1. spider atlas families ae - Agricultural Research Council

Transcription

South African National Survey of Arachnida Technical Report 2010 version 1
FIRST ATLAS
OF THE
SPIDERS
OF
SOUTH AFRICA
(ARACHNIDA: ARANEAE)
compiled by
A.S. Dippenaar-Schoeman, C.R. Haddad, S. Foord, R. Lyle, L. Lotz, L. Helberg, S.
Mathebula A. van den Berg, P. Marais, A.M. van den Berg, E. Van Niekerk & R. Jocqué
Contents
Abstract ……………………………………………………….4
Introduction ……………………………………………...…...5
Material and methods ……………………………………….6
Results ………………………………………………………..8
Family and species numbers …………………….…..8
ATLAS
1. AGELENIDAE ……………………………………..……9
2. AMAUROBIIDAE …………………………………..…...17
3. AMMOXENIDAE ………………………….…………….22
4. ANAPIDAE ……………………………………………… 31
5. ANYPHAENIDAE ……………………………………….34
6. ARANEIDAE…………………………….…………….....36
7. ARCHAEIDAE ……………………………..…………....94
8. ATYPIDAE ………………………………………...…….101
9. BARYCHLIDAE …………………………..………….....103
10. CAPONIIDAE …………………………….…………….. 106
11. CHUMMIDAE ……………………………………………113
12. CLUBIONIDAE …………………………..……………...115
13. CORINNIDAE ……………………………………….…..131
14. CTENIDAE ……………………………...………….……173
15. CTENIZIDAE ……………………………...…………….178
16. CYATHOLIPIDAE ……………………………...……….199
17. CYRTAUCHENIIDAE ……………………………….….208
18. DEINOPIDAE ……………………………...………...….226
19. DESIDAE …………………………………...…...………230
20. DICTYNIDAE ……………………………….…...………232
21. DIPLURIDAE ……………………………...………….…235
22. DRYMUSIDAE ………………………..………...……… 239
23. DYSDERIDAE ………………………..………...……….242
24. ERESIDAE ……………………………...…………….…244
25. FILISTATIDAE ……………………………….....………260
26. GALLIENIELLIDAE ……………………….………….…262
27. GNAPHOSIDAE …………………………...…...……… 271
28. HAHNIIDAE …………...………………………………...366
29. HERSILIIDAE ………………………………………… 371
30. IDIOPIDAE ………………………………………………379
31. LINYPHIIDAE…………………………………………....405
32. LIOCRANIDAE ………………………………………….421
33. LYCOSIDAE …………………………………………….428
34. MICROSTIGMATIDAE …………………………………485
35. MIGIDAE ……………………………………………...…489
36. MIMETIDAE……………………………………...………501
37. MITURGIDAE…………………………………...……….504
38. MYSMENIDAE…………………………………….……..522
39. NEMESIIDAE…………………………………………….524
40. NEPHILIDAE……………………………………………..549
41. NESTICIDAE……………………………………………..555
42. OECOBIIDAE…………………………………………….557
43. OONOPIDAE …………………………………………….562
44. ORSOLOBIDAE………………………………………….571
45. OXYOPIDAE …………………………………………….574
46. PALPIMANIDAE ………………………………………...597
2
Contents (continued)
47. PENESTOMIDAE .......................................................607
48. PHILODROMIDAE ……………………………………...613
49. PHOLCIDAE ……………………………………….…….634
50. PHYXELIDIDAE ………………………………….……...654
51. PISAURIDAE …………………………………….………671
52. PRODIDOMIDAE ………………………………………..691
53. SALTICIDAE …………………………………….……....706
54. SCYTODIDAE …………………………………….…….833
55. SEGESTRIIDAE …………….………..…………….…...847
56. SELENOPIDAE ………………………………………….855
57. SICARIIDAE ……………………………………………..891
58. SPARASSIDAE ………………………………………….899
59. SYMPHYTOGNATHIDAE ……………………………...930
60. TELEMIDAE ……………………………………………..932
61. TETRAGNATHIDAE …………………………………….934
62. THERAPHOSIDAE ………………………………….…..949
63. THERIDIIDAE .............................................................973
64. THERIDIOSOMATIDAE ………………………………..1006
65. THOMISIDAE ……………………………………………1008
66. TROCHANTERIIDAE …………………………………..1088
67. ULOBORIIDAE …………………...……………………..1094
68. ZODARIIDAE …………………………………………….1100
69. ZORIDAE ………………………………………………...1143
70. ZOROPSIDAE ………………………..…….……………1145
3
Abstract
The South African National Survey of Arachnida (SANSA) was initiated in 1997, with the
main aim of documenting the arachnid fauna of South Africa at a national level. The South
African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) came on board for the project’s second
phase, called SANSA II, from 2006 to 2010, in partnership with the Agricultural Research
Council (ARC).
This four-year inventory and conservation assessment project was dedicated to unifying
and strengthening biodiversity research on spiders, and other arachnid fauna of South
Africa. SANSA’s aims are multiple, and include the collation of data, to determine the distribution ranges of species in South Africa, for assessing their Red List status, using the
IUCN criteria.
All available data were collated into a relational database and to maximize benefits it was
important to determine the spatial coverage of the already available data, and determine
where the ‘gaps’ in this data lie. Thus, field collecting can be guided towards filling these
gaps. Data that was available electronically formed the basis of a GIS based gap analysis
that was done end of 2007 to identify these gaps in spatial coverage for South African
arachnids. Based on the GAP analysis areas were identified to undertake SANSA surveys. Due to extensive field work by SANSA field work managers and by catches of other
research projects, student projects and public participation in collecting specimens, more
than 40 degree squares were sampled in areas previously poorly sampled, providing valuable material that improved our knowledge of the distribution of species and provided
specimens for future taxonomic studies. All these data was used to compile this first atlas
of the spider species of South Africa. Data included in this atlas will be used to assess
their Red Listing status.
Some of the results are:
•
70 families, 463 genera and 2003 species are presently known from South Africa.
•
This represent 4.8% of the world’s fauna.
•
Of the 2003 species 1220 (61%) are endemic to the region.
•
With 485 species having a restricted distribution, known only from few localities
•
In South Africa Salticidae is the most diverse family with 240 species, followed by
the Gnaphosidae with 176 species and Thomisidae with 133.
•
Two families Chummidae and Pentastomidae is endemic to South Africa.
•
During SANSA II a total of 116 new species were discovered and described and
another 50 is in the process of being described
•
Distribution ranges of more than 200 species known from the rest of Africa were
extended to include South Africa.
•
Information on habitat requirements showed that the Savanna Biome is the most
diverse with 1207 species from 62 families, followed by the Grassland Biome with
245 from 56 families.
4
Introduction
In November 1995, South Africa ratified the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), which emanated
from the convention. Signatories are obligated to develop a strategic plan for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. To meet these goals will require an intensive national effort involving three interrelated scientific missions: to discover, describe and to
make an inventory of the species diversity of South
Africa; to analyze and synthesize the information into
predictive classification systems that reflect the history
of life; and to organize this information in an efficiently
retrievable form that best meets the needs of science
and society.
In 1997 the “South African National Survey of Arachnida” (SANSA) in accordance with the country’s obligations to the CBD was launched at the Agricultural Research Council (ARC) in Pretoria. The rationale for this
project was to document the arachnid fauna of South
Africa primarily to gather base-line information on species and to determine areas still poorly sampled.
The main aim of SANSA is to compile an inventory of
the arachnid fauna of South Africa that will provide
essential information needed to address the abovementioned issues concerning the conservation and
sustainable use of the arachnid fauna. SANSA is an
umbrella project conducted on a national basis in collaboration with other researchers and institutions countrywide and dedicated to the unification and enhancement of biosystematic research on Arachnology in
South Africa.
Spiders are ranked the seventh most diverse Order in
global diversity with about 39 000 species described
globally and this is estimated to increase to 170 000.
South Africa has a rich spider fauna probably due to
the wide range of habitat types associated with the
region ranging from extreme desert to forest within a
relatively small land area.
Most spider sampling and taxonomic research, over
the period 1820-1960, was based on the fauna of the
coastal provinces as most of the practicing arachnologists were stationed there. SANSA surveys increased
sampling of spiders and the number of species described and named has increased drastically. As with
insects, arachnids have several qualities to support
human well-being and life on earth. For example, in
the face of urgent conservation issues, they are likely
to be used as valuable bioindicators i.e. species whose
presence or abundance readily reflects some measure
of the character of the habitat within which they are
found.
This is true because most arachnid orders are known
to be sensitive to pollution and alterations in habitat
structure, and because they are abundant, speciose
and relatively easy to collect quantitatively to, e.g.
5
monitor changes within a particular habitat. They may
also prove useful as indicators of overall species richness of biotic communities. Moreover, with spiders
being an important predatory group of terrestrial animals, they are known to play important roles in biological control in agro-ecosystems, while a few species
are also of medical importance to man.
Although spiders are absent from the majority of Red
Lists this does not mean that they are less threatened
by human activities. Spiders are wingless animals and
frequently have a high bio-indicative value, as they are
usually more strongly associated with a biotope than
flying insects. Spiders of the suborder Mygalomorphae
and especially the larger baboon spiders of the family
Theraphosidae, owing to their demand for pets, need
to be accessed according to the IUCN systems.
In this document the first atlas for spiders for South
Africa is provided. It contains information on the species found in South Africa, their endemic status, distribution, abundance, taxonomic status as well as information on their presence in protected areas and agroecosystems. From this data it is now possible to determine the species that might be threatened and need
to be accessed for red listing.
Material and methods
Data collecting
As part of SANSA II, data from a variety of sources
were used to compile the atlas of the spiders of South
Africa.
• All collected specimens were identified and entered into a specimen relational database of the
National Collection of Arachnida (NCA). All the
collecting records were georeferenced.
• Present and historical data contained in publications based on material housed in 17 collections
worldwide were added to the SANSA database.
Atlas
•
Family information
A short description is provided for each family and the
following information is provided: common names, life
style, body size, diagnostic characters, web/retreat,
habitat, behaviour, notes on the present taxonomic
status and the latest most relevant references.
•
Species names
The taxon names as listed in Platnick (2010) are used
unless otherwise indicated. Species listed in bold are
names listed in revisions that are in final stages of
preparation or in press. A few distinct undescribed
morphospecies are also listed.
•
Arachnida Biodiversity Index (ABI)
The indices of the Arachnida Biodiversity Index (ABI)
range from 0 to 9. It is based on the two sub-indices
relating to geographical distribution (endemicity) and
local abundance. The ABI is the sum of the scores for
the two sub-indices. A common, widespread, notthreatened and highly-tolerant species would score 1
(0 + 1), while a highly range-restricted, threatened and
sensitive species would score 9 (6 + 3) (see Table 1).
•
Distribution records
Records for the distribution of South African species
are provided, listed per province. Type localities are
indicated with an asterix. Where possible the institution
housing the type is indicated in brackets.
• Habitat
Distributions are provided for the different Floral
Biomes (Fig. 1)
FB — Fynbos Biome
FoB — Forest Biome
GB — Grassland Biome
NKB — Nama Karoo Biome
SB — Savanna Biome
SKB — Succulent Karoo Biome
TB — Thicket Biome
synantropic (introduced).
•
Records from protected areas
The number of records from protected areas include: Nation-
6
al Parks; Nature and Game Reserves; state forests; wilderness areas—all areas for which you need a collecting permit.
This provides information on species presently protected in
protected areas in South Africa.
•
Records from agro-ecosystems
The spiders are important predators and play a role as
natural control agents in agro-ecosystems. From the
NCA the crop and the number of occurrence per crops
are listed. This data was obtained from primary collection records and publications.
•
Known distribution
The distribution of a species in the Afrotropical Region
was obtained from the African Arachnida Database
(AFRAD and the distribution of species in South Africa
from the NCA and SANSA databases. If a species is
listed from >10 countries it is listed as “wide throughout Africa”.
•
Conservation status
Level of endemicity: A code from 0-6 were used
(see Table 1) with 0 indicating cosmopolitan species to
6 indicating endemic species known only from the type
locality.
Local abundance: The number of localities a species hasbeen recorded from is indicated from 1
(common) to 3 (rare) (see Table 1).
•
Taxonomic status
The value of the taxonomic status (1-3) indicated
whether the species has recently been described or
revised (Table 1). Type locality is indicated with a *.
New species “In press” are included and indicated in
bold.
•
Abbreviations
DRC - Democratic Republic of the Congo (previously Zaire)
Material and methods
TABLE 1: Codes used to determine the conservation status of spider species in South Africa.
VALUE LEVEL OF ENDEMICITY
6
Endemic-known only from type locality / one locality only
5
Known from one province only, wider than type locality
4
Known from two adjoining provinces only
3
South Africa >two provinces
2
Southern Africa (south of Zambezi and Kunene Rivers)
1
Afrotropical Region
0
Cosmopolitan or introduced
VALUE LOCAL ABUNDANCE
3
Very rare known from 1-3 localities
2
Rare known from 4-10 localities
1
Abundant known from >10 localities
VALUE TAXONOMIC STATUS
1
Only description / not part of revision
2
Revised before 1960
3
Revised after 1960; or good descriptions, well illustrated
7
8
Results
Table 2: Number of families, genera and species presently known from South Africa
FAMILY
GENUS SPP.
ENDEMICS
FAMILY
GENUS
SPP.
ENDEMICS
Agelenidae
6
12
1
Miturgidae
3
29
17
Amaurobiidae
4
8
8
Mysmenidae
1
1
1
Ammoxenidae
2
15
9
Nephilidae
3
6
0
Anapidae
3
4
3
Nesticidae
1
1
0
Anyphaeidae
1
1
0
Oecobiidae
4
5
3
Araneidae
35
95
26
Oonopidae
Archaeidae
2
12
11
Orsolobidae
2
3
3
Barychelidae
3
3
0
Oxyopidae
3
41
6
Caponiidae
2
11
6
Palpimanidae
2
17
12
Chummidae
1
2
2
Penestomidae
1
9
8
Clubionidae
2
30
21
Philodromidae
6
37
8
Corinnidae
24
78
48
Pholcidae
6
36
25
Ctenidae
2
7
4
Phyxelididae
9
30
28
Ctenizidae
1
40
39
Pisauridae
12
36
8
Cyatholipidae
6
16
16
Prodidomidae
6
26
19
Cyrtaucheniidae
2
34
33
Salticidae
65
240
124
Deinopidae
3
4
2
Scytodidae
1
30
22
Desidae
1
1
0
Segestriidae
1
13
13
Dictynidae
3
4
2
Selenopidae
2
68
48
Dipluridae
3
6
3
Sicariidae
2
12
5
Drymusidae
1
3
3
Sparassidae
9
56
40
Dysderidae
1
1
0
Symhytognathidae 2
2
1
Eresidae
5
29
15
Telemidae
1
1
1
Filistatidae
1
1
?
Tetragnathidae
5
25
5
Gallienellidae
2
16
16
Theraphosidae
8
44
35
Gnaphosidae
29
176
130
Theridiidae
20
58
35
Hahniidae
1
6
5
Theridiosomatidae 2
2
2
Hersiliidae
3
12
7
Thomisidae
37
133
40
Idiopidae
6
49
48
Trochanteriidae
1
9
6
Linyphiidae
21
28
17
Uloboridae
3
6
3
Liocranidae
3
11
8
Zoridae
1
1
1
Lycosidae
25
105
62
Zoropsidae
2
25
24
Microstigmatidae
1
6
6
TOTALS 70
463
2003
1220
Migidae
2
22
20
Mimetidae
2
4
4
1. FAMILY AGELENIDAE
The family Agelenidae occurs worldwide and is known
from South Africa by 6 genera and 12 species with only
one species Agelena zuluana endemic to the region.
•
Common name: funnel-web spiders.
•
Life style: web dwellers (funnel-web); usually made
in low vegetation close to the soil surface.
•
Body size: 6-16 mm (male slightly smaller than female and legs more slender).
•
Diagnostic characters: colour: greyish brown abdomen with a reddish brown hue, a well defined lancetshaped pattern with two rows of dark lateral patches
and a series of yellow to white spots present dorsally;
carapace: longer than wide and narrower in the vicinity of the eyes; eyes: 8 eyes equal in size and arranged in 2 rows (4:4); abdomen: narrow-oval and
tapering behind; spinnerets: posterior spinnerets
long and slender, two-segmented, clearly visible from
above; legs: similar in length, long and fairly slender,
especially in males.
•
•
Web and retreat: capture web consist of a flat, slightly concave, non-adhesive silk sheet (40-60 cm wide)
composed of a mesh of silken threads suspended by
oblique and vertical threads; the sheet is laid over the
ground or any horizontal area, usually clearly visible
in the early morning when covered with dew drops;
the web usually remains in the same place and is
repaired and enlarged as the spider grows; retreat:
funnel-shaped retreat situated on one side of the web
and usually with an exit at the other end.
Habitat: they are found in most of the floral biomes
but are more abundant in the Savanna and Nama
Koroo Biomes. In built-up areas the webs are sometimes found between rubble around buildings. One
species, Tegenaria domestica, is synanthropic and is
usually found in and around houses.
9
•
Behaviour: the spider hides in the retreat with
the front legs stretched out on the web to pick
up vibrations from prey landing. Flying and
jumping insects hit the vertical threads and
drop onto the web. The spider rushes out with
great speed, running over the upper surface.
The prey is grabbed, killed and carried back
into the retreat. When threaten the spider
quickly disappear down the retreat, escaping
through the other exit. The female lays her
eggs in a flat bottle-shaped cocoon covered
with sand and attach it to one side of the retreat.
•
Taxonomic note: The only revision of the
family of the Afrotropical Region was by
Roewer (1955), who also provided a key to
the species.
References:
HEIDGER, C. 1988. Ecology of spiders inhabiting
abandoned mammal burrows in South African
savanna. Oecologia 76: 303-306.
•
LEHTINEN P.T. 1967. Classification of the cribellate spiders and some allied families with notes on
the evolution of the suborder Araneomorpha. Annales Zoologici Fennici 4, 468 pp.
ROEWER C.F. 1955. Araneae Lycosaeformia I
(Agelenidae, Hahniidae, Pisauridae). In: Exploration du Parc National de l’Upemba (MWion G.F.
de Witte), Bruxelles 30, 420 pp.
FAMILY AGELENIDAE
(CONTINUED)
10
Agelena australis Simon, 1896
Distribution in South Africa: type locality listed as Daka, South Africa but there is only a Daka in Kenya*. Northern Cape: 4 km W of Hopetown (-29.62, 24.06). Western Cape: Karoo National Park
(-32.28, 22.46).
Habitat (biomes): NKB, SB.
Records from protected areas: 1.
Records from agro-ecosystems: 0.
Known distribution: Botswana, Kenya*, Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe.
Conservation status: endemicity: 2; abundance: 3 [5].
Taxonomic status: 2.
Agelena gaerdesi Roewer, 1955
Distribution in South Africa: Northern Cape: Green Valley Nuts Estate, Prieska (-29.68, 22.74).
Habitat (biomes): NKB.
Records from agro-ecosystems: pistachio (1).
Known distribution: Namibia*, South Africa.
FAMILY AGELENIDAE
(CONTINUED)
Agelena howelli Benoit, 1978
Distribution in South Africa: Western Cape: Karoo National Park (-32.28, 22.46).
Known distribution: South Africa, Tanzania*.
Agelena lawrencei Roewer, 1955
Distribution in South Africa: Limpopo: Waterpoort, N slopes of Soutpansberg (Farm Rochdale)
(-22.54, 29.41).
Habitat (biomes): SB.
Known distribution: Zimbabwe*, South Africa.
11
FAMILY AGELENIDAE
(CONTINUED)
12
Agelena zuluana Roewer, 1955
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: Ulundi (-28.30, 31.42)*. Western Cape: Swartberg Nature Reserve (Gamkaskloof) (-33.36, 21.69).
Habitat (biomes): FB, NKB, SB.
Known distribution: South Africa*.
Benoitia deserticola (Simon, 1910)
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Barkly East (-30.96, 27.59). Limpopo: Lajuma Mountain
Retreat, Soutpansberg (-23.03, 29.45). Northern Cape: Kamaggas (-29.75, 17.4)*. Western Cape:
Swartberg Nature Reserve (Gamkaskloof) (-33.36, 21.69); Karoo National Park (-32.28, 22.46); Mamre
(-33.5, 18.45).
Habitat (biomes): GB, NKB, SB, SKB.
Distribution: Botswana, Namibia, South Africa*.
FAMILY AGELENIDAE
(CONTINUED)
13
Benoitia ocellata (Pocock, 1900)
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Grahamstown (-33.3, 26.52); Grahamstown (Farm Gretna, 6 km SW) (-33.31, 26.54); Mountain Zebra National Park (-32.24, 25.43); Baviaanskloof Nature Reserve (-33.76, 24.81). Free State: Erfenis Dam Nature Reserve (-28.5, 26.8); Soetdoring Nature Reserve (-29.05, 26.21); Oranjeville (-26.99, 28.2). Gauteng: Bronkhorstspruit (Farm Onverwacht) (-25.8,
28.74); Cullinan (Renosterkop) (-25.66, 28.51); Irene (Smuts House) (-25.89, 28.23); Pretoria/Tshwane
(Eldoraigne) (-25.74, 28.19); Roodeplaatdam Nature Reserve (-25.64, 28.36); Roodepoort (-26.14,
27.86); Suikerbosrand Nature Reserve (-27.59, 27.53). KwaZulu-Natal: Tembe Elephant Park (-26.94,
32.47); Ophathe Game Reserve (-28.52, 31.66); iSimangaliso Wetland park: Sodwana Bay National
Park (-27.4, 32.76); Hluhluwe Nature Reserve (Hippo pools) (-28.02, 32.28). Limpopo: Blouberg Nature Reserve ( -22.99, 29.04); Dendron (Farm Amsterdam) (-23.37, 29.32); Waterpoort, N slopes of
Soutpansberg (Farm Rochdale) (-22.54, 29.41); Lajuma Mountain Retreat (-23.03, 29.45); Mosdene
Nature Reserve (-24.52, 28.7); Nylsvley Nature Reserve (-24.65, 28.6); Kruger National Park (-22.93,
31.02); Roedtan (-24.6, 29.08); Polokwane Nature Reserve (-23.9, 29.47); Vivo (Farm Bergfontein)
(-23.04, 29.27). Mpumalanga: Dullstroom (-25.42, 30.1); Lowveld National Botanical Gardens (-25.47,
31.0); Kruger National Park: Renosterkoppies (-25.14, 31.84), Napi (-25.37, 31.51), Skukuza (25.00,
31.97), Vutome 06 (-25.24, 32.08); Witbank (-25.88, 29.23). North West: Borakalalo Game Reserve
(-25.14, 27.82); Potchefstroom (ARC-exp. Farm) (-26.7, 27.09); Rustenburg Nature Reserve(-25.65,
27.22). Western Cape: Anysberg Nature Reserve (-33.53, 20.76); De Hoop Nature Reserve (-34.45,
20.44); Mamre (-33.5, 18.45); Paarl (-33.71, 18.98); Swartberg Nature Reserve (Gamkaskloof) (-33.36,
21.69); Simonstown (-34.19, 18.42); Table Mountain National Park: Lion's Head (-33.91, 18.42), Table
Mountain (-33.82, 18.48)*.
Habitat (biomes): all the biomes
Records from agro-ecosystems: maize (1).
Known distribution: Botswana, Namibia, South Africa*.
Benoitia raymondeae (Lessert, 1915)
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Baviaanskloof Nature Reserve (-33.76, 24.81). Gauteng:
Roodepoort (-26.14, 27.86); Baviaanspoort (-25.67, 28.37). Limpopo: Buffelspoort (-24.69, 28.4).
Mpumalanga: Bethal (Farm Kalasbasfontein) (-26.44, 29.46). Western Cape: Karoo National Park
(-32.28, 22.46); Hermanus (Vogelgat) (-34.4, 19.25).
Habitat (biomes): FB, GB, SB, SKB, TB.
Known distribution: Kenya, South Africa, Tanzania*.
Continued on next page
FAMILY AGELENIDAE
(CONTINUED)
14
Benoitia raymondeae (continued)
KAART VERKEERD
Malthonica africana Simon & Fage, 1922
Distribution in South Africa: Distribution in South Africa: Northern Cape: Aggeneys
(-29.21,18.82). Western Cape: Worcester (-33.64, 19.47).
Habitat (biomes): FB, SKB.
Known distribution Kenya*, Botswana, South Africa.
Taxonomic status: 3
Mistaria leucopyga (Pavesi, 1883)
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Willowmore (-33.3, 23.5); Mountain Zebra National Park
(-32.24, 25.43); Middelburg (-31.49, 24.99). Limpopo: Blouberg Nature Reserve (-22.99, 29.04). North
West: Rustenburg Nature Reserve (-25.65, 27.22). Northern Cape: Benfontein Nature Reserve
(-28.73, 24.76); Augrabies National Park (-28.53, 20.29); Riemvasmaak (-28.45, 20.30); Belmont, 10
km from Hopetown (-29.42, 24.36). Western Cape: 40 km NE Ceres on Touwsriver Road (-33.36,
19.31); Prince Albert (Tierberg) (-33.22, 22.03); Karoo National Park (-32.28, 22.46); Baviaanskloof
Mountains (Pampoenkloof) (-33,43, 20.08); Swartberg Nature Reserve (Gamkaskloof) (-33.36, 21.69);
Witsand Nature Reserve (-34.39, 20.85).
Habitat (biomes): FB, GB, NKB, SB.
Known distribution DRC, East Africa, Ethiopia*, Kenya, Rwanda, South Africa.
Continued on the next page
FAMILY AGELENIDAE
(CONTINUED)
15
Mistaria leucopyga (continued)
Olorunia punctata Lehtinen, 1967
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Great Fish River Wetland Park, at Boundary of Farm
Hermanuskraal (-33.48, 27.13). Gauteng: Abe Bailey Nature Reserve (-26.36, 27.4); Johannesburg
(Liefde en Vrede, Bassonia) (-26.2, 28.04). KwaZulu-Natal: Ngome State Forest (-27.78, 31.45). Limpopo: Blouberg Nature Reserve (-22.99, 29.04); Lajuma Mountain Retreat (-23.03, 29.45); Polokwane
Nature Reserve (-23.9, 29.47); Mosdene Nature Reserve (-24.52, 28.7). Northern Cape: Benfontein
Nature Reserve (-28.73, 24.76). Western Cape: Beaufort Wes from the following farms: Farm
Kantkraal (-33.28, 23.22), Farm Vaalkuil (-33.28, 23.22), Farm Katdoornkuil (-33.19, 23.26), Farm De
Pannen (-32.69, 23.43), Farm Juriesfontein (-32.53, 23.43), Farm Eerste Water (-32.60, 23.87), Farm
Nuwejaarsfontein (-23.95, 23.39), Farm Bokvlei (-32.73, 23.59); Prince Albert (Tierberg) (-33.22,
22.03).
Habitat (biomes): GB, NKB, SB, TB.
Known from protected areas: 8.
Known distribution: Botswana, DRC*, South Africa.
FAMILY AGELENIDAE
(CONTINUED)
16
Tegenaria domestica (Clerck, 1757)
Distribution in South Africa: Gauteng: Bronkhorstspruit (Farm Onverwacht) (-25.8, 28.74); Chartwell,
Four Ways Johannesburg (-26.20, 28.04). Limpopo: Magoebaskloof (Farm Merrick, 52 km E) (-23.87,
30.01). KwaZulu-Natal: Giant's Cup Wilderness Reserve (Farm Goschen) (-29.97, 29.46); Matatiele
(Farm Blakely, 2 km S) (-30.33, 28.8). Western Cape: Cape Town (-33.91, 18.42); Stellenbosch
(Muratie Wine Estate) (-33.87, 18.87).
Habitat (biome): synantropic (introduced).
Known from protected areas: 1.
Known distribution Cosmopolitan.
2. FAMILY AMAUROBIIDAE
debris incorporated into the covering. The egg
cocoon is attached to the substrate and the female remains with it.
The family Amaurobiidae occurs worldwide and 4 genera and 8 endemic species are known from South Africa.
•
Common name: mesh-web weavers.
•
Life style: web dwellers with webs made in dark
shady places close to the soil surface.
•
Body size: 3-16 mm (males slightly smaller in
size and legs more slender).
•
Diagnostic characters: colour: drab brown or
grey spiders, abdomen sometimes with ill-defined
pattern and legs in some species with dark annulations; carapace: longer than wide, narrower in
eye region, with longitudinal fovea; eyes: 8 in 2
rows (4:4), usually all pale in colour; abdomen:
oval usually with dense layer of fine setae; spinnerets: short; cribellum present; legs: fairly long,
especially in males who also may have a mating
spur on metatarsi I.
•
Web and retreat: web: a framework of plain
threads supports an irregular network of cribellated silk threads that radiate on to the substrate
from the retreat; retreat: funnel-shaped and situated on one side of the web.
•
Habitat: the amaurobiids are ground-living, cryptic spiders and have been collected from the Fynbos, Grass and Savanna Biomes.
•
Behaviour: they are nocturnal hunters and when
prey come in contact with the signal trip lines of
the web, the spider rushes out to overpower it.
Webs are made beneath logs and stones or holes
in trees or under stones in caves.
The presence of modified setae on the palp and
spinules and striae on the chelicerae of males
suggest that stridulation might play a role in communication in this group of spiders. Females make
spherical or oval egg cocoons with bits of dirt and
17
•
Taxonomic note: a revision of the Afrotropical
members are presently underway and several
new genera and species are possibly new
(Griswold pers. com)
References:
DIPPENAAR-SCHOEMAN, A.S. & JOCQUÉ, R.
1997. African spiders: an identification manual. Plant
Protection Research Institute Handbook no. 9, ARCPlant Protection Research Institute, Pretoria 392 pp.
•
LEHTINEN P.T. 1967 Classification of the cribellate
spiders and some allied families with notes on the evolution of the suborder Araneomorpha. Annales Zoologici Fennici 4, 468 pp.
FAMILY AMAUROBIIDAE
(CONTINUED)
18
Chresiona convexa Simon, 1903
Distribution in South Africa: Western Cape: type locality only as Bonae Spei *.
Habitat (biomes): FB.
?
Chresiona invalida (Simon, 1898)
Distribution in South Africa: Western Cape: type locality only as Bonae Spei*. KwaZulu-Natal: Sani
Pass (-29.62, 29.37). Limpopo: Blouberg Nature Reserve (-22.99, 29.04); Little Leigh (-22.95, 29.87).
Habitat (biomes): FB, GB, SB.
Known distribution: South Africa.
FAMILY AMAUROBIIDAE
(CONTINUED)
Chresiona nigrosignata Simon, 1903
Distribution in South Africa: Western Cape: type locality only as Bonae Spei*.
?
Macrobunus caffer (Simon, 1907)
Distribution in South Africa: Western Cape: Cape Town (-33.91, 18.42)*; Jacobsbaai (-33.15,
18.03).
19
FAMILY AMAUROBIIDAE
(CONTINUED)
20
Obatala armata Lehtinen, 1967
Distribution in South Africa: Western Cape: Cederberg Wilderness Area (-32.16,18.89)*; Mamre
(-33.5, 18.45).
Pseudauximus annulatus Purcell, 1908
Distribution in South Africa: Northern Cape: Kamaggas, Little Namaqualand (-29.75,17.40)*. Limpopo: Lajuma Mountain Retreat (-23.03, 29.45).
Habitat (biomes): SKB, SB.
FAMILY AMAUROBIIDAE
(CONTINUED)
21
Pseudauximus pallidus Purcell, 1903
Distribution in South Africa: Northern Cape: Hanover (-30.94, 24.53)*. Western Cape: Swartberg
Nature Reserve (Gamkaskloof) (-33.36, 21.69).
Habitat (biomes): FB, NKB.
Pseudauximus reticulatus Simon, 1902
Distribution in South Africa: Western Cape: type locality only as Cape of Good Hope*; Robben Island (-33.80, 18.35).
3. FAMILY AMMOXENIDAE
The Ammoxenidae is a small family known only from
Southern Africa and Australia. In South Africa they are
represented by 2 genera and 15 species, of which 9
are endemic to the region.
•
Common names: Ammoxenus (termite feeders or
sand divers); Rastellus (lesser termite feeders or
and divers)
•
Life style: wanderers (ground dwellers): freerunning on the soil surface, associated with termites.
•
Body size: 2-10 mm (Ammoxenus); 1.3-3 mm
(Rastellus) (males slightly smaller in body size).
•
Diagnostic characters: colour: blackish brown to
pale yellow spiders with abdominal pattern varying
from shiny blackish brown with pale median band
and border to yellowish with dark transverse patterns (Ammoxenus) or pale yellow (Rastellus);
carapace: slightly longer than wide, narrower in
front extending to form a horizontal clypeus in
Ammoxenus, while in Rastellus the carapace is
oval, truncated in front and at back; chelicerae:
modified in both genera, in Ammoxenus the main
portion curves downwards and are covered with
numerous obtuse spines (Ammoxenus) while in
Rastellus it is provided with a distal rastelliform
digging scoop; eyes: 8 in 2 rows in a compact
group on a small protuberance; abdomen: oval,
covered with dense, recumbent, plumose setae;
legs: leg formula 4321, in Ammoxenus the tarsi is
long, flexible and pseudo-segmented and it curl up
in dead specimens.
•
•
Web and retreat: web: absent; retreat: during
non-active periods Ammoxenus is found concealed in a sac-like retreat made in the soil-humps
of the harvester termite made during excavations
of their subterranean nests. Rastellus, is similarly
adapted to life in sand and they excavate burrow 4
-6 cm deep.
Habitat: they are mainly recorded from Grassland,
Savanna , Nama-Karoo and Succulent Karoo Biomes. They are usually more abundant in areas
where termites (Hodotermes sp. and Psammotermes spp.) occur.
22
•
Behaviour: Ammoxenus is extremely fast moving
spiders that travel rapidly over the soil surface.
When disturbed they have the ability to dive head
first into sand. They actively prey on the termites
which they selectively choose, kill and then
dragged into loose sand were are found near termite nests (Hodotermes spp). Rastellus was also
found in close association with termites
(Psammotermes spp).
•
Taxonomic note: the family Ammoxenidae are
fairly well studied with several papers on their
behaviour. A revision of the Ammoxenus was undertaken by Dippenaar & Meyer (1980 ) with a
second revision by Bird & Dippenaar-Schoeman
(in prep). The new species recognized included in
bold. Two papers have been published on the
Rastellus species (Platnick & Griffin, 1990; Haddad, 2003)
•
References:
BIRD, T. & DIPPENAAR-SCHOEMAN, A.S. (in prep.). A
revision of the spider genus Ammoxenus (Araneae: Ammoxenidae. Zootaxa
DIPPENAAR, A.S. & MEYER, M.K.P. 1980. On the species
of the African genus Ammoxenus (Araneae: Ammoxenidae)
with description of two new species. Journal of the Entomological Society of southern Africa 43: 41-49.
DIPPENAAR-SCHOEMAN, A.S., DE JAGER, M. & VAN
DEN BERG, A. 1996a. Behaviour and biology of two species
of the termite-eating spiders, Ammoxenus amphalodes and A.
pentheri (Araneae: Ammoxenidae), in South Africa. African
Plant Protection 2: 15-17.
DIPPENAAR-SCHOEMAN, A.S., DE JAGER, M. & VAN
DEN BERG, A. 1996b. Ammoxenus species (Araneae: Ammoxenidae) – specialist predators of harvester termites in
South Africa. African Plant Protection 2: 103-109.
HADDAD, C. R. 2003. A new species of Rastellus (Araneae:
Ammoxenidae) from South Africa. African Zoology 38: 400401.
PLATNICK N. I. & GRIFFIN E. 1990. On Rastellus, a new
genus of the spider family Ammoxenidae (Araneae, Gnaphosoidea). American Museum Novitates 2995: 1-11.
FAMILY AMMOXENIDAE
(CONTINUED)
23
Ammoxenus amphalodes Dippenaar & Meyer, 1980
Distribution in South Africa: Free State: Bloemfontein (-29.11, 26.22); Bloemfontein (Spesbona)
-29.07, 26.15); Bothaville (-27.38, 26.62); Bothaville (Kromvlei/Rusthoek) (-27.31, 26.74); Florisbad Research Station (-28.77, 26.07); Kroonstad (-27.65, 27.24); Vredefort (Rheboksfontein) (-27.05, 27.37).
Gauteng: Abe Bailey Nature Reserve (-26.36, 27.40); Bryanston (-26.046, 28.023); Hartbeesfontein
(-26.76, 26.39); Heidelberg (-26.5, 28.36); Pretoria/Tshwane (Rietondale Research Station) (-25.73,
28.23); Roodeplaatdam Nature Reserve (-25.64; 28.36); Norscott Koppies Nature Reserve (-26.20,
28.04); Midrand, Waterfall (-25.95, 28.14); Randburg (-26.1, 27.92); Knoppieslaagte (-29.95, 27.97).
Limpopo: Springbok Flats (Tuinplaas) (-24.56, 28.46); Mosdene Nature Reserve (-24.52, 28.7);
Nylsvley Nature Reserve (-24.65, 28.67); Pietersburg (-23.89, 29.46); Polokwane Nature Reserve
(-23.9, 29.47); Settlers (-24.95, 28.52); Marble Hall (-25.00, 29.29); Waterberg (Vyeboompoort) (-24.33,
28.33). North West: Kroondal (-25.8, 27.32). KwaZulu-Natal: Pongola (Farm Vergeval, 11 km SSE)
(-27.35, 31.61)*; Hluhluwe Nature Reserve (-28.09, 32.1); Mkuzi Game Reserve (-27.6, 32.25). Mpumalanga: Marble Hall (-24.96, 29.29); Piet Retief (-27.00, 30.79).
Habitat (biomes): GB, SB.
Records from agro-ecosystems: cotton (1).
Ammoxenus barrus Bird & Dippenaar-Schoeman (in prep)
Distribution in South Africa: Western Cape: Cederberg Wilderness Area (-32.16, 18.89); Stellenbosch (-33.93, 18.85).
Known distribution: South Africa, Namibia*.
FAMILY AMMOXENIDAE
(CONTINUED)
24
Ammoxenus celatus Bird & Dippenaar-Schoeman (in prep)
Distribution in South Africa: Northern Cape: Hanover (-30.94, 24.53). Western Cape: Prince Albert
(-33.22, 22.03); Prince Albert (Farm Botterkraal NE) (-33.11, 22.31); Prince Albert (Tierberg) (-33.85,
22.05)*; Ashton, nr. Robertson (-33.83, 20.06); Worcester (-33.64, 19.47); Matjiesfontein (-33.24,
20.58). Eastern Cape: Jansenville (Farm Suurhoek) (-32.87, 24.47).
Ammoxenus coccineus Simon, 1893
Distribution in South Africa: type locality only as Afrique australe*. Gauteng: Roodeplaat Research
Station (-25.66, 28.35). Mpumalanga: Goedehoop Forest (-30.07, 23.07); Nelshoogte Forest Reserve
(-25.83,30.83). Northern Cape: Bingap 184 (-28.90, 22.98); 70 km SE Kakamas (-28.12, 20.27); Benfontein Nature Reserve (-28.82, 24.82); Langberg 138 (-28.92, 24.60); 10 km from Hopetown, Belmont
(-29.61, 24.02); 4 km W of Hopetown (-29.62, 24.02); Coboop duine (-28.75, 19.35); Groblershoop
(Farm Koedoesnek) (-28.81,22.53); Strydenburg (-29.95,23.68); Green Valley Nuts Estate Prieska
(-29.68, 22.74). North West: Molopo, near Vostershoop (-25.75, 22.95); Vorsterhoop (-25.84, 23.02);
Uitsig farm (-27.2, 22.37). Western Cape: Calvinia (Gifkop 166) (-29.95, 19.40); Kenhardt
(Swartduinkop) (-29.40, 21.18); Beaufort West from the following farms: Farm 394 (-32.96, 23.67),
Farm de Pannen (-32.69, 23.43), Farm Eerste Water (-32.69, 22.96), Farm Nuwerjaarsfontein (-32.57,
23.23), Farm Juriesfontein (-32.53, 23.43), Farm Groot Kraanvogelfontein (-32.92,23.64), Farm
Katdoornkuil (-33.19, 23.26).
Habitat (biomes): GB, NKB, SB.
Known distribution: Botswana, Namibia, South Africa*, Zambia.
FAMILY AMMOXENIDAE
(CONTINUED)
Ammoxenus confusus Bird & Dippenaar-Schoeman (in prep)
Distribution in South Africa: Northern Cape: Belmore (10 km from Hopetown) (-29.62, 24.06).
Western Cape: Prince Albert (Tierberg) (-33.85, 22.05)*; Matjiesfontein (-33.24, 20.58).
Ammoxenus crispatus Bird & Dippenaar-Schoeman (in prep)
Distribution in South Africa: Northern Cape: Riemvasmaak (-28.45, 20.3).
Known distribution: South Africa, Namibia*.
25
FAMILY AMMOXENIDAE
(CONTINUED)
26
Ammoxenus deani Bird & Dippenaar-Schoeman (in prep)
Distribution in South Africa: Western Cape: Prince Albert: Tierberg (-33.85, 22.05)*, Heuweltjie
(-33.15,22.7). Northern Cape: Belmore, 10 km from Hopetown (-29.62, 24.06); Matjiesfontein
(-33.24, 20.58); Belmont (-29.42,24.36).
Habitat (biomes): FB, NKB, SKB.
Ammoxenus jacobsi Bird & Dippenaar-Schoeman (in prep)
Distribution in South Africa: Western Cape: Beaufort West: Farm 151b (-32.32, 23.45), Farm Vaalkuil
(-32.81, 22.78).
FAMILY AMMOXENIDAE
(CONTINUED)
27
Ammoxenus kalaharicus Benoit, 1972
Distribution in South Africa: Northern Cape: Steinkopf (-29.25, 17.73). Western Cape: Piketberg
(Lang Vlei 102) (-32.75, 18.5); Porterville (-32.99, 18.99); Prince Albert (Tierberg) (-33.85,22.05); Stellenbosch (-33.93, 18.85).
Known distribution: Botswana*, South Africa.
Ammoxenus pedifer Bird & Dippenaar-Schoeman (in prep)
Distribution in South Africa: Western Cape: Cederberg Wilderness Area: Aan Het Berg (251masl)
(-32.28, 18.53), Aan Het Berg (258 masl) (-32.28, 18.53), Cederberg (643 masl) (-32.4, 19.09),
Cederberg (677 masl) (-32.4, 19.09), Cederberg (1187masl) (-32.46, 19.24), Cederberg (1547masl) (32.39, 19.15);Crystal Pools ( 927masl) (-32.31, 19.17), Crystal Pools (1125 masl) (-32.33, 19.14), Crystal Pools (1135 masl) (-32.33, 19.14), Crystal Pools (1141 masl) (-32.33, 19.15), Crystal Pools (1298m)
(-32.35, 19.14), Wupperthal (515 masl) (-32.28, 19.22), Wupperthal (522 masl) (-32.28, 19.22), Wupperthal(524 masl) (-32.28, 19.22), Wupperthal (531 masl) (-32.28, 19.22).
FAMILY AMMOXENIDAE
(CONTINUED)
28
Ammoxenus pentheri Simon, 1896
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Mountain Zebra National Park (-32.24, 25.43); Cradock
(-32.16, 25.16); Kirkwood (Dunbrody, nr. Blue Cliff) (-33.38, 25.45); Addo Elephant National Park
(-33.32, 25.72); Middelburg (-31.49, 24.99); Jansenville from following farms: Farm Osplaas 20 km
NWW) (-32.88,24.5), Farm Suurhoek (-32.87,24.47), Farm Matjiesfontein (-32.83,24.44); Alicedale
(-33.31, 26.08). KwaZulu-Natal: Van Reenen Pass (-28.37, 29.38). Northern Cape: Kimberley
(Langberg) (-29.92, 24.60); Victoria West (-31.40, 23.12); Colesberg (Vogelsfontein 71) (-30.62, 25.30).
Western Cape: Karoo National Park (Lammetjieslaagte) (-32.18, 22.19); Ashton (-33.83, 20.06); Willowmore (-33.30, 23.30); Swartberg Nature Reserve (Gamkaskloof) (-33.36, 21.69); Beaufort West from
following farms; Farm Bokvlei (-32.73, 23.59), Farm Katdoorkuil (-33.19, 23.26), Farm 151b (-32.32,
23.45), Farm Eerste Water (-32.69, 22.96), Farm De Pannen (-32.69, 23.43), Farm Nuwejaarsfontein
(-32,57, 23.23), Farm 394 (-32.96, 23.67); Klaarstroom (-33.33, 22.54); Wellwood 518 (-31.59, 24.58);
Prince Albert (Farm Botterkraal) (-33.11, 22.31); Prince Albert (Tierberg) (-33.85, 22.05).
Habitat (biomes): FB, NKB, SB, SKB, TB.
Known distribution: South Africa, Botswana*.
Ammoxenus profundus Bird & Dippenaar-Schoeman (in prep)
Distribution in South Africa: Northern Cape: Kimberley (Resolution, Albany) (-33.43, 26.77)*. Eastern Cape: Alice, nr. Fort Beaufort (-32.78, 26.62); Andries Vosloo Kudu Reserve (-33.13, 26.65); Ecca
Pass Nature Reserve (-33.2, 26.5); 13 km N Grahamstown direction Fort Beaufort (-33.2, 26.51); Great
Fish River Reserve: Farm Buckland (-33.06, 26.87), Farm Hermanuskraal (-33.05, 26,78).
Habitat (biomes): NKB, TB.
FAMILY AMMOXENIDAE
(CONTINUED)
29
Ammoxenus psammodromus Simon, 1910
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Vryburg (-26.95, 24.73). Free State: Boshof (Farm Elliesdal 1062) (-28.8, 25.52); FarmTable (-28.72, 24.92); Florisbad Research Station (-28.77, 26.07); Jacobsdal, Kimberley Rd. (-29.18, 24.77); Boshof (Krugersdriftdam) (-28.72, 24.92); Request (-28.60, 24.85).
Limpopo: Blouberg Nature Reserve ( -22.99, 29.04); Dendron (Farm Amsterdam (-23.37, 29.32).
Western Cape: Willowmore (-33.30, 23.30).
Known distribution: Botswana*, Namibia, South Africa.
Rastellus deserticola Haddad, 2003
Distribution in South Africa: Northern Cape: Prieska (Green Valley Nuts Estate) (-29.68, 22.74)*;
Cederberg Wilderness Area (-32.16, 18.89).
Habitat (biomes): NKB, SKB.
FAMILY AMMOXENIDAE
(CONTINUED)
30
Rastellus florisbad Platnick & Griffin, 1990
Distribution in South Africa: Free State: Florisbad Research Station (-28.77, 26. 08). Limpopo:
Blouberg Nature Reserve (-22.99, 29.04); Springbok Flats (Tuinplaas) (-24.56, 28.46); Thabazimbi
(-24.60, 27.38); Kruger National Park (5 km N of Letaba Camp) (-23.83, 31.58); Makalali Nature Reserve (-24.34, 30.93).
4. FAMILY ANAPIDAE
The Anapidae occur worldwide, but are more common
in tropical and southern temperate forests. Three genera are known from South Africa represented by 4
species of which 3 are endemic to the region.
•
Common name: ground orb-web weavers.
•
Life style: anapids are cryptozoic and found in the
litter layer. Some genera produce webs.
•
Body size: very small spiders (< 2 mm).
•
Diagnostic characters: colour: various hues of
brown (reddish to yellowish); carapace: modified
with ocular region elevated; pedicel arising from
circular, rimmed cavity on posterior declivity; glandular openings situated in hollow pits on edge of
carapace at anterolateral corners; labrum bears
anterior spur that projects forward between chelicerae (discernible when chelicerae are spread
apart), sometimes reduced to a small crest; abdomen: spherical, soft with only some sclerotized
areas in female, with large scutum in male; legs:
three claws; legs short, without spines; metatarsi
shorter than tarsi; femora I of male with a short
spine ventrally; eyes 6-8 arranged in pairs; haplogyne; spermathecae well separated; male palp
variable, femur and patella sometimes with bristles or apophyses; embolus varies from spiniform
in Pseudanapis to short and wide in Crozetulus.
•
Web: in some genera a horizontal orb-web is
made close to the soil surface.
•
Habitat: found in the litter layer in the Fynbos,
Nama-Karoo, Savanna and Thicket Biomes.
•
Behaviour: Some are free-living in the litter and
humus while other build small, horizontal orbwebs slightly drawn up in the centre. Crozetulus
scutatus has been collected from caves.
•
Taxonomic note: very little is known about the
South African fauna. Litter surveys indicate that
there are several undescribed species.
31
References:
BRIGNOLI, 1981. New or interesting Anapidae
(Arachnida, Araneae). Revue suisse de zoologie 88:
109-134.
•
LAWRENCE R.F. 1964. New cavernicolous spiders of
South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum 48:
57-75.
WUNDERLICH J. 1995. Drei bisher unbekannte Arten
und Gattungen der Familie Anapidae (s.1) aus SüdAfrika, Brasilien und Malaysia (Arachnida: Araneae).
Beiträge zur Araneologie 4: 543-548.
FAMILY ANAPIDAE
(CONTINUED)
32
Crozetulus rhodesiensis Brignoli, 1981
Distribution in South Africa: Western Cape: Karoo National Park (Pienaar's Pass) (-32.28, 22.46);
Bontebok National Park (-34.07, 20.45); Brenton-on-Sea (-34.1, 23.03); Table Mountain National Park
(Cape of Good Hope Nature Reserve) (-34.24, 18.41); Diepwalle Forest Station (-34.03, 23.03); De
Hoop Nature Reserve (De Hoop Vlei) (-34.45, 20.44). Limpopo: Entabeni Forest (-23.00, 30.23); Lajuma Mountain Retreat (-23.03, 29.45). KwaZulu-Natal: iSimangaliso Wetland Park: Sodwana Bay National Park (-27.40, 32.76).
Habitat (biomes): FB, FoB,NKB, SB.
Known distribution: Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe*.
Crozetulus scutatus (Lawrence, 1964)
Distribution in South Africa: Western Cape: Muizenberg (Boomslang Cave) (-34.10, 18.47); Table
Mountain National Park: Table Mountain (Wynberg Caves) (-34.05, 18.45)*, Table Mountain (Bats
Cave) (-33.82, 18.48).
FAMILY ANAPIDAE
(CONTINUED)
Dippenaaria luxurians Wunderlich, 1995
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Grahamstown (-33.30, 26.52)*.
Habitat (biomes): TB.
Metanapis bimaculata (Simon, 1895)
Distribution in South Africa: Western Cape: type locality only as Cape*.
?
33
5. FAMILY ANYPHAENIDAE
The family Anyphaenidae is represented by more than
500 species worldwide but only one species Amaurobioides africana Hewitt, 1917 is recorded from Namibia
and South Africa.
34
is possibly exchanged through the web's surface.
The retreats are mainly located in crevices or under rocks in the spray zone between high water
neaps and high water springs. In areas where the
wave action is weak, the spiders take refuge under rocks and seldom build a nest. They then use
the water-repellent setae of their bodies to entrap
a thin layer of air. The female guards her young in
the silk retreat once they have hatched.
•
Common name: sea-shore spiders.
•
Life style: ground dwellers; free-running intertidal
spiders.
•
Body size: 10-17 mm (males slightly smaller in
size).
•
•
Diagnostic characters: colour: various shades
of brown with the carapace reddish brown, darker
around eyes and abdomen with distinct chevron
patterns dorsally and pale ventrally; carapace:
ovoid, longer than wide and sparsely covered with
setae; chelicerae: long and slender, slightly projecting to the front with strong fangs; eyes: 8 eyes
arranged in 2 recurved rows, on a low mound projecting over the clypeus; abdomen: elongate-oval
with a light covering of short setae with longer
dark setae scattered in between; legs: of median
length with leg formula 1423.
References:
HEWITT, 1917. Descriptions of new South African
Arachnida. Annals of the Natal Museum 3: 687-711.
•
Web and retreat: web: absent; retreat: during the
non-active periods the spider hide in the empty
shells of various Mollusca, especially limpets. The
spider lines the interior of the empty shells with
silk to make them waterproof before it is being
submerged at high tide.
•
Habitat: Rocky coastal areas.
•
Behaviour: Found in the higher shore regions in
the zone extending from high water neaps to high
water springs: an area infrequently flooded by salt
water of rocky coasts. In areas with strong wave
action, the spider lines the interior of the empty
shells with silk to make them waterproof and
enough air is retained to enable the spiders to
survive periods of prolonged immersion. Oxygen
Taxonomic note: Lamoral (1968, 1971) reported
on their taxonomy and behaviour.
•
LAMORAL, B.H. 1968. On the ecology and habitat
adaptations of two intertidal spiders, Desis formidabilis
(O.P.-Cambridge) and Amaurobioides africanus
(Hewitt), at “The island” (Kommetjie, Cape Peninsula),
with notes on the occurrence of two other spiders. Annals of the Natal Museum 20: 151-193.
LAMORAL, B.H. 1971. These spiders are “drowned”
every day. African Wildlife 25: 7-10.
FAMILY ANYPHAENIDAE
(CONTINUED)
35
Amaurobioides africana Hewitt, 1917
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Jeffrey's Bay (-34.06, 24.91); Port Alfred (-33.58, 26.85);
Kei River Mouth (-32.68, 28.37); East London (-33.01, 27.90)*. Western Cape: Hermanus (Vermont)
(-34.4, 19.25); Hermanus (Voëlklip) (-34.41, 19.26); De Hoop Nature Reserve (Koppie Alleen) (-34.28;
20.30); Betty's Bay (-34.34, 18.94); Kommetjie (The Island) (-34.16, 18.34); Pringle Bay (-34.3, 18.83);
Rooi Els Berg (-34.25, 18.58).
Habitat (biomes): coastal rocky areas.
Known distribution: South Africa*, Namibia.
Conservation status: endemicity: 2; abundance: 1[3].
6. FAMILY ARANEIDAE
36
The family Araneidae has a worldwide distribution with an enormous diversity of > 2600 species. In South Africa
the family is represented by 35 genera and 95 species of which 26 species are endemics. The genera are very
diverse in shape, colour, size and behaviour and are grouped in the following subfamilies Araneinae, Argiopinae,
Cyrtarachninae. Cyrtophorinae and Gasteracanthinae.
•
Genera with common names:
Araneinae: Arachnura (scorpion-tail spiders); Caerostris (bark
spiders); Cyclosa (garbage-line spiders); Cyphalonotus (twig
spiders); Hypsosinga Neoscona, Araneus (hairy field spiders);
Pararaneus (spicky hairy field spiders); Nemoscolus (stone-nest
spiders); Kilima, Larinia and Lipocrea (grass orb-web spiders);
Singa (pajama spiders). Argiopinae: Argiope (garden orb-web
spiders); Argiope trifasciata (banded orb-web spiders); Argiope
australis (butter spider or black and yellow banded spider).
Cyrtarachninae: Cladomelea (bolas spiders); Pycnacantha
(hedgehog spiders); Paraplectana (lady bird spiders); Aethriscus
and Cyrtarachne (bird-dropping spiders). Cyrtophorinae: Cyrtophora (tropical tent-web spiders). Gasteracanthinae: Gasteracantha (kite spider); Isoxya (box spiders).
•
Life style: web dwellers (typical orb-web); webs usually made in
and between vegetation.
•
Body size: vary between genera (3-30 mm), (males usually
smaller, with distinct sexual dimorphism).
•
Diagnostic characters: vary between genera. Colour: varies
from cream to brown to greyish black or brightly coloured; colour
allows spider to blend in with environment when resting; carapace: variable smooth or with numerous protuberances especially in species found on bark; eyes: 8 in 2 rows (4:4); abdomen:
variable, usual as wide as long overhanging the carapace, covered with protuberances or patterns, sometimes elongated; legs:
not very long, when at rest kept close to body.
•
Web and retreat: web: the spider hangs head down in the middle of the orb-web or is found in a retreat close by. The web can
be either horizontal or vertical. It consists of bridge lines, radii
and a circular area, which are usually made of adhesive threads.
The shape, number of radii and position of webs vary between
the different genera; retreat: some genera construct a tunnelshaped retreat of silk and plant debris on one side of the web.
The spider is then in contact with the web with a signal trip-line.
Araneinae
Argiopinae
•
Habitat: found in a variety of habitats. Commonly found in Savanna, Nama-Karoo, Succulent Karoo, Fynbos Biomes and open
forest.
•
Behaviour: most species are nocturnal and procryptic by day
resting with their bodies appressed against the substrate. The
orb-web spiders have poor vision and locate their prey by feeling
the vibrations and tensions of the web. They wrap their prey with
alternating movements of their fourth pairs of legs by pulling the
silk from the spinnerets and throwing large bands of silk over the
prey.
•
Taxonomic notes: Bjorn (1997), Emerit (1973)and Grasshoff
(1968-86) revised several genera, but most still need to been
Cyrtarachninae
Cyrtophorinae
Gasteracanthidae
FAMILY ARANEIDAE
revised. There are also numerous specimens that
could not be identified.
References:
ACKERMAN, C. 1923. A comparison of the habitats of
a South African spider, Cladomelea, with those of an
Australian Dicrostichus. Annals of the Natal Museum
5: 83-88.
•
BJÖRN, P.P. 1997. A taxonomic revision of the African part of the orb-weaving genus Argiope (Araneae,
Araneidae). Entomologia Scandinavia 28: 199-239.
EMERIT, M. 1973. Contribution à la connaissance des
Araneidae Gasteracanthinae du sud-est africain: les
Gastéracanthes du Natal Museum. Annals of the Natal
Museum 21: 675-695.
GRASSHOFF M. 1968 Morphologische Kriterien als
Ausdruck von Artgrenzen bei Radnetzspinnen der Sub
-familie Araneinae (Arachnida: Araneae: Araneidae).
Abhandlungen von der senckenbeqischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft 516, 100 pp.
GRASSHOFF M. 1970a. Die Gattung Kilima n.gen.
(Arachnida: Araneae: Araneidae). Senckenbergiana
biologica 51:119 -128.
GRASSHOFF M. 1970b. Die Tribus Mangorini. I. Die
Gattungen Eustala, Larinia s.str. Larinopa n.gen.
(Arachnida: Araneae: . Araneidae-Araneinae). Senckenbergiana biologica 51:209-234.
GRASSHOFF M. 1970c. Die Tribus Mangorini. II. Die
neuen Gattungen Siwa, Paralarinia, Faradja, Mahembea und Larinia (Arachnida: Araneae: Araneidae - Araneinae). Senckenbergiana biologica 51:409-423.
GRASSHOFF M. 1971a. Die Tribus Mangorini. Ill. Die
Gattung Drexelia MacCook (Arachnida: Araneae: Araneidae – Araneinae). Senckenbergiana biologica 52:
81-95.
GRASSHOFF M. 1971b. Die Tribus Mangorini. IV Die
Mangora-Gruppe. (Arachnida: Araneae: Araneidae Araneinae). Senckenbergiana biologica 52:293-311.
GRASSHOFF M. 1984 Die Radnetzspinnen-Gattung
Caerostris (Arachnicia: Araneae). Revue de Zoologie
africaine 98: 725-765.
Grasshoff M. 1986 Die Radnetzspinnen-Gattung Neoscona in Afrika (Arachnida: Araneae). Annales du
Musée royal de I’Afrique Centrale 250, 123 pp.
GRASSHOFF M. & EDMUNDS J. 1979 Arancus legonensis n. sp. (Araneidae: Araneae) from Ghana,
West Africa and its free sector web. Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society 4: 303-309.
37
DIPPENAAR-SCHOEMAN, A.S. & LEROY A. 1996.
Notes on the biology of Pycnacantha tribulus, another araneid without an orbweb (Araneae: Araneidae).
Revue suisse de zoologie (hors série): 165-171.
DIPPENAAR-SCHOEMAN A.S & JONES A. 2009.
First record of a bird-dropping spider of the genus
Cyrtarachne from South Africa (Araneae: Araneidae). SANSA News 8: 15-16.
LEROY, J., JOCQUÉ, R. & LEROY, A. 1998. On
the behaviour of the African bolas-spider
Cladomelea akermani Hewitt (Araneae, Araneidae,
Cyrtarachninae), with description of the male. Annals of the Natal Museum 39: 1-9.
FAMILY ARANEIDAE (CONTINUED)
38
Acusilas africanus Simon, 1895
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Mazeppa Bay (-32.47, 28.64); Jeffrey's Bay (-34.06,
24.91). KwaZulu-Natal: Ndumo Game Reserve (-26.87, 32.24); Richards Bay (-28.78, 32.1). Limpopo:
Makalali Nature Reserve (-24.34, 30.93).
Habitat (biomes): FoB, SB, TB.
Known distribution: Cameroon*, Gabon, Sierra Leone, South Africa.
Aethriscus olivaceus Pocock, 1902
Distribution in South Africa: Gauteng: Johannesburg (-26.2; 28.04); Pretoria/Tshwane (-25.74,
28.19). Eastern Cape: Bathurst (-33.5, 26.84). KwaZulu-Natal: Shakaskraal (-29.41, 31.26); iSimangaliso Wetland Park (St. Lucia) (-28.00, 32.48); Dukuduku Forest Station (-28.37, 32.23). Mpumalanga: Hendriksdal Plantation (-25.2, 30.75); Burgers Hall (-25.08, 31.06). Limpopo: Letaba (-23.82,
30.16).
Habitat (biomes): FoB, GB, SB, TB.
Records from agro-ecosystems: citrus (2).
Known distribution: Congo Republic*, South Africa.
39
Afracantha camerunensis (Thorell, 1899)
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Cwebe Nature Reserve (-32.28, 28.9). KwaZulu-Natal:
Ndumo Game Reserve (-26.87, 32.24); Mbuluzi Game Reserve (-25.73, 32.00); iSimangaliso Wetland
Park (Hell’s Gate) (-28.0, 32.48). Limpopo: Kruger National Park (Macile Piket) (-22.93, 31.02).
Known distribution: Cameroon*, Congo Republic, Ghana, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia, Uganda.
Arachnura scorpionoides Vinson, 1863
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: East London (-33.01, 27.9); Port Elizabeth (-33.95,
25.61). KwaZulu-Natal: iSimangaliso Wetland Park: False Bay Park (-27.92, 32.27), Fanie’s Island (28.1, 32.45), Lake Sibayi (-27.35, 32.7), Mkuzi Game Reserve (-27.63, 32.25), Sodwana Bay National
Park (-27.4, 32.76); Ndumo Game Reserve (-26.87, 32.24); Phinda Game Reserve (-27.72, 32.38);
Vernon Crookes Nature Reserve (-30.27, 30.57). Limpopo: Lajuma Mountain Retreat (-23.03, 29.45);
Makalali Nature Reserve (-24.34, 30.93). Mpumalanga: Lowveld National Botanical Gardens (-25.47,
31.0); Pilgrims Rest (-24.89, 30.75); Schagen (-25.43, 30.8); Hazyview (-25.03, 31.12). North West:
Brits (-25.62, 27.77). Western Cape: Bellville (-33.9, 18.63); Stilbaai (-34.36, 21.43); Tsitsikamma National Park (-33.98, 23.52).
Habitat (biomes): FB, SB, TB.
Records from agro-ecosystems: cotton (1), citrus (1).
Known distribution: Congo Republic, Ethiopia, Madagascar*, Mauritius & Rodriquez, South Africa.
40
Araniella sp. 1
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Hogsback (32.59, 26.92); Keurkloof (Farm Ferndale)
(Baviaanskloof) (-33.68, 24.83); Port Elizabeth (-33.95, 25.61); Qachas Nek (-30.12, 28.68). Gauteng:
Ezemvelo Nature Reserve (-25.8, 28.77). KwaZulu Natal: Ndumo Game Reserve (-26.87, 32.24);
Tembe Elephant Park (-27.03, 32.43); iSimangaliso Wetland Park: Hellsgate (-28.00, 32.48), Mkuze
Game Reserve (-27.63, 32.25); Ophathe Game Reserve (-28.52, 31.66); Vryheid Nature Reserve
(-27.75, 30.79); Highmoor (-29.3, 29.59). Limpopo: Lajuma Mountain Retreat (-23.03, 29.45); Polokwane Nature Reserve (-23.9, 29.47); Nylstroom/Modimolle (-24.69, 28.4); Pafuri (Waller's Camp)
(-22.42, 30.91); Entabeni Nature Reserve (-22.99, 30.26); Tshulu Camp (Venda) (-22.57978, 30.808);
Little Leigh (Western Soutpansberg) (-22.95, 29.87); Blouberg Nature Reserve (-22.99, 29.04). Mpumalanga: Lowveld National Botanical Gardens (-25.47, 31); Marble Hall (-24.96, 29.29); Kruger National Park (Pretoriuskop) (-25.15, 31.2). Western Cape: Saasveld Forest Station (-33.95, 22.53).
Known distribution: cosmopolitan.
Araneus apricus (Karsch, 1884)
Distribution in South Africa: Gauteng: Pretoria (-25.74, 28.19); Ezemvelo Nature Reserve (-25.8,
28.77); Magaliesburg (-25.99, 27.54); Roodeplaatdam Nature Reserve (-25.64, 28.36); Wonderboom
Nature Reserve (-25.69, 28.19). KwaZulu-Natal: iSimangaliso Wetland Park: Mkuzi Game Reserve
(-27.63, 32.25 ), Kosi Bay Nature Reserve (-26.93, 32.87); Tembe Elephant Park (-26.94, 32.47); Melmoth (-28.57, 31.39); Ndumo Game Reserve (-26.87, 32.24); Pongola (Farm Vergeval) (-27.35, 31.61);
Umgeni Valley Nature Reserve (-29.47,30.2). Limpopo: Alma (-24.49; 28.07); Kampersrus (Farm Madrid) (-24.48, 30.83); Mosdene Nature Reserve (-24.52, 28.7); Nylstroom/ Modimolle (-24.69, 28.4);
Nylsvley Nature Reserve (-24.65, 28.67); Polokwane Nature Reserve (-23.9, 29.47); Rust de Winter
(-25.19, 28.63); Acornhoek, Sandringham Nature Reserve (-24.58, 31.1); Lajuma Mountain Retreat
(-23.03, 29.45); Little Leigh (Western Soutpansberg) (-22.95, 29.87); Letaba (-23.82, 30.16); Bandelierkop (-23.3, 29.79); Kruger National Park (-22.93, 31.06); Hoedspruit (-24.34, 30.93). Mpumalanga:
Badplaas (-25.95, 30.56); Brondal (-25.35, 30.84); Burgers Hall (-25.08, 31.08); Loskop Dam Nature
Reserve (-25.46, 29.23); Lowveld National Botanical Gardens (-25.47, 31.0); Nelspruit (-25.47, 30.96).
North West: Borakalalo Game Reserve (-25.14, 27.82); Hartbeespoortdam (-25.73, 27.85); Kroondal
(-25.75, 27.32); Olifantsnekdam (-25.8, 27.25); Pelindaba (-25.8, 27.9); Rustenburg Nature Reserve
(-25.72, 27.18); Rhenosterspruit Conservancy (-26.9, 26.38). North Cape: Hopetown (Farm Suffolk)
-29.58, 24.24). Western Cape: De Hoop Nature Reserve (-34.45, 20.44).
Araneus apricus (continued)
Habitat (biomes): FB, FoB, GB, NKB, SB.
Records from agro-ecosystems: avocado (1), cotton (1), citrus (1).
Known distribution: Wide throughout Africa* and Yemen.
Suspected to be under threat: no.
Araneus caplandensis (Strand, 1907)
Distribution in South Africa: Western Cape: type locality only as Kapland*.
Habitat (biomes): FB?.
?
41
42
Araneus coccinella Pocock, 1898
Distribution in South Africa: Western Cape: Cape Town (-33.91, 18.42). KwaZulu-Natal: Estcourt
(-29.00, 29.87)*. Gauteng: Roodeplaatdam Nature Reserve (-25.64, 28.36); Pretoria (-25.71, 30.24).
Limpopo: Klein Kariba (-24.88,28.29); Polokwane Nature Reserve (-23.9, 29.47).
Araneus drygalskii (Strand, 1909)
Distribution in South Africa: Western Cape: Simonstown (-34.19, 18.42)*.
43
Araneus fishoekensis (Strand, 1909)
Distribution in South Africa: Western Cape: Fish Hoek (-34.15, 18.42)*.
Araneus gazerti (Strand, 1909)
Distribution in South Africa: Western Cape: Fish Hoek (-34.15, 18.42)*. Eastern Cape: East London
(Pineapple Research Station) (-33.01, 27.9).
44
Araneus graemii Pocock, 1900
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: East London (Pineapple Research Station) (-33.01,
27.9); Grahamstown (-33.30, 26.52)*. Limpopo: Polokwane Nature Reserve (-23.9, 29.47).
Habitat (biomes): NKB, SB, TB.
Araneus haploscapellus (Strand, 1907)
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Grahamstown (-33.30, 26.52)*. Limpopo: Polokwane
Nature Reserve (-23.9, 29.47).
Habitat (biomes): SB, TB.
45
Araneus holzapfelae Lessert, 1936
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: Empangeni (-28.72, 31.88). Limpopo: Blouberg Nature
Reserve (-22.99, 29.04); Gravelotte (-23.95, 30.57); Little Leigh (Western Soutpansberg) (-22.95,
29.87); Makalali Nature Reserve (-24.34, 30.93); Polokwane Nature Reserve (-23.9, 29.47). Mpumalanga: Brondal (-25.35, 30.84).
Records from agro-ecosystems: avocado (1).
Known distribution: Mozambique*, South Africa.
Araneus lamperti (Strand, 1907)
Distribution in South Africa: Western Cape: type locality only as Kapland*. Northern Cape: only a
locality listed as Kalahari.
Habitat (biomes): FB, SB.
?
?
46
Araneus legonensis Grasshoff & Edmunds, 1979
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: Hilton (-29.56, 30.3); iSimangaliso Wetland Park: Hell’s
Gate(-28, 32.48); Tembe Elephant Park (-26.94, 32.47). Limpopo: Lajuma Mountain Retreat
(-23.03, 29.45); Little Leigh (-22.95, 29.87). Western Cape: Cape Town (-33.91, 18.42); Table Mountain National Park: Newlands Forest (-33.91, 18.42); Outeniqua Nature Reserve (-33.87, 22.48).
Habitat (biomes): FB, FoB, GB, SB.
Known distribution: Ghana*, South Africa.
Araneus meus (Strand, 1907)
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Grahamstown (-33.30, 26.52)*. Western Cape: Cape
Town (-33.91, 18.42).
Habitat (biomes): FB, TB.
47
Araneus nigroquadratus Lawrence, 1937
Distribution in South Africa: East Cape: Cintsa (-32.83, 28.06); Cwebe Nature Reserve (-32.28,
28.9); East London (Pineapple Research Station) (-33.01, 27.9); Grahamstown (-33.3, 26.52); Great
Fish River Wetland Park (-33.48, 27.13); Hogsback (-32.59, 26.92); Komga (-32.58, 27.9); Mkambathi
Nature Reserve (-31.27, 30.02). Gauteng: Pretoria (-25.74, 28.19). KwaZulu-Natal: Drakensberg
Mountain Range (-24.62, 30.88); Dukuduku Forest Station (-28.37, 32.23); Giant's Castle Nature Reserve (-29.23, 29.48); iSimangaliso Wetland Park: Hell’s Gate (-28, 32.48), Kosi Bay Nature Reserve (26.93, 32.87)*, Sodwana Bay National Park (-27.4, 32.76); Mooirivier (-29.2, 30.00); Ngome State Forest (-27.78, 31.45); Richards Bay (-28.78, 32.1); Tembe Elephant Park (-26.94, 32.47); Vryheid Nature
Reserve (-27.75, 30.79). Limpopo: Gravelotte (-23.95, 30.57); Lajuma Mountain Retreat (-23.03,
29.45); Makalali Nature Reserve (-24.34, 30.93); Potgietersrus/ Mokopane (-24.17, 29.0); Swartbos
Forest (-23.53, 29.59); Vaalwater (-24.29, 28.11). Mpumalanga: Hendriksdal Plantation (-25.2, 30.75);
Nelspruit (-25.47, 30.96). Western Cape: Fisherhaven (-34.36, 19.13); Franschoek (-33.89, 19.10);
Gouritsmond (Borrelfontein) (-34.34, 21.87).
Habitat (biomes): FB, FoB, GB, NKB, SB, TB.
Records from agro-ecosystems: citrus( 1).
Known distribution: Namibia, South Africa*.
Araneus strupifer (Simon, 1885)
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Bathurst (-33.5, 26.84). KwaZulu-Natal: Hluhluwe Nature Reserve (-28.09, 32.1); Umfolozi Nature Reserve (-28.3, 31.76). Limpopo: Lajuma Mountain Retreat (-23.03, 29.45).
Known distribution: Botswana, Central Africa*, South Africa.
Araneus zuluanus (Strand, 1907)
Distribution in South Africa: Western Cape: type locality only as Capland*.
Records from agro-ecosystems: 0
?
Argiope anomalopalpis Bjørn, 1997
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Dwesa Nature Reserve (-32.27, 28.87).
Habitat (biomes): FoB
Known distribution: DRC*, South Africa.
48
49
Argiope aurocincta Pocock, 1898
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Mountain Zebra National Park (-32.24, 25.43); East London (Pineapple Research Station) (-33.01, 27.9). Gauteng: Roodeplaatdam Nature Reserve (-25.64,
28.36). KwaZulu-Natal: iSimangaliso Wetland Park: Mkuzi Game Reserve (-27.63, 32.25), Sodwana
Bay National Park (-27.4, 32.76); Margate (-30.85, 30.36); Ndumu Game Reserve (-26.87, 32.24); Oribi
Gorge Nature Reserve (-30.71, 30.26); Phinda Game Reserve (-27.72, 32.38); Richards Bay (-28.78,
32.1);Tembe Elephant Park (-26.94, 32.47). Limpopo: Phalaborwa, Grietjie Nature Reserve (-24.18,
31.65); Polokwane Nature Reserve (-23.9, 29.47). North West: Magaliesberg Mountain Sanctuary Park
(-25.82, 27.47).
Habitat (biomes): FoB, GB, NKB, SB.
Known distribution: DRC, Kenya*, South Africa, Tanzania.
Argiope australis (Walckenaer, 1805)
Distribution in South Africa: type as Cape of Good Hope*. Eastern Cape: Bathurst (-33.5, 26.84);
Baviaanskloof Nature Reserve (-33.76, 24.81); Breakfast Vlei (-33.08, 26.95); Fort Brown Kudu Reserve (-33.13, 26.62); Graaff-Reinet (-32.24, 24.53); Grahamstown (-33.3, 26.52); Great Fish River Reserve (-33.13, 26.65); Hogsback (-32.59, 26.92); Kwandwe Private Game Reserve (-33.09, 26.57);
Mountain Zebra National Park (-32.24, 25.43); Port Elizabeth (-33.95, 25.61). Free State: Bloemfontein
(-29.11, 26.22); National Botanical Gardens, Bloemfontein (-29.05, 26.21); Amanzi Private Game Reserve (-28.62, 26.68); Bothaville (-27.38, 26.62); Clarens (-28.51, 28.43);Clocolan, Mpetsane Conservation Estate (-28.92, 27.58); Ficksburg (-28.86, 27.86l; Fouriesburg (-28.61, 28.23); Hoopstad (-27.85,
25.93); Tussen die Riviere Nature Reserve (-30.47, 25.19); Vrede (-27.43, 29.13). Gauteng: Benoni
(-26.19, 28.31); Boksburg (-26.13, 28.15); Hammanskraal (-25.41, 28.27); Irene (Smuts House)
(-25.89, 28.23); Midrand (-25.95, 28.14); Pretoria/Tshwane (-25.74, 28.19); Pretoria National Botanical
Garden (-25.74, 28.19); Roodeplaatdam Nature Reserve (-25.64, 28.36); Roodepoort (-26.14, 27.86);
Sandton, Norscott Koppies (-26.06, 28.07). KwaZulu-Natal: Giant's Cup Wilderness Reserve (Farm
Goschen) (-29.23, 29.48); Hluhluwe (-28.02, 32.28); Hluhluwe Nature Reserve (-28.09, 32.1); Ladysmith (-28.55, 29.76); Ndumu Game Reserve (-26.87, 32.24); Oribi Gorge Reserve (-30.71, 30.26); Pietermaritzburg (-29.6,30.38); Pongola, (Farm Vergeval) (-27.35, 31.61); Richards Bay (-28.78, 32.1);
Sungulwane Game Reserve (-28.87, 31.18); Tembe Elephant Park (-26.94, 32.47); Thanda Private
Game Reserve (-27.87, 32.13); Vryheid (-27.77, 30.79).
50
Argiope australis (continued)
Limpopo: Bandelierskop (-23.31, 29.79); Blouberg Nature Reserve (-22.99, 29.04); Dendron (Farm
Amsterdam) (-23.37, 29.32); Ellisras/Lephalale (-23.67, 27.71); Grietjie Nature Reserve (-24.18, 31.65);
Louis Trichardt (-23.04, 29.91); Little Leigh (-22.95, 29.87); Leopard Creek Reserve (Farm Caledonia)
(-23.83, 27.95); Letaba (-23.82, 30.16); Messina/Mussina (-22.34, 30.03); Mooketsi (-23.59, 30.08);
Mara (-23.04, 29.66); Naboomspruit (-24.52, 28.7); Nylsvley Nature Reserve (-24.65, 28.67); Polokwane Nature Reserve (-23.9, 29.47); Pietersburg/ Polokwane (-23.89, 29.46); Potgietersrus/
Mokopane (-24.17, 29.00); Kruger National Park (-22.93, 31.02); Rust de Winter (-25.19, 28.63); Thabazimbi (-24.6, 27.38); Tongwane (-24.22, 29.9); Welgevonden Nature Reserve (-24.39, 27.78). NorthWest: Brits (-25.62, 27.77); Klipvoor Dam (-25.74, 27.84); Kroondal (-25.75, 27.32); Magaliesburg (25.99, 27.54);Rustenburg Nature Reserve (-25.65, 27.22); Swartruggens (Farm Olivenkloof 373 JP) (25.54, 26.52). Mpumalanga: Ermelo (-26.51, 29.98); Hectorspruit (-25.43, 31.68); Komatipoort (Farm
Sommerreg) (-25.53, 31.82); Kruger National Park (Skukuza) (-25.00, 31.97); Loskop Dam Nature
Reserve (-25.46, 29.23); Middelburg (-25.76, 29.46); Nelspruit (-25.47, 30.96); Schoemanskloof (-25.4,
30.5); Secunda (-26.5, 29.18); Wakkerstroom (-27.33, 30.14); Warburton (Farm Weltevreden 68)
(-26.2, 30.43). Northern Cape: Fraserburg (-31.91, 21.51); Hopetown (Farm Suffolk) (-29.58, 24.24);
Kalahari Gemsbok National Park (-25.48, 20.24); Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park (Urikaruus Camp)
(-25.78, 20.39); Nieuwoudtville (Hantam Botanical Garden) (-31.34, 19.19); Okiep (-29.59, 17.88);
Petrusville (-30.07, 24.66); Tankwa-Karoo National Park (-32.28, 19.82). Western Cape: Bainskloof
Pass (-33.65, 19.00); Beaufort West (-33.28, 23.22); Camps Bay (-33.95, 18.37); Cape of Good Hope
Nature Reserve (-34.24, 18.41); Cape Town (-33.91, 18.42); Clanwilliam (-32.16, 18.89); Gamkaberg
Nature Reserve (-33.31, 21.71); Garden Route (-33.56, 23.04); Grootvadersbos (-34.02, 20.46);
Grabouw (-34.14, 19.04); Hermanus (-34.40, 19.25); Karoo Desert National Botanical Garden (-33.61,
19.46); Karoo National Park (-32.28, 22.46); Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden (-23.67, 28.38);
Kommetjie (-34.16, 18.34); Lebanon Forest Station (-34.14, 19.04); Prince Albert (-33.22, 22.03); Pringle Bay (-34.34, 18.83); Swartberg Nature Reserve (Gamkaskloof) (-33.35, 21.67); Van Rhynsdorp (31.60, 18.75).
Habitat (biomes): FB, FoB, GB, NKB, SB, SKB, TB.
Records from agro-ecosystems: citrus (2), cotton (1).
Known distribution: Wide throughout Africa, South Africa*.
51
Argiope flavipalpis (Lucas, 1858)
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: iSimangaliso Wetland Park: Kosi Bay Nature Reserve
(-26.93, 32.87), Mkuzi Game Reserve (-27.63, 32.25); Pongola (Farm Vergeval) (-27.35, 31.61); Tembe
Elephant Park (-26.94, 32.47). Limpopo: Kruger National Park (Letaba Ranch) (-23.82, 30.16).
Mpumalanga: Kruger National Park (Skukuza Camp) (-25.00, 31.97).
Known distribution: Wide throughout Africa, Tanzania (neo-type)*.
Argiope levii Bjørn 1997
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: iSimangaliso Wetland Park (Lake Sibaya) (-27.35,
32.70); Ndumo Game Reserve (-26.87, 32.24); Port Edward (-31.04, 30.21); St Michael's on Sea
(-30.82, 30.38). Limpopo: Kampersrus (-24.48, 30.83); Ratombo Forest (-23.06, 30.17); Makalali Nature Reserve (-24.34, 30.93); Lajuma Mountain Retreat (-23.03, 29.45). Mpumalanga: Lowveld National Botanical Gardens (-25.47, 31.00).
Habitat (biomes): FoB, GB, SB.
Known distribution: Kenya, South Africa, Tanzania*.
52
Argiope lobata (Pallas, 1772)
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Wilgerskloof Farm, Bamboesberg, W Sterkstroom (-31.6,
26.37). Free State: Clarens (-28.51, 28.43); Vrede (-27.43, 29.13). Gauteng: Krugersdorp / Mogale
(-26.09, 27.78); Pyramid (-25.35, 28.37). KwaZulu-Natal: iSimangaliso Wetland Park (Mkuzi Game
Reserve) (-27.63, 32.25). Limpopo: Makalali Nature Reserve (-24.34, 30.93); Polokwane Nature
Reserve (-23.9, 29.47); Potgietersrus/Mokopane (-24.17, 29.00); Tuinplaas (-24.9, 28.73).
Mpumalanga: Ermelo (-26.51, 29.98).
Known distribution: Algeria, Morocco (neo-type)*, Namibia, Senegal, South Africa, Yemen.
Argiope trifasciata (Forsskål, 1775)
Distribution in South Africa: type could not be located, no neo-type designated. Eastern Cape: Fort
Brown Kudu Reserve (-33.13, 26.62); Grahamstown (various localities) (-33.3, 26.52); Hogsback
(-32.59, 26.92); Port Elizabeth (-33.95, 25.61). Gauteng: Baviaanspoort (-25.67, 28.37); Bon Accord
(-25.62, 28.2); Bronkhorstspruit (-25.8, 28.74); Hekpoort (-25.9, 27.61); Irene (field opposite Gem
Village) (-25.89, 28.23); Pretoria/Tshwane (-25.74, 28.19); Roodeplaatdam Nature Reserve (-25.64,
28.36); Roodeplaat (Farm Leeufontein) (-25.63, 28.34). KwaZulu-Natal: iSimangaliso Wetland Park:
Banga Nek, Kosi Bay (-27.09, 32.84), Mapelane Nature Reserve (-28.39, 32.42); Empangeni (-28.72,
31.88); Jozini (-27.42, 32.07); La Mercy (-29.63, 31.13); Kwambonambi Plantation (-28.63, 32.21); Ndumo Game Reserve (-26.87, 32.24); Pinetown (-29.81, 30.85); Pongola (Farm Vergeval) (-27.35, 31.61);
Tembe Elephant Park (-26.94, 32.47). Limpopo: Farm Elandsberg, between Warmbath /Thabazimbi (24.73, 27.72); Kruger National Park (-22.93, 31.02); Londolozi Game Reserve (-24.86, 31.53); Maasstroom (-22.75, 28.43); Nylsvley Nature Reserve (-24.65, 28.67); Polokwane Nature Reserve (23.9,29.47); Potgietersrus/Mokopane (-24.17,29.00); Rust de Winter (-25.19, 28.63). Mpumalanga:
Blyde River Canyon Nature Reserve (-24.58, 30.82); Graskop (-24.93, 30.84); Klingbiel Nature Reserve
(-25.09, 30.46); Lydenburg (-25.09, 30.46); Machadodorp (-25.66, 30.26); Oudestad Research Station
(-25.16, 29.39); Sabie (-25.1, 30.78). North-West: Kroondal (-25.75, 27.32); Magaliesberg (-20.97,
31.65); Olifantsnekdam (-25.8, 27.25). Western Cape: Brackenfeld Nature Reserve (-33.9, 18.72);
Caledon (-34.24, 19.43); Fernkloof Nature Reserve (Hermanus) (-34.86, 19.34); Cape of Good Hope
Nature Reserve (-34.24, 18.41); Worcester (-33.64, 19.47).
Habitat (biomes): FB, GB, SB, TB.
Known distribution: wide throughout Africa.
53
Argiope trifasciata (continued)
Caerostris corticosa Pocock, 1902
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Grahamstown (-33.3, 26.52); Port Elizabeth (-33.95,
25.61). Gauteng: Pretoria/Tshwane (Klipfontein) (-25.74, 28.19); Roodeplaatdam Nature Reserve
(-25.64, 28.36). KwaZulu-Natal: Estcourt (-29.0, 29.87)*; Pongola (Farm Vergeval) (-27.35, 31.61).
Limpopo: Dendron (Farm Amsterdam) (-23.37, 29.32). Mpumalanga: Barberton (-25.79, 31.04).
Northern Cape: Honde-klipbaai (-30.31, 17.28). Western Cape: Cape Town (-33.91, 18.42); Kleinmond (-34.33, 19.02). North West: Vryburg (-26.95, 24.73).
Habitat (biomes): FB, SB, SKB, TB.
Known distribution: Botswana*, Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe.
54
Caerostris sexcuspidata (Fabricius, 1793)
Distribution in South Africa: type locality only as Süd-Afrika*. Eastern Cape: Baviaanskloof Nature
Reserve (-33.76, 24.81); Boesmansriviermond (-33.69, 26.64); East London (-33.01, 27.9); Fort Brown
Kudu Reserve (-33.13, 26.62); Grahamstown (-33.3, 26.52); Hogsback (-32.59, 26.92); Jeffrey's Bay
(-34.06, 24.91); Kasouga Mouth (-33.63, 26.43); King William's Town (-32.88, 27.39); Kologha Forest
Reserve (-32.31, 27.21); Komga (-32.58, 27.9); Mountain Zebra National Park (-32.24, 25.43); Port Elizabeth (-33.95, 25.61); Queenstown (Farm Rookwood) (-32.08, 26.59); Silaka Nature Reserve
(-31.62, 29.49). Gauteng: Johannesburg (Blairgowrie) (-26.1, 28); Maraisburg (-26.11, 27.56); Pretoria
National Botanical Garden (-25.74, 28.19); Pretoria/Tshwane (-25.74, 28.19); Onderstepoort (-25.74,
28.19); Randburg (-26.07, 27.92). KwaZulu-Natal: Amanzimtoti (-30.04, 30.88); Champagne Castle
(-29.08, 29.35); Drummond (-29.73, 30.73); Durban (-29.85, 31.01); Empangeni (-28.72, 31.88); Eshowe
(-28.89, 31.47); Entumeni Nature Reserve (-28.88, 31.29); Giant's Cup Wilderness Reserve (Farm Goschen) (-29.97, 29.46); Greytown (-29.05, 30.6); iSimangaliso Wetland Park: Hell’s Gate (-28, 32.48),
Lake Sibaya (-27.35, 32.7), Mkuzi Game Reserve (-27.63, 32.25); Hluhluwe Nature Reserve (-28.09,
32.1); Ingeli Forest -33.55, 29.42); Inchanga (-29.73, 30.65); Lusikisiki (-31.37, 29.57); Margate (-30.85,
30.36); Ndumo Game Reserve (-26.87, 32.24); Ngome State Forest (-27.78, 31.45); Nkandla Forest
(-28.61, 31.09); Oribi Gorge Nature Reserve (-30.71, 30.26); Pietermaritzburg (-29.6, 30.38); Phinda
Game Reserve (-27.72, 32.38); Pinetown (-29.81, 30.85); Pongola (Farm Vergeval)(-27.35, 31.61); Port
Edward (-31.04, 30.21); Richards Bay (-28.78, 32.1); Richmond (-29.86, 30.26); Rosetta (-29.3, 29.99);
Tembe Elephant Park (-26.94, 32.47); Van Reenen (-28.37, 29.38); Vernon Crookes Nature Reserve
(-30.27, 30.57); Winkelspruit (-30.08, 30.38). Limpopo: Alma (-24.49, 28.07); Klein Kariba (-24.88,
28.29); Kruger National Park (-22.93, 31.02); Lajuma Mountain Retreat (-23.03, 29.45); Louis Trichard
(-23.04, 29.91); Makalali Nature Reserve (24.34, 30.93); Mosdene Nature Reserve (-24.52, 28.7); Naboomspruit (-24.52, 28.7); Nylstroom/Modimolle (-24.69, 28.4); Nylsvley Nature Reserve (-24.65, 28.67);
Pietersburg/Polokwane (-23.89, 29.46); Potgietersrus/ Mokopane (-24.17, 29); Soutpansberg
(-31.04, 20.04); Vivo (-23.04, 29.27). Mpumalanga: Sabie (Fanie Botha Hiking Trail) (-25.09, 30.69);
Mariepskop (-24.58, 30.87); Burgersfort (-24.68, 30.31); Dullstroom (-25.42, 30.10); Hazyview (-25.03,
31.12); Lydenburg (-25.09, 30.46); Malelane (-25.49, 31.5); Sabie (-25.1, 30.78); Wakkerstroom (-27.33,
30.14). Northern Cape: Richmond (-31.4, 23.95); Klein Papkuil farm (-28.48, 23.72). North-West: Brits
(-25.62, 27.77); Pilanesberg Nature Reserve (-25.25, 27.08); Hartebeespoort Experimental Farm (-25.6,
27.82 ); Molopo Nature Reserve (-26.02, 25.5); Olifantsnekdam (-25.8, 27.25); Rooijkoppies (-25.58,
27.77). Western Cape: Caledon (-34.24, 19.43); Swellendam (-34.02, 20.42); Cape Town (-33.91,
18.42); Gamkaberg Nature Reserve (-33.31, 21.71); Hermanus (-34.4, 19.25); Karoo National Park
(-32.28, 22.46); Kogelberg Biosphere Reserve (-34.32, 18.96); Kommetjie (-34.16, 18.34); Ladismith
(-33.5, 21.26); Outeniqua Nature Reserve (Moordkuil) (-33.92, 22.11); Stellenbosch (-33.94, 18.86);
Newlands Forest (-33.91, 18.42); Saasveld Forest Station (-33.95, 22.53); Tsitsikamma National Park
(-33.98, 23.52); Table Mountain National Park:Table Mountain (-33.82,18.48), Silvermine Forest Station
(-34.1, 18.4); Wildcliff Nature Reserve (-34.2, 21.07).
55
Caerostris vicina (Blackwall, 1866)
Distribution in South Africa: type locality as Süd-Afrika*. Eastern Cape: Black Rock (-32.02, 29.1).
KwaZulu-Natal: iSimangaliso Wetland Park: Cape Vidal (-28.16, 32.56), Lake Sibaya (-27.35, 32.7);
Muden (-28.96, 30.39); Ndumo Game Reserve (-26.87, 32.24); Pietermaritzburg (-29.6, 30.38); Pongola (Farm Vergeval)(-27.35, 31.61); Tembe Elephant Park (-26.94, 32.47); Ubombo (-27.56, 32.08);
Weenen Nature Reserve (-28.84, 30.07); Empangeni (-28.72, 31.88).
Habitat (biomes): FoB, SB.
Known distribution: Wide throughout Africa, South Africa*.
Cladomelea akermani Hewitt, 1923
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: Pietermaritzburg (-29.6, 30.38)*; Umgeni Valley Nature
Reserve -29.47, 30.2); Muden (-28.96, 30.39).
56
Cladomelea debeeri Roff & Dippenaar-Schoeman, 2005
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: Pietermaritzburg (-29.6, 30.38)*.
Habitat (biomes): GB.
Cyclosa elongatus (Lawrence, 1947) (Stat Nov)
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Baviaanskloof Nature Reserve (-33.76, 24.81). KwaZulu
-Natal: Stanford Hill, Durban (-29.85, 31.01)*; iSimangaliso Wetland Park: Fanie’s Island
(-28.1, 32.45), Kosi Bay Nature Reserve (-26.93, 32.87), Lake Sibaya (-27.35, 32.70); Ndumo Game
Reserve (-26.87, 32.24); Richards Bay (-28.78, 32.1); Tembe Elephant Park (-26.94, 32.47). Limpopo:
Blouberg Nature Reserve (-22.99, 29.04); Kruger National Park (-22.93, 31.02); Little Leigh (-22.95,
29.87); New Agatha Forest (-24.03, 30.08); Nylsvley Nature Reserve (-24.65, 28.67); Pafuri Camp
(-22.42, 30.91); Polokwane Nature Reserve (-23.9, 29.47); Tshulu (Venda) (-22.58, 30.81). Mpumalanga: Hectorspruit (-25.43, 31.68).
57
Cyclosa insulana (Costa, 1834)
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Addo Elephant National Park (-33.32, 25.72); Baviaanskloof Nature Reserve (-33.76, 24.81); Coffee Bay (-31.97, 29.14); East London (-33.01, 27.9);
Hogsback (-32.59, 26.92); Jeffrey's Bay (-34.06, 24.91); Keurkloof (Baviaanskloof) (Farm Ferndale)
(-33.68, 24.83); Kirkwood (-33.39, 25.43); Mazeppa Bay (-32.47, 28.64); Middelburg (-31.49, 24.99);
Mountain Zebra National Park (-32.24, 25.43); Mkambathi Nature Reserve (-31.27, 30.02). Free State:
Mpetsane Conservation Estate (-28.92, 27.58); Erfenis Dam Nature Reserve (-28.5, 26.8). Gauteng:
Centurion (Irene, Smuts House) (-25.89, 28.23); Ezemvelo Nature Reserve (25.8, 28.77); Pretoria/
Tshwane (-25.74, 28.19); Pretoria/Tshwane (Wonderboom) (-25.68, 28.2); Roodeplaat Research Station (-25.66, 28.35). KwaZulu-Natal: Illovo Beach (-30.12, 30.85); iSimangaliso Wetland park: Kosi Bay
Nature Reserve (-26.93, 32.87), Mkuzi Game Reserve (-27.63, 32.25); Kwa-Mbonambi (-28.6, 32.08);
Margate (-30.85, 30.36); Ndumo Game Reserve (-26.87, 32.24); Pongola (Farm Vergeval) (-27.35,
31.61); Richards Bay (15 km N) (-28.78, 32.1); Tembe Elephant Park (-26.94, 32.47). Limpopo: Kruger
National Park (Sirheni Bushveld camp) (-22.93, 31.02); Lajuma Mountain Retreat (-23.03, 29.45); Polokwane Nature Reserve (-23.9, 29.47); Wolkberg Nature Reserve (-23.94, 29.95). Mpumalanga: Brondal (-25.35, 30.84); Burgers Hall (-25.08, 31.06); Hectorspruit (-25.43, 31.68); Komatipoort (-25.43,
31.94); Lowveld National Botanical Gardens (-25.47, 31); Nelspruit (-25.47, 30.96). North West: Brits
(-25.62, 27.77); Rustenburg Nature Reserve (-25.72, 27.18). Northern Cape: Roodewal Forest (-30.45,
17.35). Western Cape: Cape Town (-33.91, 18.42); Cederberg (-32.16, 18.89); De Hoop Nature Reserve (-34.45, 20.44); Karoo National Park (-32.28, 22.46); Knysna (-34.02, 22.98); Somerset West
(-34.05, 18.83); Swartberg Nature Reserve (Gamkaskloof) (-33.36, 21.69); Tokai Forest (-34.05,
18.27).
Records from agro-ecosystems: cotton(1), citrus (1), avocado (1).
Known distribution: wide throughout Africa and Yemen.
58
Cyclosa oculata (Walckenaer, 1802)
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Kirkwood (-33.39, 25.43). Gauteng: Pretoria/Tshwane
(-25.74, 28.19). KwaZulu-Natal: Umgeni Valley Nature Reserve (-29.47, 30.2). Limpopo: Makalali Nature Reserve (-24.34, 30.93); Mpumalanga: Hectorspruit (-25.43, 31.68); Nelspruit (-25.47, 30.96);
Schagen (-25.43, 30.8); Marble Hall (-24.96, 29.29). Western Cape: De Hoop Nature Reserve (-34.45,
20.44).
Known distribution: Cosmopolitan.
Cyphalonotus larvatus (Simon, 1881)
Distribution in South Africa: Gauteng: Pretoria/Tshwane (-25.74, 28.19). KwaZulu-Natal: iSimangaliso Wetland Park: False Bay Park (-27.92, 32.27), Kosi Bay Nature Reserve (-26.93, 32.87), Lake
St. Lucia (-28, 32.48); Gingindlovu (-29.02, 31.59); Ndumo Game Reserve (-26.87, 32.24); Ophathe
Game Reserve (-28.52, 31.66); Phinda Game Reserve (-27.72, 32.38); Pongola (Farm Vergeval) (27.35, 31.61); Tembe Elephant Park (-26.94, 32.47). Limpopo: Dendron (Farm Amsterdam) (-23.37,
29.32); Entabeni Nature Reserve (-22.10, 30.26); Kruger National Park (-22.93, 31.02); Lajuma Mountain Retreat (-23.03, 29.45); Little Leigh (-22.95, 29.87); Maasstroom (-22.75, 28.43); Makalali Nature
Reserve (24.34, 30.93); Mosdene Nature Reserve (-24.52, 28.7); Nylsvley Nature Reserve (-24.65,
28.67); Pafuri Camp (-22.42, 30.91); Tshulu (Venda) (-22.58, 30.81); Venetia Limpopo Valley Reserve
(-22.32, 29.33); Roodewal Forest (-23.0211, 30.0326). Mpumalanga: Glenwood (-25.48, 30.92); Nelspruit (-25.47, 30.96). North West: Borakalalo Game Reserve (-25.14, 27.82); Pilanesberg Nature Reserve (-25.25, 27.08); Rustenburg Nature Reserve (-25.72, 27.18); Weltevrede farm nr Vryburg (-27.41,
24.51).
Records from agro-ecosystems: citrus (1), macadamia (1).
Known distribution: Wide throughout Africa, Zanzibar*.
59
Cyphalonotus larvatus (continued)
Cyrtophora citricola (Forsskål, 1775)
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Alexandria (-33.65, 26.4); Bathurst (-33.5, 26.84); Grahamstown (-33.3, 26.52); Jeffrey's Bay (-34.06, 24.91); King William's Town (-32.88, 27.39); Mountain
Zebra National Park (-32.24, 25.43); East London (Pineapple Research Station) (-33.01, 27.9); Willowmore (-33.3, 23.5). Free State: Amanzi Private Game Reserve (-28.62, 26.68); Mpetsane Conservation Estate (Clocolan) (-28.8, 27.65); Wepener (-29.73, 27.03). Gauteng: Baviaanspoort (-25.67,
28.37); Irene (-25.87, 28.22); Kempton Park (-26.09, 28.23); Onderstepoort (-25.74, 28.19); Pretoria/
Tshwane(-25.74, 28.19); Pyramid (-25.35, 28.37); Randburg (-26.07, 27.92); Rietvleidam Nature Reserve (-25.85, 28.16); Roodeplaatdam Nature Reserve (-25.64, 28.36); Wonderboom Nature Reserve
(-25.69, 28.19). KwaZulu-Natal: Amanzimtoti (-30.04, 30.88); Estcourt (-29, 29.87); Giant's Castle Nature Reserve (-29.23, 29.48); Hluhluwe (-28.02, 32.28); Hluhluwe Nature Reserve (-28.09, 32.1);
iSimangaliso Wetland Park: Mkuzi Game Reserve (-27.63, 32.25), Sodwana Bay National Park (-27.4,
32.76); Jozini (-27.42, 32.07); Ndumo Game Reserve (-26.87, 32.24); Nkandla Forest (-28.61, 31.09);
Ophathe Game Reserve (-28.52, 31.66); Pietermaritzburg (-29.6, 30.38); Pongola (Farm Vergeval)
(-27.35, 31.61); Sungulwane Game Reserve (-28.87, 31.18); Tembe Elephant Park (-26.94, 32.47).
Limpopo: Alma (-24.49, 28.07); Blouberg Nature Reserve (-22.99, 29.04); De Hoek Forest Reserve
(-23.82, 30.16); Dendron (Farm Amsterdam) (-23.37, 29.32); Diphuti (-24.38, 30.66); between Warmbath/Thabazimbi (Farm Elandsberg) (-24.73, 27.72); Kruger National Park (-22.93, 31.02); Little Leigh
(-22.95, 29.87); Londolozi Game Reserve (-24.86, 31.53); Maasstroom (-22.75, 28.43); Nylstroom/
Modimolle (-24.69, 28.4); Nylsvley Nature Reserve (-24.65, 28.67); Pafuri Camp (-22.42, 30.91); Polokwane Nature Reserve (-23.9, 29.47); Rochdale farm (-22.54, 29.41); Thabazimbi (-24.6, 27.38);
Vaalwater (-24.29, 28.11); Warmbaths/Bela-Bela (-24.88, 28.29); Welgevonden Nature Reserve
(-24.39, 27.78). Mpumalanga: Barberton (-25.79, 31.04); Groblersdal (-25.16, 29.39); Hectorspruit
(-25.43, 31.68); Kruger National Park (Skukuza) (-25.00, 31.97); Louw's Creek (-25.79, 31.04); Lydenburg (-25.09, 30.46); Marble Hall (-24.96, 29.29); Nelspruit (-25.47, 30.96); Sabie (-25.1, 30.78). North
West: Barberspan (-26.62, 25.58); Borakalalo Game Reserve (-25.14, 27.82); Brits (-25.62, 27.77);
Hartbeespoortdam (-25.73, 27.85); Leeudoringstad (-27.23, 26.23); Makwassie (-27.3, 25.99); Pilanesberg Nature Reserve (-25.25, 27.08); Rustenburg (-25.65, 27.22); Rustenburg Nature Reserve (25.72, 27.18); Zeerust (-25.53, 26.08). Northern Cape: Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park (Urikaruus
Camp) (-25.78, 20.39). Western Cape: Anysberg Nature Reserve (-33.53, 20.76); Cape Town (-33.91,
18.42); Fish Hoek, Peer Hill (-34.05, 18.35); Hermanus (-34.4, 19.25); Kirstenbosch National Botanical
Garden (-23.67, 28.38); Kommetjie (-34.16, 18.34); Karoo National Park (-32.28, 22.46); Robberg Nature Reserve (-34, 23); Sedgefield (-34.03, 22.81); Swartberg Nature Reserve (Gamkaskloof) (-33.36,
21.69); Tsitsikamma National Park (-33.98, 23.52).
60
Cyrtophora citricola (continued)
Habitat (biomes): FB, FoB, GB, SB, SKB,TB.
Gasteracantha falcicornis Butler, 1873
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: Empangeni (-28.72, 31.88); iSimangaliso Wetland Park:
Fanie’s Island (-28.1, 32.45), Kosi Bay Nature Reserve (-26.93, 32.87), Sodwana Bay National Park
(-27.4, 32.76), Lake Sibaya (-27.35, 32.7); Jozini (-27.42, 32.07); Ngoye Forest (-28.88,31.38); Tembe
Elephant Park (-26.94, 32.47). Mpumalanga: Avoca (-25.68, 31.17); Komatipoort (-25.43, 31.94).
Known distribution: Malawi, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia, Zanzibar.
61
Gasteracantha milvoides Butler, 1873
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Fish River (-33.6, 26.85). KwaZulu-Natal: Dukuduku
Forest Station (-28.37, 32.23); Empangeni (-28.72, 31.88); Enseleni Nature Reserve (-28.68, 32.05);
Entumeni Nature Reserve (-28.88, 31.29); Eshowe (-28.89, 31.47); Hluhluwe Nature Reserve (-28.09,
32.1); iSimangaliso Wetland Parks: Cape Vidal (-28.16, 32.56), Kosi Bay Nature Reserve (-26.93,
32.87), Mkuzi Game Reserve (-27.63, 32.25), Sodwana Bay National Park (-27.4, 32.76), St. Lucia
(-28.36, 32.41); Ndumo Game Reserve (-26.87, 32.24); Ngome State Forest (-27.78, 31.45); Nyala
Game Reserve (-28.72, 31.88); Oribi Gorge Nature Reserve (-30.71, 30.26); Pongola (Farm Vergeval)
(-27.35, 31.61); Richards Bay (15 km N) (-28.78, 32.1); Tembe Elephant Park (-26.94, 32.47); Valley
Bush (-28, 32); Vernon Crookes Nature Reserve (-30.27, 30.57). Limpopo: Kruger National Park
(-22.93, 31.02); Lajuma Mountain Retreat (-23.03, 29.45); Ratombo Forest (-23.06, 30.17). Mpumalanga: Malelane (-25.49, 31.5); Burgers Hall (-25.08, 31.06).
Known distribution: Central African Republic, Kenya, Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe.
Gasteracantha sanguinolenta C.L. Koch, 1844
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Addo Elephant National Park (-33.32, 25.72); Baviaanskloof Nature Reserve (-33.76, 24.81); Cintsa (-32.83, 28.06); Grahamstown (Kowa) (-33.3, 26.52).
Free State: Bloemfontein (-29.11, 26.22). KwaZulu-Natal: Durban (-29.85, 31.01); Glen Bush, Richmond (-29.86, 30.26); Noodsberg (-29.37, 30.73); Pietermaritzburg (-29.6, 30.38); Port Edward
(-31.04, 30.21); Ubombo (-27.56, 32.08). Limpopo: Alma (-24.49, 28.07); Kampersrus (-24.48, 30.83);
Lajuma Mountain Retreat (-23.03, 29.45); Polokwane Nature Reserve (-23.9, 29.47); Springbok Flats
(Tuinplaas) (-24.9, 28.73); Roodewal Forest (-23.02, 30.03). Mpumalanga: Barberton (-25.79, 31.04);
Goedehoop Forest (-25.02, 30.39); Wagon Drift (-25.11, 30.49). North West: Brits (-25.62, 27.77).
Western Cape: Bergvliet (-34.03, 18.63); Hangklip, Pringle Bay (-34.34, 18.83).
Habitat (biomes): FB, FoB, GB, SB, TB.
Known distribution: Wide throughout Africa.
62
Gasteracantha sanguinolenta (continued)
Gasteracantha versicolor (Walckenaer, 1842)
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: East London (-33.01, 27.9). KwaZulu-Natal: Durban
(-29.85, 31.01); iSimangaliso Wetland Park: Kosi Bay Nature Reserve (-26.93, 32.87); Port Shepstone
(-30.74, 30.44); Umtamvuna Nature Reserve (-31.06, 30.17). Limpopo: Kruger National Park (-22.93,
31.02). Mpumalanga: Farm Amo 259 (-25.63, 31.47); Mariepskop (-24.58, 30.87); Nelspruit (-25.47,
30.96). Western Cape: Table Mountain National Park: Newlands Forest (-33.91, 18.42).
Gastroxya benoiti Emerit, 1973
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: Durban (-29.85, 31.01). Eastern Cape: Port St. Johns,
Mouth of the Umgazi (-31.63, 29.53)*.
63
Gastroxya benoiti (continued)
Gea infuscata Tullgren, 1910
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Jeffrey's Bay (-34.04, 24.94); Kei River Mouth (-32.68,
28.37); Keurkloof (Baviaanskloof) (Farm Ferndale) (-33.68, 24.83); Mazeppa Bay (-32.47, 28.64).
KwaZulu-Natal: Ndumo Game Reserve (-26.87, 32.24). Limpopo: Polokwane Nature Reserve (-23.9,
29.47). Mpumalanga: Sabi River Banks (-24.98, 31.58). Western Cape: Fisherhaven, Hermanus
(-34.47, 19.27).
Known distribution: Angola, Botswana, South Africa, Sudan.
Gea transversovittata Tullgren, 1910
Distribution in South Africa: Mpumalanga: Lowveld National Botanical Gardens (-25.47, 31.00).
64
Gea transversovittata (continued)
Hypsacantha crucimaculata (Dahl, 1914)
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: iSimangaliso Wetland Park (Mkuzi Game Reserve)
(-27.63, 32.25); Ophathe Game Reserve (-28.52, 31.66); Pongola (Farm Vergeval) (-27.35, 31.61).
Limpopo: Kruger National Park (-22.93, 31.02); Makalali Nature Reserve (-24.34, 30.93). North West:
Pilanesberg Nature Reserve (-25.25, 27.08). Western Cape: Karoo National Park (-32.28, 22.46).
Known distribution: Central African Republic, Congo Republic, Mozambique, South Africa, Zimbabwe.
Hypsosinga lithyphantoides Caporiacco, 1947
Distribution in South Africa: Free State: Mpetsane Conservation Estate (-28.92, 27.58); Oranjeville
(-26.99, 28.2); Erfenis Dam Nature Reserve (-28.5, 26.8). KwaZulu-Natal: Ndumo Game Reserve
(-26.87, 32.24); iSimangaliso Wetland Park (Sodwana Bay National Park) (-27.4, 32.76). Limpopo:
Lajuma Mountain Retreat (-23.03, 29.45); Polokwane Nature Reserve (-23.9, 29.47); Kruger National
Park (-22.93, 31.02): Pafuri Camp (-22.42, 30.91); Blouberg Nature Reserve (-22.99, 29.04); Little
Leigh (-22.95, 29.87); Nylsvley Nature Reserve (-24.65, 28.67). Mpumalanga: Kruger National Park
(Skukuza) (-25.00, 31.97).
65
Hypsosinga lithyphantoides (continued)
Known distribution: Kenya, South Africa, Uganda*.
Ideocaira transversa Simon, 1903
Distribution in South Africa: type locality only as Natal*. Eastern Cape: Jeffrey's Bay (-34.06, 24.91);
Mkambathi Nature Reserve (-31.27, 30.02); Port Alfred (-33.58, 26.89); Tsitsikamma National Park
(Storms River Mouth) (-33.98, 23.83). KwaZulu-Natal: Phinda Game Reserve (-27.72, 32.38). Limpopo: Polokwane Nature Reserve (-23.9, 29.47). Western Cape: De Hoop Nature Reserve (-34.45,
20.44).
66
Ideocaira triquetra Simon, 1903
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Mzimhlava River Mouth (-31.37, 29.58); Port Elizabeth
(-33.95, 25.61)*. Limpopo: Polokwane Nature Reserve (-23.9, 29.47).
Habitat (biomes): GB, SB, TB.
Isoxya cicatricosa (C.L. Koch, 1844)
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Alexandria (-33.65, 26.4); Alicedale (-33.31, 26.08);
Bathurst (-33.5, 26.84); Baviaanskloof Nature Reserve (-33.76, 24.81); Dunbrody (-33.47, 25.55); Fort
Brown Kudu Reserve (-33.13, 26.62); Grahamstown (-33.3, 26.52); Hamburg (-33.29, 27.46); Jansenville (-32.93, 24.67); Kasouga (-33.63, 2643); Kenton-on-Sea (-33.68, 26.67); King William's Town
(-32.88, 27.39); Kowie (-33.45, 26.7); Pearston (-32.59, 25.15); East London (-33.01, 27.9); Port Alfred
(-33.58, 26.89). Redhouse (-33.82, 25.55). KwaZulu-Natal: Botha's Hill (-29.7, 30.72); Champagne
Castle Hotel (-29.06, 29.41); Champagne Castle (-29.08, 29.35); Durban (-29.85, 31.01); Estcourt
(-29.00, 29.87); Mariannhill (-29.86, 30.83); Pietermaritzburg (-29.60, 30.38); Ngome State Forest
(-27.78, 31.45); Nkandla Forest (-28.61, 31.09); Ophathe Game Reserve (-28.52, 31.66); Pongola,
(Farm Vergeval)(-27.35, 31.61); Richards Bay (-28.78, 32.1); Umgeni Valley Nature Reserve (-29.47,
30.2). Limpopo: Naboomspruit (-24.52, 28.7). Mpumalanga: Barberton (-25.79, 31.04). Northern
Cape: Nieuwoudtville (-31.37, 19.11). Western Cape: Cape Town (-33.91, 18.42); De Hoop Nature
Reserve (-34.45, 20.44); Hermanus (-34.4, 19.25); Karoo National Park (-32.28, 22.46).
Habitat (biomes): FoB, NKB, SB, SKB, TB.
Known distribution: Wide throughout Africa, Ethiopia*.
67
Isoxya mucronata (Walckenaer, 1842)
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: Oribi Gorge Nature Reserve (-30.71, 30.26); Howick
(-29.47, 30.20); Pietermaritzburg (-29.6, 30.38); Umgeni River (-29.26, 30.32). Limpopo: Kruger National Park (-22.93, 31.02).
Isoxya stuhlmanni (Bösenberg & Lenz, 1885)
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: East London (-33.01, 27.9); Grahamstown (-33.3, 26.52);
Mazeppa Bay (-32.47, 28.64); Qachas Nek (-30.12, 28.68); Port St. Johns, Nxo forest (-31.63, 29.53);
King William's Town (-32.88, 27.39); Pirie Forest (-32.72, 27.24); Port Alfred (-33.58, 26.89). Free
State: Bloemfontein (-29.11, 26.22). KwaZulu-Natal: Eshowe (-28.89, 31.47); Dlinza Forest near
Eshowe (-28.89, 31.45); Oribi Gorge Nature Reserve (-30.71, 30.26); Ndumo Game Reserve (-26.87,
32.24); Ophathe Game Reserve (-28.52, 31.66); Richards Bay (15 km N) (-28.78, 32.1); Tembe Elephant Park (-26.94, 32.47); Umfolozi Nature Reserve (-28.3, 31.76). Limpopo: Kruger National Park,
Seekoeigat (-22.93, 31.02). Mpumalanga: Lydenburg (-25.09, 30.46); Nelspruit (-25.47, 30.96).
68
Isoxya tabulata (Thorell, 1859)
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: East London (-33.01, 27.9); King William's Town (-32.88,
27.39); Port Elizabeth (-33.95, 25.61). KwaZulu-Natal: Bluff (-29.88, 31.02); Dukuduku Forest Station
(-28.37, 32.23); Durban (-29.85, 31.01); Empangeni (-28.72, 31.88); Eshowe (-28.89, 31.47); Glenmore
(-31, 30.25); Hluhluwe (-28.02, 32.28); Hluhluwe Nature Reserve (-28.09, 32.1); Ifafa Beach (-30.45,
30.64);iSimangaliso Wetland Park: Cape Vidal (-28.16, 32.56), Kosi Bay Nature Reserve (-26.93,
32.87), Lake Sibaya (-27.35, 32.7), Lake St. Lucia (-28, 32.48), Mkuzi Game Reserve (-27.63, 32.25),
Sodwana Bay National Park (-27.4, 32.76); Jozini (-27.42, 32.07); Lewombo Mission Station (-28, 32);
Makowe (-27.96, 32.11); Margate (-30.85, 30.36); Ndumo Game Reserve (-26.87, 32.24); Ngoje Forest
(-28.88, 31.38); Ngome State Forest (-27.78, 31.45); Nongoma (-27.93, 31.65); Oribi Gorge Nature
Reserve (-30.71, 30.26); Pietermaritzburg (-29.6, 30.38); Pongola (Farm Vergeval) (-27.35, 31.61); Port
Edward (-31.04, 30.21); Port Shepstone (-30.74, 30.44); Richards Bay (-28.78, 32.1); Scottburgh
(-30.28, 30.75); Tembe Elephant Park (-26.94, 32.47); Umbonambi (-28.72, 30.02); Ubombo (-27.56,
32.08); Umfolozi Nature Reserve (-28.3, 31.76); Umkomaas (-30.2, 30.8); Uvongo (-30.82, 30.39);
Valley Bush (-28, 32); Vernon Crookes Nature Reserve (-30.27, 30.57); Winkelspruit (-30.08, 30.83).
Limpopo: Dendron (Farm Amsterdam) (-23.37, 29.32); Ellisras/ Lephalale (-23.67, 27.71); Haenertsburg (-23.94, 29.95); Kruger National Park (-22.93, 31.02); Letaba (-23.82, 30.16); Ratombo Forest (-23.06, 30.17); Swadini Nature Reserve (-24.34, 30.93); Waterpoort (-22.54, 29.37). Mpumalanga:
Hectorspruit (-25.43, 31.68); Komatipoort (-25.43, 31.94); Komatipoort (Farm Sommerreg, 17 km SE)
(-25.53, 31.82); Kruger National Park (Skukuza) (-25, 31.97); Loskop Research Station (-25.17, 29.4);
Marble Hall (-24.96, 29.29); Marloth Nature Reserve (-25.35, 31.78). North-West: Buffelspoort
Research Station (-25.62, 27.77). Western Cape: Saasveld Forest Station (-33.95, 22.53).
Known distribution: Angola, Central African Republic, East Africa, Malawi, South Africa, Swaziland,
Tanzania, Zimbabwe.
Isoxya yatesi Emerit, 1973
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: Umbonambi (-28.73, 30.02); Pinetown (-29.81, 30.85)*.
Limpopo: Haenertsburg (-23.94, 29.95)
Conservation status: endemicity: 4 abundance: 3 [7].
69
Isoxya yatesi (continued)
Kilima decens (Blackwall, 1866)
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Grahamstown (-33.3, 26.52); Jeffrey's Bay (-34.06,
24.91); Mkambathi Nature Reserve (-31.02, 30.23). Free State: Bloemfontein (-29.11, 26.22);
Mpetsane Conservation Estate (-28.92, 27.58); Fouriesburg (-28.61, 28.23); Oranjeville (-26.99, 28.2);
Vredefort (-27, 27.37). Gauteng: Ezemvelo Nature Reserve (-25.8, 28.77); Johannesburg (-26.2,
28.04); Norscott Nature Reserve (-26.2, 28.04); Pretoria/Tshwane (-25.74, 28.19); Pretoria/Tshwane
(Irene, Smuts House) (-25.89, 28.23); Rietvleidam Nature Reserve (-25.85, 28.16); Roodeplaat Research Station (-25.66, 28.35). KwaZulu-Natal: Kamberg Nature Reserve (-29.39, 29.67); iSimangaliso
Wetland Park (Kosi Bay Nature Reserve)(-26.93, 32.87); Margate (-30.85, 30.36). Limpopo: Mosdene
Nature Reserve (-24.52, 28.7); Vaalwater (-24.29, 28.11); Warmbaths/Bela-Bela (-24.88, 28.29). Mpumalanga: Belfast (-25.69, 30.04); Blyde River Canyon Nature Reserve (-24.58, 30.82); Delmas (-26.14,
28.68); Loskop Dam Nature Reserve (-25.46, 29.23); Sabie (-25.1, 30.78); Standerton (-26.94, 29.23).
North-West: Barberspan (-26.62, 25.58); Borakalalo Game Reserve (-25.14, 27.82); Hartbeespoortdam (-25.73, 27.85). Northern Cape: Suffolk farm nr Hopetown (-29.58, 24.24). Western Cape: Stellenbosch (-33.93, 18.85).
Records from agro-ecosystems: strawberries (1).
70
Larinia bifida Tullgren, 1910
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Mountain Zebra National Park (-32.24, 25.43). Western
Cape: Jacobsbaai, Saldanha Bay (-33.15, 18.03); Cape Town (-33.91, 18.42).
Known distribution: Botswana, Central African Republic, DRC, Malawi, South Africa, Tanzania.
Larinia chloris (Audouin, 1826)
Distribution in South Africa: Limpopo: Potgietersrus/Mokopane (-24.17, 29.00). Western Cape:
Borrelfontein, 8 km W of Gouritz Mouth (-34.33, 21.85); De Hoop Nature Reserve (-34.45, 20.44);
Swartberg Nature Reserve (Gamkaskloof) (-33.36, 21.69).
71
Larinia natalensis (Grasshoff, 1971)
Distribution in South Africa: type locality only as Natal*. Western Cape: Swartberg Nature Reserve
(Gamkaskloof) (-33.36, 21.69); De Hoop Nature Reserve (-34.45, 20.44). Limpopo: Polokwane Nature
Reserve (-23.9, 29.47).
Larinia vara Kauri, 1950
Distribution in South Africa: Gauteng: Roodeplaatdam Nature Reserve (-25.64, 28.36). KwaZuluNatal: Pietermaritzburg (Townbush) (-29.6, 30.38)*.
72
Lipocrea longissima (Simon, 1881)
Distribution in South Africa: Free State: Bloemfontein (-29.11, 26.22); Erfenis Dam Nature Reserve
(-28.5, 26.8). Eastern Cape: Mkambathi Nature Reserve (-31.02, 30.23). Gauteng: Ezemvelo Nature
Reserve (-25.8, 28.77). KwaZulu-Natal: Empangeni (-28.72, 31.88); Hluhluwe Game Reserve (-28.02,
32.28); iSimangaliso Wetland Park (Mkuzi Game Reserve) (-27.63, 32.25); Ndumo Game Reserve
(-26.87, 32.24); Ngoje Forest (-28.88, 31.38); Nkandla Forest (-28.61, 31.09); Richards Bay (-28.78,
32.1); Tembe Elephant Park (-26.94, 32.47). Limpopo: Makalali Nature Reserve (-24.34, 30.93).
Mpumalanga: Brondal (-25.35, 30.84); Graskop (-24.93, 30.84).
Mahembea hewitti (Lessert, 1930)
Distribution in South Africa: Gauteng: Roodeplaatdam Nature Reserve (-25.64, 28.36). KwaZuluNatal: Mount Edgecombe (-29.68, 31.03); Ngome State Forest (-27.78, 31.45); Richards Bay (-28.78,
32.1); Sodwana Bay National Park (-27.4, 32.76). North-West: Rustenburg Nature Reserve (-25.72,
27.18). Limpopo: Polokwane Nature Reserve (-23.9, 29.47). Mpumalanga: Marble Hall (-24.96,
29.29).
Known distribution: Congo Republic*, South Africa.
73
Megaraneus gabonensis (Lucas, 1858)
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: Lake Sibayi (-27.35, 32.70); Tembe Elephant Park
(-26.94, 32.47); Dukuduku Forest Station (-28.37, 32.23).
Known distribution: Angola, Cameroon, Congo Republic, Gabon*, Sierra Leone, South Africa.
Nemoscolus cotti Lessert, 1933
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Prentjiesberg (-31.18, 28.28). Free State: Erfenis Dam
Nature Reserve (-28.5, 26.8). KwaZulu-Natal: Garden Castle (-29.75, 29.2);Tembe Elephant Park
(-26.94, 32.47). Northern Cape: Hopetown (Farm Suffolk)(-29.58, 24.24).
Habitat (biomes): FoB, GB, NKB, SB.
Known distribution: Mozambique, West Africa, South Africa.
74
Nemoscolus obscurus Simon, 1897
Distribution in South Africa: type locality only as “Transvaal”*. North-West: Hartebeespoort Experimental Farm (-25.60, 27.82); Pilanesberg Nature Reserve (-25.25, 27.08).
Nemoscolus tubicola (Simon, 1887)
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Baviaanskloof Nature Reserve (-33.76, 24.81); Grahamstown (-33.3, 26.52)*; Middelburg (-31.49, 24.99); Mountain Zebra National Park (-32.24, 25.43).
Gauteng: Roodeplaatdam Nature Reserve (-25.64, 28.36). Limpopo: Blouberg Nature Reserve
(-22.99, 29.04); Lajuma Mountain Retreat (-23.03, 29.45); Little Leigh (-22.95, 29.87); Springbok Flats
(Tuinplaas) (-24.56, 28.46). Northern Cape: Richtersveld Transfrontier National Park (-28.25, 17.17).
Western Cape: Karoo National Park (-32.28, 22.46); Prince Albert (-33.22, 22.03); Witsand Nature Reserve (-34.39, 20.85).
Habitat (biomes): FB, NKB, SB, SKB, TB.
75
Nemoscolus vigintipunctatus Simon, 1897
Distribution in South Africa: type locality only as “Transvaal”*. Eastern Cape: Prentjiesberg (-31.18,
28.28). Free State: Mpetsane Conservation Estate (-28.92, 27.58). Gauteng: Abe Bailey Nature Reserve (-26.36, 27.4); Centurion (Irene, Smuts House) (-25.89, 28.23). KwaZulu-Natal: Cathedral Peak
(-28.94, 29.19); Richards Bay (-28.78, 32.1); iSimangaliso Wetland Park (Lake Sibaya) (-27.35, 32.70).
Limpopo: Lajuma Mountain Retreat (-23.03, 29.45); Makalali Nature Reserve (-24.34, 30.93); Kruger
National Park (-22.93, 31.02). North West: Rustenburg Nature Reserve (-25.72, 27.18). Western
Cape: Beaufort West (Farm Katdoornkuil) (-32.42, 22.47).
Habitat (biomes): FoB, GB, SKB, SB.
Nemospiza conspicillata Simon, 1903
Distribution in South Africa: type locality only as Transvaal*. Limpopo: Makalali Nature Reserve
(-24.34, 30.93).
76
Neoscona alberti (Strand, 1913)
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: Giant's Castle Nature Reserve (-29.23, 29.48); Drakensberg (Injasuti) (-29,18, 29.42). Eastern Cape: Grahamstown (-33.30, 26.52).
Habitat (biomes): GB, TB.
Known distribution: DRC, Kenya, Rwanda, South Africa.
Neoscona angulatula (Schenkel, 1937)
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: Mkuzi Game Reserve (-27.63, 32.25); Ophathe Game
Reserve (-28.52, 31.66).
Known distribution: Aldabra & Assumption, Kenya, Madagascar, Seychelles, South Africa.
AMILY ARANEIDAE (CONTINUED)
77
Neoscona blondeli (Simon, 1885)
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Alexandria (-33.65, 26.4); Cwebe Nature Reserve
(-32.28, 28.9); Jeffrey's Bay (-34.06, 24.91); Kwandwe Private Game Reserve (-33.09, 26.57); Mkambati Nature Reserve (31.32, 29.97). Free State: Bloemfontein (-29.11, 26.22); Bloemfontein (Farm
Deelfontein) (-30.98, 23.81); Erfenis Dam Nature Reserve (-28.5, 26.8); Ficksburg (-28.86, 27.86);
Mpetsane Conservation Estate (-28.8, 27.65); Wepener (-29.73, 27.03). Gauteng: Hekpoort (-25.9,
27.61); Melville Koppies (-26.17, 27.99); Poortview, Roodepoort (-26.15, 27.89); Pretoria/Tshwane following localities: Villieria (-25.71, 28.23), Wonderboom (-25.68, 28.2), Rietondale Research Station
(-25.73, 28.23); Randburg (-26.07, 27.92); Roodeplaatdam Nature Reserve (-25.64, 28.36); Van Riebeeck Nature Reserve (-25.85, 28.16);.KwaZulu-Natal: Amanzimtoti (-30.04, 30.88); Cathedral Peak
(-28.94, 29.19); Dukuduku Forest Station (-28.37, 32.23); Empangeni (-28.72, 31.88); Giant's Cup Wilderness Reserve (Farm Goschen) (-29.97, 29.46); iSimangaliso Wetland Park: False Bay Park
(-27.92, 32.27), Hell’s Gate (-28, 32.48), Kosi Bay Nature Reserve (-26.93, 32.87), Lake Sibayi (-27.35,
32.7), Sodwana Bay National Park (-27.4, 32.76), St. Lucia (-28.36, 32.41), Mapelane Nature Reserve
(-28.39, 32.42), Mkuzi Game Reserve (-27.63, 32.25); Hillcrest (-29.77, 30.72); Hluhluwe (-28.02,
32.28); Illovo Beach (-30.12, 30.85); Jozini (-27.42, 32.07); Margate (-30.85, 30.36); Mount Edgecombe
(-29.68, 31.03); Mtubatuba (-28.4, 32.18); Ndumo Game Reserve (-26.87, 32.24); Ngome State Forest
(-27.78, 31.45); Oribi Gorge Nature Reserve (-30.71, 30.26); Port Edward (-31.04, 30.21); Pietermaritzburg (-29.6, 30.38); Pongola (Farm Vergeval) (-27.35, 31.61); Richards Bay (15 km N) (-28.78, 32.1);
Shakaskraal (-29.41, 31.26); Scottsville (-29.61, 30.40); St Michael's on Sea (-30.82, 30.38); Tembe
Elephant Park (-26.94, 32.47); Umfolozi Nature Reserve (-28.3, 31.76); Umgeni River (-29.26, 30.32);
Umkomaas (-30.2, 30.8); Vryheid Nature Reserve (-27.75, 30.79). Limpopo: Alma (-24.49, 28.07);
Blouberg Nature Reserve (-22.99, 29.04); Dendron (Farm Amsterdam) (-23.37, 29.32); Lajuma Mountain Retreat (-23.03, 29.45); Lekgalameetsi Nature Reserve (-23.82, 30.16); Little Leigh (-22.95, 29.87);
Nylstroom/ Modimolle (-24.69, 28.4); Makalali Nature Reserve (-24.34, 30.93); Nylsvley Nature Reserve (-24.65, 28.67); Pafuri Camp (-22.42, 30.91); Polokwane Nature Reserve (-23.9, 29.47); Potgietersrus/ Mokopane (-24.17, 29.00); Swadini Nature Reserve (-24.34, 30.93); Tshulu (Venda) (-22.58,
30.81); Springbok Flats: Tuinplaas (-24.9, 28.73); Tzaneen (-23.82, 30.16); Vaalwater (-24.29, 28.11).
Mpumalanga: Bourke's Luck (-25.09, 30.46); Brondal (-25.35, 30.84); Dullstroom (-25.42, 30.1); Kruger
National Park (Skukuza) (-25.00, 31.97); Lydenburg (-25.09, 30.46); Middelburg (-25.76, 29.46);
Nelspruit (-25.47, 30.96); Noordkaap (-25.66, 31.07); Ohrigstad (-24.74, 30.58); Pilgrims Rest (-24.89,
30.75). North West: Barberspan (-26.62, 25.58); Borakalalo Game Reserve (-25.14, 27.82); Brits (25.62, 27.77); Buffelspoort Research Station (-25.62, 27.77); Swartruggens (Farm Olivenkloof) (-25.54,
26.52); Pilanesberg Nature Reserve (-25.25, 27.08); Rustenburg Nature Reserve (-25.72, 27.18).
Northern Cape: Hopetown (Farm Suffolk) (-29.58, 24.24). Western Cape: Brackenfeld Nature Reserve (-33.9, 18.72); Durbanville (-33.83, 18.66); Grootvadersbos (-26.5, 28.36); Karoo National Park
(-32.28, 22.46); Stellenbosch (-33.93, 18.85).
Records from agro-ecosystems: avocado (2 ), citrus (2), cotton (2), macadamia (1).
78
Neoscona chiarinii (Pavesi, 1883)
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal:Tembe Elephant Park (-26.94, 32.47). Mpumalanga:
Dullstroom (-25.42, 30.1).
Habitat (biomes): FoB, GB
Known distribution: Burundi, Cameroun, DRC, Rwanda, South Africa, Tanzania, Zimbabwe Uganda.
Neoscona hirta (C.L. Koch, 1844)
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Port Elizabeth (-33.95, 25.61); King William's Town
(Pirie Forest) (-32.88, 27.39); Grahamstown (-33.30, 26.52).Gauteng: Johannesburg (-26.20, 28.04);
Roodepoort (-26.14, 27.86); Pretoria/Tshwane (-25.74, 28.19). KwaZulu-Natal: Ndumo Game Reserve
(-26.87, 32.24). Mpumalanga: Lydenburg (-25.09, 30.46); Ohrigstad (-24.74, 30.58). Western Cape:
Cape Town (-33.91, 18.42); Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden (-33.99, 18.43); Waenhuiskrans
(-34.66, 20.23); Stellenbosch (-33.93, 18.85); Wellington (-33.65, 19).
Known distribution: Botswana, DRC, Ivory Coast, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe.
79
Neoscona kivuensis Grasshoff, 1986
Distribution in South Africa: Western Cape: Karoo National Park (-32.28, 22.46).
Neoscona moreli (Vinson, 1863)
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: East London (-33.01, 27.9); Fort Brown Kudu Reserve
(-33.13, 26.62); Grahamstown (-33.3, 26.52); Fort Grey Nature Reserve (-33.19, 27.12); Mkambati
Nature Reserve (-31.32, 29.97); Port Alfred (-33.58, 26.89); Port Elizabeth (Pineapple Research Station) (-33.01, 27.9). Free State: Clarens (Farm Addullam) (-28.51, 28.43); Clocolan (Mpetsane Conservation Estate) (-28.92, 27.58); Erfenis Dam Nature Reserve (-28.5, 26.8); Fouriesburg (Mooifontein)
(-28.61, 28.23); Golden Gate Nature Reserve (-28.5, 28.62); Ventersburg (-28.08, 27.14). Gauteng:
Bon Accord (-25.62, 28.2); Bronkhorstspruit (Farm Onverwacht) (-25.8, 28.74); Centurion (Irene)
(-25.85, 28.16); Ezemvelo Nature Reserve (-25.8, 28.77); Johannesburg (-26.2, 28.04); Kempton Park
(-26.09, 28.23); Modderfontein (-26.08, 28.17); Moloto (-25.46, 28.63); Pretoria/Tshwane (-25.74,
28.19); Pretoria/Tshwane (Rietondale Research Station) (-25.73, 28.23); Roodeplaatdam Nature Reserve (-25.64, 28.36); Roodeplaat Research Station (-25.66, 28.35); Van Riebeeck Nature Reserve
(-25.85, 28.16). KwaZulu-Natal: Empangeni (-28.72, 31.88); Giant's Castle Nature Reserve (-29.23,
29.48); Giant's Cup Wilderness Reserve (Farm Goschen) (-29.97, 29.46); Hluhluwe (-28.02, 32.28);
Loteni Nature Reserve (-29.47, 29.52); Ngoje Forest (-28.88, 31.38); Pietermaritzburg (-29.6, 30.38);
Pongola (Farm Vergeval)(-27.35, 31.61); Sodwana Bay National Park (-27.4, 32.76). Limpopo:
Hoedspruit (-24.34, 30.93); Meetsa-A-Bophelo Mission Station (-24.25, 30.45); Makalali Nature Reserve (-24.34, 30.93). Mosdene Nature Reserve (-24.52, 28.7); Nylsvley Nature Reserve (-24.65,
28.67); Polokwane Nature Reserve (-23.9, 29.47). Mpumalanga: Bourke's Luck (-25.09, 30.46); Brondal (-25.35, 30.84); Delmas (Farm Rietvallei) (26.08, 28.57); Dullstroom (-25.42, 30.1); Graskop (24.93, 30.84); Groblersdal (-25.16, 29.39); Hendrina (-26.15, 29.71); ); Kruger National Park (Skukuza)
(-25.00, 31.97); Loskop Dam Nature Reserve (-25.46, 29.23); Marble Hall (-24.96, 29.29); Middelburg
(-25.76, 29.46). North West: Barberspan (-26.62, 25.58); Borakalalo Game Reserve (-25.14, 27.82);
Kroondal (-25.75, 27.32); Rustenburg Nature Reserve (-25.72, 27.18). Northern Cape: Noup (-30.13,
17.2). Western Cape: Karoo National Park(-32.28, 22.46).
Habitat (biomes): FoB, GB, NKB, SB, TB.
Records from agro-ecosystems: citrus (1), cotton (1), maize (1).
80
Neoscona moreli (continued)
Neoscona novella (Simon, 1907)
Distribution in South Africa: Western Cape: Beaufort West, Farm 394 (-32.57, 22.99).
Known distribution: Bioko*, South Africa.
Neoscona penicillipes (Karsch, 1879)
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Bathurst (-33.5, 26.84); Jeffrey's Bay (-34.06, 24.91).
Free State: Mpetsane Conservation Estate (-28.92, 27.58). Gauteng: Kemptonpark (Esther Park)
(-26.1, 28.2); Rietvleidam Nature Reserve (-25.85, 28.16). KwaZulu-Natal: Ndumo Game Reserve
(-26.87, 32.24); Mkuzi Game Reserve (-27.63, 32.25); Tembe Elephant Park (-26.94, 32.47). Limpopo:
Polokwane Nature Reserve (-23.9, 29.47). Mpumalanga: Mariepskop (-24.58, 30.87). North West:
Swartruggens (Farm Olivenkloof (373 JP)) (-25.54, 26.52). Northern Cape: Noup
(-30.13, 17.2).
Habitat (biomes): FoB, GB, SB, SKB, TB.
81
Neoscona penicillipes (continued)
Neoscona quadrigibbosa Grasshoff, 1986
Distribution in South Africa: Limpopo: Makalali Nature Reserve (-24.34, 30.93).
Known ditribution: Kenya, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland.
Neoscona quincasea Roberts, 1983
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Mountain Zebra National Park (-32.24, 25.43). Gauteng:
Tswaing Crater (-25.42, 28.08). KwaZulu-Natal: Mkuzi Game Reserve (-27.63, 32.25); Nkandla Forest
(-28.61, 31.09); Ophathe Game Reserve (-28.52, 31.66); Tembe Elephant Park (-26.94, 32.47). Limpopo: Lajuma Mountain Retreat (-23.03, 29.45); Polokwane Nature Reserve (-23.9, 29.47); Makalali Nature Reserve (-24.34, 30.93). Mpumalanga: Machadodorp (-25.66, 30.26). Western Cape: Elgin
(-34.16, 19.06); Fish Hoek (Peer Hill) (-34.05, 18.35); Karoo National Park (-32.28, 22.46); Swartberg
Habitat (biomes): FB, FoB, NKB, SB.
Records from agro-ecosystems: apple (1).
Known distribution: Aldabra & Assumption, DRC, Kenya, Malawi, Rwanda, South Africa.
82
Neoscona quincasea (continued)
Neoscona rapta (Thorell, 1899)
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Jeffrey's Bay (-34.06, 24.91); Kenton-on-Sea (-33.68,
26.67). Free State: Erfenis Dam Nature Reserve (-28.5, 26.8). Gauteng: Centurion (Irene, Smuts
House) (-25.89, 28.23). KwaZulu-Natal: Empangeni (-28.72, 31.88); iSimangaliso Wetland Park:
Fanie’s Gate (-28.1, 32.45), Kosi Bay Nature Reserve (-26.93, 32.87), Mkuzi Game Reserve (-27.63,
32.25); Ngome State Forest (-27.78, 31.45). North West: Rustenburg Nature Reserve (-25.72, 27.18).
Northern Cape: Prieska (Green Valley Nuts) (-29.68, 22.74). Mpumalanga: Machadodorp
(Elandshoogte Pine Plantation) (-25.66, 30.26). Western Cape: Lebanon Forest Station (-34.14, 19.04);
Stellenbosch (-33.93, 18.85).
83
Neoscona rufipalpis (Lucas, 1858)
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Middelburg (-31.49, 24.99). Gauteng: Bronkhorstspruit
(Farm Onverwacht) (-25.8, 28.74); Centurion (-25.85, 28.16); Pretoria/Tshwane (-25.74, 28.19);
Roodeplaat Research Station (-25.66, 28.35); Roodeplaatdam Nature Reserve (-25.64, 28.36); Waterkloof Ridge (-25.75, 28.3). KwaZulu-Natal: iSimangaliso Wetland Park (Cape Vidal) (-28.16, 32.56);
Durban (-29.85, 31.01); Estcourt (-29.00, 29.87); Lake Bangazi (-27.39, 32.38); Ndumo Game Reserve
(-26.87, 32.24); Pongola (Farm Vergeval) (-27.35, 31.61); Port Shepstone (-30.74, 30.44); Tembe Elephant Park (-26.94, 32.47). Limpopo: Alma (-24.49, 28.07); Hanglip Forest (-23.04, 29.91); Klein Kariba (-24.88, 28.29); Nylstroom /Modimolle (-24.69, 28.4); Rust de Winter (-25.19, 28.63); Wolkberg Nature Reserve (-23.94, 29.95). Mpumalanga: Brondal (-25.35, 30.84); Burgers Hall (-25.02, 31.08);
Glenwood (-29.87, 30.98); Hazyview (-25.03, 31.12); Lydenburg (-25.09, 30.46); Nelspruit (-25.47,
30.96). North West: Broederstroom (-25.78, 27.87); Rustenburg (-25.65, 27.22); Rustenburg Nature
Reserve (-25.72, 27.18). Western Cape: Bredasdorp (-34.53, 20.04); Cape Town (-33.91, 18.42); Diepwalle Forest Station (-34.03, 23.03); Sedgefield (-34.03, 22.81).
Habitat (biomes): FB, FoB, NKB, SB.
Records from agro-ecosystems: avocado (2), citrus (3), cotton(1), macadamia (1).
Known distribution: Botswana, Cameroon, Cape Verdi, South Africa, St Helena, Tanzania, Togo,
Yemen.
Neoscona subfusca (C.L.Koch, 1837)
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Addo Elephant National Park (-33.32, 25.72); Cwebe
Nature Reserve (-32.28, 28.9); Fish River (-33.6, 26.85); Grahamstown (-33.3, 26.52); Hogsback
(-32.59, 26.92); Jeffrey's Bay (-34.06, 24.91); Kenton-on-Sea (-33.68, 26.67); Mazeppa Bay (-32.47,
28.64); Mkambati Nature Reserve (31.32, 29.97); Mountain Zebra National Park (-32.24, 25.43); Port
Alfred (-33.58, 26.89). Free State: Bloemfontein (-29.11, 26.22); Clarens (-28.51, 28.43); Clocolan
(Mpetsane Conservation Estate) (-28.92, 27.58); Edenville (Farm Lusthof) (-27.55, 27.66); Erfenis Dam
Nature Reserve (-28.5, 26.8); Ficksburg (-28.86, 27.86); Fouriesburg (-28.61, 28.23); Golden Gate Nature Reserve (-28.5, 28.62); Harrismith (-28.27, 29.13); Oranjeville (-26.99, 28.2); Soetdoring Nature
Reserve (-29.05, 26.21); Sterkfontein Dam Nature Reserve (-28.48, 29.01); Tussen die Riviere Nature
Reserve (-30.47, 25.19); Wepener (-29.73, 27.03). Gauteng: Abe Bailey Nature Reserve (-26.36,
27.4); Centurion (-25.85, 28.16); Centurion (Irene) (-25.87, 28.22); Diepsloot 388JR (-25.93, 28.02);
Hekpoort (-25.9, 27.61); Johannesburg (-26.2, 28.04); Kempton Park (-26.09, 28.23); Krugersdorp/
Mogale (-26.09, 27.78); Magaliesburg (-25.99, 27.54); Midrand (-25.95, 28.14); Modderfontein
(-26.08, 28.17); Norscott Nature Reserve (-26.2, 28.04); Pretoria/Tshwane (-25.74, 28.19); Randfontein
(-26.17, 27.7); Pretoria/Tshwane (Rietondale Research Station) (-25.73, 28.23); Pretoria/Tshwane
(Capital Park) (-25.72, 28.19); Randburg (-26.07, 27.92); Rietvleidam Nature Reserve (-25.85, 28.16);
Roodepoort (-26.14, 27.86); Spieskloof Nature Reserve (-26.42, 28.46); Springs (-26.25, 28.43).
84
Neoscona subfusca (continued)
KwaZulu-Natal: Bulwer (-29.79, 29.77); Cathedral Peak (-28.94, 29.19); Drakensberg Garden (-29.75,
29.25); iSimangaliso Wetland Park: False Bay Park (-27.92, 32.27), Fanie’s Gate (-28.1, 32.45), Hell’s
Gate (-28, 32.48), Mkuzi Game Reserve (-27.63, 32.25); Giant's Castle Nature Reserve (-29.23, 29.48);
Giant's Cup Wilderness Reserve (Farm Goschen) (-29.97, 29.46); (Hluhluwe Nature Reserve (-28.09,
32.1); Kamberg Nature Reserve (-29.39, 29.67); Loteni Nature Reserve (-29.47, 29.52); Ndumo Game
Reserve (-26.87, 32.24); Ophathe Game Reserve (-28.52, 31.66); Pongola (Farm Vergeval) (-27.35,
31.61); Richards Bay (15 km N) (-28.78, 32.1); Shakaskraal (-29.41, 31.26); Umhlanga Rocks (-29.73,
31.07); Victoria (-30.43, 30.5); Vryheid Nature Reserve (-27.75, 30.79). Limpopo: Bandelierkop
(-23.31, 29.79); Soutpansberg (Bergpan) (-23.39, 30.94); Blouberg Nature Reserve (-22.99, 29.04);
Dendron (Farm Amsterdam) (-23.37, 29.32); Ellisras/Lephalale (-23.67, 27.71); Entabeni Forest, (-23,
30.23); between Warmbath/Thabazimbi (Farm Elandsberg) (-24.73, 27.72); Lajuma Mountain Retreat
(-23.03, 29.45); Lekgalameetsi Nature Reserve (-23.82, 30.16); Little Leigh (-22.95, 29.87); Makalali
Nature Reserve (-24.34, 30.93); Malta Forest (-23.82, 30.16); Naboomspruit (-24.52, 28.7); Nylsvley
Nature Reserve (-24.65, 28.67); Pafuri Camp (-22.42, 30.91); Polokwane Nature Reserve (-23.9,
29.47); Potgietersrus/Mokopane (-24.17, 29.00); Rust de Winter (-25.19, 28.63); Swartbos Forest
(-23.53, 29.59); Tongwane (-24.22, 29.9); Tshulu (Venda) (-22.58, 30.81); Tzaneen (-23.82, 30.16);
Zanzibar Border Post (-22.57, 28.45). Mpumalanga: Barberton (-25.79, 31.04); Belfast (-25.69, 30.04);
Blyde River Canyon Nature Reserve (-24.58, 30.82); Bourke's Luck (-25.09, 30.46); Brondal (-25.35,
30.84); Burgers Hall (-25.02, 31.08); Crocodile Valley Estate (-25.47, 31.03); D.R. de Wet Forest Reserve (-25.1, 30.78); Dullstroom (-25.42, 30.1); Ermelo (-26.51, 29.98); Glenwood (-29.87, 30.98);
Graskop (-24.93, 30.84); Klingbiel Nature Reserve (-25.09, 30.46); Loskop Dam Nature Reserve
(-25.46, 29.23); Lydenburg (-25.09, 30.46); Marble Hall (-24.96, 29.29); Middelburg (-25.76, 29.46);
Nelspruit (-25.47, 30.96); Pilgrims Rest (-24.89, 30.75); Sabie (-25.1, 30.78); Waterval Boven (-25.63,
30.32). North West: Barberspan (-26.62, 25.58); Borakalalo Game Reserve (-25.14, 27.82); Buffelspoort Research Station (-25.62, 27.77); Kroondal (-25.75, 27.32); Rustenburg Nature Reserve (25.72, 27.18). Northern Cape: Augrabies National Park (-28.53, 20.29); Kalahari Gemsbok National
Park (-29.48, 25.24); Klein Papkuil Farm (-28.48, 23.72); Olifantsnekdam (-25.8, 27.25); Prieska (29.68, 22.74); Suffolk Farm nr Hopetown (-29.58, 24.24). Western Cape: Bredasdorp (-34.53, 20.04);
Ceres (-33.36, 19.31); De Hoop Nature Reserve (-34.45, 20.44); Elgin (-34.16, 19.06); Paarl (-33.71,
18.98); Fernkloof Nature Reserve (-34.86, 19.34); Fish Hoek (Peer Hill) (-34.05, 18.35); Gouritsmond
(Borrelfontein) (-34.34, 21.87); Grootvadersbos (-26.5, 28.36); Karoo National Park (-32.28, 22.46);
Murraysburg (-31.96, 23.75); Saasveld Forest Station (-33.95, 22.53); Saldanha (-33.01, 17.93); Stellenbosch (-33.93, 18.85); Swartberg Nature Reserve (Gamkaskloof) (-33.35, 21.67); Tygerberg Nature
Reserve (-33.9, 18.65).
Habitat (biomes): FB, FoB, GB, SB, SKB, TB.
Records from agro-ecosystems: avocado (2), cotton (4), citrus (3), grapefruit (1), macadamia (2).
Known distribution: wide throughout the Afrotropical Region.
85
Neoscona theisi theisiella (Tullgren, 1910)
Distribution in South Africa: Gauteng: Pretoria/Tshwane (-25.74, 28.19). KwaZulu-Natal: Tembe
Elephant Park (-26.94, 32.47). Limpopo: Mosdene Nature Reserve (-24.52, 28.7). Mpumalanga:
Lydenburg (-25.09, 30.46). North West: Rustenburg Nature Reserve (-25.72, 27.18)
Known distribution: wide throughout the Afrotropical Region.
Neoscona triangula (Keyserling, 1864)
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Addo Elephant National Park (-33.32, 25.72); Coega
(-33.76, 25.65); East London (Pineapple Research Station) (-33.01, 27.90); Grahamstown (-33.3,
26.52); Jeffrey's Bay (-34.06, 24.91); Kasouga (-33.63, 26.43); Kwandwe Private Game Reserve
(-33.09, 26.57); Middelburg (-31.49, 24.99); Port Elizabeth (-33.95, 25.61). Free State: Bethlehem
(-28.23, 28.3); Bloemfontein (-29.11, 26.22); Deneysville (-26.87, 28.09); Ficksburg (-28.86, 27.86);
Mpetsane Conservation Estate (near Clocolan) (-28.8, 27.65); Oranjeville (-26.99, 28.2); Philippolis
(-30.25, 25.27); Tussen die Riviere Nature Reserve (-30.47, 25.19); Welkom (-27.97, 26.74). Gauteng:
Benoni (-26.19, 28.31); Bronkhorstspruit (Farm Onverwacht) (-25.8, 28.74); Brakpan (-26.23, 28.37);
Centurion (Irene) (-25.85, 28.16); Dunnottar (-26.35, 28.47); Johannesburg (-26.2, 28.04); Kempton
Park (-26.09, 28.23); Maraisburg (-26.11, 27.56); Midrand (-25.95, 28.14); Onderstepoort (-25.74,
28.19); Pretoria/Tshwane (-25.74, 28.19); Pretoria/Tshwane (Rietondale Research Station) (-25.73,
28.23); Randburg (-26.07, 27.92); Roodeplaatdam Nature Reserve (-25.64, 28.36); Roodepoort
(-26.14, 27.86); Witwatersrand Botanical Gardens (-26.2, 28.04).KwaZulu-Natal: Ashburton (-29.60,
30.38); Botha Hill (-29.48 30.50); Dukuduku Forest Station (-28.37, 32.23); Empangeni (-28.72, 31.88);
Giant's Cup Wilderness Reserve, farm Goschen (-29.97, 29.46); Kosi Bay Nature Reserve (-26.93,
32.87); Lake Sibayi (-27.35, 32.7); Mkuzi Game Reserve (-27.63, 32.25); Ndumo Game Reserve
(-26.87, 32.24); Pongola (Farm Vergeval), district Ngotsche (-27.35, 31.61); iSimangaliso Wetland Park
(Sodwana Bay National Park) (-27.4, 32.76); Tembe Elephant Park (-26.94, 32.47). Limpopo: BelaBela (Highland Estate) (-24.83, 28.17); Dendron (Farm Amsterdam) (-23.37, 29.32); Hoedspruit
(-24.34, 30.93); Lajuma Mountain Retreat (-23.03, 29.45); Lekgalameetsi Nature Reserve (-23.82,
30.16); Nylsvley Nature Reserve (-24.65, 28.67); Pietersburg/Polokwane (-23.89, 29.46); Springbok
Flats: Tuinplaas (-24.56, 28.46).
86
Neoscona triangula (continued)
Mpumalanga: Brondal (-25.35, 30.84); Ermelo (-26.51, 29.98); Komatipoort (Farm Sommerreg 17 km
SE) (-25.53, 31.82); Kriel (-26.25, 29.26); Lowveld National Botanical Gardens (-25.47, 31); Nelspruit
(-25.47, 30.96). North West: Barberspan (-26.62, 25.58); Brits (-25.62, 27.77); Hartbeespoortdam
(-25.73, 27.85); Rustenburg Nature Reserve (-25.65, 27.22). Northern Cape: Kameeldrift (-29.38,
23.8); Kleinsee (-29.67, 17.07). Western Cape: Bellville (-33.9, 18.63); Caledon (-34.24, 19.43); Cape
Town (-33.91, 18.42); Fish Hoek (Peer Hill) (-34.05, 18.35); Hermanus (-34.4, 19.25); Karoo National
Park (-32.28, 22.46); Knysna (-34.03, 23.0); Murraysburg (-31.96, 23.75); Tsitsikamma National Park
(-33.98, 23.52); Swartberg Nature Reserve (Gamkaskloof) (-33.35, 21.67); Worcester (-33.64, 19.47).
Records from agro-ecosystems: avocado (2), macadamia (1), onions (1), sorghum (1).
Neoscona vigilans (Blackwall, 1865)
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Mzimhlava River Mouth (-31.37, 29.58). Gauteng: Pretoria/Tshwane: Onderstepoort (-25.74, 28.19), Welgegund (-25.74, 28.19). KwaZulu-Natal: Empangeni
(-28.72, 31.88); Greytown (-29.05, 30.60); iSimangaliso Wetland Park (Kosi Bay Nature Reserve)
(-26.93, 32.87); Pietermaritzburg (-29.60, 30.38); Tembe Elephant Park (-26.94, 32.47); Tugela Ferry
(-28.74, 30.44). Mpumalanga: Lydenburg (-25.09, 30.46); Piet Retief (-27, 30.79). Western Cape: Karoo National Park (-32.28, 22.46).
87
Neoscona vigilans (continued)
Paralarinia bartelsi (Lessert, 1933)
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: Durban (-29.85, 31.01); Umbilo (-29.88, 30.96)*.
Western Cape: De Hoop Nature Reserve (-34.45, 20.44).
Paraplectana thorntoni (Blackwall, 1865)
Distribution in South Africa: Mpumalanga: Nelspruit (-25.47, 30.96). Eastern Cape: Kentani (-32.5,
28.32).
Known distribution: East Africa*, Ghana, Madagascar, South Africa, Tanzania.
Conservation status: endemicity: 1; abundance: 3 [4]
88
Paraplectana thorntoni (continued)
Paraplectana walleri (Blackwall, 1865)
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Mosselbaai (-34.18, 22.12); Willowvale (-32.26, 28.5).
Gauteng: Pretoria/Tshwane (-25.74, 28.19). KwaZulu-Natal: Estcourt (-29.0, 29.87); Pongola Nature
Reserve (-27.35, 31.61). Mpumalanga: Nelspruit (-25.47, 30.96). Western Cape: Garden Route
(-33.56, 23.04).
Habitat (biomes): FB, GB,SB.
Known distribution: East Africa*, South Africa, Yemen.
Conservation status: endemicity: 1; abundance: 2 [3]
Pararaneus cyrtoscapus (Pocock, 1898)
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Breakfast Vlei (-33.08, 26.95); Great Fish River Wetland
Park (Farm Bucklands) ( -33.48, 27.13); Mkambati Nature Reserve (31.32, 29.97); Queenstown (Farm
Rookwood) (-32.08, 26.59). Free State: Clocolan (Mpetsane Conservation Estate) (-28.92, 27.58).
Gauteng: Rietvleidam Nature Reserve (-25.85, 28.16); Bronkhorstspruit (Farm Onverwacht) (-25.8,
28.74); Pretoria/Tshwane (-25.74, 28.19). KwaZulu-Natal: Ndumo Game Reserve (Crocodile Farm)
(-26.87, 32.24); Tembe Elephant Park (-26.94, 32.47), Dukuduku Forest Station (-28.37, 32.23); Richards Bay (15 km N) (-28.78, 32.1); Verulam (-29.62, 31.06). Limpopo: Balule Game Reserve (-24.29,
31); Makalali Nature Reserve (-24.34, 30.93); Meetsa-A-Bophelo Mission Station (-24.25, 30.45); Pietersburg/Polokwane (-23.89, 29.46); Polokwane Nature Reserve (-23.9, 29.47); Tzaneen (-23.82,
30.16). Mpumalanga: Burgers Hall (-25.02, 31.08); Graskop (-24.93, 30.84); Kranspoort, near Loskopdam (-25.42, 29.43); Kruger National Park (Satara Camp) (-24.38, 31.78); Nelspruit (-25.47, 30.96).
North West: Pilanesberg Nature Reserve (-25.25, 27.08); Vryburg (Farm Weltevrede) (-27.41, 24.51).
Western Cape: Karoo National Park (-32.28, 22.46).
89
Pararaneus cyrtoscapus (continued)
Records from agro-ecosystems: avocado (1); citrus (2).
Known distribution: Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Socotra, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda,
Yemen.
Pararaneus spectator (Karsch, 1886)
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Grahamstown (-33.3, 26.52); Port St. Johns (-31.63,
29.53). Free State: Edenville (Farm Lusthof) (-27.55, 27.66). Gauteng: Bronkhorstspruit (Farm Onverwacht) (-25.8, 28.74); Halfway House (-25.99, 28.13); Hekpoort (-25.9, 27.61); Johannesburg (-26.2,
28.04); Kloofendal Nature Reserve (-26.14, 27.86); Pretoria/Tshwane (Rietondale Research Station)
(-25.74, 28.19); Roodeplaat Research Station (-25.66, 28.35); Roodeplaatdam Nature Reserve (-25.64,
28.36); Wonderboom Nature Reserve (-25.69, 28.19). KwaZulu-Natal: Kamberg Nature Reserve
(-29.39, 29.67); Ndumo Game Reserve (-26.87, 32.24); Ophathe Game Reserve (-28.52, 31.66).
Limpopo: Kruger National Park (-22.93, 31.02); Lajuma Mountain Retreat (-23.03, 29.45); Thabazimbi
(-24.6, 27.38). Mpumalanga: Bethal (-26.44, 29.46).
Records from agro-ecosystems: strawberries (1), maize (1).
Known distribution: Ethiopia, Socotra, South Africa, Yemen.
90
Poltys furcifer Simon, 1881
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Grahamstown (-33.3, 26.52). Gauteng: Pretoria/
Tshwane (-25.74, 28.19). KwaZulu-Natal: Empangeni (-28.72, 31.88); Pongola (Farm Vergeval)
(-27.35, 31.61); Tembe Elephant Park (-26.94, 32.47). Limpopo: Dendron (Farm Amsterdam) (-23.37,
29.32); Medikwe Heritage Site (-22.99, 29.61); Nylsvley Nature Reserve (-24.65, 28.67). Mpumalanga:
Schagen (-25.43, 30.8); Bourke's Luck (-25.09, 30.46). North West: Rustenburg Nature Reserve
(-25.72, 27.18).
Known distribution: South Africa, Zanzibar*.
Prasonica albolimbata Simon, 1895
Distribution in South Africa: Gauteng: Roodeplaatdam Nature Reserve (-25.64, 28.36). KwaZuluNatal: Shakaskraal (-29.41, 31.26); La Mercy (-29.63, 31.13); Ndumo Game Reserve (-26.87, 32.24).
Limpopo: Makalali Nature Reserve (-24.34, 30.93); Pafuri Camp (-22.42, 30.91).
Known distribution: Congo Republic, Madagascar, South Africa, Yemen.
91
Prasonica seriata Simon, 1895
Distribution in South Africa: North West: Buffelspoort Research Station (-25.62, 27.77).
Known distribution: Madagascar, Malawi, South Africa.
Pycnacantha tribulus (Fabricius, 1781)
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Grahamstown (-33.3, 26.52); King William's Town
(-32.88, 27.39); Mkambati Nature Reserve (31.32, 29.97); Port Elizabeth (-33.95, 25.61); Fish River
(-33.6, 26.85). Free State: Bloemfontein (Farm Deelhoek) (-28.9, 26.12); Clocolan (Mpetsane Conservation Estate) (-28.8, 27.65). Gauteng: Carletonville (-26.36, 27.4); Midrand (-25.95, 28.14); Pretoria/
Tshwane (-25.74, 28.19); Pretoria/Tshwane (Rietondale Research Station) (-25.73, 28.23); Roodepoort
(-26.14, 27.86); Suikerbosrand Nature Reserve (-27.59, 27.53). KwaZulu-Natal: Durban ( -29.85,
31.01); Empangeni (-28.72, 31.88); Hluhluwe (-28.02, 32.28); Hluhluwe Nature Reserve (-28.09, 32.1);
La Mercy (-29.63, 31.13); iSimangaliso Wetland Park (Mkuzi Game Reserve) (-27.63, 32.25); Pinetown
(-29.81, 30.85); Tembe Elephant Park (-26.94, 32.47). Limpopo: Naboomspruit (-24.52, 28.7); Nylsvley
Nature Reserve (-24.65, 28.67); Polokwane Nature Reserve (-23.9, 29.47); Potgietersrus/ Mokopane
(-24.17, 29). Mpumalanga: Lydenburg (-25.09, 30.46). North West: Dikhololo Nature Reserve (-25.5,
27.78); Rustenburg Nature Reserve (-25.72, 27.18).
Known distribution: South Africa, Zimbabwe.
92
Singa albodorsata Kauri, 1950
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Mkambati Nature Reserve (31.32, 29.97). KwaZuluNatal: Kosi Bay Nature Reserve (-26.93, 32.87); Tembe Elephant Park (-26.94, 32.47). Mpumalanga:
Kruger National Park (Pretoriuskop (-25.15, 31.2)*.
Singa lawrencei (Lessert, 1930)
Distribution in South Africa: Gauteng: Roodeplaatdam Nature Reserve (-25.64, 28.36). KwaZuluNatal: Loteni Nature Reserve (-29.47, 29.52); Pongola (Farm Vergeval) (-27.35, 31.61); Tembe Elephant Park (-26.94, 32.47). Limpopo: Lajuma Mountain Retreat (-23.03, 29.45); Makalali Nature Reserve (-24.34, 30.93); Nylstroom/Modimolle (-24.69, 28.4); Nylsvley Nature Reserve (-24.65, 28.67);
Polokwane Nature Reserve (-23.9, 29.47). North West: Rustenburg Nature Reserve (-25.72, 27.18).
Known distribution: Congo Republic, South Africa, Uganda.
Singafrotypa mandela Kuntner & Hormiga, 2002
Distribution in South Africa: Western Cape: Cape Town (-33.91, 18.42)*.
Ursa turbinata Simon, 1895
Distribution in South Africa: Western Cape: Cape Town (-33.91, 18.42)*.
93
7. FAMILY ARCHAEIDAE
The Archaeidae are very strange spiders first recorded
as fossils in Baltic amber in 1854. Two gerena and 12
species are known from South Africa with 11 being
endemics.
•
Common name: long-necked spiders.
•
Life style: archaeids are free-living wandering
spiders commonly found in forests.
•
Body size: small to medium-sized (3-7 mm).
•
Diagnostic characters: colour: varies from reddish brown to yellowish brown; carapace: with
cephalic region greatly elevated above thoracic
region (height varies between genera); rounded
and ornamented with small, flattened, granular
tubercles, each provided with a short, thick seata;
anterior margin sloping steeply; fangs short; eyes:
eight eyes in two rows; subequal in size; lateral
eyes contiguous, anterior median eyes large and
dark, rest smaller and paler; abdomen: subglobular, soft with sclerotized patches; legs: long
and slenderthree claws on short, distinct, sclerotized onychium; without spines, smooth or with
plumose appressed setae; leg I longest, III shortest; fenitalia three claws on short, distinct, sclerotized onychium; genitalia: haplogyne; female genitalia with secretory plate anteriorly and a single
median membranous sac posteriorly; male palp
with cymbium small, distal portion with process
parallel to embolus; embolus conspicuous; varies
from tubular to spiniform or filiform.
•
Web/retreat: none.
•
Habitat: Species recorded from the Forest,
Grassland, Savanna and Thicket Biome.
•
Behaviour: They prey mainly on other spiders
and the female attach the egg sac to her hind leg.
•
94
Taxonomic note: family was recently revised.
References:
LOTZ L.N. 1996. Afrotropical Archaeidae (Araneae): 1.
New species of Afrarchaea godfreyi (Hewitt, 1919) with
notes on Afrarchaea. Navorsinge van die Nasionale
Museum, Bloemfontein 12: 141-160.
•
LOTZ, L. N., 2003. Afrotropical Archaeidae: 2 new
species of the genera Archaea and Afrarchaea
(Arachnida: Araneae). Navorsinge van die Nasionale
Museum Bloemfontein 19: 221-240.
LOTZ, L. N. 2006. Afrotropical Archaeidae: 3. The
female of Eriauchenius cornutus and new species of
Afrarchaea (Arachnida: Araneae) from South Africa. Navorsinge van die Nasionale Museum Bloemfontein 22: 113–127.
FAMILY ARCHAEIDAE
(CONTINUED)
95
Afrarchaea bergae Lotz, 1996
Distribution in South Africa: Limpopo: Entabeni Forest Reserve (-23.00, 30.23). Mpumalanga:
Bergvliet Forest Station, Sabie (-25.10, 30.78); Crocodile River Bridge near Nelspruit (-25.27, 34.58);
Kruger National Park (Mununga kop near Pretorius kop) (-25.10, 31.16); Mariepskop (-24.58, 30.87);
Nelspruit (-25.47, 30.96); Ohrigstad (-24.74, 30.58).
Taxonomic status: 3
Afrarchaea entabeniensis Lotz, 2003
Distribution in South Africa: Limpopo: Entabeni Forest Reserve (-22.99, 30.26)*.
Habitat (biomes): FoB.
FAMILY ARCHAEIDAE
(CONTINUED)
96
Afrarchaea fernkloofensis Lotz, 1996
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Fernkloof, Grahamstown (-33.30, 26.52)*.
Taxonomic status: 3 .
Afrarchaea godfreyi (Hewitt, 1919)
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Tsolo, Somerville (-31.3, 28.74)*; Dwesa Forest
(-32.27, 28.87). KwaZulu-Natal: Ngome State Forest (-27.78, 31.45); Ngotsche Forest (Cascades
Farm) (-28.88, 31.47); Ngotsche Forest (W Eshowe) (-28.53, 31.28); Gwaliweni Forest near
Ingwavuma (-27,38, 32.05); Pongola Bush Reserve (-27.35, 31.61); Sani Pass (-29.62, 29.37); Ramsgate (-30.88, 30.34); Trafalgar (-30.25, 30.30).
Known distribution: Madagascar*, South Africa*.
FAMILY ARCHAEIDAE
(CONTINUED)
Afrarchaea haddadi Lotz, 2006
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Komga, Kei Mouth (-32.58, 27.90)*.
Afrarchaea harveyi Lotz, 2003
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: Champagne Castle Hotel, Drakensberg Mountains
(-29.08, 29.35)*.
97
FAMILY ARCHAEIDAE
(CONTINUED)
Afrarchaea kranskopensis Lotz, 1996
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: Kranskop (-28.97, 30.86)*.
Afrarchaea lawrencei Lotz, 1996
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: Trafalgar (-30.25, 30.30)*.
98
FAMILY ARCHAEIDAE
(CONTINUED)
99
Afrarchaea ngomensis Lotz, 1996
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: Ngome State Forest (-27.78, 31.45)*. Mpumalanga:
Graskop, Fairy Forest (-24.93, 30.48).
Record from protected areas: 1.
Afrarchaea royalensis Lotz, 2006
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: Bergville, Royal Natal National Park (-28.44, 28.55)*.
FAMILY ARCHAEIDAE
(CONTINUED)
100
Afrarchaea woodae Lotz, 2006
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Komga, Kei Mouth (-32.27, 28.87)*; Cwebe Nature Reserve, The Haven (-32.14, 28.55).
Habitat (biomes): FoB, TB.
Eriauchenius cornutus (Lotz, 2003)
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: Vernon Crookes Nature Reserve (-30.27, 30.57)*.
Taxonomic status: 3
8. FAMILY ATYPIDAE
The Atypidae are represented by three genera known
only from Africa and countries in the East. One genus
and two species are known from South Africa both
endemics.
•
Common name: purse-web spiders.
•
Body size: medium-sized to large (9-30 mm).
•
Diagnostic characters: colour: carapace testaceous with darker stains on cephalic region; legs
pale testaceous; abdomen; dull greyish brown to
yellowish brown; carapace: glabrous; cephalic
region strongly arched; fovea a deep pit; sternum
with labiosternal junction a narrow groove; four
pairs of sigilla; eyes: eight on a compact transverse tubercle near fovea; chelicerae dorsally
expanded; rastellum absent; fangs with transverse
ridges; endites on prolateral side strongly elongated; labium wider than long, without cuspules; serrula absent; legs: with three claws; leg I greatly
reduced in size, especially femur of female; legs
longer and more slender in males; legs without
spines but with small spinules; tarsal claws raised
on a common process; female palp with tibiae and
tarsi flattened; abdomen: with an irregularly
shaped dorsal scutum; spinnerets: six with anterior spinnerets small, widely spaced; median spinnerets truncated; posterior spinnerets with three
subequal segments, apical segment finger-like.
•
Web/retreat: they live permanently in closed silklined burrows.
•
Habitat:
•
Behaviour: they live permanently in closed silklined burrows. The top part of the burrow is craterlike and completely sealed of with silk. The spider
101
lying on her back bite through the silk structure
when prey land on it.
•
Taxonomic note: the family was recently revised.
References:
DIPPENAAR-SCHOEMAN, A. S. 2002. Baboon and
Trapdoor spiders of Southern Africa: an identification
manual. Plant Protection Research Institute Handbook
series no. 13, Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria.
130 pp.
•
HEWITT, J. 1916. Descriptions of new South African
spiders. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 5: 180-213.
VAN DAM, G. & ROBERTS, A. 1917. Notes on nests
of some trapdoor spiders and the nest of Calommata
transvaalicus Hwtt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum
5: 218-233.
FAMILY ATYPIDAE
(CONTINUED)
102
Calommata meridionalis (new species in press)
Distribution in South Africa: Free State: Erfenis Dam Nature Reserve (-28.5, 26.8)*; Oranjeville
(-26.99, 28.2); Bloemfontein National Botanical Gardens (-29.05, 26.21).
Taxonomic status: 3
Calommata transvaalica Hewitt, 1916
Distribution in South Africa: Gauteng: Roodeplaatdam (17 m NE Pretoria) (-25.64, 28.36)*; Pretoria/
Tshwane: Derdepoort (-25.69, 28.29), Groenkloof Nature Reserve (-25.78, 28.20), Hatfield (-25.75,
28.24), Villieria (-25.71, 28.23). Limpopo: Blouberg Nature Reserve (-22.99, 29.04); Soutpansberg
(-31.04, 20.04).
Taxonomic status: 3
9. FAMILY BARYCHELIDAE
The Barychelidae are represented by 41 genera and
occur worldwide in tropical regions.was at one stage
lumped with the baboon spiders Theraphosidae which
they closely resemble. They have been recorded from
Zimbabwe and Mozambique but no published
•
Common name: trapdoor baboon spiders.
•
Body size:medium-sized to very large (12-32
mm).
•
Diagnostic characters: colour: varies from yellowish grey to reddish brown or greyish black;
abdomen with pale spots or patches; carapace
with cephalic region sloping gently, as high in front
of fovea as behind; pilosity varies from almost
glabrous to uniformly hirsute; fovea transverse;
sternum usually as long as wide; sigilla usually
small and marginal (anterior pair indistinct); labiosternal suture a distinct groove; eyes eight arranged in two or three rows; eye tubercle distinct
to low; chelicerae with rastellum usually absent
but, if present, composed of weak spines; mouthparts with anterior lobe of endites small; cuspules
absent or linear; labium always wider than long,
cuspules usually absent ; serrula present; legs:
two claws; claw tufts well developed; scopulae
present on metatarsi and tarsi I and II; tibia I of
male with or without spur; preening comb absent;
tarsi with 4-6 clavate trichobothria (if present),
confined basally on tarsi; tibiae metatarsi and tarsi
with long filiform trichobothria; paired tarsal claws
in males biserially dentate; leg formula usually
4123; female palp wih tarsal claws edentate but
with claw tufts; abdomen oval; uniformly hirsute;
spinnerets four; posterior spinnerets with apical
segment short and domed.
•
Web/retreat: barychelids live in silk-lined burrows
or retreats usually closed with a trapdoor.
103
•
Behaviour: live in silk-lined burrows frequently
found under stones.
•
Taxonomic notes: family in need of revision.
References:
130 pp.
•
TUCKER, R.W.E. 1917. On some South African Aviculariidae (Arachnida). Families Migidae, Ctenizidae,
Diplothele and Dipluridae. Annals of the South African
Museum 17: 79-138.
FAMILY BARYCHELIDAE
(CONTINUED)
104
Cyphonisia arcturus (Tucker, 1917)
Distribution in South Africa: Limpopo: Sprinbokvlakte: Bekendevlei (-25.01, 28.88), Roedtan (-24.6;
29.08); Kruger National Park: Shingwedzi (15 km SW) (-23.17, 31.3), Shingwedzi (20 km SE) (-23.22,
31.56), Punda Milia (-22.68, 31.01). Mpumalanga: Kruger National Park: Satara 10 (-24.38, 31.78),
Lwakahle 08 (-25.43, 31.75).
Known distribution: South Africa, Zimbabwe*.
Pisenor notius Simon, 1889
Distribution in South Africa: Limpopo: Blouberg Nature Reserve (-22.99, 29.04); Little Leigh (-22.95,
29.87).
Known distribution: Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe*.
FAMILY BARYCHELIDAE
(CONTINUED)
105
Sipalolasma humicola (Benoit, 1965)
Distribution in South Africa: Limpopo: Makalali Nature Reserve (-24.16, 30.69); Nylsvley Nature Reserve (-24.65, 28.67); Lajuma Mountain Retreat (-23.03, 29.45). Northern Cape: Oorlogskloof Nature
Reserve (-31.45, 19.1).
Habitat (biomes): SB, SKB.
Known distribution: DRC, Ethiopia, Mozambique*, South Africa.
10. FAMILY CAPONIIDAE
The family Caponiidae is a small family with 8 genera
known from North and South America and Africa. In
Southern Africa they are represented by 2 genera and
11 species of which 6 are endemics.
•
Common names: Caponia (orange lung-less spiders); Diploglena capensis (African two-eyed spiders).
•
Life style: wanderers (ground dwellers); freerunning spiders; abundance: rare.
•
Body size: 6-13 mm (males slightly smaller).
•
Diagnostic characters: colour: carapace and
legs orange-yellow, with only a dark spot over the
eye region; abdomen uniform silky grey; carapace: oval, attenuated anteriorly, lacking a distinct fovea and striation; integument smooth and
shiny; eyes: 2 (Diploglena) or 8 (Caponia); abdomen: elongate oval with light covering of dark setae; legs: short, sturdy and it lack spines, coxae
and often patellae of leg I much longer than rest,
legs fold over body when at rest.
•
Web and retreat: web: absent; retreat: they
build a small oval retreat of transparent silk which
they attach to stones and ground debris.
•
Habitat: they have been collected from grassland,
savanna, Succulent- and Nama-Karoo, desert and
forest areas. However, they seem to be more
common in the drier regions.
•
Behaviour: caponiids are usually found on the
ground under stones or in leaf litter. Very little is
know about their behaviour. They are nocturnal
spiders and swift runners pursuing their prey over
the ground. During the day they are found in saclike retreats made under stones or other ground
debris Caponia, was frequently collected in Southern Africa from areas infested with harvester termites.
•
106
Taxonomic revision: family in need of revised.
References:
•
PLATNICK, N.I. & JÄGER, P. 2008. On the first Asian
spiders of the family Caponiidae (Araneae, Haplogynae) with notes on the African genus Diplogena.
American Museum Novitates 31: 1-12
PURCELL, W.F. 1904. Descriptions of new genera
and species of South African spiders. Transactions of
the Southern African Philosophical Society 15: 115173.
FAMILY CAPONIIDAE
(CONTINUED)
107
Caponia braunsi Purcell, 1904
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Alicedale (-33.31, 26.08)*; Willowmore (-33.3, 23.5).
Western Cape: Swartberg Nature Reserve (Gamkaskloof) (-33.36, 21.69).
Habitat (biomes): SKB, TB.
Caponia capensis Purcell, 1904
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Baviaanskloof Nature Reserve (-33.76, 24.81); Willowmore (-33.3, 23.5); Alicedale (-33.31, 26.08). Northern Cape: Luderitz (-26.38, 15.09). Western
Cape: De Hoop Nature Reserve (-34.45, 20.44); Mamre (-33.5, 18.45); St. Helena Bay (-32.77, 18.03);
Table Mountain National Park (Devils Peak) (-33.91, 18.42)*; Malmesbury (-33.46, 18.74); Swartberg
Habitat (biomes): FB, FoB, NKB, SKB, TB.
Known distribution: Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa*.
FAMILY CAPONIIDAE
(CONTINUED)
108
Caponia chelifera Lessert, 1936
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: Ngome State Forest (-27.78, 31.45); iSimangaliso Wetland Park (Mkuzi Game Reserve) (-27.63, 32.25); Ndumo Game Reserve (-26.87, 32.24). Limpopo:
Blouberg Nature Reserve (-22.99, 29.04); Lajuma Mountain Retreat (-23.03, 29.45); Malebogo Nature
Reserve (-23.07, 28.88); Polokwane Nature Reserve (-23.9, 29.47); Springbok Flats: Wildskamp (24.49, 28.46), Tuinplaas (-24.56, 28.46), Roedtan (-24.6, 29.08), Bekendevlei (-24.52, 28.51).
Caponia forficifera Purcell, 1904
Distribution in South Africa: Western Cape: Worcester, Brandvlei (-33.64, 19.47)*; Knysna (-34.03,
23.03); Swellendam (Avontuur pass) (-33.72, 23.16).
Habitat (biomes): FB, FoB.
FAMILY CAPONIIDAE
(CONTINUED)
109
Caponia hastifera Purcell, 1904
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Dunbrody (-33.47, 25.55); Port Elizabeth (-33.95, 25.61);
Willowmore (-33.3, 23.5)*; Uitenhage (-33.76, 25.39). Free State: Ficksburg (-28.86, 27.86).
Habitat (biomes): GB, SKB, TB.
Known distribution: Mozambique, South Africa*.
Caponia karrooica Purcell, 1904
Distribution in South Africa: Western Cape: Worcester (-33.64, 19.47). Eastern Cape: Matjiesfontein (-33.24, 20.58)*; Willowmore (-33.3, 23.5).
FAMILY CAPONIIDAE
(CONTINUED)
110
Caponia natalensis (O.P.-Cambridge, 1874)
Distribution in South Africa: type locality only as Natal*. Eastern Cape: Grahamstown (-33.3, 26.52).
KwaZulu-Natal: Ndumo Game Reserve (-26.87, 32.24). Limpopo: Kruger National Park (Shingwedzi
Camp) (-23.12, 31.43). Mpumalanga: Kruger National Park: Lwakahle (-25.38, 31.72), Makhuthwanini
(-25.38, 31.6), Napi (-25.37, 31.51), Randspruit (-25.28, 31.64), Renosterkoppies (-25.14, 31.84), Satara (-24.38, 31.78), Sabiepoort 11 (-25.19, 32.2), Vutome (-25.24, 32.08).
Known distribution: Botswana, Namibia, South Africa*, Tanzania.
Caponia secunda Pocock, 1900
FAMILY CAPONIIDAE
(CONTINUED)
111
Caponia simoni Purcell, 1904
Distribution in South Africa: Western Cape: Worcester (-33.64, 19.47)*.
Caponia spiralifera Purcell, 1904
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: East London (Pineapple Research Station) (-33.01, 27.9).
Gauteng: Pretoria/Tshwane (Rietondale Research Station) (-25.74, 28.19); Vereeniging (-26.67, 27.92).
Mpumalanga: Bergvliet Forest Station (-25.1, 30.78). North West: Rustenburg Nature Reserve (-25.65,
27.22). Northern Cape: Hanover (-30.94, 24.53)*.
FAMILY CAPONIIDAE
(CONTINUED)
112
Diploglena capensis Purcell, 1904
Distribution in South Africa: Western Cape: Anysberg Nature Reserve (-33.53, 20.76); Cape Town
(-33.91, 18.42); Jacobsbaai (-33.15, 18.03); Saldanha (-33.01, 17.93); Malmesbury (-33.46, 18.74); St.
Helena Bay (-32.77, 18.03)*. Northern Cape: Concordia (-29.53, 17.94); Garies (-30.56, 17.97); Augrabies National Park (-28.53, 20.29).
Habitat (biomes): FB, SB, SKB.
11. FAMILY CHUMMIDAE
The family Chummidae are a small family known only
from South Africa where they are represented by one
genus and two species.
•
Common name:
•
Life style: wanderers (ground dwellers); freerunning on soil surface.
•
Body size: small spiders 2.5-3 mm.
•
Diagnostic characters: colour:
carapace: flat, oval; widest at coxae II, strongly
narrowed in front; cephalic area well separated
by cervical groove; fovea absent; eyes: eight in
two rows; chelicerae strong; sternum as long
as wide, with pos-terior point protruding between coxae IV; legs: short, 4123, only one or
two spines on femora or spineless; with row of
four trichobothria on tarsi and one trichobothrium on metatarsi and tibiae; tarsi with
short praetarsus; three tarsal; abdomen:
fairly flat with well- developed structural dorsal scutum in both sexes; in front with field of
stiff macrosetae with large sockets; with four
central sigilla and several smaller lateral
ones; colulus represented by wide field of short
plumose setae; spin-nerets: six in female; male
palp with complex lateral tibial apophysis;
cymbium with proximal modifications; bulbus
with large subtegulum; embolus short, solid,
emerging on distal part of tegulum; median
apophysis small, poorly sclerotized.
•
Web/retreat: none.
•
Habitat: all specimens were collected from the
litter layer in shrubland of backdunes or from
temperate forest.
•
Behaviour: during periods of inactivity the spiders sit upside-down under a dead leaf. A juvenile
of Chumma inquieta kept in captivity readily accepted small Collembola (Sminthuridae). The
species is appar-ently active in summer with the
reproductive period in December-February and
juveniles appearing from March to May. They
probably pass winter in the sub-adult state. The
spiders have a rapid gait not unlike that of lycosids: they run for fairly long bouts, halt shortly
and run again.
•
Taxonomic notes: Family described by Jocqué
( 2001), known only from two species
References:
JOCQUÉ, R. 2001. Chummidae, a new spider family
(Arachnida, Araneae) from South Africa. Journal of
Zoology, London 254: 481-493.
•
113
FAMILY CHUMMIDAE
(CONTINUED)
114
Chumma gastroperforata Jocqué, 2001
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: George (-33.95, 22.46). Western Cape: Prince Albert
(-33.22, 22.03); Diepwalle Forest Station (Van Huyssteenbos) (-34.03, 23.03); Humansdorp (Wit Els
Bos) (-34.04, 24.78)*; Saasveld Forest Station (-33.95, 22.53).
Habitat (biomes): FoB, NKB, TB.
Chumma inquieta Jocqué, 2001
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Colchester (-33.68, 25.82)*.
12. FAMILY CLUBIONIDAE
The family Clubionidae is represented by 25 genera
that occur worldwide. From South Africa 2 genera and
30 species are known of which 21 are endemics.
•
Life style: wanderers (plant dwellers); freerunning on grass and foliage.
•
Body size: 5-12 mm (males slightly smaller and
legs more slender).
•
Diagnostic characters: colour: pale yellow or
brown; carapace: longer than wide, fovea shallow
to absent; eyes: 8 in 2 rows (4:4), uniform in size;
abdomen: oval in males sometimes with small
dorsal scutum; legs: moderately long with leg
formula 4123 or 1423.
•
Web and retreat: web: absent; retreat: construct
sac-like retreats in rolled up leaves, folded blades
of grass or under loose bark. Use it during nonactive periods and during egg-laying and development.
•
Habitat: commonly found on grass and foliage in
Grassland, Savanna, Nama-Karoo and Succulent
Karoo Biomes. A few species are known from
forests.
•
Behaviour: they are nocturnal free-living hunters
that are fairly aggressive. They have poor vision
and use their front legs to detect and grab their
prey. Different types of sac-like retreats are made
and used for e.g. resting when not active, to
moult, mate, oviposit and hibernate in. The flattened egg cocoon is suspended inside the sac
retreat with the female guarding it.
•
Taxonomic notes: family not yet revised.
References:
•
LAWRENCE,R.F. 1952. New spiders of the eastern
half of South Africa. Annals of the Natal Museum 12:
183-226.
STRAND, E. 1907. Vorläufige diagnosen afrikanischer
und
Südamerikanischer Spinnen. Zoologischer Anzeiger
31: 525-528.
115
FAMILY CLUBIONIDAE (CONTINUED)
116
Carteroniella macroclava Strand, 1907
Distribution in South Africa: type only as Kapland*.
?
Clubiona abbajensis Strand, 1906
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Jeffrey's Bay (-34.06, 24.91); Kei River Mouth
(-32.68, 28.37); Mkambati Nature Reserve (31.32, 29.97). KwaZulu-Natal: Ndumo Game Reserve
(-26.87, 32.24); Richards Bay (15 km N) (-28.78, 32.1). Limpopo: Blouberg Nature Reserve (-22.99,
29.04); Little Leigh (-22.95, 29.87); Polokwane Nature Reserve (-23.9, 29.47). Mpumalanga: Farm
Glenwood (-25.48, 30.93); Nelspruit (Farm Brondal 20 km NE) (-25.35, 30.84). Western Cape: Gouritzmond (Borrelfontein 8 km W) (-34.34, 21.87); De Hoop Nature Reserve (Potberg) (-34.45, 20.44);
Outeniqua Nature Reserve (-33.87, 22.48).
Records from agro-ecosystems: avocado (1), macadamia (6).
Known distribution: Ethiopia*, Somalia, South Africa, Uganda.
Clubiona africana Lessert, 1921
117
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Addo Elephant National Park (-33.32, 25.72); Grahamstown (-33.3, 26.52); Qachas Nek (-30.12, 28.68). Gauteng: Centurion (Irene) (-25.85, 28.16). KwaZulu-Natal: Cathedral Peak (-28.94, 29.19); Loteni Nature Reserve (-29.47, 29.52); Monks Cowl
(-29.03, 29.4); Royal Natal National Park (-28.73, 28.92). Limpopo: Rust de Winter (-25.19; 28.63).
Mpumalanga: Nelspruit (various farms): Farm Brondal 20 km NE (-25.35, 30.84), Farm Glenwood
(-25.48, 30.92), Halls & Son, 10 km NE (-25.47, 30.96), Schagen (15 km NW) (-25.43, 30.8), ARCITSC (-25.47, 30.96); Marble Hall (-24.96, 29.29). Western Cape: Anysberg Nature Reserve (-33.53,
20.76); Swartberg Nature Reserve (Gamkaskloof)(-33.36, 21.69).
Habitat (biomes): NKB, GB, SB, SKB, TB.
Records from agro-ecosystems: avocado (2), citrus (2), macadamia (10).
Known distribution: Tanzania*, South Africa.
Clubiona annuligera Lessert, 1929
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: Ndumo Game Reserve (-26.87, 32.24).
Known distribution: DRC*, Mozambique, South Africa.
118
Clubiona aspidiphora Simon, 1910
Distribution in South Africa: Northern Cape: Komaggas ( -29.75, 17.45)*.
Habitat (biomes): SKB.
Clubiona bevisi Lessert, 1923
Distribution in South Africa: Free State: Bloemfontein (-29.11, 26.22); Clocolan (Mpetsane Conservation Estate) (-28.92, 27.58). KwaZulu-Natal: Ndumo Game Reserve (-26.87, 32.24); Umbilo (-29.88,
30.96)*. Limpopo: Lajuma Mountain Retreat (-23.03, 29.45).
Clubiona biaculeata Simon, 1897
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Port Elizabeth (-33.95, 25.61)*.
Clubiona capensis Simon, 1897
119
120
Clubiona caplandensis Strand, 1907
Distribution in South Africa: Western Cape: type only as “Kapland”*.
?
Clubiona citricolor Lawrence, 1952
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: Nkandla Forest (-28.61, 31.09)*. Free State: Seekoeivlei Nature Reserve (-27.57, 29.58).
Habitat (biomes): FoB, GB.
121
Clubiona collinita Lawrence, 1952
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: Drummond (-29.73, 30.73); Greytown (-29.05, 30.6);
Mazongwaan Forest (-29.6, 30.38)*; Umhlali (-29.47, 31.22). Limpopo: Drummondlea (-24.31, 28.93).
Clubiona durbana Roewer, 1951
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Qachas Nek (-30.12, 28.68). Free State: Bloemfontein
(-29.11, 26.22). KwaZulu-Natal: Durban (-29.85, 31.01); Hluhluwe Nature Reserve (-28.09, 32.1); Howick (-29.47, 30.2); Ndumo Game Reserve (-26.87, 32.24); Merrivale (-29.50, 30.23)*.
122
Clubiona godfreyi Lessert, 1921
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Jeffrey's Bay (-34.06, 24.91). Limpopo: Lajuma Mountain Retreat (-23.03, 29.45); Sovenga Hill (-23.88, 29.73).
Known distribution: South Africa, Uganda*.
Clubiona helva Simon, 1897
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: type locality only as Natal*. Limpopo: Sovenga Hill
(-23.88, 29.73).
?
123
Clubiona kiboschensis Lessert, 1921
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Jeffrey's Bay (-34.06, 24.91).
Known distribution: South Africa, Uganda*.
Clubiona lawrencei Roewer, 1951
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Mazeppa Bay (-32.47, 28.64). KwaZulu-Natal: Cathedral Peak (-28.94, 29.19); Monks Cowl (-29.03, 29.4); Richards Bay (-28.78, 32.1); Pietermaritzburg
(-29.60, 30.38)*. Limpopo: Lajuma Mountain Retreat (-23.03, 29.45).
124
Clubiona limpida Simon, 1897
Distribution in South Africa: Limpopo: Lajuma Mountain Retreat (-23.03, 29.45). Western Cape:
Simonstown (-34.19, 18.42)*.
?
Clubiona limpidella Strand, 1907
125
Clubiona natalica Simon, 1897
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: type only as Natal*. Limpopo: Lajuma Mountain Retreat (-23.03, 29.45).
?
Clubiona nollothensis Simon, 1910
Distribution in South Africa: Northern Cape: Port Nolloth (-29.25, 16.87)*.
126
Clubiona pongolensis Lawrence, 1952
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: Ingwavuma (-27.12, 32.01)*; Ithala Nature Reserve
(-27.51, 31.23); Ndumo Game Reserve (-26.87, 32.24). Gauteng: Pretoria/Tshwane (-25.74, 28.19);
Roodepoort (Lindhaven) (-26.14, 27.86).
Clubiona pupillaris Lawrence, 1938
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Addo Elephant National Park (-25.47, 30.96); Coffee Bay
(-31.97, 29.14); Cwebe Nature Reserve (-32.28, 28.9); Hogsback (-32.59, 26.92); Kei River Mouth
(-32.68, 28.37); Mazeppa Bay (-32.47, 28.64); Mkambati Nature Reserve (31.32, 29.97). Gauteng: Pretoria/Tshwane (Rietondale Research Station) (-25.73, 28.23). KwaZulu-Natal: Bluff (-29.88, 31.02)*;
Ndumo Game Reserve (-26.87, 32.24); Richards Bay (15 km N) (-28.78, 32.1); Tembe Elephant Park
(-26.94, 32.47). Mpumalanga: Burgers Hall (-25.02, 31.08); Crocodile Valley Estate (-25.47, 31.03); Nelspruit (-25.47, 30.96).
Habitat (biome): FoB, GB, SB, TB.
127
Clubiona revillioidi Lessert, 1936
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Mazeppa Bay (-32.47, 28.64). KwaZulu-Natal: Gollel
(-27.3, 31.91); Umhlali (-29.47, 31.22). Limpopo: Marble Hall (-24.96, 29.29); Nylsvley Nature Reserve
(-24.65, 28.67).
Clubiona rumpiana Lawrence, 1952
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: Dargle (-29.54, 29.97)*; iSimangaliso Wetland Park
(Hell’s Gate) (-28, 32.48); Umhlali (-29.47, 31.22).
Records fro protected areas: 1.
128
Clubiona sigillata Lawrence, 1952
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Coffee Bay (-31.97, 29.14); Cwebe Nature Reserve
(-32.28, 28.9); Hogsback (-32.59, 26.92); Mountain Zebra National Park (-32.24, 25.43). KwaZuluNatal: Pietermaritzburg (Otto’s Bluff) (-29.6, 30.38)*; Umgababa (-30.14, 30.84)*.
Habitat (biomes): GB, NKB, SB, TB.
Clubiona sparassella Strand, 1909
Distribution in South Africa: type locality only as Kapland*. Limpopo: Nylstroom/Modimolle
(-24.69, 28.4).
Habitat (biomes): FB?, SB.
?
129
Clubiona subtrivialis Strand, 1906
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: Ngome State Forest (-27.78, 31.45). Limpopo: Nylstroom/Modimolle (-24.69, 28.4).
Known distribution: Cameroon*, Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa.
Clubiona umbilensis Lessert, 1923
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: Ngome State Forest (-27.78, 31.45); Umbilo (-29.88,
30.96)*. Western Cape: Stellenbosch (-33.93, 18.85).
Habitat (biomes): FB, FoB, SB.
130
Clubiona vachoni Lawrence, 1952
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: Cathedral Peak (-28.94, 29.19); Champagne Castle
(-29.08, 29.35)*; Kamberg Nature Reserve (-29.39, 29.67); Monks Cowl (-29.03, 29.4); Royal Natal National Park (-28.73, 28.92).
Clubiona valens Simon, 1897
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: Champagne Castle (-29.08, 29.35); Durban (-29.85,
31.01)*.
13. FAMILY CORINNIDAE
changes. While walking the abdomen moves up
and down and the front legs are held up to mimic
the antennae of ants. Graptartia granulosa has
white spots on the abdomen and with that mimics
the wingless females of mutillid wasps. Copa species are frequently confused with wolf spider in
being very similar in size, colour and body pattern.
Members of the Trachelinae live in silk retreats
spun in rolled leaves or under bark or debris on
the soil surface. Trachelas is found in dry, hot
areas as well as dry and wet forested areas. They
move slowly and resemble the spider family Palpimanidae. Most species of Corinnidae spin a round
cocoon of dense white threads to deposit their
eggs in. Their egg cocoons are shiny and diskshaped and they attach it to the substrate.
The Corinnidae is a fairly large cosmopolitan family.
The number of genera and species in South Africa
have increased the last few years and presently 25
genera from 77 species of which 44 are endemics.
•
Common names: Corinnidae (dark sac spiders);
Castianeirinae (ant-like sac spiders).
•
Life style: wanderers (ground dwellers); freerunning spiders, frequently found in forests.
•
Body size: 3-10 mm (males slightly smaller with
legs more slender).
•
Diagnostic characters: colour: some species
are dark to metallic (Castianeirinae) while others
are dark to yellowish-brown (Corinninae) or they
have shiny red to red-brown carapaces and pale
abdomens (Trachelinae); carapace: ovoid in dorsal view and sometimes elongated in the ant mimics when they are then heavily sclerotized; eyes: 8
in two rows (4:4), widely spaced or closely
grouped; abdomen: ovoid or elongated in the antlike species and sometimes with scuta or transverse bands or patches of white setae; usually
with recumbent feathery setae, frequently forming
lines or patterns; legs: sturdy with varied setae on
the front legs consisting of clusters, rows or scattered erect setae. In the ant-mimics the legs are
usually long and thin.
•
•
•
Web and retreat: web: absent; retreat: they construct silk retreats in rolled leaves and plant debris.
Habitat: they are commonly found in shady, deciduous forest in woody debris, litter or humus on
the forest floor. Some of the ant-like species are
more common in grassland and savanna.
Behaviour: corinnids are free living ground spiders. Some members of the Castianeirinae mimic
ants. Their movements are ant-like, involving rapid
movement with jerky pauses and sudden direction
131
•
Taxonomic notes: family is presently being revised.
References:
HADDAD, C. R. 2006. Spinotrachelas, a new genus of
tracheline sac spiders from South Africa (Araneae:
Corinnidae). African Invertebrates 47: 85–93.
•
HADDAD, C.R. 2007. A new species of Corinnomma
(Araneae: Corinnidae) from southern and eastern Africa, with taxonomic notes on C. olivaceum and C. semiglabrum. African Invertebrates.
HADDAD, C.R. 2007. A revision of the endemic South
African dark sac spider genus Austrophaea (Araneae:
Corinnidae). African Invertebrates 48: 47-53.
HADDAD, C.R. & LYLE, R. 2008. Three new genera
of tracheline sac spiders from southern Africa
(Araneae: Corinnidae). African Invertebrates 49: 3776.
LYLE, R. & HADDAD, C.R. 2010. A revision of the
tracheline sac spider genus Cetonana Strand, 1929 in
the Afrotropical Region, with descriptions of two new
genera (Araneae: Corinnidae). African Invertebrates
51: 321–384
FAMILY CORINNIDAE
(CONTINUED)
132
Afroceto arca Lyle & Haddad, 2010
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Alicedale (-33.31, 26.08); Fort Brown (-33.13, 26.62);
Grahamstown, 33 Oatlands road (-33.3, 26.52); Kirkwood (Klipfontein farm) (-32.39,24.31); Dunbrody,
Sundays River Valley (-33.47, 25.55). Free State: Bloemfontein (Farm Deelfontein) (-28.85, 26.12);
Bloemfontein (Farm Hopefield) (-28.90, 26.23); Florisbad Research Station (-28.77, 26.07); Bloemfontein
(-29.11, 26.22); Brandfort, Krugerdrif dam (-28.85, 25.89); Fauresmith (Farm Boschrand 208) (-29.75,
25.32). Gauteng: Roodepoort (Kloofendal Nature Reserve) (-26.14, 27.86); Knoppieslaagte (-25.95,
27.97)*; Marievale Nature Reserve (-26.42, 28.46). KwaZulu-Natal: Pietermaritzburg (-29.6, 30.28),
Scotsville (-29.61, 30.40). North West: Venterskroon (Thabela Thabeng Mountain) (-27.08, 28.51).
Northern Cape: Benfontein Nature Reserve (-28.82, 24.82); Hanover (Farm Eierfontein) (-31.06, 24.4);
Kathu (Farm Sacha) (-27.69, 23.06); Lime Acres (Farm Klien Papkuil) (-28.48, 23.72); Prieska (Green
Valley Nuts Estate) (-29.68, 22.74). Western Cape: Anysberg Nature Reserve (Vrede Cottages) (-33.53,
20.76); Buffels Bay (-34.19, 18.26); Cape Town, dunes nr Khayelitsha (-33.92, 18.42); Cape Peninsula,
Muizenberg (-34.1, 18.47); De Hoop Nature Reserve (Potberg) (-34.37, 20.53); Kalk Bay Mountains
(-34.19, 18.42); Kommetjie (-34.16, 18.34); Le Roux River, 10 km W Cango Caves (-33.48, 22.25);
Swartberg Nature Reserve (Gamkaskloof, Die Hel) (-33.35, 21.67).
Known distribution: Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa*.
Afroceto bisulca Lyle & Haddad, 2010
Distribution in South Africa: Western Cape: Cape Penninsula (Bergvliet, near Diep Rivier) (-34.03,
18.63)*.
FAMILY CORINNIDAE
(CONTINUED)
133
Afroceto bulla Lyle & Haddad, 2010
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: East London (-33.01, 27.9)*.
Afroceto capensis Lyle & Haddad, 2010
Distribution in South Africa: Western Cape: De Hoop Nature Reserve (De Hoop Vlei) (-34.45, 20.44)*;
Hermanus (Petshus Park) (-34.4, 19.25); Cape Peninsula (Kalk Bay Mountain) (-34.19, 18.42).
FAMILY CORINNIDAE
(CONTINUED)
134
Afroceto coenosa (Simon, 1897)
Distribution in South Africa: type locality only as Natal*. KwaZulu-Natal: Durban, Bluff (-29.88,
31.02); Pietermaritzburg (Town Bush) (-29.57, 30.33). Mpumalanga: 11 km South East from Pilgrims
Rest (-24.89, 30.75).
Afroceto corcula Lyle & Haddad, 2010
Distribution in South Africa: Northern Cape: Horingsgat (4km N of Leliefontein in Kamiesberg)
(-30.3, 18.08)*. Western Cape: Clanwilliam (Dwars River) (-32.16, 18.89).
FAMILY CORINNIDAE
(CONTINUED)
135
Afroceto croeseri Lyle & Haddad, 2010
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: Mhlopeni Nature Reserve, 10km SE of Muden (-28.96,
30.39)*. Eastern Cape: E of Glenmore, above KwaNcukunca stream (-33.17, 26.5).
Afroceto flabella Lyle & Haddad, 2010
FAMILY CORINNIDAE
(CONTINUED)
136
Afroceto gracilis Lyle & Haddad , 2010
Distribution in South Africa: Mpumalanga: Dullstroom (Groblers Farm) (-25.48, 30.92); Sakhelwe
(-25.40, 30.08)*; Verloren Vallei Nature Reserve (-25.31, 30.12); Steenkampsberg (Roger Croall)
(-25.55, 30.08).
Afroceto martini (Simon, 1897)
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: East London (Fort Brown, Andries Vosloo Kudu Reserve
(-33.13, 26.62); Grahamstown (Dassiekranz)(-32.59, 26.92); Great Winterhoek Mountains (-33.07,
19.09)*; Hogsback (-32.59, 26.92); Kasouga Coastal Reserve (-33.63, 2643); Kei Mouth (-32.68,
29.37); Mazeppa Bay (-32.47, 28.64); Mkambathi Nature Reserve (-32.27, 30.02); Port Elizabeth
(Lovemore Park) (-34.01, 25.53); Rivierberg Range (Plessierivier, 43km NE Willowmore) (-33.3, 23.5);
20 km W of Grahamstown, along N2 highway (-33.3, 26.52). Free State: Golden Gate Highlands National Park (Spelonken (-28.27, 28.38); Bloemfontein (Farm Hopefield) (-29.11, 26.22); Maselspoort (29.03, 26.41); Bloemfontein, (-29.11, 26.22). Gauteng: Pretoria/Tshwane (-25.74, 28.19); Johannesburg (Parktown North) (-26.20, 28.04); Roodeplaat Dam Nature Reserve (-25.64, 28.36); Suikerbosrand Nature Reserve (-27.59, 27.53). KwaZulu-Natal: type locality only as Natal* ; Albert Falls (29.43, 30.43); Ashburton (Farm Helenshoek) (-29.68, 30.45); Champagne Castle Hostel (-29.06,
29.41); Dukuduku Forest (-28.37, 32.23); Empangeni (-28.72, 31.88); Enseleni Game Reserve (-28.68,
32.05); Eshowe (-28.89, 31.47); iSimangaliso Wetland Park: False Bay Park (-27.92, 30.42), Hell’s
Gate (-28.022, 32.48), Charter’s Creek, Lucia Forest (-28.2, 32.43), Kosi Bay Nature Reserve (-26.93,
32.87); Ithala Game Reserve (-27.51, 31.24); Mtunzini (Farm Garland) (-28.96, 31.76); Royal Natal National Park (-28.68, 28.95); Ndumo Game Reserve (-26.87, 32.24); Pietermaritzburg (Town Bush) (29.57, 30.35); Pietermaritzburg (Botanical Garden) (-29.6, 30.38); Pongola River (-27.56, 32.08); 10km
W Eshowe, Farm Cascades, Ngotshe Forest (-27.57, 31.5); Umhlali near Balito (-29.49, 31.24); Ubombo (-27.56, 32.08); Umbilo (-29.88, 30.96). Limpopo: Entabeni (-23, 30.23); Lajuma Mountain Retreat
(-23.03, 29.45); Polokwane Nature Reserve (-23.90, 29.47); Tshulu Research Reserve (-22.58, 30.81).
Mpumalanga: Embuleni Nature Reserve (-25.93, 30.55); Belfast (-25.69, 30.04); Bergvliet State Forest, Sabie (-25.01, 30.78); Burgershall (-25.10, 31.07); Kaapmuiden (-25.54, 31.33); Nelspruit, Lowveld
National Botanical Garden (-25.10, 31.07); Nelspruit (Farm Glenwood) (-25.47, 30.96). Northern Cape:
Prieska (Green Valley Nuts Estate) (-29.68, 22.74); Prieska (Farm Remhoogte) (-29.52, 23.00).
FAMILY CORINNIDAE
(CONTINUED)
137
Afroceto martini (continued)
Western Cape: Bellville (-33.90, 16.63); Betty’s Bay, Harold Porter National Botanical Gardens (-34.34,
18.94); Rondebosch (-33.97, 18.49); Table Mountain National Park: Cecilia Ridge (-33.99, 18.42),
Fernwood Gully (-33.98, 18.43), Rooikat Ravine (-33.99, 18.42), Cape of Good Hope Nature Reserve
(-34.24, 18.41), Kirstenbosch National Botanical Gardens, Skeleton Gorge Forest (-33.82, 18.48), Newlands Forest (-33.91, 18.42); De Hoop Nature Reserve (Potberg) (-34.37, 20.53); De Hoop Nature Reserve (Cupido’s Kraal) (-30.42, 20.63); Fisherhaven (-34.8, 26.23); Jacobsbaai (-32.96, 17.89); Malmesburg, Rondeberg (-33.45, 18.23); Robben Island (-33.8, 18.35).
Records from agro-ecosystems: citrus (2), macadamia (1), pistachio (2).
Afroceto plana Lyle & Haddad, 2010
Distribution in South Africa: Free State Province: Bloemfontein (Farm Hopefield) (-29.11, 26.22);
Sandveld Nature Reserve (-27.85, 25.93). KwaZulu-Natal: Ndumo Game Reserve (-26.87, 32.24)*.
Limpopo: Springbokvlakte: Settlers (-24.95, 28.52), Tuinplaas (-24.9, 28.73). Western Cape: De Hoop
Nature Reserve (Potberg) (-34.45, 20.44).
Known distribution: South Africa*, Malawi.
FAMILY CORINNIDAE
(CONTINUED)
138
Afroceto porrecta Lyle & Haddad, 2010
Distribution in South Africa: Western Cape: Prince Albert (Farm Rosendal) (-33.22, 22.03)*. Eastern
Cape: Jansenville (Farm Suurhaak) (-32.93, 24.67).
Afroceto rotunda Lyle & Haddad, 2010
Distribution in South Africa: Northern Cape: Sutherland (Farm Blesfontein) (-32.39, 20.66)*.
FAMILY CORINNIDAE
(CONTINUED)
139
Afroceto spicula Lyle & Haddad, 2010
Distribution in South Africa: Northern Cape: Oorlogskloof Nature Reserve (-31.45, 19.1)*; 30km SE
of Britstown (Farm De Put) (-30.58, 23.5).
Apochinomma formicaeforme Pavesi, 1881
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: Dukuduku Forest Station (-28.37, 32.23); Durban (Bluff)
(-29.88, 31.02); Empangeni (-28.75, 31.90); Enseleni Nature Reserve (-28.68, 32.05); iSimangaliso
Wetland Park: Hell’s Gate (-28.00, 32.48), Sodwana Bay National Park (-27.4, 32.76), St Lucia (28.08,
32.42); Smith's Farm (-28.33, 32.42); La Mercy (-29.63, 31.13); Ingwavuma (Mac's Pass) (-27.13,
32.00); kwaNgwanase (Coastal Cashews ) (-27.11, 32.57); kwaNgwanase (Manguzi Forest) (-26.97,
32.73); Ndumo Game Reserve (-26.88, 32.25); Ophathe Game Reserve (-28.37, 31.39); Phinda Game
Reserve (-27.72, 32.38); Richards Bay (15 km N) (-28.83, 32.08); Tembe Elephant Park (-27.07,
32.45). Limpopo: Tzaneen (-23.82, 30.16). Mpumalanga: Burger’s Hall (-25.10, 31.07); Shabenikop
(-25.08, 31.27). North West: Rustenburg Nature Reserve (-25.65, 27.22).
Taxonomic status: 1
FAMILY CORINNIDAE
(CONTINUED)
140
Austrophaea zebra Lawrence, 1952
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Kei Mouth (-32.68, 28.37); Mzimhlava River Mouth
(-31.38, 29.52); Port Shepstone (-30.72, 30.46). KwaZulu-Natal: Ashburton (-29.67, 30.45); Port Edward (Farm Blencanthra) (-31.03, 30.17); Pietermaritzburg (-29.60, 30.38); Port Edward (-31.05,
30.22); Scottburgh (-30.29, 30.75); Tongaat (-29.56, 31.12)*.
Cambalida coriacea Simon, 1909
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Cwebe Nature Reserve (-32.28, 28.90); Great Fish River
Reserve, near Selbourne (-26.65, 33.13); Kei Mouth (-32.68, 28.37); St. Francis Bay (-34.16, 24.83);
Sundays River Valley (-33.39, 25.43); Sterkstroom (Farm Wilgerskloof) (-31.60, 26.37). Free State:
Bloemfontein (-29.11, 26.22); Bloemfontein (Farm Deelhoek) (-28.85, 26.12); Ladybrand (Farm De Luc)
(-29.29, 27.40); Erfenis Dam Nature Reserve (-28.50, 26.79); Florisbad Research Station (-28.77,
26.08); Bloemfontein (Farm Hopefield) (-28.90, 26.23); Mpetsane Conservation Estate (-28.80, 25.72);
Sandveld Nature Reserve (-27.85, 25.93); Tussen-die-Riviere Nature Reserve (-30.49, 26.18); Willem
Pretorius Nature Reserve (-28.28, 27.20). Gauteng: Alice Glockner Nature Reserve (-26.74, 28.38);
Krugersdorp (Hekpoort Farm) (-25.95, 27.63); Florida (-26.18, 27.91); Kloofendal Nature Reserve
(-26.14, 27.86); Pretoria/Tshwane (-25.74, 28.19). KwaZulu-Natal: Empangeni (-28.75, 31.90);
Hluhluwe Nature Reserve (-28.09, 32.10); Hluhluwe-Imfolozi Park (Hilltop Research Station) (-28.07,
32.04); iSimangaliso Wetland Park: Eastern Shores Nature Reserve(-29.09, 32.16), False Bay Park
(-27.92, 32.27), Fanie’s Island (-28.53, 32.40), Hell’s Gate (-28.00, 32.48); Kosi Bay Nature Reserve
(-26.93, 32.87); Ithala Game Reserve (-27.51, 31.23); Mfongosi (-27.28, 32.15); Ndumo Game Reserve
(-26.87, 32.24); Ophathe Game Reserve (-28.37, 31.39); Pietermaritzburg (-29.55, 30.35); Richards
Bay (15 km N) (-28.78, 32.10); Tembe Elephant Park (-26.94, 32.47); Umgeni Valley Nature Reserve
(-29.47, 30.20); Hluhluwe (Umkhuzi Pan) (-27.67, 32.30). Limpopo: Springbok Flats (Bekendevlei)
(-24.90, 28.73); Klein Kariba, near Bela-Bela (-24.88, 28.29); Lajuma Mountain Retreat (-23.03, 29.45);
Little Leigh (-22.95, 29.87); Mabula Lodge, near Bela-Bela (-24.84, 27.96); Makalali Nature Reserve
(-24.34, 30.93); Mussina (-22.34, 30.03); Nylsvley Nature Reserve (-24.65, 28.67); Roedtan (-24.60,
29.08); Settlers (-24.95, 28.52); Tshulu (-22.58, 30.81).
FAMILY CORINNIDAE
(CONTINUED)
141
Cambalida coriacea (continued)
Mpumalanga: Acornhoek (-24.58, 31.10); Bethal (-26.44, 29.46); Delmas (Rietvallei) (-26.09, 28.57);
Kruger National Park (Skukuza) (-25.00, 31.60); Nelspruit (-25.47, 30.96). North West: Brits (-25.62,
27.77); Buffelspoort Research Station (-25.62, 27.77); Vryburg district (Farm Weltevrede) (-27.41,
24.49). Northern Cape: Schmidtsdrift (Farm Geelkoppies) (-28.60, 24.33); Prieska (Green Valley Nuts
Estate) (-29.68, 22.74); Kathu district (Pniel Farm) (-28.59, 24.53); Prieska (Farm Remhoogte) (-29.52,
23.00). Western Cape: De Hoop Nature Reserve (Potberg) (-34.45, 20.44); Fisherhaven (-34.47,
19.27); Malmesbury (Rondeberg) (-33.40, 18.30); Montagu Baths (-33.78, 20.12); Swartberg Nature
Reserve (Gamkaskloof) (-33.36, 21.69).
Records from agro-ecosystems: citrus (2), cotton (1), grapefruit (1), maize (1), pistachio (2),.
Cambalida fulvipes Simon, 1910
Distribution in South Africa: Free State: Mpetsane Conservation Estate (-28.80, 25.72).
Known distribution: Guinea-Bissau*, South Africa.
FAMILY CORINNIDAE
(CONTINUED)
142
Copa flavoplumosa Simon, 1885
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Grahamstown (-33.30, 26.52); Great Fish River Reserve,
near Selbourne (-26.65, 33.13); Sterkstroom (Hazelmere Country Lodge) (-31.51, 26.68); Mkambati
Nature Reserve (-31.27, 30.02); Port Shepstone (-30.72, 30.46); Sundays River Valley (-33.39, 25.43).
Free State: Kroonstad (Farm Doornkloof) (-27.72, 27.70); Erfenis Dam Nature Reserve (-28.50, 26.81);
Mpetsane Conservation Estate (-28.80, 25.72); Sandveld Nature Reserve (-27.85, 25.93); Tussen-dieRiviere Nature Reserve (-30.49, 26.18). Gauteng: Balmoral (-26.82, 28.87); Buffelsdrift (-25.40, 28.06);
Pretoria/Tshwane (-25.75, 28.20); Pretoria/Tshwane, National Botanical Gardens (-25.74, 28.19);
Suikerbosrand Nature Reserve (-26.51, 28.23). KwaZulu-Natal: Cathedral Peak (-28.94, 29.19);
Drummond (-29.75, 30.70); Empangeni (-28.75, 31.90); Enseleni Nature Reserve (-28.68, 32.05); Garden Castle (-29.75, 29.20); iSimangaliso Wetland Park: False Bay Park (-27.92, 32.27), Hell’s Gate (28.00, 32.48), Kosi Bay Nature Reserve (-26.93, 32.87), Mkuzi Game Reserve (-27.63, 32.25), Sodwana Bay National Park (-27.40, 32.76); Ithala Game Reserve (-27.51, 31.23); Louwsburg (-27.54,
31.32); Mount Edgecombe (-29.68, 31.03); Ndumo Game Reserve (-26.87, 32.24); Ngome State Forest
(-27.78, 31.45); Ophathe Game Reserve (-28.52, 31.66); Pietermaritzburg (-29.55, 30.35); Richards
Bay (15 km N) (-28.78, 32.10); Sani Pass (-29.66, 29.51); Scottburgh (-30.29, 30.75); Tembe Elephant
Park (-26.94, 32.47); Mtunzini (Twin Streams Farm) (-28.95, 31.77); Vernon Crookes Nature Reserve
(-30.27, 23.33). Limpopo: Springbok Flats (Bekendevlei) (-24.90, 28.73); Kruger National Park
(Maduringwe) (-22.58, 31.15); Lajuma Mountain Retreat (-23.03, 29.45); Little Leigh (-22.95, 29.86);
Nylsvley Nature Reserve (-24.65, 28.67); Polokwane Nature Reserve (-23.90, 29.47); Sovenga Hill
(-23.88, 29.73). Mpumalanga: Dullstroon (Grobler’s Farm) (-25.48, 30.08); Nelspruit (ARC-ISTC)
(-25.47, 30.96); Nelspruit (Farm Brondal) (-25.35, 30.84); Nelspruit (Hall & Son) (-25.47, 30.96); Nelspruit (Farm Glenwood) (-25.48, 30.92); Lydenburg (Farm Rodewalshoek) (-25.01, 30.31); Sakhelwe
(-25.40, 30.08); Marble Hall (Schoemans Farm) (-24.96, 29.29); Hectorspruit (Vergelegen Farm)
(-25.43, 31.68); Verloren Vallei Nature Reserve (-25.31, 30.12); Witbank Nature Reserve (-25.88,
29.27). North West: Hermitage Farm (-27.07, 23.68); Thabela Thabang Mountain Retreat (-26.86,
28.30). Northern Cape: Prieska (Green Valley Nuts Estate) (-29.68, 22.74); Prieska (Farm Remhoogte) (-29.52, 23.00); Kuruman (Sunnyside Farm) (-27.73, 23.61). Western Cape: Brenton-on-Sea
(-34.07, 23.03); De Hoop Nature Reserve (-34.45, 20.44); Knysna (Uitzicht Annex) (-34.00, 23.33).
Records from agro-ecosystems: avocado (2), citrus (3), cotton (1), macadamia (3), maize (1), pistachio (2).
FAMILY CORINNIDAE
(CONTINUED)
143
Copa lacustris Strand, 1916
Distribution in South Africa: Free State: Amanzi Private Game Reserve (-28.60, 26.43); Bloemfontein
(-29.13, 26.17); Bloemfontein (National Botanical Gardens) (-29.05, 26.21); Bloemfontein (Farm Deelhoek) (-28.85, 26.12); Bloemfontein (Maselspoort) (-29.03, 26.41); Bloemfontein (Farm Hopefield )
(-28.90, 26.23); Petrusburg (Farm Driekoppies) (-29.14, 25.61); Erfenis Dam Nature Reserve (-28.50,
26.79); Harrismith (-28.28, 29.11); Kroonstad (Farm Koffielaagte) (-27.48, 27.47); Mpetsane Conservation Estate (-28.80, 25.72); Sandveld Nature Reserve (-27.85, 25.93); Smithfield (-30.20, 26.53);
Virginia (-28.12, 26.75); Winburg, Allemanskraal Dam (-28.27, 27.17). Gauteng: Johannesburg
(Sandton) (-26.11, 28.05); Kempton Park (-26.09, 28.23); Pretoria/Tshwane: Monument Park) (-25.81,
28.24), Winternest (-25.65, 28.13); Roodeplaat Research Station (-25.66, 28.35). KwaZulu-Natal: Empangeni (-28.75, 31.90); KwaDlangezwa (-28.75, 31.75); Illovo Beach (-30.11, 30.85); Pietermaritzburg
(-29.55, 30.35). Limpopo: Bela-Bela (-24.88, 28.29); Settlers (-24.95, 28.52); Springbok Flats
(Tuinplaas) (-24.56, 28.46). Mpumulanga: Nelspruit (-25.47, 30.96). Northern Cape: Red Sands Country Lodge, 14km SW Kuruman (-27.51, 23.29). North West: Bloemhof (-27.65, 25.60). Western Cape:
Karoo National Park (-32.28, 22.46); Knysna (Uitzicht Annex) (-34.00, 23.33); Oudtshoorn (-33.59,
22.21); Worcester (-33.64, 19.47).
Known distribution: Botswana, DRC*, Kenya, Lesotho, South Africa, Zambia.
Copuetta magna Haddad, 2010
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: iSimangaliso Wetland Park (Hell’s Gate)(-28.0, 32.48)*.
FAMILY CORINNIDAE
(CONTINUED)
144
Corinna natalis Pocock, 1898
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: Durban (-29.85, 31.01)*; Dukuduku Forest (-28.37,
32.23); Ifafa Beach (-30.45, 30.64); iSimangaliso Wetland Park: Cape Vidal (-28.16, 32.56), Hell’s Gate
(-27.58, 32.67); Ndumo Game Reserve (-26.87, 32.24); Umhlatuze River mouth (-28.81, 31.94). Limpopo: Lajuma Mountain Retreat (-23.03, 29.45). Mpumulanga: Crocodile River Gorge (-25.53, 31.22);
Lowveld National Botanical Gardens (-25.47, 31.00).
Corinnomma lawrencei Haddad, 2006
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: Ndumo Game Reserve (-26.87, 32.24). Limpopo: Kruger National Park (Pafuri) (-22.33, 31.17); Lajuma Mountain Retreat (-23.03, 29.45).
Known distribution: Mozambique*, South Africa, Tanzania.
FAMILY CORINNIDAE
(CONTINUED)
145
Corinnomma semiglabrum (Simon, 1896)
Distribution in South Africa: Gauteng: Buffelsdrift (-25.40, 28.06); Ezemvelo Nature Reserve
(-25.80, 28.77); Florida (-26.20, 28.04). KwaZulu-Natal: Empangeni (-28.70, 31.90); iSimangaliso Wetland Park: Hell’s Gate (-28.00, 32.48), Kosi Bay Nature Reserve (-26.97, 32.73), Lake Sibaya (-27.33,
32.70); Levombo Mission Station (-28.00, 32.00); Middeldrif (-29.17, 31.08); Ndumo Game Reserve
(-26.87, 32.24); Tembe Elephant Park (-26.94, 32.47). Limpopo: Gunfontein (-24.00, 28.00); Klein Kariba, near Bela-Bela (-24.88, 28.29); Lajuma Mountain Retreat (-23.03, 29.45); Mabula Lodge, near BelaBela (-24.84, 27.96); Makapan (-24.15, 29.18)*; Nylsvley Nature Reserve (-24.65, 28.67); Settlers
(-24.95, 28.52); Springbok Flats (Tuinplaas) (-24.56, 28.46); Wolkberg Nature Reserve (-23.94, 29.95).
Mpumulanga: Nelspruit (-25.47, 30.96); Sudwala Caves (-25.33, 30.67). North West: Hartebeespoort
(-25.75, 27.85); Hartebeespoort Dam, Crocodile River (-25.73, 27.85); Rustenburg (-25.65, 27.22);
Silkaatsnek Nature Reserve (-25.70, 27.88); Vryburg (Farm Weltevrede) (-27.44, 24.50).
Known distribution: Botswana, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa*, Swaziland, Zambia, Zimbabwe.
Fuchiba aquilonia Haddad & Lyle, 2008
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: Mkuzi Game Reserve (-27.63, 32.25); Ndumo Game
Reserve (-26.87, 32.24); Ophathe Game Reserve (-28.52, 31.66); Phinda Game Reserve (-27.72,
32.38). Limpopo: Lajuma Mountain Retreat (-23.03, 29.45)*; Nylstroom/ Modimolle (Farm Leeudorings) (-24.69, 28.40); Little Leigh (-22.95, 29.86); Makalali Private Game Reserve (-24.16, 30.69);
Springbok Flats: Settlers (-24.90, 28.73), Bekendevlei (-24.52, 28.52), Tuinplaas (-24.56, 28.56). Mpumalanga: Klaserie (Guernsey Farm) (-24.55, 31.02); Kruger National Park: Satara (-24.38, 31.78), Skukuza (-25.00, 31.97); Nelspruit (Schoemans Boerdery) (-24.96, 29.29).
Known distribution: Botswana, Mozambique, South Africa*.
FAMILY CORINNIDAE
(CONTINUED)
146
Fuchiba capensis Haddad & Lyle, 2008
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Baviaanskloof Nature Reserve (-33.76, 24.81). Western
Cape: Bergvliet (-34.03, 18.63); Cape Peninsula (Kalk Bay Mountain) (-34.27, 18.43); De Hoop Nature
Reserve: Bitou (-34.45, 20.40), Cupido’s Kraal (-30.42, 20.63), Lekkerwater Road (-34.40, 20.55)*, Potberg (-34.37, 20.53); Fisherhaven (-34.47, 19.13); Heidelberg (-34.08, 20.95); Marloth Nature Reserve
(-34.25, 20.57); Table Mountain National Park: Cecilia Ridge (-33.99, 18.42), Orange Kloof (-34.00,
18.24), Newlands Forest (-33.91, 18.42), Platteklip Gorge (-33.95, 18.42).
Habitat (biomes): FB, FoB, NKB.
Fuchiba montana Haddad & Lyle, 2008
Distribution in South Africa: Western Cape: Cederberg, between Clanwilliam and Packhuis (-32.15,
18.95).
Known distribution: Lesotho*, South Africa.
FAMILY CORINNIDAE
(CONTINUED)
Fuchiba similis Haddad & Lyle, 2008
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: Ngome State Forest (-27.78, 31.45)*.
Fuchiba tortilis Haddad & Lyle, 2008
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Farm Ulster, near Fort Brown (-33.13, 26.62)*.
147
FAMILY CORINNIDAE
(CONTINUED)
148
Fuchiba venteri Haddad & Lyle, 2008
Distribution in South Africa: Western Cape: Jacobsbaai (-32.96, 17.89)*.
Fuchibotulus bicornis Haddad & Lyle, 2008
Distribution in South Africa: Western Cape: Bergvliet (-34.03, 18.63); Table Mountain National Park
(Cape of Good Hope Nature Reserve, Olifantsbos) (-34.24, 18.41); De Hoop Nature Reserve : Bitou
(-34.45, 20.40), Koppie Alleen (-34.48, 20.51)*; Fisherhaven (-34.47, 19.13); Hermanus (Vermont)
(-34.40, 19.25).
FAMILY CORINNIDAE
(CONTINUED)
149
Fuchibotulus kigelia Haddad & Lyle, 2008
(Wolfkop) (-29.13, 26.07); Kroonstad (Doornkloof Farm) (-27.72, 27.70); 2km W of Deallesville (-28.66,
25.73); Tussen-die-Riviere Nature Reserve (-30.49, 26.18). Gauteng: Pretoria/Tshwane (Wapadrand) (25.74, 28.19); Ruimsig Entomological Reserve (-26.08, 27.89). KwaZulu-Natal: Ndumo Game Reserve
(-26.87, 32.24). Limpopo: Klaserie (Guernsey Farm) (-24.55, 31.02)*. Northern Cape: Benfontein Nature Reserve (-28.82, 24.83). North West: Rustenburg (Meyers Farm) (-25.73, 27.28).
Conservation status: endemicity: 2; abundance: 1[3].
Graptartia granulosa Simon, 1896
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: iSimangaliso Wetland Park: Lake St. Lucia (-28.00,
32.48). Limpopo: Klein Kariba, near Bela-Bela (-24.88, 28.29); Kruger National Park: Nyandu sandveld
(-22.55, 31.30), Shingwedzi (-23.12, 31.43); Lapalala Wilderness Area (-23.85, 28.28); Tshulu (-22.58,
30.81).
FAMILY CORINNIDAE
(CONTINUED)
150
Graptartia mutillica Haddad, 2004
Distribution in South Africa: Free State: Bloemfontein (Hopefield Farm) (-28.90, 26.23); Bloemfontein
(Valley of Seven Dams Conservancy) (-29.11, 26.22); Bloemfontein (Deelhoek Farm) (-28.85, 26.12)*;
Erfenis Dam Nature Reserve (-28.50, 26.79); Florisbad Research Station (-28.77, 26.07); Smithfield
(-30.21, 26.53); Tussen-die-Riviere Nature Reserve (-30.49, 26.18); Oranjeville (-26.99, 28.26); Willem
Pretorius Nature Reserve (-28.28, 27.20). Gauteng: Buffelsdrift (-25.40, 28.06). KwaZulu-Natal: Midmar
Dam (-29.50, 30.20); Tembe Elephant Park (-26.94, 32.47). Limpopo: Polokwane Nature Reserve
(-23.9, 29.47); Springbok Flats (Tuinplaas) (-24.56, 28.46). Northern Cape: Kuruman (Mansfield Farm)
(-27.73, 23.49).
Known distribution: wide throughout Africa, South Africa*..
Graptartia tropicalis Haddad, 2004
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Coffee Bay (-31.97, 29.14); Colchester (-33.69, 25.82);
Jeffrey's Bay (-34.06, 24.91); Kei Mouth (-32.68, 28.37); 60 km N of Port Elizabeth (-33.30, 25.90);
Sterkstroom (Wilgerskloof Farm) (-31.60, 26.37). Free State: Bloemfontein (National Botanical Gardens) (-29.05, 26.21); Tussen-die-Riviere Nature Reserve (-30.49, 26.18). KwaZulu-Natal: Drummond
(-29.75, 30.70); iSimangaliso Wetland Park: Gwala-Gwala Forest (-28.38, 32.41); Mfongosi (-27.28,
32.15); Ndumo Game Reserve (-26.87, 32.24); Pietermaritzburg (-29.55, 30.35); Tembe Elephant Park
(-26.94, 32.47); Umgeni Valley Nature Reserve (-29.47, 30.20). Limpopo: Kruger National Park
(Letaba) (-23.87, 31.53); Lajuma Mountain Retreat (-23.03, 29.45). North West: Thabela Thabang
Mountain Retreat (-26.86, 28.30). Western Cape: De Hoop Nature Reserve (De Hoop Vlei) (-34.49,
20.43); Fisherhaven (-34.47, 19.13); Swartberg Nature Reserve (Gamkaskloof) (-33.36, 21.70).
Habitat (biomes): FB, GB, NKB, SB, TB.
Known distribution: DRC, Ivory Coast, Kenya, South Africa, Tanzania*.
FAMILY CORINNIDAE
(CONTINUED)
151
Hortipes aelurisiepae Bosselaers & Jocqué, 2000
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: Ingwavuma, Gualiveni Forest (-27.12, 32.01)*; Ndumo
Game Reserve (-26.89, 32.32); Tembe Elephant Park (-26.94, 32.47).
Hortipes atalante Bosselaers & Jocqué, 2000
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: Krantzkloof Nature Reserve (-29.78, 30.83); Umgeni
Valley Nature Reserve (-29.47, 30.20)*.
FAMILY CORINNIDAE
(CONTINUED)
152
Hortipes coccinatus Bosselaers & Jocqué, 2000
Distribution in South Africa: Limpopo: Haenertsburg, 30 km Wolkberg road (-23.94, 29.95); Magoebaskloof (Hideaway Farm) (-23.87, 30.01); Polokwane (-23.89, 29.46); Woodbush Forest Reserve
(-23.78, 30.07)*.
Hortipes contubernalis Bosselaers & Jocqué, 2000
Distribution in South Africa: Limpopo: Entabeni Forest (-23, 30.23)*; Hanglip Forest (-23.04, 29.91);
Lajuma Mountain Retreat (-23.03, 29.45).
FAMILY CORINNIDAE
(CONTINUED)
153
Hortipes griswoldi Bosselaers & Jocqué, 2000
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: Ndumo Game Reserve (-26.89, 32.32). Mpumalanga:
Sabie (Ceylon Forest) (-25.1, 30.78)*.
Hortipes hyakutake Bosselaers & Jocqué, 2000
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: Ingogo (-27.6, 29.87)*.
FAMILY CORINNIDAE
(CONTINUED)
Hortipes irimus Bosselaers & Jocqué, 2000
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: Port Shepstone (-30.74, 30.44)*.
Hortipes licnophorus Bosselaers & Jocqué, 2000
Distribution in South Africa: Mpumalanga: Mariepskop (-24.58, 30.87)*.
154
FAMILY CORINNIDAE
(CONTINUED)
155
Hortipes luytenae Bosselaers & Ledoux, 1998
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: Ngome State Forest (-27.78, 31.45)*.
Hortipes merwei Bosselaers & Jocqué, 2000
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: Dukuduku Forest Station (-28.37, 32.23); iSimangaliso
Wetland Park: Lake St. Lucia (-28.00, 32.48); Ngome State Forest (-27.78, 31.45)*; Ophathe Game
Reserve (-28.39, 31.40).
FAMILY CORINNIDAE
(CONTINUED)
156
Hortipes mesembrinus Bosselaers & Jocqué, 2000
(-32.24, 28.91); East London (Pineapple Research Station) (-33.01, 27.90)*; Kei Mouth (-32.68, 28.37);
Near Mazeppa Bay (-32.44, 28.61).
Hortipes rothorum Bosselaers & Jocqué, 2000
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: Mhlatuzana River (Jackson's Falls) (-29.80, 30.75)*.
FAMILY CORINNIDAE
(CONTINUED)
157
Hortipes schoemanae Bosselaers & Jocqué, 2000
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: Ithala Game Reserve (-27.51, 31.20). Mpumalanga:
Barberton (Suid Kaap River) (-25.79, 31.04); Bergvliet Forest Station (-25.10, 30.78)*; Schoemanskloof
(-25.40, 30.50).
Known distribution: South Africa*, Swaziland.
Hortipes wimmertensi Bosselaers & Jocqué, 2000
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: Oribi Gorge Nature Reserve (-30.71, 30.26)*.
FAMILY CORINNIDAE
(CONTINUED)
158
Lessertina mutica Lawrence, 1942
(-32.24, 28.91); East London (Pineapple Research Station) (-33.01, 27.90); Kei Mouth (-32.68, 28.37);
Kokstad (Ngeli Forest) (-30.55, 29.43). KwaZulu-Natal: Trafalgar (-30.96, 30.29); Umhlali (-29.47,
31.22)*. Limpopo: Nylsvley Nature Reserve (-24.65, 28.67).
Medmassa semiaurantiaca Simon, 1910
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: iSimangaliso Wetland Park: Gwala-Gwala Forest
(-28.38, 32.41), Hell’s Gate (-28.00, 32.48).
Known distribution: Botswana, Central African Republic, DRC, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinée-Bissau*,
Kenya, South Africa.
FAMILY CORINNIDAE
(CONTINUED)
159
Merenius alberti Lessert, 1923
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Cwebe Nature Reserve (-32.24, 28.91); Mazeppa Bay
(-32.47, 28.64); Near Mazeppa Bay (-32.44, 28.61); Mkambati Nature Reserve (-31.26, 30.03); Port
Shepstone (-30.72, 30.46). Gauteng: Florida (-26.18, 27.91). KwaZulu-Natal: Cathedral Peak (-28.96,
29.22); Dukuduku Forest (-28.37, 32.23); Durban (-29.85, 31.01); Durban (Bluff) (-29.88, 31.02); Durban (Stella Bush) (-29.89, 30.98); Durban (Umbilo) (-29.88, 30.96)*; Empangeni (-28.75, 31.90);
Enseleni Nature Reserve (-28.68, 32.05); Gwaliweni Forest (-27.38, 32.05); Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park,
Hilltop Research Station (-28.08, 32.04); Hluhluwe Nature Reserve (-28.09, 32.10); Ingwavuma (-27.13,
32.00); iSimangaliso Wetland Park: Charter's Creek (-28.20, 32.43), Fanie’s Island (-28.53, 32.40),
Gwala-Gwala Forest (-28.38, 32.41), Hell’s Gate(-28.00, 32.48), Umziki Pan (-27.97, 32.38), Kosi Bay
Nature Reserve (-26.93, 32.87), Lake Sibaya (-27.33, 32.70), Mapelane Nature Reserve (-28.41,
32.42), Mkuzi Game Reserve (-27.63, 32.25), Sodwana Bay National Park (-27.40, 32.76); Mevamhlope (-28.73, 31.80); Mfongosi (-27.28, 32.15); Middeldrift (-28.89, 31.04); Ndumo Game Reserve
(-26.89, 32.32); Ngome State Forest (-27.78, 31.45); Ngoye Forest (-28.84, 31.69); Nkandla Forest
(-28.61, 31.09); Ophathe Game Reserve (-28.39, 31.40); Otto's Bluff (-29.50, 30.36); Pietermaritzburg
(-29.60, 30.38); Port Edward (-31.05, 30.22); Port Edward (Blencanthra Farm) (-31.03, 30.17); Sheffield
Beach (-29.48, 31.25); Tembe Elephant Park (-26.94, 32.47); Mtunzini (Twin Streams Farm) (-28.95,
31.77); Umhlali (-29.47, 31.22). Limpopo: Acornhoek (-24.60, 31.08); Magoebaskloof (-23.86, 30.01).
Mpumalanga: Burger’s Hall (-25.10, 31.07); Crocodile River Gorge (-25.53, 31.22); Klaserie (-24.55,
31.03); Komatipoort (-25.44, 31.96); Kruger National Park: Pretoriuskop Camp (-25.17, 31.25), Skukuza (-25.00, 31.97); Lisbon Falls, Graskop (-24.86, 30.84); Sabie (-25.09, 30.78); Komatipoort district
(Sommereg Farm) (-25.53, 31.82). North West: Skeerpoort (-25.81, 27.77). Western Cape: Knysna
(Grootdraai picnic spot on Terblans trail) (-33.87, 23.02).
Known distribution: Mozambique, South Africa*, Swaziland, Zimbabwe.
FAMILY CORINNIDAE
(CONTINUED)
160
Merenius simoni Lessert, 1921
Distribution in South Africa: Limpopo: Lajuma Mountain Retreat (-23.03, 29.45). Western Cape: De
Hoop Nature Reserve (-34.45, 20.44).
Messapus martini Simon, 1898
Distribution in South Africa: type locality only as Natal*. Gauteng: Pretoria/Tshwane (-25.74, 28.19):
Groenkloof Nature Reserve (-25.79, 28.20), Wonderboom South (-25.70, 28.20). KwaZulu-Natal:
Dukuduku Forest (-28.37, 32.23); Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park (-28.09, 32.04); Ingwavuma (-27.13, 32.00);
iSimangaliso Wetland Park: Charter's Creek (-28.20, 32.43), Hell’s Gate) (-28.00, 32.48; Ndumo Game
Reserve (-26.88, 32.31). Mpumulanga: Badplaas (-25.95, 30.57).
Known distribution: South Africa*, Zambia.
FAMILY CORINNIDAE
(CONTINUED)
161
Orthobula infima Simon, 1896
Distribution in South Africa: Western Cape: type locality only as Cape*; Brenton-on-Sea
(-34.08, 23.04); Cape Flats Nature Reserve (-33.93, 18.62); Table Mountain National Park: Cape of
Good Hope Nature Reserve, Olifantsbos (-34.26, 18.39), Smitswinkelvlakte (-34.26, 18.46); De Hoop
Nature Reserve: De Hoop Vlei (-34.49, 20.43), Koppie Alleen (-34.48, 20.51), Lekkerwater Road
(-34.40, 20.55); Fisherhaven (-34.47, 19.13); Robben Island (-33.80, 18.35); Swartberg Nature Reserve
(Gamkaskloof) (-33.36, 21.70).
Orthobula radiata Simon, 1897
Distribution in South Africa: Gauteng: Hammanskraal (-25.41, 28.27)*; Pretoria National Botanical
Gardens (-25.74, 28.19); Pretoria/Tshwane (Rietondale Research Station)(-25.73, 28.23); Roodeplaat
Dam Nature Reserve (-25.64, 28.36). KwaZulu-Natal: 15km N of Richards Bay (15 km N) (-28.83,
32.08); iSimangaliso Wetland Park: Gwala-Gwala Forest (-28.38, 32.41), Kosi Bay Nature Reserve
(-26.93, 32.87), Lake Sibaya (-27.33, 32.70); Ndumo Game Reserve (-26.89, 32.32); Ngome State Forest (-27.78, 31.45); Ophathe Game Reserve (-28.3 09, 31.40); Pietermaritzburg (-29.60, 30.38); Scottsville (-29.61, 30.41); Tembe Elephant Park (-26.94, 32.47); Mtunzini (Twin Streams Farm) (-28.95,
31.77); Umgeni Valley Nature Reserve (-29.47, 30.20). Limpopo: Blouberg Nature Reserve (-22.99,
29.04); Lajuma Mountain Retreat (-23.03, 29.45); Little Leigh (-22.95, 29.87); Venetia Limpopo Valley
Reserve (-22.32, 29.32). Mpumulanga: Embuleni Nature Reserve (-25.93, 30.55); Marble Hall (-24.96,
29.29). North West: Thabela Thabang Mountain Retreat (-26.86, 28.30).
Known distribution: Botswana, Ethiopia, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa*,
Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe.
FAMILY CORINNIDAE
(CONTINUED)
162
Patelloceto secutor Lyle & Haddad, 2010
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: iSimangaliso Wetlans Park: False Bay Park (-27.92,
32.27, Hell’s Gate (-28.00, 32.48)*; Ndumo Game Reserve (-26.87, 32.24); Tembe Elephant Park
(-26.94, 32.47). Limpopo: Pafuri (Waller's Camp) (-22.42, 30.91).
Known distribution: Mozambique, South Africa*, Zimbabwe.
Poachelas montanus Haddad & Lyle, 2008
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: Platberg Nature Reserve (-28.28, 29.20)*.
Poachelas refugus Haddad, 2010
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: Tembe Elephant park (-26.94, 32.47)*.
FAMILY CORINNIDAE
(CONTINUED)
163
Poachelas striatus Haddad & Lyle, 2008
National Botanical Gardens (-29.05, 26.21); Boshoff (Boesmansrus Farm) (-28.54, 25.16); Ladybrand
(De Luc Farm) (-29.29, 27.40); Erfenis Dam Nature Reserve (-28.50, 26.81); Glen Agricultural College
(-28.90, 26.35)*; Mpetsane Conservation Estate (-28.80, 25.72); Platberg Nature Reserve (-28.28,
29.20); 2km W of Deallesville (-28.66, 25.73); Tussen-die-Riviere Nature Reserve (-30.47, 26.12). Mpumulanga: Delmas (-26.14, 28.68). Northern Cape: Benfontein Nature Reserve (-28.82, 24.83).
Pronophaea natalica Simon, 1897
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Cwebe Nature Reserve (-32.24, 28.91); East London
(-33.01, 27.90); Hogsback (-32.60, 26.94); Jeffrey's Bay (-34.04, 24.92); Kei Mouth (-32.68, 28.37);
Keurkloof, Baviaanskloof (-33.68, 24.83); King William’s Town (-32.73, 27.28); Mazeppa Bay (-32.47,
28.64); Mkambati Nature Reserve (-31.26, 30.03); Mount Frere (-30.90, 29.00); Near Mazeppa Bay
(-32.44, 28.61); Prentjiesberg (-31.07, 28.19); Thomas Baines Nature Reserve (-33.38, 26.48); Umngazi
River Mouth (-31.68, 29.45). Free State: Tussen-die-Riviere Nature Reserve (-30.47, 26.12). KwaZuluNatal: type locality only as Natal*; Baynesfield (-29.76, 30.35); Cathedral Peak (-28.96, 29.22); Empangeni (-28.75, 31.90); Richard Bay (15 km N) (-28.83, 32.08); Gwaliweni Forest (-27.38, 32.05); Hluhluwe
-iMfolozi Park, Hilltop Research Station (-28.08, 32.04); Hluhluwe Nature Reserve (-28.09, 32.10); Indumeni (-28.23, 30.23); iSimangaliso Wetland Park: Eastern Shores Nature Reserve (-29.09, 32.16), Hell’s
Gate (-27.58, 32.67); Kamberg Nature Reserve (-29.38, 29.62); Karkloof Nature Reserve
(-29.36, 30.19); Lotheni Nature Reserve (-29.42, 29.53); Mtunzini (-28.96, 31.76); Ndumo Game Reserve (-26.91, 32.32); New Hanover (-29.35, 30.53); Ngome State Forest (-27.78, 31.45); Ngoye Forest
(-28.84, 31.69); Nongoma (-27.90, 31.72); Oribi Gorge Nature Reserve (-30.58, 30.00); Otto's Bluff
(-29.50, 30.36); Pietermaritzburg (-29.60, 30.38); Port Edward (-31.05, 30.22); Richards Bay (15 km N)
(-28.78, 32.10); Richmond (-29.87, 30.28); Sani Pass (-29.66, 29.51); Scottburgh (-30.29, 30.75);
Umgeni Valley Nature Reserve (-29.47, 30.20); Umhlali (-29.48, 31.23); Vernon Crookes Nature Reserve
FAMILY CORINNIDAE
(CONTINUED)
164
Pronophaea natalica (continued)
Limpopo: Kruger National Park (-22.93, 31.02); Lajuma Mountain Retreat (-23.04, 29.44). Western
Cape: Borrelfontein (8 km W of Gouritz River Mouth) (-34.33, 21.85); Brenton-on-Sea (-34.08, 23.04);
De Hoop Nature Reserve, Potberg (-34.37, 20.53); Fernkloof Nature Reserve (-34.40, 19.27); Fisherhaven (-34.47, 19.13); Lily Vlei Nature Reserve (-33.64, 19.47).
Known distribution: South Africa*, Swaziland.
Pronophaea proxima (Lessert, 1923)
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: Bluff (-29.88, 31.02); Kranzkloof Nature Reserve
(-29.55, 30.91)*; Qumbu (-31.16, 28.86).
FAMILY CORINNIDAE
(CONTINUED)
165
Pronophaea vidua (Lessert, 1923)
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: Kranzkloof Nature Reserve (-29.55, 30.91)*; Ngome
State Forest (-27.78, 31.45).
Spinotrachelas capensis Haddad, 2006
Distribution in South Africa: Western Cape: Clanwilliam, Lamberts Bay (-32.16, 18.89); De Hoop
Nature Reserve: Bitou camp (-34.45, 20.40, Potberg (-34.37, 20.53)*.
FAMILY CORINNIDAE
(CONTINUED)
166
Spinotrachelas confinis Lyle, 2011
Distribution in South Africa: Western Cape: Plumstead Flats (-34.01, 18.46)*.
Spinotrachelas namaquensis Lyle, 2011
Distribution in South Africa: Northern Cape: Oorlogskloof Nature Reserve, near Nieuwoudtville
(-31.45, 19.1)*.
FAMILY CORINNIDAE
(CONTINUED)
167
Thysanina absolva Lyle & Haddad, 2006
Distribution in South Africa: Free State: Bloemfontein: Grant's Hill (-29.10, 26.22), Botanical Gardens
(-29.05, 26.21), Farm Deelhoek (-28.85, 26.12); Boshoff (Farm Boesmansrus) (-28.54, 25.16); Fauresmith (Farm Boschrand) (-29.75, 25.32); Erfenis Dam Nature Reserve (-28.50, 26.80); Florisbad Research Station (-28.77, 26.07)*; 2km W of Deallesville (-28.66, 25.73).
Thysanina capensis Lyle & Haddad, 2006
Distribution in South Africa: Northern Cape: Kimberley (-28.73, 24.76). Western Cape: Fisherhaven
(-34.47, 19.13); Ladismith (Ganskop Farm) (-33.50, 21.26); Grabouw, Lebanon Forest Station (-34.14,
19.04)*.
Habitat (biomes): FB, FoB, SB.
FAMILY CORINNIDAE
(CONTINUED)
168
Thysanina gracilis Lyle & Haddad, 2006
Distribution in South Africa: Northern Cape: Geelkoppies Farm (-28.60, 24.33)*; Kimberley
(Langeberg Farm) (-28.91, 24.60).
Thysanina scopulifer (Simon, 1896)
Distribution in South Africa: Western Cape: type locality only as Cape*; Fernkloof Nature Reserve
(-34.40, 19.27); Vredendal (Farm Grootfontein) (-32.07, 18.65).
FAMILY CORINNIDAE
(CONTINUED)
169
Thysanina serica Simon, 1910
Distribution in South Africa: Gauteng: Roodeplaat Dam Nature Reserve (-25.64, 28.36).
Thysanina transversa Lyle & Haddad, 2006
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Grahamstown (-33.30, 26.52). KwaZulu-Natal: iSimangaliso Wetland Park (False Bay Park) (-27.92, 32.27); Ndumo Game Reserve (-26.87, 32.24); Pongola
Bush Reserve (-27.35, 31.61)*; Royal Natal Nature Reserve (-28.68, 28.93). Limpopo: Lajuma Mountain Retreat (-23.03, 29.45); Sovenga Hill (-23.88, 29.73). Mpumalanga: Schagen (-25.43, 30.80).
Western Cape: Diepwalle Forest Station (-34.03, 23.03).
Records from agro-ecosystems: citrus (1), lemon tree (1).
Known distribution: Mozambique, South Africa*, Tanzania.
FAMILY CORINNIDAE
(CONTINUED)
170
Trachelas pusillus Lessert, 1923
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Grahamstown (-33.30, 26.52)*. Free State: Bloemfontein
National Botanical Gardens (-29.11, 26.22); Erfenis Dam Nature Reserve (-28.50, 26.81); Kalkfontein
Dam Nature Reserve (-29.52, 25.28). Gauteng: Pretoria/Tshwane (-25.74, 28.19). KwaZulu-Natal:
Cathedral Peak (-28.94, 29.19); kwaNgwanase (Coastal Cashews) (-27.11, 32.57); Hluhluwe Nature
Reserve (-28.08, 32.04); Ndumo Game Reserve (-26.93, 32.32); Tembe Elephant Park (-26.94, 32.47).
Limpopo: Bela-Bela (-24.88, 28.29); Settlers (-24.95, 28.52); Springbok Flats (Tuinplaas) (-24.56,
28.46). Mpumalanga: Marble Hall (-24.96, 29.29). Northern Cape: Douglas Holiday Resort (-29.04,
23.84); Prieska (Green Valley Nuts) (-29.58, 22.93); Prieska (Farm Remhoogte) (-29.53, -23.00). North
West: Brits (-25.62, 27.77); Hartebeespoort (-25.75, 27.85). Western Cape: Riviersonderend (-34.15,
19.92).
Records from agro-ecosystems: cotton (1), pistachio (2).
Known distribution: Angola, Botswana, DRC, Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Rwanda, South Africa*, Uganda.
Trachelas roeweri Lawrence, 1938
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: Eshowe (-28.90, 31.47); Ithala Game Reserve
(-27.51, 31.20); Nkandla Forest (-28.61, 31.09)*.
FAMILY CORINNIDAE
(CONTINUED)
171
Trachelas schenkeli Lessert, 1923
(-32.28, 28.90); Grahamstown (-33.30, 26.52); Hogsback (-32.61, 26.94); Kasouga (-33.65, 26.75); Kei
Mouth (-32.68, 28.37). KwaZulu-Natal: Durban, Bluff (-29.88, 31.02); Enseleni Nature Reserve (-28.68,
32.05); iSimangaliso Wetland Park: Eastern Shores Nature Reserve (-29.09, 32.16), Hell’s Gate
(-27.58, 32.67); Ndumo Game Reserve (-26.93, 32.32); Nxala Hill, Zululand (-27.62, 31.55)*; Ophathe
Game Reserve (-28.39, 31.40); Richards Bay (15 km N) (-28.83, 32.08); Tembe Elephant Park (-26.94,
32.47); Umbilo (-29.88, 30.96); Umlalazi Nature Reserve (-28.95, 31.77); University of Zululand (-28.85,
31.85); Vernon Crookes Nature Reserve (-30.27, 23.33). Limpopo: Dendron/Mogwadi (-23.36, 29.32);
Tshulu (-22.58, 30.81). Mpumalanga: Kruger National Park (Skukuza) (-25.00, 31.60).
Habitat (biomes): FoB, GB, DB, TB.
Known distribution: Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, South Africa*.
Trachelas scopulifer Simon, 1896
Distribution in South Africa: Limpopo: Lajuma Mountain Retreat (-23.03, 29.45). Western Cape:
type locality only as Cape*; Fernkloof Nature Reserve (-34.40, 19.27); Vredendal (Farm Grootfontein)
(-32.07, 18.65).
FAMILY CORINNIDAE
(CONTINUED)
Trachelas tortilis Haddad & Lyle, 2010
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Jansenville (Farm Klipfontein) (-32.93, 24.67).
Vendaphaea lajuma Haddad, 2009
Distribution in South Africa: Limpopo: Lajuma Mountain Retreat (-23.03, 29.45)*.
172
14. FAMILY CTENIDAE
173
The family Ctenidae occurs worldwide and is represented by 28 genera of which 7 occur in the Afrotropical Region. From South Africa 2 genera and 7 species
are known of which 4 are endemics.
•
Common name: tropical wolf spiders.
•
Life style: wanderers (ground dwellers); freerunning on low vegetation and on the soil surface;
common in Afromontane forests.
•
Body size: 5-40 mm (males slightly smaller and
more slender).
•
Diagnostic characters: colour: brown to fawn,
abdomen with patterns or spots; carapace: ovoid
with a deep depression or high in the region of
fovea; eyes: 8 in 3 rows with the following arrangement: 2:4:2 or sometimes 4:2:2; abdomen:
ovoid and longer than wide, sometimes with a
median band, patterns or rows of spots; legs:
strong and stout with spines, scopulae and tarsi
with 2 claws and tibiae I with numerous pairs of
ventral spines.
•
Web and retreat: web: absent; retreat: during
non-active periods found beneath stones and
ground debris.
•
Habitat: ctenids are very abundant in forests and
dominate the nocturnal spider fauna there. One
species Ctenus parvoculatus has been collected
from the Echo Caves.
•
Behaviour: they are free-living nocturnal hunters
commonly found under fallen logs on the ground.
When running the front legs are usually held off
the ground. They hunt their prey over foliage and
on the ground. One species, Ctenus pulchriventris
is the dominant wandering spider found in Afromontane forests in KwaZulu-Natal. In Africactenus and Ctenus the female deposits her egg
cocoon on the substrate or carry it between her
chelicera and palp.
•
Taxonomic notes: South African genera not yet
revised. Arts (1912) looked at the genus Ctenus in
Africa.
References:
ARTS, DES L. 1912. Zusammenstellung der afrikanischen Arten der Gattung Ctenus. Mitteilungen aus
dem naturhistorischen Museum in Hamburg 29: 183218.
•
Protection Research Institute Handbook no. 9, ARCPlant Protection Research Institute, Pretoria 392 pp
FAMILY CTENIDAE
(CONTINUED)
Africactenus tridentatus Hyatt, 1954
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Jeffreys Bay (-34.06, 24.91).
Known distribution: South Africa, Zimbabwe*.
Ctenus corniger F.O.P.-Cambridge, 1898
Distribution in South Africa: type locality only as Natal*.
Habitat (biomes): SB?.
?
174
FAMILY CTENIDAE
(CONTINUED)
175
Ctenus gulosus des Arts, 1912
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: Durban (-29.85, 31.01)*; Tembe Elephant Park (-26.94,
32.47); Ndumo Game Reserve (-26.87, 32.24); Ngome State Forest (-27.78, 31.45); Nongoma State
Forest (-27.93, 32.65); Mkuzi Game Reserve (-27.63, 32.25); Richards Bay (15 km N) (-28.78, 32.1);
Ophathe Game Reserve (-28.52, 31.66). Mpumalanga: Barberton (-25.79, 31.04); Kruger National
Park (Skukuza) (-25, 31.97). Limpopo: Lajuma Mountain Retreat (-23.03, 29.45).
Known distribution: Malawi, South Africa*.
Ctenus parvoculatus Benoit, 1979
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: East London (-33.01, 27.9); Port Elizabeth (-33.95,
25.61); Grahamstown (-33.3, 26.52); Jeffrey's Bay (-34.06, 24.91); King William’s Town (-32.88, 27.39);
Queenstown (-31.89, 26.85). KwaZulu-Natal: Kosi Bay Nature Reserve (-26.93, 32.87); Nkandla Forest (-28.61, 31.09); Umbilo (-29.88, 30.96). Limpopo: Makapansgat (-24.15, 29.18)*; Beitbridge (-22.2,
29.99). Mpumalanga: Echo Caves (-23.33, 30.63); Serunecjar Caves (-24.65, 30.32); Dry Tiger Caves
near Pelgrimsrust (-26.78, 28.77). Western Cape: Table Mountain National Park (Table Mountain Echo
Hall Caves) (-33.82, 18.48).
FAMILY CTENIDAE
(CONTINUED)
176
Ctenus pulchriventris (Simon, 1896)
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: East London (-33.01, 27.9); Grahamstown (-33.3,
26.52); King William's Town (-32.88, 27.39); Port Elizabeth (-33.95, 25.61)*; Queenstown (-31.89,
26.85). Limpopo: Beitbridge (-22.2, 29.99); Makapans Gat (-24.15, 29.18); Lajuma Mountain Retreat
(-23.03, 29.45). Mpumalanga: Crocodile Valley Estate (-25.47, 31.03). KwaZulu-Natal: iSimangaliso
National Park: Kosi Bay Nature Reserve (-26.93, 32.87), Lake Sibaya (-27.35, 32.7); Ngome State Forest (-27.78, 31.45); Nkandla Forest (-28.61, 31.09); Umbilo (-29.88, 30.96); Umfolozi Drift (-28.3,
31.76); Duduku Forest (-28.37, 32.23).
Known distribution: DRC, Mozambique, South Africa*, Zimbabwe.
Ctenus transvaalensis Benoit, 1981
Distribution in South Africa: Limpopo: Kruger National Park (-22.93, 31.02); Springbok Flats:
Tuinplaas (-24.56, 28.46); Lajuma Mountain Retreat (-23.03, 29.45); Pietersburg district, Woodbush
(-23.89, 29.46)*. Mpumalanga: Kruger National Park: Lwakahle (-25.43, 31.75), Vutome (-25.24,
32.08), Makhuthwanini (-25.38, 31.6).
FAMILY CTENIDAE
(CONTINUED)
Ctenus quinquevittatus Strand, 1907
Distribution in South Africa: type locality only as Cape* (sub-adult male)
?
177
15. FAMILY CTENIZIDAE
The family Ctenizidae inhabits most of the tropical and
subtropical regions of the world and is represented by
1 genus and 40 species from South Africa of which 39
are endemics.
•
Common name: Stasimopus (cork-lid trapdoor
spiders).
•
Life style: wanderers (ground dwellers); make a
burrow that is closed with a cork-lid trapdoor.
•
Body size: 15-43 mm (males smaller and more
slender).
•
Diagnostic characters: colour: varies from
brown to reddish black with legs yellowish brown
or reddish brown, abdomen usually a pallid duller
colour; carapace: domed and smooth without
setae with the fovea procurved; eyes: 8 in 2 rows
(4:4), anterior row usually procurved; abdomen:
oval and covered with a thin layer of short setae;
legs: short, strong and thickly spined and tibiae III
cylindrical without dorsal saddle-shaped depression, distal segments of legs I and II with lateral
bands of short thorn-like spines in the female.
•
•
•
Webs and retreats: web: absent; retreat: silklined burrows of various shapes and depths that
are closed off from the outside with well fitting,
hinged trapdoors of variable thickness.
Habitat: usually found in open areas in Grassland,
Savanna, Nama-Karoo and Succulent-Karoo biomes.
Behaviour: they are burrowing spiders and use
their rastellums to dig tube-like burrows of various
shapes and depths (14-20 cm deep). The burrow
is lined with a layer of felt-like silk. They close the
burrows off from the outside with well fitting,
hinged trapdoors of variable thickness. The
trapdoor is made of soil, often clay, modeled into
shape and reinforced with silk. It resembles a cork
178
of a bottle, hence the common name. The lid is
attached to the entrance rim of the burrow by a
tough silk hinge. The outside of the trapdoor is
usually very well camouflaged, as it is made of the
same soil as the surrounding area. The lid is provided with a circle of small pits on the inside to
provide the spider with a place to grip. When disturbed the spider pulls the lid close and holds it
down with the strong setae on the front legs. The
trapdoor is used as a protection- prey-detection
system. Usually during the day, while resting in
the bottom of the burrow the lids are kept close. It
is also kept close during harsh weather, moulting
and egg laying. Most of the trapdoor spiders are
nocturnal and they open the trapdoor slightly waiting for prey to passes close to the burrow. The
spider then rushes out, grabs the prey and returns
to the burrow.
•
Taxonomic notes: genus need to be revised.
References:
130 pp.
•
HEWITT, J. 1915. Notes on several four-lunged spiders in the
collection of the Durban Museum, with descriptions of
two new forms. Annals of the Durban Museum 1: 125133.
POCOCK, R.I. 1902 On some new African spiders.
Annals and Magazine of Natural History 7(10): 315330
PURCELL, W.F. 1903. On the scorpions, solifugae
and a trap-door spider collected by the Rev. Henry A.
Junod at Shiluvane, near Leydsdorp, in the Transvaal.
Novitates zoologicae 10: 303-306.
FAMILY CTENIZIDAE
(CONTINUED)
Stasimopus artifex Pocock, 1902
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Bathurst, Rokeby Park (-33.5, 26.84)*; Seaview
(-34.01, 25.38). Western Cape: Kleinmond (-34.33, 19.02).
Stasimopus astutus Pocock, 1902
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Pearston (-32.59, 25.15)*; Bedford (-32.68, 26.08);
Jansenville (-32.93, 24.67).
179
FAMILY CTENIZIDAE
(CONTINUED)
180
Stasimopus bimaculatus Purcell, 1903
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Willowmore (-33.3, 23.5)*. Free State: Kroonstad
(-27.65, 27.24). Western Cape: Karoo National Park (-32.28, 22.46).
Habitat (biomes): GB, NKB, TB.
Stasimopus brevipalpis Purcell, 1903
Distribution in South Africa: Western Cape: Ashton (Farm Bonnie Vale) (-34.02, 20.42)*; Robertson
(-33.8, 19.87).
FAMILY CTENIZIDAE
(CONTINUED)
Stasimopus caffrus (C.L. Koch, 1842)
Distribution in South Africa: type locality only as South Africa*.
Habitat (biomes): ?.
?
Stasimopus castaneus Purcell, 1903
181
FAMILY CTENIZIDAE
(CONTINUED)
182
Stasimopus coronatus Hewitt, 1915
Distribution in South Africa: Free State: Kroonstad (-27.65, 27.24)*. Gauteng: Kloofendal Nature
Reserve (-26.14; 27.86). North West: Mafeking (-25.82, 25.63).
Stasimopus dreyeri Hewitt, 1915
Distribution in South Africa: Free State: Kroonstad (-27.65, 27.24)*.
FAMILY CTENIZIDAE
(CONTINUED)
Stasimopus erythrognathus Purcell, 1903
Distribution in South Africa: Western Cape: Worcester (-33.64, 19.47)*.
Stasimopus gigas Hewitt, 1915
Distribution in South Africa: Free State: Vredefort road, Venterskroon (-26.83, 27.31)*.
183
FAMILY CTENIZIDAE
(CONTINUED)
184
Stasimopus insculptus Pocock, 1901
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: King Williamstown (Pirie Forest) (-32.72, 27.24)*; Peddie
(-33.19, 27.12).
Stasimopus kentanicus Purcell, 1903
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Kentani (-32.5, 28.32)*.
FAMILY CTENIZIDAE
(CONTINUED)
Stasimopus kolbei Purcell, 1903
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Qoloro River Mouth, Kentani (-32.5, 28.32)*.
Stasimopus leipoldti Purcell, 1902
Distribution in South Africa: Western Cape: Clanwilliam (-32.16, 18.89)*.
185
FAMILY CTENIZIDAE
(CONTINUED)
Stasimopus longipalpis Hewitt, 1917
Distribution in South Africa: Northern Cape: Kimberley (-28.73, 24.76)*.
Stasimopus mandelai Hendrixson & Bond, 2004
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Great Fish River Nature Reserve (-33.13, 26.65)*.
186
FAMILY CTENIZIDAE
(CONTINUED)
187
Stasimopus maraisi Hewitt, 1914
Distribution in South Africa: Northern Cape: Farm Driefontein, 12 m from Victoria West (-31.4,
23.12)*. Western Cape: Beaufort West (-33.28, 23.22); Swartberg Nature Reserve (-33.36, 21.69);
Karoo National Park (-32.28, 22.46).
Stasimopus minor Hewitt, 1915
Distribution in South Africa: Free State: Bloemfontein (-29.11, 26.22)*.
FAMILY CTENIZIDAE
(CONTINUED)
188
Stasimopus nanus Tucker, 1917
Distribution in South Africa: Free State: Smithfield (-30.21, 26.53)*.
Stasimopus nigellus Pocock, 1902
Distribution in South Africa: Free State: Vredeford Road, Venterskroon (-26.83, 27.31)*. Gauteng:
Bronkhorstspruit (Farm Onverwacht) (-25.8, 28.74). North West: Potchefstroom (-26.7, 27.09).
FAMILY CTENIZIDAE
(CONTINUED)
189
Stasimopus obscurus Purcell, 1908
Distribution in South Africa: Northern Cape: type locality only “Little Namaqualand”*. Free State:
Reddersburg (-29.64, 26.15).
Known distribution:Namibia, South Africa*.
?
Stasimopus oculatus Pocock, 1897
Distribution in South Africa: Free State: Bloemfontein (-29.11, 26.22)*; Edenville (Farm Lusthof)
(-27.55, 27.66); Bredell, 15 km S Ventersburg (-27.65, 27.24); Kroonstad (-27.65, 27.24); Reddersburg
(-29.64, 26.15); Jagersfontein (-29.74, 25.43); Ladybrandt (-29.19, 27.45); Winburg (-28.49, 27.00);
Venterskroon (-26.83, 27.31). Gauteng: Pretoria/Tshwane: CSIR (-25.74, 28.19), Groenkloof Nature
Reserve (-25.78, 28.2), Wallmannsthal (-25.52, 28.3), Kameeldrift-East (-25.74, 28.19); Modderfontein
(-26.08, 28.17); Roodeplaatdam Nature Reserve (-25.64, 28.36); Roodepoort (-26.14, 27.86);
Skeerpoort (-25.81, 27.75); Standerton (-26.94, 29.23). Limpopo: Dendron (Farm Amsterdam)
(-23.37, 29.32). Mpumalanga: Standerton (-26.94, 29.23). Northern Cape: Kimberley (-28.73, 24.76).
North West: Magaliesberg, Mount Grace (-20.97, 31.65); Skeerpoort (-25.81, 27.75). Western Cape:
Swartberg Nature Reserve (-33.36, 21.69).
FAMILY CTENIZIDAE
(CONTINUED)
Stasimopus palpiger Pocock, 1902
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Graaf Reinet (-32.24, 24.53)*.
Stasimopus patersonae Hewitt, 1913
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Alicedale (-33.31, 26.08); Perseverence Uitenhage
Road, Port Elizabeth (-33.95, 25.61)*; Redhouse (-33.82, 25.55).
190
FAMILY CTENIZIDAE
(CONTINUED)
Stasimopus poweri Hewitt, 1915
Distribution in South Africa: Northern Cape: Modder River near Kimberley (-28.73, 24.76)*.
Stasimopus purcelli Tucker, 1917
Distribution in South Africa: Western Cape: Caledon (-34.24, 19.43)*.
191
FAMILY CTENIZIDAE
(CONTINUED)
Stasimopus quadratimaculatus Purcell, 1903
Distribution in South Africa: Western Cape: Montagu Baths (-33.79, 20.13)*.
Stasimopus qumbu Hewitt, 1913
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Farm Shawbury, Qumbu (-31.16, 28.86)*.
192
FAMILY CTENIZIDAE
(CONTINUED)
193
Stasimopus robertsi Hewitt, 1910
Distribution in South Africa: Gauteng: Centurion (-25.85, 28.16); Centurion (Irene) (-25.87, 28.22);
Fort West Urban Village (-25.74, 28.06); Johannesburg (Melville Koppies) (-26.2, 28.04); Johannesburg
(Liefde en Vrede, Bossonia) (-26.2, 28.04); Grand Central Airport (-25.99, 28.14); Pretoria/Tshwane
(-25.74, 28.19)*: Eldoraigne (-25.84, 28.15), Wonderboom Poort (-25.69, 28.20), Mayville (-25.71,
28.19), Pretoria North (-25.74, 28.19); Roodeplaat Nature Reserve (-25.66, 28.35); Stryfontein (-26.83,
28.22). North West: Potchefstroom (-26.7, 27.09).
Stasimopus rufidens (Ausserer, 1871)
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: Durban (-29.85, 31.01); Estcourt (-29, 29.87)*; Mooirivier (-29.2, 30).
FAMILY CTENIZIDAE
(CONTINUED)
194
Stasimopus schoenlandi Pocock, 1900
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Grahamstown (-33.3, 26.52)*; Jansenville (-32.93,
24.67); Brak Kloof (-33.53, 26.5); Atherstone Station (-33.19, 26.23); Somerset East (-32.73, 25.6);
Middledrift (-32.82, 26.98); Middleton (-32.92, 25.82); Kamacks road near Uitenhage (-33.76, 25.39);
Port Elizabeth (-33.95, 25.61); Debe Neck (-32.49, 27.09).
Habitat (biomes): FB, NKB, SB, TB.
Stasimopus schreineri Purcell, 1903
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Perseverance near Port Elizabeth (-33.95, 25.61); Somerset East (Schurfteberg) (-32.73, 25.6). Northern Cape: De Aar (-30.64, 24.01); Hanover (-30.94,
24.53)*.
FAMILY CTENIZIDAE
(CONTINUED)
Stasimopus schultzei Purcell, 1908
Distribution in South Africa: Western Cape: Steinkopf (-29.25, 17.73)*.
Stasimopus spinipes Hewitt, 1917
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: East London (-33.01, 27.9)*.
195
FAMILY CTENIZIDAE
(CONTINUED)
196
Stasimopus spinosus (Hewitt, 1914)
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Alice (-32.78, 26.82); Annshaw (-31.95, 27.42); Debe
Neck (-32.49, 27.09); Middledrift (-32.82, 26.98)*.
Conservation status: endemicity:5; abundance: 2 [7].
Stasimopus steynburgensis Hewitt, 1915
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Steynsburg (-31.29, 25.83)*.
FAMILY CTENIZIDAE
(CONTINUED)
Stasimopus suffuscus Hewitt, 1916
Distribution in South Africa: Gauteng: Beerlaagte, Heidelberg (-26.5, 28.36)*.
Stasimopus tysoni Hewitt, 1919
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Port Alfred (-33.58, 26.89)*.
197
FAMILY CTENIZIDAE
(CONTINUED)
198
Stasimopus umtaticus Purcell, 1903
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Farm Gleniffer, Kei Road (-32.7, 27.54); Umtata (-31.58,
28.77)*.
Stasimopus unispinosus Purcell, 1903
Distribution in South Africa: Northern Cape: Farm Poortjesfontein, De Aar (-30.64, 24.01); Hanover
(-30.94, 24.53)*.
16. FAMILY CYATHOLIPIDAE
The Cyatholipidae is a small family of spiders represented by 11 genera and about 30 species known
mainly from the Afrotropical, Australian and Neotropical Regions. Six genera and 16 species are known
from South Africa, all of them endemics.
•
Common name: tree sheet-web spiders.
•
Life style: Web dwellers (sheet-web); build small
horizontal sheet-webs in vegetation.
•
Body size: < 3 mm.
•
Diagnostic characters: colour: carapace reddish
brown to dark brown with abdomen varying from
white to yellow-white to grey usually decorated
with dorsal markings in the form of large black
spots or transverse bands; carapace: convex,
heart-shaped to oval, usually sclerotized; eyes: 8
in 2 rows (4:4), situated close to the anterior margin; abdomen: globular, ovoid, triangular to long,
extending past the spinnerets while some genera
have rows of stout bristles on the dorso- and posterolateral surfaces; legs: long and slender with
leg I longest.
•
Web and retreats: web: small horizontal sheetwebs are made in low vegetation between tree
trunks, low shrubs or tree buttresses; retreat:
shelter under pieces of loose bark during the day.
•
Habitat: most species recorded from South Africa
are found in wet temperate, montane or subtropical forests. Isicabu capensis, has been collected
from the entrance of bat caves in Cape Town.
•
Behaviour: little is known about their behaviour.
Most species are arboreal and build their small
webs, 30 cm to 2 m above-ground. The web consist of a fine sheet made close to the tree trunk.
The spider is nocturnal and hangs beneath the
sheet. They are usually solitary but males and
females are sometimes found together.
•
Taxonomic note: the family was revised by Griswold (1987).
References:
GRISWOLD C.E. 1987. A review of the southern African spiders of the family Cyatholipidae Simon, 1894
(Araneae: Araneomorphae). Annals of the Natal Museum 28: 499-542.
•
199
FAMILY CYATHOLIPIDAE
(CONTINUED)
200
Cyatholipus avus Griswold, 1987
Distribution in South Africa: Western Cape: Grootvadersbos (-26.5, 28.36)*; Marloth Nature Reserve, Swellendam (-34.25, 20.57); Fernkloof Nature Reserve (-34.86, 19.34).
Habitat (biomes): FB, FoB, GB, SKB.
Cyatholipus hirsutissimus Simon, 1894
Distribution in South Africa: Western Cape: Matjiesfontein (-33.24, 20.58)*; Swartberg Nature Reserve (-33.36, 21.69).
Habitat (biomes): NKB, SBK.
(CONTINUED)
201
Cyatholipus icubatus Griswold, 1987
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: Eshowe (Dlinza Forest) (-28.53, 31.28)*; Ngome State
Forest (-27.78, 31.45).
Cyatholipus isolatus Griswold, 1987
Distribution in South Africa: Limpopo: Hanglip Forest (-23.04, 29.91)*; Lajuma Mountain Retreat
(-23.03, 29.45).
(CONTINUED)
202
Cyatholipus quadrimaculatus Simon, 1894
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Kei River Mouth (-32.68, 28.37); Cwebe Nature Reserve
(-32.28, 28.9); Mkambati Nature Reserve (31.32, 29.97). Western Cape: Cape Town (-33.91, 18.42)*;
Table Mountain National Park (Platteklip Gorge) (-33.82, 18.48); De Hoop Nature Reserve (-34.45,
20.44).
Habitat (biomes): FB, FoB, TB.
Cyatholipus tortilis Griswold, 1987
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: Cathedral Peak Forest Station (Meteorology Station)
(-28.94, 29.19)*.
Taxonomic status: 3. .
(CONTINUED)
203
Ilisoa conjugalis Griswold, 2001
Distribution in South Africa: Western Cape: Buffels Bay (-34.41, 18.32)*; Kalkbaai (-34.19,18.42).
Ilisoa hawequas Griswold, 1987
Distribution in South Africa: Western Cape: Hawequas (-33.67,19.08)*.
(CONTINUED)
204
Ilisoa knysna Griswold, 1987
Distribution in South Africa: Western Cape: Brenton-on-Sea (-34.1; 23.03); Diepwalle Forest Station
(-34.03, 23.03)*.
Habitat (biomes): FoB, FB.
Isicabu reavelli Griswold, 1987
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: Nkandla Forest (-28.61, 31.09)*.
(CONTINUED)
205
Isicabu zuluensis Griswold, 1987
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: Dukuduku Forest Station (-28.37, 32.23)*; Ngome State
Forest (-27.78, 31.45); Town Bush Forest, Pietermaritzburg (-29.6, 30.38); Richards Bay (-28.78, 32.1).
Pokennips dentipes (Simon, 1894)
Distribution in South Africa: Western Cape: Buffels Bay, Cape Peninsula (-34.41,18.32)*.
(CONTINUED)
206
Ubacisi capensis (Griswold, 1987)
Distribution in South Africa: Western Cape: Table Mountain National Park: Fernwood Gulley (-33.58,
18.27), Newlands Ravine (-33.91, 18.42), Skeleton Gorge (-33. 80, 26, 18.42), Kirstenbosch National
Botanical Garden (-33.59, 18.43)*; Table Mountain Bats Cave (-33.82,18.48).
Ulwembua denticulata Griswold, 1987
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: Mevamhlope (-28.73, 31.97)*. Limpopo: Hanglip Forest (-23.00, 29.53). Mpumalanga: Bourkes Luck Potholes, Blyde River Canyon Nature Reserve
(-24.58, 30.82); Ceylon Forest, Sabie (-25.05, 30.42); Misty Mountain Hotel, Lydenburg (-25.10,
30.40 ). Western Cape: De Hoop Nature Reserve (-34.45, 20.44).
(CONTINUED)
207
Ulwembua outeniqua Griswold, 1987
Distribution in South Africa: Western Cape: Big Tree, Knysna (-33.93, 23.14); Kranshoek, Knysna
(-34.05, 23.14 ); Diepwalle Forest Station (-34.03, 23.03)*; Harkerville State Forest (-34.03, 23.03); Nature's Valley (-33.97, 23.57).
Ulwembua pulchra Griswold, 1987
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: Dlinza Forest near Eshowe (-28.53, 31.28)*; Tembe
Elephant Park (-26.94, 32.47).
17. FAMILY CYRTAUCHENIIDAE
The family Cyrtaucheniidae is widely distributed throughout North, Central and South America, Australia and Africa. From South Africa 2 genera and 34 species are known
of which 33 are endemic.
•
Common names: Homostola (leaf litter trap-door
spiders); Ancylotrypa (African wafer-lid trapdoor spiders).
•
Life style: wanderers (ground dwellers); construct a
silk-lined burrow with a wafer-type trapdoor.
•
Body size: 9-32 mm (males slightly smaller than female and more slender).
•
Diagnostic characters: colour: varies from yellowish-brown to almost blackish-brown while the abdomen sometimes has bands or spots; carapace:
slightly hairy to smooth, cephalic region usually
strongly arched with the fovea broad, transverse to
procurved; eyes: 8 in 2 rows (4:4) forming a rectangular group that is wider behind than in front, eye
tubercle usually distinctly raised; abdomen: oval;
legs: front legs often shorter and thicker than hind
legs.
•
Web and retreat: web: absent; retreat: silk-lined
burrows with wafer-type lids.
•
Habitat: Ancylotrypa is found in different habitats,
from savanna to grassy areas to open barren ground
in the Kalahari desert. Their burrows are frequently
found under stones, logs or rock overhangs which
afford shelter. Homostola is more commonly found in
forest areas in leave litter.
•
Behaviour: Species of Ancylotrypa live in silk-lined
burrows of which the depth varies between species
with the main portion being as deep as 32 cm. The
shape of the burrows varies from single burrows, to Y
-shaped to the shape of a curved pipe. In some species side-chambers are made with or without lids.
The burrows are closed with different shapes of soft
lids. During the day most of the inhabitants reside in
the lower portion of the burrow. The males are more
active and are easily collected in pit traps. In build up
areas they frequently drown in swimming pools. Homostola, female’s live in fairly shallow burrows 16-20
cm deep, made in leaf litter and covered with a loose
fitting lid. The males roam around in search of a mate.
•
Taxonomic note: family not yet revised.
References:
series no. 13, Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria. 130
pp.
•
208
FAMILY CYRTAUCHENIIDAE
(CONTINUED)
209
Ancylotrypa barbertoni (Hewitt,1913)
Distribution in South Africa: Limpopo: Kruger National Park (Letaba Camp) (-22.93, 31.02).
Mpumalanga: Barberton (-25.79, 31.04)*; Two Rivers (-24.91, 30.10).
Ancylotrypa bicornuta Strand, 1906
Distribution in South Africa: Western Cape: Cape Town (-33.91, 18.42)*; Macassar (-34.08, 18.78).
(CONTINUED)
210
Ancylotrypa brevicornis (Hewitt, 1919)
Distribution in South Africa: Gauteng: Hartebeesfontein (-28.13, 26.8); Modderfontein (-26.08,
28.17); Vaal Dam (-26.85, 28.2); Pretoria/Tshwane (Zwartkoppies) (-25.74, 28.19). North West:
Potchefstroom (-26.7, 27.09); Venterskroon (-26.83, 27.31)*.
Ancylotrypa brevipalpis Hewitt, 1916)
Distribution in South Africa: Gauteng: Centurion (Lyttleton Junction) (-25.85, 28.16); Endicott
(-25.74, 28.19); Nigel (Farm Vlakfontein 3 km. W of Duduza Town) (-26.42, 28.46); Hartebeeshoek
(-25.88, 27.71); Heidelberg (Farm Lagerspoort) (-26.60, 28.41); Honingklip, Muldersdrift (-26.14, 27.86);
Krugersdorp/Mogale (-26.09, 27.78); Melville Koppies (-26.17, 27.99); Pretoria/Tshwane: (Hatfield)
(-25.75, 28.24)*, Koedoespoort (-25.74, 28.19), Muckleneuk (-25.76, 28.21), Rietondale Research Station (-25.73, 28.23 ), Wallmannsthal (-25.52, 28.3), Zwartkoppies (-25.75, 28.37); Rand Airport (-26.21,
28.15); Pretoria/Tshwane; Roodeplaat (-25.64, 28.36); Suikerbosrand Nature Reserve Tamboekiesfontein) (-26.43, 28.21). KwaZulu-Natal: Ophathe Game Reserve (-28.52, 31.66). Limpopo: Mosdene
Nature Reserve (-24.52, 28.7); Nylsvley Nature Reserve (-24.65, 28.67); Polokwane Nature Reserve
(-23.9, 29.47); Mpumalanga: Kruger National Park (Skukuza Camp) (-25.00, 31.97); Steenkampsberg
(-25.55, 30.08). North West: Kroondal (-25.75, 27.32).
(CONTINUED)
Ancylotrypa breyeri (Hewitt, 1919)
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: Klipspruit (-30.5, 29.67)*.
Ancylotrypa bulcocki (Hewitt, 1916)
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Ngqeleni (-31.66, 29.02)*.
211
(CONTINUED)
212
Ancylotrypa coloniae (Pocock, 1902)
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Jansenville (-32.93, 24.67)*.
Ancylotrypa cornuta Purcell, 1904
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Dunbrody (-33.47, 25.55)*; Alicedale (-33.31, 26.08).
(CONTINUED)
Ancylotrypa dentata (Purcell, 1903)
Distribution in South Africa: Northern Cape: Hanover (-30.94, 24.53)*.
Ancylotrypa dreyeri (Hewitt, 1915)
Distribution in South Africa: Free State: Bloemfontein (-29.11, 26.22)*.
213
(CONTINUED)
Ancylotrypa flavidofusula (Hewitt, 1915)
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Alicedale (-33.31, 26.08)*.
Ancylotrypa lateralis (Purcell, 1902)
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Dunbrody (-33.47, 25.55)*.
214
(CONTINUED)
215
Ancylotrypa magnisigillata (Hewitt, 1914)
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Sunday's River Valley, Uitenhage (-33.76, 25.39)*; Kokstad (-30.54, 29.42).
Ancylotrypa namaquensis (Purcell, 1908)
Distribution in South Africa: Northern Cape: Prieska (Green Valley Nuts Estate) (-29.68, 22.74);
Steinkopf (-29.25, 17.73)*.
(CONTINUED)
216
Ancylotrypa nigriceps (Purcell, 1902)
Distribution in South Africa: Free State: Erfenis Dam Nature Reserve (-28.5, 26.8). Gauteng:
Roodepoort (Honingklip) (-26.14, 27.86); Johannesburg (-26.2, 28.04)*; Suikerbosrand Nature Reserve
(-27.59, 27.53); Van Riebeeck Nature Reserve (-25.85, 28.16). KwaZulu-Natal: Ndumo Game Reserve
(S E boundary fence) (-26.87, 32.24).
Ancylotrypa nuda (Hewitt, 1916)
Distribution in South Africa: Gauteng: Emslangeni Rand Water (-26.35, 28.07); Magaliesberg
(-20.97; 31.65); Pretoria/Tshwane (Wonderboom Poort) (-25.74, 28.19); KwaZulu-Natal: Ophathe
Game Reserve (-28.52, 31.66); Richards Bay (15 km N) (-28.78, 32.1). Limpopo: Lajuma Mountain
Retreat (-23.03, 29.45); Springbok Flats: Tuinplaas (-24.56, 28.46), Bekendevlei (-24.9, 28.73). Mpumalanga: Carolina (-26.06, 30.11). North West: Hartebeespoort Experimental Farm (-25.6, 27.82);
Rustenburg Nature Reserve (-25.65, 27.22); Wolhuterskop (-25.43, 27.52). Magaliesberg (-20.97,
31.65).
(CONTINUED)
Ancylotrypa nudipes (Hewitt, 1923)
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Dassie Krans, Grahamstown (-33.5, 26.18)*.
from protected areas: 0.
Ancylotrypa oneili (Purcell, 1902)
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Sunday's River, Dunbrody (-33.47, 25.55)*.
217
(CONTINUED)
Ancylotrypa pallidipes (Purcell, 1904)
Distribution in South Africa: Western Cape: Matjiesfontein (-33.24, 20.58)*.
Ancylotrypa parva (Hewitt, 1916)
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Alicedale (-33.31, 26.08)*.
218
(CONTINUED)
219
Ancylotrypa pretoriae (Hewitt, 1913)
Distribution in South Africa: Gauteng: Centurion (Lyttleton Junction) (-25.82, 28.2); Centurion ( Irene) (-25.87, 28.21); Centurion: (Grootfontein, E Rietvlei Dam) (-25.92, 28.34), Irene (-25.87, 28.22);
Harbeeshoek (-25.88, 27.70); Pretoria/Tshwane: Sunnyside (-25.75, 28.21), Garsfontein (-25.79,
28.30)*, Mayville (-25.71, 28.19), Koedoespoort (-26.46, 28.26), Pretoria North (-25.58, 28.26), Rietondale (-25.73, 28.23), Rietfontein (-25.70, 28.23), New Mucleneuk (-25.77, 28.23), Wonderboom
Poort (-25.68, 28.2), Waterkloof (-25.78, 28.25), Skinner’s Court (-25.74, 28.19), Zwartkoppies (-25.75,
28.37), Wallmannsthal (-25.52, 28.3), Knoppieslaagte farm (-25.95, 27.97); Heidelberg District
(Koppieskraal 157) (-26.46, 28.26); Roodeplaatdam Nature Reserve (-25.64, 28.36); Roodepoort
(Honingklip) (-26.14, 27.86); Zeekoegat (Kameeldrift) (25.66, 28.18E). North West: Rustenburg
(Wolhuterskop) (-25.65, 27.22). Limpopo: Springbok Flats: Bekendevlei)(-24.9, 28.73), Tuinplaas
(-24.56, 28.46). Mpumalanga: Two Rivers (-24.91, 30.10). Free State: Erfenis Dam Nature Reserve
(-28.5, 26.8).
Ancylotrypa pusilla Purcell, 1903
Distribution in South Africa: Northern Cape: Green Valley Nuts Estate, Prieska (-29.68, 22.74), Hanover (-30.94, 24.53)*; Vlagkop 8 km N Hanover, De Aar (-30.64, 24.01).
(CONTINUED)
220
Ancylotrypa rufescens (Hewitt, 1916)
Distribution in South Africa: Gauteng: Roodeplaatdam (-25.64, 28.36)*. Limpopo: Springbok Flats:
Tuinplaas, (-24.56, 28.46). North West: Magaliesburg (-25.99, 27.54).
Ancylotrypa sororum (Hewitt, 1916)
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Bedford (-32.68, 26.08)*; Mountain Zebra National Park
(-32.24, 25.43). Western Cape: Karoo National Park (-32.28, 22.46).
(CONTINUED)
221
Ancylotrypa spinosa Simon, 1889
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Port Elizabeth (-33.95, 25.61)*; Bamboesberg, W
Sterkstroom (Wilgerskloof Farm ) (-31.6, 26.37).
Ancylotrypa tookei (Hewitt, 1919)
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Peddie (-33.19, 27.12)*; Port Elizabeth (-33.95, 25.61).
(CONTINUED)
222
Ancylotrypa vryheidensis (Hewitt, 1915)
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: Vryheid (-27.77, 30.79)*; Ndumo Game Reserve
(-26.87,32.24); Ngome State Forest (-27.78, 31.45); Tembe Elephant Park (-26.94, 32.47).
Ancylotrypa zebra (Simon, 1892)
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Black Rock (-32.02, 29.1). KwaZulu-Natal: type locality
no exact locality*; Ndumo Game Reserve (-26.87, 32.24); Sani Pass 900m alt. (-30.2, 30.4); Vryheid
(-27.77, 30.79). Limpopo: Kruger National Park (Shingwedzi) (-23.12, 31.43). Mpumalanga: Kruger
National Park (Satara 10) (-24.38, 31.78).
(CONTINUED)
223
Ancylotrypa zuluensis (Lawrence, 1937)
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: Hluhluwe Game Reserve (-28.09, 32.1)*; Richards Bay
(15 km N) (-28.78, 32.1); Sodwana Bay National Park (-27.4, 32.76).
Homostola abernethyi (Purcell, 1903)
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Kentani (-32.30, 28.12)*; Mkambati Nature Reserve
(31.32, 29.97).
Conservation status: endemicity: 5; abundance 3 [5].
(CONTINUED)
224
Homostola pardalina (Hewitt, 1913)
Distribution in South Africa: Gauteng: Stryfontein (-26.83, 28.22); Suikerbosrand Nature Reserve
(-27.59, 27.53). Limpopo: Lajuma Mountain Retreat (-23.03, 29.45). Mpumalanga: 30 km N of
Graskop (-24.93, 30.84); Barberton (-25.48, 31.3)*.
Homostola reticulata (Purcell, 1902)
Distribution in South Africa: Western Cape: Swellendam (Bonnie Vale Farm on Breede River)
(-34.1, 20.26); De Hoop Nature Reserve (Potberg) (-34.45, 20.44).
(CONTINUED)
225
Homostola vulpecula Simon, 1892
Distribution in South Africa: type locality only as Zululand*. Gauteng: Brakpan (-26.23, 28.37); Brakfontein, Pretoria/Tshwane: Groenkloof Nature Reserve (-25.78, 28.2), Onderstepoort (-25.74, 28.19),
Rosslyn (-25.62, 28.09); Honingklip, Roodepoort (-26.14, 27.86); Pretoria/Tshwane; Sandton (-26.06,
28.07); Stryfontein (-26.83, 28.22). KwaZulu-Natal: Empangeni (-28.72, 31.88); Ngome State Forest
(-27.78, 31.45 ); Ophathe Game Reserve (-28.52, 31.66); Richards Bay (15 km N) (-28.78, 32.1). Mpumalanga: Carolina (-26.06, 30.11); Two Rivers (24.91, 30.09). Western Cape: Cape Town (-33.91,
8.42).
Homostola zebrina Purcell, 1902
Distribution in South Africa: Gauteng: Pretoria/Tshwane (Bon Accord) (-25.74, 28.19).
KwaZulu-Natal: Pietermaritzburg (various localities: Manderston, Scotsville, Loop Street, 398 Loop
Street, Prestbury, 59 Milliken Road, Swartkops, Swartkops summit) (-29.6, 30.38); Eshowe (-28.89,
31.47); Durban (-29.85, 31.01); Lower Umkomaas River (-30.18, 30.8); Dumisa near Umzinto (-30.31,
30.65); Makowe (-27.96, 32.11); Ashburton (-29.6, 30.38); Sani Pass (-29.62, 29.37); Sani Pass 1500m
alt. (-29.66, 29.46); Sani Pass 900m alt.(-30.2, 30.4); Umbilo (-29.85, 31.01); Clairmont (-29.82, 30.92);
Howick (-29.47, 30.2); Ngome State Forest (-27.78, 31.45). Limpopo: Springbok Flats: Bekendevlei (24.9, 28.73), Tuinplaas (-24.56, 28.46). Mpumalanga: Carolina district ( Doornhoek, Tevreden) (26.06, 30.11); 30 km N of Graskop (-24.93, 30.84); Lake Chrissie (-26.28, 30.19); Lochiel (-26.15,
30.78); Steynsdorp (-26.12, 30.97); Oshoek (-25.2, 30.2); Carolina (-26.06, 30.11).
Known distribution: South Africa, Swaziland*.
18. FAMILY DEINOPIDAE
The family Deinopidae is small found in the tropical
and subtropical regions of the world. From South Africa 3 genera and 4 species are known of which 3 are
endemics.
•
Common names: Deinopidae (net casting spiders); Deinopis spp.(ogre-faced spiders);
Menneus spp.(humped-back spiders); Avellopsis
capensis (camel-back spiders).
•
Life style: Web dwellers (adapted cribellated orbweb); they are found in low vegetation and construct a small expandable web, which is swung
over their prey.
•
Body size: 6-20 mm (males more slender with
smaller tubercles on abdomen).
•
Diagnostic characters: colour: various shades
of silvery white, grey, brownish black to olive
green and the abdomen sometimes with dark
spots or a distinct folium, males are generally
darker in colour; carapace: longer than wide with
the fovea that varies from a deep oval pit to a
shallow depression; eyes: 8 in 3 rows with the
posterior median eyes enlarged, very large in Deinopis, smaller in other genera; abdomen: long
oval with 1 or 2 humps medially, which vary in
shape and size but reduced in males; legs: front
legs long and slender, up to three times or more
the length of the body; short erect macrosetae on
tarsus IV.
•
Web and retreat: web: a small, rectangular expandable web made with cribellated silk and held
with front legs; retreat: no retreat is made, the
spiders are procryptic by day, resting with their
bodies appressed against the bark of a branch.
•
Habitat: deinopids are usually found in low bushes and shrubs and more common in the warmer
humid regions. Menneus relates to vertical grass-
226
stems and twigs near the ground and is more
commonly found in grassland and savanna regions, while Avellopsis is found in forests areas
and Deinopis in humid savanna, coastal forest
and fynbos. Menneus camelus is synanthropic
and frequently found in and around houses in
South Africa.
•
Behaviour: The spider hangs head down above
the substrate supported by a scaffold of non-sticky
silk. The web is held at the corners, with the long
front legs. By moving the legs they can vary the
size of the web. When prey comes within reach
the spider expands the web by 5-6 times the original size and swings it onto the prey. To subdue
the prey, they use their hind legs to wrap it with
silk, facing away from the prey. A single web suffices the spider the whole night if no prey is
caught.
•
Taxonomic notes: no revisions yet undertaken.
References:
AKERMAN, C. 1926. On the spider, Menneus
camelus Pocock, which constructs a moth-catching,
expanding snare. Annuals of the Natal Museum 5:
411-422.
•
LARSEN, N. 1992. Observations on the camel-back
spider. African Wildlife 46: 216-218
FAMILY DEINOPIDAE
(CONTINUED)
227
Avellopsis capensis Purcell, 1904
Distribution in South Africa: Western Cape: Bergvliet Flats (-34.03, 18.63); Camps Bay (-33.95,
18.37); Cape Town (-33.91, 18.42); De Hoop Nature Reserve (Potberg) (-34.45, 20.44); Goudini (-34.6,
19.32); Kalk Bay (-34.19, 18.42); St. James (-34.11, 18.46); Table Mountain National Park: Newlands
Forest (-33.91,18.42), Table Mountain (-33.91, 18.42); Worcester (-33.64, 19.47).
Deinopis cornigera Gerstäcker, 1873
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: Richards Bay (15 km N) (-28.78, 32.1). Limpopo: Lajuma Mountain Retreat (-23.03, 29.45). North West: Madikwe Game Reserve (-24.77, 26.01).
Known distribution: East Africa*, Berundi, Ethiopia, Rwanda, South Africa, Tanzania.
FAMILY DEINOPIDAE
(CONTINUED)
228
Deinopis cylindrica Pocock, 1898
Distribution in South Africa: Gauteng: Pretoria/Tshwane: Brooklyn (-25.74, 28.19). KwaZulu-Natal:
Durban (-29.85, 31.01); Pongola (-27.35, 31.61); iSimangaliso Wetland Park (Hell’s Gate) (-28, 32.48);
Ndumo Game Reserve (-26.87, 32.24); Tembe Elephant Park (-26.94, 32.47); Kosi Bay Nature Reserve (-26.93, 32.87); Umhlali (-29.47, 31.22)*. Limpopo: Makalali Nature Reserve (-24.34, 30.93).
Mpumalanga: Marble Hall (-24.96, 29.29). Western Cape: Bloubergstrand (-33.77, 18.45).
Menneus camelus Pocock, 1902
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Bathurst (Farm Fairie Glen) (-33.5, 26.84); Cwebe Nature Reserve (The Haven) (-32.28, 28.9); Hogsback (-32.59, 26.92); Jeffrey's Bay (-34.06, 24.91); Pirie
Forest (-32.72, 27.24) Gauteng: Boksburg (-26.13, 28.15); Centurion (-25.85, 28.16); Pretoria/
Tshwane: Agricultural building (-25.74, 28.19), Lynnwood Ridge (-25.76, 28.30), Meyerspark (-25.74,
28.31), Weavind Park (-25.73, 28.17); Randburg (-26.07, 27.92); Roodeplaat Research Station (-25.66,
28.35); Walter Sisulu Botanical Garden (-26.14, 27.86). KwaZulu-Natal: Cathedral Peak (-28.94,
29.19); Durban (-29.85, 31.01)*; iSimangaliso Wetland Park: False Bay Park (-27.92, 32.27), Hell’s
Gate (-28, 32.48). Limpopo: Kruger National Park (-22.93, 31.02); Lajuma Mountain Retreat (-23.03,
29.45); Lekgalameetsi Nature Reserve (-23.82, 30.16); Meetsa-A-Bophelo Mission Station (-24.25,
30.45); Nylsvley Nature Reserve (-24.65, 28.67); Tzaneen (Serale Canyon Ridge Forest) (-23.82,
30.16); Sovenga Hill (-23.88, 29.73). Mpumalanga: Avoca (-25.68, 31.17); Sabie (Lisbon) (-25.1,
30.78). North West: Buffelspoort Research Station (-25.62, 27.77); Swartruggens (Farm Olivenkloof
373 JP (-25.54, 26.52); Rustenburg Nature Reserve (-25.72, 27.18). Western Cape: De Hoop Nature
Reserve (Potberg) (-34.45, 20.44); Kleinmond (Palmiet Rivier) (-34.33, 19.02); Stellenbosch (Farm
Jonkershoek) (-33.93, 18.85); Worcester (Goudini) (-33.64, 19.47).
FAMILY DEINOPIDAE
Menneus camelus (continued)
(CONTINUED)
229
19. FAMILY DESIDAE
230
Desidae a cosmopolitan family is represented by 36
genera with a single species known from Namibia
and South Africarica.
•
Common name: Desis formidabilis (African
long-jawed intertidal spider).
•
Life style: Wanderers (ground dwellers); freerunning intertidal spiders.
•
Body size: 18-22 mm, including chelicerae
(males slightly smaller).
•
Diagnostic characters: cColour: pale yellow to
dark brown; carapace: longer than wide with
the fovea distinct; eyes: 8 in 2 rows that occupy
little more than half the head width; chelicerae:
very large, almost as long as carapace and directed to the front; abdomen: ovoid and clothed
with short setae; legs: of moderate length with
leg I without spines and leg II with a few.
•
Web and retreat: web: absent; retreat: depending on the wave action whether they make
a silk-lined retreat in an empty shell or only hide
beneath the rocks.
•
Habitat: Rocky seashore.
•
Behaviour: they are intertidal hunters always
found in areas with a rocky shore. They are
found between the Low Water Neap and High
Water Neap tide levels and are thus submerged
twice a day for several hours. Depending on the
wave action they occupy either cavities like
empty shells or rock holes or hide between
stones. When the action of the waves is strong
they usually inhabit empty shells made waterproof with silk enclosing enough air for gas exchange during immersion. Where the wave action is weak the spider usually hides beneath
rocks and the water-repellent setae on the body
help to trap a film of air, which act as an external "lung".
•
Taxonomic notes: the family was revised by
Lamoral (1968a).
References:
LAMORAL, B.H. 1968a. On the species of the genus Desis Walckenaer, 1837 (Araneae: Amaurobiidae) found on the rocky shores of South Africa and
South West Africa. Annals of the Natal Museum 20:
139-150.
•
LAMORAL, B.H. 1968b. On the ecology and habitat
adaptations of two intertidal spiders, Desis formidabilis (O.P.-Cambridge) and Amaurobioides africanus
(Hewitt), at “The Island” (Kommetjie, Cape Peninsu-
la), with notes on the occurrence of two other spiders.
Annals of the Natal Museum 20: 151-193.
LAMORAL, B.H. 1971. These spiders are “drowned” every day. African Wildlife 25: 7-10.
FAMILY DESIDAE (CONTINUED)
231
Desis formidabilis (O.P.-Cambridge, 1890)
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Port Alfred (-33.58, 26.89)*. Western Cape: Betty's Bay
(-34.34,18.94); De Hoop Nature Reserve (Koppie Alleen) (-34.45, 20.44); Jongensfontein (-34.36,
21.43); False bay (Rooi Els Berg) (-34.25, 18.58); Hermanus (Vermont) (-34.4, 19.25); Kommetjie
(-34.16, 18.34); Muizenberg (-34.1, 18.47).
Habitat (biomes): coastal areas.
20. FAMILY DICTYNIDAE
can species are solitary usually found alone in
their webs and only during their reproductive period males and females or females with eggs or
young are found together in one web. Some species are socially inclined and live in communal
web complexes. Archaeodictyna ulovo lives as a
kleptoparasite in the community nest of the eresids Stegodyphus mimosarum and S. dumicola.
They feed communally with the eresids on prey
items caught by their hosts. They infiltrate and
integrate into the colonies of communal spiders
and are apparently treated as con-specifics. They
lay their egg cocoons throughout the eresid retreat. Sometimes their webs are found on walls.
The Dictynidae is a large cosmopolitan family that is
more common in the Northern Hemisphere and is represented by more than 350 species. From South Africa
3 genera and about 4 species are known of which 2
are endemics.
•
Common name: mesh-web spiders.
•
Life style: web dwellers (cribellated sheet-like
retreat-webs); webs are usually found on plants.
•
Body size: < 5 mm.
•
Diagnostic characters: colour: carapace pale to
dark brown or grey and abdomen usually pale with
dark patterns; carapace: cephalic region usually
distinct in being relatively high, with longitudinal
rows of white setae; eyes: 8 in 2 rows (4:4), either
all dark or only anterior median eyes dark; chelicerae in males of some genera: "bowed-shaped";
abdomen: sub-oval to oval, slightly overlapping
carapace, usually bearing a layer of white setae;
legs: of moderate length, all the same size, usually without true spines.
•
Web and retreat: web: Most of the dictynids lives
in signal-webs consisting of a retreat extending
into a signal-web; retreat: in which the spider generally resides is made within the parameters of
the web.
•
Habitat; The webs are made on leaves, in crevices or between twigs, etc. One species is found in
the web of other spiders. The spiders have been
recorded from all the biomes but are more common in grassland and savanna.
•
Behaviour: In some species part of the web
structure consists of parallel threads crisscrossed
with cribellate silk to form a ladder-like structure
that suggest a part of an orb-web. The retreat is
made on one side of the web. The Southern Afri-
232
•
Taxonomic notes: no revision done on family in
Africa, several undescribed species present in
collections.
References:
•
GRISWOLD, C.E. & MEIKLE-GRISWOLD, T.C. 1987.
Archaeodictyna ulova, new species (Araneae: Dictynidae), a remarkable kleptoparasite of group-living eresid spiders (Stegodyphus spp., Araneae: Eresidae).
American Museum Novitates 2897, 11 pp.
FAMILY DICTYNIDAE (CONTINUED)
233
Archaeodictyna condocta (O.P.-Cambridge, 1876)
Distribution in South Africa: Northern Cape: Koingnaas (-30.57, 17.57). Western Cape: Brand-seBaai (-31.42, 18.01).
Known distribution: Cosmopolitan.
Archaeodictyna ulova Griswold & Meikle-Griswold, 1987
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: Ladysmith (-28.55, 29.76); Spioenkop Dam Nature Reserve (-28.41, 29.28)*. Limpopo: Kruger National Park (Skukuza) (-25.00, 31.97).
FAMILY DICTYNIDAE (CONTINUED)
234
Mashimo leleupi Lehtinen, 1967
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Kei River Mouth (-32.68, 28.37); Keiskammahoek
(-32.69, 27.15); Gonubie (-32.94, 28.01); Mkambathi Nature Reserve (-31.02, 30.23); Mountain Zebra National Park (-32.24, 25.43). KwaZulu-Natal: Vryheid Nature Reserve (-27.75, 30.79); Ndumo
Game Reserve (-26.87, 32.24). Limpopo: Blouberg Nature Reserve (-22.99, 29.04); Lajuma Mountain
Retreat -23.03, 29.45). Mpumalanga: Kruger National Park (Skukuza) (-25.00, 31.97).
Known distribution: South Africa, Zambia*.
Shango capicola (Strand, 1909)
Taxonomic status: 1
21. FAMILY DIPLURIDAE
The family Dipluridae has a worldwide distribution and
is represented by about 275 species. From South Africa 2 genera and 6 species are known.
•
Common name: funnel-web mygalomorph spiders.
•
Life style: web dwellers (funnel-web); webs usually made close to soil-surface,
•
Body size: 5-22 mm (males more slender).
•
Diagnostic characters: colour: varies from pale
tan to orange-brown to purple-brown or blackish
brown; carapace: cephalic region low and thoracic region elevated, overall hairy, with small pit-like
fovea; eyes: 8 in compact group on eye tubercle;
chelicerae: extending to the front, rastellum absent; abdomen: oval, hairy and frequently with
spots or chevron markings; spinnerets: posterior
spinnerets long, widely spaced with all 3 segments almost similar in length, median spinnerets
short and widely spaced; legs: slender, scopulae
absent, tarsi long and slender, leg I (male) usually
with mating spur on the tibia and metatarsi.
235
regions and found in piles of rocks, road banks
and tree trunks.
•
Behaviour: diplurids use the sheet-like extensions
of their webs to detect and capture prey. Males
abandon their webs and search for mates during
the wet summer months. Allothele teretis typically
builds a curtain-like sheet web in cool, shady places such as tree trunks and holes on stream banks.
A very common diplurid species Thelechoris striatipes is found from Kenya southwards to Namibia
and South Africa. They are moderately large
diplurids that built conspicuous, perennial threedimensional capture webs up to 1500 cm² wide.
The capture area consists of interconnected
sheets and passageways funneling into a protected tubular silk-retreat. Small spiders that live as
kleptoparasites on diplurids webs are frequently
encountered. About 11 spider families and a number of insects in total representing 60 species are
co-inhabitants of the web of T. striatipes.
•
Taxonomic notes: Coyle (1984) revised on genus of the family.
References:
COYLE, F.A. 1984. A revision of the African mygalomorph spider genus Allothele (Araneae, Dipluridae).
American Museum Novitates 2794, 20 pp.
•
•
•
Web and retreat: web: capture web consists of
an ill-defined silk sheet composed of a mesh of
silken threads; the sheet is laid over the ground or
any horizontal area; the web usually remains in
the same place and is repaired and enlarged as
the spider grows; in some species threedimensional capture webs consist of interconnected sheets funneling towards the retreat; retreat: a
protective tubular or funnel-shaped silk retreats is
made on the side of the sheet.
Habitat: three of the Allothele species are
adapted to forest habitats with dry winters and
rainy summer seasons where they are found in
cool, shady places such as tree trunks and river
banks. Only one species, Allothele malawi is
found in drier savanna regions. Thelechoris is
found in grassland, savanna and the more arid
COYLE, F.A. & MEIGS, T.E. 1992. Web coinhabitants of the African funnelweb spider, Thelechoris karschi (Araneae, Dipluridae). Revue de Zoologie
africaine 106: 289-296.
COYLE, F.A. & O’SHIELDS, T.C. 1990. Courtship and
mating behavior of Thelechoris karschi (Araneae,
Dipluridae) an African funnelweb spider. Journal of
Arachnology 18: 281-296.
FAMILY DIPLURIDAE (CONTINUED)
236
Allothele australis (Purcell, 1903)
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Baviaanskloof Nature Reserve (-33.76, 24.81); Grahamstown Botanical Gardens (-33.3, 26.52); Dunbrody, Sundays River (-33.47, 25.55)*; Grahamstown
(Melrode House) (-33.33, 26.54). Western Cape: Swartberg Nature Reserve (-33.36, 21.69).
Habitat (biomes): FB, SKB, TB.
Allothele caffer (Pocock, 1902)
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Indwe, Lady Frere (-31.47, 27.35). KwaZulu-Natal: Durban (-29.85, 31.01)*; Durban (Bluff) (-29.86, 31.05); Durban (Burman Bush) (-29.85, 31.01); Umhlali
(Chakas Rock) (-29.47, 31.22); Umhlanga Lagoon Nature Reserve(-29.7, 31.09).
Known distribution: Angola, DRC, Malawi, South Africa*.
237
Allothele malawi Coyle, 1984
Distribution in South Africa: Limpopo: Blouberg Nature Reserve (-22.99, 29.04); Kruger National
Park (-22.93, 31.02); Lake Fundudzi (-22.86, 30.29); Little Leigh (Western Soutpansberg) (-22.95,
29.87); Mukumbani Ivory Route (-22.88, 30.4); Tzaneen (-23.82, 30.16). Mpumalanga: Sabie (Lone
Creek Falls) (-25.1, 30.78).
Known distribution: Malawi*, South Africa.
Allothele teretis Tucker, 1920
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: Estcourt (-29.03, 29.85); Estcourt (10 km SE, Griffins
Hill) (-29, 29.87); Keate's Drift near Mpofana (-28.85, 30.5); Kranskop (-28.97, 30.86); Tugela River
near Middledrift (-32.82, 26.98); Mfongosi near Ubombo (-27.28, 32.15)*; Mhlopeni Nature Reserve
(-28.96, 30.39); Muden (-28.96, 30.39); Ophathe Game Reserve (-28.52; 31.66); Weenen Nature Reserve (-28.84, 30.07); Winterton (15 km NW Spioenkop Nature Reserve) (-28.81, 29.53). Limpopo:
Little Leigh (Western Soutpansberg) (-22.95, 29.87).
238
Euagrus atropurpureus Purcell, 1903
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Prince Albert (-33.22, 22.03)*.
Thelechoris striatipes (Simon, 1889)
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Addo Elephant National Park (-33.32, 25.72);
Kwandwe Private Game Reserve (-33.09, 26.57). KwaZulu-Natal: Hluhluwe Nature Reserve (-28.09,
32.1). Limpopo: Lekgalameetsi Nature Reserve (-23.82, 30.16); Lapalala Wilderness Game Reserve
(-23.84, 28.26).
22. FAMILY DRYMUSIDAE
The family Drymusidae is a small family known only
from the Caribbean region, Costa Rica and South Africa and represented by one genus and 6 species of
which 3 are known from Southern Africa.
catch web consisting of partitions spun after the
prey has entered the web, and enclosing it in a
silken trap. Only then does the spider attack, biting the victim 5-6 times. The prey is then left till it
slows down completely before wrapping starts.
The wrapping process only involves rotation of the
spider's body without assistance of the legs. Too
large prey is ignored as they move through the
space-web. The female carries the egg cocoon in
her chelicerae. The cocoon is temporarily abandoned when suitable prey enters the web.
•
Common name: false violin spider (closely resembles violin spider Loxosceles, and can easily
be mistaken for them).
•
Life style: Web dwellers (space-web); webs are
made close to the soil surface.
•
Body size: 7-15 mm (legs longer in males).
•
•
legs brown decorated with dark patterns, abdomen with a distinct brown or purple hue is dorsally decorated with pale chevron patterns; carapace: slightly depressed with thoracic region elevated bearing numerous long, dark setae (more
numerous in males) arranged in a V-shape; eyes:
6 arranged in 3 groups of 2 each in a recurved
row; abdomen: round to oval, with a light covering
of short stiff setae; legs: long and slender without
spines leg, leg formula 1243.
•
•
Web and retreat: web: loosely spun space-webs,
sometimes with sheet- or tube-like extensions;
retreat: usually at one side of web.
•
Habitat: more commonly found in forest areas
and caves.
•
Behaviour: drymusids are nocturnal and found on
the underside of fallen logs. The spider remains
on the log when it is turned over and is easily
overlooked. They behave differently towards larger and smaller prey. Small prey are attacked immediately and killed solely using their chelicerae.
Larger prey is caught by a quick construction of a
239
Taxonomic notes: family not yet revised.
References:
VALERIO, C.E. 1971. The spider genus Drymusa in
the New World (Araneae: Scytodidae). The Florida
Entomologist 54: 193-200.
VALERIO, C.E. 1974. Prey capture by Drymusa dinora
(Araneae: Scytodidae). Psyche 81: 284-287.
FAMILY DRYMUSIDAE (CONTINUED)
240
Drymusa capensis Simon, 1893
Distribution in South Africa: Western Cape: type locality as Cape Peninsula*; Kogelberg Nature Reserve (-34.14, 18.34); Table Mountain National Park (Newlands Forest) (-33.91, 18.42); Kalkbaai
(-34.19, 18.42).
Drymusa producta Purcell, 1904
Distribution in South Africa: Western Cape: Swellendam (-34.02, 20.42)*.
FAMILY DRYMUSIDAE (CONTINUED)
Drymusa silvicola Purcell, 1904
Distribution in South Africa: Western Cape: Knysna (-34.03, 23.03)*.
241
23. FAMILY DYSDERIDAE
The family Dysderidae occurs worldwide and comprises 20 genera that are endemic to the Mediterranean
Region. One cosmopolitan species has been recorded
from Southern Africa.
•
Common name: Dysdera crocata (long-fanged
ground spider).
•
Life style: wanderers (ground dwellers); freerunning; abundance: very rare
•
Body size: 9-15 mm.
•
legs deep red to deep orange, abdomen pinkish
grey; carapace: longer than wide, integument
sclerotized with fine granulation; eyes: 6 arranged
in a compact group close to clypeal edge; chelicerae: well developed, extending to the front, fangs
long and well developed; abdomen: long, oval,
with light cover of short setae; legs: of moderate
length without strong setae.
•
Web and retreat: web: absent; retreat: they are
found during the day in silken nests, attached to
the underside of stones or clumps of vegetation.
•
Habitat: Dysdera crocata has been introduced
into most countries and are found in and around
houses.From the South Africa they has been collected from houses and forested areas around
Cape Town and build-up areas in Gauteng, South
Africa.
•
Behaviour: The dysderids are free-living nocturnal ground-dwellers. They are solitary spiders and
use their long chelicerae and fangs to catch their
prey.During mating the males tore open the nest
of female. If the female is receptive they enter to
embrace, stroke and nip the female before copulation takes place. The retreats are also used for
molting, egg laying and caring for the brood up to
a month. The bundle of eggs is held together only
with a few strands of silk and is then deposited in
the retreat with the mother.
•
242
Taxonomic note: known only from the one introduced species.
References:
•
JACKSON, R.R. & POLLARD, S.D. 1982. The biology
of Dysdera crocata (Araneae, Dysderidae): interspecific interactions. Journal of Zoology 198: 197-214.
FAMILY DYSDERIDAE (CONTINUED)
243
Dysdera crocata C.L.Koch, 1838
Distribution in South Africa: Gauteng: Florida (-26.2, 28.04); Roodepoort (-26.14, 27.86).
Western Cape: Fish Hoek, Peer Hill (-34.05, 18.35); Hermanus (Vermont) (-34.4, 19.25); Muizenberg
(Marine Estate) (-34.08, 18.47); Table Mountain National Park (Newlands Forest) (-33.91, 18.42); Bellville (-33.9, 18.63); Stellenbosch (-33.93, 18.85).
Habitat (biomes): FB, FoB, GB
Known distribution: Cosmopolitan*.
Taxonomic status: 3
24. FAMILY ERESIDAE
The family Eresidae is known from the Oriental, Mediterranean, Palearctic and Afrotropical Regions. They
are represented in South Africa by 7 genera and 50
species.
•
Common names: Eresidae (velvet spiders); Stegodyphus (community nest spiders); Dresserus
(ground velvet spiders); Gandanameno (tree velvet spiders); Seothyra, (bokspoor spiders); Paradonea (decorated velvet spiders).
•
Life style: web dwellers (diverse cribellated signal
-webs); diverse behaviour, found on the soil in
burrows, under stones, under bark and in grass
and trees; abundance: rare.
•
Body size: 7-20 mm (male smaller, sexual dimorphism in size, shape and colour).
•
Diagnostic characters: colour: various hues of
dark-brown, yellowish brown to grey, abdomen
sometimes with distinct patterns formed by white,
orange or red setae; carapace: rectangular, high
or slightly flattened, usually thickly clothed with
hair, fovea circular but variable in depth; eyes: 8,
median eyes close together, with lateral eyes wide
apart and posterior lateral eyes usually positioned
far back on the carapace; abdomen: rounded to
oval and thickly clothed with hairs, frequently with
patterns; legs: short and stout and thickly clothed
with hairs, the tarsi are usually united to metatarsi
by almost rigid joints.
•
Web and retreat: web: very diverse, differ between genera, usually a sheet-like signal-web
radiating from retreat made of cribellated silk; retreat: shape of retreat vary between genera.
•
Habitat: members of Eresidae are found in different habitats. Gandanameno is found under loose
bark of trees, common in savanna, grassland and
Nama-Karoo; Stegodyphus is found in community
or solitary nests on trees or in grass in savanna,
grassland and Karoo regions while Seothyra lives
in burrows made in soil of the more drier grass-
244
land, woodland savanna, Karoo and desert regions.
•
Behaviour: webs and retreats frequently have
arrays of radiating threads covered with hackled
bands of cribellate silk. Dresserus spp. build a
retreat of bluish-white silk under stones while Gandanameno spp. are found under loose bark of
trees where they build a funnel-like retreat with the
entrance sheltered under a tarpaulin-like flat sheet
-like signal-web. Seothyra spp. live in a tubular
retreats in the ground similar to trapdoor spiders.
The entrance to the burrow is covered by a lobed
silk-flap that serve as a signal-web, covered by
sand. It resembles a footprint in the sand. All the
species of Stegodyphus are plant-living either
solitary or living in community nests e.g. S. dumicola and S. mimosarum. A retreat is made by the
solitary species usually in grass heads with trip
lines extending out wards.
•
Taxonomic notes: only two genera Seothyra
(Dippenaar-Schoeman, 1990) and Stegodyphus
(Kraus & Kraus, 1988) have been revised
References:
DIPPENAAR-SCHOEMAN, A.S. 1990. A revision of
the African spider genus Seothyra Purcell (Araneae:
Eresidae). Cimbebasia 12: 135-160.
•
HENSCHEL, J.R. 1993. Is solitary life an alternative
for the social spider Stegodyphus dumicola? Journal of
the Namibian Scientific Society 43: 71-79.
KRAUS, 0. & KRAUS, M. 1988. The genus Stegodyphus (Arachnida, Araneae). Sibling species, species
groups, and parallel origin of social living. Verhandlungen der Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein in Hamburg
30:151-254.
LEHTINEN, P.T. 1967 Classification of the cribellate
spiders and some allied families with notes on the evolution of the suborder Araneomorpha. Annales Zoologici Fennici 4, 468 pp.
FAMILY ERESIDAE (CONTINUED)
245
Dresserus angusticeps Purcell, 1904
Distribution in South Africa: Western Cape: St. Helena Bay (-32.77, 18.03)*.
Dresserus collinus Pocock, 1900
Distribution in South Africa: Western Cape: De Hoop Nature Reserve (Potberg) (-34.45, 20.44);
Table Mountain National Park (Table Mountain) (-33.82, 18.48)*.
246
Dresserus colsoni Tucker, 1920
Distribution in South Africa: Gauteng: Roodeplaatdam Nature Reserve (-25.64, 28.36); Meyersdal
(-26.3, 28.09); Pretoria/Tshwane (-25.74, 28.19); Ezemvelo Nature Reserve (-25.8, 28.77). KwaZuluNatal: Mkuzi Game Reserve (-27.63, 32.25); Pongola (Farm Vergeval) (-27.35, 31.61). Limpopo: Kruger National Park (-22.93, 31.02); Nylsvley Nature Reserve (-24.65, 28.67); Springbok Flats (Tuinplaas)
(-24.56, 28.46); Lajuma Mountain Retreat (-23.03, 29.45); Polokwane Nature Reserve (-23.9, 29.47);
Rust de Winter (-25.19, 28.63). Mpumalanga: Barberton (-25.79, 31.04); Groblersdal (Kameeldrift)
-25.16, 29.39); Loskop Research Station (-25.17, 29.4); Lydenburg (-25.09, 30.46)*; Oudestad Experimental Farm (-25.2, 29.2).
Dresserus kannemeyeri Tucker, 1920
Distribution in South Africa: Free State: Bloemfontein (Farm Hopefield) (-29.11, 26.22); Bloemfontein (Farm Deelhoek) (-29.11, 26.22); Mpetsane Conservation Estate (-28.92, 27.58); Smithfield
(-30.21, 26.53)*. Gauteng: Suikerbosrand Nature Reserve (-27.59, 27.53); Pretoria/Tshwane
(Rietondale Research Station) (-25.74, 28.19); Nooitgedacht (-25.74, 28.19); Germiston (-26.21,
28.15). Western Cape: Swartberg Nature Reserve (-33.36, 21.69).
Habitat (biomes): GB, NKB.
247
Dresserus laticeps Purcell, 1904
Distribution in South Africa: Northern Cape: Tsabis, 20 m NE Cordonia (-29.26, 17.28)*.
Dresserus namaquensis Purcell, 1908
Distribution in South Africa: Northern Cape: Steinkopf (-29.25, 17.73)*; Kamaggas (-29.75, 17.4).
248
Dresserus nigellus Tucker, 1920
Distribution in South Africa: Western Cape: Matroosberg (-33.42, 19.84)*; Gamkaberg Nature Reserve (-33.31, 21.71).
Dresserus obscurus Pocock, 1898
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: Estcourt (-29, 29.87)*; Richards Bay (15 km N)
(-28.78, 32.1).
249
Dresserus olivaceus Pocock, 1900
Dresserus schreineri Tucker, 1920
Distribution in South Africa: Northern Cape: Hanover (-30.94, 24.53)*. Western Cape: Karoo National Park (-32.28, 22.46).
250
Dresserus tripartitus Lawrence, 1938
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: Pietermaritzburg (-29.6, 30.38)*.
Gandanameno fumosa (C.L.Koch, 1837)
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Grahamstown (-33.3, 26.52). Limpopo: Polokwane Nature Reserve (-23.9, 29.47). Northern Cape: Naauwpoort, near Hanover (-31.13, 24.57)*; Port Nolloth
(-29.25, 16.87).
Habitat (biomes): NKB, SB, SKB, TB.
251
Gandanameno purcelli (Tucker, 1920)
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: East London (-33.01, 27.9); Grahamstown (Farm Gretna) (-33.3, 26.52). Gauteng: Kloofendal Nature Reserve (-26.14, 27.86). Limpopo: Kruger National
Park (-22.93, 31.02). Northern Cape: Oorlogskloof Nature Reserve (-31.45, 19.1). Western Cape: Kogelberg Biosphere Reserve (-34.32, 18.96); Swartberg Nature Reserve (Gamkaskloof)
(-33.36, 21.69); Karoo National Park, Stalshoogte (-32.28, 22.46).
Habitat (biomes): FB, GB, NKB, SB, SKB.
Gandanameno spenceri (Pocock, 1900)
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Cradock (-32.16, 25.61); Grahamstown (-33.3, 26.52);
Mountain Zebra National Park (-32.24, 25.43); Port Elizabeth (-33.95, 25.61)*. KwaZulu-Natal: Cedara
Forest Reserve (-30.16, 29.32). North West: Brits (Swartberg) (-25.62, 27.77). Northern Cape: Hanover (-30.94, 24.53); Kamaggas (-29.75, 17.4); Kimberley (Hillcrest) (-28.76, 24.74); Steinkopf (-29.25,
17.73)*. Western Cape: Swartberg Nature Reserve (Gamkaskloof) (-33.36, 21.69); De Hoop Nature
Reserve (Potberg) (-34.45, 20.44); Prince Albert (Tierberg) (-33.13, 22.25); Swartberg Nature Reserve
(-33.36, 21.69).
Habitat (biomes): FB, FoB, GB, NKB, SKB, TB.
Known distribution: Namibia, South Africa*, Zimbabwe.
252
Paradonea parva (Tucker, 1920)
Distribution in South Africa: Northern Cape: Kuruman (Dithakong Tribal Land) (-27.46, 23.43); Benfontein Nature Reserve (-28.73, 24.76); Hopetown (4 km W) (-29.62, 24.06). North West: Junction
Crocodile & Marico Rivers (-25.19, 26.87)*.
Taxonomic status: 1
Paradonea splendens (Lawrence, 1936)
Distribution in South Africa: Gauteng: Sunnyside (-25.75, 28.21). Northern Cape: Gemsbokpan
(-29.47, 23.58)*.
253
Paradonea striatipes Lawrence, 1968
Distribution in South Africa: Northern Cape: Kathu (-27.69, 23.06)*.
Taxonomic status: 1
Paradonea variegata (Purcell, 1904)
Distribution in South Africa: Northern Cape: Calvinia (-31.46, 19.77); Kamaggas (-29.75, 17.4); Namies (-29.29, 19.2); Nariep (Naroep) (-30.77, 17.64)*; Pella (-29.03, 19.13); Steinkopf (-29.25, 17.73)*.
Western Cape: Cederberg (Dwarsriver) (-32.16, 18.89); Karoo National Park (-32.28, 22.46);
Matjiesfontein (-33.24, 20.58); Touwsriver (-33.44, 21.18); Worcester (-33.64, 19.47); Nieuwoudtville
(Bokkeveld Mts) (-31.37, 19.11).
Habitat (biomes): FB, NKB, SB, SKB
254
Seothyra fasciata Purcell, 1904
Distribution in South Africa: Limpopo: Messina/Mussina (Farm Onseigengrond) (-22.34, 30.03); Waterpoort (Farm Rochdale) (-22.54; 29.41); Mosdene Nature Reserve (-24.52; 28.7). Northern Cape:
Breekkierie Dunes (-30.12, 21.55); Gordonia (-28.7, 20.96)*; Kalagadi Transfontier Park (Twee Rivieren) (-26.43, 20.26); Steinkopf (-29.25; 17.73); Upington, 19.2 km W (-28.4, 21.24); Upington, 8 km
NW (-28.45, 21.24). Western Cape: Witsand Nature Reserve (-34.39; 20.85).
Habitat (biomes): FB, NKB, SB, SKB
Seothyra longipedata Dippenaar-Schoeman, 1991
Distribution in South Africa: Northern Cape:Upington (Farm Grootdrink) (-28.6, 21.7); Richtersveld
Transfrontier National Park (3 km SW of Claim Peak) (-28.25; 17.17). Western Cape: Cederberg Wilderness Area (-32.16, 18.89).
Habitat (biomes): FB, SB, SKB.
255
Seothyra perelegans Simon, 1906
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Willowmore (-33.3, 23.5). Free State: Bothaville (-27.38,
26.62)*.
Habitat (biomes): GB, SKB.
Seothyra schreineri Purcell, 1903
Distribution in South Africa: Northern Cape: Hanover (-30.94, 24.53)*; Hopetown (4 km W)
(-29.62, 24.06); Poortjiesfontein (-30.97, 24.45); Onderste Narries (-28.55, 19.83). Western Cape:
Beaufort West (Farm Eerste Water) (-32.69, 22.96); Karoo National Park (-32.28, 22.46); Prince Albert
(-33.22, 22.03).
256
Seothyra semicoccinea Simon, 1906
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Willowmore (-33.3, 23.5)*. Free State: Bothaville
(-27.38, 26.62).
Habitat (biomes): GB, SKB.
Stegodyphus africanus (Blackwall, 1866)
Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: Ndumo Game Reserve (-26.87, 32.24); Underberg,
Sangwana (-29.79, 29.5). Limpopo: Blouberg Nature Reserve (-22.99, 29.04); Kruger National Park:
Punda Milia (-22.68, 31.01), between Shingwedzi and Letaba (-23.12, 31.43), Mooketsi (-23.59, 30.08);
Soutpansberg (-31.04, 20.04); Vaalwater (-24.29; 28.11). Mpumalanga: Shiluvane (-24.03, 30.27).
Northern Cape: Colesberg (-30. 73, 25.11). North West: Barberspan (-26.62, 25.58).
Known distribution: Angola, Cameroon, DRC, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Zimbabwe.
257
Stegodyphus bicolor (O.P.-Cambridge, 1869)
Distribution in South Africa: Northern Cape: Augrabies National Park (-28.66, 20.42); Riemvasmaak
(-28.45, 20.31); Naroep (-28.98, 18.58).
Records fro.m agro-ecosystems: 0.
Known distribution: Botswana, Namibia*, South Africa.
Stegodyphus dumicola Pocock, 1898
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Grahamstown (-33.3, 26.52); Grahamstown (Goodwins
Kloof) (-33.9, 29.47); Grahamstown (Gretna, 6 km SW) (-33.3, 26.52); Jeffrey's Bay (-34.06, 24.91);
Middelburg (-23.9, 29.47); Middledrift (-32.82, 26.98); Pearston (-32.59, 25.15); Somerset East (-32.73,
25.6). Free State: Kroonstad (-27.65, 27.24); Mpetsane Conservation Estate (near Clocolan) (-28.8,
27.65); Vredefort(-27, 27.37); Wepener (-23.9, 29.47). Gauteng: Roodepoort (-23.9, 29.47), Hekpoort
(-23.9, 29.47); Modderfontein (-23.9, 29.47); Pretoria/Tshwane: University of Pretoria, Exp. Farm
(-25.73, 28.17), Gezina (-25.72, 28.21), Wonderboom, Saltpan (-25.68, 28.2); Roodeplaatdam Nature
Reserve (-25.64, 28.36); Roodepoort National Botanical Garden (-23.9, 29.47). KwaZulu-Natal:
Estcourt (-29, 29.87)*; Hluhluwe (Ubizane Ranch) (-28.02, 32.28); Ladysmith (Klip River) (-28.55,
29.76); Mhlopeni Nature Reserve (-28.96, 30.39); Mkuzi Game Reserve (-27.63, 32.25); Mseleni (27.19, 32.32); Ndumo Nature Reserve (-26.93, 32.24); Pongola (Farm Vergeval) (-27.35, 31.61); Spioenkop Dam Nature Reserve (-28.55, 29.76). Limpopo: Hoedspruit, 5 km S (-24.34, 30.93); Kruger National Park: Shingwedzi-Babalala (-22.93, 31.02), between Shingwedzi and Letaba (-22.93, 31.02), Olifants camp (-24.02, 31.75), Skukuza (-22.93, 31.03); Nylsvley Nature Reserve (-23.9, 29.47);
Pietersburg/Polokwane (-23.89, 29.46); Polokwane Nature Reserve (-23.9, 29.47); Waterberg (-24.33,
28.33). Mpumalanga: Barberton (-25.79, 31.04); Hectorspruit (Farm Lekkerdraai) (-25.43, 31.68);
Lydenburg (-25.09, 30.46); Kruger National Park: Pumbe Picket (-24.22, 31.93), Skukuza (-25.0,
31.97). North West: Mafikeng (-25.82, 25.63); Molopo Nature Reserve (-23.9, 29.47). Northern Cape:
Augrabies National Park (-28.58, 20.35); Dibeng (-27.59, 22.87); Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park
(Urikaruus Camp) (-25.78, 20.39); Kimberley (-28.73, 24.76); Nariep (-30.77, 17.64); Nieuwoudtville (31.37, 19.11); Upington (-28.45, 21.24).Western Cape: Cape Town (-33.91, 18.42); Cederberg Camp
(Kromrivier) (-32.16, 18.89); Karoo National Park (-32.28, 22.46); Table Mountain National Park (Table
Mountain) (-33.82, 18.48).
258
Stegodyphus dumicola (continued)
Habitat (biomes): FB, GB, NKB, SB, SKB, TB.
Known distribution: Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa*, Swaziland,
Zimbabwe.
Stegodyphus mimosarum Pavesi, 1883
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Middelburg (-23.9, 29.47); Mzimhlava River mouth, Lusikisiki (-31.37, 29.57). Free State: Bloemfontein (Farm Deelhoek) (-23.9, 29.47). Gauteng: Roodeplaatdam Nature Reserve (-23.9, 29.47). KwaZulu-Natal: Durban (-29.85, 31.01); Hluhluwe Nature Reserve
(Ubizane) (-28.02, 32.28); Mkuzi Nature Reserve (-27.6, 32.02); Mseleni (-27.19S, 32.32E); Ndumo
Game Reserve (-26.93, 32.24); Pinetown(-29.81, 30.85); Richmond (-29.86, 30.26); Spioenkop Dam
Nature Reserve (-28.55, 29.76); Verulam (-29.62, 31.06). Limpopo: 5 km S of Hoedspruit
(-24.34,30.93); Kruger National Park: Punda Milia (-22.68, 31.01), Springbok Flats (Tuinplaas), (-24.56,
28.46); Maastroom (Farm Al-te-Ver) (-23.9, 29.47); Sandrivierspoort, Waterberg (-24.33, 28.33).
Mpumalanga: Baberton (-25.79, 31.04); Kruger National Park (Skukuza Camp) (-25.00, 31.97).
Northern Cape: Boegoeberg Dam (-28.5, 26.8). Western Cape: Swartberg Nature Reserve (-33.36,
21.69).
259
Stegodyphus sabulosus Tullgren, 1910
Distribution in South Africa: Limpopo: Kruger National Park (Nwambiya Pan) (-22.93, 31.02).
Known distribution: Kenya, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania*.
Stegodyphus tentoriicola Purcell, 1904
Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Herschel (-30.62, 27.16); Mountain Zebra National Park
(-32.24, 25.54); Middelburg (-29.73, 27.03); Twee Rivieren (-31.48, 26.03); Zwartkops (-33.87, 25.63).
Free State: Wepener (-29.73, 27.03). Gauteng: Krugersdorp / Mogale (-26.14; 27.86); Centurion
(-25.9; 27.61). Limpopo: Makapansgat (-24.15, 29.18). Northern Cape: Eierfontein (-31.06, 24.4);
Vlagkop, Hanover (-30.94, 24.53)*; Kalagadi Transfontier Park (Twee Rivieren) (-26.43, 20.26). Western Cape: Witsand Nature Reserve (-26.02; 25.5); Karoo National Park (-26.08; 28.17); Swartberg Nature Reserve (-33.36; 21.69).
Habitat (biomes): FB, GB, NKB, SB, TB.

1. spider atlas families ae - Agricultural Research Council

Transcription

Similar documents

Südafrikabericht 2013 - Käthe-Kollwitz

first expedition to Laos