religiosa
Oecantus pellucens
Oedipoda
coerulescens
Oedipoda germanica
Paracinema tricolor
bisignata
Pezotettix giornai
Phaneroptera nana
Pholidoptera
P1452, DEG
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Habitat 1
Habitat 2
+
Habitat 3
Habitat 4
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
- +
- +
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
- +
+
+
-
V
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
Be
Be
-
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
IUCN
-
+
+
+
+
END
+
+
FINAL REPORT
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Species
femorata
Platicleis
albopunctata grisea
Platycleis escalerai
Poecilimon jonicus
Rhacocleis germanica
Habitat 1
Habitat 2
Habitat 3
+
P1452, DEG
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+
+
END
IUCN
+
-
+
+
+
+
-
+
-
+
Yu se
R
Yu e
V
-
K
-
K
Yu e
R
Yu se
Yu e
R
R
Yu e
R
Yu e
R
Yu e
R
Yu se
R
Yu se
Yu se
R
R
Be
R
Yu e
R
+
Saga pedo
Sepiana sepium
Tettigonia viridisima
Yersinella raymondi
Poecilimon
komareki
Pholidoptera
maritima
Libelloides
macaronius
Distoleon
tetragrammicus
Leistus
sutomorensis
Molops pareyssi
Langelandia
callosipennis
Langelandia
gionovici
Langelandia
reflexipennis
Acallocrates
fasciatus
Coniocleonus
pseudoobliquus
Foucartia depilis
Otiorhynchus
rhacusensis
Otiorhynchus
rugicollis
Otiorhynchus
sturanyi
Habitat 4
VU
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Species
Habitat 1
Habitat 2
Otiorhynchus
subsulcatus
Polydrosus hoppei
Ubychia
ganglbaueri
Ubychia
salpigoides
Scarodytes
savinensis
Luciola novaki
Onthopagus
furcatus
Osmoderma
eremita
Lycaeides
argyrognomon
Papilio alexanor
Zerynthia polyxena
Saturnia pyri
Habitat 3
Habitat 4
END
IUCN
Yu se
R
Yu se
Yu se
R
R
Yu se
R
Yu e
R
Yu e
-
V
V
-
E
-
R
-
R
V
E
Habitat 1 - coastal sands, zone of sandy vegetation
Habitat 2– still waters, swamp habitats: ditchs through ulcinj field and smaller swamp areas in the examined
areas with swamp border vegetation around the ponds including the species Phragmition australis.
Habitat 3 – alluvial woods, woods of wilows and poplars with formations of bushes from Salicion albae and
Populion albae, as well as the woods along flooding area in the swamps and wetlands consisting of
field ash and orient hornbeam from Alno-Quercetum roboris, represented by a belt of trees along the
Velika Plaža zone starting from the tourist settlement.
Habitat 4- ruderal, disturbed terrains by human interventions that are along the road and at the sides are
represented by weed vegetation and ruderal bushes. In these habitats the contradictory phenomenon
is seen - the higher abundance and diversity of insects in these areas, but the number of rare and
characteristic species is low, these are mostly “ordinary “ species of insects
END
endemic status: B e - Balkan endemic specimen; YU e - Yugoslav endemic specimen; YU se Yugoslav subendemic specimen)
IUCN Categories according to International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources for
nature protection: EN – endangered, VU – vulnerable, LR - low vulnerability rate, LRnt - almost
vulnerable, R – rare, DD - insufficient data
P1452, DEG
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Present Degree of Disturbance and Impairment
of Insect Habitats at Montenegro
Considering that the most tourist activities
were concentrated at the northwest part of
the beach, the largest negative influence was
exerted on this area. The area between the
road and the thermo-hydrophyte woods is
intensively used by agriculture. In this area
a higher abundance and diversity of insects
can be mentioned, but the number of rare
and characteristic species is low.
Evaluation
The most important areas for insects are the
coastal sands and the zone of sandy
vegetation (Psammo-Halophyte vegetation),
still waters and swamp habitats. Also
ditches and smaller swamp areas in the area
with swamp border vegetation around the
ponds including the species Phragmition
australis and woods of willows and poplars
with formations of bushes from Salicion albae
and Populion albae are important. The area
between the road and the thermohydrophytic woods is intensively used by
agriculture and therefore is not important
for further protection.
4.6.3 Avifauna
For the purpose of this report, information
gathered for the Phase 1 study was used and
substantiated by additional field observation
of avifauna.
4.6.3.1 Velika Plaža (whole Area)
The beginning of the Velika Plaža at the
mouth of Port Milena and the eastern end of
the beach at the mouth of Bojana River
represent areas of highest ornithological
importance. Also Rt21 ċerane, across Port
Milena is an important ornithological site
because it is the only habitat in Montenegro
where Shag (Phalacrocorax aristotelis) can be
observed whose habitat is at the cliff several
hundreds of meters from the coast in the
sea.
At Port Milena a gull habitat can be found
with Caspian Gull (Larus cachinnans), Black
Headed Gull (Larus ridibundus) and
Common Gull (Larus canus). On the sandy
part of the beach several other species are
noticed often such as Little Gull (Larus
minutus). In Port Milena, on the wooden
poles in the canal, resting and hunting of
Pygmy Cormorant (Phalacrocorax pygmeus)
can be observed. The flocks of Dunlin
(Calidris alpina) are found in the sandy part
of the beach near Port Milena.
The open sandy beach is breeding habitat of
the Kentish Plover (Charadrius alexandrinus)
and feeding ground of Stone Curlew
(Burhinus oedicnemus) and Collared
Pratincole (Glareola pratincola). The shoreline
is an important resting and feeding location
for migratory birds. (Schneider-Jakoby
2002b).
21
P1452, DEG
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Cape, Headland
Along whole Velika Plaža migrating ducks
and diver can be observed such as Garganey
(Anas querquedula), Wigeon (Anas penelope),
Pintail (Anas acuta), Mallard (Anas
platyrhynchos), Common Scoter (Melanitta
nigra), Smew (Mergus albellus), Great
Northern Diver (Gavia immer) and Red
Throated Diver (Gavia stellata). Most of these
species which are presently migrating use
the coastal part of Velika Plaža for overnight
rests.
The dune-slack behind the primary dune of
Velika Plaža is an important breeding and
feeding area (Schneider-Jakoby 2002b).
Woodlands and Natural Forests with Ash,
Oriental Hornbeam, Common Alder, White
Poplar, Willow
The natural forest represents an ideal
breeding habitat for birds. Noteworthy is
the intact breeding group of Rollers (Coracias
garrulus). Further indicator species are
Golden Oriole (Oriolus oriolus), Syrian
Woodpecker (Dendrocopus syriacus), Scops
Owl (Otus scops), Honey Buzzard (Pernis
apivorus) and Levant Sparrowhawk
(Accipiter brevipes) (Schneider –Jacoby
2002a).
Wetland Area behind Velika Plaža
The temporary wetland area in the brown
dune area is an important feeding habitat for
many endangered birds species during
breeding period such as Glossy Ibis (Plegadis
falcinellus), Little Egret (Egretta garzetta),
Squacco Heron (Ardeola ralloides) and Pygmy
Cormorant (Phalacrocorax pygmaeus). Also
FINAL REPORT
35
ERM
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(Coracias garrulous) (Schneider-Jacoby
2002b). Here, also a Nightjar (Caprimulgus
europaeus) was observed (Schneider-Jacoby
2002a).
Grassland and Agricultural Area (in the Range
of Velika Plaža)
endangered migratory birds, e. g. Slenderbilled Curlew (Numenius tenuirostris),
Whimbrel (Numenius phaeopus), wading
birds and raptors (Marsh Harrier, Circus
aeruginosus) can be found.
Pastures and Meadows
The open grassland and agricultural areas
on the elevated terrain at both sites of the
road Ulcinj – Ada (Rd. 17) are important
habitats for Rollers (Coracias garueus) which
have almost disappeared in the area of
former Yugoslavia, and Bee–eaters (Merops
apiaster). Further a number of bird species
such as Hoopoe (Upupa epops), Honey
Buzzard (Pernis apivorus), Levant
Sparrowhawk (Accipiter brevipes), Syrian
Woodpecker (Dendrocopos syriacus), Nightjar
(Caprimulgus europaeus), Scops Owl (Otus
scops), and Crested Lark (Galerida cristata
were observed in Spring/early Summer
2002 (Schneider-Jacoby 2002b).
The Pastures and Meadows are important
breeding habitats of Stone Curlew (Burhinus
oedicnemus), Collared Pratincole (Glareola
pratincola) and Short-toed Lark (Calandrella
brachydactyla). Species with potential
appearance in this area, particularly the area
affected by saltwater (Agropyretum und
marshland vegetation) are Billed Tern
(Gelochelidon nilotica) and Oystercatcher
(Haematopus ostralegus). They were
observed until 1998.
The dry Pastures and Meadows are an
important area of the breeding habitat of
Bee–eaters (Merops apiaster) and Rollers
Table 4-6
Most Important Birds in the Western Part of Velika Plaža
Latin name
English name
Calidris alpina
Calidris minuta
Circus aeruginosus
Emberiza cirlus
Dunlin
Little Stint
Marsh Harrier
Cirl Bunting
Yelow legged Gull
Larus cachinnans
Larus ridibundus
Coracias garrulous
Merops apiaster
P1452, DEG
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Black-hedded Gull
Roller
Bee-eaters
-
II
II
II
II
Status
BirdLife
Int.
S
-
Wild
Status
Birds Dir
Bonn
EU
An 1
-
P
P
P
P
-
-
S
-
-
P
-
III
II
II
S
-
An 1
-
-
P
-
Red list
IUCN
Status
Bern
-
Status
MN
4.6.3.2 Investigation Area
In the western part of the Velika Plaža
beach, the following bird species have been
observed.
Red list IUCN - Categories according to
International Union for Conservation of
Nature and Natural Resources for
nature protection: EX - extinct, EW extinct in the wild, CR - critically
endangered, EN – endangered, VU –
vulnerable, LR - low vulnerability rate, R
– rare, DD - insufficient data
Status Bern - categories according the Bern
Convention for protection of European
living nature and habitats: II - strictly
protected fauna species, III - protected
fauna species
Status BirdLife Int.: E - endangered, V vulnerable, R - rare, D - declining, L localised, S - secure
Wild Birds Dir. EU- categories according to the
Wild Bird Directive 79/409/EC: An 1 species mentioned in Annex I, An 2/1 species mentioned in Annex II, An 3/1 species mentioned in Annex III/I, An
3/2 - species mentioned in Annex III/II
Status Bonn - Bonn Convention on the
Conservation of Migratory Species of
Wild Animals (Bonn Convention): Ap 1 species mentioned in Appendix 1, Ap 2 species mentioned in Appendix II
Status MN - Legal regulative of Montenegro (Act
on Protection of Rare, Endangered and
Threatened Animal and Plant Species
(Sluzbeni list RCG, 36/82)
FINAL REPORT
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Within the investigation area, there were no
feeding, resting and nesting areas of
endangered or protected birds observed
during the additional field survey in
September 2002. Only four nests of Coracias
garrulus could be observed, but outside of
this area (500 m from existing tourist resort).
During a field excursion (August 2002)
Circus aeruginosus (Marsh Harrier) was
found next to the pond at the marshland.
4.6.3.3 Present Degree of Disturbance and
Impairment of Bird Habitats at
Velika Plaža
Several studies (e.g. Pusovic, 1994, Saveljiþ
in press, Schneider-Jacoby 2002a, b) indicate
that tourism since the 1980s is an increasing
disturbance factor for bird life on Velika
Plaža and Ada Bojana.
Within the study area, on Velika Plaža and
Ada Bojana beach habitat species like
Collared Pratincole (Glareola pratincola) are
disturbed when breeding on the beach. The
population of the Kentish Plover (Charadrius
alexandrinus) is declining; this species
breeding habitat is the sandy environment
of the beach. Important resting and feeding
sites e.g. for Pygmy Cormorant
(Phalacrocorax pygmaeus) such as the smaller
Bojana mouth are recently impaired by new
constructions. This disturbance affects the
habitats of among others, e.g. Little Tern
(Sterna albifrons ), Little Gull (Larus minutus),
Common Sandpiper (Actitis hypoleucus)
P1452, DEG
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and Egretta garzetta (Little Egret) (SchneiderJakoby 2002b).
4.6.3.4 Evaluation
General Importance of the Ulcinj Area
Ulcinj is one of the most prominent areas for
birdlife in the adriatic coast of the Balkan
region. More than 200 bird species are
known in the area. Only a few areas in
former Yugoslavia can compare with the
concentration of rare bird species which
only breed in this particular area or which
concentrate important populations there.
The coastal setting of Ulcinj is ideal for
birdlife due to its landscapes which emerged
from natural factors and human activities.
The Ulcinj salt-pans (Ulcinjska Solana)
together with its surrounding marshy
habitats and the vicinity to the sea, are
classified as ornithologically the most
important area in Montenegro (Puzoviþý &
GrubaĀ 2000).
Sasko Lake and the Ulcinj Saltpan as well as
numerous small wetlands are designated as
Important Bird Areas (IBA). Just across
Bojana River in Albania Velipoja is a
designated IBA. The daily migration of
avifauna between these habitats (e.g. mouth
of Bojana and the Solana) is very common,
so that almost every flock moves from one
habitat to another daily.
Ulcinj habitats are of great importance
during autumn and spring migrations of
birds as well as for winter stay and nesting.
In addition, during nesting season the coast
of Ulcinj is passed by a number of rare bird
species such as Caspian Tern (Sterna caspia),
Sandwich Tern (Sterna sandvicensis) and
Billed Tern (Gelochelidon nilotica). It is very
likely that these passing by birds nest in the
neighbouring sandy coast areas of Albania
(Puzoviþ 1994).
Investigation Area
In comparison with the surrounding area
(area close to Rt Djerane and Port Milena,
Solana and eastern part, close to river Bojana
and Ada island), the project area has only a
low value for birds, except the dune-slack
behind the primary dune of Velika Plaža
with the temporary wetlands. This area is
part of an important breeding and feeding
area (Schneider-Jakoby 2002b) and should
be protected. Under inclusion of the
information about the totally Velika Plaža
area, it could be assumed that the area has a
high potential for birds, even though the
area is under a present degree of
disturbance.
4.6.4 Important Ecological Sites
This chapter summarises existing
information on important ecological sites
located in the vicinity of the investigation
area. These areas are described because of
the potential functional habitat relations
between these areas and the investigation
area.
According to Heath M.F. & Evans (2000)
there are three identified Important Bird
Areas IBA located in the Ulcinj region. These
FINAL REPORT
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GmbH
are the Ulcinj Saltpans (1,350 ha), which are
in close vicinity to the investigation area, the
Lake Sasko (350 ha) and Skadarsko Lake
(also named Skadar or Scutari) with a total
area of 40,000 ha, which is a very important
site for breeding, wintering and passage
waterbirds. Both are located further south of
the investigation area.
Internationally important (after the Ramsar
Convention) are the estuary area and the
lagoon of the Bojana River in Montenegro.
Important national wetland ecosystems
between Lake Skadar and the Adriatic Sea
are the Bojana River and Ada Island. Due to
the increasing environmental impact the
ecological value has decreased during the
last decade (Schneider-Jacoby 2002). It is
notable, that the estuary and the Ada Island
are declared as important sites on the
Albanian side, whereas the Montenegrin
side has not declared the areas to Important
Bird Areas.
The identified Important Bird Area Velipoja
in Albania has suffered from negative trends
during the last years and the bird colony in
the coastal area has transferred to the Ada
Island in Montenegro. Currently, it is
uncertain on which side of the border the
colonies have shifted.
For Montenegro the Ulcinj Saltpans form an
important breeding site especially for rare
birds and over 10 000 roosting birds. The
Lake Sasko area has generated colonisation
for Spoonbills, herons and Pygmy
Cormorants since 1989. Along the border
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area of the Bojana River 2000 pairs of Pygmy
Cormorants have been referenced prior to
1990.
Ramsar sites in Montenegro are the Lake
Sasko, the Ulcinj Saltpans and in addition
the national park Lake Skadar, which is an
important bird protection site as well.
The wetland of international importance in
Albania, which satisfies the criteria of the
Ramsar Convention, is the Velipolja Lagoon.
However, neither the Velipolja Lagoon nor
the Albanian side of Lake Skadar have been
notified so far.
4.7
HUMAN ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIOECONOMIC CONDITIONS
4.7.1 Cultural Heritage
In the area of Velika Plaža there are no
registered cultural monuments. The closest
monument is the Old Town of Ulcinj. Near
Rt Djerane several sites on the sea bottom
are known where amphorae of the first
century BC can be found. In the vicinity of
Velika Plaža the shipwreck of the Austrian
steamboat "Goritia” of the first World War
was discovered. These underwater locations
can be very attractive for sports or tourist
scuba divers. Additional information on
cultural heritage in that area are described in
Phase 1 (ERM LAHMEYER 2002).
4.7.2 Settlements
For the study on hand no actual maps or
data on the settlement structure were
available. Consequently, field investigations
were carried out to map land use structure
and buildings in the investigation area
based on the 1:5,000 topographic base maps
from the 1980ies.
The study area is situated approx. 5 km east
of Ulcinj town, south of the settlement Donji
Stoj, between the regional road R17 and the
sea.
The buildings can be divided into private
residential houses, holiday resort facilities,
beach facilities and deserted barracks and
trailers. The location of the buildings is
given in Map 1, photos of almost all
buildings are depicted in Annex B.
area are scattered in the northern meadows
strip close to the regional road (cf. Photo 12
& 15). Barracks and deserted trailers are
found on the southern strip of meadows. In
the deciduous forest in the west, two camp
resorts are located. The western camp is
called “Bratstvo Jedinstvo” and consists of
several small bungalows (cf. Photo 6,
building 6a) and a three story apartment
house which is located at the border on the
southern meadows (cf. Photo 7, building 6b)
which is also called “Odmaraliste”. East of
this holiday resort a former scout camp of
wooden barracks on wooden stilts is
situated. The barracks lie scattered between
old trees and are presently inhabited by
refugees (cf. Photos 10 & 11). The camp is
sometimes named after its owners “Ulcinj
Riviera” resort.
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In the pine forest close to the beach, no
residential houses are found. However,
three beach facilities exist in this area:
Bukaria Ulcinit in the west of the Study area
(Photo 1), Safari Beach in the middle (Photo
3) and Tropicana Beach in the east (Photo 4).
All beach facilities have regulated carparking.
4.7.3 Road Traffic
For the present study no traffic data was
available. The information presented here
relies on interviews with the municipality of
Ulcinj and own evalutations.
During the last ten years a great increase in
motor vehicles was registered in the
municipality of Ulcinj as well as in entire
Montenegro. This is caused by the
liberalization of the import of used cars
which allowed people to obtain vehicles for
relatively low cost. In 1998, 5,425 cars were
registered which averages to 210 cars per
1,000 inhabitants. According to the
municipal advisor for traffic in Ulcinj
presently 8,000 cars are registered in Ulcinj.
Tourist cars are not included.
The basic traffic network is consisting of a
main road which passes near the town of
Ulcinj and branches off several regional
directions such as Velika Plaža and Ada
Bojana as well as Vladimir and Ostros close
to Skadar Lake. The regional road that
passes the bridge over Port Milena channel
and goes through Lower (Donji) and Upper
(Gornji) Stoj, is basically classified as a town
street. Usually a traffic jam forms at the
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bridge over Port Milena near hotel “Otrant”
during tourist season due to the narrow
street profile and a lot of parked cars in front
of cafes and shops. Right after 250 m at the
crossroad near hotel "Lido", the situation
improves because the road becomes wide
enough to allow normal traffic.
The construction of a new bridge to connect
the new bypass, so-called “Magistrale”, with
the city is planned. The earthworks to
prepare the terrain have already been
carried out. Currently the clarification of
land tenure is in process. The Bypass was
made by upgrading an existing road to two
lanes. Parts of the road have already been
constructed, however the bridge as the most
expensive part of the investment has not
been built, yet as a Municipal equipment
yard and a filling station are in the way of
the envisaged alignment to a new bridge
across the Port Milena channel.
The increased number of motor vehicles in
general also causes a noticeably increased
number of vehicles during tourist season.
There is a great imbalance between tourist
season with an estimated total of 30,000 cars
and out of season time with only the cars of
the local people.
Most of the guests arrive by cars that they
park in the vicinity of the hotel complexes.
Additionaly there is a great number of daily
guests in the area of Velika Plaža who park
their vehicles at improvisational parking
lots. The visitors of the coastal zone usually
rent parking spaces. The Agency who is
leasing beachmanagement concessions
("Morsko dobro") does not have information
about the number of parked vehicles in
those areas.
The public transportation within the county
and to near city traffic is organised, so that
passengers are transported to Bar by minibuses and vans, where they can take busses
and trains to other destinations. There is one
public transport enterprise owning about 20
busses, three private operators owning
about 5 busses each and approximately 170
private taxi operators with 100 cars and 70
combis.
The Spatial Plan of Ulcinj municipality from
the year 2,000 suggests regulative measures
for traffic, rather than construction of new
roads. Mostly these measures suggest the
enhancement of the public transportation
system by busses, minibusses, vans etc. and
the development of local sea transport along
the coast.
For fuel supply, two filling stations are
available, one at the entrance into the city
(along the road M 2.4) and one at the road
towards Velika Plaža.
4.7.4 Infrastructure
4.7.4.1 Water Supply
The municipal water utility system of Ulcinj
supplies the urban area of Ulcinj and the
surrounding settlements. 82% of the
households receive their water from the
municipal water supply system which is fed
by 7 springs. The springs differ very much
in water quality and extraction rates. This
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results in a complicated operation of the
supply system. The water of one spring
requires purification, the other springs show
bacterial pollution.
According to the regional water supply
company the existing water abstraction rates
are adequate to satisfy the current needs,
even during summer season. However, it
will not be sufficient for further urban or
tourism development. A new reservoir is
planned in order to serve the increasing
needs during high season.
The water pressure in the pipeline system is
varying especially in the lower zone of the
water supply area i.e. in Velika Plaža, Donji
and Gornji Stoj. The water losses of the
pipeline system are extremely high and area
estimated up to 60%.
The water supply system in Ulcinj
municipality needs comprehensive
modernization. A reduction of the water
losses from the pipeline system as well as an
adequate sanitary protection of the springs
is necessary.
4.7.4.2 Wastewater Discharge
The municipality of Ulcinj has mixed
wastewater sewerage. Due to the poor
existing infrastructure and incomplete
sewage system wastewaters are discharged
often directly into the coastal water near
attractive beaches.
The existing sewage system collects the
wastewater from the city area. Up to date
the main gravitational collector drain
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reaches up to the pumping station of Pristan
close to Mala Plaža22. The primary treatment
facility was built at this location but is
currently not in function because the
underwater outlet (radius 350 mm, length
1,500 m) has not been built, yet. The other
part of the main collector transports the
wastewater to the pumping station near the
mouth of Port Milena channel. This
sewerage system is damaged and waste
water is leaking into the channel.
The tourist complexes at Velika Plaža and
Ada Bojana as well as all the settlements in
the hinterland are not connected to the
wastewater sewerage. The wastewater of
that area is disposed in septic tanks with
overflow, which goes directly into drainage
fields, Bratica River, Port Milena or other
rivers and channels.
Six wastewater systems and five underwater
outlets are planned in Ulcinj municipality. In
the region of Velika Plaža it is planned to
build three separate wastewater sewerage
systems, which are briefly described in the
following.
pumping station and the sewerage system of
5.5 km are already constructed. The
wastewater collector for the Kodre
settlement is not constructed yet as well as
the wastewater collector for the part ċerane
and the tourist complex “Safari Camp” at
Velika Plaža.
Wastewater System Velika Plaža- East
The length of Velika Plaža and the distance
of the tourist complexes from the
wastewater system Novi Ulcinj Velika Plaža
make it necessary to plan a new, separate
system for this area. No part of this system
is constructed yet.
Wastewater System Ada
A wastewater treatment using natural
processes is planned for the area of Ada
Island. The location of the wastewater
system should be defined so that the
discharge of the settlements goes directly
into the wastewater treatment and not into
the aerobic Laguna in the wetland of Ada.
Wastewater Sewerage System Novi Ulcinj –
Velika Plaža
This sewage system with underwater outlet
is planned for future demands. It will collect
the wastewater of Novi Ulcinj (from the top
of Pazar to Kodra, towards the sea up to
Port Milena) as well as the western part of
Velika Plaža. The underwater outlet, the
22
Ulcinj city beach
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Table 4-7
Planned Wastewater Sewerage System Novi Ulcinj – Velika Plaža and Velika
Plaža - East
Wastewater sewerage
system
Novi Ulcinj – Velika Plaža
total service area
Wastewater sewerage
system
Velika Plaža- East
9.96 km²
25.17 km²
total number of users
18,200
10,700
planned number of inhabitants
4,500
1,600
planned number of tourists
13,700
9,100
maximal amount of wastewater per
day
4,770 m³
3,230 m³
4.7.4.3 Solid Waste Treatment
The solid waste management on the
Montenegrin coast is done by the municipal
solid waste companies, which are
responsible for the collection and deposition
of solid waste. In all six coastal
municipalities the solid waste is treated by
deposition on waste dumps. In each
municipality a site for waste deposition was
made available to these companies without
consideration of environmental pollution or
human health hazards. No air and water
quality monitoring is conducted at these
sites.
Most of the dump sites continuously
produce methane gas by anaerobic
decomposition and other toxic gases (e.g. by
open air burning). At none of the waste
dump gas formation or leaching is managed.
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There is no separation of waste according to
hazardous level. Industrial and medical
waste is deposited on the same dump like
other solid waste.
The municipality of Ulcinj is using open
waste dumps with open burning. The
ground is not covered except in the zones
where trucks are driving. The discharge of
solid waste from the trucks is visible from
the road Bar - Ulcinj. The waste dump is
located in the vicinity of agricultural land,
settlements and Bratica River.
The estimated yearly amount of waste in
Ulcinj municipality is about 10,000 t/year.
Due to the number of tourists in peak
season, the average daily amount of solid
waste can increase up to 9 times during
summer and can amount up to 32 t/day.
A great problem represents the wild dump
sites often placed close to main roads or
accessing roads e.g. near Bojana River at the
location “Spatula”. By the composition of
waste it can be concluded that it is deposited
by nearby restaurants. Also in the Module 2
investigation area at numerous places waste
and litter are found, sometimes
4.7.4.4 Power Supply
The area of Ulcinj municipality is supplied
by the 110 kV power line Bar - Ulcinj via the
110/35 kV transformer station at Kodre.
This station is the only source of power
supply in Ulcinj for high voltage. It was
designed for a maximum capacity of 3 x
31.5 MVA; the present transformer installed
has a capacity of 20 MVA. Four 35 KV
power lines distribute electricity from the
transformer station.
The area within the General Urban Plan
Ulcinj (which includes Velika Plaža and Ada
Bojana) is supplied from four 35/10 kV
transformation stations. The area of Velika
Plaža is supplied by via the transformation
station "Velika Plaža 1" with the capacity of
2 x 4 MVA, an additional station of the same
capacity is planned.
The present power supply satisfies the
demand . Due to the possibility of
upgrading the existing TS-a 35/10kV, it can
be concluded that these stations are covering
future electric power needs in the area of
Ulcinj.
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5
IMPACT ASSESSMENT,
MITIGATION AND
COMPENSATION MEASURES
5.1
GENERAL
functions. An optimisation of the siting of
the main components and buildings was
carried out by AS&P based on the
environmental baseline and flora habitat
maps in order to avoid unnecessary losses of
valuable vegetation. This refers in particular
to the location of the buildings in the
vicinity of the deciduous woodland in order
to preserve the most old trees as possible.
Consequently, built-up areas are mainly
planned on pastures and meadows of low
ecological relevance.
The planned greenspaces between the
development modules are designed to
preserve the natural vegetation of the
wetlands, dry pastures and woodland in
order to protect the present habitat functions
for animals and plants. Parts of pastures and
meadows with structural elements such as
hedges and fences are preserved in the
green corridors between the modules. The
ecological relevant deciduous forest with
Skadar Oak is preserved to a great extent
between the built-up areas as well as in the
green corridors between the modules. The
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greatest part of the forest will be unchanged,
only a pedestrian path system will be
developed.
The impact assessment and the mitigation
and compensation measures are divided
into
The Regional Road will be developed with
green verges and trees to create parking
space or lane for turning on parking places.
Within the Module 2 area a connection
between regional road and beach facilities
shall be established via public shuttle service
with small vehicles or horse coaches since
distances are too long to walk.
•
impact assessment and corresponding
measures in the context of the general
layout of the development of the facility;
•
impact assessment and measures during
construction; and
•
impact assessment and measures during
operation of the facility.
The sand dune zone with halophyte
vegetation is completely kept free from
buildings because of its high ecological
relevance. It is protected against trampling
by visitor guidance through wooden
boardwalks. The Psammo-Halophypte
vegetation should be marked by wooden
piles with wire as area with restricted access.
Awareness of beach visitors should be
created through information boards.
While the development of the holiday
facility and its operation will cause
permanent impacts, construction phase is
limited and will cause mainly temporary
impacts.
Beach facilities like e.g. Volleyball courts
will be located outside the dunes with the
Psammo-Halophyte vegetation.
In the following potential environmental
impacts of the planned holiday resort
development on the environment as well as
general corresponding mitigation and
compensation measures are described. A
detailed description of how mitigation and
compensation measures can be translated
into action, is given in the Environmental
Management Plan (EMP) in Chapter 6.
5.2
DEVELOPMENT OF THE FACILITY
5.2.1 Landtake and Sealing of Surface
Impact Assessment
A main issue of the planned holiday resort is
the landtake for the development. In Map 3
the planned built-up structure according to
the Urban Design Plan by AS&P as well as
the ecological sensitive areas are depicted.
According to the general concept as
described in Chapter 2.2 in the northern part
of the planned holiday resort smaller
building used as apartment houses, small
hotels and service personnel’s residence will
be developed. Larger buildings, such as
bigger hotels and space taking sport
facilities are placed into the existing open
grasslands. Closer to the beach, plots which
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are suitable for club/resort hotels will be
developed.
In Map 4 the preservation, the loss and the
planting of new deciduous and coniferous
forest are depicted. More than the half (12.3
ha) of the existing deciduous forest with
Skadar Oak will be preserved. About one
quarter of the existing forest (4.8 ha) will be
lost through construction of buildings or
surfaced paths.
The coniferous forest in the south will be
preserved almost completely (9.5 ha) and
only 2.0 ha will be lost.
Following areas are affected by the landtake
of the Project development, however, this
does not result in a relevant ecological
impact:
•
pastures and meadows close to the
regional road in the north as well as
pastures and meadows south of the
presently used refugee camp will be
built on almost completely; however,
since this type of biotope is only of low
ecological relevance the impact is
negligible;
•
hedges close to the regional road will be
cleared; according to their function as
habitat for species (no protected and
endangered species are mentioned) they
have only a low ecological value;
The drainage ditch west of the “Building
under old trees” (refugee camp) will get lost
completely.
In particular following significant impacts
for Flora and Fauna are to be expected:
•
•
complete loss of parts of natural
deciduous forest with old trees north of
the presently used refugee camp;
partly loss of the open natural forests
which will be affected by the
construction of holiday apartments and
small hotels near the main access road
and the building of sport facilities, roads
and paths;
•
loss of the drainage ditch west of
refugee camp which inherits loss of the
habitat of Emys orbicularis (European
pond terrapin); and
•
loss of Skadar Oaks due to cutting.
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•
arable land as well as plantation will be
lost which are of low ecological value;
•
the seminatural pine forest will be used
partly by Module 2 development; the
rest will be preserved as green space of
the development;
•
some bushes and a part of the grassland
will be lost completely. Because of the
low ecological value and the good
restoration possibility the impact will be
low;
•
the landtake will impact insects due to
habitat loss and fragmentation.
However, in the surrounding area
convenient habitats for insects are
available. The most important habitats the dunes and surface waters- will not
be affected, except the ditch and the
marshland;
•
the area usage will impact amphibians
and reptiles, because of habitat (feeding
areas, sunbathing places, reproduction
areas, migration routes) loss and
fragmentation. In the surrounding area
convenient habitats for reptiles are
available. Furthermore reptiles, which
are living often near human settlements,
will find new habitats and the most
important habitats - the dunes and
surface waters- will not be affected,
except the ditch and the marshland;
•
natural soils will be removed or sealed.
For this impact no mitigation is feasible
since they are of low bonity classes or
they are not protected by the
Agricultural law, the impact is
negligible;
Besides the habitat areas influenced by the
development of Module 2 also several
residential houses as well as a former scout
camp presently inhabited by refugees are
affected. The residential houses are located
close to the regional road R17, where the
northern built-up area is planned. It should
be ensured that the local residents are
included into further planing procedures in
order to preserve their properties by
integration into the planned built-up area or
agreement on compensations.
Concerning the refugees no information by
the municipality regarding future
development of the refugee camp were
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available. According to a local newspaper it
is planned to close the refugee camp until
the end of 2002. In case refugees are still
living in the camp in later planning stages of
the Project an adequate solution has to be
developed.
Mitigation and Compensation Measures
Following measures should be adopted in
order to mitigate or compensate the impacts
caused by the landtake of the development:
•
•
•
In the scope of the Open Space Concept
several areas are foreseen for replanting
of trees in order to compensate loss of
trees due to development of the
facilities. Following from this, the loss of
deciduous woodlands of 4.8 ha will be
compensated be planting of trees on an
area of approx. 7 ha. The loss of 2 ha
coniferous forest will be compensated
by re-planting on an area of approx.
3 ha; the areas for replanting are
selected that existing gaps between
smaller woodlands will be closed and
connected in order to establish larger
areas of forest; However, the overall
target should be to preserve as much of
the old trees as possible.
planting of appropriate native tree
species in the areas foreseen for
restoration; also grassland areas should
be seeded with seeds from species-rich
grassland in the survey area; and
establishment of a new drainage ditch as
a habitat of Emys orbicularis (European
pond terrapin) north east of Brijeg Mora
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in order to compensate the loss of the
drainage ditch west of refugee camp;
whereas this ditch would be hard to
preserve during construction, the
establishment of a new ditch ensures the
preservation of a habitat of Emys
orbicularis in that area.
5.2.2 Visual Intrusion of the Landscape
Impact Assessment
The type of buildings in the northern part of
the study area will be relative small and low
with two to three stories. This resembles the
building dimension of the already existing
settlement of Donji Stoj north of the regional
road. The southern part of the study area
will be covered with hotel buildings of up to
four stories. Due to the preserved forests
north and south of hotels they will not
significantly stick out. Therefore the visual
impact is only small.
The Open Greenspace concept, with
planting of tree (cf. Map 3) will help to
integrate the new facilities in the landscape
and feather contrast of built-up and natural
landscape.
5.2.3 Consistency with Planning Policy
Context
The development of the Module 2 holiday
resort complies with planning policies on
the national, regional and local levels, i.e.
the Coastal Area Spatial Plan, the Spatial
Plan of Ulcinj Municipality as well as the
General Urban Plan.
The present new Pre-Master Plan of AS&P
has largely adapted the original
recommendations of the 1985 General Urban
Plan. It also complies with the Nature
Protection Status concerning Velika Plaža.
The ecological relevant areas of halophytes
and marshland within in the protected area
at the sea line are completely not affected by
the Pre-Masterplan development. More over
further protection measures for the
Halophyte belt will be implemented. Only
some parts of the Module 2 development are
situated in the protection zone. These are the
southern most hotel facilities which are
located at the northern border of the
protection zone in the seminatural pine
forest. However, the pine forest is only of
low ecological relevance and potential visual
intrusion by the hotel facilities is avoided by
planting of further trees. Therefore no
relevant impact or disturbance can be stated,
and the protection aims of the area are fully
achieved.
5.3
CONSTRUCTION OF THE FACILITIES
This section reports on the anticipated short
term environmental impacts associated with
the construction of the holiday facilities. The
following issues have been considered in the
assessment of construction impacts:
Disturbance or damage to adjacent habitat
not required for the proposed development,
through construction activities (movements
of vehicles and personnel, artificial lighting,
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dust, spillage of fuels and chemicals,
emissions and noise) and disturbance to or
displacement of species as a result of
construction activities.
During the construction phase following
potential impacts are likely to occur. Since
currently it is not known how construction
phase will be conducted in detail, only
general considerations can be carried out.
5.3.1 Landtake
Impact Assessment
Besides the area which is occupied by the
facility further area is used during time of
construction. These areas are:
•
areas of operation;
•
building site equipment laydown areas;
and
•
temporary construction roads.
However, as the area is already well
accessible through paved and unpaved
roads and path system, no additional
roads will be needed most likely.
By the usage of area during construction
flora and fauna habitats can be destroyed at
least temporarily. It is possible that single
valuable old trees are cut. Soil compression
caused by construction machines could lead
to altered plant growth conditions. The
assessment of the destruction of trees and
habitats is depending on amounts of the
areas used, the time and duration of usage,
the location of that areas and the question if
the original state of the areas can be reP1452, DEG
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established (restoration of biotopes,
repopulation by fauna and flora). These
issues are not known at current stage of the
project. However, they should be integrated
into the concept of construction planning in
order to reduce possible impacts.
Regarding the space requirements of the
construction site following mitigation
measures should be practiced:
•
•
•
construction site landtake is to be
minimised and materials stockpiled
away from ditches and potential
habitats;
site location and construction activities
should seek to minimise the loss of
vegetation, in particular single old trees;
and
disturbance to adjacent habitats is
minimised through perimeter fencing
and delineation of working areas and
haul routes.
Supposing that the designated mitigation
measures are adopted, the potential impact
of the landtake during construction would
be small and would only be temporary.
surrounding areas as well as fauna living in
the surrounding habitats. Animals sensitive
to disturbance can be driven away not only
by noise but also through accompanying
vibrations and visual irritations. In case of
construction works during night-time
lighting of the construction sites is
necessary. This can cause disturbance to
light sensitive nocturnal animals (e.g. bats,
nocturnal butterflies).
Dust emissions during construction
activities may arise from:
•
on-site earth moving for excavations,
road construction, landscaping and
foundation work;
•
general on-site vehicle movements;
•
spillage and wind-blow from vehicles
importing material to the construction
site or exporting spoil from the site; and
•
wind-blow from bare patches of ground
or stock piled earth.
The magnitude of dust emissions is very
dependent on the suppression measures
employed during the construction activities.
5.3.2 Noise and Vibration, Dust and Light
Emission
Impact Assessment
Noise and dust may be a concern at the
construction site, for the construction
workers, people living and working in the
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Possible impacts of noise, vibration, dust or light
emission are described below:
•
•
•
•
since reptiles often live in urban
settlements and cultivated areas, the
disturbance of individuals because of
noise, vibrations, dust and light during
construction is considered negligible;
potential impacts on insects are
negligible, too because they are able to
stay away such disturbing areas and
migrate temporary to an other habitat;
birds within the investigation area especially during breeding time - may
become disturbed because of noise; and
because of the great distance between
the construction area and the important
bird habitats (e.g. Solana and Ada
Bojana) no impacts on these areas by
construction are expected.
Noise protection on the construction site
have to be integrated into the building
permit for the Project.
In order to reduce noise emissions during
construction mitigation measures should
aim at:
•
minimising noise emissions regarding
equipment and vehicles;
•
restricting potentially high noise
generating activities (e.g. piling) to
acceptable times (daytime, weekday,
outside of bird migration);
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To minimise the nuisance caused by
construction dust, particularly to receptors
close or within the area (such as residents), a
series of good practice measures for
management of the construction site should
be adopted. Those measures comprise water
spraying, sheeting of lorries, careful
handling of friable materials and are
described in the EMP in detail.
•
lighting, it is recommended to avoid
lighting to the extent as far as possible.
Assuming that the appropriate mitigation
measures are in place, the potential for
noise, vibration, dust or light nuisance
would be small and would only arise for
short durations.
hydraulic fluids etc.) which can cause harm
in case of improper disposal.
Mitigation measures to minimise impacts by
construction waste should include:
•
construction waste as well as general
refuse should be deposited properly in
designated waste dumps under the
responsibility of the local waste
management company;
•
organic waste separation;
•
proper handling of construction waste
on-site (segregation of waste, avoidance
of windblown litter);
•
storage, handling, transport and
disposal of chemical waste, such as
fuels, oils, lubricants, should be
arranged in accordance with the local
environmental regulations and good
practise;
•
construction conduction should aim at
minimising the amount of generated
waste (e.g. carefully planning of
purchasing of construction materials);
and
•
training should be provided to workers
on the concepts of site cleanliness and
on appropriate waste management
procedures, including waste reduction,
reuse and recycling.
5.3.3 Construction Waste
Impact Assessment
During the construction phase, the main
activities which will potentially result in
waste generation involve mainly foundation
works and site clearance, with soil
material/sand as well as vegetation such as
trees as associated waste. In addition general
refuse is produced on the construction site.
No adverse environmental impacts from the
disposal of soil material or site clearance
waste is expected.
In case of demolition of existing buildings
also demolition waste can accrue. This may
include hazardous waste depending on the
former usage of the demolished buildings
(e.g. scrap batteries, used paint, engine oils,
Provided that this occurs, the potential
environmental impacts arising from the
handling, storage and disposal of waste
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comply with guidelines laid down by
the responsible Environmental Agency;
and
generated from the construction activities
will be negligible.
5.3.4 Impacts on Surface and Ground
Water
5.3.4.1 Pollution of Surface Waters
Impact Assessment
Where construction activities are being
carried out in the vicinity of surface waters
(drainage ditch, ponds), inappropriate
handling and storage of materials (concrete,
asphalt, lubricants, fuels, solvents) may pose
risk of water contamination. This could
result in an decrease of water quality and
habitat quality.
Sewage will arise from the construction
workforce, site office’s sanitary facilities and
sanitary waste from chemical toilets. If not
properly managed, these materials could
cause odour and potential health risks to the
workforce.
Mitigation measures to prevent impacts on
surface and ground water during
construction should aim at the following:
•
adoption of good engineering and
working practices during the
construction to avoid impacting both
surface and groundwater;
•
collection of contaminated water on-site
and proper disposal;
•
storage of chemicals, such as fuel and
oil, or other potential pollutants to
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•
connection to an appropriate waste
water treatment facility should be
ensured; or an adequate numbers of
portable toilets should be provided for
the number of workers.
5.3.4.2 Impacts on Groundwater Level
lowering of groundwater table should be
keep as small as possible
5.3.5 Construction Traffic and Transport of
Building Materials
Impact Assessment
The construction of the facilities will
increase traffic on roads. More over it will
cause heavy load traffic.
Impact Assessment
During foundation works, lowering of
groundwater table will most likely not
become necessary assuming no basements
are built. Groundwater level is lower than
2 m during summer, however it is high in
winter. During construction of Hotel Otranz
at Velika Plaža no lowering of groundwater
table was necessary. Depending on point of
time and duration as well as amount of
lowering of groundwater table impairments
of flora and fauna habitats are possible.
Potentially affected habitats are small still
water bodies with amphibian or reptile
habitats. In addition old trees may be
affected as they are not able to grow again
roots in deeper areas.
Appropriate mitigation measures should be
put in place to ensure that construction
traffic impacts are minimised. Measures
should aim at:
A changing of the water regime (flooding
time, flooding frequency, flooded areas)
because of the construction can be expected.
This may results in habitat losses or damage
for amphibians and birds and plants.
Mitigation and compensation measures
Lowering of groundwater table should be
avoided or if this is not possible - the
•
scheduling of traffic to avoid the peak
hours of the local road network;
•
agreement on prescribed roads for any
abnormal load movements;
•
attention required regarding nuisances
for the residential areas along main
access roads.
5.4
OPERATION OF THE FACILITIES
During operation of the facility following
potential impacts are likely to occur. The
accompanying measures aim at mitigation
of the impacts. It should be considered that
tourist season at the Montenegrin Coast
currently lasts about 150 days per year.
However, due to the favourable climatic
conditions and potential attractive activities
(e.g. golfing, bird watching, nature program,
saltsole bathing etc. ) the season might be
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extended much longer once the facilities are
in operation.
5.4.1 Water Consumption and Sewage
water Generation
Impact Assessment
The project implementation will increase
water consumption and accompanying
sewage water generation. Also the amount
of municipal waste will raise. These effects
will be notable in particular during high
season.
In order to estimate the amount of water
consumption and sewage water, present
average figures of hotel capacities in
Montenegro as well as investigation results
from tourism resorts in Slovenia and
Germany are given in
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The Public Enterprise of Water Supply in
Budva kindly made available the present
average figures of water consumption for
first class hotel capacities in the coastal area
of Montenegro.
In addition recent figures from Slovenia
(verbal communication Mr. Igor Jurincic,
Faculty of Humanities, Koper, Slovenia) for
hotels located at the Adriatic Sea are given
as a reference for comparison. The Hotels
belong to the two –three and four – five star
category. The amounts of water
consumption include supply of drinking
water and irrigation of green spaces.
For comparison, the values for the touristic
supply in Germany are taken from a report
of the German Federal Government on the
Conception of Environmental Protection
and Tourism, 2002.
The amounts of water consumption
according to the Montenegrin average
values of 200 to 350 liter per guest per day
(l/g/d) are lower than the given figures for
tourism in Slovenia (420 to 430 l/g/d) which
might be caused by the inclusion of
irrigation water in Slovenia. The average
water usage in tourism sector in Germany is
with 92 to 180 l/g/d significantly lower.
This might originate from the
implementation of water saving techniques,
the relative low water loss of the pipeline
system and the different characteristic of the
touristic target areas in Germany (different
climate, only partly beach regions).
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The amounts of sewage water generation in
all investigations equals water consumption.
Based on these values, the amount of daily
water consumption/waste water generation
for a number of tourists of 6,000 in Module 2
can be estimated to 1,200 to 2,100 m³ for a
high season peak scenario with 100% bed
utilization. Including irrigation of green
plots, the daily water
consumption/wastewater generation could
raise up to almost 2,600 m³, considering the
Slovenian reference figures.
The new sewerage systems Novi Ulcinj –
Velika Plaža and Velika Plaža East which
are planned by the Municipality of Ulcinj
will be designed for maximal wastewater
amounts of 4,770 and 3,230 m³ per day with
a total number of users (local inhabitants
and tourists) of 18,200 and 10,700,
respectively.
Breaking these figures down, a daily
wastewater production of 262 and 302 l per
person is assumed in these plans which is
lower than the upper average Montenegrin
values as well as of the Slovenian Tourism.
These considerations show that it should be
ensured that the capacity of the planned
sewerage system will be sufficient for the
planned tourist accommodations.
This could be achieved through
implementation of water saving techniques
(see below) and restriction or reduction of
green plot irrigation. Also the water usage of
the planned swimming pools should be
taken under consideration.
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Table 5-1
Comparison of Estimations of Water Consumption and Wastewater Generation
in Tourism Sector in Montenegro, Slovenia and Germany
Montenegro
(4-5 stars)
Slovenia Tourism
(Adriatic Sea
2-3 and 4-5 stars)
Slovenia Local Population
Germany
(Tourism average)
Water consumption and
waste water generation
[l/guest/day]
Water consumption and waste
water generation estimated for
6000 guests
[m³/day]
200-350
1,200-2,100
410-430*
2,460-2,580
180
1,080
92-180**
552-1,080
* including irrigation of green plots
** depending on equipment of accommodation
Development of Wastewater Treatment
In general, drinking water resources should
be responsibly managed. Presently, the pipe
distribution system network in the Ulcinj
service area has 60 % losses, this should
clearly be improved.
Currently the tourist complexes at Velika
Plaža and Ada Bojana as well as all the
settlements in the hinterland are not
connected to the wastewater sewerage. The
wastewater of that area is disposed in septic
tanks with overflow, which goes directly
into drainage fields, or other rivers and
channels. Often wastewaters are discharged
directly into the coastal water near the
beach. A development of adequate
wastewater treatment is a prerequisite for
further tourist development.
In a typical tourist operation the main
sources of water use are bathing;
housekeeping; cooking; laundry, gardens,
swimming pools. Water saving measures
should considered for each of these sectors.
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Presently three options for wastewater
treatment of the planned Modules are under
discussion:
•
each of the bigger hotels establish an
own wastewater treatment, which is
feasible concerning costs and space;
however, wastewater from the northern
area with small building south of the
regional road will not have sewerage
system;
•
for each of the five Modules a
wastewater treatment could be
developed; soak away could be set up in
the green corridors between the
Modules; however, the surrounding
areas of Modules would still dispose off
untreated waste water into the sea; and
•
a municipal wastewater treatment
would supply not only the planned
holiday Modules but also the whole
town of Ulcinj, so that the facility could
be used during the whole year (not only
tourist season). This solution would be
recommended since it would ensure
that the whole area of Velika Plaža will
be connected to the system and no
untreated sewerage is discharged into
the sea. This would guarantee a longtime preservation of sea water quality.
However, this solution is depending on
the municipal planning and presently it
is not sure when the treatment facility
will be developed.
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5.4.2 Waste Generation
Impact Assessment
The Project will increase the amount of
municipal waste in particular during high
season.
The amount of solid waste generation in
Montenegro (according to figures given by
the Public Enterprise of Water Supply in
Budva for first class hotel capacities in the
coastal area of Montenegro) is with 0.9 to
1.2 kg per guest per day (kg/g/d) lower
than the figures in Slovenian tourism with 1
to 2 kg/g/d (according to Faculty of
Humanities, Koper, Slovenia). The quantity
of solid waste created by Slovenian local
population is even higher (2.5 kg/g/d). In
Germany the values are given for residual
waste and range from 0.8 to 1.9 l/g/d which
can be equated approximately to 0.16 to
0.38 kg/g/d. The quantity of residual waste
is depending on the quota of waste
separation into plastics/packaging, glass,
paper, organic waste and residual waste.
Based on these values the amount of daily
solid waste generation of 6,000 tourists can
be estimated to a range of 7 to 12 t. The
currently peak quantities of daily solid
waste during tourist season can raise up to
32 t/day (cf. Chapter 4.7.4.3). Through the
planned holiday resort this amount is
increased by approx. 20 to 40%.
An appropriate collection and deposition of
the waste quantities has to be ensured.
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Table 5-2
Comparison of Estimations of
Waste Generation in
Montenegro, Slovenia and
Germany
Solid waste
[kg/guest/day]
Solid Waste
estimated for
6000 guests
[t/day]
Montenegro
(4-5 stars)
0.9-1.2
5.4-7.2
Slovenia Tourism
(Adriatic Sea
2-3 and 4-5 stars)
1-2
6-12
Slovenia Local
Population
2.5
15
Germany
(Tourism
average)
0.8-1.9 l*
4.8-11.4 m³
* volume of residual waste depending on quota
of waste separation into plastics/packaging,
glass, paper, organic waste (some areas only),
residual waste
effective tool to reduce waste amounts and
enhancing the use of more environmental
friendly products and encourage recycling
of residues in the tourist resort facilities as
well as in Ulcinj municipality. This waste
management system should aim at waste
reduction, re-use and recycling as well as
appropriate waste disposal and is described
in detail in the EMP.
5.4.3 Energy Consumption
Impact Assessment
Tourist accommodations can have large
run if measures are not taken to minimise
energy use. This large range of energy
some cases.
The new development should demonstrate
energy saving by a good building design as
well as appropriate equipment and handling
(e.g. lighting). More over implementing
solar heating (hot water etc.) as well as
photovoltaics could reduce consumption of
non-renewable energy.
5.4.4 Noise and Light Emission
Impact Assessment
Noise may be a concern for the fauna living
in the surrounding habitats. Animals
sensitive to disturbance can be driven away
not only by noise but also through
accompanying vibrations (such as birds,
reptiles, insects). Disturbance (noise and
visual irritation) could also occur through
increased numbers of beach visitors in the
eastern parts of Velika Plaža, which is less
disturbed. This could be an issue for birds
especially during nesting and breeding
season.
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Light emission by the hotel and apartment
facilities are not expected to exceed the
common extend of lighting of smaller
human settlements. Entertainment facilities
with associated illumination, such as sky
beamers, are not foreseen for the Module 2
area. No adverse impact on fauna from
potential light emission is expected.
•
stimulating going on foot by convenient
public footpaths;
•
reducing individual car traffic by
establishing public transportation; and
•
providing attractive vehicles for public
transportation such as open busses of
carriages.
5.5
Guiding visitors by boardwalks, creating
awareness of visitors by signs and
protecting ecological sensitive areas by
wooden piles with wires as it is envisaged in
the Module 2 Planning Concept will
significantly reduce negative impacts of
disturbance by noise.
It can be assumed that a touristic
development will create positive socioeconomic impulses. The touristic
development in the planned order of
magnitude will affect existing community.
New work places, esp. in the services sector,
will be created as well as during the
construction phase jobs will be created.
SOCIO ECONOMIC EFFECTS
5.4.5 Traffic Generation
Impact Assessment
The Project will generate further traffic.
6,000 tourists need to get to and leave the
resort almost every weekend. In addition the
guests want to move in the area during their
stay, e.g. getting around during the day
(beach, trips in the area) as well as getting to
entertainment facilities during night. The
service personnel, delivery of food and other
supplies will also cause further traffic.
traffic in the Project area (cf. Chapter 2.2):
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5.6
CONCLUSION
This EIA concludes that no unacceptable
environmental impacts will result from the
construction and operation of the Module 2
development. Several mitigation measures
are already integrated into the Planning
Concept. Further mitigation and
compensation measures are recommended
to reduce potential impacts on the
environment. In order to ensure
environmental sound construction and
operation phase an Environmental
Management Plan should be implemented
as described in the following.
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6
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
PLAN
6.1
PURPOSE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL
MANAGEMENT PLAN
This section describes the Environmental
Management Plan (EMP) for the Project. The
main objective of the EMP is to ensure the
acceptability of design, construction
practices and operation with respect to the
identified impacts and the realisation of
mitigation measures as described before.
More over a monitoring program is
developed to verify compliance with the
recommended mitigation measures to
monitor for unanticipated impacts that
might arise.
The EMP therefore points out procedures
and practices which should be implemented
during development activities, construction
and the future operation of the Module 2
facilities.
As at the present stage of planning no
developer or operator model is yet defined,
this EMP can at this stage only provide
recommendations and an outline of the
actions which should be taken by a or the
future developer(s) and / or operator(s).
It should become the obligation of a future
developer(s) and/or operator(s) to further
develop this outline to ensure compliance
with both Montenegrin and local level
legislative and regulatory requirements, as
well as additional requirements and
conditions which will come out of a future
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building permit for the facilities.
Compliance should be supervised by an
Environmental Inspector.
section describes how planting of trees
should be carried out efficiently.
6.2
Tree species selected for re-planting should
be typical for the region, i. e. belong to the
association of flooded maritime forests,
Robureto-Carpinetum orientalis (Jankovic, M.
et Bogojevic, R. (1965)) which is
characteristic at Velika Plaža (cf. Chapter
4.6.1).
DESIGN ENVIRONMENTAL
MANAGEMENT PLAN
During the process of designing several
issues are defined which influence later
construction and operation of the facilities.
In order to ensure an environmental sound
development following mitigation measures
should be considered already during design
process. In addition monitoring should be
carried out to guarantee successful
implementation of the measures.
Mitigation Measures
functions.
6.2.1 Re-planting of Trees
An optimisation of the siting of the main
components and buildings was carried out
by AS&P based on the environmental
baseline and flora habitat maps in order to
avoid unnecessary losses of valuable
vegetation. This refers in particular to the
location of the buildings in the vicinity of
the deciduous woodland in order to
preserve as most old trees as possible.
Nevertheless cutting of trees is not
preventable. As a compensation measure,
new trees will be planted. The following
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Table 6-1
Tree and Shrub Species of
Maritime Forest Association
suitable for Re-planting
Latin name
English name
approx.
height
(in metres)
Quercus robur spp.
scutariensis
Skadar Oak
30-40
Carpinus orientalis
Oriental
Hornbeam
5-9
Populus alba
Silver-leaf
Poplar
18-30
Fraxinus
angustifolia
Field Ash
25
Alnus glutinosus
Common
Alder
20-25
Salix alba
White Willow
15-20
Ulmus sp.
Elm
10-40
Vitex agnus-castus L Chaste-Tree
Mirtus communis L
Mirta
4
Tamarix africana
Tamarisk
5-6
For the development and the improvement
of natural forest and forest edges it is
recommended to use planting material
taken out of woodland areas which cannot
be preserved by the Project. Before clearing
of those areas, small trees and shrubs (max.
2.5 m in height, 2 cm in diameter) should be
identified, taken out and replanted at the
compensation area under expert control.
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Thus, unnecessary loss of trees, in particular
Skadar Oaks during construction is avoided.
In addition, it is ensured that only
autochthonous trees will be used. This
method is a very cost effective measure,
since no purchasing of new trees is
necessary. Most likely those trees will grow
better than trees nursed in other regions,
because they are already adapted to the
specific environmental conditions. However,
it should be mentioned that trees should not
be taken from forests which will not be
impacted by the project.
As the number of existing small trees
suitable for re-plantation will not be
sufficient for the whole compensation
scheme, trees from tree nurseries have to be
used as well23. The horticultural
arrangement should be done as a so called
“simulation of natural vegetation” using the
listed species which already is practiced at
other places in Montenegro. Skadar Oak
should be prioritised with subordinate
Oriental Hornbeam in combination with
other species listed. Planting of Silver-leaf
Poplar and White Willow should be limited
even though they are typical. The details of
the tree planting have to be specified at later
project stages (e.g. in tender for landscaping
works).
Along the roads and parking sites as well as
within the hotel resorts only autochthonous
tree species, e.g. Oriental Hornbeam
According to a preliminary investigation two public tree
nurseries in Podgorica and Bar as well as two private nurseries
in Podgorica and Niksic are able to grow Skadar Oak.
23
(Carpinus orientalis) or Skadar Oak (Quercus
robur ssp. scutariensis), Pomegranate (Punica
granatum var. nana or foetida) or Laurel
(Laurus nobilis) should be planted.
The Oriental Hornbeam (5-9 m high) has
small and shiny green leaves, an impressive
habitus and an interesting winter aspect due
to its twisted branches and stems. Oriental
Hornbeam is drought tolerant. It is an
appropriate tree for the area between the
hotels and along small streets as it looks
very nice and it is not too high.
Skadar Oak (30-40 m high) is suitable for
parks (as successfully is demonstrated by an
example in Podgorica) and also as solitaire
tree.
The Pomegranate is only 0.5-1 m high and is
known for its glossy foliage that turns from
bronze to green to golden during autumn.
Tolerant with heat, wind, drought, and
alkaline soil, and resistant to many diseases,
it is a good choice for a variety of
landscaping needs. The plant can be used as
a hedge, screen, windbreak or feature plant.
The Laurel is an evergreen tree with dark,
glossy, oval leaves. It can reach a height of
12-18 m.
Following issues should be observed
regarding planting of trees:
•
re-plantation of trees taken from the
existing forest patches as well as
plantation of new trees should be
carried out only in winter, except oaks,
they should be planted in spring; and
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•
plant density for afforestation should
amount to about 5,000 specimen per ha
with a height of 30 - 50 cm.
To facilitate initial growth success following
should be applied during planting:
•
•
a small amount of forest soil should be
added during planting in order to
ensure the availability of functioning
mycorrhiza24 which is normally not
present in other soils than forest soil ;
and
it is recommended to clip branches and
roots of the trees before planting
(branches: one third; very long roots:
one half).
Monitoring
The selecting of already existing trees and
the planting process should be carried out
under control of a botanic or forest expert. In
order to ensure a successful planting,
monitoring has to be carried out. During the
first three to five years it is necessary to pay
attention that the planted trees dot not get
overgrown by grass and shrubs. In addition
afforested areas as well as single trees
should be protected through fences against
biting of young shoots by animals. After ten
years it should be checked whether the
planting was successful. If more than 70% of
the planted trees have died, further
plantings will become necessary.
symbiotic association between plant root and certain funghi
which is essential for optimum growth and development of the
tree.
24
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During the improvement of the existing
forest fragments, the new planted specimen
should be protected against damage. After
three to four years, when it is sure, that the
planted trees will survive, natural
succession should be allowed.
Monitoring and evaluation should be
carried out by forest experts.
infectious, corrosive, explosive or
flammable;
•
improve of accuracy in calculating
quantities of materials needed;
•
specifying use of renewable, reusable, or
recycled materials; and
•
consider using pre-fabricated materials,
for example, timber frames and trussing,
as this will reduce on-site waste.
6.2.2 Visual Intrusion of the Landscape
Visual intrusion of the landscape is
significantly reduced by planting of trees
around the hotel facilities. In addition
construction materials that adopt local
colours and textures should be selected for
the development.
6.2.3 Waste Management
Mitigation Measures
An appropriate design of the planned
holiday facilities enables efficient waste
reduction during construction. Following
issues should be considered during design
process:
•
using of standard material sizes;
•
design of a building so that it can be
easily deconstructed and materials
reused at the end of the building's
immediate use;
•
reduction or avoidance of the use of
environmentally unfriendly products,
such as chlorofluorocarbons, asbestos,
pesticides and substances that are toxic,
6.2.4 Health and Safety Aspects
Health and safety aspects of the
development should include the installation
of fire escapes, fire doors and emergency
sprinkler systems.
6.2.5 Competent Surveying Environmental
Agency
Monitoring
At the current stage of the Project it is not
clear whether the Developers of the hotel
facilities will also care for the
implementation of the Open Space Concept.
Therefore it is recommended that a Public
Agency, e.g. Morsko Dobro, monitors the
implementation of the Concept since it is a
prerequisite for an environmental sound
development of the Module.
6.3
CONSTRUCTION ENVIRONMENTAL
MANAGEMENT PLAN
Mitigation and monitoring activities should
run parallel to the physical activities. They
should commence at the time workers,
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equipment and/or materials are moved to
the site, and will end when the job is
completed and all workers, equipment
and/or materials are removed from the site
and the work in a particular location is
complete.
6.3.1 Integrated Health & Safety and
Environmental Management System
The Environmental Management Plan for
construction phase should be implemented
in the scope of the setting-up of an
integrated Health & Safety and
Environmental Management System. The
Management System should be established
in accordance with EN ISO 14001 and
contain but not be limited to the issues
described in the following. The Management
System should ensure the compliance of the
construction with the Communal Code of
Conduct (Odluka o Komunalnom Redu) of
the Municipality of Ulcinj. A Health &
Safety and Environmental Coordinator
should be designated to ensure compliance
with legislation and targets of the
Management System.
Within the Management System all
construction equipment should be licensed
and permitted in accordance with
Montenegrin requirements (i.e. with respect
to electrical and mechanical safety, noise
and pollutant emission). In addition, it is
recommended that such equipment should
be certified to meet European Union
standards or equal.
Following EU directives should be observed:
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•
2000/14 (noise of machinery used
outdoors)
•
89/106 (construction material) and
decisions 2001/671, 2000/553, 2000/147
•
76/464 (discharge of i.e. oil into surface
water)
•
76/769 (handling of hazardous
substances)
•
2000/39. 89/391 (occupational health)
•
91/383 (safety and health at work of
temporary workers – occupational
health)
•
91/155 (MSDS - material safety data
sheets)
•
89/686 (PPE- personal protection
equipment)
•
98/37 (machinery; CE-logo)
Construction Developers involved in the
Project should comply with conditions of all
permits necessary for the Project, including
but not limited to, providing agency
notifications, facilitating agency inspections
of the job site and complying with specific
construction requirements. The Developer
should bind the EMP into all contracts and
commit subcontractors to making the EMP
part of any works subcontracted.
6.3.2 Mitigation Measures
The following section explains how the
mitigation measures described above should
be implemented in order to mitigate
potential adverse impacts and to ensure an
environmental sound execution of the
construction activities.
6.3.2.1 Landtake and Clearing
The mitigation measures regarding landtake
during construction should aim at
minimising the area of landtake, the loss of
vegetation (in particular single old trees) as
well as the disturbance to adjacent habitats.
This should be achieved through following
measures:
•
areas of low ecological relevance should
be used mainly; sensitive habitats
should be flagged out and fenced of
before site development works begin.
particular attention should be given to
the pond and marshland adjacent to the
east of the Module 2 development area
and the dune strip and beach;
•
clearing boundaries should be flagged at
the construction site prior to
commencement of clearing operations;
clearing operations should remain
outside of designated zones to protect
key habitats, such as wetlands and pine
wood behind the dunes and woodlands
with Skadar Oak;
•
trees that will not be affected by clearing
should be protected during construction
by temporary fencing;
•
cutting of old tree growth should be
avoided to the maximum extend
possible, in particular Skadar Oak
should be preserved;
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•
the removal of shrubs and trees should
be carried out in winter;
•
in case habitat areas of middle or high
ecological relevance are used during
construction, the habitats have to be reestablished after usage;
•
long term soil deposits and spoil areas
are to be seeded with seeds from native
plant species to minimise run-off and
erosion;
•
organic debris and topsoil should be
stockpiled for use during site restoration
where required; such stockpiles should
be located outside of the regular
flooding area and covered;
•
•
disturbance to adjacent habitats should
be minimised through perimeter fencing
and delineation of working areas and
haul routes, including limiting storage
of soils and excavation material to the
construction site and away from ditches
and potential habitats; and
any merchantable timber should be
stacked and removed for subsequent
sale in accordance with the forest permit
from the competent forest
administration if necessary for any tree
clearing.
6.3.2.2 Noise, Vibration, Dust and Light
emission
In order to reduce noise emissions during
construction, the following mitigation
measures should be adopted:
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•
•
•
using equipment and vehicles in an
appropriate manner with respect to
minimising noise emissions, including
selection of inherently quiet equipment,
regular maintenance and noise mufflers;
restricting potentially high noise
generating activities (e.g. piling) to
daytime only (0700-1900 hours Monday
to Friday, and 0700-1300 hours on
Saturday) and avoiding Sundays, and
scheduling construction activities in
order to minimise noise; and
restricting piling and other potentially
high noise generating activities to time
outside of migration periods, resting
and nesting periods of birds,
particularly if noise would affect
important bird habitats such as Solana;
•
mixing of large quantities of concrete
undertaken in enclosed or shielded
areas;
•
careful maintenance of site machinery,
and machinery turned off when not in
use;
•
sheeting of lorries during transportation
of friable construction materials and
spoil;
•
minimising drop heights for material
transfer activities such as unloading of
friable materials; and
•
cleaning of surfaced roads and
stabilisation of unsurfaced roads to
reduce off-site transport of soils and to
avoid dust generation.
construction dust, particularly to receptors
close or within the area (such as residents), a
series of good practice measures for
management of the construction site should
be adopted. Such measures should include:
lighting, it is recommended to avoid lighting
to the extent as far as possible. However, if
illumination is needed for safety reasons,
sodium-vapour- high- pressure lamps
(NaHPL) should be installed since they
reduce insect attraction.
•
the adoption of construction equipment
designed to minimise dust generation;
6.3.2.3 Construction Waste
•
water spray dampening of soils to
prevent dust blow during hot, dry
weather condition;
•
careful management of stockpiles of soil
and similar materials;
Mitigation measures to minimise impacts by
construction waste should include:
•
construction waste should be deposited
properly in designated waste dumps
under the responsibility of the local
waste management company. The
materials should be transported and
disposed of in accordance with safe
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
environmental practices, or reused to
the extent feasible;
•
storage, handling, transport and
disposal of chemical waste, such as
fuels, oils, lubricants, should be
arranged in accordance with the local
environmental regulations and good
practise;
•
•
designation of areas for the segregation
and temporary storage of reusable and
recyclable materials;
precovery and recycling, thus
avoiding disposal (although
reprocessing may be required); and
treatment and disposal, according to
relevant law, guidelines and good
practice;
training should be provided to workers
on the concepts of site cleanliness and
on appropriate waste management
procedures, including waste reduction,
reuse and recycling at the beginning of
the Project;
storage facilities should be designed to
minimise potential risk from
earthquakes;
•
minimise adverse impacts, including
windblown litter and dust from the
construction site;
purchasing of construction materials
should be carefully planned in order to
avoid over ordering and wastage;
•
encouraging suppliers not to over
package materials - for example, plastic
wrapped around bricks pallets; and
•
requesting delivery of goods closer to
actual time of use to reduce the need for
protective packaging such as plastic.
any uncontaminated soil should be
reused on site as far as possible, e.g. for
landscape works, in order to minimise
the amount to be disposed offsite;
foundation works should aim at
minimising the amount of excavated
material to be generated;
Concerning general refuse generated on-site
following recommendations should be
adopted:
implementation of a waste management
hierarchy:
•
•
•
avoidance and minimisation, that is,
not generating waste through
changing or improving practices;
reuse of materials, thus avoiding
disposal (generally with only limited
reprocessing);
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•
storage of general refuse generated onsite in enclosed bins or compaction units
separately from construction and
chemical wastes; littering on the job site
will be prohibited, and measures should
be implemented to prevent and control
it;
employment of a reputable waste
collector by the Developer to remove
general refuse from the site, separately
from construction and chemical wastes,
on a frequent (such as daily) basis to
minimise odour, pest and litter impacts;
•
reduction of office wastes through the
recycling of paper if volumes are large
enough to warrant collection.
Participation in a local collection scheme
should be considered if one is available;
•
provision of waste separation facilities
for paper, aluminium cans, plastic
bottles etc;
•
burning of slash, construction refuse,
including but not restricted to nonmerchantable timber, branches, waste
wood, or construction materials and
packaging, should only be undertaken
in accordance with the conditions and
requirements of a burning permit if
required; and
•
all workers should be familiar with and
should comply with fire fighting
responsibilities and obligations.
6.3.2.4 Impacts on Surface and Ground
Water
Mitigation measures to prevent impacts on
surface and ground water during
construction should include the following:
•
adoption of good engineering and
working practices during the
construction to avoid impacting both
surface and groundwater. General good
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housekeeping of construction sites will
minimise the risk of contamination;
•
•
•
•
collected by licensed collectors
regularly; and
should include, but not be limited to, the
following:
lowering of groundwater table should
be avoided or if this is not possible - the
lowering of groundwater table should
be keep as small as possible.
•
identification of operations with high
potential for spills;
•
identification of volumes and
frequencies of hazardous materials
used, stored, and transported to and
from the site;
•
methods of containment of facilities
with high potential for spills;
•
development of a spill response
contingency plan;
•
storage and maintenance of equipment
and materials for use in spill
containment and cleanup;
•
establishment of a spill reporting
process; and
•
training of staff in spill containment and
cleanup.
there should be no discharge of
contaminated water from the site into
groundwater or surface water including
the sea, either direct or by soak away;
contaminated water has to be collected
on-site and disposed off properly;
•
storage of chemicals, such as fuel and
oil, or other potential pollutants to
comply with guidelines laid down by
the responsible Environmental Agency;
Appropriate mitigation measures should be
put in place to ensure that construction
traffic impacts are minimised. Measures
should include:
presently it is not clear whether the new
tourist resort development and
consequently also the construction site
will be connected to a possible future
municipal wastewater treatment plant.
It is assumed that the basic
infrastructure installations will be
constructed by the Ulcinj municipality.
For the case that no common effluent
treatment concept will be developed, it
is recommended to construct
appropriate wastewater treatment
facilities early enough, which can
effectively treat not only the effluents
from the tourism complex but already
from the construction site;
adequate numbers of portable toilets
should be provided for the number of
workers. The portable toilets should be
maintained in a state which will not
deter the workers from utilizing these
portable toilets. Night soil should be
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6.3.2.5 Construction Traffic
•
•
•
scheduling of traffic to avoid the peak
hours of the local road network such as
tourist season and week-ends;
any abnormal load movements will
adhere to prescribed routes to be agreed
with the local authority at the
municipality of Ulcinj and the traffic
police – this will be scheduled to avoid
peak hours on local roads and published
well in advance to minimise possible
disruption; and
attention required regarding nuisances
for the residential areas along main
access roads.
6.3.2.6 Fuel, Oil and Chemicals Handling:
It should be ensured that a Spill Emergency
Response Plan is in place in event of an
accidental spill or leak of fuel, oil, chemicals,
or other water endangering hazardous
substances. An overall contingency plan
should be prepared by the Developer, and
Spill contingency plans and the spill
reporting process should be in compliance
with with applicable waste, groundwater
and health and safety regulations.
The spill contingency plan should be
submitted to the Uljinc municipal
administration and other interest
authorities. The plan should be submitted in
a timely manner before commencement of
construction works.
Fuel storage areas will be located in
consultation with the Environmental
Coordinator and should be regularly
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inspected and fuel containers monitored by
the Developer for unexplained losses. All
leaks or spills should be isolated, contained
and cleaned up. Spills should be reported
immediately to the federal and provincial
agencies as required by the applicable
legislation. Fuel and hazardous substance
storage sites should be used only for storage
of these substances or contaminated
equipment.
Storage of waste oil and other special wastes
should be in accordance with site-specific
criteria set by the applicable regulations (
Code of Conduct).
Storage of fuel and other flammable
materials should be in accordance with sitespecific standards.
removed, placed in drums and disposed of
in compliance with the applicable Waste
Management regulations incl Special Waste.
Removed soil should be replaced.
6.3.2.8 Site Rehabilitation and
Reclamation
6.3.2.7 Fuelling of Construction Vehicles
and Machinery
Areas cleared for access to the construction
sites, including but not limited to,
equipment laydown areas, office trailer or
container sites, and settling ponds should be
cleaned up.
Fuelling or servicing of mobile construction
equipment or vehicle within 100 m of a
water body will be prohibited unless sitespecific conditions allow for complete
containment of fuel losses.
If not fuelled at existing filling stations in
Ulcinj, trucks and other machinery should
be fuelled in a designated areas which has
been prepared for this purpose (e.g. concrete
surface with retention basin).
Dangerous goods or materials whose release
into the environment could cause adverse
effects should be handled in a manner which
gives due regard to the security and safety
of both the material and the personnel
working with them.
Fuel dispensing should be in compliance
with applicable fire regulations.
The transportation and handling of all
dangerous goods and special wastes should
be carried out in compliance with sitespecific standards set by the applicable
regulation (Code of Conduct).
Disposal and storage of materials such as
rags and sorbent pads, containing oils,
filters, chemicals, liquid fuels, lubricating
oils, or other potentially hazardous
materials should be in a manner satisfactory
to the Environmental Monitor and in
accordance with applicable Waste
Management Regulations.
Spillage of oil from crankcase oil change or
other such activities should be prevented.
If an accident occurs and fuels, oils,
chemicals, or other water endangering
hazardous materials are spilled or dumped
on the ground, the affected soil should be
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The Developer should be responsible for
ensuring containment of all fuel losses
experienced during fuelling or servicing of
equipment.
All disturbed areas should be cleaned up by
the Developer.
Any clean up should be to the satisfaction of
the Environmental Coordinator.
Cleanup and site restoration, including revegetation, should be to the satisfaction of
the Environmental Coordinator.
Removal of storage tanks for flammable or
combustible liquids should be in compliance
with the provisions of applicable fire Code
Regulations. Any oil spills should be
cleaned up.
6.3.3 Construction Monitoring Plan
To ensure the effective implementation of
these criteria and specifications, the
Developer(s) should be committed to
undertaking a program of Environmental
construction supervision and monitoring
during construction of all aspects of the
Project. These services should be provided
by an independent environmental
Coordinator. Such experts should provide
technical expertise to ensure by on-site
overseeing of construction measures and
activities that environmental specifications
and commitments are implemented on the
ground and are in compliance with legal
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and permitting requirements, thus
minimizing adverse biophysical and social
impacts and resulting liabilities.
Environmental supervision by qualified
personnel will reduce the likelihood of
activities, whether accidental or intentional,
which contravene environmental legislation
and regulations.
Most of the activities involve site
observation and inspection by the
construction coordinator, verifying the
permits and licenses to ensure that materials
are sourced from licensed facilities and solid
wastes are disposed of at approved sites,
monitoring of noise and dust during
construction.
Waste Management Plan
It is recommended that audit of each waste
stream should be periodically carried out
during the construction phase to determine
if wastes are being managed in accordance
with the Waste Management Plan. The
audits should look at all aspects of waste
management including waste generation,
storage, recycling, transport and disposal.
An appropriate audit programme should be
undertaken: a first audit at the
commencement of the construction works
and then quarterly audits, thereafter.
Spill Management Plan
In addition, the Developer should provide
an overall spill management plan that each
Developer would commit to.
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Re-establishment of the Site
As part of the environmental monitoring
responsibilities outlined here, the
environmental Coordinator should also
ensure compliance by all Developers and
subcontractors with the EMP until disturbed
sites have been re-stabilised or re-vegetated
to a self-maintaining state or re-instated to
their original destination if third party land.
Roles and Responsibilities
The Environmental Coordinator will serve a
pivotal role throughout all phases of the
Project, by providing input on matters
related to detailed engineering design,
inspecting construction activities, and
monitoring the success of mitigative
measures. The Environmental Monitor will
review and comment on the Developer's
plans to ensure that adverse environmental
impacts are minimised.
During construction, the Environmental
Coordinators's key responsibility will be to
ensure that the environmental management
measures, controls, and specifications are
properly implemented as per the terms and
conditions of the approvals and permits.
Other responsibilities will include:
•
liaising regularly with municipal and
other regulatory agencies as required;
•
delivering environmental education and
awareness programs to construction
staff prior to and during on-site works;
•
inspecting all activities during
construction to ensure compliance with
terms and conditions of approvals and
permits, and adherence to the habitats
and vegetation protection plan;
•
documenting construction activities (see
below);
•
and preparing reports at regular
frequencies which summarize activities
and actions taken, and submitting these
reports to the appropriate agencies; and
•
providing technical assistance on
environmental matters to construction
staff and government surveillance
officers;
The knowledge of the project staff, as well as
the cooperation of the management staff,
engineering personnel, and Developers'
personnel complying with environmental
procedures and government regulations will
assure the success of environmental
protection during construction.
The Environmental Coordinator will
identify and resolve potential problems
through meetings with the Project Manager
and the regulatory agencies. The
Environmental Coordinator will be
professionally obliged to advise both
regulatory agencies and the Project Manager
when Developer performance does not fully
comply with the terms of the contract.
Documentation and Reporting
Comprehensive and accurate reporting of
the events, actions, conversations, and
construction progress is critical. The
Environmental Coordinator will record
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daily field notes, and regularly take
photographs/video to record the time,
location, geological, climatic, and hydrologic
conditions encountered before, during, and
after construction, particularly at sensitive
sites. The Environmental Coordinator's field
notes will include an accounting of such
items as:
•
names of contacts and details of
discussions with regulatory
agencies, Developer personnel, and
engineering staff;
•
nature of construction activities;
•
specific actions taken to meet
mitigative requirements as
stipulated in environmental
specifications;
•
•
•
Reports will also be made available to other
concerned government agencies.
In accordance with these regulations, the
Developer is responsible for:
Developer compliance with
environmental specifications,
including reference to the specific
clauses of the specifications;
actions recommended and taken by
the Environmental Coordinator in
the event of non-compliance by the
Developer; and
emergency responses to unforeseen
environmental problems.
The content of these field notes will form the
basis of environmental progress reports
which will be forwarded to the Developer
and the designated Agency(ies) contact.
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•
designating an individual trained in
emergency response procedures to
be responsible for coordinating the
response to hazardous material
spills and for training spill response
team members, reporting spill
occurrences to government
agencies, ensuring that spill
response equipment is accessible, in
good repair, and in good supply;
•
storing, dispensing, and
maintaining flammable and
combustible materials in accordance
with the Fire regulations to prevent
a spill from occurring; and
•
6.4
removing and disposing of
contaminated and hazardous wastes
from the project site.
6.4.1 Environmental Management System
An Environmental Management System
such as EN ISO 14000ff. is recommended to
be implemented for the operation of the
facility. The Management System should
contain but not be limited to the issues
described in the following. An
Environmental Coordinator should be
designated to ensure compliance with
legislation and the targets of the
Management System. Targets of the
Management System are sustainable use of
resources, water and energy saving,
avoidance of waste, health of employees,
hygiene, Health & Safety check of
equipment (electrical, mechanical).
6.4.2 Mitigation Measures
6.4.2.1 Water Consumption and
Wastewater generation
Following measure should be undertaken in
order to minimise water consumption and
accompanying wastewater generation:
•
installation of water-efficient
appliances,e.g. dual-flush toilets
(allowing a partial flush), use of grey
water for toilets, aerators and low-flow
devices which can reduce the amount of
water used in sinks and showers by up
to 70% without affecting guest comfort;
they also provide significant energy
savings by reducing the volume of hot
water consumed;
•
installation of water meters and
isolation valves throughout the
OPERATION MANAGEMENT AND
MONITORING
A Code of Environmental Conduct as tool
for developing and implementing a sound
environmental program for operating the
planned holiday facilities should be
developed. This Code of Conduct should
include the following issues:
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development, which will allow
maintenance crews to quickly identify
breaks in pipes and repair them;
well as in Ulcinj municipality. This waste
management system should regard the
following:
•
balancing water flows throughout the
development by installing devices to
balance water pressure, so that a
uniform flow of water will come out of
every tap, which can achieve savings of
20 to 30%;
•
•
development of the landscaping by
plants suited to the local environment to
reduce the need to water gardens; and
•
water reducing irrgation methods such
as sprinklers with efficient watering
patterns, droplet sizes encouraging soil
penetration, timers and moisture meters
or sensors to avoid overwatering, drip
irrigation or subsurface soaker hoses
which leak water at very low pressure
and eliminate runoff and evaporation,
use of soil conditioners to encourage
water infiltration and plant absorption.
Wastewater
•
encouraging guests to re-use towels,
sheets, and so on, so that linen does not
need to be laundered daily.
•
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re-use of waste: using refillable
dispensers rather than individually
bottled soaps, shampoos and
conditioners; asking employees to re-use
coffee mugs instead of using disposable
cups; re-using torn or soiled sheets and
towels as drop-cloths or rags;
•
recycling of waste: glass, paper, steel
food, coffee, oil, paint and aerosol cans,
aluminium soft drink and beer cans;
•
encourage 'waste awareness' among
employees and subcontractors: work
agreements and contracts can contain
clauses requiring waste-minimisation
practices to be observed;
•
composting: very cost effective because
it converts kitchen and garden waste
into a substance that can enrich soil and
6.4.2.2 Waste Generation
effective tool to reduce waste amounts and
enhancing the use of more environmental
friendly products and encourage recycling
of residues in the tourist resort facilities as
reduction of waste: buying food and
materials in bulk, avoiding overpackaged items, providing dispensers
for shampoo, coffee, sugar, and so on,
rather than packaged single serves,
implementing appropriate maintenance
programs that prolong the life of
equipment, developing catering
practices that minimise food wastage
through portion control, self-service,
appropriate food storage, post-mixing of
drinks, and pre-ordering of meals;
reduce erosion and water loss; money
saving on potting mixes and fertilisers;
•
waste auditing: knowing what type and
volume of waste is being produced by
an accommodation, the cost of waste can
be calculated and the economies of
better waste management can be argued
with some force;
•
involving staff: keeping personnel
informed about intentions of waste
management and integration of their
suggestions and ideas;
•
order only re-useable or natural
materials encouraging suppliers to come
up with suitable alternatives. Re-using
of food containers; using of cloth or
canvas bags for laundry; use of the
thriving second-hand market to dispose
of unwanted furnishings;
•
keeping of a register of all hazardous
chemicals and teach staff how to dispose
of them safely or replacing of these
materials with less hazardous or nontoxic materials; and
•
investigating benefits of better waste
management, potential raise of
marketing value, given staff a new sense
of involvement, creation of links with
the local community.
6.4.2.3 Energy consumption
Tourist accommodation can have large
run if measures are not taken to minimise
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energy use. This large range of energy
some cases. The energy supply will usually
include electricity, typically about half the
total energy supplied, with gas or oil
making up the balance.
Good building design can maximise the use
of passive solar energy for heating and
cooling. The combination of passive solar
heating, thermal mass for heat storage, and
good insulation can greatly reduce or
eliminate the need for supplementary
heating.
During summer correct use of shading, and
draughts induced by solar 'chimneys' can
make conditions comfortable without the
use of air-conditioning. If the building
envelope is well insulated comfortable
conditions inside can be maintained easily,
irrespective of outside conditions.
The reduction of use of hot water through
aeration and water saving supplies will also
reduce energy costs. The re-use of heated
wastewater to warm cold water supply as
well as pipe insulation will decrease energy
consumption, too.
Also lighting should aim at low energy
costs, it typically accounts for approximately
25 per cent of energy use.
Using a guest's key tag in a master switch
for the room or unit to ensure all lights and
other small appliances are switched off
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and roads and do not off-road biking
(e.g. in the dune area); and
when the room is unoccupied can save
substantial amounts of energy.
•
6.4.2.4 Traffic
traffic in the Project area (cf. Chapter 2.2):
•
in every development module at least
one public footpath leads from the
development areas close to the main
road to the beach;
a public pedestrian-/bicycle pathway
will connect the modules. This will be
available for emergency access (e.g. fire
brigade) and could also be used for
public transportation.
6.4.3 Operation Environmental Monitoring
Plan
•
within the green spaces between the
modules public communication
pathways and parking spots for day
visitors will be established;
•
The designated Environmental Coordinator
should ensure that the above mentioned
mitigation measures concerning not only
operation of the planned hotel facilities are
carried out successfully. His main tasks
include:
a public transport system will connect
the modules with Ulcinj town;
•
environmental reporting; and
•
private individual car traffic within the
modules will be restricted by means of
road layout, parking regulations etc;
•
maintenance of mitigation and
compensation measures.
•
a shuttle service between the Regional
road and the facilities at the beach and
the Green Corridors will be established,
as distances are not attractive for
walking. It is planned to use small, open
vehicles or curricles with horses. Maybe
also the use of electric driven vehicles
would be an option to reduce noise and
emission in the Module area; in addition
the facilities could provide bicycles for
the guests; cycling could serve as a
further holiday activity, however, it has
to be ensured that visitors stay on paths
An environmental performance report
should be composed every year and should
be presented to the competent local
Environmental Agency (cf. Chapter 5.2.3)
and all other interested agencies and interest
groups.
This performance report should comprise an
evaluation of mitigation and compensation
measures carried out during operation of
the facilities, including:
•
effectiveness of re-planting measures as
outlined in the scope of the Project
design as well as evaluation of
preserved woodlands and single old
trees;
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•
over all protection of vegetation, in
particular halophyte vegetation zone,
such as control of boardwalk and
information boards;
•
updating and ensuring compliance with
the implemented Environmental
Management System;
•
information and awareness creation of
tourists as well as service personnel and
local inhabitants not only through
information boards but also through
further measures (flyers, organisation of
guided tours, etc.);
•
ensuring that traffic restrictions are
adhered with (no private traffic within
in the Module, no “wild” parking etc.);
•
compliance with resources saving target
(water, energy); and
•
compliance with targets of waste
management plan.
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7
REFERENCES
ERM Lahmeyer International (2002):
Environmental Assessment of Urban and
Tourism Development Plan Ulcinj,
Montenegro. Phase 1, Environmental
Screening and Initial Assessment.
LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
Buskoviþ, V. and Ražnatoviþ, V. (1997):
Environmental Management in Montenegro.
Public Document. Podgorica, Ministry of
Environmental Protection.
Ivanovic, A. (1997): Development of the
Integrated Coastal Zone Management
(ICZM) Through the International Legal
Framework, and its application to
Yugoslavian Environmental Policy. Master
of Science Degree Dissertation. Department
of Environmental Sciences and Policy
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67
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Reports on bathing water analysis in
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FINAL REPORT
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HUMAN ENVIRONMENT AND
INFRASTRUCTURE
Environmental Guidelines Hotels (and other
lodging places).
Karajovic, S. (eds) (1999): Stvorene
vrijednosti (Menmade resources). Basic
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Ljubomir Vujosevic, 2000. Study
commissioned by AS&P.
Vijesti (Montenegrin Newspaper)
(27/07/2002): Izbjeglice napuštaju “Safari”
(Refugees are leaving “Safari”).
Federal Government of Germany (2002):
Konzeption der Bundesregierung für den
Bereich “Umweltschutz und Tourismus”
available at:
http://www.bmu.de/download/b_tourism
usbericht.php (in German)
Consulted Experts concerning water
consumption and waste generation:
Faculty of Humanities, Koper, Slovenia; Mr.
Igor Jurincic.
Public Enterprise for Water Supply, Budva;
Mr. Predag Bjelobrkovic.
TOURISM AND ENVIRONMENT
European Bank for Reconstruction and
Development (no year): Sub-sectoral
P1452, DEG
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Annex
A: Maps
B: Photo Documentation
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A: Maps
Map 1:Present Landuse and Infrastructure
Map 2:Flora and Fauna
Map 3:Ecological Relevant Areas and Urban Design Plan
Map 4:Preservation, Loss and Planting of Forest
ERM
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B: Photo Documentation
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Photo 1: Bukaria Ulcinit Beach facilities (Bldg. 1)
Photo 4: Tropicana Beach Club (Bldg. 3)
Photo 7: Apartment House Tourist Resort “Bratstvo
Jedinstvo” (Bldg. 6b)
5
4
Photo 2: Looking east: Beach access Bukaria Ulcinit
Photo 5: Left Tropicana Beach Club (Bldg. 3), right
(Bldg. 4 & 5
afari Beach facilities (Bldg. 2)
Photo 3: Safari Beach facilities (Bldg. 2)
Photo 6: Tourist Resort “Bratstvo Jedinstvo” (Bldg.
Photo 9: Open forest characterised by degraded light
6a)
open woodland with only a few old trees remaining
P1452, DEG
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Photo 8: Ruin west of the Safari Camp (Bldg. 7)
ANNEX
B4
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22
27
26
11
12
9
10
13
14
Photo 10: Aerial view Safari Camp, presently used as
Refugee Camp
Photo 14: Farm Houses (Bldg. 16)
27
24
25
22
Photo 12: Building 9 to 14 and 22, 26, 27; View to
the North, from front to back: seminatural pine forest,
pastures and meadows, forest with Safari Camp,
Regional Road R17, Donji Stoj, Solana.
19
18
26
23
21
20
17
Photo 15: Residential Houses (Bldg. 17 to 27)
Photo 11: Safari Camp with wooden barracks and old
trees, presently used as refugee camp
Photo 13:Macadam Road near Bldg. 15
Photo 16: Residential Houses (Bldg. 18 & 19)
P1452, DEG
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ANNEX
B4
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Photo 17: House (Bldg. 24)
Photo 20: Construction Material Yard (Bldg. 27)
Photo 23: Electrical Transformation Station (Bldg. 31)
29 & 30
Photo 18: Residential Houses (Bldg. 25)
Photo 21: Residential Houses (Bldg. 29 & 30)
Photo 24: Psammo-Halophyte Vegetation
Photo 19: New Apartment Houses (Bldg. 26)
Photo 22: Residential House (Bldg. 30)
Photo 25: Psammo-Halophyte Vegetation
P1452, DEG
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ANNEX
B4
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Photo 28: Aerial View Marshland
Photo 26: Ruin of Barn with Old Trees (Bldg. 34)
Photo 27: Pancratium maritimum (Sand Lily)
P1452, DEG
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ANNEX
B4

1 INTRODUCTION

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