doccivilizaciuri civilizaciuri Ziebani Civilization Researches # 3
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civilizaciuri civilizaciuri Ziebani Civilization Researches # 3
ivaneGjavaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti civilizaciaTa SedarebiTi kvlevis centri (Tbilisi) Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Centre for Comparative Civilization Studies (Tbilisi) civilizaciuri Ziebani Civilization Researches # 3 gamomcemloba artanuji Publishers ARTANUJI Tbilisi Tbilisi 2005 “civilizaciuri Ziebani” warmoadgens “civilizaciaTa SedarebiTi kvlevis centris” periodul gamocemas. Jurnali interdisciplinuria da mzadaa dainteresebul pirebTan TanamSromlobisaTvis. warmodgenili masalebi unda Seesabamebodes Jurnalis saxelwodebas statia warmodgenili unda iyos amonabeWdis saxiT da disketiT [A4, AcadNusx, 12, 1,5]. literaturis miTiTebis wesi krebulSi gamoqveynebuli statiebis Sesabamisad. dawvrilebiTi informaciisaTvis mogvmarTeT: Tsu I korp., oTaxi 212; tel. 29 08 44, an mogvwereT eleqtronuli fostiT: [email protected] saredaqcio sabWo: nino Ciqovani, Ciqovani istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori (saredaqcio sabWos Tavmjdomare) levan gordeziani, gordeziani doqtori, profesori istoriis mecnierebaTa malxaz macaberiZe, macaberiZe doqtori, profesori politikis mecnierebaTa nino fircxalava, filologiis fircxalava doqtori, profesori mecnierebaTa beJ beJan javaxia, javaxia, istoriis mecnierebaTa kandidati, docenti redaqcia: qeTevan kakitelaSvili (mTavari redaqtori), malxaz Toria, Toria, daviT macaberiZe, Salva mekraviSvili, ivane ivane wereTeli (pasuxismgebeli mdivani).. iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti civilizaciaTa SedarebiTi kvlevis centri (Tbilisi) ISSN 1512-1941 redaqciis misamarTi saqarTvelo, 0128, Tbilisi, i. WavWavaZis gamz., #1 iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, I korpusi, oTaxi 212 tel.: (995 32) 290844 el. fosta: [email protected] Jurnalis internet-versia da sxva informacia civilizaciaTaASedarebiTi kvlevis centris Sesaxeb ix. veb-gverdze: kultura.geoweb.ge REVIEWERS BOARD: Nino Chikovani, Doctor of (Head of the reviewers board) Historical Sciences, Professor Levan Gordeziani, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor Malkhaz Matsaberidze, Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor Nino Pirtskhalava, Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor Bejan Javakhia, Candidate of Historical Sciences EDITORIAL GROUP: Ketevan Kakitelashvili (Chief Editor), Malkhaz Toria, David Matsaberidze, Shalva Mekravishvili, Ivane Tsereteli (Executive Secretary). Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Centre for Comparative Civilization Studies (Tbilisi) ISSN 1512-1941 ADDRESS OF EDITORIAL OFFICE 1, I. Chavchavadze Ave, Tbilisi, Georgia, 0128, Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University T. (99532) 290844 e-mail:: [email protected] More information about the journal, “The Center of Comparative Civilization Studies (Tbilisi)” and Department of History and Theory of Culture: kultura.geoweb.ge Sinaarsi malxaz Toria ................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ .......................................................................................... .......................................................... 7 droze zemoqmedebis formebi juanSeris TxzulebaSi “cxovreba vaxtang gorgasalisa” da snori sturlusonis “haimskringlaSi”..........................................................................................................................7 qeTevan kakitelaSvili................................ kakitelaSvili ................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ .................................................................. .................................. 17 kulturuli procesebis marTva V-XI saukuneebis qarTuli agiografiuli teqstebis mixedviT.................................................................................................................................................................................................................17 beJan javaxia ................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ........................................................................................... ...........................................................42 ........................... 42 saqarTvelo erTian evropul samyaroSi............................................................................................................................ 42 (antikurobidan Sua saukuneebisken)........................................................................................................................................ 42 daviT macaberiZe ................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................. ................................................. 54 nacionalizmis saxeebi da kavkasiis Tanamedrove konfliqtebi............................................................... 54 (XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis bolo 90-iani wlebis dasawyisi) .................................................................. 54 SoTa KxinCagaSvili................................ KxinCagaSvili ................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ .......................................................................... .......................................... 63 kavkasiis muslimuri sazogadoebebi tranziciis periodSi.......................................................................... 63 (kvlevis mizani, mniSvneloba da Teoriuli safuZvlebi) ............................................................................... 63 Salva mekraviSvili................................ mekraviSvili ................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ .......................................................................... .......................................... 78 qarTuli kulturis kvlevis meTodologiuri safuZvlebi: warsuli da samomavlo perspeqtivebi.................................................................................................................................................................................................... 78 Tea qamuSaZe ................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ............................................................................................. ............................................................. 88 saiqiosa da saaqaos urTierTmimarTeba da komunikaciis formebi........................................................ 88 (qarTuli eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT) ................................................................................................................ 88 giorgi lobJaniZe ................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ............................................................................... ...............................................96 ............... 96 igavis mxatvrul funqciaTaTvis saxarebasa da yuranSi ................................................................................. 96 ia uZilauri................................ uZilauri ................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ............................................................................................. .............................................................99 ............................. 99 saxeldebis asakobrivi da sqesobrivi Taviseburebani qarTul populaciaSi .......................... 99 Targmanebi................................ Targmanebi................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................ 112 jonaTan jonaTan foqsi ................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ .................................................................................... .................................................... 112 eTnoreligiuri konfliqtebi mesame samyaroSi: religiis, rogorc konfliqtis mizezis roli.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................112 barbara adami ................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ....................................................................................... .......................................................142 ....................... 142 drois aRqma....................................................................................................................................................................................................142 reziumeebi................................ reziumeebi................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................169 ................................ 169 Summaries................................ ................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................... ...................................169 ... 169 S i n a a r s i malxaz Toria droze zemoqmedebis formebi juanSeris TxzulebaSi “cxovreba vaxtang gorgasalisa” da snori sturlusonis “haimskringlaSi”” Malkhaz Toria Types of Time Manipulation According to Juansheri’s “The History of king Vakhtang Gorgasali” and Snorri Sturluson’s “Heimskringla qeTevan kakitelaSvili kulturuli procesebis marTva V-XI saukuneebis qarTuli agiografiuli teqstebis mixedviT Ketevan Kakitelashvili The Management of Cultural Processes According to the Georgian Hagiographic Texts (5-11th centuries) beJan javaxia saqarTvelo erTian evropul samyaroSi (antikurobidan Sua saukuneebisken) Bejan Djavakhia Georgia in the Common European Space (From Ancient Times to Middle Ages) daviT macaberiZe nacionalizmis saxeebi da kavkasiis Tanamedrove konfliqtebi (XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis bolo 90-iani wlebis dasawyisi) David Matsaberidze The Types of Nationalism and the Contemporary Conflicts of the Caucasus (The End of the 80’s and the Beginning of the 90’s of the 20th Century) SoTa KxinCagaSvili KxinCagaSvili kavkasiis muslimuri sazogadoebebi tranziciis periodSi (kvlevis mizani, mniSvneloba da Teoriuli safuZvlebi) Shota Khinchagashvili Muslim Societies of Caucasus in the Period of Transition (Aims, Importance and Theoretical Background of Research) Salva Salva mekraviSvili qarTuli kulturis kvlevis meTodologiuri safuZvlebi: warsuli da samomavlo perspeqtivebi Shalva Mekravishvili Methodological Baisis for the Research of the Georgian Culture: The Past and Future Perspectives Tea qamuSaZe saiqiosa da saaqaos urTierTmimarTeba da komunikaciis formebi (qarTuli eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT) Tea Kamushadze The Forms of Relationships and Communication of the Next World and Earthly Life giorgi lobJaniZe igavis mxatvrul funqciaTaTvis saxarebasa da yuranSi Giorgi Lobjanidze The Literary Functions of Fable in the New Testament and in the Koran ia uZilauri saxeldebis asakobrivi da sqesobrivi Taviseburebani qarTul populaciaSi Ia Udzilauri The Gender and Age Peculiarities of Naming in Georgian Population Targmanebi jonaTan foqsi eTnoreligiuri konfliqtebi mesame samyaroSi: religiis, rogorc konfliqtis mizezis roli Jonathan Fox. Ethnoreligious Conflict in the Third World: The Role of Religion as a Cause of Conflict barbara adami drois aRqma Barbara Adam Perceptions of time Summaries # 3. dekemberi, 2005 weli. gv. malxaz Toria droze zemoqmedebis formebi juanSeris TxzulebaSi “cxovreba vaxtang gorgasalisa” da snori sturlusonis “haimskringlaSi” drois gancdis TaviseburebaSi vlindeba kulturis xasiaTi. adamianis mier droze zemoqmedebis mcdeloba drois aRqmis erT-erTi formaa. droze zemoqmedeba xdeba misi Senelebis, aCqarebis, warsulis kvlavwarmoebis, momavlis movlenebze zegavlenis da sxva formiT. droze zemoqmedebis saxeebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebodes. epoqebs/realobas specifikuri miTosuri SeiZleba droze formebi da kulturebis magaliTad, zemoqmedebis axasiaTebs. qristianuli da epoqebis miTosur da erTmaneTisagan amasTan, qristianul gansxvavebuli, sxvadasxva cnobiereba, mixedviT kulturaSi droze zemoqmedebis TvalsazrisiT, Taviseburad vlindeba. droze zemoqmedebis sakiTxs Sua saukuneebis qarTveli istorikosis juanSeris Txzulebis “cxovreba vaxtang gorgasalisa” da islandieli avtoris snori sturlusonis “haimskringlas” safuZvelze ganvixilavT. Sua saukuneebis qarTuli saistorio mwerlobis teqstis safuZvelze droze zemoqmedebis sakiTxis kvlevam, SesaZloa, xeli Seuwyos am periodis saqarTveloSi drois gancdis Taviseburebebis gamovlenas. es, Tavis mxriv, waadgeba qarTuli kulturis tipologiuri raobis kvlevas, radgan “naklebad moiZebneba kulturis iseTi maxasiaTebeli, romelic mis arss ise gamoxatavdes, rogorc es drois gagebaSi vlindeba”1. meTodologiuri TvalsazrisiT, Cven lokalur-civilizaciur midgomas vemyarebiT. droze zemoqmedebis kuTxiT, qarTuli specifikis warmosaCenad aucilebelia sxva kulturul realobasTan misi Sedareba, komparativistuli meTodis gamoyeneba. komparativistika tipiurad msgavsi, Tanazomadi faqtebis Sedarebas gulisxmobs. Tumca, garkveul SemTxvevebSi, gadaxveva SesaZlebelia. miuxedavad imisa, rom juanSeris teqsti da “haimskringla” sxvadasxva Janrs ganekuTvneba da sxvadasxva epoqebSi 1 Seiqmna, Cveni azriT, juanSeris Гуревич А.Я. Категории средневековой культуры. М ., 1984, c. 19. da snoris nawarmoebebis erTmaneTTan Sedareba, garkveuli mizezebis gamo, mainc SesaZlebelia: 1. arc “cxovreba vaxtang gorgasalisa” da arc “haimskringla” erTi konkretuli Janris farglebSi ar Tavsdeba, amitom Znelia romelime calsaxad SevadaroT miuxedavad amisa, qronikas, orive mxatvrul Txzuleba an sxva tipis saqarTvelos teqsts; da 2. skandinaviis (norvegiis, islandiis, SvedeTis da a.S.) istoriis wyaros warmoadgens; 3. orive teqsti im periods asaxavs, roca qristianoba axali damkvidrebuli iyo an mkvidrdeboda. islandieli istorikosis snori sturlusonis “haimskringla” (sagebi norvegiel konungebze) XIII saukunis skandinaviuri literaturis Zeglia. masSi aRwerilia norvegiisa da CrdiloeT evropis sxva qveynebis istoria. saga folklorisa da literaturis zRvarze myofi Janria. sagebSi Zalian didia zepirsityvierebis gavlena, Tumca Caweris dros folkoruli masalebi aucileblad ganicdida transformacias. “saga warmoiSva im sazogadoebaSi, sadac istoriuli da mxatvruli literatura mkafiod ar iyo erTmaneTisagan gamijnuli. saga erTic aris da meorec, da amitom is arc istoriaa da arc romani1. juanSeris “cxovreba vaxtang gorgasalisa” XI saukuneSi daiwera (sxva mosazrebis Tanaxmad _ VIII saukunis Sua xanebSi). juanSeris teqsti qarTlis cxovrebis saistorio Janris mosazrebiT, krebulSi farglebSi “cxovreba gamsWvaluli da Sedis, zustad vaxtang imgvari Tumca ar Sua Tavsdeba. gorgasalisa” daujerebeli is iv.javaxiSvilis “iseTi cnobebiT saukuneebis aris kiloTi aRsavse, aris rom zRapars ufro miagavs, vidre namdvil istorias”2. Sua saukuneebSi miRebuli SexedulebiT, drois meufe RmerTi iyo. netari avgustine Semdegi sityvebiT mimarTavs RmerTs: “Seni dRevandeli dRe maradisobaa... yvela dro Sen Sehqmeni da yvela droze uwinaresi xar... ar arsebula iseTi dro, roca Sen ar Segeqmnas rame, aki Sena xar TviT drois samrekloebidan Semoqmedi3. zarebis Sesabamisad, rekviT qristianuli regulirdeboda drois eklesiebis mdinareba. eklesia krZalavda muSaobas sadResaswaulo dReebSi, awesebda marxvis periods; mosaxseniebeli locvebis da wirvebis saSualebiT, romelic 1 Гуревич А.Я. История и Сага. М., 1972, с. 15-16. javaxiSvili iv. Txzulebani Tormet tomad. t.VII. Tb., 1977, gv. 19. 3 netari avgustine. aRsarebani. Tb., 1995, gv. 232. 2 gardacvlilTa imqveyniuri tanjvebis Semsubuqebas isaxavda miznad, eklesia saiqios drois msvlelobaSic ereoda, radgan aseTi liturgiebic garkveul periodSi tardeboda. warmarTobasa da qristianobas Soris urTierToba skandinaviaSi da saqarTveloSi sxadasxvagvarad warimarTa, rac aisaxa kidec, erTis mxriv, “haimskringlaSi” da, meore mxriv, juanSeris teqstSi. skandinaviaSi qristianobam, ra Tqma unda, Searyia warmarTuli msoflmxedveloba, Tumca is Zireulad ar Seucvlia. marTalia, sagebSi qristianoba SedarebiT oficialurad upiratesadaa Zlieria da warmodgenili, warmarTul magram cnobierebasTan “skadinaviuri, da gansakuTrebiT, islandiuri Sua saukuneebis qristianoba sakmaod Txel fenas warmoadgenda, warmodgena da romlis crurwmena, qveS dafaruli romlebic iyo saTaves sxvadasxva winaqristianul rwmenaxanaSi iReben”1. saqarTvelos teritoriaze qristianoba Cveni welTaRricxvis pirveli saukuneebidanve mZlavrad ikidebs fexs. ufro metic, zogierTi avtori ukve meoTxe saukunidan saqarTveloSi jvarosnuli msoflmxedvelobis msgavsi samxedro-qristianuli msoflmxedvelobis arsebobasac ki varaudobs. aleqsandre TvaraZis azriT, es juanSeris teqstSi mkafiod Cans: “samxedro-qristianuli msoflmxedveloba Tavisi dasrulebuli saxiT saqarTveloSi faqtiurad ukve fiqsirdeba mexuTe saukuneSi, xolo amis Sesaxeb istorikosi wers saukunis Sua droisTvisac xanebSi. merve saukuneSi an kidev meTerTmete Sesabamisad, aqtualuria, aRniSnuli radgan msoflmxedveloba gansakuTrebiT Sua am saukuneebSi Seqmnili nawarmoebebi yovelTvis Seesabamebian saxelmwifos an publikis interesebs”2. “haimskringlasa” da “vaxtang gorgasalis cxovrebaSi” qristianobis gavlenis gansxvavebuloba droze zemoqmedebis saxeebSic Cans. sagebSi fiqsirdeba droze zemoqmedebis rogorc qristianuli, aseve warmarTuli formebi. juanSeris teqstSi Cvens mier dafiqsirebuli droze zemoqmedebis xerxi, umTavresad, qristianuli cnobierebis konteqstSi jdeba. 1 2 Гуревич А.Я. История и Сага, с. 166. TvaraZe a. saqarTvelo da kavkasia evropul wyaroebSi. Tb., 2004, gv. 19. rogorc eklesias aRvniSneT, hqonda, Sua Tumca saukuneebSi adamianebi drois zogjer kontrolis funqcia ereodenen mis am kompetenciaSi. “haimskringlaSi” aRwerili erTi pasaJi amaze naTlad miuTiTebs:: konungi olaf xaraldsoni gadawyvets, sikvdiliT dasajos erTerTi didgvarovani, romelmac misi msaxuri mokla. rogorc avtori aRniSnavs, aRdgomis konungi gansakuTrebiT imitom dResaswaulis dReebSi iyo ganrisxda, rom mkvleloba Cadenili. sikvdilmisjilis megobrebi cdiloben, ganaCenis sisruleSi moyvana rogorme kvira dRemde, anu im dromde gadaadebinon, roca sikvdiliT dasja akrZalulia. amisaTvis isini konungs xan imaSi arwmuneben, rom ar SeiZleba adamianis sikvdiliT dasja RamiT, xan imaSi, rom jer saTanado dro ar damdgara. SabaTs sikvdilmisjilis megobrebi mRvdels moisyidian da avaleben, rom roca konungi trapezs daamTavrebda, zustad im dros zarisTvis Camoekra, raTa emcno “heglaris”, anu im dRis dadgoma, roca yvelanairi saqmis keTeba da, miTumetes, sikvdiliT dasja akrZalulia. trapezis Semdeg olafma ver moaswro mkvlelis moyvanis brZanebis gacema, radan zaris rekvis xma gaisma da mas uTxres, rom wminda dro dadga. sanam konungi eklesiaSi loculobda, kvira dRec movida da sikvdiliT dasja isev gadaido. am moTxrobis mixedviT Cans, rom drois meufe da makontrolebeli eklesiaa (SabaTis da kviris wminda dReebad miCneva, saaTis dadgena eklesiis zarebis rekviT, eklesiaSi misvla gansazRvrul dros). Tumca isic Cans, rom adamiansac ZaluZs “daaCqaros” an “Seanelos” drois msvleloba. amis magaliTia mRvdlis mosyidva, raTa man droze adre amcnos adamianebs “wminda drois” dadgoma. Tumca aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom RamiT sikvdiliT dasjis akrZalvis tradicia ukve kanonieri da ukanono mokvlis Sesaxeb arsebuli warmarTuli warmodgenidan modis1. sagaSi romlebic saubaria agreTve damaxasiaTebelia droze zemoqmedebis warmarTuli momavalTan damokidebulebis xasiaTs:: xanisaTvis; sxva isini formebzec, gviCvenebs CrdiloeTSi warmarTul epoqaSi yovelwliurad marTavdnen nadimebs da msxverplSewirvebs, raTa kargi da mosavliani weli yofiliyo. 1 Гуревич А.Я. История и Сага, с. 38-39. konungi flobda saidumlo Zalas, romlis meSveobiTac is drois sasikeTo dinebas da sakuTari xalxis warmatebebs uzvrunvelyofda. droze zemoqmedebis unari mmarTvelis pirad Tvisebebze ar iyo damokidebuli. am unars magiuri xasiaTi hqonda. sakuTriv Zalaufleba sakraluri iyo. konungs gansakuTrebuli urTierToba hqonda zebunebriv ZalebTan. amitom mas SeeZlo gavlena moexdina drosa da mosavalze ara marto sicocxlis dros, aramed sikvdilis Semdegac. “inglingebis sagaSi” saubaria, rom konung domaldis dros SvedeTSi mosavali ar movida da xalxi SimSilobda. amitom ufsalaSi didi msxverplSewirva moewyo. pirvel wels msxverplad xarebi miitanes, magram amiT situacia ar gamosworebula; meore wels msxverplad ukve adamianebi Seswires, Tumca amasac ar mohyolia Sedegi. maSin miiCnies, rom SimSilobis mizezi TviTon domaldi iyo da msxverlplad misi Sewirva gadawyvites. konungi mokles da sakurTxeveli misi sisxliT mobanes. amis Semdeg, domaldis Svilis dros, qveyanaSi kargi mosavali movida da mSvidobac damyarda. sagaSi aseve gadmocemulia legenda, romlis mixedviT konungi auni sicocxlis gasaxangrZliveblad odins Tavis Svilebs swiravda1. winaqristianul xanaSi momavlis ganWvreta uSualod ukavSirdeba bedisweris ideas. samyaros da adamianis cxovrebas bedi veravin gaeqceva. is realuria adamianis TvalSi, marTavs da mas magram aranairi WeSmariteba ar gaaCnia. amitom bedis Sesaxeb SeiZleba, mxolod imkiTxao. bedi winaswar sxvadasxva formiT avlens Tavs, magaliTad, grZneuli sizmrebis saxiT. adamianebi grZneul sizmrebs maSin xedaven, roca maT cxovrebaSi kritikul momenti dgeba da roca bedi “axlosaa”. “olaf triugvasonis sagis” mixedviT, norvegiis mmarTveli iarl xakoni iZulebuli gaxda, gaqceuliyo da damalvoda konung olafis bondebs, romlebic gabrazebuli iyvnen misi meqalTaneobis gamo. iarlis monam karkma sizmari naxa, romelic, iarlis azriT, misi Svilis sikvdils moaswavebda (is marTlac mokla olaf triugvasonma). Semdeg karkma meore sizmaric naxa, romelic iarlma ukve Tavisi sikvdilis momaswaveblad miiCnia. mdevrebis SiSiT iarli Tavisi sayvarlis daxmarebiT msaxurTan erTad saRoreSi daimala. aqac naxa msaxurma sizmari, romelSic iarlma mosalodeli sikvdlis niSnebi amoicno. misi TqmiT, mas Tavisive msaxuri 1 Гуревич А.Я. История и Сага, с. 29-31. uRalatebda da mters gadascemda da amis Semdeg olafi sikvdiliT dasjida mas. sabolood es asec moxda1. rogorc vxedavT, islandiur sagebSi mkafiod fiqsirdeba droze zemoqmedebis TavisTavad rogorc qristianuli, ganpirobebulia imiT, aseve rom warmarTuli skandinaviaSi formebi. es warmarToba da qristianoba didi xnis ganmavlobaSi Tanaarsebobda. juanSeris “cxovreba qristianuli vaxtang providencializmiT. winaswargansazRvruli da aq gorgasalisa” yvelaferi yvelaferi misi gamsWvalulia RmerTis nebiT mier xdeba. aris droze zemoqmedebis formebic qristianuli cnobierebis konteqstSi jdeba. sanam uSualod magaliTebze gadavalT, unda aRiniSnos, rom qristianuli religiis dominirebis pirobebSi droze zemoqmedebis formebi, SeiZleba, ise cxadad ar GCans, rogorc es islandiur Txzulebisagan, juanSeris gansxvavebiT snoris zemoqmedebis TvalsazrisiT adamianis roli sagebSi gvxvdeba. teqstSi friad droze mokrZalebulia, Tumca garkveuli miniSnebebi amis Taobaze mainc aris. Cveni yuradReba ramdenime momentma miiqcia. im monakveTSi, romelic vaxtang mefis osebis winaaRmdeg laSqrobas asaxavs, juanSeri wers: “da vaxtang mefe ganvida qalaqiT mcxeTiT, da ganasrulna spani Tvisni da ganasxna: moewonnes simravliTa, cxenkeTilobiTa da mokazmulobiTa, da ixilna yovelni igi mxiarulad da azarviT, rameTu savseni iyvnes SuriTa ovsTaTa. aRivso sixaruliTa da madlobda RmerTsa. Semovida qalaqad, da aRasrula Svideuli erTi locviTa, da marxviTa, da Ramis-TeviTa2. miuxedavad imisa, rom brZolis win mefe mkacr religiur ritualebs aRasrulebs, igi TviTneburad amcirebs locvis dros. igi kviris (Svideuli) locvas erT locviT, marxviT da RamisTeviT moistumrebs. es, ra Tqma unda, racionaluri gadawyvetileba iyo, radgan win brZola elodeboda, magram man mainc daarRvia is WeSmariteba, rom dro mxolod RmerTs ekuTvnis. 1 2 Гуревич А.Я. История и Сага, с. 41-43. juanSeri. cxovreba vaxtang gorgasalisa. // qarTlis cxovreba. t. I. Tb., 1955, gv. 151. meore momenti SeiZleba, RamiT brZolis Tu adamianis mokvlis akrZalvis tradicias exmaureba (rogorc islandiur sagaSi). Tumca is qristianuli saburveliT aris dafaruli. saerTod, xelovnuri unda aRiniSnos, sinaTle rom iSviaToba Sua iyo, saukuneebSi, Rame safrTxis “maSin roca momaswaveblad miiCneoda. amitom Rame ketavdnen karebs eklesiebSi, cixeebSi. qalaqebSi ayenebdnen Caidenda Ramis guSagebs. danaSauls. cdunebis, magram, moCvenebebis merzeburgelis gansakuTrebiT da azriT, umTavresad eSmakis RmerTma dro dRe isjeboda is, vinc Rame zebunebrivi iyo. XI safrTxis, saukuneSi, cocxlebs aCuqa, RamiT titmar Rame ki micvalebulebs. Rame kudianebis da demonebis sakuTreba iyo. meores mxriv, berebisaTvis da mistikosebisaTvis Rames upiratesi mniSvneloba hqonda, radgan am dros mimdinareobda sulieri brZola, am dros fxizlobdnen da loculobdnen”1. vaxtangi erT SemTxvevaSi icavs am tradicias da, rogorc samagaliTo qristiani, Rames locvisTvis iyenebs. es Cans im pasaJSi, romelic “goliaT” TarxanTan vaxtangis SebrZolebas asaxavs: “da daRamda dRe igi, da vaxtang Sevida karvad Tvisad. da dadga locvad, da cremliTa evedreboda RmerTsa, da vidre ganTenebadmde ara dajda que locvisagan: iTxovda RmrTisagan Sewevnasa. da mindobiTa RmrTisaTa eguleboda TviTbrZola Tarxanisi ... viTar ganTena, kualad STamovida Tarxan kidesa mdinarisasa, ayuedrebda kualad, da iTxovda muqarasa”2. vaxtangi pirvelive Setevisas klavs Tarxans, miwaze davardeba, RmerTs Tayvans scems da ambobs: “kurTxeul xar Sen, ufalo, romelman moavline angelozi Seni da daeci mteri Cemi!”3. aq pirdapir araa naTqvami, magram garkveuli miTiTeba aris imaze, rom RamiT brZolis dro ar aris. Tumca meore adgilas, rodesac juanSeri sparselebTan brZolas aRwers, gorgasalma am mxrivac gamoiCina garkveuli “TviTneboba”: “Ramesa nislisagan ganciskrebulsa oden daesxa vaxtang sparsTa zeda... da ciskari ra aReReboda, daesxa da Sevlo vidre palatamde 1 Ле Гофф Ж. Цивилизация средневекового Запада. Екатеринбург, 2005, с. 217. juanSeri, gv. 152. 3 juanSeri, gv. 153. 2 mefisa. Sevida karavsa Sina mefisasa da mefe Seeswra cxensa zeda, da Ze misi bartam mokla da mohkueTa Tavi misi1. anu, am SemTxvevaSi vaxtangi locvisaTvis gankuTvnil dros _ RamiT _ mters Tavs daesxa. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, sagaSi adamiani bedisweris ganaCens da momavlis Sesaxeb informacias grZneuli sizmaris meSveobiT igebs. juaneSrTan momavalis gageba Tu masze zemoqmedeba wmindad qristianuli xilvebis meSveobiT xdeba. xilvebs RmerTi rCeul adamianebs uvlens da amiT mis Tu qveynis momavalze niSans aZlevs. TxzulebaSi “cxovreba vaxtang gorgasalisa” aseTi xilvis Sesaxeb informacias im monakveTSi vxvdebiT, sadac osebTan omis bizantielebis mere winaaRmdeg moulodnelia omzea pasaJi, saubari. rodesac warmarT gorgasali sparselebTan erTad qristianuli bizantiis winaaRmdeg midis saomrad. gorgasals daqvemdebarebuli jaris nawilebi, ZiriTadad sparselebi, angreven eklesiebs da xocaven sasuliero pirebs. gorgaslis brZanebiT, Sewydeba es devna, Tumca gaTavisuflebuli berZeni mRvdeli petre ridiT etyvis, rom miuxedavad amisa, manamde qristianebis xocviT mefem mainc ganarisxa RmerTi. mRvdeli Txovs, rom vaxtangs sparselebis nacvlad keisarTan hqondes kargi urTierToba. vaxtangi pasuxobs: Tu am Rames locviT keisars miCvenebT, maSin dagijereb, rom Seni ganzraxva qristesTvisac sasurveliao. gorgasals ZilSi gamoecxadeba wminda nino, romelsac igi zecisa da qveynis mefeebis winaSe mihyavs. zeciuri meufe, am SemTxvevaSi, aris grigol nazianzeli, xolo qveynis mbrZanebeli _ bizantiis imperatori. bizantiis imperatori taxtze Tavis gverdiT uTavisuflebs gorgasals adgils, uboZebs Zvirfas beWeds da Semdeg mimarTavs mas: “ukeTu gnebavs, raTa mogce gvirgvini, aRuTqvi vin-ese dgas Cven zeda, raTa hbrZodi mterTa misTa da miiRe misgan gvirgvini. moixila vaxtang da ixila jvari, romelsa frTeTa misTa zeda aqvnda gvirgvini. da umetesad xilvaman jvarisaman dasca SeZrwuneba, rameTu usaSineles iyo zari misi. da dadumna . . . da mihyo xeli keisarman da moiRo gvirgvini jvarisagan da daarqva gvirgvini igi vaxtangs Tavsa”2. 1 2 juanSeri, gv. 202. juanSeri, gv. 167. xilvis mere vaxtangi bizantielebis mxares gadadis, ikvreba kavSiri keisarTan. es ukanaskneli sparselebisagan saidumlod gorgasals gvirgvins da jvars gaugzavnis. mefobis erTgvari legitimacia qristes da jvris xeldasxmiT xdeba. gorgasali realobaSi iRebs imas, rac sizmarSi ixila. TiTqos ise Cans, rom am xilvaSi adamianis xeli ar urevia, magram sayuradReboa momenti, rodesac vaxtangi sasuliero pirebisagan locviT xilvis gamowvevas moiTxovs. anu, es xilva vaxtangis Zalisxmevis Sedegi iyo da, Sesabamisad, misi momavalic aman gansazRvra. am pasaJSic Cans, rom vaxtangis xelisufleba sakraluria. oRond, skandinavieli konungebisagan gansxvavebiT, is Zaluflebas RmerTisagan iRebs, da ara warmarTuli xanis zebunebrivi Zalebisagan. zemoT qristianuli moyvanili magaliTebis cnobierebis konteqstSi mixedviT, jdeba. juanSeris magram teqsti sainteresoa, am Txzulebis avtorisa da personaJebis drosTan damokidebuleba mxolod qristianuli safuZvels, religiiTaa vfiqrobT, ganpirobebuli? is garemoeba aseTi iZleva, rom kiTxvis dasmis “cxovreba vaxtang gorgasalisa” calsaxad ar Tavsdeba erTi romelime Janris farglebSi. am TxzulebaSi saukuneebis mravlad mxatvruli moipoveba eposisTvis literaturisaTvis da, zogadad, damaxasiaTebeli Sua pasaJebi. juanSeris teqstSic (im monakveTebSi, sadac msgavsi momentebi Cndeba) xom ar SeiniSneba droisadmi iseTi midgoma, rogoric mxatvruli literaturisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli? rogorc cnobilia, eposis da, saerTod, Suasaukuneebis mxatvruli literaturis maorganizebeli Zala sivrcea da ara dro, upiratesia “sad”, vidre “rodis”. faqtobrivad, dro sivrcobrivad gaiazreba. sxvadasxva drois personaJebi Tu xdomilebebi asaxulia gverdigverd, rogorc erTiani suraTis nawilebi. magaliTad, nibelungebis eposSi gmirebi sxvadasxva dros da sivrces ekuTvnian. isini xSirad gadian TavianTi qronotopidan da erT qronotopSi iyrian Tavs. gadian Tu ara juanSeris teqstis personaJebi TavianTi qronotopidan? ras mivaweroT juanSeris Txzulebis qronologiuri aRrevebi _ qronotopidan gasvlas Tu sxva mizezs? saerTod, juanSeris teqstis “Janrobrivi ekleqtizmi” msoflaRqmis sxvadasxva xom ar tipis da, gvaZlevs Sesabamisad, SesaZleblobas, drois masSi gansxvavebuli gagebebis erTdroulad arseboba davafiqsiroT? am kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema amjerad ar xerxdeba, magram isini aucileblad moiTxovs kvlevas imisaTvis, gaviazroT. rom qarTul kulturaSi drois aRqmis problema ukeT # 3. dekemberi, 2005 weli. gv. qeTevan kakitelaSvili kulturuli procesebis marTva VV-XI saukuneebis qarTuli agiografiuli teqstebis mixedviT Cveni mizania, Tvali mivadevnoT V-XI saukuneebSi qarTul kulturul sivrceSi kulturuli kulturuli procesebis gavlenebis gadarCevisa da, marTvas, gaazrebuli Sesabamisad, rac xorcieldeboda limitaciiT, istoriuli mexsierebis informaciis gansazRvriT, qarTuli kulturis da kulturuli sivrcis mizanmimarTuli formirebiT, rac Semdgom kulturuli/eTnikuri identurobisa da saxelmwifos Camoyalibebis safuZveli gaxda. es sakiTxi maxasiaTeblebis ufro, ganxilulia gansazRvris kulturuli qarTuli WrilSi: procesebis kulturis nebismieri warmarTva tipologiuri politikis da, warmoudgenelia miT miznis, samoqmedo gegmis, meTodis, droiTi perspeqtivis mkafiod gansazRvris gareSe. qmedebas. yovelive es Sesabamisad, imTaviTve Cven gamoricxavs SegviZlia intuitiur visaubroT da qarTuli qaotur kulturis garkveul tipologiur maxasiaTeblebze _ racionalizmi, pragmatizmi, droisadmi damokidebuleba, inovaciuroba/tradiciuloba _ Cvens mier Seswavlili masalis safuZvelze. es aris V-XI saukuneebis qarTuli naratiuli wyaroebis jgufi. am teqstebis analizi, fragmentebi, romlebic, Cveni azriT, aseTi daskvnis gamotanis SesaZleblobas iZleva, qvemoT iqneba motanili, ase rom, Tavad geqnebaT am daskvnis gamotanis procesisaTvis Tvalis midevnebis SesaZlebloba. statiis miznidan gamomdinare, aucilebelia ganisazRvros kulturis tipologiuri maxasiaTeblebis arsi da kulturasTan misi mimarTebis sakiTxi. am safuZvelze gamoikveTeba qarTuli kulturis kvlevis SesaZlebloba da marTebuli, Secdomebisagan maqsimalurad dazRveuli gza. kulturul maxasiaTebelTa kompleqsad SeiZleba miviCnioT ama Tu im sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli aracnobieri Tvisebebis erToblioba, romelic am sazogadoebis warmomadgeneli TiToeuli individis qcevasa da azrovnebis formaSi vlindeba da dakavSirebulia koleqtiuri fsiqikis fenomenTan. TvisebaTa es kompleqsi droSi met-naklebad ganicdis cvlilebebs, magram Tavisi ZiriTadi arsiT mdgradia da mas “erovnul” an “kulturul xasiaTs” uwodeben. rogor xdeba kulturul maxasiaTebelTa kompleqsis formireba, Zneli saTqmelia. aq, albaT, ramdenime mniSvnelovani momenti moqmedebs, romlebic dakavSirebulia rogorc sazogadoebis Sinagani ganviTarebis specifikasTan, aseve gare faqtorebis (geografiuli da socialuri) zegavlenasTan, ufro sworad, maT urTierTzemoqmedebasTan. kulturis maxasiaTeblebi, marTalia, nela, magram mainc icvleba konkretuli kulturis istoriuli etapisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli uamravi Sida da gare faqtoris gavleniT. ase rom, Tu romelime kulturis ganviTarebis/istoriis/arsebobis kontinuums davakvirdebiT, SeiZleba aRmoCndes, rom miuxedavad maxasiaTebelTa mdgradi xasiaTisa, droSi mniSvnelovnad dacilebuli ori periodi radikalurad gansxvavdebuli iyos erTmaneTisagan swored maxasiaTebelTa TvalsazrisiT da, Sesabamisad, tipologiuradac. kulturul maxasiaTeblebs daaxloebiT saukunenaxevaria ikvleven eTnofsiqologebi da kulturis fsiqologebi. am maxasiaTebelTa erToba sxvadasxva xasiaTi, terminiT aRiniSneba: erovnuli (xalxis) suli, erovnuli kulturuli (eTnikuri) stereotipi, naciis fsiqikuri wyoba, mentaloba da a.S. magram unda iTqvas, rom es fenomeni kvlevisaTvis mainc “mouxelTebelia”, bolomde axsnili ar aris da, SesaZloa, arc eqvemdebareba aseT axsnas. rogorc individualuri xasiaTi ar SeiZleba zustad aixsnas, aseve (da miT ufro) warmoudgenelia koleqtiuri xasiaTis erTmniSvnelovnad gansazRvra. es azri Zalian mkafiod aqvs gadmocemuli g. gaCevs: “erovnuli xasiaTi... Zalian “cbieri” da Znelad xelCasaWidi “materiaa”. grZnob, rom is arsebobs, magram rogorc ki ecdebi misi sityvebiT gansazRvras, is xelidan gisxlteba da grZnob, rom banalobebs ambob, imas, rac axasiaTebs ara mxolod am konkretul, aramed sxva nebismier ersac. am saSiSroebis Tavidan acileba ar SeiZleba, SeiZleba mxolod mudmivad gaxsovdes is, cdilobde masTan brZolas, magram ara gamarjvebas”1. 1 Гачев Г. Национальные образы мира. М., 1988. с.55. aqedan gamomdinareobs yvela is pirobiToba, romelic kulturul maxasiaTeblebTan aris dakavSirebuli da romelic aucileblad gasaTvaliswinebelia am Temaze saubrisas. ama Tu im kulturis kvlevisas gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, sworad iyos danaxuli kulturisa da kulturuli maxasiaTeblebis urTierTmimarTebis problema. unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom maxasiaTeblebi ki ar qmnian kulturis xasiaTs, aramed kulturaSi, misi ganviTarebis cocxal procesSi xdeba am maxasiaTeblebis Camoyalibeba. Sesabamisad, Cven unda vecadoT, gamovlena ukve SeviswavloT ar movaxdinoT dadgenil da ama Tu maxasiaTebelTa davafiqsiroT garkveul im kulturis sqemaze xasiaTis morgebiT, maxasiaTebelTa aramed gamovlenis formebi konkretul kulturaSi. aseTi midgoma naklebad sqematizebuli, gacilebiT produqtiuli da realobasTan miaxloebuli iqneba. ratom VV-XI saukuneebi miuxedavad imisa, ugulebelyofen, Tavgzac rom Tvlian agvibnios”, ra, Cven bolo rom vTvliT, periodSi “Soreulma rom istorias wiaRsvlebma aseTi xSirad SesaZloa “wiaRsvlebis” gareSe “Tavgzis abnevis” meti saSiSroeba arsebobs. CvenTvis V-XI saukuneebi mniSvnelovania, ramdenadac am periodSi yalibdeba erTiani qarTuli kulturis safuZvlebi, identuroba da bizantiuri kulturuli mkafiod ikveTeba TviTidentifikacia, sivrcis qarTvelTa TvalnaTelia ganapira kulturuli qarTuli kulturis kulturidan kavkasiuri kulturuli erTobis birTvad transformacisaTvis safuZvlis mzadeba. Cveni statiis kulturuli miznidan procesebis gamomdinare, gaazrebul da SesaZlebelia davakvirdeT mizanmimarTul marTvas am V-XI saukuneebis zogierTi qarTuli naratiuli wyaros analizis safuZvelze. aqve unda aRiniSnos am periodis Tavisebureba im TvalsazrisiT, rom am dros nebismieri azri yalibdeba da gamoiTqmis religiuri formiT, religiuri terminebiT da RmerTis umaRlesi avtoritetze dayrdnobiT. swored qarTul amis gamo kulturuli teritoriebze procesebis eklesiis marTva farglebSi V-XI saukuneebis mimdinareobs, ramac mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonia marTvis formasa da Sinaarsze. nebismier epoqaSi kulturuli politika saxelmwifo politikis nawilia. saqarTveloSi erTiani am process eklesia saukuneebis saxelmwifos ararsebobis pirobebSi, bunebrivia, warmarTavda. ZiriTadi zemoxsenebuli religiuri Tumca, asec rom ar iyos, V-XI faseulobis (religiis) gaTvaliswinebiT, mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli qristianobasTan, procesebi moRvaweobis sferosTan. garda amisa, religia iyo kulturuli identurobis ZiriTadi safuZveli da swored misi meSveobiT xdeboda eTnikuri identurobis sxva elementebis (magaliTad, ena) win wamoweva da gamyareba. ra aris kulturuli procesebis marTva Tu vaRiarebT, rom kulturuli dinamika, kulturis saxis formireba cocxali da spontanuri procesia, ramdenad SeiZleba eqvemdebarebodes is marTvas? ver vityviT, rom nebismieri kulturuli procesi sruliad iyos racionalurad kulturuli xerxisa marTvadi. procesis da marTuli gacnobierebuli saSualebis arCeva, SeiZleba mxare, albaT, Tumca, iyos mxolod Tavad marTvis naklebad eqvemdebareba gacnobierebas da kulturis TaviseburebiT aris gansazRvruli. amitom, SeiZleba iTqvas, SesaZlebloba, rom rogorc kulturuli procesebis faqti, aris Tavad cnobieri kulturis marTvis Taviseburebis gansazRvris saSualeba, xolo am procesebis marTvis aracnobieri xerxi Tavad SeiZleba iyos dakvirvebis obieqti da aseve miuTiTebdes kulturul specifikaze. ratom wyaroebi istoriuli teqstebi saukeTeso masalaa, zogadad, kulturis kvlevisaTvis, radgan maTi meSveobiT kultura sakuTar Tavs Tavadve xsnis da uamrav kiTxvaze gvTavazobs pasuxs. xasgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom maTi mravalmxrivi analizi aucilebelia maSin, rodesac garkveuli kulturis Seswavlasa gansazRvraze wyaroebi gvaqvs kulturuli Camoyalibebis da misi pretenzia. tipologiuri Cvens procesebis gacnobierebuli da Tu SemTxvevaSi marTvisa da sxva ki aspeqtebis V-XI qarTuli mizanmimarTuli saukunis kulturis politikisaTvis Tvalis gadevnebis unikalur saSualebas gvaZlevs. igive SeiZleba iTqvas, rodesac vsaubrobT kulturul maxasiaTeblebsa da maT droSi transformaciaze: es teqstebi am processac asaxavs da gamqrali cnobieri kompleqsebis dafiqsirebis SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs. wyaros interpretacia TavisTavad sakamaTo sakiTxia, radgan es mravalgvarad SeiZleba gakeTdes. Tumca, es garemoeba, Cveni azriT, kidev ufro zrdis wyaros mniSvnelobas da maTze muSaobis momxibvlelobas. wyaroebi, romelTac Cven veyrdnobiT, miekuTvnebian V-XI saukuneebis qarTuli naratiuli wyaroebis jgufs, kerZod, agiografiul Txzulebebs. esenia ~wameba SuSanikisi dedoflisa” (iakob xucesi, V s.), ~martviloba da moTmineba evstaTi mcxeTelisa” (ucnobi avtori, VI s.), ~wameba haboisi” (ioane sabanisZe, VIII s.), ~konstantine-kaxais martviloba” (ucnobi avtori, IX s.), ~cxoreba da moqalaqoba serapionisi” (basili zarzmeli, X s.), ~gobronis martviloba” (stefane mtbevari, X s.), ~Sroma da moRvaweoba grigolisi” (giorgi merCule, X s.), ~cxoreba ioanesi da efTvimesi” (giorgi mTawmindeli, XI s.), ~cxoreba da moqalaqoba giorgi mTawmindelisa” (giorgi mcire, XI s.), ~abibos nekreselis martviloba” (IX-X ss.), ~ilarion qarTvelis cxovreba” (ucnobi avtori, X s.), ~cxra Zma kolaelTa martviloba” (ucnobi avtori, IX s.), ~daviT da konstantines wameba” (ucnobi avtori, ), ~cxorebai ioane zedaznelisai”, ”cxovreba Sioisi da evagresi”, ~cxorebai daviT garejelisai”. agiografiuli Txzulebebi, CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxis TvalsazrisiT, or jgufad SeiZleba daiyos: pirvelSi erTiandeba “SuSanikis wameba”, ”evstaTi mcxeTelis wameba”, nawilobriv, asurel mamaTa cxovrebebi, “cxoreba da moqalaqoba serapionisi”, “kolael yrmaTa wameba”, ~gobronis martviloba”, ~konstantine kaxais wameba”, ~daviT da konstantines wameba”, sadac ar aris ganmsazRvrelia aqcentirebuli mxolod kulturuli sarwmunoebrivi da faqtori; eTnikuri da aspeqtebi, meore, sadac SeiZleba gaerTiandes ~abos wameba”, “Sroma da moRvaweoba grigolisi”, “cxoreba da moqalaqoba giorgi mTawmidelisa”, ~ilarion qarTvelis cxovreba, “cxovreba ioanesi da efTvimesi”, sadac religiuri faqtori aucileblad ikveTeba kulturul faqtorebTan _ enasTan, eTnikurobasTan; religia, am TvalsazrisiT, kulturuli identurobis safuZvelia qristianul da individis samyarosTan, identificirebas aramed axdens sivrcesTan, ara romelic zogadad swored kulturuli TvalsazrisiT gamoiyofa am erTian qristianul sivrceSi. es teqstebi SegviZlia miviCnioT kulturuli procesebis marTvis, erTis mxriv, saSualebad, meore mxriv, deklaraciad. magaliTebi, albaT, ufro TvalsaCinos gaxdis zemoTqmuls. pirveli jgufis teqstebSi eTnikuri warmomavloba ar aris aRniSnuli (gamonaklisia daviT da konstantines wameba _ ~iyvnes wmidani ese mowameni daviT da konstantine qarTvelni”, 152)1: “asuli vardanisi, somexTa spaspetisa” (iakob xucesi, 26)2. “ese netari... aRmocenda qveyanasa klarjeTisasa mSobelTagan RirsTa” (serapioni, 88). ~yovlad qebuli mamai Cueni aRmoecena queyanisagan Suamdinarisa... pirvel xsenebulisa queyanisagan momRebel ars naTesaobasa miwierisa mamulisasa sanatreli ese kaci” (~cxorebai ioane zedaznelisai”, 13). ~ese wmidai... mamai Sio iyo queyaniT asureTisaiT, didiT miT RmrTis qalaqiT antioqiaiT... mSobelTa RmrTis msaxurTa da aznaurTa Svili” (~cxorebai Sioisi da evagresi”, 71). ~gamomRebeli vidreme mamuli amis Rirsisa... mamisa Suamdinare Relisa asureTisa iyofebis” (~cxorebai daviT garejelisai”, 146). ~kaci ese iyo warCinebul friad didad yovelsa qveyanasa qarTlisasa” (~kostanti kaxis wameba”, 132). rogorc vxedavT, am frazebSi ar aris eTnikuri mikuTvnebulobis aRmniSvneli terminebi, aramed aRniSnulia maTi kavSiri konkretul geografiul sivrcesTan. meore jgufis teqstebSi (gamonaklisia mxolod grigol xanZTelis cxovreba _ ~ese iyo Svili warCinebulTa, didebulTa da marTlmorwmune mama-dedaTa”, 127) yvela SemTxvevaSi miTiTebulia eTnikuri warmomavloba: “ese naSobi iyo abrameani, ZeTagan ismaeliTa, tomisagan sarkinozTaisTa” (ioane sabanisZe, 67). “ese netari mama mTawmindeli, 225). 1 2 Cveni iovane iyo naTesaviT qarTveli” (giorgi statiaSi gaanalizebuli masalis specifikidan gamomdinare, umjobesad CavTvaleT gamoyenebuli wyaroebis teqstSive miTiTeba. aq, marTalia aRniSnulia mTavari personaJis eTnikuri kuTvnileba, magram es xdeba identurobis aRmniSvneli terminis (magaliTad, naTesaviT, tomiT...) gamoyenebis gareSe, arapirdapiri gziT (asulisomexTa spaspetisa). “ese wmida mama Cveni giorgi iyo naTesaviT qarTveli” (giorgi mcire, 276). “ese wmidai Cveni ilarion qarTvelis cxovreba”, 448). iyo naTesaviT qarTveli” (~ilarion eTnikuri warmomavlobis, rogorc identifikaciis safuZvlis gaazrebis TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa ~evstaTi mcxeTelis wamebisa” da ~abos wamebis” teqstebis Sedareba. am SedarebaSi kargad ikveTeba sxvadasxva xarisxiT warmoCenili kulturuli identurobis gancda. amaze is cnebebic miuTiTebs, romlebsac qvemoT moyvanil frazebSi vxvdebiT. CvenTvis saintereso informacia Cadebulia Tavad kiTxvis mizanmimarTulebaSi: ~evstaTi mcxeTelis wameba” ~romlisa romlisa soflisa xar, anu romlisa qalaqisa, anu romeli rCuli gipyries?” (42). ~vinani xarT, anu romeli rCuli gipyrien?” (43) ~abo Tbilelis wameba” ~vin xar anu, romlisa naTesavisagan, anu romlisa erisagan, anu romliTa SjuliTa scxondebode?” (84) pasuxi (TviTi TviTidentifikacia TviTidentifikacia): dentifikacia ~evstaTi mcxeTelis wameba” ~me soflisa sparseTisa viyav, xevisa arSakeTisa, qalaqisa ganZa akisa viyav. mama Cemi mogv iyo... da me mogvoba ara Tavs videv” (42). ~da maT uTxres kacad-kacadman sofeli Tvisi da daba TiToeulisa da hrqves yovelTa: ~mamulsaRa zeda rCulsa viyveniT, sparsTa rCuli vicodeT, xolo raJams qarTlad SemovediT da qristeaneTa rCuli vixileT, qristiane viqmneniT” (43). ~abo Tbilelis wameba” ~me var bunebiT sarkinoz, Sobili mas Sina mamulad da dedulad; ganwsavlul viyav SjuliTa maT mahmedisiTa da vcxovndebode mas Sina, vidre umecrebasa Sina viyav” (73). identifikacia ~evstaTi mcxeTelis wameba” ~movida kaci erTi sparseTis soflisa arSakeTisa, Ze mogvisa, da warmarTi iyo igi” (41). ~abo Tbilelis wameba” ~ese naSobi abrameani, ZeTagan ismaelisaTa, tomisagan iyo sarkinozTaiTa, da yovladve arabielTa Tesli, romlisa mama misi da deda misi... iyvnes munve qalaqsa mas Sina baRdads babilovnisasa” (abos wameba, 67). frazebis es SesaZleblobas sami konkretul TviTidentifikacias; ramdenadac jgufi warmogvidgens: periodSi; 2) 1) kiTxvis kiTxvis 3) moqmedi piris identifikacias TiToeuli teqsti erT konkretul dasmis adresatis avtoris avtors mier. ekuTvnis, bunebrivia, rom identifikacia da TviTidentifikacia erTmaneTs emTxveva da teqstebis Seqmnis periodisaTvis aqtualuri cnebebis arealiT aris ganpirobebuli, iseve rogorc kiTxvis dasmis SesaZlebloba. meore jgufis teqstebSi sagangebod aRiniSneba, rom wmindani sasuliero ganaTlebas qarTul enaze iRebs, magaliTad: “qarTulsa enasa Sina yoveli daiswavla” (grigol xanZTeli, 127). “SesZina swavlad qarTulisa mwignobrebisa da zraxvisa xsnilad” (abos wameba, 67). am sakiTxze dawvrilebiT qvemoT iqneba saubari. religiuri da kulturuli faqtoris gadakveTaze warmoSobili kulturuli identurobis safuZveli yvelaze ukeT Cans frazaSi: “qarTlad friadi qveyana aRiracxebis, romelsaca Sina qarTuliTa eniTa Jami Seiwirvis da locva yoveli aResrulebis” (giorgi merCule, 182). sagulisxmo gansxvavebebia weris motivaciis TvalsazrisiTac. pirveli jgufis teqstebSi, umravles SemTxvevaSi ar aris weris mizani gansazRvruli, xolo Tu aris, aseTi saxiT: ~maSin aR-vinme-dges kacni morwmuneTaganni, iwyes aRwerad cxorebai wmidaTa mowameTai... sadideblad wmidaTa mowameTa da aRsabaZvelad... amisve mizezisaTvis meca... meca vinebe mibaZvad pirvelTa maT da aRvwere aRvwere cxorebai da wamebai wmidisa da netarisa...” (“kostanti kaxis wameba”, 131132). gacilebiT ufro datvirTulia motivacia sxva teqstebSi, romelTac qvemoT ganvixilavT, aq ki magaliTisaTvis moviyvanT mxolod erT citatas “abos wamebidan”: ~mnebavs, raTa daiweros sanatrelisa amisca martviloba, viTarca pirvelTa maT qristeis mowameTa da daidvas igica wmidasa kaTolike eklesiasa Sina mosaxseneblad yovelTa, yovelTa vin iyvnen Semdgomad Cvensa” Cvensa (ioane sabanisZe, 57). qristianad moqcevis mizezi: “rameTu ganZaks qalaqsa qristeaneni ufrois arian da ebiskoposi da mRvdelni, da maTganRa yovelsa zeda miviwie, rameTu ufrois ars yovelsa rCulsa qristeanoba, vidre uRmrToeba da aw me qriste mwams da qristes msaxurebasa Sina var” (“evstaTe mcxeTelis wameba”, 42). ~odes saTno myo RmerTman, romelma gamomirCia me ZmaTa da naTesavTa Soris CemTa... da mixsna me iesu qristes mier... da gulisxma miyo me umjobesi igi keTili, maSin dauteve me pirveli igi kacTa xelovnebiTa SeTxzuli Sjuli ... da aw Sevudeg me WeSmaritsa qristeis mier momadlebulsa sarwmunoebasa” (ioane sabanisZe, 74). ~aRivso suliTa wmidiTa da hrqva mas: ~me ganvizraxe da qristeane var” (ioane sabanisZe, 78). pirveli citata evstaTis gaqristianebas garkveul SemTxveviTobaTa da garemoebaTa Sedegad warmogvidgens. mkafiod arc RvTis neba Cans (Tumca, ra Tqma unda, igulisxmeba) da arc personaJisa. sruliad gansxvavebulia meore SemTxveva: abos gaqristianeba, pirvel rigSi, aris RvTis madli, amave dros, personaJis gacnobierebuli neba. orive SemTxvevaSi avtoris azrovnebis wesi SegviZlia vigulisxmoT. ioane sabanisZe uSvebs movlenebis cnobieri marTvis SesaZleblobas, rasac mTeli misi Txzuleba cxadyofs1. ioane sabanisZe pirveli TavSi kargad warmoaCens qarTuli kulturis bizantiur kulturul erTobaSi lokalizacias (“romelni varT yuresa amas qveynisasa” 60), gamokveTilia kulturuli identurobis gansazRvris, “Cvenianisa” da “ucxos” gamijvnis kriteriumi/safuZveli (abo “ara Tu pirveliTganve Cvengani iyo, aramed umecari sarwmunoebisagan Cvenisa, ucxo ucxoiTa SjuliTa...” 61). Sesabamisad, sarwmunoeba kulturuli 1 am or Txzulebas erTmaneTisagan ori saukune aSorebs. aSkarad Cans, rom es periodebi gansxvavdeba aqcentebis gadanawilebiT. Tumca, isic unda iTqvas, rom VIII saukunesa da Semdgom periodSic iqmneba teqstebi, romlebic wminda sarwmunoebrivi interesebiT ifargleba. tradiciebisa da TviTidenturobis (“Cveulebisamebr mamulisa svla”) SenarCunebis saSualebaa, amdenad, ioane sabanisZe ganmartavs qristes rjulis arss, faqtobrivad, qadagebs sarwmunoebas, da aqve ar iviwyebs imis xasgasmas, rom “ara xolo Tu berZenTa sarwmunoeba ese RmrTisamieri moipoves, aramed Cvenca, SoreulTa amaT mkvidrTa... aha, esera qarTlisaca mkvidrTa aqvs sarwmunoeba da wodebul ars dedad wmidaTa, romelTame TviT aqa mkvidrTa da romelTame ucxoTa da sxviT mosrulTa Cven Soris Jamad-Jamad mowamed gamoCinebisa qriste iesuis mier” (ioane sabanisZe, 66). aq kargad ikveTeba bizantiasTan, rogorc kulturuli erTobis liderTan upiratesobis Tu ara, Tanasworobis demonstrireba. am frazas zurgs umagrebs sityvebi: arabebma “mravalni SeacTunnes... romelni xuTasis wlisa JamTa da uwinareisRa Sjul-debul yofil arian wmidiTa madliTa naTlis-RebisaiTa” (ioane sabanisZe, 60-61). da daskvna, Sesabamisad, asaxavs Txzulebis mizans: “Sen gamo, wmidao mowameo, siyvaruli igi qristesi Cvendami da sarwmunoeba Cveni misa mimarT kvalad ganaxlda, rameTu aRverieniT ersa, ucxosa sjuliTa, gandgomilsa qristeisgan, naTesavsa sawuTroisa amis moyvaresa, Teslsa urwmunosa Zisa RmrTisasa, sarwmunoebisa Cvenisa maginebelTa, romelTagan viswaveniT saqmeni maTni da vhmonebdiT gulisTqvmasa gulTa CvenTasa mibaZvebiTa maTiTa” (ioane sabanisZe, 84). giorgi mTawmindelis Txzulebis bolo monakveTi (giorgi mTawmindeli, 264-268) aseve niSandoblivia CvenTvis saintereso kuTxiT. aq koncentrirebulia nawarmoebisa da avtoris mTeli moRvaweobis mizani, cnebaTa donezec kargad Cans qarTuli kulturis gamokveTis, damkvidrebis da momavalSi am ukanasknelTa uzrunvelyofis mcdeloba. moviyvanT ramdenime citatas, romlebic, Cveni azriT, komentars aRar saWiroeben: ~da amis pirisaTvis, raTa eseviTari ese boroti, romeli moawies Cven zeda berZenTa, ara daviwyebul iqmnas da kvalad Semdgomad Cvensa momavalni eseviTarsave Wirsa ara STacviven, _ amisTvis zogadiTa ganzraxviTa yovelni Zmani erTad SevkerbiT da erTiTa ganzraxviTa ese qvemo werili mosaxsenebeli davwereT...” (giorgi mTawmindeli, 264). ~lavrasa Sina, romeli-ese ... Cven qarTvelTaTvis aRSenebul iyo da aRmarTebul” (264). mTawmindis monasteri aSenda ~ganmamravleblad naTesavisa Cvenisa” (264), ~samkvidreblad qarTvelTa” (265). eqvTimem ~TargmanebiTa wmidaTa werilTaiTa gananaTla da Seamko naTesavi esavi da ena Cveni” (265). naT ~da ara mravlisa Jamisa Semdgomad mama giorgi daviwyebad movida, da arca erTi rai zrunva aqvnda qarTvelTa aRorZinebisa, aramed sruliad berZenTa mieqca da igini ganamravlna” (265). rodesac ~Cven friad Semcirebulni viyveniT, Jami poves berZenTa da, viTarca cecxlni, aRegznnes Cven zeda da sruliad aRmofxvra Cveni eneba da daproba samkvidrebelisa Cvenisa” (266). ~da amis yovlisagan SegveSina da mosaxsenebeli ese aRvwereT da davdeviT Semdgomad Cvensa momavalTa naTesavTaTvis raTa aradaviwyebul iqmnas da garewar eseviTari ese mravalferi Relva (268). ~ukveTu vinme gamoCndes naTesavisa Cvenisagan kaci... da raiTaca RoniTa... anu siyvaruliTa berZenTaiTa... berZenTaiTa qarTvelTa Sina-ganmcemel Sina ganmcemel eqmnes da... ese adgili qarTvelTa Tavisa raiTme saqmiTa gamougdos da igini gaasxnes da Cveni saxsenebeli amoswyvidos, yovelTa wmidaTa jvariTa da madliTa, krulmca ars... da romelTa qarTvelTa ganmravleba iRvawon da ese wmida adgili naTesavsa Cvensa daumtkicon, saukunomca ars saxsenebeli da kurTxeva maTi” (268). axla ki gvinda, moviyvanoT is magaliTebi meore jgufis teqstebidan, romlebic, Cveni azriT, V-XI saukuneebSi kulturuli procesebis marTvas adastureben. marTva, rogorc aRiniSna, mimdinareobs informaciis gadarCevisa da, Sesabamisad, istoriuli mexsierebis gansazRvris gziT, bizantiur kulturul damoukidebeli da sivrceSi TviTkmari qarTuli erTeulis kulturis, argumentirebiT rogorc (~Cven” _ qarTvelebis, ~naTesaviT qarTvelis” xazgasmiT da moxseniebis sixSiriT, qarTuli enis, rogorc identifikaciis safuZvlis, mniSvnelobis gamokveTiT, kulturuli gavlenebis gaazrebuli limitaciiT. yvela es aspeqti mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan da, bunebrivia, zogi citata yvela am TvalsazrisiTaa saintereso. amitom es erTiani procesis Zalian pirobiTi gamijvnaa. istoriuli mexsiereba mexsiereba, rogorc kulturuli identurobis safuZveli istoriuli mexsierebis formireba da, Sesabamisad, informaciis gadarCeva mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli im teqstebis Seqmnis motivaciasTan, sadac am informaciis SerCevis SemTxvevebs vxvdebiT. drois warmavlobis gancda, zogadad, damaxasiaTebelia Sua saukuneebis qristianuli azrovnebisaTvis, magram motanil citatebSi drois warmavlobis gancdas TiTqos Crdilavs gadacemis informaciis mniSvneloba. unda SerCevisa aRiniSnos, da momavali rom es TaobisaTvis teqstebi ar aris istoriuli xasiaTis da aseT mizans, albaT, naklebad unda isaxavdes. aqve unda iTqvas, rom istoriuli mexsierebis formireba, iseve rogorc ena, sarwmunoebasTan dakavSirebuli kulturuli identurobis safuZvlad SeiZleba iyos gaazrebuli. ~mnebavs, raTa daiweros sanatrelisa amisca martviloba, viTarca pirvelTa maT qristeis mowameTa da daidvas igica wmidasa kaTolike eklesiasa Sina mosaxseneblad yovelTa, yovelTa vin iyvnen Semdgomad Cvensa” Cvensa (ioane sabanisZe, 57). Tu gaviTvaliswinebT ioane sabanisZis Txzulebis mizans, romelic zemoT iyo ganxiluli, TvalsaCinoa, rom mis mier Seqmnili Txzuleba ara marto erTi konkretuli martvilobis ambis momavali TaobebisaTvis gadacemas isaxavs miznad. es mizani kidev ufro mZfrad aris gadmocemuli Semdeg citatebSi: “... wmidaTa mamaTa Rirsad-cxorebulTa simxne moTminebisa da siwmidiT Sroma uflisa saTno da saswaulTa maTTa simravleni qveyanasa mas qarTlisasa daSWirdes misTvis, ... romelTa jer iyo dawera, vidre naTesaviT naTesavamde ukunisamde moTxrobad yovelTa. aramed aw saswaulni maTni JamTa simravlisagan miecnes siRrmesa daviwyebisasa” (grigol xanZTeli, 126). ~da amis pirisaTvis, raTa eseviTari ese boroti, romeli moawies Cven zeda berZenTa, ara daviwyebul iqmnas da kvalad Semdgomad Cvensa momavalni eseviTarsave Wirsa ara STacviven, _ amisTvis zogadiTa ganzraxviTa yovelni Zmani erTad SevkerbiT da erTiTa ganzraxviTa ese qvemo werili mosaxsenebeli davwereT...” (giorgi mTawmindeli, 264). ~xolo rai ars qeba RmrTisa, dideba da Sesxma wmidaTa misTa? moTxroba cxorebisa da moRvawebisa maTisa weriT da uwerelad, raTa scnes ese Teslman sxvaman, da Svilni, romelni iSvebodian, aRdgen, da miuTxrobden mamani maTni SvilTa TvisTa” (giorgi mcire, 271). qvemoT moyvanili citata giorgi mTwmindelis monastris winamZRvrad gaxdomis Semdgom moRvaweobas aRwers. aqac cxadia, rom TiToeuli qmedeba garkveuli informaciis SenaxviT qarTvelTa poziciis gamyarebas isaxavs miznad. es qmedebebi rom savsebiT gacnobierebuli da mizanmimarTulia, Cans Tavad giorgi mTawmindelis Txzulebis bolo monakveTidan (264-268), romelic zemoT ganvixileT. giorgi mcire ki zust mniSvnelobas aniWebs maT: giorgi mTawmindelma ioanes da eqvTimes dadgenili wesebi kvlav aRadgina; Seiswavla ioanesa da eqvTimes cxovreba da moRvaweoba “da aRweriT dagvitevna... sawvrTelad da saxilvelad momavalTa naTesavTa aRumarTa” (giorgi mcire, 292); eqvTime aTonelisa da sxva berTa wminda nawilebi monasterSi ganaTavsa, “amiT eseviTariTa saxiTa kninRa da yovlisa soflisa saxilvel da Tayvanis-sacemel yo mTawmidiTgan vidre Savsa mTasa da yovelsa asureTsa da ierusalimsa da aRmosavladmde wmida mama Cveni efTvimi marjvenisa mier Tvisisa, mefeTagan da mTavarTa, mRdelTmoZRvarTagan da mRdelTa da yovlisa erisa” (giorgi mcire, 294); ioanesi da sxva mamaTa saflavebi dakarguli iyo, isini moiZia da gadmoasvena da maTi saflavebi Seamko. am citatebSi, avtorebis informaciis droisadmi gadarCevasTan damokidebulebac. es erTad, CvenTvis kargad Cans sayuradReboa, ramdenadac drosTan mimarTeba kulturis erT-erTi maxasiaTebelia. saswaulni maTni JamTa daviwyebisasa” (giorgi merCule, 126). “aw simravlisagan miecnes siRrmesa ~xolo moiRebs iRebs” (giorgi xolo vinaiTgan sigrZe JamTa yovelsave daviwyebad mo mTawmindeli, 222). SeiZleba magram, imis es ori citata arasakmarisad gaTvaliswinebiT, rom damajerebeli agiografiuli mogveCvenos. Txzulebebi ar ganekuTvnebian saistorio Janris nawarmoebs, es da qvemoT motanili frazebi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens. SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom isini im periodis qarTvelebis droisadmi damokidebulebas asaxavs. ~iyo mervesa welsa sparsTa mefisasa” (SuS, 26). ~rameTu eqvsi weli cixesa mas Sina aRasrula” (SuS, 34). ~da viTarca meSvide weli dadgeboda” (SuS, 37). ~da ars dasabami tanjvaTa maT wmidisa SuSanikisTa TTvesa apnisisasa, mervesa TTvisasa da dResa oTxSabaTsa; da meored gvema misi Semdgomad aRvsebisa zatiksa, dResa orSabaTsa da kvalad tanjva vardobisa TTvesa aTcxrametsa aTcxrametsa. da aRsruleba misi TTvesa okdombersa aTCvidmetsa... da dRe xuTSabaTi iyo, romelsa ganvaweseT saxsenebelni wmidisa SuSanikisi” (40). ~wmida evstaTi... pyrobil mcxeTelis wameba”, 44). yvnes viTar eqvs ~da Semdgomad samisa wlisa, Semovida marzapnad” (“evstaTi mcxeTelis wameba”, 45). “samisa wlisa sabanisZe, 71). JamTa iqceoda... Tve veJan gancxadebulad oden” (“evstaTi buzmir qarTlisa qristianed” (ioane “iyo netari igi sapyrobilesa Sina cxra dRe” (ioane sabanisZe, 75). “da raJams ganTena meaTe igi dRe dResaswaulisa mis macxovrisa naTlisRebisasa, romel ars TTvesa ianvarsa eqvssa, iyo dRe igi paraskevi” (ioane sabanisZe, 76). “iyo Jami pirveli Ramisa mis” (ioane sabanisZe, 80). “orisa weliwadTa JamTa iyvnes opizas” (giorgi merCule, 131). ~da viTarca gardaxda zarzmelis cxovreba”, 115). weliwadi ~Tvesa ivnissa cxovreba”, 121). dResa oTxsa, Svidad aRTvaluli” (“serapion (“serapion zarzmelis xuTSabaTsa” “da mere ganvida lavrasa wmdisa (~ilarion qarTvelis cxovreba”, 449). sabaissa... dayo Svidi weli...” “dayo hroms Sina ori weliwadi” (~ilarion qarTvelis cxovreba”, 452). ~aResrula mamai Cveni ilarion Tvesa noenbersa aTcxrametsa, dResa Jamsa mexuTesa dRisasa, mefobasa basilisasa” (~ilarion qarTvelis cxovreba”, 454). SabaTsa, “vinai igi dayves aTormeti aTormeti weli” (giorgi mcire, 283). “weliwadsa Svidsa ... simdabliT hmsaxurebda” (giorgi mcire, 288). “davyaviT aRmosavleTs xuTi weli” (giorgi mcire, 324). aseTi magaliTebis moZebna kidev SeiZleba. isic unda iTqvas, rom cnebebi, romlebic drois gadmosacemad aris gamoyenebuli, TavisTavad garkveuli informaciis matarebelia. magram, ramdenadac amjerad drois aRqmis kvleva am naSromis mizani ar aris, mxolod imas aRvniSnavT, rom Cvens mier gamoyenebuli masalis mixedviT im periodis qarTvelebisaTvis drois kategoria mniSvnelovania. imasac davamatebT, rom Tu giorgi merCulesa da giorgi mTawmindelis pirvel or citataSi droisadmi damokidebuleba sruliad gaazrebulia, danarCeni magaliTebi, zogadad, droiTi azrovnebis wesis sailustraciod gamodgeba. ena, ena, rogorc kulturuli identurobis identurobis safuZveli aq sagangebod warmoadgens ar vaanalizebT qarTuli ioane kulturuli zosimes, radgan identurobisaTvis is qarTuli Tavad enis mniSvnelobis gacnobierebas da am faqtis deklarirebas. Cven gvainterebs sxva wyaroebSi mimofantuli masala, romelic cxadyofs qarTuli enis, rogorc kulturuli identurobis safuZvlis mniSvnelobas da am faqtis srul gacnobierebas. garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, zogierTi magaliTi ufro mkafioa, radgan qarTul enas ufro miwier ganzomilebaSi ganixilavs. garda amisa, maTSi ena, rogorc kulturuli identurobis safuZveli imdenad naTladaa qarTvelis danaxuli cxovreba”), da rom gadmocemuli pirdapir (magaliTad, kulturis “ilarion Tanamedrove mkvlevarTaTvis aris gamzadebuli. xazgasmulia enis da enis matarebelTa umWidroesi kavSiri (giorgi mTawmindeli, giorgi mcire). qvemoT motanili citatebi qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiTaa dalagebuli. es saSualebas iZleva, Tvali gavadevnoT mSobliuri enis mniSvnelobis sul ufro Rrma gacnobierebas. “SesZina swavlad qarTulisa mwignobrebisa da zraxvisa xsnilad” (ioane sabanisZe, 67). “qarTulsa enasa Sina yoveli daiswavla” (giorgi merCule, 127). [ilarions da mis Zmebs ulumbos mTidan gagdeba daupires] “da mas Ramesa daadgra wmidai dedofali Cveni RmrTismSobeli risxviT mamasaxlissa mas da hrqva: raisa inebe maTi ganZebai, romelni mosrul arian siyvarulisaTvis RmrTisa, da ara daimarxe mcnebai ucxoTa SewynarebisaTvis, viTar etyvis ufali da Ze Cemi mdidarsa mas?! anu ara uwyia, viTarmed mraalni damkvidrebad arian mTasa amas maTisa enisa metyvelni da cxovnebad arian?” da romelni maT ara Seiwynareben, mter Cemda arian!” (~ilarion qarTvelis cxovreba”, 451) (Sdr. giorgi mTawmindeli, RvTismSoblis mier eqvTimes gankurnebis epizodi. giorgi mTawmindeli, 239). [ilarion qarTvelma TesalonikSi iqauri mTavris mxevlis Svili gankurna, rodesac dedofali dainteresda, Tu vin moaxdina es saswauli, mxevalma] “warmouTxra yoveli niSani maTi da enaica” (“ilarion qarTvelis cxovreba”, 453). ~maSin mohgvarna mefeman ori Zeni Tvisni, leon da aleqsandre da hrqva: locva yavT amTTvis, wmidao mamano, da aswaveT amaT enai da wigni Tqveni, raTa Svilni locvisa Tqvenisani iyvnen egeni” (“ilarioni qarTvelis cxovreba”, 457). giorgi mTawmindeli ioanesa da eqvTimes aRniSnavs: ~aRayvaves ena Cveni da qveyana werilTaiTa” (giorgi mTawmindeli, 224). damsaxurebaTa Soris TargmanebiTa wmdaTa gorgi mTwmindeli eqvTime aTonelze ambobs: ~romeli-igi gamoCnda samkaulad naTesavisa Cvenisa da mobaZavad wmidaTa mociqulTa, gananaTla qarTvelTa ena da qveyana, namuSakevi axarebs SorielTa da maxlobelTa, da TargmnilTa misTa wignTa sitkboeba, viTarca nestvi oqroisa xmamaRali, oxris yovelsa qveyanasa ara xolo qarTlisasa, aramed saberZneTisasaca” (giorgi mTawmindeli, 224). ~pirvelad qarTuli swavla aswava da merme berZnulad gaaswavla yovliTave swavlulebiTa srulebiT” (giorgi mTwmindeli, 238). ~awRa warmomidga vinme didebuli dedofali da mrqva qarTuliTa eniTa... aRdeg, nu geSinin da qarTulad xsnilad ubnobdi” (giorgi mTawmindeli, 239). ~efTvimi, romelman yovliTa wesiTa keTiliTa ganaSvena wmida ese adgili da TargmanebiTa wmidaTa werilTaiTa gananaTla da Seamko naTesavi da ena Cveni” (giorgi mTawmindeli, 265)). ( RvTismSoblis mier eqvTimes gankurnebis epizodi: ~warmomidga vinme didebuli dedofali da mr mrqqva qarTuliTa eniTa: ~rai ars, rai gelmis, efTvime?... ararai ars vneba Sen Tana. aRdeg, nu geSinin da qarTulad xsnilad xsnilad ubnobdi. ubnobdi.” ~mun Jamamde Zniad ubnobn qarTulad da friad mwuxare viyav amis pirisaTvis, xolo mieriTgan dauyeneblad viTarca wyaro amodin uwmides yovelTa qarTvelTasa” (giorgi mTawmindeli, 239). eqvTimem ~umecrebisa igi saburveli mosZarcva gonebaTagan CvenTa... simaRliTa RmrTiv-TargmnulTa wmidaTa wignTa misTaiTa naklulevaneba enisa Cvenisa aRavso” (giorgi mTawmindeli, 275). “da esreT yovelnive saRmrToni werilni Zvelisa da axlisa Sjulisani, romelni oden Cvensa enasa povna, yovelnive keTilad gulad ixvna” (giorgi mcire, 288). “egeviTari Targmani, Tvinier wmidisa mamisa Cvenisa efTvimissa, sxva ara gamoCenila enasa Cvensa da vgoneb, Tu arca gamoCinebad ars! ... daatkbo ena Cveni”, “romelnime wignni sruliad ara yofilni da enisa Cvenisagan ucxoni siRrmeTagan umecrebisaTa naTlad gamoabrwyinvna” (giorgi mcire, 303-304). ~viTarca ixila sikeTe sulisa misisa... ganixara sixaruliTa didiTa da suliTa gulisxma-yo, rai-igi yofad iyo, rameTu surviel iyo wmida igi beri, raTamca kvalad gamo-vinme-aCina mowyalebaman RmrTisaman naTesavsa Soris Cvensa kaci, romelmanca srul-yo naklulevaneba enisa Cvenisa, romeli-igi wmidisa mamisa Cvenisa efvTvimesagan daSTomil iyo”. (giorgi mcire, 286). giorgi Seyenebuli giorgi mTawmindels: ~romelman wmida igi (eqvTime) sikvdilisagan ixsna da qarTuli qarTuli ena ganumarta, igive SemZlebel ars Sendaca Sewevnad, rameTu ms didad ewyalis da uyvars naTesavi Cveni” (giorgi mcire, 287). zemoT motanili zogierT citataSi Cans, Tu ra didi mniSvneloba eniWeba qarTulad Targmnis sakiTxs, rac, TavisTavad, enis mniSvnelobis gaazrebaze miuTiTebs. Semdegi citatebi da is faqti, rom eqvTime aTonelma da giorgi mTawmindelma, TargmanTa Sesasruleblad datoves monastris winamZRvroba (rogorc xazgasmiTaa aRniSnuli teqstebSi), kidev ufro TvalsaCinos xdis am faqts. ioane mimarTavs eqvTimes _ ~Svilo Cemo, qarTlisa qveyana didad naklulevan ars wignTagan da mravalni wignni aklan... aw iRvawe, raTa ganamravlo sasyideli Seni RmrTisagan” (giorgi mTawmindeli 239). ~Targmaneba wignTa aqvnda nametnavad yovelTa saTnoebaTa da gvirgvinad da ganmanaTleblad ganmanaTleblad naTesavisa Cvenisa” (giorgi mTawmindeli, 260). ~saRmrTo ese talanti... romel ars Targmaneba wignTa saRmrToTa berZnulisagan qarTulad” (giorgi mcire, 287). giorgi mTwmindelma datova winamZRvroba, radgan “RmrTivRmrTiv-moniWebuli igi talanti ara aRorZndeboda, romel ars RmrTiv-sulierTa wignTa Targmna” (giorgi mcire, 301). bizantiasTan paeqroba: qarTuli kultura _ damoukidebeli da TviTkmari erTeuli adreuli Sua saukuneebis qarTuli kultura bizantiuri sivrcisagan damoukideblad ar SeiZleba ganicdeboda im periodis uxdebodaT sakuTari ganixilebodes. qarTvelebis mier, gansxvavebulobis es garemoeba radgan xazgasma, maT mZafrad mudmivad bizantielTa upiratesobis gabaTilebiT maTTan sakuTari TanabarmniSvnelovnebis da, Semdeg ki, upiratesobis gamokveTa. pirvel rigSi, movitanT im ideebis amsaxvel citatebs, romlebsac upirispirdebodnen qarTvelebi sakuTari kulturis1 gancalkevebulobis da TviTkmarobis dasacavad. romelni ese barbaroz wodebul viyveniT elenTa mier uswavlelobisaTvis da umecrebisa Cvenisa,” (giorgi mTawmindeli, 275). patriarqi giorgi mTawmindels “daRacaTu naTesaviT qarTveli xar, sxviTa kvla yovliTa swavlulebiTa sruliad berZeni xar” (giorgi mcire, 308). “daRacaTu naTesaviT qarTveli ars, xolo yovliTurT wesi Cveni (berZnuli q.k.) hmosies” (giorgi mcire, 328). daRacaTu naTesaviT qarTveli xar, xolo mamao, da mecnierebiTa Cvenive swori xar, jer-ars, romel eklesiani da mRvdel-moZRvarni Tqvenni xelsa qveSe samociquloisa amis saydrisasa imwysebodin” (giorgi mcire, 308). “netaro swavlulebiTa Tu wyaroebs bizantiasTan cvlilebebs naTelia Tvals mivadevnebT, damokidebuleba isev citatebiT transformaciis vnaxavT, araerTgvarovania gavxdiT Semdegi rom V-XI TvalsaCinos. etapebi: qarTvelebis saukuneebSi. maTi bizantiis am meSveobiT meSveobiT TviTidentifikaciidan _ bizantiasTan gatolebis gavliT _ bizantiisagan gamijvniT TviTidentifikaciamde. pirveli etapi: bizantia _ TviTidentifikaciis saSualeba radgan agiografiul TxzulebebSi, romlebsac Cven veyrdnobiT, ar SeiZleba bizantiuri kulturuli sivrce TviTidentifikaciis safuZvlad iyos warmodgelnili (es teqstebi swored sawinaaRmdegos isaxaven miznad), am etapis dasaxasiaTeblad moviSveliebT juanSeris ~cxovreba vaxtang gorgasalisa”-s. es nawarmoebi erTdroulad asaxavs bizantiasTan damokidebulebis pirvel or etaps2. ~moiyvana mRvdeli WeSmariti saberZneTiT” (juanSeri, 145). 1 2 cxadia, es sakiTxi politikisagan damoukideblad ar ganixileba, magram, jer erTi, Cven problemis kulturuli aspeqti gvainteresebs, da meore, rac ufro mniSvnelovania, gansaxilveli periodis pirvel etapze saqarTvelos erTiani saxelmwifo politika ar arsebobda, amdenad, erTiani kulturuli politika win uswrebs da, iqneb, SesaZlebelsac xdis erTian saxelmwifo politikas. qarTul kulturul sivrceSi bizantiur samyarosTan identurobis gancda yvelaze cxadad vlindeba agaTia sqolastikosis TxzulebaSi Semonaxul aietisa da fartaZis sityvebSi. am kuTxiT dasaxelebuli wyaros analizi ix. q. kakitelaSvili, dasavleTi qarTul cnobierebaSi. // ena da kultura, #1, Tb., 2000, gv. 47-55. ~ubrZana, raTa... aRaSenos eklesia, da qmnes monastrad, exilnes monasterni saberZneTisani” (juanSeri, 177-178). viTarca ~ara umecrebaman aRgZra brZolad ZeTa zeda RmrTisaTa, aramed SuelisaTvis naTesavisa Senisa sparsTasa. da ara uwyia, rameTu berZenni naTesavni RmrTisani arian” (juanSeri, 165). ~mnebavs, raTa Sen mier aRgzebuli ese cecxli Senve daSrito da megobar iyo keisrisa, viTarca dRsamomde iyav sparsTa” (juanSeri, 66). ~siyuarulsa berZenTasa nu dauteobT” (juanSeri, 203). ~Cuenca varT sjulisa sjulsa zeda berZanTasa aRmsarebel qristessa” (juanSeri 160). xilvaSi wminda nino vaxtang gorgasals keisrisaken miuTiTebs da mimarTavs: ~aw ukue mived mefisa da miiRe niWi Seni”. vaxtangi “mivida mefisa, da ambor uyves urTierTas, da adgil-sca saydarTa TvisTa, da daisua igi Tana. da misca beWedi xelisa misisgan...” (juanSeri 167). keisarma ~miumcno aRTqmiTa da ficiTa ZlieriTa, raTa swor iyos mefobisa Tvisisa” (juanSeri, 170). meore etapi _ bizantiasTan gatoleba ~ara xolo Tu berZenTa sarwmunoeba ese RmrTisamieri moipoves, moipoves aramed Cvenca, ielTa lTa amaT mkvidrTa... aha, esera qarTlisaca mkvidrTa Cvenca Sorie Sorie aqvs sarwmunoeba da wodebul ars dedad wmidaTa, romelTame TviT aqa mkvidrTa da romelTame ucxoTa da sxviT mosrulTa Cven Soris JamadJamad mowamed gamoCinebisa qriste iesuis mier” (66). “JamTa ukvanaisTa, romel ipovnen qristes nebis-myofelni mamani, Cvensaca uwinares iyvnen da mamaTaca CvenTa” (grigol xanZTeli, 200). eqvTime aTonelis “namuSakevi axarebs SorielTa da maxlobelTa, da TargmnilTa misTa wignTa sitkboeba, viTarca nestvi oqroisa xmamaRali, oxris yovelsa qveyanasa ara xolo qarTlisasa, qarTlisasa aramed saberZneTisasaca” (giorgi mTawmindeli 224). eqvTimem ~simaRliTa RmrTiv-TargmnulTa wmidaTa wignTa misTaiTa naklulevaneba enisa Cvenisa aRavso, da romelni ese barbaroz wodebul viyveniT elenTa mier uswavlelobisaTvis da umecrebisa Cvenisa, maTTanave aRgvracxna RmrTisa mier mocemuliTa miT sibrZniTa TvisiTa” (giorgi mTawmindeli, 275). ~vinaiTgan ukve zemo xsenebulni ese netarni mamani Cvenni araraiT unaklulo iyvnes pirvel gamoCinebulTa wmidaTasa” (giorgi mTawmindeli, 223). giorgi mTwmindeli eqvTime aTonelze ambobs: ~romeli-igi gamoCnda samkaulad naTesavisa Cvenisa da mobaZavad wmidaTa mociqulTa, gananaTla qarTvelTa ena da qveyana... da TargmnilTa misTa wignTa sitkboeba... oxris yovelsa qveyanasa ara xolo (giorgi mTawmindeli 224). qarTlisasa, qarTlisasa aramed saberZneTisasaca” mesame etapi: gamijvna da sakuTari TviTkmarobis dasabuTeba am etapze ramdenime aspeqti gamoiyofa. bizantiasTan ucxoobis, upiratesobis da aSkara antagonizmis demonstrireba. ucxooba ilarion qarTveli Tesalonikis mmarTvels: ~keTili hyav, rameTu Semiwynare me glaxaki ese da codvili da ucxoi” (“ilarion qarTvelis cxovreba”, 454). ilarioni keisars ~keTili hyav Sewynarebai Cemi, ucxoisai” (“ilarion qarTvelis cxovreba”, 459). ~moiReT ucxoT Sewynarebai!” (“ilarion qarTvelis cxovreba”, 457). aTonis mTaze myofma qarTvelma berebma “sixaruliT Seiwynares” hromiT mosuli monazoni, “evedrebodes aqa yofasa da etyodes, viTarmed Cvenca ucxoni varT da Senca ucxo xar” (giorgi mTawmindeli, 243). upiratesoba ~maSin mohgvarna mefeman (bizantiis keisarma qarTvel berebs _ q. k.) ori Zeni Tvisni, leon da aleqsandre da hrqva: locva yavT amTTvis, wmidano mamano, da aswaveT amaT enai da wigni Tqveni, raTa Svilni locvisa Tqvenisani iyvnen egeni” (“ilarion qarTvelis cxovreba”, 457). patriarqi ilarionis sam mowafeze eubneba episkoposebs ~eseni arian romelTa mparavi ara miexebis amaT didi madli momaniWes me dRes. da miumcno mefesa esreT viTarmes: friad aRvSendi amaTiTa xilviTa. da WeSmaritad eseni arian msaxurni uflisani da meoxni sulTa CvenTani. da ufalman locviTa savanebelTagan, savanebelTagan da maTiTa daifaren mefobai Tqveni yovelTa Cven yovelni, yovelni ukunisi ukunisamde” (“ilarioni qarTvelis cxovreba”, 456). bizantiis imperatori: “brZanebs mefobai Cveni TesalonikelTa mimarT, raTa swrafiTa didiTa da pativiTa warmohgzavnneT nawilni ilarion qarTvelisalni Tvinier yovlisa mizezisa” (“ilarion qarTvelis cxovreba”, 458). “basili, codvili mefe, monai caTa mefisai, gevedrebi, wmidao mamao ilarion, aRmoved qalaqada sameufod!” (“ilarion qarTvelis cxovreba”, 458). patriarqi: ~vieTnime naklulevanebasa swamebdes qarTvelTa da, aha esera, mravliTa saxiTa uzeSTaes ipovnes Cvensa” (giorgi mcire, 308). “mieriTgan daewesa, raTa qarTvelni svimon-wmidas Jamsa wirviden, rameTu yovelni mecnier xarT, vidre amis netarisamde Jamsa ver wirvides” (giorgi mcire, 308). auwyes patrearqsa, viTarmed: “...eklesiani da mRvdelT-moZRvarni qarTlisani ara romlisa patreaqisa xelmwifebasa qveSe arian da yovelni saeklesioni wesni maT mier ganegebian, da TviT daisvmen kaTalikosTa da ebiskoposTa da ara samarTal ars ese, rameTu aTormetTa mociqulTagani aravin misrul ars qveyanas maTsa; da jer ars raTa qalaqsa amas RmrTisasa da saydarsa mociqulTa Tavisasa daemorCilnen... rameTu naTesavi ars umecari da samwyso mcire, da Cvenda maxloblad arian da jer-ars, raTa xelmwifebasa qveSe antioqieli patrearqisas imwysebodian”. “wmidao meufeo, Svenis esreT, raTa wodebuli igi mwodebelsa mas daemorCilos, rameTu petresi jer-ars, raTa daemorCilos mwodebelsa Tvissa da Zmasa andreas, da raTa Tqven Cven dagvemorCilneT” “da eseca SesZina, viTarmed: “wmidao meufeo, romelni _ ege Cven umecrad da subuqad gvxedavT da Tavni Tqvenni brZen da mZime giyofian, iyo Jami, Jami romel yovelsa saberZneTsa Sina marTlmadidebloba ara ipo ipoeboda eboda da ioane guTel ebiskoposi mcxeTas ikurTxa ebiskoposad, viTarca sweria didsa svinaqsarsa” (giorgi mcire, 309-310). giorgi mTawmindelma “warmoTqva sarwmunoeba marTali Cven qarTvelTa da, raJams naTesavisa... “ese ars sarwmunoeba marTali naTesavisa Cvenisa da raJams erTi gvicnobies, gvicnobies arRara midrekil varT marcxul gina marjul da arca mivdrkebiT”” (giorgi mcire, 328-329). antagonizmi ~ukveTu vinme gamoCndes naTesavisa Cvenisagan kaci... da raiTaca RoniTa... anu siyvaruliTa berZenTaiTa... berZenTaiTa qarTvelTa Sina-ganmcemel Sina ganmcemel eqmnes eqmnes da... ese adgili qarTvelTa Tavisa raiTme saqmiTa gamougdos da igini gaasxnes da Cveni saxsenebeli amoswyvidos, yovelTa wmidaTa jvariTa da madliTa, krulmca ars” (giorgi mTawmindeli, 268). ara marto azrobrivi, aramed azris gamoxatvis formis kontrastulobas cxadyofs Semdegi ori frazis Sedareba: erTi mxriv, ~siyuarulsa berZenTasa nu dauteobT” da, meore mxriv, “siyvaruliTa berZenTaiTa... berZenTaiTa qarTvelTa Sina-ganmcemel Sina ganmcemel eqmnes”. eqmnes gavlenis limitireba erT-erT gaazrebuli saintereso faqtad formirebis qarTuli procesSi kulturuli SegviZlia TavisTavadobis miviCnioT gavlenaTa gaazrebuli limitacia. kulturuli gavlena, rogorc aseTi, umarTavi procesia. magram arsebobs sfero, sadac SesaZlebelia am procesebis kontroli. es funqcia V-XI saukuneebSi eklesias hqonda. am TvalsazrisiTac SeiZleba ori gansxvavebuli poziciis danaxva. 1. ucxo, umTavresad, bizantiuri sivrcis gavlena nebayoflobiT miiReba: ~ubrZana, raTa... aRaSenos eklesia, da qmnes monastrad, viTarca exilnes monasterni saberZneTisani” (juanSeri, 177-178). ~xolo mama grigol guls etyoda, viTarmed: ~viTarca monastrisa Cemisa mamani saTnoebiTa uzeSTaes arian Jamisa amis monazonTa, egreTca wes ars wesi saRmrTo saeklesio eklesiasa Sina Cemsa dawesebad brZenTagan ganukiTxveli”. amisTvis ganizraxa warslva qristes saWurWled, meored ierusalemad, ierusalemad, romel ars kostantinepolisi, da yovelTa saCinoTa saberZneTisa wmidaTa adgilTa moxilvad da locvad. mas Jamsa ierusalems warmavali vinme pova megobari Tvisi da mas dahvedra sabasaba-wmidisa wesisa dawera da warmocema” (giorgi merCule, 145). maSin ierusalemiT moiwia kaci, romelman moarTva sabawmidisa gangeba da werili (giorgi merCule, 147). momdevno frazaSi sayuradReboa, rom ucxo tradicia, nebayoflobiT miRebis SemTxvevaSic ki, aucileblad gadairCeva: xolo netarman grigol mas Jamsa ganawesa wesi Tvisisa eklesiisa da monastrisa, sibrZniT gansazRvrebuli da mecnierebiT ganbrwyinvebuli da yovelTagan wmidaTa adgilTa gamorCeviT Sekrebuli, viTarca safase daulevnelTa keTilTa” (giorgi merCule, 147). 2. gavlenas ewinaaRmdegebian sakuTari TviTkmarobis xazgasasmelad: guaram mamfali kiTxulobs _ ~wmidano RmrTisano, ukeTu qveyanisa Cvenis eriskaci vinme wignTa saRmrToTa mecnieri da enaTaca wurTili miiwios ierusalemad, anu sxvaTa wmidaTa adglTa da ixilos raime keTili wesi, romel qristeanobasa Svenodis da Cven Soris ara iyos, ginaTu wignTagan wmidaTa gulisxma-yos da TaviT TvisiT ersa uswavlelsa auwyebdes, keTil arsa anu ara?” berebis pasuxi _~weril ars: ~tvirTi ganwesebuli eyofin navsa: uveTu daumZimo, dainTqas da, ukveTu subuqad iyos, qarTa da RelvaTa waritacon”. egreca tvirTi Sjulisa da wesi qristeanobisa romeli aw qveyanasa Cvensa upyries, friad keTil ars da RmerTi dajerebul ars da amisTvis Cven varT TavsTavs-mdebni. (giorgi merCule, 180). sainteresoa, rom es citatebi (juanSeris garda) erTi teqstidanaa amoRebuli. aqve Cans, rom monopolia inovaciebis damkvidrebaze eklesiis xelTaa: ~ukeTu axali raime keTili wesi eris-kacman gulisxma-yos ... umjobes dumili ars, viTarca Tqva iakob mociqulman, viTarmed: ~nu mravalni hmoZRvriT, Zmano; da ukeTu dumili ver Zal edvas, ara TaviT TvisiT qadagebdes, aramed auwyos Tvissa episkopossa da, Tu jer iyos, man aswaoss Tvissa samwysosa” (giorgi merCule, 180-181). am procesebis kontrolis logikuri Sedegi: ~pirvelad aRmosavalisa kaTalikosTa mihroni ierusalimiT mohyvanda. xolo efrem qristesmieriTa brZanebiTa mihronisa kurTxeva qarTls ganawesa ierusalimisa patriarqisa ganwesebiTa da wamebiTa sixaruliT. aramed qarTlad friadi qveyana aRircxebis, romelsaca Sina qarTuliTa eniTa Jami Seiwirvis da locva yoveli aResrulebis, xolo kvirieleisoni berZnulad iTqvmis, romel ars qarTulad: ~ufalo wyaloba-yav”, gina Tu ~ufalo Segviwyalen” (giorgi merCule, 181-182). eklesiis mier erTiani kulturuli sivrcis SemosazRvra, anu ~qarTlad friadi qveyanai aRiracxebis...” giorgi merCules TxzulebaSi aRniSnulia, rom Teodore da qristefore grigol xanZTelisagan ~farulad warvides afxazeTs da Tana Zmanica vinme warhyves” (149). es, albaT, SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos. SeiZleba vivarudoT, rom es winaswar SemuSavebuli gegma iyo, romelic miznad isaxavda grigolisTvis afxazeTSi Casvlisa da iq samonastro qselis gafrToebis uzrunvelyofas. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT periodis specifikas (religia identurobis safuZvelia, kulturuli Taviseburebebis gamokveTa masTan kavSirSia SesaZlebeli), es, albaT, saqarTvelos kultruli sivrcis formirebasa da SemosazRvras isaxavda miznad (~qarTlad friadi qveyanai aRiracxebis...”). Semdeg movlenebi ase viTardeba: grigoli ~waremarTa afxazeTs” da iq ~sarwmunoebisaebr mefisa aRaSena monasteri da uwoda saxeli misi ube da ilarion vinme ierusalemiT mosruli, sarwmuno moxucebuli daadgina mamasaxlisad... da aqvndes mas keTilni wignni. da mamamanca grigol Tvisni wignni romel aqvndes, da-ve-utevna monastersa mas,” (giorgi merCule, 151). Cvens varauds amyarebs is, rom Teodore da qristefore, romelTa iniciativa iyo afxazeTSi gamgzavreba da romelTac ~aqvnda saRmrTo Suri monastrisa Senebisa”, TviTon iq ar darCnen, da isic rom aseTive scenariT moxda qarTlSi gamgzavrebac: ~maSin farulad xanZTiT Rame gamovides da Zmanica vinme Tana wariyvanes da kvalad warvides kerZoTa qarTlisaTa, rameTu ufali uwodda maT uxilavad brZanebiT da aRaSenebda wmidaTa maT monasterTa maT mier neZvsa da kvirikewmidisasa. xolo netarsa grigols euwya uflisa mier, raTa arRara daabrkolnes guls-modginebisa misgan maTisa, aramed Tanamdgom eqmnes keTilsa mas saqmesa” (165). kulturuli identurobis gamZafrebuli gancda kulturuli procesebis marTvis erT-erT Sedegad SeiZleba miviCnioT qarTvelTa mkafio TviTidentifikacia. amis warmoCena SeiZleba Tundac mxolod giorgi mTawmindelisa da giorgi mcires Txzulebebidan motnili frazebiT. am teqstebSi zemoTganxiluli problema yvelaze ukeTaa gaazrebuli da koncentrirebuli saxiTaa warmodgenili. naTesavisa ~samkaulad Cvenisa” amis ~ganmamravleblad mTawmindeli, 224), ~Cven ~eneba, raTa qarTvelni oden iyvnen qarTvelTaTvis aRSenebul iyo”, monastrisa (giorgi mkvidrni yovelni.” (giorgi mTawmindeli 230), naTesavisa Cvenisa” (giorgi mTawmindeli, 264), ~samkvidreblad qarTvelTa” (giorgi mTawmindeli, 265), ~naTesavi da ena Cveni” (giorgi mTawmindeli, 265), ~Cvensa momavalTa naTesavTaTvis”, ~ukveTu vinme gamoCndes naTesavisa Cvenisagan kaci” (giorgi mTawmondeli, 268) “naTesavsa Soris Cvensa kaci” (giorgi mcire, 286), ~uyvars naTesavi Cveni”, “naTesavi Cveni wrfel iyo da umanko” (giorgi mcire, 287), “kacni vinme svimonwmidelni SuriTa... aRiZrnes Cven qarTvelTa zeda da eneba, naTesavi raTamca Cveni ZiriTurT aRmofxvres svimon-wmidiT”, “gagvaTavisuflen kacTagan... ucxoTeslTa... romelni qarTvelad saxel- ideben TavTa TvisTa”, “umecar iyo naTesavisa Cvenisa” (giorgi mcire, 307) “naTesaviT qarTveli xar, (giorgi mcire, 308) ~naTesaviT qarTveli ars” (giorgi mcire, 328), ~naTesavman Cvenman” (giorgi mcire, 324), ~Cven qarTvelTa naTesavisa.”,, ~naTesavisa Cvenisa” (giorgi mcire, 328-329). da bolos, magaliTad am Sedegis gvesaxeba samomavlod giorgi SenarCunebaze mTawmindelis mier zrunvis naTel oTxmoci yrmis bizantiaSi wayvanis motivacia da Sefaseba, rogorc “uzeSTaesi sjulisa, saqme axlisa madlisa Semamkobeli da gvirgvini... dasabamiTgan soflisaiT da vidre aqamomde vervis xel uyofies da vercaRa vin xel-hyofs da Sehkadrebs” (giorgi mcire, 320). am qmedebis mizezebad giorgi mcire asaxelebs: 1. “Jamisa misTvis gansacdelisa”; 2. ~vinaiTgan Sroma Tavs idva da mravalni wignni eTargmnnes da eneba raTamca naTesavman Cvenman daiswava. xolo vinaiTgan SeuZlebel iyo hasakiTa sruliTa da ganmwvisebulTa ganswavla, amisaTvisca buneba igi lbili da CCvili, romeli viTarca cvili sabeWdavsa egreT miiRebs swavlulebasa, eseviTari krebuli orRanod Semwynarebelad swavlaTa TvisTa moipova, romlisagan ara gancruvna sasoeba misi”. 3. “iyo rai wmida ese (giorgi mTawmindeli _ q. k.) mTasa amas wmidasa _ pirvelad dekanozobasa Sina da merme winamZRvrobasa _ axsovda mravali Rvawli da Sroma, romeli Tavs edva xucesTa da mgalobelTaTvis, rameTu qveyana Cveni Sors iyo amis qveyanisagan da mciredni movidian swavlulni, xolo xolo romelniromelni-igi movidian, Semdgomad mciredisa kvaladca warvidian da didebuli ese eklesiaca, lavra, dautevian. da eneba netarsa amas, raTa krebuli SvilTa TvisTa, viTarca cxovarni sityvierni, wmidasa mamasa Cvensa efTvimis ZRvnad patiosnad mihgvarnes... raTa RmerTRmerTSemosilTa maT maSenebelTa saxsenebeli brwyinvaled aResrulebodis” (giorgi mcire, 324). gamoyenebuli literatura 1. asurel moRvaweTa cxovrebis wignTa Zveli redaqciebi. teqstebi gamokvleviTa da leqsikoniT gamosca i.abulaZem. redaqtori a.SaniZe. Tb., 1955. 2. basili zarzmeli. cxoreba da moqalaqoba serapionisi. Zveli qarTuli literaturis Zeglebi. Tb., 1978. gv. 86-125. 3. giorgi merCule. Sroma da moRvaweba grigolisi. Zveli qarTuli literaturis Zeglebi. Tb., 1978. gv. 125-222. 4. giorgi mTawmindeli. cxoreba ioanesi da efTvimesi. // Zveli qarTuli literaturis Zeglebi. Tb., 1978. 222-270. 5. giorgi mcire. cxoreba da moqalaqeoba giorgi mTawmindelisa. // Zveli qarTuli literaturis Zeglebi. Tb., 1978. gv. 270-352. 6. daviT da konstantines wameba. // Zveli qarTuli moTxroba. Tb., 1979. gv. 150-162. 7. iakob xucesi. wameba SuSanikisi dedoflisa. // Zveli qarTuli literaturis Zeglebi. Tb., 1978. gv. 25-41. 8. ilarion qarTvelis cxovreba. // Zveli qarTuli moTxroba. Tb., 1979. gv. 448-460. 9. ioane sabanisZe. wameba wmidisa da netarisa mowamisa qristeisisa haboisi. // Zveli qarTuli literaturis Zeglebi. Tb., 1978. gv. 57-86. 10. kolael yrmaTa wameba. // Zveli qarTuli moTxroba. Tb., 1979. gv. 162-166. 11. konstanti kaxis wameba. // Zveli qarTuli moTxroba. Tb., 1979. gv. 131-141. 12. martviloba da moTmineba evstaTi mcxeTelisa. // Zveli qarTuli literaturis Zeglebi. Tb., 1978. gv. 41-57. 13. stefane mtbevari. gobronis wameba. // Zveli qarTuli moTxroba. Tb., 1979. gv. 141-150. 14. juanSeri. cxovreba vaxtang gorgasalisa. // qarTlis cxovreba. teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s.yauxCiSvilis mier. t. I, Tb., 1955. gv. 139-244. # 3. dekemberi, 2005 weli. gv. beJan javaxia saqarTvelo erTian evropul samyaroSi (antikurobidan Sua saukuneebisken) saqarTvelo evropaSi. Sua evropis saukunebs iwyebs SemakavSirebels qristianuli romi, anu erTian qristianul nominalurad isev sivrceSi, warmoadgenda bizantiis imperatori, romelic axal imperias ganagebda axali qristianuli romidan _ konstantinopolidan. Sua saukuneebis qristianuli civilizacia Tavdapirvelad aRmocenda rogorc erTiani sivrce, Tumca mas gansxvavebuli wanamZRvrebi SeiZleba hqondes bizantiasa da dasavleT evropaSi1. qarTuli Sua saukuneebi iwyeba zogadevropul Sua saukuneebTan erTad. Sua saukuneebis qarTuli kultura ganviTarebas zogadevropuli Sua saukuneebis wanamZRvrebi aqvs civilizaciis da, amdenad, farglebSi ganviTarebis iwyebs, masTan saerTo saerTo maxasiaTeblebi. qarTuli Sua saukuneebi aRmocenda, rogorc zogadevropuli fenomeni _ antikuri kulturisa da qristianobis Sepirispirebisa da maTi sinTezis Sedegad. rasakvirvelia, iseT vrcel regionSi, rogoric evropaa, mTeli im aTaswleulis geografiuli faqtorebi, manZilze, romelsac pirobebisa, romlebmac moicavs arsebobda ganapiroba am sxva Sua saukuneebi, garda socialur-politikuri teritoriaze aRmocenebul saxelmwifoTa ganviTarebis Taviseburebani. magram evropis qristianul 1 Zalian sainteresoa a. rudakovis azri bizantiuri sivrcis, rogorc erTiani qristianuli sivrcis Sesaxeb: “msgavsad kirosis, aleqsandresa da avgustusis monarqiebisa, bizantia warmoadgenda erT-erT yvelaze naTel ilustracias ideisa, rom WeSmariti sakacobrio kultura ar saWiroebs nacionaluri saxelmwifos arsebobas. msgavsad dasaxelebuli monarqiebisa, bizantia Segnebulad cdilobda ganexorcielebina erTiani samwysosa da erTiani mwyemsis ideali. Tuki moazrovne bizantieli siamayiT warmoidgenda Tavs “romead”, mas am SemTxvevaSi mxedvelobaSi ar hqonda Tavisi erovneba, berZnuli ena, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi berZenisTvis, sirielisTvis da mcireazielisTvis saxeli “romaeli” ucnauri iqneboda; am saxelwodebiT is mianiSnebda Tavis mikuTvnebulobas udidesi kosmopolituri monarqiisadmi, romelic marTlmadidebeli basilevsis gvirgvinis qveS aerTianebda mTel civilizebul samyaros, yvela xalxsa da toms. asea Tu ise, isini arian memkvidreebi im keTildReobisa, romelic memkvidreobiT miiRes Zveli civilizaciisagan” (Рудаков А.П. Очерки византииской культуры по данным греческой агиографии. СПб, 1997, с.64-65). saxelmwifoTa zogadi ganviTarebis gza mainc saerToa Sua saukuneebis manZilze. marTalia, bizantiasTan didi saeklesio erTad, darCa ganxeTqilebis marTlmadideblur Semdeg saqarTvelo, sivrceSi, magram mas, rogorc saxelmwifos, bizantiis imperiisagan gansxvavebuli miznebi da amocanebi hqonda. am ukanasknelis mizans erTiani, qristianuli msoflio imperiis Seqmna da SenarCuneba warmoadgenda. saqarTvelos ganviTarebis gza, misi qveynebis miznebisa da ganviTarebas amocanebis (dasavleT Sesabamisad, evropis ufro daemsgavsa saxelmwifoebi), im romlebic Tavdapirvelad erTad iyvnen Sua saukuneebis civilizaciis saTaveebTan da SemdgomSi, saqarTvelos msgavsad, saxelmwifoebad daiwyes Camoyalibeba. evropel eTnikuri xalxebs niSniT Sua saukuneebis Camoyalibebuli damdegisaTvis saxelmwifoebi ar hqondaT da sakuTari damwerloba. Sua saukuneebis saxelmwifoebis ganviTarebis etapebi ufro xangrZlivi aRmoCnda. evropis saxelmwifoebma romis imperiidan gamosvlis gansxvavebuli etapebi gaiares. pirveli _ rodesac frankTa saxelmwifom TviTon gamoacxada Tavi romis memkvidred da karlos didma gvirgvini romSi ikurTxa; (konstantinopolidan, es iyo romelmac imperiis Tavi romis gadatana axali memkvidred romidan gamoacxada, rodesac IV saukuneSi bosforis sanapiroze gadmoitana romi, anu Seqmna qristianuli romi). romis gadmotanisa da didebuli romis memkvdreobis am tendenciis gamovlinebad SeiZleba CavTvaloT karlos didis mier imperatoris gvirgvinis dadgma. Tumca karloss maSinve ar gamoucxadebia Tavi romis imperatorad, igi amisaTvis Tanxmobas iTxovda axali romidan, bizantiisagan imperatorisagan, (es Tanxmoba Tumca man bizantiis mogvianebiT imperatorebi miiRo bizantiis arasodes Seguebian imperatoris titulis arsebobas maTi qveynis gareT). Cven es dasavleT romis sivrcidan gamoyofis pirvel etapad (aq igulisxmeba realuri Zalauflebis mqone qristianuli romi _ bizantia) miviCnieT, magram es gamoyofa ar momxdara eTnikuri niSniT, piriqiT, es gaxldaT axali romis imperiis Camoyalibeba dasavleTSi, anu Translatio imperii (imperiis gadatana), imperiis axali centris Seqmna. aqedan iwyeba evropis gayofa. iqmneba dasavleT evropa da safuZveli eyreba saeklesio ganxeTqilebasac. Cndeba ori politikuri centri _ ori imperatoris tituli da ori umaRlesi sasuliero xelisufleba: papi dasavleTSi, rogorc msoflio eklesiis Tavi, da konstantinopolis patriarqi, aRmosavleT evropis qristianTa winamZRvari, msoflio patriarqi. amis Semdeg, frankTa samefos daSlis Sedegad, TandaTanobiT yalibdeba erovnuli saxelmwifoebi. es procesi aRmosavleT evropaSi mimdinare procesis msgavsia: Tu aRmosavleTSi erovnuli saxelmwifoebi meTvalyureobiT bizantiis yalibdeboda, imperatoris dasavleTSi am rols garkveuli romis papi asrulebda. saqarTveloSi Sua saukuneebi iwyeba qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebis droidan, imperator konstantine didis xanaSi, mefe mirianis zeobis dros. qarTlsa da romis imperiaSi qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadeba Tanadrouli faqtebia. qarTuli Sua saukuneebi TandaTanobiT ufro da ufro dauaxlovda bizantiurs, rasac ganapirobebda isic, rom mis wanamZRvrebSi, msgavsad bizantiurisa, Warbobda elinisturi elementebi. iv. javaxiSvili xazgasmiT miuTiTebs “cxovelmyofeli elinurobis arsebobas” da gavlenas qarTul saistorio mwerlobaze. miuxedavad imisa, rom Cven naklebad gvaqvs am epoqis IV_VI ss.) saistorio wyaroebi, (adreuli Sua saukuneebis _ Cvenamde moRweuli hagiografiuli mwerloba, rogorc qarTuli, aseve berZnuli mainc mianiSnebs qarTuli kulturis siaxloves elinistur kulturasTan. miT ufro, am periodis arqeologiuri masalebi aSkaras xdis qarTuli kulturis kavSirs antikur samyarosTan. es garemoeba, iseve rogorc aRmosavleT romis imperiis ufro Zlieri politikuri gavlena saqarTveloze, vidre mas dasavleTis axladaRmocenebul barbarosul saxelmwifoebze hqonda, qarTuli Sua saukuneebis ganviTarebis gzas bizantiurTan aaxloebda. am politikur iranis gavlenas saxelmwifos ganapirobebda arseboba: saqarTvelos misi sazRvarze agresiisagan sasanuri Tavdasacavad saqarTvelos bunebrivi mokavSire bizantiis qristianuli imperia iyo. mogvianebiT nawilad iyofa, Sua saukuneebis romelTac erTiani bizantiursa civilizacia da dasavleT TandaTan or evropul Sua saukuneebs uwodeben. saqarTvelosTvis politikurad da geografiulad ufro axlos bizantiis imperia iyo da, amdenad, qarTul kulturas xSirad bizantiur civilizacias miakuTvneben. Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom dasavleTis qveynebsa da saqarTvelos ganviTarebis gzebs Soris arsebobda msgavseba. bizantiisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic imperia iyo, qarTvel da dasavleT evropis xalxebSi Sua saukuneebSi yalibdeba erovnuli saxelmwifo ideologia. romis imperiis saxelmwifoebi, aRmosavleTsa Tavdapirvelad da dasavleTSi mainc, Sedioda mdebare romis es imperiis SemadgenlobaSi. rogorc frankTa mefem xlodvigma, aseve ostrogoTebis mefem Teodorixma anastasi miiRes imperatoris saimperatoro xanaSi. ioane karis malalas moxeleebis titulebi gadmocemiT, iustine imperatoris mmarTvelobis dros lazTa mefe waTem aseve miiRo romis (bizantiis) imperatorisagan porfiris mosasxami da sxva samefo niSnebi. erTi romis periodis sxvadasxva imperiis saistorio teritoriaze wyaroSi aRmocenebuli damowmebuli axali cnobebi samefoebis mier bizantiis imperatoris uzenaesobis dadasturebis Sesaxeb niSania romis erTiani sivrcis SenarCunebisa da erTiani qristianuli romis arsebobisa. es faqtebi CvenTvis sainteresoa agreTve imdenad, ramdenadac qarTul istoriografiaSi arsebuli zogierTi mosazrebiT, qarTulma saxelmwifoebma qristianobis miRebiT dasavluri orientacia airCies. an kidev, VI saukuneSi egrisis mefis gubazis mokvlis Semdeg fartaZisa da aietis mier warmoTqmuli sityvebi warmodgenilia, rogorc qarTvelTa mier orientaciis damarcxebulia, gansazRvris mefe mcdeloba1. moklulia da iq saerTod, ucxo rodesac qveynis jari qveyana dgas, Tavisufali arCevanis gakeTebis Sesaxeb msjeloba Znelad warmosadgenia. Cven vfiqrobT, rom arCevani konkretuli omis Sedegad ver iqneboda miRebuli. kolxeTis warCinebulTa krebaze warmoTqmuli sityvebi ufro mniSvnelovani daskvnis gakeTebis saSualebas iZleva. dasaxelebuli gamosvlebidan Cans, ramdenad erTiania qristianuli sivrce da ramdenad mniSvnelovania is qarTvelebisaTvis. qarTvelebi Tavs aRiqvamen erTiani qristianuli samyaros nawilad. ase rom, SeiZleba gavakeToT ufro srulyofili daskvna: qarTuli Sua saukuneebi Camoyalibda, rogorc 1 am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ix.: javaxia b. goTebi da didi omianoba egrisSi. _ kulturis istoriisa da Teoriis sakiTxebi, XII, Tb., 2002. saerToevropuli fenomeni, ramdenadac saerTo evropuli anu qristianuli Sua saukuneebis civilizaciis msgavs wanamZRvrebs daefuZna. fartaZis sityvaSi1 gadmocemuli azri saqarTvelos bizantiasTan kulturuli Ciqovans. erTobis fartaZis “sazogadoebrivi gacnobierebis azriT, kanonebi, faqtad qarTvelebs aqvs dasaxelebuli bizantielebTan saxelmwifo wyoba da saerTo cxovreba”, n. aqvT “azrTa erTianoba”, sarwmunoeba, “wminda saidumloTa umwikvvloeba” da, saerTod, “mSobliuri wesebi”2. Sua saukuneebis qristianuli civilizaciis saerTo evropuli xasiaTi gamoTqmuli gvafiqrebinebs, mosazreba rom saqarTveloSi qarTul istoriografiaSi qristianobis ori sxvadasxva nakadis saxiT Semosvlis Sesaxeb ar unda iyos mTlad marTebuli. IV saukuneSi qristianobis berZnuli da siriul-palestinuri an somxuri nakadebis Camoyalibebuli saxiT arseboba, Cveni azriT, SeuZlebeli iyo, radganac qristianoba am droisaTvis jer kidev erTiani gaxldaT da misi saxelmwifo an nacionaluri mikuTvnebulobis Sesaxeb saubari naadrevia. rac Seexeba dasavluri qristianoba im saxis azrs, rom qristianoba, dasavleTSi (TviT, TiTqos am etapze es, TavisTavad, ase vTqvaT, arsebobda mcdaria, ukidures raime radganac dasavleTSic, magaliTad, galiaSi) gavrcelda aRmosavleTidan da am procesis saTaveSi sworedac aRmosavleTidan mosuli wminda mamebi idgnen. qristianobis dasavluri nakadi, anu qristianobis dasavluri saxe yalibdeba mogvianebiT, rasac iwvevs romis papis Camocileba bizantiis sivrcidan, dasavleTSi axali imperiis aRmoceneba karlos didis frankTa imperiis saxiT (Translatio imperii), aseve evropaSi qristianobis gavrceleba irlandieli berebis mier (Peregrinacio pro Christi _ yariboba qristesaTvis). 1 2 nawyveti fartaZis sityvidan: “SevswyromodiT sazogadoebriv kanonebs, romelTa dacva agviRia Cvens Tavze, da ase iolad Segvecvala mTeli saxelmwifo wyobileba da cxovreba. yvelaze cudi is iqneba, rom aseTi saqcieliT Cven SevbRalavT marTlmorwmuneobas da wmindaTa saidumlo umwikvloebas. aba, ras daemsgavseba Cveni saqcieli, Tu mivemxrobiT uzenaesi arsebis sastik mtrebs? Tu isini agvikrZalaven Cveni saRrmTo wesebis Sesrulebas da TavianT wesebze gadagviyvanen” (qarTuli mWevrmetyveleba. Zeglebi da masalebi. Sekriba, narkvevi win warumZRvara da saZieblebi daurTo n. kandelakma. Tb., 1958). Ciqovani n. saqarTvelos kulturuli raobada civilizaciuri kuTvnileba civilizaciaTa Teoriis konteqstSi. Tb., 2005, gv. 187. amdenad, IV saukuneSi qristianobis nakadebad warmodgena umarTebulod migvaCnia1. aseve umarTebulo unda iyos azri saqarTveloSi qristianobis aRmosavleT romidan Semosvlis Sesaxeb. yovel SemTxvevaSi, saqarTveloSi qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad aRiarebis dros aRmosavleT romis xseneba naadrevia. saqarTvelo Tavs, msgavsad sxva damoukidebeli evropuli saxelmwifoebisa, romis sivrceSi moiazrebda. warmarTuli romis imperiis ngrevis Semdeg, saqarTvelos gamaerTianebeli qristianoba xdeba, romelic saqarTvelos msoflmxedvelobrivad kidev ufro akavSirebs ara mxolod romis imperiis memkvidre bizantiasTan, aramed am axali imperiis SemadgenlobaSi nominalurad darCenil sxva xalxebTanac. saqarTvelos warmodgenaSi bizantiis, rogorc WeSmariti qristianobis damcvelis sivrceSi yofna ar unda iyos sadao. am sakiTxis Sesaxeb qarTuli da aseve berZnuli sailustracio wyaroebi savsebiT magaliTebad Tanxmdebian sakmarisia erTmaneTSi. saqarTveloSi ukve amis V-VI saukuneebidan mmarTveli wrisaTvis bizantiuri titulis miniWeba, rac dasturdeba rogorc dasavleT, aseve aRmosavleT saqarTvelos istoriis magaliTze. priske panionelis, agaTia sqolastikosis, ioane malalas, prokopi kesarielis Tu sxva berZeni istorikosebis SromebSi pirdapir aris dadasturebuli lazikis (egrisi) mefeTa bizantiis samefo karTan damokidebuleba, romlis Tanaxmadac lazikis mefeebi Tavs aRiareben bizantiuri qristianuli samyaros warmomadgenlad. priske panioneli aRwers leon I (457-475) mmarTvelobis dros lazikis mefis gubaz I Casvlas konstantinopolSi2. berZeni istorikosi Teofane mogviTxrobs 522 wels, lazebis mefis damnazes gardacvalebis Semdeg, misi vaJis waTes Casvlaze bizantiis imperator iustine I-Tan, sadac man miiRo samefo Rirsebis Sesabamisi patriciusis 1 saCuqrebi qaliSvili3. da colad prokopi SeirTo kesarielis konstantinopolis cnobiT, “lazebi am SemTxvavaSi ara gvaqvs saubari adrindeli mwvaleblobebis Sesaxeb, romelTac, rasakvirvelia, hqonda warmoSobis raime lokaluri mizezi. xSirad isini damokidebuli iyo aseve romelime sociumis ganviTarebis doneze an mis raime nacionalur mikuTvnilobazec (es sakiTxi SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc ganaTlebul qristianul sazogadoebaSi mimdinare qristologiuri davebis Sedegi). 2 priske panioneli. georgika, I, bizantieli mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, teqstebi TargmaniTurT gamosces da ganmartebebi daurTes al. gamyreliZem da s. yauxCiSvilma. Tb., 1961, gv. 259. 3 Teofane JamTaaRmwereli. georgika, IV, nakv. I, berZnuli teqsti s. yauxCiSvilis qarTuli TargmaniTurT da ganmartebiT. Tb., 1941, gv. 77-78. dasabamidan cxovroben kolxeTis miwaze, iyvnen romis mfarvelobis qveS ise, rom ar uxdidnen arafers, ase rom, xarkiT an raimeTi ar gamoxatavdnen morCilebas, mxolod maSin, rodesac gardaicvleboda mefe, romis basilevsi xelisuflebis niSnebs ugzavnida mas, visac unda mieRo taxti”1. agaTia sqolastikosis Tanaxmad, gubaz II Zma, romelmac egrisis taxti didi omianobis Semdeg daikava, cxovroda bizantiaSi. mis gamefebas lazebi sTxoven bizantiis imperator iustiniane dids (527-565)2. msgavsi magaliTebis moSvelieba SeiZleba qarTlis istoriidanac. qarTuli saistorio wyaroebi Seicaven cnobebs qarTlis bizantiasTan damokidebulebis Sesaxeb. mirian mefis monaTvlis dros, rogorc “qarTlis cxovrebis” teqstSia mocemuli, misi Zma MmZevlad yofila romSi3. am sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT sainteresod migvaCnia q. kakitelaSvilis naSromSi gakeTebuli daskvnebi VI-XI saukuneebSi qarTvelTa kulturuli TviTidentifikaciis Sesaxeb. avtori ioane sabanisZis abos wamebidan aRebuli frazis – “romelni ese varT yuresa amas qveynisasa” _ mixedviT askvnis, rom saqarTvelo bizantiuri kulturuli sivrcis nawilad moiazrebs Tavs4. qarTvelTa mier sakuTari Tavis erTian romaul sivrceSi aRqmis magaliTi unda iyos agreTve “moqcevai qarTlisais” gadmocema saqarTveloSi qristian moZRvarTa Camosvlis Sesaxeb. miuxedavad imisa, rom am dros saqarTvelosTan ufro axlo teritoriaze arsebobdnen qristiani mociqulebs episkoposebi, moZRvarTa qarTvelTa Camosayvanad. mefe konstantinopolSi “waravlina ninoisi saberZneTsa, mefisa konstantines mociquli agzavnis da wigni Txovad mRvdelTa. xolo igini mwrafl miiwines. da mosca mefeman iovane episkoposi da erTi diakoni da 1 Прокопий Кесарийский. Воийна с персами. СПБ., 1998, кн. 11, с. 105. 2 3 4 agaTia sqolastikos mogviTxrobs: “waTe gamogvigzavne, gubaz mefis umcrosi Zma, romelic amJamad bizantiaSi cxovrobs, raTa dacul iqnes mama-papuri wesi da Zveli samefo gvari Seuryvneli darCes” (bizantieli mwerlebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, t. III, gamosca s. yauxCiSvilma. Tb., 1936). qarTlis cxovreba, t. I., teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier. Tb., 1955, gv. 128. ioane sabanisZe. habos wameba. qarTuli mwerloba. Tb., 1987, gv. 459. kakitelaSvili q. sivrciTi orientacia – kulturaTa tipologizaciis safuZveli. disertacia istoriis mecnierebaTa kandidatis samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad. Tb., 2004, gv. 47. wigni elene dedoflisai da xati macxovrisai da Zeli cxovrebisai ninoisaTvis”1. igive wyaro Camoyalibebis mociqulni vaxtang gorgasalis mcdelobaze saberZneTad mier “xolo mogviTxrobs. da iTxova damoukidebeli mefisagan mefeman da eklesiis waravlina patriarqisagan kaTalikozi”2. konstantinopolidan saqarTveloSi Camovida ara mxolod moZRvari, aramed xuroTmoZRvaric, rac aseve mianiSnebs konstantinopolis primatis aRiarebas saqarTvelos mier, iseve rogorc amas aRiarebdnen mTel saqristianoSi. konstantine didis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli pirveli didi saeklesio mSeneblobani ierusalimsa da romSi. mirian mefis mier saqarTveloSi moZRvarTa gamosagzavnad konstantinopolisTvis mimarTva isedac ar unda iyos gasakviri. nikeis I saeklesio krebis (325) istoriidan Cans, rom imperatori konstantine didi am etapze qristianuli wesis ganmwesrigeblad gvevlineba. bizantiuri samyaros da misi imperatoris gavlena eklesiaze Semdeg periodSic didia. amis dasturia konstantine didis gardacvalebis Semdeg, ariozeli imperatorebis gamefebis dros, mTels bizantiur sivrceSi ariozelobis droebiT dakanoneba, rasac mohyva konfliqti aleqsandriis sapatriarqosTan; niSandoblivia aseve is faqti, rom goTebSi qristianoba ariozuli saxiT gavrcelda. amis mizezad gvevlineba is, rom rodesac goTebis episkoposi vulfila ekurTxa 340 wels, maSin imperiaSi ariozeli samRvdeloeba3 iyo gabatonebuli. romis moSvelieba imperatoris juanSeris primatis vaxtang dasadastureblad gorgaslis ramdenime cxovrebisadmi faqtis miZRvnili nawarmoebidanac SeiZleba. Cven mxolod ramdenimes davasaxelebT. vaxtang gorgasalis sizmris aRwera sruldeba imiT, rom bizantiis imperatori gadascems vaxtangs samefo gvirgvins: “da mihyo xeli keisarman, da miiRo gvirgvini juarisagan, damajerebels 1 2 3 4 xdis da daarqua mosazrebas ara vaxtangs mxolod Tavsa”4. ufro qarTvelTa metad bizantiuri moqcevai qarTlisai. Satberdis krebuli X saukunisa, gamosacemad moamzades b. gigineiSvilma da el. giunaSvilma. Tb., 1979, gv. 322. iqve, gv. 325. vfiqrobT, am TvalsazrisiT saWiroa aseve imperiis nacionaluri regionebis eklesiis istoriis kvleva. juanSeri. cxovreba vaxtang gorgasalisa. qarTlis cxovreba, t.I, gv. 168. orientaciis, aramed imperatoris, rogorc zogad qristianuli samyaros meTauris aRiarebis Sesaxeb. juanSeris istoriis Semdeg gverdebze gadmocemuli Txroba: “esreT ra ucalo iqmnes sparsni, maSin SeiTqunes yovelni erisTavni mociquli winaSe qarTlisani, berZenTa zemoni mefisa, da da qvemoni, iTxoves, da raTa wargzavnes uCinos mefe naTesavTagan mefeTa qarTlisaTa da raTa iyvnes erisTavni igi Tvis-Tvisa saerisTaosa Seucvaleblad. maSin keisarman aRasrula Txova maTi, da mosca mefed diswuli mirdatisi, vaxtangis Zisa, berZenis colisagan, romelsa erqua guaram, romeli mTavrobda klarjeTsa da javaxeTs”1. saqarTvelos sivrceSi, jer bizantiur kulturuli elinur sivrceSi. ganviTareba samyaroSi, Tumca igi Semdeg mimdinareobda romis Tavisi dasavlur imperiaSi ganviTarebis da yvela aseve etapze cdilobda damoukidebeli politikuri cxovrebis pirobebis Seqmnas da qmnida TviTmyofad kulturas, romlis zogadi faseulobani msgavsi iyo im xalxebis kulturisa, visTan erTadac igi qmnida Tavdapirvelad antikur, xolo SemdegSi qristianul kulturas. saqarTvelo, rogorc antikuri romis arsebobis xanaSi, aseve Sua saukuneebSic asrulebda Tavis politikur funqcias _ daecva romauli sivrce barbarosebisagan. misi funqcia mcvelisa. yovelTvis wminda ninos gamokveTilia, cxovrebaSi rogorc aris cnoba, kavkasiis romelic karibWis vaxtang gorgasalis mier am funqciis Sesrulebaze miuTiTebs: “daimorCila ovsni da yivCaRni da Seqmna karni ovseTisani da aRaSena mas zeda godoli da daayena mas zeda mcvelni maxlobelni misi adgilisani da uwoda mas karad darialisa, da aw Tvinier brZanebisa mefisa ver xel-ewifebis gamosvla ovsTa da yivCaRTa”2. is faqti, rom qarTvelebi romis sivrces barbarosi qarTvelebi xalxebisagan romaul icaven, sivrceSi TavisTavad moazrebian, mianiSnebs romelic imaze, IV rom saukunis damdegidan xdeba qristianuli. saqarTvelo rom Tavs evropul sivrceSi moiazrebs, amas adasturebs ioane sabanisZis kidev erTi cnoba, sadac pirdapir aris miniSnebuli, rom qarTvelebi qristianuli kulturis Camoyalibebis saTaveebTan moazrebian: “rameTu ara xolo berZenTa sarwmunoebai ese RmrTisamieri 1 2 juanSeri. cxovreba vaxtang gorgasalisa. qarTlis cxovreba, t.I, gv. 218. juanSeri. cxovreba vaxtang gorgasalisa.qarTlis cxovreba, t.I, gv 156. moipoves, aramed Cvenca, SorielTa amaT mkvidrTa, viTarca wamebs ufali da ityvis: “movidodian aRmosavleTiT da dasavleTiT da inax-idgmiden wiaRTa abrahamisTa, isakisTa, da iakobisTa”. aha esera qarTlisaca mkvidrTa aqvs sarwmuneobai da wodebul ars dedaT wmindaTa, romelTame TviT aqa mkvidrTa da romelTame ucxoTa da sxvaT mosrulTa Cven Soris Jamad-Jamad iesuis mier, uflisa Cuenisa, romlisai ars didebai ukuniTi amen”1. ukunisamde, is, rom qarTvelebi identifikacias qristianul civilizaciasTan axdenen, aseve naTelia ioane sabanisZis nawarmoebSi kavkasiis CriloeTSi mcxovrebTa daxasiaTebisas, rodesac is maT, rogorc araqristianTa Sesaxeb wers: “kac velur, saSinel piriTa, mxecis buneba, sisxlis mWamel, romelTa sjuli ara aqvs, garna RmerTi mxolod Semoqmedi ician”2. mogvianebiTac, maRal Sua saukuneebSi, roca barbarosebzea saubari, isini moixseniebian kavkasiis mTebis gadaRma. am mxriv sainteresoa jvarosanTa xanis evropel mogzaurTa, franciskanul da dominikanur sasuliero ordenebis wevrTa cnobebi, romlebic gogisa da magogis adgilsamyofels kavkasiis mTebs gadaRma moixsenieben. Sua saukuneebis saTaveebTan erTiani qristianuli sivrcis aRqmis dasturia mTel qristianul samyaroSi wmindanTa saerTo institutis arseboba, rac did ganxeTqilebamde gagrZelda. m. TamaraSvils Tavis wignSi moyvanili aqvs IV-VI saukuneebis dasavleTis didi moRvaweebisadmi miZRvnili qarTuli marTlmadidebluri wminda locvani. am masalidan CvenTvis ufro sainteresoa IV saukuneSi moRvawe pap silvestrisa, da aseve pap leon I-isadmi (V s.) miZRvnili locvani romelmac romi hunebis Semosevisagan ixsna. aseTive suraTi warmogvidgeba, Tu gadavxedavT qarTul saeklesio kalendars. romis memkvidreobaze sivrceSi sakuTari pretenziis Tavis gamocxadebas moazreba niSnavda. amave dros msgavsi romis pretenzia evropul qristianul sivrceSi Semaval yvela qveyanasa da xalxs hqonda. igive pretenzia romis memkvidreobisa gauCndaT frankebs karlos didis xanaSi. aseTi romis 1 2 pretenziebi hqondaT aRorZinebis xanis qveynebs, romlebic memkvidris titulis miRebisaTvis ibrZodnen. romis adrindeli feodaluri literatura, prof. k. kekeliZis redaqciiTa da gamokvleviT. tfilisi, 1935, gv.62. ioane sabanisZe, habos wameba. qarTuli mwerloba, t.I, Tb., 1987, gv 447. memkvidreobisaTvis brZolis nimuSia ruseTSi XV saukuneSi ganviTarebuli mesame romis Teoria. qarTul saxelmwifoSic igive pretenzia Cans maRal Sua saukuneebSi, e. w. qarTuli renesansis xanaSi. aRvniSnavT mxolod ramdenime faqtors. es aris, upirvelesad, imperiisadmi qarTvel wayenebuli berZnebs sayvedurobs qarTul saistorio mwignobarTa moTxovnebi, TavianT wyaroSi SromebSi rodesac giorgi bizantiis mTawmindeli gulzviadobas da ampartavnobas. saqarTvelos upiratesobis aseve Zebna. am periodSi Cndeba naSromebi, romlebic Zvel saistorio masalebSi eZeben cnobebs saqarTveloSi mociqulTa moRvaweobis Sesaxeb, am etapze iRebs saqarTvelos moiZiebs kaTalikosi istorikosi kaTalikos-patriarqis saqarTvelos samefo tituls. dinastiis am etapze RvTaebriv warmoSobas. es aris renesansis xana saqarTveloSi. renesansi ki ar SeiZleba warmovidginoT rodesac mxolod antikurobis msoflmxedveloba dogmatisagan; es aris, aRdgenad, gaTavisuflebulia rogorc J. le gofi an epoqad, qristianuli aRniSnavs, ara romSi dabruneba, aramed dabruneba abraamis wiaRSi, amqveyniur samoTxeSi, mama RmerTis samyofelSi. romSi dabruneba maTTvis niSnavda, ubralod, mis gadatanas, rodesac gadaaqvT umaRlesi xelisufleba da mecniereba. romis gadmotanis pirveli mcdeloba ganxorcielda konstantinopolis daarsebiT da is pirdapirac ase moixsenieboda _ axali romi. vfiqrobT, msgavsive movlena iyo saqarTveloSi maRali Sua saukuneebis xanaSi, rodesac qarTulma kulturam umaRles mwvervals miaRwia, qarTulma saxelmwifom bizantiuri udidesi politikuri saimperatoro karis gamarjvebebi titulebi. moipova romis da uaryo memkvidreobis, renesansuli gagebis pretenziis gamJRavnebad SeiZleba miviCnioT ioane SavTelis “abdulmesianis” strofi, romelSic avtori xotbas asxams im adgils, sadac unda daikrZalos Tavisi patroni: “axalo romo, SenTvis Tqves, romo ufros iqmneso myofTa yovelTa. vnatri eladsa, TviT mas gelaTsa, sad rom dakrZalven wmindaT sxeulsa1. 1 ioane SavTeli. abdulmesiani. Tb., 1937, gv. 50. ase rom, Sua saukuneebis daswyisSi saqarTvelo Tavis Tavs moiazrebs erTian msoflio qristianul samyaroSi, romlis Tavadac aRiarebs romis imperators, romlis adgilmonacvle mogvianebiT gaxda bizantiis keisari. # 3. dekemberi, 2005 weli. gv. daviT macaberiZe nacionalizmis saxeebi da kavkasiis Tanamedrove konfliqtebi (XX saukunis 8080-iani wlebis bolo 9090-iani wlebis dasawyisi) am naSromis mizania kavkasiis konfliqtebis ganxilva nacionalizmis WrilSi, am konfliqtebis (qarTvelebsa da afxazebs, qarTvelebsa da samxreT osebs, azerbaijanelebsa da somxebs, rusebsa da CeCnebs Soris mimdinare dapirispirebebis) konkretul saxeebTan da mimarTebis am gziT gansazRvra imis dadgena, nacionalizmis iyo Tu ara am konfliqtebis safuZveli eTnikur umciresobebSi nacionaluri ganwyobis gaZliereba, xolo Tavad konfliqtebi ki _ am procesis gamovlineba. Tavdapirvelad aucilebelia nacionalizmis arsis ganmarteba. nacionalizmi XIX-XX saukuneebis fenomenia, romelic moicavs erTianobis gancdas da romelic Zalze mniSvnelovania sazogadoebis mTlianobis SenarCunebisaTvis. Tanamedrove gagebiT, nacionalizmi gansazRvrulia rogorc jgufis an eris politikurad gacnobierebuli koleqtiuri qmedeba, mimarTuli mzardi teritoriuli avtonomiis suverenitetisaken. es gansazRvreba, vfiqrob, marTebulia an CemTvis saintereso sakiTxis _ kavkasiis konfliqtebis kvlevasTan mimarTebaSi. CrdiloeT gansakuTrebiT kavkasiis faqtoris mniSvnelovania gaTvaliswinebiT, nacionalizmisa fundamentalizmis urTierTmimarTebis aRniSvna. mxriv, islamuri fundamentalizmis da CvenTvis religiuri CrdiloeT kavkasia, erTi aRorZinebisa da gamococxlebis adgilad gvevlineba, meores mxriv ki, am regionSi Tavs iCens Zlieri nacionalisturi ganwyoba; am SemTxvevaSi gansakuTrebiT CeCneTi gvaqvs mxedvelobaSi. nacionalizmsa da fundamentalizms Soris mWidro kavSiri ganpirobebulia im faqtoriT, rom fundamentalizmi warmogvidgens detalur da konkretul samoqmedo programas, xolo nacionalizmi _ enasa da eTnikurobaze damyarebuli fenomenia, romelic momavlisTvis araviTar “gegmas” ar gvTavazobs. aqve davZenT, rom nacionalizmi gansxvavdeba regionalizmisagan. regionalizmi _ esaa erTianobis gacnobiereba im xalxis mier, romlebic saxelmwifos SigniT SedarebiT vrcel teritoriaze cxovroben. isini ar ayeneben teritoriuli suverenitetis sakiTxs. Tumca regionalizmma SeiZleba, zogjer stimuli misces gansxvavebuli erovnuli identurobis mqone jgufs, romelic iswrafvis saxelmwifosagan gamocalkevebisaken. axla ki uSualod gadavideT kavkasiis konfliqtebis ganxilvaze nacionalizmis ganvsazRvro WrilSi. maTi nacionalizmis am problemaze gamovlinebisa oTx konservatorul2, farTod da msjelobisaTvis gamomwvevi gavrcelebul eqspansiur3 Sevecdebi, mizezebis mimarTeba liberalur,1 tipTan: antikoloniur_postkoloniur4 da nacionalizmTan. sainteresoa, afxazeTis, oseTis, yarabaRisa da CeCneTis konfliqtebi nacionalizmis gamovlineba iyo, Tu gareSe _ umTavresad politikuri _ faqtorebiT inspirirebuli movlenebi? CeCneTis konfliqti kavkasiis konfliqtebis nacionalizmis WrilSi ganxilvas daviwyeb CeCneTis SemTxveviT, gansxvavebiT, romelic, ruseTis sxva SemadgenlobaSi konfliqturi ise Sevida, regionebisagan rom erovnuli saxelmwifo arasodes hqonia. Svedi mecnieri svante korneli Tavis wignSi “mcire erebi da didi saxelmwifoebi” aRniSnavs: TviTgamorkvevasaTan dakavSirebiT umciresobas, unda iTqvas, ramdenadac maT rom CeCnebi ara aqvT ar sxva warmoadgenen samSoblo; erovnul CeCneTi arc ruseTis ubralo provinciaa. saxelmwifoebriobis ararseboba ar yofila dabrkoleba sxva koloniebisaTvis TviTgamorkvevisaTvis brZolaSi. amrigad, arc CeCneTis SemTxvevaSi, CeCeni xalxis damoukideblobisaTvis brZolaSi iqneba is damabrkolebeli faqtori. Semdgom ki mkvlevari dasZens: 1 2 3 4 CeCneTs aqvs garkveuli safuZvlebi damoukideblobisaTvis, liberaluri nacionalizmi nacionalizmis uZvelesi formaa, romelic safrangeTis revoluciidan iRebs saTaves. liberaluri nacionalizmis ideebs vxvdebiT juzepe maZinisTan, agreTve Jan-Jak rusos naSromebSi. liberaluri nacionalizmis principebs daefuZna vudro vilsonis cnobili “14 punqti”. konservatoruli nacionalizmi mimarTulia ukve arsebuli eri saxelmwifoebis ganviTarebisaken da ara axlis mSeneblobisaken. misi mizania patriotizmisa da “erovnuli siamayis” ganmtkicebis gziT erovnuli erTianobis SenarCuneba. is nostalgiuri bunebisaa da mudam warsulis, gardasuli dReebis didebisa da triumfis gaxsenebazea orientirebuli. eqspansiuri nacionalizmi agresiul da militaristul elfers atarebs, rac ewinaaRmdegeba rwmenas eris TviTgamorkvevis Taobaze. mas axasiaTebs Sovinizmi, sakuTari eris upiratesobisa da dominirebis rwmena. aseT nacionalizms xSirad militarizmic sdevs Tan. antikoloniuriantikoloniuri-postkoloniuri nacionalizmi Tan mohyva 1945 wlis Semdeg dawyebul dekolonizaciis process. is dasavleTisa da yovelive dasavluris winaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli. radgan im dros, roca man damoukideblobis deklaracia gamoaqveyna, sabWoTa kavSiri ukve iSleboda1. CeCneTSi nacionalizmis aRorZinebasa da gaZlierebas gadasaxlebebis Semdeg CeCnebis TavinaT miwa-wyalze TandaTanobiTma dabrunebam Seuwyo xeli. am regionSi daiwyo mosaxleobam mkveTri zrda. amis Sedegad sabWoTa kavSirSi CeCnuri mosaxleoba 1959-1979 wlebSi TiTqmis gaormagda. amave dros, rusebis xvedriTi wili CeCneT-inguSeTis avtonomiur sabWoTa socialistur respublikaSi Semcirda mosaxleobis naxevridan mesamedamde. CeCnebis sasargeblod demografiuli suraTis cvlilebam ki xelsayreli politikis pirobebi Seqmna warmoebisaTvis. eris2 satitulo CeCnebSi mier nacionalizmis damoukidebeli aRorZinebas xeli Seuwyo agreTve CeCnuri enis Seviwroebam, rac mtkivneulad aRiqmeboda (CeCneTSi, garkveulwilad, lingvisturi nacionalizmic magram is sxva tipis nacionalizmiT gadaifara). identurobis CaxSobis yvelaze warmatebuli gamovlinda, ACeCnebisa da inguSebis mcdeloba ganaTlebaSi ganxorcielda, gansakuTrebiT, dawyebiT da umaRles skolebSi. sabWoTa kavSiris yvela avtonomiur respublikaSi arsebobda ori tipis skolas Soris arCevanis gakeTebis SesaZlebloba: 1. skola, sadac rusuli ena warmmarTveli iyo, mSobliuri ena ki _ ukana planze gadaweuli da 2. skola, sadac rusuli meoradi ena iyo da ganaTlebis miReba mSobliur enaze SeiZleboda. CeCneTi da inguSeTi am meore SesaZleblobas moklebuli iyvnen. CeCneTSi viTareba ukiduresad daiZaba reabilitaciasa da sabWoTa kavSirSi dawyebul perestroikas Soris periodSi. am dros CeCneTSi didi socialuri mRelvareba iyo. CeCnebisa da inguSebis sayovelTao imedgacruebam da iq mcxovrebi rusebis SiSma adilobrivi mosaxleobis mimarT didi daZabuloba gamoiwvia. 1958 wels groznoSi adgili hqonda ruseTis masStabiT erT-erT did socialur mRelvarebas: kerZo uTanxmoeba, romelsac msxverpli mohyva, gadaizarda eTnikur dapirispirebaSi; adgilobrivma rusebma CeCnebis kvlav centralur aziaSi gadasaxleba moiTxoves. 1 2 Cornell S. Small Nations and Great Powers (A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus). Curzon, 2001, p. 239. satitulo eri _ am terminiT moixsenieba is erebi, romelTa TviTdasaxeleba da maTi saxelmwifos saxelwodeba identuria (magaliTad, CeCnebi da CeCneTi). svante kornelis TqmiT, kavkasiis konfliqtebze dakvirveba da maTi urTierTSedareba cxadyofs, rom CrdiloeT kavkasiidan mxolod CeCneTs ZaluZda brZola avtonomiisaTvis. amas xels Semdegi faqtorebi uwyobda: CeCneTi mZafrad saukunis pasuxobda kavkasiuri omebi mis winaaRmdeg da meore Cadenil msoflio qmedebebs. omis XIX droindeli deportaciebi centralur rols TamaSobda CeCnebis SekavSirebaSi, rac maT saSualebas aZlevda, hyolodaT Zlieri, qarizmatuli da antirusulad ganwyobili lideri. garda amisa, Crdilo kavkasiis xalxebs Soris CeCnebi CeCneTi gansakuTrebiT mdidaria bunebrivi gamoirCevian resursebiT, rusebisadmi gaziTa da siZulviliT; navTobiT, rac ganasxvavebs mas sxva avtonomiuri regionebisagan; Tavisi resursebisa da baqo-novorosiiskis gaTvaliswinebiT, navTobsadenis CeCneTi CeCneTis potenciuri teritoriaze saxelmwifoa, TuU arsebobis is, 1991-1994 wlebis msgavsad, ar SeizRudeba ruseTis mier. ruseTisadmi dapirispirebis procesSi CeCneTSi ori ZiriTadi partia Camoyalibda: iandarbievi, CeCneTis ramdenime vainaxuri dudaevis demokratiuli ideologi pannacionaluri partia. da kongresi. sayuradReboa, partia (lideri CeCneTis am rom oris meore garda, yvela _ zelimxan prezidenti) aRmocenda maTgani da kidev islamuri an nacionalisturi orientaciis iyo. nacionaluri kongresis formireba 1990 wlis zafxulidan daiwyo. is iyo ZiriTadi organizacia, romelic aerTianebda nacionalistur dajgufebebs. maT msgavsi motivebi hqondaT: gaeerTianebinaT yvela nacionaluri demokratiuli Zala da zewola moexdinaT politikuri sistemis reformirebaze. suzan goldenbergis sityviT, dudaevi CeCneTis nacionaluri lideri mokle da STambeWdavi gamosvlebiT gaxda. Tu erTmaneTs SevadarebT samxreT kavkasiis saxelmwifoebs, aq postsabWoTa liderebi, ZiriTadad, am motiviT, kargi oratoruli gamosvlebiTa da nacionalisturi miswrafebebis simZafriT gamoirCeodnen. kongresze erT saintereso faqti moxda: misi mimdinareobisas dudaevma moiTxova respublikis struqturis Secvla, pirvel rigSi ki axali konstituciis Catareba respublikis saprezidento arCevnebis samomavlo daniSvna. statusis kongresis miReba, referendumis gansasazRvrad meore sxdomis da Semdeg dudaevma kontroli daamyara mTels CeCnur nacionalur moZraobaze, raTa is ufro radikalur moZraobad gardaeqmna. maT moiTxoves sabWoTa kontrolis gauqmeba da komunisturi partia, sxva struqturebTan erTad, koloniuri zewolis instrumentebad gamoacxades. es yovelive migviTiTebs, rom CeCneTSi arsebobda Zlieri antirusuli nacionalituri ganwyoba. amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ruseTis winaaRmdeg CeCnebis brZolas antikoloniur_postkoloniuri nacionalizmis saxe hqonda. is mimarTuli iyo ruseTisagan Seqmnisaken. 1992 saxelmwifos gamoyofisa da damoukidebeli saxelmwifos “iCqeriis” wlis yvela zafxulisaTvis niSani; CeCneTSi CeCneTs aRar hqonda iyo damoukidebeli rusuli droSebi da rusuli jari (es ganasxvavebda mas sxva postsabWoTa da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebisagan). dudaevi kargad iyenebda yurans. rodesac mas SeiaraRebuli opozicia daupirispirda, dudaevma yurani moiSvelia, romelic ramadanis TveSi muslimTa mier sisxlisRvras krZalavs, roTac oponentebis diskreditireba moaxdina, gamoacxada ra isini ruseTis momxreebad. rogorc vxedavT, islami yvelaze Zlieri politikuri da socialuri Zalaa CeCnur sazogadoebaSi. amrigad, CeCneTis SemTxveva nacionalizmisa da religiuri ZalTa fundamentalizmis organizeba CeCneTis rwmenis SemTxveva nazavs safuZvelze warmoadgens antikoloniuri-postkoloniuri warmoadgens: xdeba. religiuri aq mokled politikur rom vTqvaT, fundamentalizmisa nacionalizmis nazavs, da romelmac gadafara Tavdapirvel etapze gamovlenili lingvisturi nacionalizmi. MmTiani yarabaRis konfliqti kavkasiaSi kidev erT cxel wertils mTiani yarabaRis konfliqti warmoadgens, romelic azerbaijanSi arsebuli somxuri anklavis gamo warmoiSva azerbaijansa aqtualizdeboda kavkasiaSi da somxeTs ZalTa Soris. yoveli es gadajgufebis konfliqti dros _ dawyebuli ruseT-TurqeT-iranis omebiT, sabWoTa ruseTis mier 1919-1921 wlebSi amierkavkasiis aneqsiiT damTavrebuli. magram axla am epoqis movlenebis gaSuqebas ar daviwyebT da nacionalizmis WrilSi mxolod 1988-1990-iani wlebis aRsaniSnavia, rom movlenebis sabWoTa analiziT periodis SemovifarglebiT. yvela kampania, Tumca mimarTuli somxeTisTvis yarabaRis SeerTebisaken, ganixileboda rogorc reaqciuli nacionalisturi propaganda da maT sastikad uswordebodnen. 1983 wels somexma mweralma zori balaianma gamosca wigni, romelic azerbaijanSi aRiqves rogorc Turqebis, konkretulad ki, azerbaijaneli Turqebis diskreditireba. miuxedavad imisa, rom nacionalisturi, gaiara svante is korneli calsaxad aRniSnavs, SeiZleba rom am Sefasdes wignma, rogorc imdroindeli cenzura da gamoica. 1987 wlidan ki moskovisaken daiZra werilebi mTiani yarabaRis (sadac mosaxleobis did nawils azerbaijanelebi moTxovniT. “glasnostis” Seadgendnen) periodis somxeTTan protestebi SeerTebis ekologiuri usafrTxoebis moTxovniT gadaizarda mTiani yarabaRisa da naxWevnis somxeTisTvis gadacemis nacionalistur moTxovnebSi. yarabaRis somxebs imedi hqondaT, rom gorbaCovi maT sasargeblo gadawyvetilebas miiRebda, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom mas ramdenime somxuri warmoSobis mrCeveli hyavda. Tu davakvirdebiT, aqac nacionaluri faqtori ikveTeba. 1988 wlis TebervalSi gaaprotesta baqos avtonomiur olqSi. erevanSi gamarTulma kulturuli da s. aRniSnavs, korneli ekonomikuri rom demonstraciam politika erevanSi yarabaRis mowyobilma gamosvlebma nel-nela iredentizmis saxe miiRo. ar dagvaviwydes rom iredentizmi1 nacionalizmis erT-erTi saxe da gamovlinebaa. somxeTsa da azerbaijanSi 1980-iani wlebis miwuruls warmoSobilma opoziciurma moZraobebma nacionalisturi xasiaTi miiRo. maTi pirveli arakomunisti liderebi _ levon ter-petrosiani da abulfaz elCibei _ saxalxo frontebis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen, orive _ nacionalisturi orientaciis da orive _ mWidrod dakavSirebuli mTiani yarabaRis problemasTan, rac, bunebrivia, garkveulwilad am konfliqtis xasiaTs gansazRvravda. eTnikuri dapirispirebebi, romelTac adgili hqonda baqoSi, ganjaSi, sumgaiTsa 1 da somxebiT dasaxlebul sxva azerbaijanul regionebSi, iredentizmTan dakavSirebiT moviyvan amerikeli profesoris donald horovicis (Donald L. Horowitz) gansazRvrebas. misi TqmiT, iredentizmi _ es aris garkveuli regionis inkorporacia im saxelmwiofSi, romelTanac mas saerTo eTnosi akavSirebs da romelic mzadaa mis misaRebad. separatizmis saboloo mizania axali saxelmwifos warmoSoba, maSin rodesac iredentizmis mizania konkretuli jgufis “gadarCena”. mkvlevaris TqmiT, es ar aris ubralod aneqsia; SeerTeba am SemTxvevaSi eTnikur naTesaobas efuZneba. yarabaRsa da somxeTSi mimdinare eTnikuri dapirispirebebis gamoZaxili iyo. svante kornels ekuTvnis saintereso migneba somxur da azerbaijanul nacionalizmTan dakavSirebiT. misi TqmiT, isini erTmaneTs “ireklavdnen”, iseve rogorc silueti irekleba sarkeSi, ramdenadac maT arseboba mxolod urTierTdapirispirebis SemTxvevaSi SeeZloT. rogorc vxedavT, am konfliqtis safuZvels azerbaijanSi, mTian yarabaRSi mcxovrebi somxebis somxeTTan inkorporaciisaken miswrafeba warmoadgenda. es iyo eTnikuri nacionalizmis gamovlineba, romelsac TiTqosda iredentizmis saxe hqonda. Tumca, kavkasiis mTliani postsabWoTa viTarebisa da ruseTis faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT, me mainc postsabWouri sivrcis cnobili Tvalsazriss daveTanxmebi da eqspertis vityvi, nil rom makfarleinis es konfliqti eTnonacionaluri xasiaTis iyo. afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis konfliqtebi eTnonacionalizmis niSnebs unda amJRavnebdes, TiTqos, afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis konfliqtebi, magram aq aSkaraa sxva faqtorebis urTierTgadajaWva, ramac es momenti gadafara. unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvelo samxreT kavkasiis sxva qveynebisagan gansxvavdeba eTnikurad heterogenuli gareSe mosaxleobiT. faqtorebTan erTad, vfiqrobT, xeli aq konfliqtebis Seuwyo sabWoTa aRmocenebas, kavSiris daSlis Semdeg axladaRmocenebuli qarTuli nacionalizmis Taviseburebam. misi Camoyalibebis periodSi ar moiZebna forma da saSualeba umciresobebis rolisa da adgilis gasaTvaliswineblad da qarTul sazogadoebaSi maT CasarTavad. qarTvelebsa da erovnul umciresobebs Soris konfliqti gansakuTrebiT gamwvavda 1989-1991 wlebSi. aq mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa zviad gamsaxurdiam, romelmac Tavisi kampania afxazeTsa da samxreT oseTSi qarTvelebis uflebebze aago. Semdgomma politikam gaauaresa urTierTobebi erovnul daviTaSvili aRniSnavs, gamsaxurdiam xeli umciresobebTan. saqarTvelos Seuwyo rogorc pirvelma Sovinisturi batoni zurab prezidentma nacionalizmis zviad aRmocenebas, xolo postsabWoTa saqarTvelos mkvlevaris, amerikeli mecnieris, stiven jonsis daxasiaTebiT, gamsaxurdia Tavs miiCnevda qarTvel erovnul gmirad. es, bunebrivia, amZafrebda saqarTveloSi mcxovreb erovnul umciresobebSi nacionalizmis grZnobas. umciresobebi ewinaaRmdegebodnen gamsaxurdias xelisuflebis axal politikas, homogenizacias, gaqarTvelebas da gaqristianebas, miiCnevdnen ra mas Sovinisturad. kvazisaxelmwifoebrivi osebi da afxazebi, struqturebi, romelTac saqarTvelos hqondaT SemadgenlobaSi darCenas warmoudgenlad Tvlidnen. aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom qarTuli identurobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi komponenti lingvisturi identurobaa, xolo religia meore planzea gadaweuli. konfliqti Tavidan swored enis problemiT daiwyo. 1988 wlis kanons, romelic mRelvareba saqarTveloSi qarTuli enis poziciebs amyarebda, dasawyisSi, romelic mohyva afxazeTsa da samxreT oseTSi. oseTTan dapirispireba daiwyo 1989 wlis kanonTa omis saxeliTaa cnobili. es mohyva 1988 wlis kanons, romelic ganamtkicebda qarTuli enis poziciebs saqarTvelos teritoriaze. sapasuxod osebma moiTxoves, rom regionSi qarTuls, osursa da rusuls Tanabari statusi hqonoda, xolo SemdgomSi oficilur enad osuris gamocxadeba brZolis moisurves. amrigad, pirvel etapze SesaZlebelia, qarTuli rom damoukideblobis nacionalizmi lingvistur nacionalizmad daxasiaTdes. analogiur movlenebs hqonda adgili afxazeTSi. marTalia, afxazebsa da qarTvelebs Soris dapirispirebebi CaxSobil iqna sabWoTa periodSi, magram es mcdelobebi warmatebuli ar iyo. areulobebs hqonda adgili 1957 da 1967 sakonstitucio wels, isini reformis Riad dros. gamovlinda afxazebma es 1977 wels, gamoiyenes breJnevis da kampania gaaCaRes lingvisturi uflebebis mosapoveblad, Semdeg ufro Sorsac wavidnen da saqarTvelosagan gamoyofa moiTxoves. afxazebis lingvistur miswrafebebs amZafrebda is faqti, rom afxazeTSi moqmedebda qarTuli anbani, maSin rodesac sabWoTa kavSiris sxva erovnul umciresobebs hqondaT kiriliculi anbani. afxazeTSi yvela erovnul enaze moqmedi skola daxuruli iyo. rogorc afxazebTan, aseve osebTan, kompromisis miRweva SeuZlebeli iyo, radganac qarTvelebi afxazebsa da osebs ganixilavdnen ruseTis iaraRad saqarTveloSi viTarebis destabilizaciisaTvis, misi damoukideblobis sapirispirod. miuxedavad imisa, rom lingvisturi da kulturuli uflebebis moTxovnebi umciresobebis mxridan msgavsi iyo saqarTvelos da nacionalistebi qarTvelebis maT analogiuri legitimurad ar moTxovnebisa, miiCnevdnen. qarTveli amasTanave, unda aRiniSnos, rom am avtonomiur regionebSi rusuli ena TamaSobda did rols, da osebisa da afxazebis mier rusuli enis ZiriTad enad gamocxadebam gaaZliera qarTvelebis eWvi maT ukan ruseTis dgomisa da mxardaWerisa. SeiZleba iTqvas, pretenziebi rom Tavdapirvel saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi etapze osuri lingvisturi da afxazuri nacionalizmis farglebs ar scdeboda, magram rigi mizezebis gamo, is seriozuli konfliqtis SemTxvevaSi mizezad iqca. igulisxmeba saqarTvelos antikoloniuri ruseTi) xelisuflebam ver da postkoloniuri nacionalizmis talRaze gaiTvaliswina is didi (am awyobilma safrTxe, romelic am yovelives (afxazTa da osTa lingvisturi uflebebisaTvis brZolis) ukan imaleboda. amasTanave, afxazebisa da osebis moqmedebebi, SeiZleba daxasiaTdes rogorc separatistuli nacionalizmi, romlis calsaxa mizania qveynidan gamoyofis Semdeg sruli damoukideblobis miRweva. MDEG daskvna dasasruls, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom es konfliqtebi, ZiriTadad, kavkasiis respublikebSi mcxovrebi satitulo erovnuli umciresobebis mxridanaa inspirirebuli gareSe Zalebis seriozuli monawileobiT. am konfliqtebSi monawile mxareebis pozicia SeiZleba daxasiaTdes, erTis mxriv, rogorc umciresobebi), nacionalizmi erovnuli eTnonacionaluri xolo meores (magaliTad, saxelmwifoebis (mxedvelobaSi mxriv, saqarTvelo), ganviTareba, gvaqvs rogorc romlis eTnikuri konservatoruli mizania patriotizmisa da siamayis” ganmtkicebis gziT erovnuli erTianobis SenarCuneba. arsebuli “erovnuli # 3. dekemberi, 2005 weli. gv. SoTa KxinCagaSvili kavkasiis muslimuri sazogadoebebi tranziciis periodSi (kvlevis mizani, mniSvneloba da Teoriuli safuZvlebi) sakvlevi problema. naSromis mizania kavkasiis regionis muslimur sazogadoebebSi sabWoTa politikuri sistemis daSlis Semdeg mimdinare procesebis mimoxilva da gaaanalizeba. Cveni interesis sagania aseve regionis muslimi momxdari mosaxleobis ZiriTadi sazogadoebrivi ideologiur cvlilebebi, cxovrebis sxva maTi da sulier Sedegebi mxareebTan. cxovrebaSi da pirvel mimarTeba rigSi, saWiroa mkafiod gamoikveTos amgvari kvlevis aqtualuroba, ganisazRvros misi Teoriuli da meTodologiuri safuZvlebi. muslimi mosaxleoba, sxva regionebis msgavsad, sxvadasxvagvarad aris ganawilebuli kavkasiis sxvadasxva politikur-administraciul erTeulSi. regionis TiToeuli sazogadoebis socialuri, politikuri da sulieri cxovrebis islamis” xasiaTis kvlevisas gansxvavebuli gaTvaliswinebiT, amjerad SemovfargluliyaviT, amJRavneben ganviTarebis, erTmaneTTan. islamisa da naSromSi ganxiluli mizanSewonilad CrdiloeT romlebic es socialuri SedarebiT identurobis is “adgilobrivi CavTvaleT kavkasiis saSualebas iqneba aseve respublikebiT mniSvnelovan mogvcems, mTliani sazogadoebebi, Cveni msgavsebebs warmovidginoT regionuli sadac suraTi. muslimebi an umravlesoba warmoadgenen, an mniSvnelovan rols asruleben da gavlenas axdenen vuvliT arsebul sociokulturul saqarTvelosa umciresobebis, aseve da garemoze. somxeTis azerbaijanis amgvarad, respublikebis, SemTxvevis Cven maTi ganxilvas, gverds muslimi sadac, politikuri da sxva faqtorebis gamo, tranziciis periodSi sulier sferoSi momxdar cvlilebebs specifikuri xasiaTi aqvT. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT Taviseburebasa da istorias, regionSi SeuZlebeli muslimuri iqneba sarwmunoebis gverdi avuaroT TiToeuli respublikis mniSvnelovan politikur procesebs, rac Cveni analizis safuZveli iqneba: 1) religiuri cxovrebis dinamika: ra gavlena iqonia da rogor ganapiroba postkomunisturma epoqam da misma gamowvevebma tradiciuli, xangrZlivad arsebuli muslimuri sarwmunoebis Tanamedrove saxis Camoyalibeba kavkasiaSi; ramdenad sicocxlisunariani da aqtiuri iyo islami ukanasknel wlebSi misi mimdevrebis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi (amis garkvevaSi dagvexmareba religiurobis xarisxis amsaxveli faqtobrivi da statistikuri monacemebi). aseve SevecdebiT ganvixiloT, arsebobs Tu ara saerTo religiuri tendenciebi yvela muslimuri sazogadoebisaTvis, islamisa da postkomunisturi transformaciis zogadi regionuli nimuSi. meores mxriv, SevecdebiT, gamovavlinoT da avxsnaT arsebuli gansxvavebebi. 2) islamis ganviTarebaSi: roli Cven TviTSegnebis kavkasiis xalxTa ganvixilavT fenomens, aseve postsabWoTa muslimi identurobis kavkasielebis kulturuli (eTnikuri) erovnuli da religiuri identurobebis urTierTmimarTebas _ SevadarebT warsulSi arsebul da Tanamedrove situacias. SevecdebiT aRvweroT mniSvnelovani da rTuli urTierTdamokidebuleba, erTis mxriv, islamsa da mis “sasuliero fenas”, xolo meores mxriv, axladaRmocenebul politikur elitebsa da maT konkretul miznebs Soris. mniSvnelovania imis garkveva, warmoadgenda Tu ara islami samoqalaqo romliTac xdeboda formireba, Tu gansazRvravda xelisuflebis postsabWoTa adgilobrivi am religiis socialur-politikur epoqis islamis aqtiur movlenebSi, xelSi im ZiriTad “axali identurobebis” auTenturi buneba monawileobas agreTve mis faqtors, Tavad mniSvnelovan damokidebulebas dasaxelebuli sazogadoebebis “civilizaciur arCevanTan” _ kulturul orientaciasTan. kvlevis procesSi gamoyenebuli cnebebis samuSao gansazRvrebebi da kvlevis meTodologia. meTodologia. pirvel rigSi, ganvsazRvroT is cnebebi, romelTac kvlevisas gamoviyenebT. CvenTvis ZiriTadia identurobis cneba. identuroba aris adamianis fsiqologiuri warmodgena sakuTar “me”-ze, rogorc subieqturad aRqmul mTlianobasa da individualurobaze, romlis meSveobiTac pirovneba sakuTar Tavs aigivebs garkveul tipologiur kategoriasTan (saxelmwifo, socialuri statusi, kultura, erovneba, asaki, sqesi, profesia da a.S.). Tavad procesis, dinamikis aRsaniSnavad amjerad ufro mosaxerxebeli iqneba, gamoviyenoT termini identifikacia. is yuradRebas amaxvilebs identurobis dinamiur dazustebisa da sazogadoebis gansazRvris konkretul (institutebTan). mkvlevrebi dRes rolebis aTvisebas1. kulturulad da subieqtis procesze, jgufTan da da TiToeuli socialurad Tavisi sakuTari gulisxmoben miRebasa mier mimarTebaze da institutTan socialuri fsiqologiis individis adaptacias, individi kuTvnilebis me-s (jgufebTan) sociologebi identifikaciaSi socialuri modelebis xasiaTze, socializacias, sociokulturuli socializaciis gansazRvruli statusebis procesSi, SeTvisebiT, iTvisebs socialur identurobas. amgvarad, socialuri identuroba _ es aris yvela im statusis erTianoba, romlebic individs gansazRvravs2. aRsaniSnavia ori gaviTvaliswinoT mniSvnelovani identurobisa momenti, da romelic identifikaciis unda fenomenTan dakavSirebiT: a) TviTidentifikacia xandaxan SeiZleba ar emTxveodes identifikacias; b) identurobis dinamikis garkvevisas mniSvnelovania identifikaciis dakargva da cvlileba, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu SevecdebiT im sazogadoebebSi mimdinare procesebis axsnas, romlebic sociokulturuli garemos mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs mogvianebiT SevexebiT identurobis krizisis sakiTxsac. ganicdian. Y sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebisaTvis cnobili kategoriebidan CvenTvis amjerad sainteresoa religiuri da kulturuli identurobis cnebebi. met-naklebad naTelia, Tu ras gulisxmobs religiuri identuroba. rac Seexeba kulturul identurobas, is SeiZleba gavigoT, rogorc im “mSobliur, lokalur kulturasTan” mikuTvnebulobis sinonimi, romelic moicavs regionSi xangrZlivad damkvidrebul rwmenebsa da faseulobebs, da, CrdiloeT kavkasiis SemTxvevaSi, tradiciul muslimur swavlebas. amgvarad, gamyofi mijna gadis “tradiciul” (adgilobrivi kulturuli faseulobebis nawili) da identurobebs Soris. aseTi diqotomia “adaTi” da “transnacionalur” gayofa “SariaTi”, ufro romelic (globalur) religiur mizanSewonilia, SezRudulia vidre CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi caristuli/sabWoTa ruseTis politikis cnebaTa CarCoebiT. 1 2 Культурология XX Век. Энциклопедия. Т.1, СПб., 1998, с.238. Tischler H.L. Introduction to Sociology, The Harcourt Press, 2002, p.3. sakiTxis simwvave da misi Seswavlis mniSvneloba mravalma mizezma ganapiroba. rogorc zemoT iTqva, pirovnebis identuroba mis mier erTdroulad sxvadasxva socialuri rolis SesrulebaSi gamoixateba. es statusebi Camoyalibda pirovnulobis Tavdapirveli ganviTarebisa da damkvidrebis dros, magram isini erTxel da samudamod damkvidrebuli ar aris. statusTa termini erToblioba aRniSnavs yvela im statuss, romelsac konkretuli pirovneba atarebs mocemul momentSi. statusi SeiZleba iqnes miwerili (socialuri pozicia, romelic TavisTavadaa miRebuli dabadebisas, an cxovrebis Semdgom etapze _ romelsac individi saerTod ar irCevs, an romlis arCevis mcire SesaZlebloba aqvs), miRweuli (socialuri statusi, romelic nebayoflobiTaa SeZenili da asaxavs pirovnuli SesaZleblobisa da Zalisxmevis xarisxs) da a.S.1 individis mier sociokulturuli nimuSebis, normebis, faseulobebis aTviseba da gaziareba, sakuTari adgilis damkvdreba ar aris erTgvarovani procesi da garkveuli cvlilebebiTac xasiaTdeba. amasTan dakavSirebiT mecnierebi SesaZleblobas. am gamoyofen kriziss identurobis xSirad dakargvis, ganapirobebs Selaxvis sociokulturuli garemos mkveTri Secvla. rodesac individis maidentificirebeli rolebi icvleba drosa da sivrceSi, iwyeba krizisi, Cndeba sakuTari Tavis xelaxla aRmoCenis, TviTdamkvidrebis mtkivneuli problema. am procesma SeiZleba masStaburi xasiaTi miiRos. igive cneba Seesabameba xalxis did jgufebs, sazogadoebas, romelic sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis, socialuri da politikuri organizaciis Zireuli gardaqmnis procesSia. sociologiuri azrovnebis pirvelive wlebidan mecnierebi SeTanxmdnen, rom pasuxismgeblobis zrda da arCevanis Tavisufleba (aucilebloba), swrafadcvalebadi garemos fonze, iwvevs SfoTvas da, xSirad, frustracias. am TvalsazrisiT, naTeli xdeba sabWoTa mentalobis magaliTi. aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi sabWoTa kavSiris moqalaqeebi met-naklebad daculad grZnobdnen Tavs, maTi mikuTvnebuloba gansazRvruli iyo. mravali areulobis, sisxlisRvrisa da adamianis uflebebis Selaxvis miuxedavad, sabWoTa politikurma elitam saganmanaTleblo sistemaSi aqtiuri 1 propagandiT, mediisa da yoveldRiuri Macionis J.J. Sociology. 1987 by Prentice-Hall Inc., p.123. cxovrebis cenzuriT moaxerxa, totalitarul reJimSi mcxovreb “sabWoTa moqalaqeobis” gancda _ xalxSi SegrZneba Camoeyalibebina imisa, rom isini miekuTvnebodnen sabWoTa supersaxelmwifos da daculi iyvnen mis mier. “sabWoTa cxovrebis gza” Zalzed mkafio iyo, uzrunvelyofda imas, rom wlebis manZilze ar Cndeboda kiTxvebi, cvlilebebi da eWvi mis faseulobebTan dakavSirebiT. warumatebeli “perestroikis” Semdeg kavkasiis xalxebma aRmoaCines, rom iyvnen sruliad “aramyari axali da saxelmwifoebis ucnobi iyo SemTxveviTi maTTvis. Zveli moqalaqeebi”, konstruqcia rac aRar muSaobda, magram ra unda Canacvleboda mas, jer ar iyo naTeli da arc ganixileboda xalxis mier, am problemaze mxolod centraluri da, xandaxan, adgilobrivi elitebi msjelobdnen. amgvarad, rodesac identurobebi daSlisa da dezintegraciis pirasaa, Tavs iCens socialur-fsiqologiuri krizisi, rac uzrunvelyofs axali identurobebis gaZlierebas _ xelaxla konstruirebasa da Seqmnas. es ganpirobebulia identurobis meqanizmis funqciuri mniSvnelobiT _ is arsebiT rols kulturuli TamaSobs tradiciuli tradiciebis socialuri SenarCunebasa da struqturebisa gadacemaSi; da aseve mniSvnelovania misi roli politikaSi. mesame procesis msoflioSi msgavsad, dekolonizaciis sabWoTa Sedegad socialisturi dawyebuli procesis respublikebis kavSiris daSlis Sedegad Camoyalibda eri-saxelmwifoebi (Tumca zogierTi maTgani ar iyo srulad damoukidebeli), bundovani da daudgeneli sazRvrebiT, romlebic kveTdnen gansxvavebul, dapirispirebul eTnosebs. es ukanasknelni eswrafodnen TavianTi jgufis interesebisa da kulturuli memkvidreobis sistemisa da dacvas. eTnikurma misi jgufebma, romelTac politikuri memkvidreobis hqondaT Zveli pirobebSi arsebobis mtkivneuli gamocdileba, aRmoaCines, rom postsabWoTa epoqis sazRvrebi ufro uryevi da myari iqneboda, vidre adre, saerTo administraciis arsebobis dros kontaqtis nebismier problema, romlis socialistur iyo. isini SesaZleblobas, pirispir naciebs” hqondaT avtonomiis amgvarad, da isini sxva dabali done da dakargavdnen “naTesavebTan” es is iqneboda aRmoCndebodnen. eTnosebs da moskovis umTavresi yofil mier “sabWoTa miniWebuli maT mier sakuTari “erovnuli interesebis” gansazRvra, umetes SemTxvevaSi, upirispirdeboda sxva jgufis interesebs da eTno-politikur doqtrinebs. XX saukunis gansakuTrebiT bolos mTeli rigi saxelmwifo/samoqalaqo identurobebisa doneze. daingra, aseT krizisul, gardamaval periodebSi gansakuTrebiT xSiria identurobis erTi tipis meoriT Canacvleba, rogorc wesi, axladSeqmnili elitebis xelmZRvanelobiT. es sakmaod swrafad xdeba. erT mSvenier dRes sabWoTa kavSiris moqalaqem aRmoCina, rom mas unda aerCia erT-erTi _ yvelaze mniSvnelovani da yvelaze faseuli _ statusTa mTeli wyebidan (tomobrivi, eTnikuri, religiuri, nacionaluri). yovelive amis Sedegad, dezintegraciis rTul periodSi kavkasielebs unda gadaewyvitaT, Tu ris mimarT yofiliyvnen loialurni, visTvis emsaxuraT _ qveynisaTvis, romelsac politikuri statusi avtomaturad hqonda miRebuli memkvidreobiT adrindeli wyobilebis daSlisa da zesaxelmwifoTa saerTaSoriso politikuri SeTanxmebis Sedegad, Tu maT unda ganesazRvraT da daemkvidrebinaT miznebi _ ZiriTadad, ganuxorcielebeli _ metwilad, Zveli reJimis wyalobiT. eTnikuri da religiuri suraTi kavkasia lingvisturad da kulturulad erT-erTi yvelaze mravalferovani regionia dedamiwaze. igi, Cveulebriv, iyofa CrdiloeT da samxreT nawilebad. “CrdiloeT kavkasia” xSirad gamoiyeneba istoriuli an geopolitikuri cnebis saxiT, oficialur rusul enaSi “CrdiloeT kavkasiis samxedro olqis” dResdReobiT ekonomikuri regionisa” aRsaniSnavad. ruseTis da CrdiloeT federaciis “Crdilo kavkasiis kavkasiis iurisdiqciis qveS eTnosebi (samxreTis federaluri olqi) cxovroben. aq eqvsi respublikaa: adiRes respublikisa da CrdiloeT oseTis respublikis garda, avtonomiebis mosaxleobis umravlesoba muslimia. bunebrivia, eTnikuri jgufebi aucileblad im administraciul erTeulebSi ar cxovroben, romlebic maT saxels atarebs; yvela administraciuli erTeuli dasaxlebulia erTze meti eTnikuri jgufiT (umTavresad, rusi umciresobebiT). kavkasiis samxreTi nawili cnobilia rogorc amierkavkasia, sadac sami damoukidebeli saxelmwifoa: saqarTvelo, somxeTi da azerbaijani. azerbaijanis respublikaSi, damoukidebloba 1991 wlis romelmac 30 agvistos sabWoTa moipova, kavSirisagan muslimebi mTeli mosaxleobis 96% Seadgenen1. kavkasia yovelTvis iyo kulturebisa da civilizaciebis gadakveTisa da Sexvedris adgili. saxlia. aq ZiriTadad es regioni aTeulobiT enisa da eTnikuri jgufis warmodgenilia rusuli oTxive msoflio religia: qristianoba _ orTodoqsuli eklesiis, qarTuli orTodoqsuli eklesiisa da somxuri samociqulo orTodoqsuli eklesiis saxiT. aq aseve gvxvdeba ramdenime mcire kaTolikuri da protestantuli jgufi. islamic araerTgvarovani saxiTaa warmodgenili: Siitur ganxras yvelaze mravalricxovani (eTnikuri sunituri mimdevrebi hyavs azerbaijanSi azerbaijanelebi, aseve TaliSebi ganxra umravlesobaSi, Zlieria agreTve Tu CrdiloeT aWarasa da _ mosaxleobis 75% sxva umciresobani). kavkasiis mosaxleobis afxazeTSi; misi mimdevaria azerbaijanis mosaxleobis 25%, CrdiloeT oseTis respublika alaniis mosaxleobis 20-30% (digoreli osebi). iudaizmis mimdevrebi warmodgenili arian saqarTvelosa da azerbaijanSi mcxovrebi ebrauli TemebiT da TaTebis mcirericxovani jgufiT CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi. tibeturi budizmis mimdevrebi arian yalmuxebi. yalmuxeTis respublika mdebareobs ruseTis federaciis samxreT federalur olqSi da igi erTaderTi budisturi respublikaa evropaSi. yalmuxebs, specialur literaturaSi xSirad arc moixseniebian kavkasiaSi mcxovrebTa Soris, Tumca maT (122 000 mosaxle) mWidro urTierToba aqvT samxreTel mezoblebTan _ daRestnis xalxebTan. kavkasiuri kavkasiuri islami. islami. islams Zalzed specifikuri saxe hqonda CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, riTac is gansxvavdeboda axlo aRmosavleTis muslimuri sazogadoebebisagan. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, islamisaTvis SeuZlebeli iqneboda misTvis ucxo sazogadoebaSi SeRweva, Tu igi absoluturad uaryofda adgilobriv TvalsazrisiT, sufizmi rwmena-warmodgenebsa efeqturi iaraRi da iyo. wes-Cveulebebs. igi am warmoadgenda Serbilebul versias, romelic erwymoda saerTo tradiciebs, iseTebs, rogoricaa islamamdeli miTebi da kerpebi, winaparTa kultebi da gmirebi; iRebda da iwynarebda tomobrivi, klanuri urTierTobebis mraval 1 azerbaijanis mTeli mosaxleoba 7.912 aTas kacs aRwevs (2005). ix. CIA the World Factbook. elements1. faqtobrivad, religiis masebSi CrdiloeT gavrceleba kavkasiis SesaZlebeli saboloo gaxda islamizacia, mxolod tarikas saSualebiT; esaa muslimuri saZmo, romelic mxolod islamis sufistur mimdinareobas axasiaTebs. nakSbandia, kadiria. mTavari sufiuri religiuri ordenebi, romelTac safuZveli Caeyara otomanTa imperiis centraluri CrdiloeT aziis stepebsa teritoriebze XV da, gansakuTrebiT, saukuneSi, cnobili iyvnen nakSbandiis2, kadiriisa3 da sxva saxelebiT. CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, TurqmeneTis stepebsa da centraluri aziis ferganis velze sufizmis warmomadgenelTa ruseTis umravlesoba dampyrobluri arasdros politika yofila masobriv asketi. saxalxo iq, sadac winaaRmdegobas awydeboda, sufiuri saZmoebi ZiriTad rols TamaSobdnen sabrZolvelad darazmvasa da winaaRmdegobis organizebaSi4. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sufizmi kavkasiaSi ar iyo “paraleluri islami”. is iyo realurad xalxSi arsebuli da gavrcelebuli islamis forma. pirveli sufistebi kavkasiaSi gamoCndnen XI saukuneSi, aqedan moyolebuli, is sul ufro da ufro Rrma fesvebs idgamda Crdilokavkasieli mTielebis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. XIX saukunis moixsenieba rusebma Sua tarikatis uwodes winaaRmdegobas; xanebSi saxeliT nakSbandia _ damamcirebeli Crdilokavkasielebis aq muslimuri miuridizmis saxelia, (zogjer romelic liberalur-antikoloniur organizaciebi gadamwyvet rols TamaSobdnen) ideologiur safuZvlad iqca. amgvarad, kavkasiuri islami tradiciuli, araseqtanturi, regionuli specifikis mqone ordenuli Stoa, romelic is, ZiriTadad, ori tarikatis saxiT gvxvdeba _ nakSbandiisa (da misi ganStoeba Sadiliis) da kadiriis. 1 igive SeiZleba iTqvas bosniis, indoneziis, indoeTisa da centraluri aziis sazogadoebebze. 2 nakSbandia erT-erTi yvelaze farTod gavrcelebuli sufiuri ordenia muslimur samyaroSi. is fiqsirdeba dedamiwis mraval nawilSi: indoeTSi, pakistanSi, TurqeTSi, balkaneTsa da dasavleT da aRmosavleT afrikis umetes nawilSi. nakSbandia saukuneebis manZilze islamis tradiciuli forma iyo daRestnelebisaTvis da aseTadve rCeba dResac. 3 kadiriis ordenis cnobili warmomadgenlebi arian Seix abdul-qadir al-jaziri, romelic saTaveSi edga alJirelTa brZolas franguli kolonializmis winaaRmdeg, da Seix uTman dan fodio, romlis mimdevrebma gaamahmadianes dasavleT afrikis udidesi nawili da CrdiloeT nigeriaSi daafuZnes sokotos sasulTno. 4 Benningsen A. and Wimbush S.E. Sufism in Chechnya, from Mystics and Commissars: Sufism in the Soviet Union., C. Hurst and Company, London, 1985. nakSbandiis ordenis fuZemdeblad iTvleba Suaazieli muhamed baha al-din al-nakSbandi (1328-1389), romlis moZRvrebam XVI-XVII saukuneebSi cvlilebebi Semovida. ganicada igi da TurqeTSi Semoitana CeCnebis gavrcelebis pirvelma Semdeg erovnulma kavkasiaSic gmirma Seix mansurma. CeCen-daRestnelTa winaaRmdegobis gatexvis Semdeg es ordeni fexs CerqezeTSi ikidebs. ukanaskneli kvali 1917 Tanamedrove w. revoluciis ruseTis dros teritoriaze misi TaTar-baSkireTSi Cans. CrdilokavkasielTa erovnul-gamaTavisuflebel moZraoba da TurqeTis, iranis, ruseTisa da safrangeTis geopolitikuri interesebis Sejaxeba kavkasiaSi XIX saukuneSi safuZvlianad Seiswavla Tel-avivis universitetis profesorma moSe gamerma. CrdiloeT kavkasiisa da ruseTis imperiis sxva xalxebis, aseve somxeTis, saqarTvelos, fineTisa da sxva qveynebis saarqivo masalebis Seswavlis safuZvelze mecnierma daaskvna, rom regionSi sufizmis gavrcelebasa da mebrZol Zalad mis Camoyalibebas myari niadagi swored carizmis politikam Seuqmna. islamis saxe da, kerZod, sufizmi Zalzed sainteresoa kavkasiuri omebis periodSi, ramdenadac Cven SegviZlia garkveuli paralelebi gavaloT Tanamedrove situaciasTan. yazi-muhamadisa da hamzat-begis Semdeg Samili gaxda daRestnisa da CeCneTis mesame imami, romelmac aRmosavleT kavkasiis mTielebi Teokratiul-samxedro saxelmwifo _ imamatSi gaaerTiana. es ukanaskneli termini xSirad orazrovania, aRniSnul saxelmwifoSi religiis rolisa da adgilis gamo. am periodSi islamis saxis gageba metad mniSvnelovania CvenTvis, magram radganac es ar aris Cveni kvlevis ZiriTadi sagani, Cven mas mokled mimovixilavT. sufiuri warmomavlobis Samili metad mkacri iyo da iziarebda iwynarebda aranair radikalur orTodoqsul Sexedulebebs. is ar “bidda”-s (siaxles)1, rac sufizmisa da zogadad, cxovrebis tradiciuli gzis damaxasiaTebeli iyo. meores mxriv, sxva religiebTan mimarTebaSi is Zalzed liberaluri iyo da arasdros ewinaaRmdegeboda (xandaxan iniciatoradac ki gamodioda) qristianebTan TanamSromlobas. TavianTi magaliTad, orTodoqsuli man eklesiebi neba misi darTo kazakebs, mfarvelobis aeSenebinaT qveS, qarTvel aristokratebs mouwodebda ruseTis agresiis winaaRmdeg saerTo frontis 1 magaliTad, Rvinis sma, Tambaqos weva, tradiciuli musika, cekva... Camoyalibebisaken. ufro mebrZolebi, finansuri amgvarad, misi SegviZlia metic, imamatis armiaSi administratori vTqvaT, rom “Sida” ki iyvnen kaTolike ebraeli gaxldaT. simkacre gamowveuli iyo sxvadasxva tomis mtkiced da organizebulad SekavSirebis aucileblobiT saerTo xelmZRvanelobis qveS (rac sakmaod mZime amocana iyo imamatis mTeli manZilze)1, arsebobis da ara swavluli muslimi sasuliero pirebisa da Zmobis wevrebis fundamentalisturi SexedulebebiT. amgvarad, rusuli kolonializmis winaaRmdeg brZolis dros sufizmi warmoadgenda mTavar ideologiur-sulier Tavisuflebisa da saerTo wyaros kavkasieli miznebisaTvis brZolis xalxebisaTvis, safuZvels. am SemTxvevaSi, “liberaluri” da “zomieri” sufizmi gardaiqmna mkacri da sastiki politikuri sistemis oficialur ideologiad. Samilis Teokratiis damxobis Semdeg, XIX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi, kadiriis tarikati, rogorc tomTaSorisi erTobisa da anticaristuli winaaRmdegobis alternatiuli ideologiuri/sulieri wyaro, masobrivad popularuli xdeba. CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi kadiria aRorZinda CeCen xunta haji qiSievis mier. mSvidobiani sufiuri swavleba rusebis mier Tavdapirvelad Sefasebul iqna rogorc regionSi carizmis batonobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli potenciurad saSiSi ideologia, amitom swavlulTa umetesoba an daxoces, an gadaasaxles. amgvarad, ruseTma kadiriis moZraoba (romelic gansakuTrebiT mTis CeCnebSi iyo popularuli), realurad gardaqmna daumorCilebel, umarTav moZraobad. XIX saukunis ganmavlobaSi Crdilo-aRmosavleT kavkasiaSi kadiriis swavleba xandaxan Tu aRorZindeboda. sufistTa ukanaskneli ajanyebis seriaTa Semdeg (1877-1878 ww.) saZmoebSi taqtikuri cvilebebi moxda: isini iatakqveSeTSi gadavidnen. naxevradkonspiraciuli brZolis pirobebSi isini drodadro uaryofdnen urwmunoTa winaaRmdeg Ria jihadis ideas. xelisuflebaSi bolSevikTa mosvlis Semdeg, CeCneTisa da inguSeTis nakSbandiis da kadiriis sasuliero liderebma Tavi gamoacxades “mtkice komunistebad”, Seasrulebda xalxebSi. 1 imedovnebdnen Tavis magram sityvas stalinis ra, da rom anticaristuli Seiwynarebda dapireba taqtikuri SariaTis nabiji xelisufleba wesebs iyo. mTis Crdilo zogierTi mkvlevari eWviT uyurebs imamatis legitimurobas, klasikuri muslimuri kanonmdeblobis principebidan gamomdinare. kavkasielebis masobrivima deportaciam Sua aziaSi am xalxebis sulier cxovrebaSi radikaluri cvlilebebi gamoiwvia, es gansakuTrebiT vainaxebs exeba. cxovrobdnen ra ucxo garemoSi, siRaribesa da safrTxeSi, kavkasielebi aqtiurad mimarTavdnen TavianT tradiciul sulier swavlebebs. kavkasiaSi darCenili sufizmis mimdevrebis marginalizacia gagrZelda poststalinur epoqaSic: komunistebi aqtiurad cdilobdnen SeeqmnaT raRac tolerantuli, “wiTeli meCeTis” saxe, romelic Znelad samarTavi kavkasieli muslimebis gakontrolebis iaraRi iqneboda; am mxriv maT garkveul warmatebas miaRwies. amasobaSi, kavkasiuri islamis sulieri da filosofiuri memkvidreoba dakargul da daviwyebul iqna. ZiriTadi cnebebis gansazRvra: fundamentalizmi, vahabizmi da transnacionaluri salafia termini “fundamentalizmi”, gamoiyeneba. TiTqmis fundamentalisturi ZiriTadad, yvela religiasTan msoflio mimarTuleba, maT mimarTebaSi religiaSi Soris, budizms, arsebobs induizms da qristianobas. Tavad termini xazs usvams ideologiis fenomens, aRniSnavs religiuri tradiciis ZiriTadi, fundamenturi elementebis aRadgenisa da damkvidrebis islamis mcdelobas SemTxvevaSi arsebul socialur-politikur fundamentalizmi socialuri institutebisa (romlebic idealad da warmoadgens realobaSi. adreuli islamis iuridiuli normebis aRdgenis romlebic tipiuri iyo miiCneva), ideas maSindeli msofliosaTvis. is SeiZleba CaiTvalos reformistuli moZraobis tipad. rodesac saqme exeba islamur fundamentalizms, mecnierebi aseve iTvaliswineben misi safuZvlebis arareligiur aspeqts, rac, ZiriTadad, ganpirobebulia misi faseulobebis “SerCeviTi aqtualizaciiT”. es is faseulobebia, romlebic muslimebis mier miCneulia konkretuli adgilisa da situaciis Sesabamisad. am dros ki, a. ignatienkos TqmiT, muslimuri memkvidreobis mdgomareobaSi” islamisaTvis religiuri romelic 1 sxva rCebian1. nebismier warmoadgens TviTSegnebis gansakuTrebiT fundamenturi sulieri dacvisa da kritikul elementebi SemTxvevaSi, tradiciebisa ganviTarebis politikur “anabiozur fundamentalizmi da socialur- Sinagan meqanizms, garemoSi vlindeba. Исламский радикализм как побочный эффект холодной войны. - Центральная Азия и Кавказ, 2001, № 1 (7). zemoTqmuli gvixsnis inteleqtualuri da socialuri fundamentalizmis SesaZlo mizezebs. muslimuri Tu ufro yuradRebiT davakvirdebiT azrovnebis arss, naTeli gaxdeba, rom tradiciuli fundamentalizmi (sarwmunoebis Tavdapirveli safuZvlebis xazgasmis gagebiT) islamisaTvis endogenuri fenomenia1. ijTihadis warmoadgens sistema _ aRorZinebis wminda yuranisa moZraobis da sunas safuZvels. interpretacia, calkeuli jgufebi yovelTvis axdendnen interpretacias _ garkveul konkretul viTarebaSi, im droisa da sivrcidan gamomdinare, romelsac isini ekuTvnodnen. am TvalsazrisiT, muslims yovelTvis SeeZlo daeWvebuliyo interpretaciis “marTebulobaSi”. “aSkara cvlilebebisa” da “mcdari interpretaciebis” Sesaxeb msjelobisas muslimTa garkveuli jgufi mimarTavs Tavdapirvel wyaroebs da cxovrebis ideebis cdilobs wesis isini msgavsad, aRorZinebis” es zedmiwevniT gaigos, raTa idea ar Secdes. periodulad moiqces “islamis aqtualuri im drois Tavdapirveli xdeboda da dResdReobiT is politikuri moZraobebis samsaxurSia. ukanasknel specifikuri wlebSi termini ganStoebisaTvis aRsaniSnavad _ mecnierebma islamis SemogvTavazes ZiriTadi damaxasiaTebeli sxva, mimarTulebis islamuri ufro sunituri fundamentalizmis salafizmi. is momdinareobs arabuli sityvidan As Salaf As-Salihun (“morwmune winaprebi”) da exeba im muslimebs, romlebic icaven winaswarmetyvelisa (ashab) da mis mimdevarTa cxovrebis wessa da swavlebas; mimdevrebis (tabi’un) da gviandeli momxreebis (tabi’u tabi’in) religiuri meTods, ahl as-Salaf-i ewodeba2. is faqti, rom pirveli salafebi miiCnevian islamis avtoritetuli religiur-iurisprudenciuli skolebis _ aS-Safiasa da ahmad hanbalis damaarseblebad, kvlav imaze miuTiTebs, rom fundamentalizmi, rogorc es zemoT aRiniSna, islamis ganuyofeli nawilia3. amgvarad, rogorc i. aleqseevi aRniSnavs, sityvas salafia (iseve rogorc fenomens) absoluturad gansxvavebuli konotacia aqvs realur muslimur 1 istoriul-kulturul da religiur konteqstSi da ar Игнатенко А. А. Эндогенный радикализм в исламе. - Профи, 2000, № 2, c.27-33 maT surT yovelive imis gandevna, rac Seiqmna winaswarmetyvel muhamedis gardacvalebidan pirveli sami Taobis Semdeg. 3 Tumca dRes bevri muslimi suniti swavluli eswrafvis gaemijnos salafizms, xazs usvams ra, rom salafis mowodeba Tavisi principebiT ar misdevs konkretul skolas da mxolod ramdenime sakiTxSi eTanxmeba hanbalitur iurisprudencias. 2 arsebobs araviTari pirdapiri kavSiri radikalizmsa da eqstremizmTan. is aris auTenturi brZola muhamedis kanonebisa da mogviano xanis xalifatis idealuri wyobilebisaken mibrunebisTvis1. sabWoTa xelisufleba warmatebiT iyenebda termins “islamuri fundamentalizmi”, raTa gaemarTlebina sxvadasxva muslimur moZraobis CaxSoba, rogorc es moxda avRaneTis da azerbaijanis SemTxvevaSic ki. azerbaijanis saxalxo “fundamentalisturi fronti moskovis saxelmwifos”, mier “islamuri dadanaSaulebul respublikis” iqna Seqmnis mcdelobaSi, rac qalaq baqoze samxedro SetevisaTvis sababad iqca2. islamSi “fundamentalizmis” aqtiuri xasiaTis mTavari mizezia am religiis sul ufro farTo da dinamiuri monawileoba socialur da politikur cxovrebaSi, miT ufro, Tu gaviTvalisiwinebT samyarosadmi mis specifikur damokidebulebas. islami arasodes aRiarebda religiuri sferos gamijvnas saerosagan, ramdenadac misi umTavresi idea yovelTvis xazs usvams SariaTis kanonebis mixedviT saTanado socialuri wesrigis damyarebis aucileblobas. salafitebis moZraoba Tavdapirvelad iyo mowodeba ijTihadis (pirovnuli gansjis) gamosacocxleblad, mas Semdeg rac is uaryofil iqna abasidTa xalifatis dros baRdadis dacemis Semdeg. Tanamedrove salafizmSi arsebobs SariaTis gansxvavebuli interpretaciebi. yvelaze radikaluri frTa cnobilia vahabizmis saxeliT3. misi momxreebi TavianT Tavs “salafiiun” an salafias mimdevrebs uwodeben. paradoqsia, rom dResdReobiT swored salafebi imsaxureben yvelaze met kritikas sxva suniti radganac 1 2 3 swavlulebis isini mxridan “usinaTlo yuranis Tvalebs sityvasityviT miapyroben gagebisaTvis, racionalobasa da Алексеев И. Цивилизационные параметры исламского фундаментализма: к постановке проблемы. (profi.gateway.kg/alekseev). Kurbanov E. Religion and Social-Political Developments in the Post-Soviet Caucasus. - Caspian Crossroads Online Magazine, Volume 1, Issue No.4, Winter 1996. dRemde grZeldeba kamaTi imis Sesaxeb, islamis romel frTas warmoadgenen vahabitebi – hanbalituri skolis radikalur formas, salafitur mimdinareobas, Tu arcerTs. aRsaniSnavia, rom Tavdapirvelad vahabitebi uaryofdnen yuranis hanbalitur gagebas, romlis Tanaxmad, RvTiuri wyaros werilobiTi teqstis bolomde Cawvdoma SeuZlebelia, amdenad, igi gaigeba teqstTan maqsimaluri miaxloebiT, yovelgvari adamianuri racionalizmisa da logikuri gansjis gamoricxviT. salafitebi dResac igive Tvalsazriss _ teqstis sityva-sityviT gagebis princips _ icaven. aqedan gamomdinare, vahabizmi, Tavisi arsebobis pirvel wlebSi, garkveulwilad, “reformistuli” xasiaTis swavleba iyo. Tumca saukuneebis Semdeg, droisa da sivrcis Sesabamisad, sakmaod saxecvlili variaciebiTaa warmodgenili dRevandeli msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSi, maT Soris kavkasiis regionSi. mizezs”. aRsaniSnavia, rom Tavad termini vahabizmi gaCnda Teologiuri polemikis dros, rodesac gaakritikes muhamed ibn abdul vahabis radikaluri swavleba, romelic mogvianebiT saudis saxelmwifoebriobis pirveli ideologiuri wyaro gaxda. SemdgomSi, negatiuri datvirTvis mqone termini aTvisebul iqna jer dasavleli mkvlevrebis, SemdgomSi ki politikosebis mier. maT es cneba gaavrceles nebismier muslimur sazogadoebaze, romelic ZalauflebisaTvis an xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg janydeboda msoflios miuxedavad, rom muslimi ideebi nebismier vahabizmma sazogadoebebis gulisxmobs nawilSi. gavlena meores iqonia Tanamedrove Seurigebel mxriv, arabeTisa azrovnebaze, mtrobas, im da indostanis misi pirvel faqtis radikaluri rigSi, sxva muslimebisadmi. radikalebi Tvlian, rom yvela sxva muslimi aTeistia, TavianT erTobas ki miiCneven erTaderT WeSmarit ummad. amis Sedegi iyo Tavad mTavari suniti mkvlevarebis mier vahabitebis seqtantobaSi dadanaSauleba1. ufro konketulad, vahabitebi daJinebiT moiTxovdnen yvela mogviano siaxlis uaryofas da islamis xelmeored ganwmendas. es gagebuli iyo rogorc nebismieri tipis socialuri ierarqiis radikaluri mospoba. am mimarTulebaSi organizaciul-struqturuli mniSvnelovania, vidre sazogadoebebi Zalzed SekavSirebulni da garemos muslimurs, (TviT sulieri mtkice moqmedni mxare. da aranakleb Cveulebriv, vahabituri disciplinirebuli rogorc TavianTi aspeqti mobilizebuli organizaciis arian, erToba; gareT isini arsebuls), rogorc wesi, ganixilaven rogorc Zalzed mtruls da uwmindurs. aseTi damokidebulebis Sedegia sxvebisadmi maTi Seuwynarebloba. Zaladobis gamovlineba ar aris uCveulo vahabitTa saqmianobaSi. mraval mkvlevars swams, rom vahabitur swavlebaze didi gavlena iqonia ibn taimiias ideebma, es iyo hanbalitTa skolis Teologi, romelic propagandas uwevda “islamis Tavdapirveli siwmindis” aRdgenis saWiroebas. is miCneulia radikaluri islamuri fundamentalizmis erTerT ideologiur damfuZneblad. rac Seexeba Seswavlili 1 kavkasiis ar Алексеев И. dasax. naSr. aris. “vahabitur” erTi sazogadoebas, SexedviT, esaa igi saTanadod islamizmis Zalzed danawevrebuli da gansxvavebuli jgufebis erToblioba. termini islamizmi aq ufro zogadia da gamosayeneblad marjvea, ramdenadac is aRniSnavs zogad ideologiur fenomens _ ideologias, romlis Tanaxmad islami ara marto religiaa, aramed, agreTve, politikuri sistema, romelic marTavs saxelmwifos sakanonmdeblo, ekonomikur da socialur sferoebs. # 3. dekemberi, 2005 weli. gv. Salva mekraviSvili qarTuli kulturis kvlevis meTodologiuri meTodologiuri safuZvlebi: warsuli da samomavlo perspeqtivebi qarTuli kulturis mecnierul kvlevas, ZiriTadad, XIX saukunis meore naxevridan kulturuli Caeyara safuZveli. Tavis droze saqarTvelos memkvidreobis SeswavliT bevri qarTveli swavluli dainteresda. Tu raoden didi da nayofieri Sroma gaswies am mxriv Taobebma, dawyebuli dimitri baqraZiTa da damTavrebuli ivane javaxiSviliT, sayovelTaod aris cnobili da amjerad maTi Rvawlis mimoxilvas ar SevudgebiT. statiis miznidan gamomdinare, aRvniSnavT mxolod im meTodologiur baziss, romelic im periodis ara marto qarTvel, aramed zogadad, evropel mecnierTa azrovnebis safuZvels warmoadgenda. vgulisxmobT pozitivizms, romelic swored XIX saukuneSi warmoiSva da arasabunebismetyvelo xazis evropel swavlulTaTvis inteleqtualuri safuZveli gaxda. pozitivisturi meTodologiis mixedviT, istoria warmoadgens qronologiuri principiT dalalgebuli faqtebis rigs. pozitivizmis mamamTavris, leopolod fon rankes ideali _ istorias aesaxa is, rac “sinamdvileSi moxda”, gulisxmobda procesebis Rrmad gaazrebas da maTi urTierTkavSiris Wrilsac). dadgenas sayuradReboa, (anu rom diaqronulTan pozitivisti erTad sinqronul istorikosebis udidesi umravlesoba, ZiriTadad, politikuri istoriis kvleviT iyo dakavebuli1. kultura pozitivistebisaTvis arasodes yofila kvlevis damoukidebeli sfero da verc iqneoda, maTi meTodologiidan gamomdinare. pozitivisti iyo ivane javaxiSvilic, magram igi ar Semoifargla Cveni qveynis gamokvlevebi saxiT Seqmna qarTuli “qarTuli 1 mxolod politikuri qarTuli kulturis kulturis istoriiT kulturis istoria istoriis jer da uaRresad istoriaSic. damoukidebeli marqsistuli narkvevebi”), Semdeg Тош Дж. Стремление к истине. Как овладеть мастерством историка. М., 2000, с. 106. faseuli (a.surgulaZis ki wminda pozitivisturi meTodologiis safuZvelze dayrdnobiT daiwera (g. lorTqifaniZis da n. Ciqovanis “qarTuli kulturis istoria”). saqarTveloSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebis Semdeg mecnierebisa da filosofiis epistemologiur safuZvlad marqsizm-leninizmi (rogorc v. vilCeki uwodebs, iqca1. “мраксизм”) erTxans mecnierebaSi kidev grZeldeboda SedarebiT Tavisufali azrovneba, magram mas Semdeg, rac gamovida i. stalinis narkvevi “dialeqtikuri da istoriuli materializmis Sesaxeb”, sabWoTa mecniereba, faqtobrivad, politikuri ideologiis propagandistad iqca2. istoriuli matrializmi erTaderT WeSmarit da universalur meTodologiad gamoacxades, romlisgan gadaxvevac danaSaulis tolfasi iyo. 1930-iani wlebidan, faqtobrivad, bolo moeRo pluralizms mecnierul azrovnebaSi. statiis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, oriode sityviT Sevexebi istoriis materialisturi marqsma da ekonomikuri xedvis f. meTodologiur engelsma formaciebis arss. Camoayalibes Sesaxeb. rogorc moZRvreba formacia cnobilia, k. sazogadoebriv- aRniSnavs sazogadoebis ganviTarebis garkveul istoriul etaps, romlis saxesac gansazRvravs misi safuZveli _ materialuri dovlaTis warmoebis wesi. am wesiTaa gapirobebuli formaciis socialuri organizacia, samarTlebrivi sistema, struqtura, ideologia, politikuri sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxva mxareebi da, maT Soris, kulturac. amrigad, marqsistuli meTodologiis mixedviT, konkretul sazogadoebriv-ekonomikur baziss Seesabameba garkveuli “zednaSeni”, romelSic kulturac Sedis. sazogadoebrivi cnobiereba ganisazRvreba sazogadoebrivi yofierebiT, sulieri kultura gamomdinare, meoradia sulieri da materialurTan materialuri SedarebiT. faseulobani aqedan warmoCndeba socialur-ekonomikuri da politikuri cxovrebis fonze. niSandoblivia, rom kulturisadmi brZolis Temas, istoriografiaSi: reaqciul romelic xalxis naSromebic erT-erTi “feodalur mimdinareobaTa ganasaxierebda 1 miZRvnil kulturas brZola, kultura... ki ver ZiriTadi ascda klasobrivi iyo marqsistul axasiaTebda sadac progresul progresuls feodaluri kultura da upiratesad asaxavda da Вильчек В.М. Алгоритмы истории. М.: Аспект Пресс, 2004, с.7. kulturologia. kulturis istoria da Teoria. Tb., 2003, gv. 11; yoranaSvili g. saqarTvelos Zveli istoriis problemebi. Tb., 2002, gv. 461. 2 emsaxureboda gabatonebuli feodaluri klasis interesebs. am samsaxurSi wamyvan rols religia meTodologiuri asrulebda...”1. safuZvlis es is arasrulyofileba SemTxvevaa, rodesac ganapirobebs Sedegis, xSir SemTxvevaSi, absurdulobas. swored amis gamo, dRes marqsistuli Teoria kulturis mecnierebaSi, rbilad rom vTqvaT, ndobas ver imsaxurebs. imis Tqma (romelic mainc ar moicavda SeiZleba, kulturis TiTqos qarTuli istoriasac) istoriografia sabWoTa periodis ganmavlobaSi unayofo gaxda. piriqiT, gafarTovda wyaroTmcodeobiTi baza, gaiSala arqeologiuri da eTnografiuli kvleva-Zieba. empiriuli safuZvlis gafarToebasTan erTad iqmneboda mniSvnelovani naSromebic2. magram yvelaferi es erTaderTi, “kanonizebuli” meTodologiis farglebSi xdeboda. aRsaniSnavia, rom gasuli saukunis 60-ian wlebSi sabWoTa istoriografiis ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebeli mesveurnic iyo mixvdnen, meTodologiis rom sferos ganaxleba, rasac praqtikuli RonisZiebani mohyva. farTod gaiSala saTanado Teoriuli kvleva-Zieba ara marto moskovSi, aramed sxva samecniero centrebSic, TbilisSi, n.berZeniSvilis iniciativiT, istoriis institutSi safuZveli Caeyara meTodologiur seminars. magram es wermateba dRemokle aRmoCnda: mcire xnis Semdeg istoriis Teoriuli seminari mxolod formaluradRa agrZelebda arsebobas, faqtobrivad ki is Sewyda. istoriis institutSi Tu vinmes meTodologiuri xasiaTis kvleva-Ziebis survili gauCndeboda, mas araTu mxardaWera, aramed xelis SeSla eloda3. sabWoTa epoqis dasrulebasTan erTad wertili daesva monomeTodologiuri midgomis aucileblobasac. garda amisa, Tbilisis universitetSi kulturis istoriisa da Teoriis kaTedris daarsebis Semdeg saucxoo SesaZlebloba gaCnda qarTuli kulturis SeswavlisaTvis sxvadasxva meTodologiur safuZvelze dayrdnobiT. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT marqsistuli im faqts, moZRvrebis rom uaryofis sabWoTa kavSiris kvaldakval Cvens daSlisa da mecnierebs ar miumarTavT alternatiuli meTodologiebisaTvis da erTxans erTgvari Teoriuli vakuumic gaCnda, udaoa, rom “unda damkvidrdes Teoriuli, 1 2 3 surgulaZe ak. qarTuli kulturis istoriis narkvevebi. wigni I. Tb., 1997, gv. 87. yoranaSvili g. dasax. naSr. gv. 460. iqve, gv. 464-465. meTodologiuri pluralizmi, rac uTuod waadgeba qarTuli istoriografiis Semdgomi aRmavlobis saqmes”1. Teoriuli pluralizmis saWiroeba kidev ufro cxadi xdeba, rodesac kvlevis obieqtad iReb iseT rTul da araerTgvarovan fenomens, rogoric aris kultura. aqedan gamomdinare, aucilebelia sxvadasxva meTodologiis prizmaSi qartuli kulturis ganxlva da Seswavla. winamdebare statiaSi gTavazobT qarTuli kulturis istoriis (IV-XI saukuneebi) kvlevis SesaZlebobebs civilizaciuri midgomisa da p. sorokinis kulturul zesistemaTa Teoriis safuZvelze. aRsaniSnavia, rom lokaluri civilizaciebis Teoriebis gamoyenebas Cveni kulturis kvleva-ZiebaSi safuZveli axali Cayrili aqvs da garkveuli warmatebebic SeiniSneba am mxriv. kulturul zesistemaTa Teorias rac Seexeba, is qarTul kulturasTan mimarTebaSi jer yofila gamoyenebuli. civlizaciuri midgoma, erTiani civilizaciis nacvlad, aRiarebs civlizaciebis simravlesa da msoflio istorisa lokaluri da erTiani kulturebisa mravalferovnebas. misTvis da amosavali cnebebia kultura da civilizacia. ramdenadac kulturis cnebis erTi da sayovelTaod misaRebi gansazRvreba ar arsebobs, amitom aucilebelia zogadi, samuSao definiciis Semotana. igi SeiZleba ase CamovayaliboT: kultura aris adamianTa erTobis mier saukuneebis manZilze Seqmnili “meore buneba”, romelic, da, Tavis mxriv, gansazRvravs am erTobis cxovrebas2. civilizaciis gagebaSi moiazreba garkveuli fundamenturi niSnebiT erTmaneTis msgavsi kulturebis erToblioba. IV-XI saukuneebis qarTuli kulturis specifikidan dagvWirdeba “ganapira kulturis”, “sasazRvro periferiis” cnebebis gamoyenebac. ganapirad gamomdinare, kulturis”, miiCneva “birTvi- ama Tu im kulturuli sivrcis (civilizaciis) ara centrSi, aramed periferiaze mdebare kultura, romelic erTgvarad SemosazRvravs am sivrces, amave dros “xsnis” axasiaTebs: mas sxvebTan sinkretuli kontaqtisaTvis. dominantis arseboba; sasazRvro sxvadasxva kulturas istoriuli qronologiis fenomenTa Tanaarseboba; arqaul fenomenTa aqtivizacia; TviTidentifikaciis 1 2 problemis gansakuTrebuli aqtualoba; iqve, gv. 467. Ciqovani n. qarTuli kulturis istoriis periodizaciis problema: kulturologiuri aspeqti. // kulturis istoriisa da Teoriis sakiTxebi. XVIII. Tb., 2004. gv. 5-17. gv. 6. civilizaciebs toinbis Soris ganmartebiT, areali, anu is Suamavlis birTvSi sivrce, funqciis Sesrulebis igulisxmeba sadac unari. civilizaciis ZiriTadad a. j. warmoSobis yalibdeboda misi sociokulturuli saxe, faseulobaTa sistema. periferia ki gulisxmobs am arealis gavrcelebis (gafarToebis) Sedegad birTvis farglebSi moqceul sivrces, romelsac msWvalavs faseulobaTa igive sistema da met-naklebad igive sociokulturuli saxe aqvs. periferiaze ganTavsdebian ganapira da sasazRvro kulturebi. rac Seexeba IV-XI saukuneebis qarTul kulturas, misi sqematuri suraTi ase warmogvidgenia: IV saukunidan saqarTveloSi qristianobis gavrceleba-damkvidrebiT iwyeba Tvisebrivad axali epoqa qarTuli kulturis istoriaSi; IV saukunidanve yalibdeba aRmosavlurqristianuli civilizacia, romlis kulturul birTvadac gvevlineba bizantia, xolo qarTuli kultura, rigi niSnebis gamo, SeiZleba davaxasiaToT rogorc am civilizaciis ganapira da jer sasanur-sparsulTan, Semdeg mahmadianur samyarosTan sasazRvro kultura; aRniSnul periodSi SeZleba, Tvali mivadevnoT ramdenime kulturul process. am epoqis qarTveli moRvaweebisaTvis metad mniSvnelovani iyo TviTidentifikaciis problema, qarTuli kulturis adgilis Zieba imdroindel samyaroSi. es sakiTxi ukavSirdeba qarTuli TviTidentifikaciis damaxasiaTebeli metoqeoba simZafre niSania1; bizantiasTan, upiratesobis kulturis pretenziiT awored aseve, jer (es ganapirulobas, sainteresoa masTan sakiTxi radgan ganapira kulturebis qarTvelTa kulturuli gaTanabrebis, SeiZleba xolo gaazrebul Semdeg iqnas a. toinbis “gamowveva-pasuxis” meqanizmis meSveobiTac); civilizaciuri xedva iZleva komparativistuli kvlevis SesaZleblobas, rac xorcieldeba kulturis maxasiaTebelTa gamoyofiTa da maTi SedarebiT sxva kulturis (civilizaciis) maxasiaTeblebTan. am TvalsazrisiT SeiZleba gamovkveToT ramdenime mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebeli (istorizmi, racionalizmi, inovaciuroba, Riaoba...). 1 es sakiTxi ganxiluli aqvs n. Ciqovans naSromSi “qarTuli kulturis istoriis periodizaciis problema: kulturologiuri aspeqti. kulturis istoriisa da Teoriis sakiTxebi, XVIII. Tb., 2004. gv. 7-9. qarTvelTa TviTidentifikaciis sakiTxs ki exeba q. kakitelaSvilis naSromi “dasavleTi qarTul cnobierebaSi”. // ena da kultura, # 1, Tb., 2000, gv. 47-55. istorizmis ramdenime magaliTi SeiZleba moviyvanoT qarTuli agiografiuli da saistorio mwerlobidan. ”SuSanikis wamebis” pirvelive winadadeba imTaviTve axdens im movlenaTa droSi lokalizacias, romlebic Semdeg moTxrobilia TxzulebaSi. garda amisa, masSi bevria wminda istoriuli pasaJi. igives Tqma SeiZleba sxva agiografiul Txzulebebzec (“abos wameba”, “grigol xanZTelis cxovreba” da a.S.). giorgi mTawmindeli (XI s.) “ioanesa da eqvTimes cxovrebas” friad niSandoblivi sityvebiT iwyebs: “xolo vinaiTgan sigrZe JamTai yovelsave daviwyebad moiRebs, daRacaTu winaSe RmrTisa yovelive cxad ars da saCino, da uwyis yovelTa dasabami da aRsasruli, da romelTa-igi saTnod misa aRasrules cxorebai Tvisi, winaSe missa brwyinven maradis da arca erTi rai uxms Cvenmieri xsenebai, aramed esreT ganawesa yovlad brZenman gangebulebaman man aRmrToni igi da yovlad misman, Svenierni raiTa saqmeni wignTaca Sina soflis aRiwernen Sesaqmisani da saufloni igi mcnebani da brZanebani misni da RirsTa maT da netarTa monaTa misTa yovlad qebulni cxorebani da moqalaqobani... ” (aq da qvemoT xazgasma Cemia – S. m.)1. Sua saukuneebis evropaSi “istoriuli codnis birTvs uwindeburad warmoadgenda wminda istoria, e. i. bibliaSi moTxrobili istoria ... es gamoixateboda mogviano epoqis qronistTa miswrafebaSi _ gadmoecaT “msoflio istoria”. amisaTvis sakmarisi iyo jer kacobriobis istoriis moTxroba adamidan qristemde da Semdeg Tundac erTi monastris an qalaqis istoriisa”2. Zalze sainteresoa, rom es principi sityvasityviTaa gameorebuli mTawmindelis Txzulebidan (“...esreT zemomotanil citataSi giorgi ganawesa yovlad brZenman man gangebulebaman misman, raiTa wignTaca Sina aRiwernen saRmrToni igi da yovlad Svenierni saqmeni soflis Sesaqmisani da saufloni igi mcnebani da brZanebani misni...”). sainteresoa, rom giorgi mTawmindeli migvaniSnebs im istoriul meTodzec, romelsac TviTon iyenebs: ”urwmunomca nuvin ars, rameTu Cven TaviT 1 2 TvisiT ararai aRgviweria, aramed rai-igi viswaveT kacTa giorgi mTawmindeli. ioanes da eqvTimes cxovreba. // qarTuli proza. wigni I. Tb., 1981. gv. 370-371. Вильчек В.М. dasax. naSr. с. 188-189. sarwmunoTagan da sulierTa mamaTa, ... romelni-igi ucxo iyvnes yovliTurT tyuvilisagan da savse madliTa zegardmoiTa”1. igive giorgi mTawmindeli, rogorc wyaroebidan Cans, SesaniSnavad flobda da, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, kargadac iyenebda istoriul codnas. gavixsenoT Tundac is epizodi, rodesac igi antioqiis patriarq Teodosis Seaxsenebs istoriul sinamdviles: “iyo Jami, romel yovelsa saberZneTsa Sina marTlmadideblobai ara ipoeboda da ioane guTeli episkoposi mcxeTas ikurTxa episkoposad, viTarca sweria didsa svinaqsarsa”2. istoriuli cnobierebis gamomxatvelia is saistorio Txzulebebi, romlebic IX-XI saukuneebSi Seiqmna: “moqcevai qarTlisai”, “matiane qarTlisai”, leonti mrovelis, juanSeris, sumbat daviTis Zis saistoro qmnilebebi. IV-XI saukuneebis zogierTma xuroTmoZRvrulma Zeglma (magaliTad, bolnisis sionma) Semoinaxa warwerebi, romlebic iZlevian maTi zusti daTariRebis saSualebas. atenis sionis erT-erT kedelze amokveTili warwera ki mniSvnelovan informacias gvawvdis buRa Turqis saqarTveloSi “moRvaweobis” Sesaxeb. sainteresoa, rom masSi aRwerili faqtebi daTariRebulia uzustesad, qarTuli da mahmadianuri (hijra) welTaRricxvis sistemebis gamoyenebiT. racionalizmis sqolastikosis magaliTad TxzulebaSi SeiZleba daculi kolxi moviyvanoT didebulis, agaTia fartaZis cnobili sityvidan erTi nawyveti: “...Tu imaT Caidines ukanonoba, [araa] aucilebeli Cvenc gamoveTxovoT mSobliur wesebs da im veragebs gamovucxadoT Cveni guliswyroma... ar davkargoT mosazrebis unari da ar davabundovanoT”3. racionaluri azrovnebis meore nimuSad SeiZleba gavixsenoT giorgi aTonelis mier saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis dasacavad antioqiaSi warmoTqmuli sityva, romelSic didi qarTveli moRvawe mravali utyuari argumentiT asabuTebs saqarTvelos eklesiis samociquloobas. sainteresoa, rom leonti mroveli Semdegi sityvebiT iwyebs farnavazis daxasiaTebas: “farnavaz iyo kaci gonieri...”4. migvaCnia, 1 giorgi mTawmindeli. dasax naSr. gv. 371. giorgi mcire. giorgi mTawmindelis cxovreba. // qarTuli proza. wigni I. Tb., 1981. gv. 466. 3 qarTuli mWevrmetyveleba. red. n. kandelaki. Tb., 1958. gv. 111. 4 leonti mroveli. cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTa da pirvelTaganTa mamaTa da naTesavTa. // qarTlis cxovreba. ana dedofliseuli nusxa. red. simon yauxCiSvili. Tb., 1942. gv. 14. 2 rom mefis daxasiaTebisas upirvelesad racionaluri aspeqtis xazgasma SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos. am SemTxvevaSi mniSvneloba aqvs ara farnavazis cxovrebis istoriul periods (III s.), aramed XI saukuneSi mcxovrebi istorikosis leonti mrovelis prioritetebs. mere ra, rom farnavazi Zv. w. IV-III saukuneebSi cxovrobda, CvenTvis swored XI saukunis istorikosi leonti mrovelia saintereso da is, Tu romels aniWebda igi upiratesobas mefis Tvisebebidan. Riaobis maxasiaTebels rac Seexeba, igi istoriulad axasiaTebda qarTul kulturas: mravali ucxotomeli Semosula Cvens miwa-wyalze da Tan Semoutania Tavisi kulturis elementebi, romlebic Semdgom organulad gaiTavisa qarulma kulturam. rasakvirvelia, dasaxelebuli faqtebi mxolod magaliTebia da aucilebelia argumentebis moZiebisa mxriv kvlevis Semdgomi gagrZeleba. es xels Seuwyobs qarTuli kulturis tipologiuri raobis argumentirebul gaazrebas. civilizaciuri midgomis safuZvelze IV-XI saukuneebis qarTuli kulturis Seswavlis Sedegad aRniSnuli kulturis faqtologiuri istoria TviTmizani zemoxsenebuli maxasiaTeblebis, ki ar procesebis, iqneba, aramed saSualeba mimarTebebis da sxva problemebis garkvevis saqmeSi. p. sorokinis (1889-1968) kulturul zesistemaTa Teoriis mixedviT, istoriuli procesi warmoadgens kulturis ganviTarebis process. aq mTavari cnebebia kultura, sistema da zesistema. kultura warmoadgens ara mravalferovan movlenaTa konglomerats, romlebic Tanaarseboben, magram arafriT arian erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli, aramed mTlianobas, individualobas, romlis Semadgeneli nawilebi gamsWvaluli arian erTi fuZemdebluri principiT da gamoxataven erT ZiriTad faseulobas. aseTi mTliani kulturis saxviTi xelovneba da mecniereba, filosofia da religia, eTika da samarTali, socialuri, ekonomikuri da politikuri organizaciis ZiriTadi formebi, zne-CveulebaTa didi nawili, cxovrebis wesi da mentaliteti _ yvvela Taviseburad gamoxatavs mis fuZemdebler princips. swored es principi kulturis safuZvelsa kulturis kvleva da unda anu faseuloba saZirkvels. am ganxorcieldes raodenobrivi da Tvisobrivi analizis gziT. warmoadgens Tvalsazrisis misi aTasobiT yoveli mixedviT, nimuSis kulturul zesistemaTa Teoriis TvalsazrisiT, qarTuli kultura IV-VIII saukuneebSi SeiZleba miviCnioT ideaciur zesistemad, romlis umaRlesi faseulobac RmerTia. ideaciuri xelovnebis ZiriTadi Tema RmerTis zegrZnobadi samyaroa, stili _ simboluri, xasiaTi _ statikuri. arqiteqturis umniSvnelovanesi Zeglebi _ taZrebi _ RmerTisadmi miZRvnili qmnilebebia. maTi garegnuli saxe, jvrisebri gegma, gumbaTi, yoveli arqiteqturuli da skulpturuli detali simboluria. es aris marTlac ”saxareba qvaSi”. literaturac religiasTanaa dakavSirebuli (wmindanTa martvilobani da cxovrebani). saero literaturis wili umniSvneloa. am periodis musikac religiuri xasiaTisa iyo. zogadad, amqveyniuri samyaro ganixileba rogorc adamianis ”droebiTi TavSesafari”, romelSic igi mxolod stumaria; is RmerTis maradiuli samyofelisaken miiswrafvis da eZebs gzebs imisa, Tu rogor gaxdes iq Sesvlis Rirsi. SesaZloa, rom aseT gzad ganvixiloT samonastro moZraoba da martvilobaTa Tema. ideaciuri xelovneba aris adamianis sulis xelovneba, romelic marto amyarebs urTierTobas RmerTTan. aqedan _ xelovnebis anonimuroba. “es aris ara erTi profesionali mxatvris xelovneba, aramed morwmuneTa usaxelo koleqtivis urTierToba RmerTTan da sakuTar sulTan. aseT urTierTobas ar esaWiroeba profesionali Suamavali, an raime garegnuli samkauli”1. mcereodeni gamonaklisebis garda, Cven ar viciT TviT udidesi Sedevrebis SemqmnelTa saxelebi. magaliTad, CvenTvis ucnobia, Tu vin iyvnen bolnisis sionis, ninowmindis, banas, wromisa da urbnisis taZrebis, mcxeTis jvarisa atenis sionis xuroTmoZRvrebi. sayuradReboa bolnisis Tu sionis reliefuri warwera, sadac swored anonimuri “mSromelebia” naxsenebi: “qriste, daviT epiakoposi krebuliTurT da amis eklesiasa Sina Senda mimarT Tayvanismcemelni Seiwyalen da mSromelTa amas eklesiasa Sina Sexewie...”2. CvenTvis arc mravali SesaniSnava bareliefisa da freskis SemqmnelTa vinaobaa cnobili. anonimuria agiografiul TxzulebaTa mniSvnelovani nawilic. VIII-XI saukuneebidan qarTuli kultura SeiZleba davaxasiaToT rogorc ideaciuridan idealisturSi gardamavali tipi. idealisturi 1 2 Сорокин П. Социокультурная динамика. В кн.: П. Сорокин. Человек, цивилизация, общество. М., 2000, с. 436. asaTiani n. saqarTvelos istoria. Tb., 2001. gv. 107. zesistemac aseve emyareba zegrZnobad samyaros, magram sul ufro matad asaxavs realuri samyaros amaRlebul faseulobebs. igi iRebs mxolod dadebiT tipebs da movlenebs, ugulebelyofs paTologiursa da negatiurs. esaa idealizebuli tipebis kultura, “romelic iSviaTad axdens pirovnebis an movlenis individualizebas” [13, 442]. igi kvlav aRiarebs, rom ”dasabami igi sibrZnisa _ SiSia RmrTisa”, Tumca aqtiurad Semodis adamianuri, (saistorio humanisturi Txzulebebi), motivebic. filosofiuri fexs ikidebs azrovneba, istorizmi romelic araa Teologiis igiveoba, arsdeba saero saswavleblebi (gelaTi, iyalTo). humanisturi Temebi xSirdeba xelovnebaSi: dawyebuli “grigol xanZTelis cxovrebaSi” (agiografiul damTavrebuli TxzulebaSi!) “visramianiT”, samijnuro motivis “amirandarejanianiT”, gaCeniT, “vefxistyaosniT”. analogiurad, SeiZleba vimsjeloT iSxnisa da breTis jvarcmezec. magram es kultura ar swydeba sakuTar saZirkvels _ religias. kvlav wamyvania saxarebiseul TemebTan winaswarmetyvelebTan, gavixsenoT Tamari saxasiaToa, rom kavSiri RvTismSobelTan, mefis budas samebis (magaliTad, macxovarTan. meoTxe Tavgadasavalic Sedarebebi aqve wevrad SeiZleba, miCnevis ”balavarSi” faqtic. qristianuladaa gadaazrebuli!). es ufro winaswari daskvnebia. dabolos, aRvniSnav, rom es yvelaferi mxolod winaswari eskizebia. aqac saWiroa intensiuri kvleva. dasasrul, oriode sityva daskvnis saxiT. arc erTi meTodologia araa universaluri iZleva, Teoriulad mniSvnelovani TiToeuli siaxlis da yovlismomcveli. ganzogaddes nawili, romelic meTodologiis mignebis, saSualebas iZleva. SesaZleblobas mas esaxeba axleburad aseTi mogvcems, Sesaswavli safuZvelze Zvelis vidre yoveli muSaoba manamde maTgani obieqtis ufro warmoCenisa gvqonda. esa Tu is “prioritetulad”. kvleva-Ziebis kulturis saSualebas warmoeba da gaazrebis ukeT aqedan raime danaxvis gamomdinare, vfiqrob, rom amgvari midgoma Sedegiani iqneboda qarTuli kulturis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT. # 3. dekemberi, 2005 weli. gv. Tea qamuSaZe saiqiosa da saaqaos urTierTmimarTeba da komunikaciis formebi (qarTuli eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT) sakiTxi saiqio_saaqaos urTierTmimarTebisa da maT Soris arsebuli kontaqtebisASesaxeb, samyaros rac agebulebis mTlianobaSi models qmnida, xalxis didi msoflxedvelobas xania moeqca da eTnologTa interesis sferoSi. aRniSnul Tematikas araerTi qarTveli Tu ucxoeli mecnieri da mkvlevari Seexo. maTi daskvnebi Tu mosazrebebi xSirad gansxvavebulia, Tumca ara urTierTgamomricxavi, rac, vfiqrobT, sakiTxis specifikurobam ganapiroba. qarTvelTa wamodgenebi saiqios Sesaxeb da micvalebulTa rac, Tavis mimarT mxriv, dafiqsirebuli mraval sxva ambivalenturi sakiTxs moicavs, damokidebuleba, kvlevis amouwurav sferos qmnis da mecnierul interess am problemisadmi kidev ufro zrdis. Cven mimovixilavT am Temaze arsebul ZiriTadad qarTul samecniero literaturas da SevecdebiT Cveni mosazrebebi garkveuli daskvnebis saxiT SemogTavazoT. Tavidanve unda aRvniSnoT, rom saiqiosaaqaos ganvixilavT rogorc binarul opozicias, Sesabamisi maxasiaTebeli konstruqtebiT. adamianis azrovnebaSi yvelaze rTul da saintereso momentad SeiZleba CaiTvalos misi mcdeloba, sakuTari warmodgeniT gansazRvros sivrce, sadac igi sikvdilis Tu gardacvalebis Semdgom SeiZleba aRmoCndes. amgvari sivrcis moZieba garemomcvel samyaroSi _ samyaros vertikalurad Tu horizontalurad ganlagebul WrilSi _ bunebrivia, gulisxmobda am sivrceebs Soris urTierTmimarTebisa da urTierTobis garkveuli formebis arsebobas, rac, sabolood, dakavSirebuli unda yofiliyo garSemo im saerTo qmnida, wesrigTan, rogorc romelsac amqveynad adamiani arsebobis sakuTari pirobas. Tavis “uZvelesi droidanve adamians mxolod mkacrad gansazRvrul da mowesrigebul kosmosSi SeeZlo cxovreba. sikvdil-sicocxlis Sesaxeb arsebuli religiuri Sexedulebebic swored samyaroSi arsebuli wesrigis Sesaxeb warmodgenebs asaxavs”1. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom msoflios sxvadasxva xalxis uZvelesi warmodgena samyaros agebulebis Sesaxeb or ZiriTad moments moicavs _ erTi mxarea misi struqturuli agebuleba, meore _ misi Sinaarsobrivi gaazreba. pirvel SemTxvevaSi sivrcis dagegmareba horizontalur an vertikalur sibrtyeSi xdeba, meore ki saaaqaod da saiqiod dayofaSi aisaxeba2. qarTul sinamdvileSi agebulebiT, arsebul aseve samyaros SinaarsiTa warmodgenebSi da gaazrebas formiT, vxvdebiT. mTlianobaSi, swored qarTveli rogorc saiqios xalxis Sesaxeb uZvelesi warmodgeniT, saaqaos da saiqios, anu samzeosa da suleTis mimarTeba vertkalurad ganlagebul sam sknels moicavda: zecas, samzeosa da qvesknels. maT Sesabameboda Semdegi ferebi: TeTri, wiTeli da Savi. “qarTveli xalxis warmarTuli Sexedulebis mixedviT, arsebobs sami qveyana: zeda qveyana anu zeca, zeskneli, Suaskneli anu dedamiwa da qveda qveyana, qveskneli anu qveca. adamiani samive caze moqmedebs, magram mis mudmiv sacxovrebels Suaca warmoadgens”3. sknelebis urTierTmimarTeba rTuli ierarqiuli sistemiT iyo ganpirobebuli, rac maT Soris droebiTi an mudmivi kavSirebis saSualebebs qmnida4. qarTvelTa mier “qveynis” WrilSi samwevrovani ganTavsda, dayofis rac, Tavis modeli mxriv, samyaros religiuri RerZis vertikalur azrovnebis maRali kulturis gamoxatulebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. Tumca, i. surgulaZis mosazrebiT, samyaros vertikaluri RerZis boloze suleTis qveyanas SedarebiT gvian Tavdapirvelad unda gadaenacvla, radgan sivrcis organizeba garkveuli socialuri jgufis konkretul teritoriaze damkvidrebasTan unda yofiliyo dakavSirebuli. aRniSnul teritorias igi pirobiTad teritorias “Sinas” moiazrebda uwodebda rogorc da amis “gares”. sapirispirod “Sina” danarCen mowesrigebuli socialuri erTeulis Tvalsawierze ganlagebuli teritoriaa, romelic 1 surgulaZe i. sivrcobrivi aspeqtebi qarTvelTa religiur da miTosur warmodgenebSi. masalebis saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis, XXIII, Tb., 1987, gv. 83. 2 surgulaZe i. qarTuli xalxuri ornametis simbolika. Tb., 1986, gv. 109. 3 Ciqovani m. qarTuli xalxuri zRaprebi. t. I Tb., 1938, gv. 110. 4 giorgaZe d. warmodgenebi micvalebulze aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi. masalebi saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis, XXIII Tb., 1987, gv. 209. horizontis xaziT esazRvreba “gares”, qaoss, stiqiaTa araorganizebulad gamovlenis asparezs”. amgvari dapirispirebulobis safuZvelze, rodesac Sina “aq” yofniT aRiniSneba, xolo “iq” ukve gare sivrcea, unda aRmocenebuliyo termini saiqio _ micvalebulTa samyofeli. Sesabamisad, saiqios Tavdapirveli gagebac gareT yofnasTan unda yofiliyo dakavSirebuli. rac Seexeba qarTul sinamdvileSi “garesa” da saiqios damTxvevas, mas SegviZlia davakvirdeT samegreloSi “galeniSi orTa”-s Sesaxeb arsebuli rwmena-warmodgenebis magaliTze. sityva-sityviT galeniSi _ gareSes, velurs niSnavs. samyaros horizontalur sibrtyeSi warmodgena saiqiosa da saaqaos koordinatebiT, rogorsac “galeniSi orTas” SemTxvevaSi vxvdebiT, arqauli warmomavlobisaa da damaxasiaTebeli iyo Zveli aRmosavleTis xalxebisaTvis1. sainteresod gveCveneba qarTuli xalxuri zRaprebis epilogi, sadac sivrce swored aRniSnuli terminebiTaa gamijnuli da Sesabamisi mniSnelobebiTaa datvirTuli: “Wiri iqa, lxini aqa, qato iqa, fqvili aqa ...” rogorc safuZvelze davinaxeT, negatiuri gare sivrcem konteqsti SinasTan SeiZina, rac, dapirispirebulobis Tavis mxriv, saiqios mimarT damokidebulebaSi dafiqsirda da Tavad mis moxseniebaSic aisaxa. qarTvel mTielTa rwmena-warmodgenebi saiqioze, romelic saaqaos anarekls warmoadgenda, mixedviT icvleboda. agebulebis droTa manZilze cvlilebebs TvalsazrisiT, aseve sazogadoebis vxvdebiT rogorc Sinaarsobriv ganviTarebis struqturuli doneze. Tumca sainteresod gveCveneba is faqti, rom adamianTa damokidebuleba zogadad saiqios da mdgradad iq myofTa mimarT Camoyalibebul emociur momentebTan elementebsac moicavda. erTad am sakmaod sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT sainteresod gveCveneba aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi saiqios dadgena aRmniSvneli da terminebiT terminebis analizis ganxilva, mcdeloba. moixseniebdnen: “SaveTi”, maTSi fSav-xevsureTSi “suleTi”, semantikuri saiqios “samudamo velis Semdegi qveyana” da “Zviri qveyana”. es ukanaskneli, Cveni azriT, moxseniebis calsaxa negatiur 1 giorgaZe d. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTielTa warmarTuli religiuri rwmenis erTi sakiTxis Sesaxeb (mesulTneoba). masalebi saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis, XVI, Tb., 1975, gv. 133-135. mniSvnelobaze unda miuTiTebdes. sulxan-saba orbelianis sityvis konaSi “Zviri” ganimarteba, rogorc boroti, mankieri. daaxloebiT msgavs ganmartebas vxvdebiT d. CubinaSvili Zveli qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi. rac Seexeba “SaveTs”, Savi qvesknelis simboluri feria, danarCeni ori sknelis (Suasknelis da zesknelis) Sesabamisi wiTeli da TeTri feris sapirispirod, rac, Tavis mxriv, SesaZloa, miwasTan, sxeulis gansasvenebelTan iyos dakavSirebuli. garda amisa, cnobilia, rom fSav-xevsurTa warmodgeniT, saiqios yvelaze did sikeTed sinaTle iTvleboda, romlis gavrcelebis xarisxic gardacvlil sulebze maTi codva-madlianobis mixedviT nawildeboda. madliani sulebi sinaTlesTan axlos imyofebodnen, naklebad madlianni _ moSorebiT, codvilni ki saerTod bnelSi iyvnen. xom ar SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom “SaveTis” aRniSvnaSi codvilTa samyofeli bneleTic aisaxa. maSin roca TviT codvilis sinonimi _ ukavSirdeba. rac damnaSave, damSavebeli semantikurad Sav fers Seexeba suleTs, bunebrivia igi sulTa samyofels gulisxmobda da saiqio saaqaosgan swored am niSniT gamoiyofoda. xolo saiqios moxsenieba, rogorc “samudamo qveynisa” unda amZafrebdes adamianis gancdebs wuTisoflis xanmokleobisa da misi aucileblad datovebis gamo, Tundac samudamo netarebisaTvis. aRsaniSnavia rom saiqios Sesaxeb warmodgenebSi samoTxis scenebi, jojoxeTTan SedarebiT, mokrZalebulia. k. hani svanTa saiqios daxasiaTebisas xazgasmiT SeniSnavs, rom aq samoTxis siameni sakmaod mwiria. qarTvel mTielTa warmodgenebi sasjelis saiqios migebis Sesaxeb scenebiT, mdidaria jojoxeTis, codvaTa agreTve diferencirebul gamo sasjelTa raodenobiT, rasac sabolood imis garkveuli garantia unda Seeqmna, rom Tu adamiani moaxerxebda, saaqaos an danaSaulis saTanadod ar Cadenis SemTxvevaSi daisjeboda, saiqios mis dafarvas aucileblad moekiTxeboda. gardacvlilTaTvis saaqaos Cadenili codva-madlis dafarulis Tu daufaravis _ mokiTxva Temis wevrebisaTvis _ qcevis regulirebis erTgvar meqanizmad iqceoda. aRniSnul rwmena-warmodgenebSi sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisa da Temis Sida urTierTobebis regulirebis meqanizmebi gamoikveTeba. amgvari damokidebuleba saiqiosadmi, rogorc saaqaos binaruli opoziciisadmi, bunebrivia, gulisxmobda maT Soris sakontaqto formebis gansazRvras, rac maT Soris urTierTobis regulirebas uzrunvelyofda. aRsaniSnavia, rom gardacvlilTadmi ambivalentur damokidebulebas damokidebulebaSic. micvalebuli, vxvdebiT erTi mxriv, uwmindurad iTvleboda, meore mxriv, rogorc RmerTTan daaxloebul arsebas, daxmarebisTvisac mimarTavdnen. qarTvel mTielTa warmodgeniT, saiqios binadrebTan kontaqti, pirobiTad, ori saxiT xorcieldeba _ pirdapir da Suamavlis, mediatoris meSveobiT. pirvelis sailustraciod movitanT rwmena-warmodgenebs “galeniSi orTas” Sesaxeb samegreloSi da lifanalis tradicias svaneTSi. galeniSi orTas micvalebulTa sulebs saqonlis sadgomSi udgamdnen da pirutyvTa mfarvelobas sTxovdnen. ojaxis uforosi maT sakvebiT umaspinZldeboda da pativiscemiT acilebda. rwmena-warmodgenebs “galeniSi orTas” Sesaxeb saintereso paralelebi eZebneba svanur lifanalTan, sadac aseve stumrad mosuli micvalebulTa sulebis pativsacemad iSleboda sufra. svanebis rwmeniT, maTi keTildReoba da bed-iRbali swored micvalebulTa sulebis keTilganwyobaze iyo damokidebuli. rogorc galeniSi orTaSi, aseve lifanalSi vxvdebiT pirdapiri komunikaciis formebs, rodesac cocxali adamianebi micvalebulTa yovelgvari mediatoris orTasa lifanalTan da gavrcelebul rwmenas sulebTan gareSe. pirdapir sinamdvileSi, dakavSirebiT emyareba, kontaqts warmodgenebi msoflios romlis sxvadasxva mixedviTac, amyareben galeniSi xalxSi gardacvlilTa sulebs didi zemoqmedebis unari aqvT saaqao cxovrebaze. maT SeuZliaT rogorc dadebiTi, axloblebisaTvis, aseve rac uaryofiTi maTdami Sedegebis gamoxatuli motana ganwyobebis TavianTi adekvaturia. maTve miaweren winaswarmetyvelebis unars. ase magaliTad, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi sjeraT, rom “saiqios yvelafers adre gaigeben, Tu samzeos vis ra moelis. pirvelad suleTSi gaarCeven samzeos bediRbals da samzeos saiqios ganaCenis Tanaxmad moxdeba yvelaferi”1. amgvarad, bedisweris saiqiosTan dakavSireba adamians uadvilebda misTvis auxsneli movlenebis mimarT garkveuli damokidebulebis Camoyalibebas. adamiani cdilobda, gaSinaureboda sikvdils da, Sesabamisad, gaekontrolebina kidevac is, rac misTvis jer kidev ucnobi da saSiSi 1 giorgaZe d. warmodgenebi micvalebulze..., gv. 208. iyo. rac Seexeba “galeniSi orTas”, aq micvalebulTa sulebi TiTqmis adamianisa da saqonlis mfarveli RvTaebis donemde arian ayvanilni. kvleviT dasturdeba suleTisa da nadirTa samyaros, anu gares sruli damTxveva, rogorc sivrcis kordinatebiT, ise semantikuri aspeqtebiT1. m. makalaTias mier Segrovebuli masalebidan irkveva, rom galeniSs melogine qalebs xbomogebul da avadmyof Zroxas. manve bavSvebsac xevsureTSi umarTavdnen, saqonelze aseve axlad micvalebulTa zemoqmedebis faqtebi daafiqsira2. gansakuTrebiT mocemul mTianeTSi sainteresod konteqstSi. qali rogorc fexmZimobis SemTxvevaSi soflis gveCveneba mSobiare cnobilia, aRmosavleT bolo ramdenime qalebis Tves CarTva saqarTvelos ojaxis, zog (“Sinas”) gareT atarebda. radgan fexmZime qali uwmindurad iTvleboda, mas ar aZlevdnen uflebas Seelaxa wminda “Sida” sivrce. metic, garkveuli akrZalvebi fexmZime qalis meuRlesac exeboda. mas ar SeeZlo xatis mimdebare teritoriaze moZraoba. qali reproduqciul funqcias axorcielebda gare sivrceSi. mxolod mTeli rigi ganmwmendi sazogadoebis ritualebis axal sicocxlisaTvis wevrTan axal Semdeg brundeboda erTad. amdenad, sivrceSi damkvidrebis igi qali Sin ojaxis, (deda) procesSi axali erTgvar mediatorad gvevlineba. qali tradiciulad asocirdeba gare sivrcesTan, miwier sawyisTan, mamakacisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic zeciurTan kavSirSi ganixileboda. amave mTianeTSi konteqstSi logikurad dafiqsirebuli jdeba mesulTnis aRmosavleT instituti. saqarTvelos mesulTnes sulis mkiTxavsac eZaxdnen. mesulTne aucileblad qali unda yofiliyo. mas mimarTavdnen sxvadasxva dros ojaxSi avadmyofobis an sxva rTuli SemTxvevisas. mesulTnes movaleobas Seadgenda micvalebulis sulsa da cocxal adamianebs Soris Suamavloba. igi sulis meened iTvleboda. xalxSi damowmebuli terminSi “mesulTne (sulTana)” _ sulis mkiTxavi _ sulis magivrad naTesavebisaTvis 1 2 molaparake sulis igulisxmeba, survilebis samzeoSi ganmcxadebeli. cocxali mesulTne Tavisi bardaveliZe v. qarTveli xalxis religiuri azrovnebis istoriidan (mravalsulianobis koncefcia). // mimomxilveli, I Tb., 1949, gv. 127. RuduSauri T. qarTveli xalxis sulieri kultura XIX saukunis mermenul wyaroebSi. disertacia istoriis mecnierebaTa kandidatis xarisxis mosapoveblad. Tb., 2001. qceviT da funqciebiT Zalian mogvagonebs qadags, romelic xatis msaxuri, xalxsa da RvTaebebs Soris Suamavali iyo, Tumca erTi gansxvavebiT: RvTis msaxuri, rogorc wesi, mamakaci unda yofiliyo. Znelbedobisas xalxi jer qadags mimarTavda, Tu xatis msaxuri ver SeZlebda daxmarebas, aseT SemTxvevaSi mesulTnes miakiTxavdnen. mesulTne sulSi wasvlis dros miwaze wveboda, Tavs imkvdarunebda da butbuts iwyebda _ sulebs mimarTavda. “micvalebuli mesulTnes saSualebiT Tavis patrons sTxovda “saxelsadebebs sagZlad” an “wyrulis Sesaxvevs”, fexsacmels, windebs. zogi iTxovda tablis dadgmas, cxenis dakurTxebas, Tu Wirisufali bevrs tiroda, es micvalebuls awuxebda da sulis mkiTxavis saSualebiT sTxovda tirilis Sewyvetas, radgan tansacmeli cremlisgan maqvs dasvelebulio. Wirispatroni sulis moTxovnas usityvod asrulebda. suli ara mxolod Txovnebsa da survilebs gamoxatavda cocxlad darCenil adamianTa mimarT, sanacvlod igi maT survilebsac usrulebda. rogorc davinaxeT, micvalebulTa sulebs didi gavlena SeiZleba hqonodaT amqveynad mimdinare procesebze, axlobelTa keTildReobasa da ubedobaze. miuxedavad gardacvlilTa sulebs amavdroulad, sulTa damokidebuli saaqaos sakurTxi sufrebis saqarTvelos pirovneba rom saiqioSi mdgomareoba micvalebulTa momzadebaze. mTianeTSi jvris, imisa, qarTvel adamianuri saiqioSi sulebis rogorc gavrcelebuli naTlobis da mTielTa Tvisebebi hqondaT, mniSvnelovnad moxseniebaze, irkveva, sulis Serqmeul warmodgeniT, maTTvis aRmosavleT saxeli, saxelTan iyo erTad romelsac atarebda swored micvalebulTan mudmivi kontaqtis saSualeba iyo. micvalebuli TviTon gamoxatavs iniciativas misi saxeli daerqvas amqveynad darCenil STamomavals. xalxis rwmeniT, sulis saxelis xSiri xseneba amqveynad micvalebulisaTvis sasurveli da sapatioc iyo, riTac igi saaqaosTan kontaqtis SenarCunebas axerxebda. Tavis mxriv, micvalebulis saxelis matarebeli sulis mfarvelobis qveS iyo. sulis saxelis darqmeva, rogorc wesi, bavSvis umizezo tiriliT iwyeboda. aseT dros ityodnen, bavSvs suli “enukviso”. Semdgom micvalebuli an sizmris saSualebiT aniSnebda ojaxs survils, misi saxeli darqmeoda bavSvs, Tu ara da mSoblebi sulis mkiTxavs miakiTxavdnen. mesulTne gaarkvevda, visi sulis saxeli unda rqmeoda bavSvs. aRmosavleT institutisa magaliTze da saqarTvelos mTianeTSi bavSvisaTvis sulis SegviZlia dafiqsirebuli saxelis davakvirdeT saiqiosa mesulTnis darqmevis da tradiciis saaqaos Soris urTierTobebs, romelsac permanentuli xasiaTi hqonda. aRsaniSnavia, rom amgvari urTierTobebis gabmisa da daregulirebis kompetencia qalebs ekuTnodaT. es komunikaciisaTvis garkveul saSualebebs qmnida. garda droebiTi, simbolurad perioduli arsebobda kontaqtebisa, saiqiosa myari, kontaqtebi. mudmivi da saaqaos Soris aseTi kontaqtebis simboloebad SegviZlia ganvixiloT saiqioSi koSki, alvis xe da Citebi, romlebic moZraoben sknelebs Soris. xe ki, rogorc cnobilia, sami sknelis damakavSirebeli universaluri simboloa. saaqao-saqios urTierTebasTan dakavSirebiT eTnologiur mecnierebaSi gavrcelebuli mosazrebebis zogadi mimoxilva, romelic Cven erTgvari kompilaciis saxiT SemogTavazeT, garkveuli daskvnebis gamotanis saSualebas iZleva: qarTvelTa uZveles religiur msoflaRqmaSi samyaro samwevra modelis saxiTaa wamodgenili, romlis TiToeul danayofs gansazRvruli feriTa da simboloebiT datvirTuli skneli Seesabameba es modeli vertikalur da horizontalur sibrtyeSia warmodgenili (qveskneli, Suaskneli, zeskneli da saiqio-saaqao, Sesabamisad _ Sinagare), Cven SevecadeT maTi aRmniSvneli terminebis mniSvnelobaTa dadgenas garkveuli daskvnebic SemogTavazeT. igulisxmeba saiqiosaTvis negatiuri konstruqtebis miwera. saiqios da saaqaos Soris uwyvetad arsebobs myari an droebiTi kontaqtebi, komunikaciis realuri adamianis saxiT). formebi da saSualebebi (simboluri Tu # 3. dekemberi, 2005 weli. gv. giorgi lobJaniZe igavis mxatvrul funqciaTaTvis saxarebasa da yuranSi religiur teqstTa stilistikis mkvlevrebi xSirad miuTiTeben am teqstebis alegoriul xasiaTze, rac TiTqmis yvela wminda wignis saerTo damaxasiaTebeli mniSvnelobiT, niSania. romlis alegoriuloba Sesaxebac ganpirobebulia pirdapiri laparaki saTqmelis gaaubraloebda saRvTo azrs da mas amqveynuri samarTlis kanonTa CarCoSi moaqcevda. amitomac alegorias wminda teqstis stilistikaSi TiTqmis erTi funqciuri datvirTva aqvs _ naTqvams amaRlebuli, zeaweuli elferi mianiWos da auditorias azris ramdenimedoniani interpretaciis SesaZlebloba dautovos. abraamistul religiaTa tradiciaSi RvTis adamianTan urTierTobis modelic ki, SeiZleba iTqvas, ukve garkveul alegorias efuZneba. sinas mTaze cecxliT mobriale mayvlovani aris xati, romelic ufalma miwaze, fizikur ganzomilebaSi, Tavis gasacxadeblad airCia. faqtobrivad, es aris simbolo, sadac mocemulia garsi, romlis meSveobiTac SegviZlia arsze mxolod miaxloebiTi warmodgena viqonioT. am TvalsazrisiT, mayvlovanis cneba uaxlovdeba igavis im ganmartebas, rasac sulxan-saba orbeliani Tavis `sityvis konaSi~ gvTavazobs: `igavi _ ese ars sityviT magaliTi, gina saCvenebeli, gina mosaniSnavi”1. tipologiurad gankacebis amave qristianuli rigis ideis movlenasTan SemTxvevaSi. gvaqvs ieso saqme qristes RvTis sityvebic: `romelman mixila me, ixila mamai Cemi zecaTai~ gansxvavebul ideurTeologiur imeorebs. safuZvelze am mayvlovanis TvalsazrisiT, iudaistur sainteresoa (bibliur) `xorcSesxmuli arqetips logosis~ (gankacebuli sityvis) cnebac, rogorc arsisa da garsis mTlianobis alegoria. sityvaSi RvTis gacxadebis ideis varirebas vxedavT islamSic, sadac miuxedavad imisa, rom iesos erT-erT saxels `qalimaT al-lah~ _ alahis sityva _ warmoadgens, araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar aris gaziarebuli logosis qristanuli idea. islamSi RvTis saxe, WeSmariti 1 orbeliani s.-s.. sityvis kona. ilia abulaZis redaqciiT t. I, Tb., 1990 gv. 322. arsi adamianisaTvis dafarulia. mis Sesaxeb warmodgenas, ZiriTadad, gviqmnis gamocxadeba, romelic muhamad mociquls gabriel mTavarangelozis meSveobiT mieca da romelic teqstis _ yuranis saxiT iqna fiqsirebuli. teqsti SeiZleba SeviswavloT im meTodologiiT, rac SemuSavebulia literaturismcodneobis mTlianoba da mier, TiToeuli anu miviRoT igi, rogorc mxatvrul-literaturuli mxatvruli xerxis ganxilvis safuZvelze vawarmooT misi mTliani analizi. am TvalsazrisiT, SeiZleba iTqvs, rom igavi, romlis klasikuri ganmartebac aseTia: `mokle alegoriuli moTxroba an leqsi zneobrivdamrigebluri Sinaarsisa”1, saxarebisa da yuranis mxatvruli azrovnebis qvakuTxeds warmoadgens. swored igavis safuZvelze erTiandeba yvela is mxatvruli xerxi, romelic am saRvTo wignebsa da, gansakuTrebiT, yuranSi aris mocemuli. yuranSi imitom, rom aq narativs erTaderTi funqcia akisria: ambavi moTxrobilia, rogorc garkveuli azrisa da ideis ilustracia, rogorc magaliTi, romelSic kacma sakuTari Tavi unda amoicnos da Sesabamisi daskvnebi gaakeTos. amdenad, sainteresoa TviTon termini, romelic yuranSi sxvadasxva azriT gamoiyeneba da romelic am SemTxvevaSi Cven `igavad~ gadmogvaqvs. girgasis `yuranisa da arabuli qrestomaTiis leqsikonSi~ vkiTxulobT: `<ل78_ ا678 _ msgavseba, xati, saxeoba, Sedareba, igavi”2. ganmartebaTa da mniSvnelobaTa es speqtri, praqtikulad, imeorebs im definicias, rasac sulxan-saba igavTan dakavSirebiT gvTavazobs. igavi es aris magaliTi, romlis meSveobiTac kacs msgavs movlenaTa SedarebiT maT arsSi Cawvdomis saSualeba eZleva. am mxriv, saxarebisa da bibliuri istoriebisagan gansxvavebiT, sadac Txroba gabmulad mimdinareobs, yuranis narativi SeiZleba gaviazroT, rogorc `masali~, rogorc igavi. yuranSi TiToeuli ambavi moyolilia adamianTa Segonebis, ganswavlis, gafrTxilebis mizniT da amitomac es ambebi bibliis (Zveli da axali aRTqmis) teqstebis teqstTa tradiciaze moTxrobaTa da aRzrdili calkeul mkiTxvelisTvis pasaJTa aRniSnuli usistemo nazavis STabeWdilebas axdens. Tumca es garegnuli usistemoba im mxatvruli 1 2 qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, t. I, Tb., 1991, gv. 384. Словарь к арабской хрестоматий и Корану. Cоставитель проф. В. Гиргас, Казань, 1881, с. 746. funqciis Sedegia, rac yuranSi narativis igavur-alegoriul formas eniWeba. muslimi saubrisas, RvTismetyvelebi, xSirad miuTiTeben wminda wignis motivaciaze, alegoriulobaze riTac gapirobebulia am teqstebisa da konkretulad _ yuranis alegoriuli xasiaTi. kerZod, `jalal ainisa~ da baidavis komentarTa mixedviT, `masali~ _ igavi saRvTo wignSi eTargmna gamoyenebulia kacTa imitom, gonebisaTvis rom Znelad RmerTs adamianur misawvdomi enaze cnebebi da Rirebulebebi1. TavianT am Tezas muslimi komentatorebi isev garkveuli alegoriis meSveobiT asabuTeben. qaSefis komentarSi vkiTxulobT: `Tuki movindomebT uwlovan bavSvs seqsualuri aqtiT miRebul siamovnebaze vesaubroT, iZulebuli viqnebiT mas iseTi Sedareba movuyvanoT, rac bavSvis kerZod, gonebisaTvis albaT unda garkveul siamovnebasTan vuTxraT, rom iqneba seqsualuri dakavSirebuli. siamovneba hgavs tkbileulis Wamas. amasTan, es Sedareba mxolod Soreuli anarekli iqneba im sinamdvilisa, razedac vsaubrobT. zustad asevea RvTis mier adamianisaTvis moyvanil magaliTTa (amsal) SemTxvevaSic. samwuxarod, Cveni miwieri goneba imdenad SezRudulia, rom Znelia, xSirad ki SeuZlebelia RvTiuri azri mTeli siRrmiTa da ZalmosilebiT aRiqvas. amitomac religiuri teqstis ena Cvens dasamoZRvrad metaforas, Sedarebasa da gansakuTrebiT igavs iyenebs, raTa naTqvamis WeSmarit sazrisTan ase mainc migvaaxlovos”2. aqedan gamomdinare, naTelia is udidesi mniSvneloba, rac wminda teqstis stilistikaSi igavis gamoyenebas eniWeba. amitomac, am teqstTa mxatvruli qsovilis Seswavla swored igavis funqciaTa garkveviT unda daiwyos. 1 2 Tafsir al-jalalain, t. I, kairo, 1961 (arabul enaze), gv. 259. Tafsir-e qaSef, t. V, Teirani, 1376 mzis hijris kalendriT (sparsul enaze), gv. 157. # 3. dekemberi, 2005 weli. gv. ia uZilauri saxeldebis asakobrivi da sqesobrivi Taviseburebani qarTul populaciaSi saxeldebis problema erT-erTi uZvelesi problemaTagania. sakiTxi, rogoria sityvis kavSiris buneba, bgeriT ratom mxaresa ewodeba da am mniSvnelobas sagans es Soris saxeli da arsebuli ara sxva, antikurobidan moyolebuli dRemde warmoadgens cxare diskusiis sagans. Zvel saberZneTSi gacxovelebuli diskusia mimdinareobda imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra gansazRvravs ama Tu im sagnis saxels, ratom ewodeba konkretul sagans es saxeli. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT Tavisi mosazrebebi gamoTqves heraklitem, demokritem, protagoram, epikurelebma, stoelebma, skeptikosebma da sxvebma. xolo platonis dialogSi “kratili” problema detaluradaa ganxiluli. platonTan erTmaneTisgan vnaxulobT miTiTebas ganvasxvavoT enis imis leqsikur Sesaxeb, fondSi rom saWiroa Sesul sityvaTa saxeldeba (sityvis bgeriTi mxarisa da mniSvnelobis dakavSireba) da sakuTari saxelebis mqone movlenebis saxeldeba (sakuTari saxelebis mqone sagnebisaTvis da adamianebisaTvis saxelebis mikuTvneba). problemisadmi interesi gansakuTebiT gaZlierda meoce saukuneSi da igi Tanamedrove enaTmecnierebis, fsiqologiisa da filosofiis erT-erT aqtualur sakiTxad gadaiqca. kulturis mecnierebebSi ki es problema aqtualuria misi mWidro urTierTmimarTebis, warmoSobis, enis metyvelebis kulturebis kulturis da gamo azrovnebisa enobrivi da yvelaze niSnis fsiqologiuri mravalferovnebis, urTierTganpirobebulobis erT-erTi kavSiris mniSvnelovani urTierTganpirobebulobis es metyvelebis bunebis raobis, enis meqanizmis, enebisa da enisa sakiTxebTan. da da ukanaskneli mimarTulebaa. xarisxis kulturis Cveni swored dadgena kvlevis enisa da warmoadgens kvlevis erT-erT mizans. ukve didi xania Tanamedrove mecnierebis sxvadasxva mimarTuleba sakuTri miznebisaTvis erTmaneTis kvlevis meTodebsa da Sedegebs iyenebs. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, TandaTan mkvidrdeba interdisciplinuri midgoma. marTalia, farTo saqarTveloSi, masStabebi ar jerjerobiT miuRia, interdisciplinur magram aseTi muSaobas magaliTebi, sakmaod warmatebulad ganxorcielebuli, mainc mogvepoveba. winamdebare kvlevac interdisciplinuri gaxlavT. fsiqologiis kvlevis meTodebis daxmarebiT, SevecadeT, Segveswavla kulturis mecnierebaTa zogierTi problema, kerZod, saganTa saxeldebis sakiTxi. Sedegebis damuSaveba da gaanalizeba vcadeT CvenTvis saintereso da mniSvnelovani kuTxiT. eTnolingvistikis erT-erTi fuZemdeblis b. uorfis sityviT, enis struqtura qmnis gzebs, romlis saSualebiTac azrovnebs am enaze mosaubre Camoyalibebaze adamiani. Tavad enis struqturis ki ganmsazRvrel gavlenas am enis matarebeli sazogadoebisa Tu eTnosis kulturuli faseulobebi axdens. adamianebi cxovroben sakuTar enobriv samyaroSi da misi meSveobiT gamoxataven sakuTar Tavs. yoveli Taoba enas wina Taobisgan mza saxiT iRebs. saxeldebis obieqtis Sinaarsi ama Tu im saxis asociaciis meSveobiT ukavSirdeba saxelmdeblis mier memkvidreobiT miRebul enobriv masalas. enis Sevseba da ganaxleba ucxo enidan axali sityvebis Semosvlisa da sakuTriv enis farglebSi sityvaTwarmoqmnis gziT mimdinareobs. amjerad Cven swored es ukanaskneli gvainteresebs. enis leqsikaSi meore gziT warmoqmnili Tvisobrivad sityvebi gansxvavebul SeiZleba daiyos kategoriad. or, sityvaTa erTmaneTisgan erTi jgufi pirvelqmnadobis gziT aris miRebuli, e. i. sityvis bgeriTi mxarisa da mniSvnelobis urTierTdakavSireba moxda raime ukve arsebuli saxeldebis monawileobis gareSe; da sityvaTa meore jgufi, romelic Seqmnilia mxolod ukve arsebuli enobrivi elementebis kombinirebis gziT. Tumca mecnierebaSi arsebobs sawinaaRmdego azric _ sityvebi, romlebic enobrivi elementebis kombinirebis gziT aris miRebuli, savsebiT ar arian moklebulni pirvelqmnadobis elementebs. qarTul leqsikaSi arsebobs Zalzed saintereso saxelebi. am SemTxvevaSi Cven arCevani yvavilebze SevaCereT. saxelebi, rogoricaa cxeniskbila, cisTvala da sxv. Tanamedrove sazogadoebisTvis naklebad cnobilia1. imisaTvis, rom dagvedgina kulturisa da enis urTierTganpirobebulobis xarisxi, gadavwyviteT konkretuli kvlevis Catareba. kvleva Catarda 5-13 wlis (Sesabamisad, I_IV klasis) 70 bavSvTan. cdis pirTaTvis saxeldebisaTvis SeTavazebuli iyo 6 saxis yvavili: cxeniskbila, cisTvala, furisula, narcisi, guguliskaba, iacindi. TiToO saxelsadeb Sinaarsze saxelmdebeli zustdeboda, cdis saxeldebas Tu ra piri axdenda warmoadgenda orjer axdenda 12-jer. saxeldebas. saxeldebis saxeldebis kriteriums sul procesSive TiToeul SemTxvevaSi. 1 vgulisxmobT Tbiliss, radgan kvleva jerjerobiT mxolod aq Catarda da Cven dazustebiT ver vityviT, cnoben Tu ara am yvavilebs, Tavisi saxelebiT, regionebSi. grafiki 1. saxeldebis kriteriumTa Tanafardobis procentuli maCveneblebi 18% sakuTari saxelebi 16% feri sxva mcenare da mcenaris nawilebi 14% 11% gamogonili sityvebi 10% humanizacia 8% forma zoma cxovelebi da frinvelebi 5% nivTebi 5% 4% ciuri sxeulebi weliwadis droebi da amindi 3% mikuTvneba (geografiuli da kerZo) 3% 2% ricxvebi 1% zebunebrivi arsebebi 0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10% 11% 12% 13% 14% 15% 16% 17% 18% 19% 20% centrirebuli niSnebis anu saxeldebis kriteriumebis msgavsebis mixedviT Cven saSualeba mogveca saxeldebebi dagvejgufebina 13 jgufad: “sakuTari saxelebi”; “feri”, “sxva mcenare da mcenaris nawilebi”; “gamogonili”; “humanizacia”; “forma da zoma”; “cxovelebi da frinvelebi”; “nivTebi”; “ciuri sxeulebi”; “weliwadis droebi da amindi”; “mikuTvneba (kerZo da geografiuli)”; “ricxvebi”; “zebunebrivi arsebebi”. TvalsaCinoebisaTvis SevadgineT grafikebi, romlebidanac aSkarad davinaxoT rogorc ZiriTadi centrirebuli SegviZlia niSnebi da maTi procentuli maCveneblebi, agreTve is Taviseburebani, romlebic asakobriv da sqesobriv gansxvavebebs Soris gamovlinda (ix. grafiki 1, grafiki 2). grafiki 2 40% sakuTari saxelebi 60% 30% feri 70% 57% sxva mcenare da mcenaris nawilebi 43% 45% 55% gamogonili sityvebi 50% humanizacia 50% 42% forma zoma 58% 70% cxovelebi da frinvelebi 30% 85% nivTebi 15% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% mdedrobiTi 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% mamrobiTi jgufSi “sakuTari saxelebi” SegviZlia, gamovyoT ori qvejgufi: naTesavebis saxelebi da cnobili adamianebi (ZiriTadad, politikosebi). aRsaniSnavia, rom sakuTari saxelebi, rogorc saxeldebis kriteriumi, yvelaze did saxelebia, procents rac Seadgens qarTul da aqedan umravlesoba sazogadoebaSi mniSvnelobaze miuTiTebs (ix. grafiki 3). naTesauri naTesavebis kavSirebis grafiki 3. saxeldebis kriteriumi "sakuTari saxeli" (18%) asakobrivi maCvenebeli 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% I-II III-IV V-VI sakuTari saxelebis Semdeg yvelaze didi procents feris mixedviT saxeldeba Seadgens. kvlevis Catarebisas gamoikveTa erTi saintereso momenti _ zogierT SemTxvevaSi darqmeuli feri ar Seesabameba yvavilis namdvil fers, miuxedavad imisa, rom saxelmdebelma icis ra ferisaa saxelsadebi Sinaarsi sinamdvileSi. aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom ferebic da sxva saxeldebebic nawarmoebia ZiriTadad ori sityvidan. magaliTad, “yviTelyura”, “gulyviTela”, “mwvanefoTleba”, “lurjfurcela” da sxva (ix. grafiki 4). jgufSi “sxva mcenare da mcenaris nawilebi” gaerTianebulia saxeldebebi, romelTa centrirebuli niSani aris erT SemTxvevaSi sxva mcenaris saxelebi, mag. “buCqi”, “xe”, “balaxa”, “kitra”, meore SemTxvevaSi _ mcenaris nawilebi: “foTlovani”, “kvirti”, “grZelRerovani” (ix. grafiki 5). grafiki 4. saxeldebis kriteriumi "feri" (16%) asakobrivi maCvenebeli 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% I-II III-IV V-VI grafiki 5. saxeldebis kriteriumi "sxva mcenare da mcenaris nawilebi" (14%) asakobrivi maCvenebeli 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% I-II III-IV V-VI “basiko”, “dabesila”, “bulxa”, “lica”, “nuxuna”, “yuCana” “fCxola”, “onja”, “orebula”, “galoza”, “koroxika”, “lorabana”, “dua”, “furula”, “WaWa “goprana”, “ceka”, yaWa”, “megroka”, “simbolva”, “laruna”, “tylamiwi”. . . aseTi saxeldebebis CamoTvla Sors wagviyvans. eseni is sityvebia, romlebic enis leqsikonSi ar arsebobs, swored amitom am saxeldebaTa jgufs vuwodeT “gamogonili”. aRsaniSnavia asakobrivi Tavisebureba (ix. grafiki 6). grafiki 6. saxeldebis kriteriumi "gamogonili sityvebi" (11%) asakobrivi maCvenebeli 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% I-II III-IV V-VI humanizaciaSi vgulisxmobT mcdelobas yvavilebis “gaadamianebisa”. ufro konkretulad, es aris saxeldebebi romelTa centrirebul niSnad gvevlineba adamianis sxeulis nawilebi, adamianis saqmianobis sferoebi an kidev yvavilebisaTvis adamianisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebis miwera _ “Tvali”, “TiTa”, “xeli”, “yuri”, “uzrdeli”, “gabrazebuli”, “gulmaviwyi”, “kargi”, “grZelTvala”, “maniaki”, “mezobeli” “quCisbiWa”, “megobari”, “Tma”, “qorwila” “yizilbaSa”, “indiela” da sxv. (ix. grafiki 7). “fuCeCa”, “miwiana”, “veberTela”, “gaburZgnuli”, “TavCaRunuli”, “gaSlila”, “SeWuWunela”, “dakvnetila”, “mozrdili”, “patara”, “susti”, “Txela”, “farfata”, saxeldebis “aylayuda”, kriteriums “maRalyeliani”, warmoadgens forma da “grZelfoTola” zoma. _ aRsaniSnavia, Serqmevisas, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, `a~-s momenti1, romelic yvelaze mkafiod, feris, formis da zomis mixedviT saxeldebisas gamoikveTa (ix. grafiki 8). grafiki 7. saxeldebis kriteriumi "humanizacia" (10%) asakobrivi maCvenebeli 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% I-II III-IV V-VI jgufSi “cxovelebi da frinvelebi” gaerTianebulia saxeldebebi, romelTa centrirebul niSans warmoadgens cxovelebi, frinvelebi da mwerebi _ “peplis yvavili”, “virZroxa”, “TuTiyuSi”, “Rori”, “ku”, “gveli”, “lomi”, “virTxa”, “wruwuna”, “arwivi”, “yvavi”, “spilosxorTuma”, “matli” (ix. grafiki 9). sainteresoa saxeldebebi, romelTa centrirebul niSans warmoadgens nivTebi, ufro xSirad sayofacxovrebo nivTebi _ “CanTa”,2 “qurTuki”, “karada”, “saxli”, “troleibusi”, “manqana”, “saqanela”, “zari”, “cocxi”, 1 2 vgulisxmobT Serqmeuli sityvis a-ze daboloebas. isic unda iTqvas, rom es Taoba ar aris dazRveuli barbarizmebis, kerZod rusizmebisgan. magaliTad, “qurTukis” nacvlad gvTavazobdnen “kurtkas”, gvxvdeboda aseve “zmeika” da sxva. “aqandazi”, “parki”, “fanqari”, “violino”, “merxi”, “mikrofoni”, “antena”, “aieti”... (ix. grafiki 10). jgufSi rodesac “mikuTvneba” yvavilis “maswavleblis gamoikveTa akuTvneben yvavili”; da ori kerZo meore, saxis pirs rodesac _ mikuTvneba. pirveli, “mezoblis yvavili”, akuTvneben adgils _ “mTisyvavili”, “zRvis yvavili”, “quCis yvavili”. grafiki 8. saxeldebis kriteriumi "forma zoma" (8%) asakobrivi maCvenebeli 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% I-II III-IV V-VI geografiul grafiki 9. saxeldebis kriteriumi "cxovelebi da frinvelebi" (5%) asakobrivi maCvenebeli 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% I-II III-IV V-VI grafiki 10. saxeldebis kriteriumi "nivTebi" (5%) asakobrivi maCvenebeli 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% I-II III-IV V-VI eqsperimentis pirobebis erTgvarovnebis miuxedavad, erTi da igive saxelsadebi Sinaarsi sxvadasxva cdispiris cnobierebaSi sxvadasxva struqturiT aris warmodgenili. es sxvadasxvaoba, ZiriTadad, vlindeba am Sinaarsis cnobierebaSi warmodgenili niSnis sxvadasxvaobiT. centrirebul niSnad ar gvevlineba yovelTvis saxelsadebis arsebiTi niSani. xSirad aseTad saxelsadebi Sinaarsis meorexarisxovani niSani figurirebs, anda saxelsadebiT gamowveuli subieqturi mdgomareoba. es daskvna sruliad misaRebi iqneboda fsiqologisaTvis, magram vfiqrobT, kulturis mecnierebaTa farglebSi rCeba garkveuli kiTxvebi. daskvna sxvagvarad SeiZleba Camoyalibdes _ kvlevis Sedegebi, romlis mixedviT struqturis sxvadasxva warmodgenili cdispiris saxeldebebi cnobierebaSi msgavsi da, zog sxvadasxva SemTxvevaSi identuric ki aris, gvaZlevs sababs vifiqroT, rom sxvadasxva cdispiris cnobierebaSi identuria, saxelsadebi aramed msgavsi Sinaarsi arc struqturiT sxvadasxvagvari aris da warmodgenili. arc es ganpirobebuli unda iyos koleqtiuri cnobierebiT, tradiciebiT, wesCveulebebiT, yofiTi kulturiT, erTi sityviT rom vTqvaT, kulturiT. marTalia, Cven am monacemebiT jer ar SegviZlia saboloo daskvnebis gamotana, radgan es mxolod pirveladi Sedegebia, magram vfiqrobT, Zalzed saintereso unda iyos im TvalsazrisiT, rom ukve gamoikveTa saxeldebis procesis kulturuli ganpirobebuloba. jerjerobiT kvleva Catarda mxolod erT asakobriv jgufSi (bavSvebSi) da mxolod TbilisSi. es kvlevis mxolod erTi nawilia. kvlevis Catarebas vgegmavT sxvadasxva asakobriv jgufSi, aseve saqarTveloSi mcxovreb sxvadasxva erovnebis adamianebze. ar SemovifargebliT mxolod TbilisiT, kvleva Catardeba regionebSic, rac Zalzed saintereso unda iyos, radgan Tavis droze aRniSnuli yvavilebis saxeldeba, savaraudod, swored im sivrceSi unda momxdariyo. Targmanebi jonaTan jonaTan foqsi eTnoreligiuri konfliqtebi mesame samyaroSi: religiis, rogorc konfliqtis mizezis roli Jonathan Fox. Ethnoreligious Conflict in the Third World: The Role of Religion as a Cause of Conflict (Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, Vol.9, No.1, Spring 2003, pp.101-125. Published by Frank Cass, London) am gamokvlevaSi gamoTqmulia mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom kamaTi politikaSi religis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb, nawilobriv, gapirobebulia Semdegi faqtiT: religia gansxvavebul rols asrulebs, erTis mxriv, mesame samyaroSi da, meores mxriv, dasavleTisa da yofili sabWoTa blokis saxelmwifoebSi. Sesabamisad, kamaTi mimdinareobs im mecnierTa Soris, romlebic yuradRebas msoflios am gansxvavebul nawilebze amaxvileben. riskis qveS myofi umciresobebisa da arSemdgari saxelmwifoebis Sesaxeb arsebuli monacemebi cxadyofs, rom religiis mniSvneloba gacilebiT didia mesame samyaroSi da rom 1990-ian wlebamde religiuri xasiaTisa iyo mesame samyaros konfliqtebis umravlesoba, 1990-ian wlebSi ki viTareba Seicvala da religiuri xasiaTi SeiZina konfliqtTa umetesobam dasavleTisa da yofili sabWoTa blokis politikosebma daiwyes qveynebSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom mediam, mecnierebma da yuradRebis gamaxvileba religiaze, rogorc konfliqtis mizezze, religiis aRiareba konfliqtis mizezad, agreTve misi gavlenis sakiTxi politikasa da sazogadoebaze mainc sakamaToa. mravali mecnieri, adre Tu dRes, amtkicebs, rom Tanamedrove periodSi religia ar axdens gavlenas sazogadoebriv sferoze; zogis azriT ki misi gavlena pirad sferozec mcirdeba. avtori cdilobs daasabuTos, rom am gansxvavebul SexedulebaTa erT-erTi mizezia konfliqtSi religiis rolis gansxvavebuloba mesame samyaroSi, dasavlur demokratiebsa da yofil sabWoTaAblokSi msoflios konfliqtze sxvadasxva religiis [1]. aqedan regions, gavlenis gamomdinare, SeiZleba isini, mividnen sakiTxTan vinc sxvadasxva dakavSirebiT. es Seiswavlian daskvnamde argumenti Semowmebulia 1990-iani wlebis eTnikuri konfliqtebis moSveliebiT, monacemTa ori bazis gamoyenebiT: umciresobebi riskis qveS da arSemdgari saxelmwifo. monacemTa orive es baza kombinirebulia religiis Sesaxeb damoukideblad Segrovil monacemebTan. religiuri aRorZineba sekularizaciis sapirispirod dRes religiis mniSvnelobis problemaze kamaTis erT-erTi mimarTulebaa msjeloba imis Taobaze, ra gavlena hqonda da aqvs Tanamedroveobas religiaze. 1950-iani da 1960-iani umravlesoba wlebis iziarebda politikuri modernizaciis mecnierebis skolis warmomadgenelTa Tvalsazriss, romelic amtkicebda, rom dRes iseTi Zireuli faqtorebi, rogorebicaa eTnikuroba da religia, TandaTan kargaven mniSvnelobas [2]. modernizaciis Teoria yuradRebas amaxvilebda eTnikurobaze, romelic aSkarad moicavda religiasac. religiis sakiTxze modernizaciis TeoretikosTa Sexedulebebis mSvenier mimoxilvaSi Sahliyeh aRniSnavs: socialuri ganviTarebis Semswavlelni varaudobdnen, rom ganaTleba, urbanizacia, dasaqmebis Tanamedrove SesaZleblobebi, teqnologia, mecnieruli miRwevebi, aseve axali da ufro rTuli socialuri organizaciebi, aucileblad migviyvanda sekularizaciis gavrcelebamde, pluralizmamde da politikur diferenciaciamde mTeli msoflios masStabiT. savaraudod, es cvlilebebi gamoiwvevda agreTve axali faseulobebisa da Tanamedrove cxovrebis stilis aTvisebas, romelic mkveTrad daupirispirdeboda religiur tradiciebs. fiqrobdnen, rom modernizaciis gavrcelebasTan erTad tradiciuli religiuri institutebi daknindeboda an gaqreboda; sxvadasxva kultura da sazogadoeba gaTavisufldeboda religiis marwuxebisagan. koleqtiuri moqmedebis, socialuri kontrolisa da politikuri mobilizaciis Zalis nacvlad religia, ubralod, individis kerZo saqmed iqceoda [3]. magram 1970-iani politikuri wlebis mecnierebis miwuruls am warmomadgenelTa Teoriam Soris, dakarga eTnikuri mxardaWera konfliqtebis mdgradobisa da politikaze religiis aSkara gavlenis gamo, romlis naTeli gamoxatuleba iyo religiuri uflebebis aRorZineba amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi da iranis revolucia. miuxedavad amisa, vakos (Waco, teqsasi) 1993 wlis movlenebamde mecnierTa mcire nawili Tu miiCnevda dasavleTSi religiur Zaladobas sxva ramed, Tu ara epifenomenad [4]. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis sfero, analogiuri mizezebis gamo, agrZelebda religiis ignorirebas. politikuri mecnierebisagan gansxvavebiT, saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa mkvlevarebs ara aqvT formaluri Teoria imis Taobaze, Tu ratomaa religia naklebmniSvnelovani; es, ubralod, asea miCneuli [5]. 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris movlenebis Semdegac ki bevri cdilobda, religiuri Seferilobis mqone Zaladobis es aSkara gamovlineba terorizmis ufro neitralur kategoriaSi gadaeyvana. es Seesabameba saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis im tendencias, rom religiuri gavlenebi, Tuki maT saerTod vaRiarebT, sxva, 113 ufro “msubuq” kategoriebSi unda movaqcioT [6]. am fenomenis sxva magaliTia kamaTi “civilizaciaTa Sejaxebis” Taobaze, romelic, rogorc qvemoT davinaxavT, Seexo religias, magram, umeteswilad, moaxerxa Tavidan aecilebina Tavad sityva terminebiT, miZRvnili “religiis” gamoyeneba rogoricaa naSromebis sxvadasxva kultura umetesoba marqsistul da da igi civilizacia. aseve kvlevebSi Caanacvla ar ki exeba ufro samoqalaqo religiur pirdapir neitraluri omisadmi sakiTxebs uaryofilia [7], religiis mniSvneloba. religiis mniSvnelobis uaryofa aseve gabatonebuli iyo sociologiis sferoSi. sul ukanasknel xanebamde sociologiis ZiriTadi mimarTuleba miiCnevda, rom religia Seusabamoa Tanamedrove politikasa da sazogadoebasTan [8]. sociologiuri Teoria Tanamedrove epoqaSi religiis umniSvnelo rolis Sesaxeb, romelic mniSvnelovani sekularizaciis aspeqtiT gansxvavdeba Teoriis saxeliTaa modernizaciis cnobili, Teoriisagan. sami pirveli, sekularizaciis Teoria yuradRebas amaxvilebs religiaze da ara eTnikurobaze. meore, im sociologebma, romelTac aRiares, rom religias dRes arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs, es, sul mcire, aTi wliT gvian gaakeTes, vidre politikis mkvlevarebma. mesame, mravali sociologi jer kidev amtkicebs, rom religiis faqtori araarsebiTia Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi. sociologebs Soris sekularizaciis Teoriis irgvliv mimdinare debatebs mTlianad eZRvneba da asaxavs religiis sociologiis [9] ukanaskneli gamocema. kamaTi or ZiriTad sakiTxze mimdinareobs. pirveli: ras niSnavs sekularizacia _ religiurobis dakninebas xalxSi, anu imas, rom xalxi sul ufro naklebreligiuri xdeba, Tu religiis gavlenis Semcirebas politikasa da socialur institutebze? meore: realurad mimdinareobs Tu ara romelime am procesTagani? zogi amtkicebs, rom axla xalxi iseve, an ufro metad religiuria, vidre warsulSi iyo _ an imitom, rom religiuroba izrdeba [10], an imitom, rom warsulSi rwmenis simtkice gazviadebuladaa warmodgenili [11]. amis sawinaaRmdegod, sxvebi amtkiceben, rom religiuroba daqveiTebis gziT midis [12]. mwvaved kamaToben imis Sesaxebac, inarCunebs Tu ara religia gavlenas socialur da politikur institutebze. Karel Dobbelaere-is poziciis Tanaxmad, religiis gavlena TandaTanobiT Semcirda da umniSvnelo gaxda [13]. sxvebis _ naklebad radikalurebis _ azriT, religiis gavlena imitom mcirdeba, rom iklebs religiuri xelisuflebis struqturebis zegavlena [14] da religia sazogadoebrivi sferodan kerZo, pirad sferoSi inacvlebs [15]. isini, vinc Tvlian, rom religias jer kidev mniSvnelovani gavlena aqvs, amtkiceben, rom Tanamedroveobam Secvala, magram ver gaaqro religiis roli sazogadoebaSi [16]. 114 orive poziciaze mdgom sociologebs aerTianebs is garemoeba, rom isini yuradRebas amaxvileben zogadad dasavlur saxelmwifoebze, konkretulad ki aSS-ze. im dros, rodesac dasavleTSi religiis rolis problema sakamaToa, aradasavleTis SemswavlelTagan cota vinme Tu ityvis, rom religia aRar aris mniSvnelovani. magaliTad, Znelia warmoidgino axlo aRmosavleTis eqsperti, romelic amtkicebs, rom zogadad religia, konkretulad ki islami, araviTar rols ar TamaSobs regionis sazogadoebaSi, politikasa da konfliqtebSi. amis msgavsad, Zneli iqneba aziis specialisti aiZulo, religiis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe axsnas regionis konfliqtebi, gansakuTrebiT _ Sri lankisa da qaSmiris (indoeTi). eqsperti afrikis sakiTxebSi ver SeZlebs sudanis samoqalaqo omis ignorirebas, xolo eqsperts laTinuri amerikis sakiTxebSi dasWirdeba kaTolikuri eklesiis rolisa da gaTavisuflebis Teologiis gaTvaliswineba. amrigad, mkvlevarTaTvis, romlebic swavloben mesame samyaros am da sxva regionebs, mtkicebas mniSvnelobas, erTis ar saWiroebs mxriv, xalxis is faqti, rom religia religiurobis, xolo inarCunebs meore mxriv, politikur da socialur institutebze Tavisi gavlenis gamo. ubralod, es miRebulia rogorc mocemuloba. garda amisa, literaturaSi sul ufro xSirad gvxvdeba mtkiceba, Tanamedroveobam gamococxleba religiis gamoiwvia. damcrobis nacvlad TanamedroveobisaTvis misi Sinaganad aRorZineba rom da damaxasiaTebelma ramdenime procesma ganamtkica religiis roli politikasa da sazogadoebaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom es, udaod, universaluri movlenaa, masze, ZiriTadad, aradasavluri samyaros mkvlevrebi saubroben. rogorc ar unda iyos, mravali mizezi arsebobs imis saTqmelad, rom Tanamedroveobam politikaSi. romlebic gamoiwvia pirveli, religiis gavlenis xelisuflebebma, xelmZRvanelobdnen zrda gansakuTrebiT Tanamedrove dasavluri sazogadoebasa mesame da samyaroSi, politikuri da ekonomikuri ideologiebiT, ver Seasrules politikuri samarTlianobisa da ekonomikuri ayvavebis dapirebebi. aman maTi legitimurobas Ziri gamouTxra; amas mohyva politikuri da ideologiuri vakuumi, romlis Sevsebac religiurma moZraobebma daiwyes [17]. meore, mravali adamiani, romelTac tradiciebisa da tradiciuli cxovrebis wesis rRvevis gamo mouxdaT gadaadgileba da sacxovrebeli adgilis Secvla, gaucxoebis daZlevas cdilobs religiisaken mibrunebiT [18]. mesame, rogorc saxelmwifoebma, aseve religiurma organizaciebma ganavrces TavianTi gavlenis sferoebi, rasac Sedegad mohyva maT Soris dapirispirebis saSualebebma msoflio gamZafreba ufro [19]. meoTxe, “daaviwrova”, Tanamedrove ramac sakomunikacio religiur moZraobebs 115 erTmaneTis moqmedebaTa TviTorganizebis Tanamedrove ganapiroba gacnobis, saSualeba cnebam misca adamianebs religiuri farTomasStabiani [20]. religiis institutebis mexuTe, arCevis urTierTobisa rwmenis saSualeba Zalisxmevis da Tavisuflebis Seuqmna, gaaqtiureba ramac potenciuri mimdevrebis misazidad. zogierTis mtkicebiT, amas Sedegad religiurobis zrda mohyva [21]. da bolos, kolonializmma da eri-saxelmwifoebis Seqmnam ganamtkica eTnikuri da nacionaluri identurobebi, romlebic xSirad dakavSirebulia religiur identurobebTan [22]. amis gaTvaliswinebiT unda davsvaT kiTxva: msoflios gansxvavebuli aRqma xom ar aris gapirobebuli imiT, Tu msoflios romel nawils ikvlevs esa Tu is mecnieri. sxvagvarad, mravali dasavleli mecnieris mier religiis mniSvnelobis ugulebelyofis mizezia yuradRebis gamaxvileba dasavleTze, sadac religiis gavlena politikaze da sazogadoebaze, SesaZloa, naklebia, an naklebad mkafioa, vidre aradasavlur samyaroSi. amis sapirispirod, mecnierebi, romlebic yuradRebas aradasavlur samyaroze amaxvileben, religias mniSvnelovnad miiCneven da ver amCneven imas, rom is nakleb mniSvnelovania dasavleTSi. civilizaciebi, anu erebi da realizmi religiis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb kamaTi gaamwvava s.hanTingtonis civilizaciaTa Sejaxebis Teoriam [23]. hanTingtoni amtkicebs, rom civi omis dasrulebasTan erTad konfliqtTa umetesoba aRmocendeba civilizaciebs Soris, romelTac is ganmartavs rogorc adamianTa umaRles kulturul erTobasa da kulturuli identurobis yvelaze farTo civilizacia dones, rac ganisazRvreba adamianebs saerTo ganasxvavebs eniT, istoriiT, sxva saxeobebisagan. religiiT, CvevebiT, institutebiTa da xalxis subieqturi TviTidentifikaciiT [24]. is CamoTvlis rva mTavar civilizacias: dasavlurs, konfuciurs/Cinurs, iaponurs, muslimurs, indurs, slavur-orTodoqsuls, laTinuramerikuls da, “SesaZloa”, afrikuls. es civilizaciebi, garda afrikulisa, hanTingtonis gansazRvrebis Sesabamisad, emyareba religias, rogorc erT-erT msazRvrels, zogi ki mTlianad religiiT ganisazRvreba [25]. hanTingtonis mraval mtkicebas bevri mowinaaRmdege gamouCnda. hanTingtonis winaaRmdeg erT-erTi mTavari argumenti isaa, rom faqtorebi, romlebic dominirebdnen konfliqtebSi civi omis dros, SeinarCuneben aseTsave rols civi omis Semdgom epoqaSi. aq igulisxmeba tradiciul ZalTa balansi da realpolitika [26], aseve nacionalizmi [27]. meore mTavari argumenti isaa, rom hanTingtonis civilizaciebi ar arian erTianni da konfliqtebi ufro xSirad 116 maT SigniT aRmocendeba, vidre maT Soris [28]. es argumenti gansakuTrebiT muslimur civilizaciasTan mimarTebaSi gamoiyeneba [29]. mravalricxovan argumentebis literaturaSi sasargeblod. SemoTavazebulia pirveli, ramdenime civilizaciaTaSorisi migneba konfliqtebi am _ rogorc adgilobrivi, aseve saerTaSoriso _ ufro iSviaTad aRmocendeba, vidre Sidacivilizaciuri konfliqtebi [30]. meore, konfliqtTa gavrceleba da dinamika mniSvnelovnad ar Secvlila civi omis dasrulebasTan erTad [31]. mesame, politikur faqtorebs ufro didi gavlena aqvs konfliqtze, vidre kulturul faqtorebs [32]. meoTxe, kulturis gavlena konfliqtze ar aris erTgvarovani [33]. bolos _ da es, SesaZloa, yvelaze sainteresoa _ Tu eTnikur konfliqts mxolod dasavluri perspeqtividan ganvixilavT, im konfliqtebze dakvirvebiT, romlebSic mxolod dasavluri jgufebi arian CarTuli, SeiZleba mogveCvenos, rom hanTingtoni marTalia. magram rodesac eTnikur konfliqts globalurad SevxedavT an muslimuri civilizaciis perspeqtividan SevafasebT (anu ganvixilavT konfliqtebs, romlebSic muslimuri jgufebia CarTuli), maSin misi argumentebis sasargeblod bevrs verafers vityviT [34]. amrigad, iseve rogorc kamaTi Tanamedrove epoqaSi religiis rolis Sesaxeb, hanTingtonis civilizaciaTa Teoriac dasavluri TvalTaxedvis gavlenas ganicdis. unda aRiniSnos hanTingtonis sami pasuxi mravalricxovani kritikosebidan samis _ Russet-is, Oneal-isa da Cox-is SeniSvnebze: periodi, romelsac isini aanalizeben, sruldeba 1992 wliT, civi gamokvlevaSi yuradReba gamaxvilebulia omis mxolod dasrulebis samxedro momentiT; uTanxmoebaze; saxelmwifos Sida konfliqtebi konfliqtebis umciresobas Seadgens [35]. es kritika ar exeba aq warmodgenil gamokvlevas, romelic efuZneba 1990-iani wlebis Sua xanebis, civi omis Semdgomi epoqis monacemebs da eZRvneba eTnikur konfliqts, romelic aris saSinao da ara saxelmwifoTaSorisi konfliqtis saxe. Tu SeiZleba vamtkicoT, rom eTnikuri konfliqti Sida konfliqtis saxeobaa, iseve rogorc samxedro dapirispirebaa saerTaSoriso konfliqtis saxeoba, maSin imis mtkicebac SeiZleba, rom yvela Sidacivilizaciuri konfliqti, amave dros, eTnikuri konfliqtia. es imitom, rom hanTingtonis civilizaciebi nebismieri mravali msgavsi civilizaciuri eTnikuri konfliqti jgufis unda erTobliobaa. warmoadgendes amgvarad, konfliqts gansxvavebul eTnikur jgufebs Soris; Tavad hanTingtoni amtkicebs, rom Sida konfliqtebi Seadgenen civi omis Semdgomi konfliqtebis umravlesobas [36]. rogorc Russet, Oneal da Cox [37] aRniSnaven, maT msgavsad, hanTingtonic iyenebs istorias, raTa “naTeli mohfinos momavals”; marTebulia SekiTxva imis Sesaxeb, Tu romeli meTodis gamoyenebiT unda gakeTdes es _ raodenobrivis Tu 117 romelime sxvis? rodesac viyenebT raodenobriv meTods, analizi daefuZneba konfliqtis konkretul saxeobas, radganac monacemTa umetesoba informacias mxolod garkveuli tipis konfliqtebze Seicavs. garda amisa, gamokvlevaSi gaanalizebulia monacemTa ori baza, raodenobrivi kvlevebis sazogadod cnobili da aRiarebuli SezRudulobis gaTvaliswinebiT. monacemTa orive baza mxolod eTnikuri konfliqtiT Semoifargleba. sabolood, rogorc es zemoT iTqva da rogorc amas Russet, Oneal da Cox [38] aRniSnaven, hanTingtonis Teoriis sawinaaRmdego mosazrebebi Warbobs momxreTa mosazrebebs. isini emyareba mravalricxovan raodenobriv gamokvlevebs, romlebic moicavs ramdenime tipis saerTaSoriso da Sida konfliqtebs. rogorc debuleba ar imis unda iyos, Taobaze, dResac rom davis sagania civilizaciebi hanTingtonis warmoadgenen Teoriis konfliqtebis safuZvels civi omis Semdgom periodSi; samagierod, konfliqtze religiis gavlenis sakiTxi naklebad sakamaToa. rogorc wesi, isini, vinc amtkiceben, rom konfliqti subcivilizaciuri iqneba, ar kamaToben konfliqtis SesaZlo safuZvlis Taobaze. magaliTad, rom nacionalizmis sawyisebi religiaSia religiis, rogorc Anthony D. Smith amtkicebs, saZiebeli [39], Shirleen Hunt ki yuradRebas amaxvilebs muslimur saxelmwifoebSi rwmenasa da sekularizms Soris arsebul daZabulobaze, rogorc konfliqtis safuZvelze [40]. Fred Halliday aseve miuTiTebs islamis rolze opoziciur moZraobebSi [41]. arsebobs religiisa da konfliqtis erTmaneTTan damakavSirebeli ramdenime raodenobrivi gamokvleva. Henderson erTmaneTTan akavSirebs religiur gansxvavebebsa da erTaSoris omebs [42], Rudolph Rummel ki _ religiur gansxvavebebsa da Sida konfliqtebs [43]. me erTmaneTTan vakavSireb, erTi mxriv, sxvadasxva religiur faqtors, maT Soris religiur legitimurobasa da institutebs, meore mxriv _ eTnikuri konfliqtebis ramdenime aspeqts, maT Soris, eTnikur daZabulobas, eTnikur ajanyebas, eTnikuri umciresobebis diskriminaciasa da saerTaSoriso intervencias [44]. marTalia, hanTingtonis civilizaciaTa Teoriis irgvliv kamaTi moicavs debatebs religiis mniSvnelobis Taobaze, magram Tavad religiis mniSvnelobis sakiTxi ar aris am kamaTis centraluri aspeqti. SesaZlebelia vekamaToT hanTingtons konfliqtze religiis gavlenis uaryofis gareSe. amasTanave, isini, vinc amtkiceben, rom konfliqtis safuZveli ZalTa balansi da realizmia, sakamaTos xdian religiis gavlenis sakiTxs. modernizaciis Teoriis momxre sociologebis msgavsad am Tvalsazrisis momxreebic dasavlelebi arian _ isini, visi yuradRebac dasavleTis problemebiskenaa mimarTuli. garda amisa, TviT hanTingtonis Teoria Zalze dasavluria da, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, ukeT 118 “muSaobs”, rodesac konfliqtSi dasavleTis monawileobas exeba [45]. garda amisa, swored aradasavlur sazogadoebaTa mkvlevrebi kamaToben hanTingtonis mier mravalricxovani da mravalferovani aradasavluri jgufebis moqcevaze ufro farTo civilizaciebis farglebSi. magaliTad, es SeiZleba iTqvas Hallidaysa da Hunter-ze, romelTa Seswavlis sagani muslimuri saxelmwifoebia [46]. swored es politikaze. mecnierebi isini uaryofen msjeloben im religiis gavlenas gansxvavebul sazogadoebasa garemoebebze, da romlebSic, civilizaciuri identurobis gverdiT da miRma, es gavlena Cndeba. gansxvavebuli civilizaciuri identurobebi hanTingtonis Teoriis safuZvels warmoadgenen. sabolood, am kamaTis yvelaze saintereso aspeqtia is, rom, igi Tumca religias ukavSirdeba, Tavad termin “religiis” gamoyenebas an eridebian, an igi “Cakargulia” sxva terminologiaSi. terminebi “civilizacia” da “kultura”, rogorc Cans, ufro evfemizmebia “religiasTan” mimarTebaSi, an kidev _ misi Sinaarsis gamomxatveli. imis auRiareblobas, rac kamaTis ZiriTad aspeqts warmoadgens, aqvs Tavisi dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi. erTi mxriv, es saSualebas iZleva, vikamaToT saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi religiis rolze orTodoqsebTan aSkara dapirispirebis gareSe, romlebic amtkiceben, rom religias am sakiTxTan araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs. sxvagvarad, kamaTi ar daiwyeboda im dros, roca igi daiwyo. meore mxriv, amas mohyva gadaxveva mTavari problemidan, radgan civilizacia da kultura sulac araa igive, rac religia. Sesabamisad, ZiriTadi sakiTxis gverdis avla gvaSorebs misi pirdapiri ganxilvis SesaZleblobisagan. kvlevis mizani am gamokvlevis mizania im hipoTezis Semowmeba, romlis Tanaxmad, religia mesame samyaroSi ufro mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs, vidre dasavleTisa da yofili sabWoTa blokis qveynebSi (qvemoT maT movixseniebT rogorc dasavlur da yofil sabWoTa bloks). rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, am mizniT gamoyenebuli cvladebi ramdenime wyarodanaa aRebuli. analizis pirveli nawili eyrdnoba Ted Robert Gurr-is monacemebs riskis qveS myofi umciresobebis (MAR) Sesaxeb. am monacemebSi analizis obieqtia eTnikuri umciresoba saxelmwifos farglebSi. amdenad, umravlesobis erTi da igive jgufi SeiZleba monacemebSi ramdenjerme dafiqsirdes, magram TiToeul SemTxvevaSi is ganixileba umciresobis sxvadasxva jgufTan mimarTebaSi. magaliTad, indoeTis indusi umravlesoba am gamokvlevaSi eqvsjer Cndeba, indoeTis yovel eTno-religiur jgufTan mimarTebaSi [47]. 119 MAR monacemebSi umciresobaTa 267 jgufia, romelTagan 105 religiur umciresobadaa miCneuli [48]. mniSvnelovania imis aRiniSvna, rom is 267 eTnikuri umciresoba, romlebic monacemebSi riskis qveS myof umciresobebadaa CaTvlili, msoflioSi mcxovrebi mravali eTnikuri umciresobis mxolod nawils Seadgens. Gurr aRniSnavs, rom msoflioSi, SesaZloa, daaxloebiT 5000 eTnikuri umciresoba arsebobs, magram monacemebi miznad isaxavs mxolod eTnikurobis gavlenis dadgenas politikur procesebze [49]. MAR monacemebi Seicavs im jgufebs, romlebic oridan erT-erT kriteriums Seesabameba: “jgufi koleqtiurad izRudeba an sargebels naxulobs saxelmwifoSi arsebuli sxva eTnikuri jgufebis mxriv sistematuri diskriminaciuli mopyrobisagan” [50]; da “iyo Tu ara jgufi TviTidentifikaciis politikuri miznebTan mobilizaciisa dakavSirebiT misi da moqmedebis interesebis samizne, dacvisa Tu xelisSewyobis TvalsazrisiT” [51]. amgvarad, MAR monacemTa analizis obieqtia konkretul saxelmwifoSi arsebuli politikurad aqtiuri eTnikuri umciresoba. bevr saxelmwifoSi arsebobs erTze meti aseTi eTnikuri umciresoba. mravali eTnikuri umciresoba gafantulia sxvadasxva saxelmwifoSi. analizis am nawilisaTvis religiuri cvladebi calke iyo kodirebuli Fox-is mier, MAR monacemebTan erTad gamosayeneblad, isini xelmisawvdomia MAR veb-gverdze [52]. arSemdgari saxelmwifos monacemebi aerTianebs “arSemdgari saxelmwifos” mTavar epizodebs; es “axali maxasiaTebelia, romelic mTel rig sastik konfliqtebsa da xelisuflebis/saxelisuflebo krizisebs moicavs. magaliTad, 1990-iani wlebis movlenebs somaliSi, bosniaSi, liberiaSi, avRaneTsa da kongokinSasaSi” [53]. konfliqtebze obieqtia gamokvleva amaxvilebs. konfliqtis yuradRebas arSemdgari erTi weli mxolod saxelmwifos konkretul gansakuTrebiT mZafr monacemTa analizis saxelmwifoSi. amgvarad, xangrZlivi konfliqti mravaljer moxvdeba monacemebSi, misi xangrZlivobis TiToeuli wlis mixedviT. es Cven mogvcems zust suraTs, Tu ramdeni konfliqti aRmocendeboda ama Tu im weliwads. amrigad, MAR monacemebisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic analizis obieqtad iyenebs saxelmwifoSi arsebul umciresobas da, Sesabamisad, Seicavs informacias jgufis qcevaze mTeli periodis ganmavlobaSi, romelsac moicavs monacemTa baza, miuxedavad imisa, Tu rodis aRmocenda konfliqti, arSemdgari saxelmwifos monacemebi moicavs mxolod im wlebs, rodesac adgili hqonda konfliqts. aseve, MAR monacemebi Seicavs informacias im eTnikuri jgufebis Sesaxeb, romlebic opoziciuri brZolis mSvidobian saSualebebs iyeneben, maSin rodesac arSemdgari saxelmwifos monacemebi yuradRebas amaxvilebs mxolod Zaladobriv konfliqtebze. yovelive amis gaTvaliswinebiT, orive monacemis 120 safuZvelze gakeTebuli analizi ufro sruli suraTis Seqmnas uzrunvelyofs, vidre mxolod erT-erT maTganis gaTvaliswineba. arSemdgari saxelmwifos monacemebi Seicavs informacias sxvadasxva tipis konfliqtebze, xolo es gamokvleva exeba mxolod im konfliqtebs, romlebic eTnikur omebadaa miCneuli. kvlevis mizania misi Sedareba MAR monacemebTan, romelic mxolod monacemTa eTnikur mixedviT, “Zaladobrivi konfliqtebs eTnikuri konfliqtis Seexeba. arSemdgari konfliqtebi epizodebi saxelmwifos gansazRvrulia mTavrobebsa da rogorc erovnul, eTnikur, religiur an umciresobaTa sxva jgufebs (eTnikuri gamowvevebis matarebelni) Soris, sadac es ukanasknelni cdiloben miaRwion arsebiT cvlilebebs TavianT statusSi” [54]. qvemoT ganxilul damatebiT cvladebs garda, romlebic am gamokvlevis miznebisTvisaa gamoyenebuli, moxda arSemdgari saxelmwifos monacemTa gadamuSaveba. arsebobs ramdenime SemTxveva, sadac saxelmwifosTan sxvadasxva jgufis konfliqti calkeul erTad SemTxvevebad iqna Setanili ganixilavs [55]. monacemebSi. amis Sedegad, es gamokvleva mocemuli maT gamokvleva moicavs konfliqtebis 688 wels (years of conflict) 1965-1996 wlebs Soris. SeiZleba vamtkicoT, rom arSemdgari saxelmwifos monacemebSi mxolod Zaladobrivi konfliqtebis Semcveloba magaliTebis mikerZoebuli gamoyenebis safuZvels iZleva. magram, amjerad, es ar aris mniSvnelovani, radgan am gamokvlevis mizani, sxva amocanebTan blokSi erTad, arsebuli saxelmwifos mesame samyaroSi, konfliqtebis monacemebi dasavleTsa urTierTSedarebaa. Seicaven Zaladobrivi da yofil ramdenadac eTnikuri sabWoTa arSemdgari konfliqtis yvela SemTxvevas, is am miznisaTvisac gamodgeba. es gamokvleva warmogvidgens oTx tests, romlebic gansazRvraven religiis SedarebiT gavlenas mesame samyaroSi, dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokSi. pirveli sami iyenebs MAR monacemebs, xolo ukanaskneli _ arSemdgari saxelmwifos monacemebs. pirveli testi gansazRvravs religiuri sakiTxebis mniSvnelobas SedarebiT. religiurad mesame religiis ar samyaroSi dasavleTTan mniSvneloba gansxvavdeba da dayofilia yofil oTx umravlesobisagan; sabWoTa kategoriad: umciresoba blokTan umciresoba religiurad gansxvavdeba umravlesobisagan, magram religia ar aris mniSvnelovani, an mas mxolod marginaluri mniSvneloba aqvs; religia naklebad mniSvnelovania, vidre sxva faqtorebi; religiuri religia sakiTxebis iseve mniSvnelovania, SedarebiTi rogorc mniSvneloba sxva emyareba faqtorebi. religiuri diskriminaciisa da daZabulobis Sedarebas diskriminaciasa da daZabulobasTan saero sferoSi, romelic moicavs kulturul, ekonomikur, politikur da 121 avtonomiis sakiTxebs. es cvladi mxolod erTxel iqna gamoTvlili 1990-95 wlebis periodisaTvis. meore testi ikvlevs oTxi religiuri cvladis mTavar doneebs, rogorc mesame samyaroSi, aseve dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokSi. aq CamoTvlilia is religiuri cvladebi, romlebic moicaven 1994-95 wlebs [56]. religiuri diskriminacia: religiuri diskriminacia gansazRvrulia rogorc xarisxi, romliTac religiuri praqtika SezRudulia rogorc sajaro politikiT, aseve farTod gavrcelebuli socialuri praqtikiT. aq gamoyenebuli cvladi Sedgeba religiur ori cvladisagan. diskriminaciaSi pirveli oficialuri maTgani (RELDSC95) monawileobis gamosaxavs dones zedapirul skalaze, 0-dan 4-mde [57]. religiuri diskriminaciis meore cvladi (RDIS95) Sedgenili indikatoria, romelic icvleba 0-dan 8-mde, diskriminaciis arealSi, romelic ramdenime cvlads aerTianebs [58]. es Sedgenili cvladi (RDISAL95) kodirebulia sqemaze 0-dan 9-mde [59]. pasiuri ganimarteba religiuri rogorc daZabuloba: liderTa mier pasiuri sajarod religiuri gamoxatuli daZabuloba ukmayofileba religiuri diskriminaciis gamo. es cvladi (RELGRV95), romelic moZraobs 0-dan 24-mde, Sedgenili cvladia, romelic gansazRvravs umciresobis mier religiur sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT gamoxatul ukmayofilebas [60]. aqtiuri religiuri daZabuloba: es cvladi gansazRvrulia rogorc religiuri uflebebis da/an privilegiebis moTxovna. is (RPROV95) icvleba 0-dan 5-mde da gansxvavdeba diskriminaciis religiuri religiuri winaaRmdeg daZabuloba mimarTul reaqtiulia, daZabulobisagan, romelic ukmayofilebas warmoadgens. maSin rodesac religiuri religiuri amgvarad, moTxovnebi aqtiuri moTxovnebia ufro meti uflebebisa da privilegiebis mosapoveblad, maT ara aqvT pirdapiri kavSiri nebismieri saxis diskriminaciasTan [61]. religiuri legitimuroba: religiuri legitimuroba _ esaa legitimur politikur diskursSi religiis aqtivizaciis xarisxi. es cvladi (RELEG95), romelic 0-dan 4-mde moZraobs, OoTxi faqtoris kodirebaze dafuZnebuli Sedgenili indikatoria. TiToeuli am faqtoris arseboba arapirdapir amtkicebs, rom politikur diskursSi religiis ganxilva samarTliania [62]. mesame testi ikvlevs yvela am religiuri cvladis gavlenas 1995 wels mesame samyaroSi, dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokSi momxdar eTnikur ajanyebebze. religiuri diskriminacia gamoricxulia regresiidan, radganac is mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli religiuri daZabulobis cvladTan. ajanyeba 1995 wels, (reb95) kodirebulia Semdeg skalaze: 122 0 arcerTi. 1 politikuri banditizmi, sporaduli terorizmi. 2 terorizmis kampaniebi. 3 lokaluri ajanyebebi: adgilze Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdebis SeiaraRebuli mcdelobebi. Tuki isini saTaves udebs gaWianurebuli samoqalaqo omis partizanul cikls kodirebuli wlis ganmavlobaSi, maSin isini unda moTavsdnen ara lokaluri ajanyebis, aramed skalis momdevno safexurze. am safexurze kodirebul unda iqnas damoukideblobis deklaraciebi, romlebic umciresobis xelisuflebis mieraa miRebuli. 4 mcire masStabis partizanuli moqmedeba. [mcire masStabis partizanul moqmedebas aqvs SeiaraRebuli Semdegi sami mebrZoli; damaxasiaTebeli sporaduli niSani: sul SeiaraRebuli mcire, Tavdasxmebi 1000 (wlis ganmavlobaSi, sul mcire, 6 SemTxveva); Tavdasxmebi jgufis mier dakavebuli teritoriis mcire nawilze, an erT/or sxva teritoriaze).] 5 saSualo masStabis partizanuli moqmedeba. [saSualo masStabis partizanul moqmdebas aqvs farTomasStabiani moqmedebisa da mcire masStabis moqmedebis erTi an ori damaxasiaTebeli niSani.] 6 farTo masStabis partizanuli moqmedeba. [farTo masStabis partizanul moqmedebas aqvs samive damaxasiaTebeli niSani: 1000-ze meti mebrZoli, xSiri SeiaraRebuli Setakebebi (wlis ganmavlobaSi 6-ze meti SemTxveva), Setakebebs gavlena aqvs jgufis mier dakavebuli teritoriis udides nawilze.]. 7 gaWianurebuli samoqalaqo omi ajanyebul samxedroebsa da ZiriTad teritorias Soris. am regresiebSi aseve gamoyenebulia ramdenime sakontrolo cvladi. sakontrolo cvladebi SerCeul iqna im cvladebze dayrdnobiT, romlebic, Gurris azriT [63], warmoadgens eTnikuri ajanyebis mniSvnelovan gamomwvev mizezebs MAR monacemTa analizSi; igi ar Seicavs religiur cvladebs da ar ganasxvavebs am TvalsazrisiT dasavleTs, yofil sabWoTa bloksa da mesame samyaros. yvela qvemoT moyvanili cvladi MAR monacemTa nawilia da ufro srulad aRwerilia “MAR Dataset Users Manuel”-Si [64]. kulturuli gansxvavebebi gansxvavebis xarisxs, saidanac avtonomiuri miswrafebebi gansazRvravs jgufebs gamoricxulia 1994-1995 wlebSi Soris religiuri gansazRvravs kulturuli gansxvavebebi umciresobis [65]. mier avtonomiis sakiTxebze gamoxatuli ukmayofilebis xarisxs [66]. avtonomiuri miswrafeba × religiuri daZabuloba gansazRvravs religiur daZabulobasa da avtonomiur miswrafebebs Soris urTierTobas Semdegi formuliT: avtonomiuri 123 miswrafeba × (religiuri daZabuloba + 1). es imiTaa gamowveuli, rom, rogorc winaswarma analizma gvaCvena, religiuri daZabuloba iSviaTad axdens gavlenas eTnikur ajanyebebze, Tu jgufs ukve gamoxatuli aqvs avtonomiuri miswrafebani. ekonomikuri daZabuloba 1994-1995 wlebSi gansazRvravs ekonomikur sakiTxebze umciresobis mier gamoxatuli kmayofilebis xarisxs kulturuli [67]. daZabuloba 1994-1995 wlebSi gansazRvravs kulturul sakiTxebze (religiis gamoklebiT) umciresobis mier gamoxatuli ukmayofilebis xarisxs [68]. politikuri daZabuloba 1994-1995 wlebSi gansazRvravs politikur sakiTxebze umciresobis mier gamoxatuli ukmayofilebis xarisxs [69]. demokratia 1994 wels Sedis MAR monacemebSi, magram isini aRebulia saxelmwifo monacemebidan. is icvleba 0-dan 10-mde da ufro sruladaa aRwerili Jaggers-isa da Gurr-is mier [70]. represia 1996 wels Sedgenili msazRvrelia, romelic cvladebs amatebs specifikuri tipis represiebs [71]. ajanyebis gavrceleba 1980-ian da 1990-ian wlebSi (iconreb8 & inconreb9) ajanyebis saSualo donea jgufis gansaxlebis regionSi mocemul periodSi. ajanyebis gavrceleba 1980-ian da 1990-ian wlebSi (isegreb8 & isegreb9) ajanyebaTa gansazRvravs kulminaciebs organizaciebis mosazRvre aRebul sazRvrebi: es qveynebSi periodSi. cvladi monaTesave mebrZoli (milscop9) jgufebis politikuri gansazRvravs zemoT dasaxelebuli organizaciebisadmi mxardaWeris masStabebs 1990-ian wlebSi 1996 wlamde [72]. bolo testi iyenebs arSemdgari saxelmwifos monacemebs. is ikvlevs religiis proporcias arSemdgar eTnikur saxelmwifoebSi 5 wlian monakveTSi, 1965-69 wlebidan moyolebuli. es testi saSualebas gvaZlevs gamovikvlioT, Seicvala Tu ara droTa ganmavlobaSi religiuri eTnikuri konfliqtebis proporcia rogorc mesame samyaroSi, aseve dasavleTsa da yofili sabWoTa blokis qveynebSi. mesame samyaros qveynebis konfliqtebi igive kriteriumebze dayrdnobiT Seiswavleba, romlebic gamoyenebulia MAR monacemebSi. konfliqti miCneulia religiurad, Tu ori monawile jgufi sxvadasxva religiis warmomadgenlebi arian, an kidev, arSemdgari saxelmwifos monacemTa mixedviT, konfliqti aRiwereba rogorc religiuri. monacemTa analizi eTnikur konfliqtebSi religiis SedarebiTi mniSvneloba naCvenebia # 1 cxrilSi. romlebic Sedegebi aCvenebs, religiurad ar rom im umciresobaTa gansxvavdebian procentuli umravlesobisagan, raodenoba, daaxaloebiT erTnairia mesame samyaros qveynebSi, dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokSi. Tumca religiur umciresobebSi religiis mniSvneloba gacilebiT^metia mesame 124 samyaroSi. dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokSi religiuri umciresobis 76.5%-Tvis religias marginaluri mniSvneloba aqvs, gansxvavebiT mesame samyaroSi mcxovrebi religiuri umciresobebisagan, sadac es maCvenebeli 56.3% Seadgens. kidev ufro gasaocaria, rom religia yvelaze mniSvnelovani sakiTxia mesame samyaroSi mcxovrebi religiuri umciresobebis 16.9%-Tvis, xolo dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokSi mcxovrebi arc erTi umciresobisaTvis is mniSvnelovan poroblemad araa miCneuli. mokled, maSin, rodesac religia mniSvnelovania mesame samyaroSi mcxovrebi umciresobebis TiTqmis naxevrisaTvis, is dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokSi religiur umciresobaTa mxolod meoTxedisTvisaa mniSvnelovani. amgvarad, analizis es nawili SesabamisobaSia im hipoTezasTan, romlis Tanaxmadac religiis mniSvneloba ufro didia mesame samyaros, vidre dasavleTisa da yofili sabWoTa blokis qveynebis, eTnikuri konfliqtebisaTvis. cxrili 1. mesame samyaroSi, dasavleTsa da yofili sabWoTa blokis saxelmwifoebSi religiis mniSvnelobis urTierTgadamkveTi tabula, 1990-95 Sedarebis tipi mesame samyaro religiis roli religia nakleb religia iseve, umniSvneloa, an mniSvnelovania, an ufro mas marginaluri mniSvnelovania, vidre sxva mniSvneloba aqvs sakiTxebi vidre sxva aqvs sakiTxebi 107 40 19 12 yvela jgufis raodenoba (%) 60.1% 22.5% 10.7% 6.7% religiur umciresobaTa raodenoba (%) _ 56.3% 26.8% 16.9% # 55 26 8 0 61.8% 29.2% 9.0% 0.0% _ 76.5% 23.5% 0.0% # dasavleTi da yofili sabWoTa bloki ara religiuri yvela jgufis raodenoba (%) religiur umciresobaTa raodenoba (%) mniSvneloba ( χ 2 ganawileba) = .041 125 MEOcxrili # 2 erTmaneTs adarebs oTxi religiuri cvladis doneebs mesame samyaroSi, dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokSi. es cxrili yuradRebas amaxvilebs mxolod mxolod maTTvis religiur iyo umciresobebze, radgan religiuri kodirebuli. Sedegebi gvaCvenebs, rom cvladebi oTxidan sam cvladSi mesame samyaros ufro maRali maCvenebeli aqvs, vidre dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa bloks; igive diskriminacia ornaxevarjer umciresobebi mesame ukmayofilebas Tumca es ar iTqmis ufro samyaroSi meoTxe maRalia maCvenebelzec. mesame erTnaxevarjer religiuri samyaroSi. ufro eTnikuri pasiur religiur gamoxataven, vidre dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokSi. aris gasakviri, radganac es ukmayofileba religiuri diskriminaciis pasuxia. mesame samyaroSi eTnikuri umciresobebi 4.3-jer ufro aqtiur religiur ukmayofilebas avlenen, vidre eTnikuri umciresobebi dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokSi. yvelaze saintereso isaa, rom es ukmayofileba ar ukavSirdeba religiur diskriminacias. amasTanave, religiuri legitimuroba mesame samyaroSi igive donezea, rac dasvleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom mesame samyaroSi oTxidan sam simravles ufro maRali religiuri cvladi aqvs, statistikurad mxolod ori maTgania im hipoTezasTan SesabamisobaSi, romlis Tanaxmad, religia mesame samyaros eTnikur konfliqtebSi ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokSi. cxrili # 2. religiuri cvladebis mTavari doneebi mesame samyaroSi, dasavleTi da yofili sabWoTa bloki mesame samyaro dasavleTisa da yofili sabWoTa blokis saxelmwifoebSi # religiuri diskriminacia a, diskriminaci 19941994-1995 pasiuri religiuri daZabuloba 19941994-1995 aqtiuri religiuri daZabuloba 19941994-1995 religiuri legitimuroba 19941994-1995 71 1.94 2.68 0.39 1.41 34 0.71** 1.74 0.09* 1.45 * = mniSvneloba (t-testi) am Sefasebasa da “mesame samyaros” Sefasebas Soris erTsa da imave svetSi <.05 ** = mniSvneloba (t-testi) am Sefasebasa da “mesame samyaros” Sefasebas Soris erTsa da imave svetSi <.001 126 # 3 cxrilSi naCvenebia religiis gavlena eTnikur konfliqtze sxva faqtorebis kontroliT. mniSvnelovania imis aRniSvna, rom cvladebi, romlebic ar aRmoCnda mniSvnelovani am mravalwevrian regresiaSi, gamoiricxa SemTxvevaTa mcirericxovnobis minimaluri gamo. gavlena nebismier SemTxvevaSi, r2-ze, hqonda romelic am zomavs cvladebis amoRebas regersiis winaswari prognozis faseulobas. regresia dasavleTisa da yofili sabWoTa blokisaTvis aCvenebs, rom arc erT religiur cvlads ara aqvs mniSvnelovani gavlena am qveynebSi momxdar mniSvnelovania daZabulobisa ajanyebis eTnikur mesame da ajanyebebze. samyarosaTvis avtonomiuri dones. swored Tumca, Sedgenil miswrafebebis is faqti, rom ori religiuri regresiaSi. kombinacia religiuri zrdis religiuri cvladi eTnikuri daZabulobisa da avtonomiuri miswrafebebis kombinirebuli cvladi mniSvnelovania, agreTve is, rom individualuri religiuri ukmayofilebisa da avtonomiuri miswrafebis cvladze amas ver vityviT, adasturebs, rom swored pirveli kombinacia iwvevs ajanyebas. es Seesabameba zemoT gamoTqmul varauds, romlis Tanaxmad, religiisa da avtonomiis kombinacia xels uwyobs ajanyebas [73]. magram kvleva aCvenebs, rom Semdegnairad marTebulia SeiZleba legitimuroba, amgvarad, es am maSin mxolod aixsnas: Znelia mravalmxrivi mesame rodesac SemTxvevaSi. saxelmwifos Zaladobrivad regresiis samyaros aqvs daupirispirde Sedegebi naTlad es religiuri saxelmwifos. adasturebs Cvens hipoTezas imis Taobaze, rom religiuri faqtorebi eTnikuri konfliqtebisaTvis mesame samyaroSi ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokSi. kvlevis Sedegebi aseve aCvenebs, rom eTno-religiuri konfliqtebis dinamikis umetesi aspeqtebi mesame samyaroSi, dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokSi erTmaneTisagan SemTxvevaSi ajanyebis saerTaSoriso arareligiuri gansxvavdeba. gamomwvevi samxedro mizezebi erTaderTi faqtori, romelic mniSvnelovani mizezia, umciresobisadmi mxardaWeraa. mesame gansazRvrulia samyaroSi saxelmwifos ajanyebebis orive sxva, instituciuri demokratiulobis xarisxiT, eTnikuri konfliqtebis gavrcelebiT sazRvrebis gaswvriv (zegavlena) da SeiaraRebuli organizaciebis mxardaWeris xarisxiT. dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokSi sxva mniSvnelovani cvladia represiis xarisxi. cxrili # 3. mravalwevriani regresiebi, romlebic gansazRvraven religiis gavlenas eTnikur ajanyebaze 1995 wels mesame samyaroSi, dasavlur da yofili sabWoTa blokis saxelmwifoebTan SedarebiT 127 mesame samyaro dasavluri demokratiebi da yofili yofili sabWoTa bloki pasiuri religiuri daZabuloba (.096) (.003) (_.127) (_.078) _.210** (.074) (.011) (_.076) (.012) (.099) .213* (.120) (.070) (.062) (.057) (.057) (.123) (.010) demokratia 1994 .170* (.145) represia 1996 .151 .431** .231* .529*** (_.078) (.094) .192* (_.094) (_.063) (_.181) (_.075) (.128) 19941994-95 aqtiuri religiuri daZabuloba 19941994-95 religiuri legitimuroba 19941994-95 kulturuli gansxvavebebi avtonomiuri miswrafebebi 19941994-95 pasiuri religiuri daZabuloba * avtonomiuri miswrafebani 19941994-95 kulturuli daZabuloba 19941994-95 ekonomikuri daZabuloba 19941994-95 politikuri daZabuloba 19941994-95 saerTaSoriso samxedro mxardaWera 19941994-95 ajanyebis kontagiozuroba 19801980-iani wlebi ajanyebis kontagiozuroba 19901990-95ww. ajanyebis gavrceleba 19801980-iani wlebi ajanyebis gavrceleba gavrceleba 128 19901990-95 wlebi samxedro organizaciebis (.103) (.182) 481*** (.222) 62 32 0.727 0.509 raodenoba 19901990-95wlebi samxedro organizaciebisadmi mxardaWera 19901990-95 wlebi maxasiaTebeli funqcia (df) dadgenili r2 cxrilSi moyvanili yvela mniSvneloba beta mniSvnelobaa. frCxilebSi mocemuli Sefasebebi Sefasebis ricxvebi miRebul iqna aCvenebs, is wina rom cvladebia, regresiis regresia cvladebs romlebsac Seicavda gamoyenebiT SPSS ar Seicavda. regresia 9.0–Si, da romelic beta isini betas uzrunvelyofs yvela im gamoricxuli cvladiT, romlebic individualurad Sediodnen regresiaSi. ! = 1996 wlis represia am regresiaSi imitom iqna gamoyenebuli, rom is aris uadresi monacemi, romlis gamoc es cvladi Sevida MAR monacemebSi. arsebobs safuZveli daskvnisaTvis, rom Zlieri damokidebuleba arsebobs 1995 wlis da 1996 wlis represiebs Soris. magaliTad, 1996 wlis da 1997 wlis represiebs aqvT Tanafardoba .897, * = mniSvneloba (p-mniSvneloba) <=.05 ** = mniSvneloba (p-mniSvneloba) <=.01 *** = mniSvneloba (p-mniSvneloba) <=.001 yovelive es aCvenebs, rom religia mesame samyaroSi, dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokTan SedarebiT ara mxolod ufro mniSvnelovania, aramed, amave dros, ufro didi fenomenis nawilia, sadac eTnikuri ajanyebis gamomwvevi mizezebis TiTqmis mTeli dinamika gansxvavdeba dasavleTisa da yofil sabWoTa blokisagan. aRsaniSnavia, rom am Sedegebis Tanaxmad, TviT mesame samyaroSic, sadac religiuri faqtori mniSvnelovania, is ar aris erTaderTi, rac yvelaze Zlier gavlenas axdens eTnikur ajanyebaze. ramdenime ara-religiuri faqtori aseve zemoqmedebs mesame samyaroSi eTnikuri ajanyebis xarisxze, gansakuTrebiT ki SeiaraRebuli organizaciebisadmi mxardaWeraze, romelic, nebismieri religiuri cvladis msgavsad, aormagebs gavlenas eTnikur ajanyebaze. 129 arSemdgari saxelmwifos monacemTa gamoyenebiT #1 cxrilis analizi aCvenebs religiuri eTnikuri konfliqtebis procentul raodenobas yoveli 5 wlis ganmavlobaSi, 1965-69 wlebsa da 1995-96 wlebSi (yvela zemoTmoyvanili testi dafuZnebuli iyo MAR monacemebze). Sedegebi gviCvenebs, rom 1990-ian wlebamde mesame samyaroSi eTnikuri konfliqtebi gacilebiT ufro xSirad iyo religiuri, vidre dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokSi. faqtobrivad, dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokSi 1970-iani wlebSi eTnikuri konfliqti saerTod ar yofila. amasTanave, 1990-ian wlebSi mesame samyaros miRma eTnikuri konfliqtebis procentuli wili maRalia. unda aRiniSnos, rom 1965-96 wlebis ganmavlobaSi eTnikurma konfliqtebma mesame samyaroSi ricxobrivad gadaaWarba sxva teritoriaze arsebul eTnikur konfliqtebs, TanafardobiT 7/1. ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, am wlebSi mesame samyaroSi 605 konfliqti iyo, dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokSi ki _ 83. amasTan, 1990-ian wlebSi mesame samyaroSi ufro meti religiur-eTnikuri konfliqti aRmocenda (180), vidre dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokSi (46). 130 gamosaxuleba I. gansxvavebul religiur jgufebs Soris eTnikuri konfliqtebis procentuli maCvenebeli mesame samyaroSi, dasavleTsa da yofili sabWoTa blokis qveynebSi es monacemebi warmomadgenlebis swavlobdnen zog rames kamaTis religiis gvixsnis dawyebis mniSvnelobis socialur drosTan mecnierebaTa dakavSirebiT, problemas dasavleTSi. im romlebic politikur mecnierebaTa mravalma specialistma religiis mniSvneloba aRiara 1970-ian da 1980-ian wlebSi, maSin, rodesac religiur-eTnikuri konfliqtebi Cveuli gaxda dasavleTisaTvis. sekularizaciis religiurma 1990-ian wlebSi sociologebma daiwyes Teoriis eTnikurma marTebulobis konfliqtebma Sesaxeb; dasavleTSi es seriozuli kamaTi im dros, ricxobrivad rodesac gadaaWarba arareligiur eTnikur konfliqtebs. daskvnebi am gamokvlevam aCvena, rom arsebobs gansxvavebuli mosazrebani sazogadoebasa da politikaSi religiis mniSvnelobis Taobaze. garda amisa, isini, vinc aRiareben religiis faqtoris mniSvnelobas, sxvadasxvagvarad afaseben misi gavlenis xarisxsa da bunebas. kamaTi grZeldeba da mwvavdeba, rac badebs kiTxvas, Tu ra ganapirobebs msoflioSi mimdinare movlenebis esoden gansxvavebul interpretacias. rogorc kvlevam dagvanaxa, eTnikur konfliqtebTan mimarTebaSi es faqti SeiZleba Semdegnairad aixsnas: orive mxare sworia, magram TiToeuli maTgani msoflios sxvadasxva mxares iyureba. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, gamoTqma _ 131 rogor xedav, es damokidebulia imaze, Tu saidan iyurebi _ miesadageba rogorc mecnierebs, aseve politikosebsa da moxeleebs. isini, vinc religiis mniSvnelobas aRiarebs, yuradrebas mesame samyaroze amaxvilebs, xolo maT, vinc amtkicebs, rom misi roli umniSvneloa, danarCeni msoflio aqvT mxedvelobaSi. gamokvlevaSi gamoyenebulia oTxi gansxvavebuli statistikuri meTodi. sami maTganis Tanaxmad, religia ufro mniSvnelovania mesame samyaroSi, vidre sadme sxvagan. am testebidan erT-erTi aseve aCvenebs, rom religia saerTod ar aris mniSvnelovani mesame samyaros miRma. garda amisa, am testebidan erT-erTis Sedegebis mixedviT, religiis gansxvavebuli gavlena gapirobebulia movlenaTa ufro farTo speqtriT: mesame samyaros konfliqtebi gamowveulia gansxvavebuli mizezebiT, vidre sadme sxvagan arsebuli konfliqtebi. mniSvnelovania imis aRniSvna, rom es Sedegebi gamosadegia sxva faqtorebis ganxilvisas, magaliTad, rogoricaa represia da xelisuflebis tipi. meoTxe statistikuri testis monacemebi aCvenebs, rom religiuri konfliqti, an Zalismieri konfliqti sxvadasxva religiuri aRmsareblobis eTnikur jgufebs Soris mxolod ukanasknel xans gaxda Cveulebrivi movlena mesame samyaros miRma. es gvixsnis dasavlel mkvlevarTa dainteresebas konfliqtebSi, sazogadoebasa da politikaSi religiis mniSvnelobis sakiTxiT. dasturdeba, rom mesame samyaroSi konfliqtebis dinamika gansxvavdeba maTi dinamikisagan dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokSi. es imiTaa gapirobebuli, rom, dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokSi religiuri konfliqtebis proporciis zrdis sapirispirod mesame samyaroSi es proporcia klebulobs. es testi efuZneba arSemdgari saxelmwifos monacemebs, romelic, sxva testebisTvis gamoyenebuli MAR monacemebisagan gansxvavebiT, mxolod sxvadasxva aRmsareblobis jgufebs Soris konfliqtis xarisxs gansazRvravs; MAR monacemebi ki saSualebas iZleva dadgindes, aqvs Tu ara religiur cvladebs mizezobrivi kavSiri eTnikur konfliqtTan. sxvadasxva aRmsareblobis mqone religiur jgufebs Soris konfliqtebis mateba Zalze mniSvnelovania, imis miuxedavad, es konfliqtebi religiiTaa motivirebuli Tu ara. Tu konfliqti sxvadasxva aRmsareblobis mqone or jgufs Soris aRmocendeba, mas religiurad miiCneven xolme, miuxedavd imisa, konfliqti marTlac religiiTaa motivirebuli Tu ara. amgvarad, dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokSi eTnoreligiuri konfliqtebis zrda sakmarisia imis asaxsnelad, Tu ratom daiwyes dasavleTisa da yofili sabWoTa blokis Semswavlelma mecnierebma religiis aRiareba konfliqtis potenciur mizezad. yovelive amis gaTvaliswinebiT, SesaZlebeli xdeba ara marto religiisa da konfliqtis Sesaxeb am urTierTsapirispiro SexedulebaTa warmoSobis 132 mizezebis axsna, mkvidrdeba muSaoben aramed ufro da konkretul, amis ufro erTsa gamomwvevi viwro da mizezis dadgenac. specializacia, imave dros dRes, calkeuli msgavs da rodesac mkvlevrebi urTierTgadamfarav sakiTxebze. sxva SemTxvevaSi saWiro iqneba samecniero literaturis tomeulebSi mocemuli uzarmazari odenobis monacemebSi garkveva da maTi aTviseba, rac miuwvdomeli amocanaa individisaTvis. rogorc warmodgenil naSromSia naCvenebi, mesame samyarosa da ganviTarebul qveynebSi konfliqtebis mizezebi imdenad gansxvavebulia, literaturisaTvis rom Tvalis orive maTganis gadevneba metad Sesaxeb Zneli arsebuli amocanaa, Teoriuli gansakuTrebiT maTTvis, vinc konfliqtebis raodenobriv kvlevas awarmoebs; es calke sferoa, romelsac sagangebo literatura eZRvneba. amgvarad, Tavad viTareba ganapirobebs im faqts, rom maTi umetesi nawili, vinc SedarebiT kvlevebSi monawileobs, yuradRebas amaxvilebs an mxolod mesame samyaroze, an dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokze. realurad, umetes SemTxvevaSi, kvlevis obieqtia qveynebis mxolod mcire raodenoba da msoflios mxolod erTi regioni. arseboben aSkara gamonaklisebic. magaliTad Jeff Haynes ikvlevs religiis gavlenas msoflios ZiriTad regionebze da askvnis, rom sekularizaciis Teoria marTebulia dasavleTSi, magram aSkarad arasworia sxva regionebTan mimarTebaSi [74]. amasTanave, es swored is SemTxvevaa, roca gamonaklisi wess adasturebs. rogorc Cans, sazogadoebasa da politikaSi religiis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb gamarTuli kamaTi imis Sedegia, rom masSi monawile mxareebs codnis gansxvavebuli safuZvlebi aqvT, romelic msoflios sxvadasxva mxaris Seswavlazea orientirebuli. dasavlel, yofil sabWoTa blokis saxelmwifoebisa da mesame samyaros mkvlevarTa Soris arsebuli didi gansxvavebis, aseve msoflios am nawilebSi religiis gansxvavebuli filosofiis sferoSia rolis erT-erTi saZiebeli. savaraudo istoriulad, axsna istoriisa filosofosebi, da romlebic uaryofdnen religiis mniSvnelobas, politikuri azrovnebis sferoSi aminds ufro dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokSi qmnidnen, vidre mesame samyaroSi. oqtombris revoluciis Semdeg marqsistuli dogmebis hegemoniam sabWoTa kavSirSi da misma eqspansiam aRmosavleT evropaSi, rasac mohyva meore msoflio omi, SeiZleba agvixsnas religiis SezRuduli roli sazogadoebriv sferoSi. amis msgavsad, liberaluri demokratiis dominanturi roli dasavleTSi, romelic Tavis idealad miiCnevda religiisa da saxelmwifos gamijvnas, aseve uwyobda xels sekularuli Sexedulebis aRmocenebas, gansakuTrebiT, or disciplinaSi, romlebic Cvens sakvlev sferos ukavSirdeba _ sociologiasa da politikaSi; aseve Tavad politikur sferoSi. sabWoTa blokis kraxisa da 133 aRmosavleT evropaSi marqsizmis gaqrobasTan erTad, miuxedavad imisa, rom liberaluri demokratia ar iyo aTvisebuli modeli, eklesiisa da saxelmwifos gamijvnasTan erTad, sazogadoeba swored mas eswrafvoda. radgan mesame samyaros qveynebis umetesobas ar ganucdia marqsistuli filosofiis aseTi xangrZlivi batonoba, agreTve imitom, rom maTTvis, dasavluri qristianuli reJimebisagan gansxvavebiT, ar iyo damaxasiaTebeli dapirispireba eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris, aq am istoriuli procesebis gavlena, Tuki is saerTod arsebobda, gacilebiT ufro susti iyo. maSin, rodesac modernizaciam, SesaZloa, Seasusta religiis roli dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokSi, sruliad aSkaraa, rom eTnikurobis rolze amis Tqma ar SeiZleba. piriqiT, SedarebiTi politikis Semswavleli studentebis molodinis sapirispirod, eTnikuri nacionalizmi ar gamqrala, piriqiT, ayvavda kidec [75]. gansxvavebis safuZveli isaa, rom nacionalizmi dakavSirebuli iyo xalxis xelisuflebasa da demokratiasTan. amerikisa da safrangeTis revoluciebma TviTdeterminacias. ganuyofeli iseTma uflebebi, saTave daudes principebma, uzrunvelyo legitimaciis rogoricaa, saxalxo axal princips magaliTad, suverenitetis _ individis doqtrina [76]. TviTgamorkvevis principma sruli legitimacia moipova 1919 wels, versalSi, prezident vudro vilsonis 14 punqtis Sesabamisad. amis Sedegad, sabWoTa reJimsa da dasavlur ganexorcielebinaT demokratiebs eTnikuri unda erebis gadaeWraT problema, TviTgamorkvevis Tu ufleba rogor evropuli politikis erTianobis darRvevis gareSe. arcerTi zemoaRniSnuli reJimi ar Tvlida Tavs valdebulad Zveli Tu Tanamedrove religiebis winaSe. mokled, sanam eTnikuri erovnuli umciresobebis miswrafeba ganxiluli iyo xalxebis Tavisuflebisadmi miswrafebasTan SesabamisobaSi, religias sazogadoebriv sferoSi adgili ar mieCineboda. unda aRiniSnos, rom, Tumca zemoT moyvanili axsna Seesabameba aq warmodgenili analizis Sedegebs, Tavad kvleva pirdapir ar adasturebs am debulebas. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es gamokvleva imdenive SekiTxvas badebs, ramdensac pasuxobs. idealur SemTxvevaSi, cvladi, romelic gansazRvravs sazogadoebis sekularulobis xarisxs, mravali varaudis Semowmebis saSualebas mogvcems. samwuxarod, aseTi cvladi jerjerobiT daudgenelia. Sesabamisad, saWiroa Semdgomi kvleva _ rogorc SedarebiTi, aseve raodenobrivi _ raTa ukeTesad gavigoT religiis gansxvavebuli roli mesame samyaroSi, dasavleTsa da yofili sabWoTa blokis saxelmwifoebSi. garda amisa, aucilebelia ufro meti monacemis Segroveba, raTa uSualod mivudgeT aq dasmuli kiTxvebis calkeul elementebs. miuxedavad amisa, es gamokvleva aCvenebs, rom religia 134 ufro mniSvnelovania garkveul drosa da garkveul adgilze, vidre sxvagan, yovel SemTxvevaSi, eTnikur konfliqtebTan mimarTebaSi. me ar vamtkiceb, rom es am Temis Sesaxeb ukanaskneli sityvaa. nacvlad amisa, me vamtkiceb, rom es kargi dasawyisia am rTuli sakiTxis SeswavlisaTvis, romelic samomavlod kidev did da seriozul kvlevas moiTxovs. SeniSvnebi 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. termini “mesame samyaro” aq gamoyenebulia misi tradiciuli mniSvnelobiT da, Sesabamisad, gamoricxavs qveynebs yofili sabWoTa blokidan, dasavluri demokratiebidan da iaponias. modernizaciis Sesaxeb literaturis mimoxilvisaTvis ix. Gabriel Almond “Introduction: A Functional Approach to Comparative Politics”, in Gabriel Almond and James C. Coleman (eds.) The Politics of the Developing Areas (Princeton University Press, 1960), David Apter, The Politics of Modernization, (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965), Karl Deutsch, Nationalism and Social Communication (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1953), Donald E. Smith, Religion and Political Development (Boston: Little, Brown, 1970), Donald E. Smith (ed.), Religion, Politics and Social Change in the Third World (New York: Free Press, 1971), and Donald E. Smith (ed.), Religion and Political Modernization (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1974). Emile Sahliyeh (ed.), Religious Resurgence and Politics in the Contemporary World (New York: State University of New York Press, 1990), p.3 Jeffrey Kaplan, “Introduction”, Terrorism and Political Violence, Vol. 14, No. 1 (2002), p.2 Jonathan Fox, “Religion: An Oft Overlooked Element of International Studies’, International Studies Review, Vol.3, No.3 (Fall 2001), pp.53-73 Vendulka Kabalkova, “Towards and International Political Theology”, Millennium, Vol.29, No.3 (2000), pp.682-3 isini Seicaven, magram araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar Semoifarglebian SemdegiT: Ted R. Gurr, Minorities At Risk (United States Institute of Peace, 1993), Ted R. Gurr, “Why Minorities Rebel”, International Political Science Review, Vol.14, No.2 (1993), pp.161-201, Ted R. Gurr, Peoples Versus States: Minorities at R risk in the New Century (Washington D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press, 2000), Jack A. Goldstone, Revolution and Rebellion in the Early Modern World (Berkeley: University of California Pres, 1991), and Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions (Cambridge: Cambridge University, 1979). Kenneth Westhus, “The Church in Opposition”, Sociological Analysis, Vol.37, No.4(1976), pp.314, and Bryan R. Wilson, Religion in Sociological Perspective (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982), pp.53-4. Sociology of Religion, Vol.60, No.3, 1999. Rodney Stark, “Secularization, R.I.P.”, Sociology of Religion, Vol.60, No.3 (1999), pp.249-73 William H. Swatos Jr. and Kevin J. Christiano, “Secularization Theory: The Course of a Concept”, Sociology of Religion, Vol.60, No.3 (1999), pp.209-28. Frank A. Lecher, “The Case Against Secularization: A Rebuttal”, Social Forces, Vol.69, No.4 (June 1991), pp1103-19, and Liliane Voye, “Secularization in a Context of Advanced Modernity”, Sociology of Religion, Vol.60, No.3(1999), pp275-88. Karel Dobbelaere, “Towards an Integrated Perspective of the Processes Related to the Descriptive Concept of Secularization”, Sociology of Religion, Vol.60, No.3(1999), pp 229-47. Mark Chaves, “Secularization as Declining Religious Authority”, Social Forces, Vol.72, No.3 (March 1994), pp.749-74, and David Yamane, “Secularization on Trial: In Defense of a Neosecularization Paradigm”, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, Vol.36, No.1 (1997), pp.109-22 Peter Beyer, Religion and Globalization (London: Sage, 1994). Swatos and Christiano, Voye, and Yves Lambert, “Religion in Modernity as a New Axial Age: Secularization or New Religious Forms”, Sociology of Religion, Vol.60, No.3 (1999), pp 303-33. Mark Juergensmeyer, The New Cold War (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993). Sahliyeh, p.9, Scott M. Thomas, “Taking Religious and Cultural Pluralism Seriously: The Global Resurgence of Religion and the Transformation of International Society”, Millennium, Vol.29, No.3 (2000), p.816, and Jeff Haynes, Religion in Third World Politics (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1994), p.34. Anson Shupe, “The Stubborn Persistence of Religion in the Global Arena”, in Emile Sahliyeh (ed.), pp.236. Shupe, p.22. Laurence R. Iannacone, “Voodoo Economics? Reviewing the Rational Choice Approach to Religion”, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, Vol.34, No.1 (1995), pp.76-89, and Laurence R. Iannacone, 135 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. “Second Thoughts: A Response to Chaves, Demerath, and Ellison:, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, Vol.34, No.1 (1995), pp.113-20. Steve Fenton, Ethnicity: Racism, Class, and Culture (London: Macmillan, 1999), pp.44-7, 216, and Donald L.Horowitz, Ethnic Groups in Conflict (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985). am literaturis mimoxilvisaTvis ix. Jonathan Fox, Ethno Religious Conflict in the Late 20thCentury: A General Theory (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2002), p.44-54. Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of the World Order (New York: Simon and Schustetr, 1996), and Samuel P. Huntington, “The West: Unique, Not Universal”, Foreign Affairs,Vol. 75, No.6 (1996), pp.28-46. Huntington, “The Clash”, p.24. qvemoT CamoTvlili mkvlevrebi amtkiceben, rom hanTingtonis civilizaciebi umTavresad efuZnebian religias: S.N. Eisenstadt, “The Reconstruction of Religious Arenas in the Framework of Multiple Modernities”, Millennium, Vol.29, No.3(2000), p.591; John L/ Esposito and John O.Voll, “Islam and the West: Muslim Voices of Dialogue”, Millennium, Vol.29 No.3(2000), p.616; Carsten B. Laustsen and Ole Waever, “In Defense of Religion: Sacred referent Objects for Secularization”, Millennium, Vol.29, No.3(2000), p.705; Anthony D. Smith, “The Sacred Dimension of Nationalism”, Millennium, Vol.29, No.3(2000), p.791; and Basam Tibi, “Post-Bipolar Disorder in Crisis: The Challenge of Politicized Islam”, Millennium, Vol.29, No.4(2000), p.844; Faoud Ajami, “The Summoning”, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 72, No.4(1993), pp.2-9, John Gray, “Global Utopias and Clashing Civilizations: Misunderstanding the Prosperity”, International Affairs, Vol.74, No.1 (1998), pp.149-64, and William Pfaff, “The Reality of Human Affairs”, World Policy Journal, Vol. 14, No.2 (1997), pp.89-96. David Carment, and Patrick James (eds.), Wars in the Midst of Peace (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1997) and Stephen N.Walt, “Building Up New Bogeymen”, Foreign Policy, Vol.106 (1997), pp.17789. Jeane J. Kirkpatrick and others, “The Modernizing Imperative”, Foreign Affairs, Vol.72, No.4 (1993), pp.22-6, and Richard Rosecrance, “The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of the World Order” American Political Science Review,Vol,92, No.4 (1998), pp.978-80. magaliTisaTvis ix. Jonathan Fox, “Islam and the West: The Influence of Two Civilizations on Ethnic Conflict”, Journal of Peace Research, Vol.38, No.4 (July 2001), pp.459-72, Fred Halliday, Nation and Religion in the Middle East (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2000), Shirleen T. Hunter, The Future of Islam and the West: Clash of Civilizations or Peaceful Coexistence? (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1998). Fox, “Islam and the West”, Errol A. Henderson and Richard Tucker, “Clear and Present Stangers: The Clash of Civilizations and International Conflict”, International Studies Quarterly, Vol.45, No.2 (2001), pp.317-38 , and Bruce Russett, John R. Oneal and Michalene Cox, “Clash of Civilizations, or Realism and Liberalism Deja Vu?” Some Evidence”, Journal of Peace Research, Vol.37, No.5 (2000), pp.583-608. Fox, “Islam and the West”, Jonathan Fox, “Ethnic Minorities and the Clash of Civilizations: A Quantitative Analysis of Huntington’s Thesis”, British Journal of Political Science, Vol.32, No.3 (2002), pp.415-34, Ted R. Gurr, “Peoples Against the State: Ethno political Conflict and the Changing World System”, International Studies Quarterly, Vol.38, No.3 (1994), pp.347-77, Tanja Ellingsen, “Colorful Community or Ethnic Witches Brew? Multiethnic and Domestic Conflict During and After the Cold War”, Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol.44, No.2 (2000), pp.228-49, and Tanja Ellingsen, “Patterns of Conflict: Towards Civilizational Clashes? Civilizational Differences and Intrastate Conflicts 1979-1998”, Paper presented at the International Studies Association 42nd annual conference in Chicago, February, 2001. Errol A. Henderson and J. David Singer, “Civil War in the Post-colonial World, 1964-92”, Journal of Peace Research, Vol.37, No.3 (2000). Errol A. Henderson, “Culture and Contiguity: Ethnic Conflict, the Similarity States, and the Onset of Warm 1829-1989”, Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol.41, No.5 (October 1997), pp.649-68, and Errol A. Henderson, “The Democratic Peace Through the Lens of Culture, 1820-1989”, International Studies Quarterly, Vol.42, No.3 (September 1998), pp.461-84. Fox, “Islam and the West”. Samuel P. Huntington, “Try Again: A Reply to Russet, Oneal, and Cox”, Journal of Peace Research, Vol.37, No.5 (2000), pp.609-10. iqve. Bruce Russet, John R. Oneal and Michalene Cox, “A Response to Huntington”, Journal of Peace Research, Vol.37, No.5 (2000), pp.611-12. iqve. Anthony D. Smith, “The Sacred Dimension”. Hunter. Halliday, p.129-35. Henderson, “Culture or Contiguity”. 136 43. Rudolph J. Rummel, “Is Collective Violence Correlated with Social Pluralism?”, Journal of Peace Research, Vol.34, No.2 (1997), pp.163-75. 44. Jonathan Fox, “Do Religious Institutions Support Violence or the Status Quo?”, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism. Vol.22, No.2 (1999), pp.119-39, Jonathan Fox, “The Influence of Religious Legitimacy on Grievance Formation by Ethno religious Minorities”, Journal of Peace Research, Vol.36, NO.3 (1999), pp.289-307, Jonathan Fox, “Religious Causes of Ethnic Discrimination”, International Studies Quarterly, Vol.44, No.3 (September 2000), pp.423-50, Jonathan Fox, “The Effects of Religious Discrimination on Ethnic Protest and Rebellion”, Journal of Conflict Studies, Vol.20, No.2 (Fal 2000) pp.16-43, and Jonathan Fox, “Religious Causes of International Intervention in Ethnic Conflicts”, International Politics, Vol.38, No.4 (December, 2001). 45. Fox, “Islam and the West”. 46. Halliday and Hunter. 47. es moicavs qaSmiris Siit muslimebs, sunitur muslimur umciresobas, sikxebs, nagalendisa da mizoramis Statebis qristian da animist macxovreblebsa da tripuras Statis qristianebsa da budistebs. 48. mas Semdeg MAR monacemebs daemata 18 umciresoba da mTlianad Seadgina 285. amasTanave, radganac religiis monacemebi am jgufebis damatebamde iyo Segrovebuli monacemTa bazisaTvis, isini gamoricxuli arian am gamokvlevidan. 49. Gurr, Minorities at Risk, pp.5-7. 50. iqve, gv.7. 51. iqve, gv.7. zogierTebma, magaliTad, James D. Fearon, and David D. Latin “A Cross-Sectional Study of Large-Scale Ethnic Violence in the Postwar Period”, gamouqveynebeli statia, Departement of Political Science, University of Chicago, 30 September 1997, SerCeviTi gadaxris safuZvelze, gaakritikes MAR monacemebi. Gurr, Peoples Versus States, pp.10-13 exeba am kritikas. pirveli, SeiZleba imis mtkiceba, rom gegmis jgufebis sia “arasrulia”... miuxedavad amisa, gamokvleva Seicavs zogierT jgufs, romlebic ganusazRvrel zonas ganekuTvnebian; maT drodadro emateboda axali jgufebi, rac dafuZnebuli iyo momxmarebelTa rCevebsa da internet informaciebze. Tu imas gaviTvaliswinebT, rom gegma arsebobs 1980-iani wlebis Sua xanebidan, da rom man seriozuli yuradReba miiqcia, samarTliania imis mtkiceba, rom am procesma migviyvana jgufebis mkafiod gansazRvrul siamde, romlebic zemoT moyvanil kriteriumebs akmayofilebdnen. meore, SeiZleba imis mtkiceba, rom gamokvleva yuradRebas amaxvilebs mxolod im jgufebze, romlebic monawileobdnen koleqtiur moqmedebaSi da ugulebelyofs im jgufebs, romlebic “politikurad umoqmedoa”. Gurr amtkicebs, rom “es kritika arasworia, imitom rom umciresobis gegmis umTavresi mizania mxolod im jgufebis identificireba da analizi, romlebic akmayofilebs politikuri mniSvnelobis kriteriums” (People versus States, pp.10-13). Cveni gamokvlevis farglebSi am faqtorebis arseboba niSnavs konfliqtis arsebobas. amis sapirispirod, Znelia imis mtkiceba, rom am faqtorebis ararsebobis pirobebSi raime konfliqti aRmocendeba. amgvarad, aq amosavali isaa, rom eTnikuri konfliqtebis magaliTebi zedmiwevniT sworia. es imas niSnavs, rom MAR monacemebi ar exeba yvela umciresobas, ar warmoadgens politikurad mniSvnelovan yvela eTnikur umciresobas. garda amisa, am monacemebma didi aRiareba hpova politikur mecnierebasa da msoflio religiebSi, rasac adasturebs is faqti, rom am monacemebze dafuZnebuli gamokvlevebi gamoqveynebuli iyo mowinave JurnalebSi da ar Semoifargleboda mxolod International Studies Quarterly, theBritish Journal of Political Science, International Political Science Review, Third World Quarterly, and Journal of Peace Research. da bolos, TviT David Latin, romelic monacemebs akritikebda, direqtorTa sabWoSia. 52. MAR da religiuri cvladebi xelmisawvdomia MAR veb-gverdze: www.cidcm.umd.edu/inscr/mar. 53. arSemdgari saxelmwifos monacemebi ix. veb-gverdze: www.cidcm.umd.edu/inscr/stfail 54. Ted R. Gurr, Barbara Harff and MOnty G. Marshall, “Internal Wars and Failures of Governance, 19541996” (May 1997), romelic xelmisawvdomia veb-gverdze: www.cidcm.umd.edu/inscr/stfail. arsebobs eTnikuri konfliqtis mravali gansazRvreba da MAR-isa da arSemdgari saxelmwifos monacemebSi motanili gansazRvreba SeiZleba sakamaTo gaxdes. 55. aseve, arsebobs konfliqtebis epizodebi, romlebmac uceb ifeTqa. pirveli, esaa serbTa da xorvatTa erToblivi omi bosniis xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg 1992-95 wlebSi, romelic or calkeul SemTxvevad iyofa: erTi serbebisaTvis, meore xorvatebisaTvis. amis Sedegad, damatebul iqna oTxi konfliqturi weliwadi. meore, esaa saqarTveloSi afxazTa da samxreT osTa ajanyeba 1991-93 wlebSi, 137 romelic or SemTxvevad gaiyo: erTi afxazebTan mimarTebaSi, meore ki samxreT osebTan. amis Sedegad damatebul iqna sami konfliqturi weli. mesame, indoeTis maCvenebeli aerTianebs yvela lokalur ajanyebas: asamSi (1952-), sikxebisa penjabSi (1982-), da muslimebisa qaSmirSi (1989-). am gamokvlevam es dayo oTx kategoriad: nagalendis, mizoramis da tripuras mkvidrni, romlebic metwilad adgilobrivi qristiani xalxebi arian (1952_); bodoebi da asamelebi, romlebic muslimur umciresobas warmoadgenen (1952_); sikxebi (1982_) da qaSmirelebi (1989_); amis Sedegad monacemebs daemata 68 SemTxveva. meoTxe, Tavdapirvel monacemebSi libani 1965-92 wlebSi erTad iyo kodirebuli; am gamokvlevaSi 1965-74 wlebi kodirebulia rogorc palestinelebis dapirispireba qristiani maronitebis xelisuflebasTan, 1975-92 wlebi ki _ rogorc samoqalaqo omi muslimTa da qristianTa Soris. mexuTe, Tavdapirvel monacemebSi saqarTvelos, azerbaijanis, kazakebisa da baltiis respublikebis xelisuflebis mier gaCaRebuli konfliqtebi erTadaa kodirebuli (1986-91). am naSromma isini or SemTxvevad gayo, erTi _ es iyo muslimi azerbaijanelebisaTvis da kazakebis SemTxvevisaTvis, da erTic _ saqarTvelosa da baltiis respublikebis xelisuflebebisaTvis, ris Sedegad daemata 6 SemTxveva. 56. es cvladebi Segrovilia 1990-91, 1992-93, da 1994-95 wlebisaTvis. 1994-95 ww. periodi imitom iqna SerCeuli, rom is uaxlesi iyo. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, sami periodidan aRebuli cvladebi Zalzed fardobiTia. religiuli cvladebis sruli mimoxilva, aseve maTi aslis miReba SesaZlebelia Semdeg misamarTze: www.cidcm.umd.edu/inscr/mar/links.html 57. skala Semdegnairadaa Sedgenili: 0 arcerTi 1 mniSvnelovani religiuri diskriminacia sazogadoebaSi, rac gamowveulia sazogadoebis zogadi winaswarganwyobiT. eqsplicituri sazogadoebrivi politika icavs da/an aumjobesebs jgufis SesaZleblobas, raTa man ganaxorcielos Tavisi religiuri praqtika. 2 mniSvnelovani religiuri diskriminacia sazogadoebaSi rac gamowveulia sazogadoebis zogadi winaswarganwyobiT. sazogadoebrivi politika neitraluria, xolo Tu pozitiuria _ araadekvaturia imisaTvis, rom gaawonasworos diskriminaciuli praqtika. 3 religiuri ceremoniis formaluri SezRudvis sazogadoebrivi politika. religiuri moqmedebebi SezRudulia sazogadoebrivi politikiT. es moicavs religiebs, romlebic aRiarebulia, magram maT miniWebuli aqvT formaluri, meorexarisxovani statusi (magaliTi: qristianuli seqtebi mraval muslimur qveyanaSi). 4 religiuri ceremoniis formaluri SezRudvis sazogadoebrivi politika. religiuri ceremoniali mkacradaa SezRuduli da akrZaluli (magaliTi: bahaistebi iranSi). 58. TiToeuli specifikuri tipis religiuri diskriminacia kodirebuli iyo skalaze 0-dan 2-mde. (2=moqmedeba akrZalulia an mkacradaa SezRuduli umravlesi an jgufis yvela wevrisaTvis; 1=moqmedeba mciredaa SezRuduli umetesi an jgufis yvela wevrTaTvis, an mkacradaa SezRuduli zogierTi maTganisaTvis; 0=mniSvnelovnad ar aris SezRuduli nebismierisaTvis). rva cvladisaTvis damatebul iqna kodirebuli Sefaseba da jami gayofil iqna orad, raTa Seqmniliyo indikatorTa erToblioba (erTi TiToeuli wyvilisaTvis), romelic fasdeba 0-dan 8-mde. kodirebuli moqmedebebi Semdegia: SezRudvebi religiuri saqmianobis, festivalebis da/an ardadegebis sazogadoebriv dakvirvebaze. SezRudvebi mSeneblobaze, SekeTebaze da Tayvaniscemis adgilebis SenarCunebaze. sxva jgufis religiur kanonebze ZaldatanebiTi dakvirveba. SezRudvebi formalur religiur organizaciebze. SezRudvebi religiur skolebsa da/an zogadad religiur ganaTlebaze. religiur kanonebze dakvirvebis SezRudva, gansakuTrebiT maTze, romlebic exeba pirovnul statuss, maT Soris qorwinebasa da ganqorwinebas. SezRudvebi samRvdeleobis ierarqiasa da xelmisawvdomobaze. SezRudvebi religiuri kanonebis sxva tipis dakvirvebaze. 138 59. ori cvladi kombinirebuli iyo am cxrilze dayrdnobiT: RDISAL95 Pattern RELDSC95 0 0.5-1.0 RDIS95 1.5-3.0 3.5-5.0 5.5-7.0 7.0-8.0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 2 2 3 4 5 6 7 3 3 4 5 6 7 8 4 4 5 6 7 8 9 60. es cvladi zomavs im daZabulobebs, romelic sajarod gamoixata jgufis liderTa mier diskriminaciis gamo, igive kategoriebiT, romliTac Sedgenilia RDIS da romlebic damatebulia gafantuli daZabulobis aRmniSvnel kategoriebs; isini mxolod maSinaa kodirebuli, rodesac sxva specifikuri kategoriebi kodirebuli ar aris. TiToeuli tipis daZabulobis done kodirebulia Semdeg skalaze, romlis Sedegebi gamoyenebulia, raTa Sedges skala 0-dan 24-mde: 3 = sakiTxi mniSvnelovania jgufebis umravlesobisaTvis. 2 = sakiTxi mniSvnelovania, magram misi fardobiTi mniSvnelobis ganxilva SeuZlebelia. 1 = sakiTxs naklebi mniSvneloba aqvs, an jgufis erTi nawilisTvisaa mniSvnelovani. 0 = sakiTxi ar ganixileba da mas ar aqvs raime RirsSesaniSnavi mniSvneloba. 61. es cvladi kodirebuli Semdeg skalaze: 0 arcerTi 1 jgufi moiTxovs met religiur uflebebs. 2 jgufi eZiebs privilegirebul statuss Tavisi religiisaTvis, Seuracxyofs dominanturi jgufis religiur rwmenas. 3 jgufi iswrafvis Tavisi religiuri ideologiis zogierTi dominantur jgufze Tavsmoxvevisaken. 4 jgufi iswrafvis ideologiuri hegemoniisaTvis, romelic gavlenas gabatonebuli jgufis zogierT wevrze. 5 jgufi iswrafvis ideologiuri hegemoniisaTvis, romelic gavlenas gabatonebuli jgufis wevrTa umetesobaze an yvela maTganze. romelic aspeqtis moaxdens moaxdens 62. arsebobis SemTxvevaSi ToTeuli am faqtorTagani kodirebulia rogorc 1 da RLEG-i Seadgens am oTxi faqtoris mTlianobas: politikasa da/an konfliqtSi religiuri monawileobis istoria. religiuri liderebi aqtiurad iyeneben religiur ritorikas mosaxleobis mobilizaciisaTvis. religia SemoTavazebulia rogorc arareligiuri, ekonomikuri, politikuri da/an socialuri problemebis gawyveta. oficialuri religiis arseboba saxelmwifos konstituciaSi, kanonSi, an de-faqto sazogadoebriv politikaSi. 63. Gurr, Minorities at Risk, Gurr, “Why Minorities Rebel”,and Gurr, Peoples Versus States. 64. cnobari xelmisawvdomia MAR veb-gverdze: www.cidcm.umd.edu/inscr/mar 65. es cvladi Seiqmna xuTi cvladis damatebiT, romelic zomavs specifikuri tipis kulturul gansxvavebebs Semdeg skalaze: 0_arcerTi, 1_zogierTi saSualo diferenciali; 2_mniSvnelovani diferenciali. es cvladebi Semdeg cvladebs gansxvavebuli Seicavda: gansxvavebuli eTnikuroba da nacionaloba (culdifx1); ena (culdifx2); gansxvavebuli istoriuli warmomavloba (culdifx3); gansxvavebuli socialuri tradiciebi (culdifx5); gansaxlebis sxvadasxva teritoria (culdifx6); Sedegad miRebuli cvladebi icvleba 0-dan 10-mde. mniSvnelovania imis aRniSvna, 139 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. rom religiuri gansxvavebebis ganmsazRvreli cvladebi ar Sedioda am cvladSi, raTa Tavidan yofiliyo acilebuli zemoTaRweril religiur cvladebTan kovariacia. aq gamoyenebuli cvladi Sedgenili iyo cvladebis damatebiT MAR monacemebze, romelic gansazRvravs Semdegi specifikuri tipis daZabulobebs igive skalaze, romelic gamoyenebuli iyo religiuri daZabulobebis gansasazRvrad: zogadi damokidebuleba farTo avtonomiisadmi (autgr194); monaTesave jgufebTan gaerTianebis survili (autgr294); politikuri damoukideblobis survili (autgr394); farTo avtonomiis survili (autgr494); SezRuduli avtonomiis survili (autgr594). Sedegad miRebuli cvladebi moZraobs 0-dan 15-mde. aq gamoyenebuli cvladebi Sedgenili iyo MAR monacemebSi cvladebis damatebiT, romelic gansazRvravs Semdegi specifikuri tipis daZabulobebs igive skalaze, romelic gamoyenebuli iyo religiuri daZabulobebisaTvis: ekonomikuri sakiTxebis/problemebis gavrceleba (ecogr194); sazogadoebriv fondebSi didi wili (ecogr294); didi ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebis survili (ecogr394); gaumjobesebuli samuSao pirobebis survili (ecogr494); arsebuli miwis, samuSaos da/an resursebis dacvis survili (ecogr594); sxva ekonomikuri daZabuloba (ecogr694). Sedegad miRebuli cvladebi moZraobs 0-dan 18-mde. aq gamoyenebuli cvladebi Sedgenili iyo MAR monacemebSi cvladebis damatebiT, romelic gansazRvravs daZabulobebis Semdeg specifikur tipebs igive skalaze, romelic gamoyenebuli iyo religiuri daZabulobebisaTvis: jgufis enisa da kulturis dawinaurebisaken miswrafeba (culgr294); jgufis enaze ganaTlebis miRebis survili (culgr394), jgufis enis oficialur doneze gamoyenebis survili (culgr494), sxva jgufebis Tavdasxmebisagan dacva (culgr594); sxva kulturuli daZabulobebi (culgr694). Sedegad miRebuli cvladebi moZraobs 0-dan 15-mde. mniSvnelovania imis aRniSvna, rom saerTo religiuri daZabulobebis cvladi ar Sedioda am cvladSi, raTa Tavidan yofiliyo acilebuli zemoT aRweril religiur cvladebTan damTxveva. aq gamoyenebuli cvladebi Sedgenili iyo MAR-is monacemebSi cvladebis damatebiT, romelic gansazRvravs daZabulobebis Semdeg specifikur tipebs igive skalaze, romelic gamoyenebuli iyo religiuri daZabulobebisaTvis: politikuri daZabulobebis gavrceleba (polgr194); miswrafeba farTo saerTo politikuri uflebebis mosapoveblad (polgr294); gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi farTo monawileobis survili (polgr394); farTo samoqalaqo uflebebis mopovebis survili (polgr494); oficialur politikaSi cvlilebis survili (polgr594); sxva politikuri daZabulobebi (polgr694); Sedegad miRebuli cvladebi moZraobs 0-dan 15-mde. Keith Jaggers, da Ted R. Gurr, “Tracking Democracy’s Third Wave with the Polity III Data”, Journal of Peace Research, Vol.32, No.4 (1995), pp.469-482. es Semadgeneli Seicavs: jgufis ramdenime wevria dapatimrebuli (rep0196); jgufis mravali wevria dapatimrebuli (rep0296); liderebi an dapatimrebuli, an gauCinarebuli arian (rep0396); aCvenebs jgufis wevrTa an liderTa sasamarTlo procesebs (rep0496); wameba, gamoyenebuli dasaSineblad an informaciis mosapoveblad (rep0596); xelisuflebis mier daxocili jgufis wevrebi (rep0696); xelisuflebis mier daxocili jgufis liderebi (rep0796); moqalaqeTa represiebi (rep0896); gasamxedroebuli dajgufebebis mier Cadenili mkvlelobebi (rep0896); CamorTmeuli da ganadgurebuli qoneba (rep1096); SezRudvebi gadaadgilebaze (rep1196); Zaladobrivi gadasaxleba (rep1296); sakvebiT momaragebis akrZalva (rep1396); eTnikuri wmenda (rep1496); sistematuri Sina jaSuSoba (rep1596); kritikuli mdgomareoba (rep1696); policiisa da samxedro nawilebis Tavmoyra (rep1796); protestantebis winaaRmdeg Zalis SezRuduli gamoyeneba (rep1896); protestantebis winaaRmdeg Zalis SeuzRudavi gamoyeneba (rep1996); samxedro kampania SeiaraRebuli ajanyebulebis winaaRmdeg (rep2096); samxedro samizneebi da dangreuli ajanyebuli teritoriebi (rep2196); ajanyebulTa mxardamWeraSi eWvmitanilTa ganadgureba samxedro Zalis gamoyenebiT (rep2296); sxva saxelisuflebo represiebi (rep2396). yvela es cvladi gansazRvrulia Semdeg skalaze: 0 _ ar aris cnobebi represiis Sesaxeb; 1 _ jgufis wevrTa winaaRmdeg gamoyenebuli taqtika, romlebic monawileoben koleqtiur qmedebaSi; 2 _ jgufis wevrTa winaaRmdeg gamoyenebuli taqtika, orive SemTxvevaSi (monawileoben Tu ara koleqtiur 140 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. moqmedebaSi), an orazrovan situaciebSi, magaliTad, rodesac wyaroebidan ar aris naTeli, provocirebuli iyo Tu ara represiuli moqmedebebi. 3 _ jgufis im wevrTa winaaRmdeg gamoyenebuli taqtika, romlebic ar monawileoben koleqtiur moqmedebaSi. 1996 wlis cvladis arCevis mizezi isaa, rom is aris yvelaze adreuli periodi, romlisTvisac MAR-is monacemebSi saxeze iyo represiis cvladebi, amitom gonivrulia davaskvnaT, rom 1995 wlisa da 1996 wlis represiebs Soris arsebobs mkafio Tanafardoba. represiebs 1996 da 1997 wlebSi, magaliTisaTvis, aqvT Tanafardoba .897 (p-value <.001). es gakeTebulia Semdeg masStabze: 0=ar aris politikuri moZraobis Sesaxeb Canaweri; 1=SezRuduli – arc erT politikur moZraobas ar uWers mxars umciresobaTa meaTedze meti (aseve im SemTxvevaSi, Tu moZraobebi identificirebulia saxelebiT, magram informacia arasakmarisia, raTa moxdes mxardaWeris kodireba nebismieri maTganisaTvis); 2=saSualo _ farTo politikur moZraobas mxars uWers umciresobis meoTxedidan naxevramde; 3=didi _ udidesi politikuri moZraoba, romelsac mxars uWers umciresobebis naxevari. es cvladi aseve gamoyenebulia damoukidebel cvladad ajanyebis winaswarmetyvelebis regresiebSi. Fox, “The Effects of Religious Discrimination”, and Jonathan Fox, “Are Ethno-Religious Minorities more Militant than Other ethnic Minorities?”, Alternatives, VBol.28, No.1 (2003), pp.91-114. Jeff Haynes, Religion in Global Politics (New York: Longman, 1998). Walker Connor, “Nation Building or Nation Destroying?”, World Politics, Vol.24 No.3 (1972), pp.319355. Walker Connor, “The Politics of Ethno nationalism”, Journal of International Affairs, Vol.27, No.1 (1973), p.5-11. inglisuridan Targmna daviT macaberiZem 2005 w. 141 barbara adami drois aRqma aRqma (Barbara Adam. Perseptions of time. wignidan: wignidan “Companion Encyclopedia of Anthropology”, Edited by Tim Ingold, 2002, Part II, Culture. Barbara Adam, Perseptions of Time, pp.503-527)) Sesavali drois rogorc gancda uSualo, msWvalavs myisieri, yoveldRiur aseve cxovrebas. gaSualebuli. is marTlac, SeiZleba drois iyos gancda adamianuri arsebobis ganuyofeli nawilia. Tumca, drois aRqma da gaazreba icvleba kulturebis, istoriuli periodisa da konteqstis, sxvadasxva sazogadoebis wevrebis, pirovnebis asakis, sqesis, socialur struqturaSi misi adgilis mixedviT. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, Rirebulebis miniWeba, ZiriTadad, konteqstzea droisaTvis mniSvnelobis da damokidebuli. drois aseTi yvelganmyofobis miuxedavad, anTropologiaSi drois problemis specialisti, praqtikulad, ar arsebobs. “droiTi perspeqtivebis gansja da drois aTvlis problemis anTropologiuri Seswavla jer kidev Camoyalibebis stadiaSia”, werda maqsveli (Maxwell) 1972 wels. “drois problemis kroskulturul kvlevas jer arc saxeli aqvs, warmoSobil am Tanamedrove viTarebis arc “skolebi” problemasTan arsebobs dakavSirebiT” dasaxasiaTebladac disciplinis (1972: 47_8). gamodgeba. farglebSi es gancxadeba mkvlevrebi muSaoben, Tumca erTmaneTisagan izolirebulad, amitom Teoriuli integracia dRemde naklebadaa miRweuli. sxvadasxva sazogadoebaSi drois aRricxvis sistemaze, drois aRqmis, organizebis da struqturirebis Taviseburebebze koncentrirebuli es kvlevebi naklovania ori faqtoris gamo. pirveli, dro ara mxolod anTropologiis sakvlevi obieqtia, aramed is aseve mocemulia im adamianebis cxovrebaSi, warmarTaven. meore, azrovnebasa miuxedavad da amgvari meTodebSi, romlebic yvelganmyofobisa, am dro kvlevebs ucnaurad uCinaria da Cveni cxovrebis erT-erT udao maxasiaTebels warmoadgens. is Cveni kvlevebis mniSvnelovani implicituri safuZvelia. aqedan gamomdinare, rodesac anTropologebi ikvleven “droebs”, magaliTad, amerikel indielebSi, samxreT azielebSi, afrikelebSi da avstraliel aborigenebSi, mxolod erTidan meore kulturis enaze Targmnis miiCneoda. problema, Cemi problemis azriT, winaSe gacilebiT ar dganan, Rrmaa da rogorc es dasavluri adre drois 142 upirobo gaziarebaSi mdgomareobs. drois dasavluri aRqma aris is gadasaxedi, romlidanac mkvlevrebi aanalizeben “sxvaTa droebs”. anTropologebi erTmaneTisagan pirobiTad ganasxvaveben “modernul” da “tradiciul” romlebze sazogadoebebs. dayrdnobiT aman xeli “tradiciuli” Seuwyo diqotomiebis kulturebis drois gavrcelebas, aRqma ganixileba rogorc “Cveni dasavluri drois” dominanturi gagebis opozicia. am poziciis Tanaxmad,, “maTi” dro ufro cikluria, vidre xazovani, raodenobrivi, vidre xarisxobrivi, Tavad ar Seqcevadi, warmoadgens yoveldRiuri vidre Seuqcevadi, istoriis wesrigiT da Semofarglulia mamoZravebels; praqtikuli igi tradiciiT organizebulia amocanebiT, vidre da ufro saaTiT, orientirebulia ufro stabilurobaze, vidre cvlilebebze, ufro bunebazea damokidebuli, vidre kalendris ritmze, aRiricxeba ufro bunebrivi ritmis, vidre abstraqtuli sqemebis safuZvelze. “tradiciuli” da “modernuli” drois diqotomia mZafrad gaakritika barnsma (Barnes) (1971), gansakuTrebiT, levi- strosis naSromis magaliTze. barnsis sityviT, imisaTvis, rom gaveridoT saxaliso, magram saboloo jamSi unayofo, simboloTa speqtakls, romelSic istoria da anTropologia, sinqronuloba da diaqronuloba, cnobieri da aracnobieri,, uwyvetoba da wyvetiloba, Seqcevadi da Seuqcevadi dro usasrulod agrZeleben TamaSs manam, sanam auditoria saxlSi wasvlas ar gadawyvets, Cven unda davamsxvrioT diqotomiebi, davamyaroT continua da uzvrunvelvyoT is ufro meti faqtebiT (Barnes 1971: 545). ukanasknel xans dasaxelebul klasikur midgomasTan dakavSirebiT axali problemebi gamoikveTa. kritikis sagania mosaxleobis warmodgena erTgvarovani saxiT, kulturuli ganmavlobaSi ucvleli Tanamosaubreebis tendencia; formebis gaazreba formiT (Cottle anTropologiuri “funqcionalizmi _ aTwleulebisa da saukuneebis Klineberg 1974: diskursis gayinul awmyoSi Caketvis ikvlios cocxal misi miswrafebis gamo, 164), Cveni and sazogadoebaTa moqmedebis meqanizmebi”, ”, radgan, Ffabianis mtkicebiT (1983: 20), es, ubralod, niSnavs arafris keTebas drois problemis kvlevis TvalsazrisiT. Ffabianis naSromis Time and Other (dro da sxva) gamosvlasTan erTad, mdgomareoba Seicvala da qanqara gansxvavebis xazgasmidan aRiarebisaken gadaixara (McElwain 1988); ingoldis (Ingold 1986, ch.4) naSromebSi Tanadroulobis adamisa (Adam 1987, 1988, 1990 ) da gakritikebulia Cveni dasavluri Teoriebis niutoniseuli da dekartiseuli wanamZRvrebi. am kritikasTan mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli rogorc codnis SemoqmedebiTi bunebis (Harries-Jones 1985), aseve refleqsurobis saWiroebis mzardi gacnobiereba (Cohen 1990a, b, Orther 1984). haris-jonsis (1985: 238) azriT, aucilebelia aqcentis gadanacvleba codnis arqeologiidan kulturaze. koheni gabedulad acxadebs, 143 rom “individis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe anTropologia moZvelebulia”. sakuTriv individi, ganagrZobs mkvlevari, samecniero principebisa da praqtikis obieqtad unda iqces. sufTa, obieqturi realobis pozitivisturi rwmena imdenad Rrmadaa gamjdari anTropologiur varaudebs refleqsiis sagnad praqtikaSi, rom mkvlevrebi TavianT ar miiCneven. refleqsurobaze yuradRebis gamaxvileba, ra Tqma unda, axali movlena ar aris. wminda gonebis kritikaSi kanti (1966 [1781]: 16) aRniSnavda, rom Cven vgavarT im mosamarTleebs, romlebic igoneben kiTxvebs da mowmeebs maTze pasuxis gacemas aiZuleben. TiTqmis orasi wlis win kanti amtkicebda, rom damkvirveblebi msjelobis unars dakvirvebis obieqtTa ZiriTad principebs da, amgvarad, codnis warmomqmnel moments usadagebdnen. Cvens sakvlev problemasTan mimarTebaSi es gulisxmobs, rom sxva kulturis warmomadgenelTa droisadmi damokidebulebis gagebas ver SevZlebT, Tu drois sakuTar gagebas ar gaviazrebT. amgvarad, refleqsuroba aucilebelia ara mxolod imitom, rom codna aramed SemoqmedebiTia, imitomac, rom sxvebis warmodgena sakuTari Teoriuli modelebis mixedviT SegviZlia. kantis Tvalsazrisis gaziarebisa da ukanasknel periodSi anTropologebis mier refleqsurobaze yuradRebis gamaxvilebis fonze, sakvirvelia, rom safuZveli, romelsac anTropologiuri aRwerebi efuZneba, ucvleli rCeba. amasTan, Cveni sakuTari drois buneba Seuswavlelia; ver vaxerxebT imis gacnobierebas, rom “sxva drois” nebismieri analizi, amave dros, “Cveni sakuTari drois” komentirebac aris. droisadmi gamoxatulad refleqsuri midgoma aucilebelia. Tumca rogorc gavacnobiereT, jer erTi, “ucxo” dro, Cveulebriv, isea axsnili, rogoric is sinamdvileSi ar aris, da meore, “Cveni sakuTari droisa” da “sxva drois” arsebuli dualisturi modelebi safuZvelSive mcdaria. amis gamo, anTropologiuri me aq aRwerebi, vaanalizeb miznad visaxav safuZvels, ra drois romelsac dasavluri emyareba gagebis TvalsazrisTa warmoCenas. Sesabamisad, Cemi yuradRebis mTavari sagania ara eqsplicituri “sxva” dro, aramed “uCinari damkvirveblis” implicituri dro. imisaTvis, rom naTeli gavxadoT viciT, saWiroa mivmarToT is, rac Sinaganad, ara diskursiul doneze fenomenologiur anTropologiur midgomas. aucilebelia Cveuli mdgomareobidan gamosvla da “ucxos” poziciis daWera, Cveni sakuTari drois im adamianebis TvaliT danaxva, romlebic pirobiTad warmoadgenen anTropologiuri kvlevis obieqtebs. Tumca, pirvel rigSi, Tvali unda gadavavloT “sxva drois” Sesaxeb arsebul ramdenime klasikur kvlevas. es saSualebas mogvcems vaCvenoT, Tu ra roli Seasrula CvenSi gaziarebulma 144 Sexedulebebma Tanamedrove dasavluri gagebisagan gansxvavebuli “droebis” analizisas. “sxva droebi” da implicituri nimuSebi evans-priCardis dasavlurisagan warmogvidgina. (Evans-Pritchard gansxvavebuli Tumca, me ar (1940) da drois gagebaTa mainteresebs kvlevebis irgvliv gamoTqmuli mravali uorfis am (Whorf) gamokvlevebma klasikuri gansxvavebebis analizi buneba an am kritikuli mosazreba. zemoaRniSnul mizezTa gamo, dainteresebuli var “dasavluri drois” sayovelTaod miRebuli stereotipuli foniT, romlis sawinaaRmdegod warmodgenilia “tradiciuli” kulturebis drois gagebebi. uorfis amerikeli lingvisturi indielebis gamokvlevis kosmologias mixedviT, eZRvneba, romelic dasavluri hopis tomis drois gancda daxasiaTebulia rogorc erTmimarTulebiani, uwyveti mdinareba, movlenaTa rigi, romlebic warsulidan momavlisken mimarTul xazzea gamwkrivebuli. drois dasavluri gageba daxasiaTebulia rogorc abstraqtuli, sworxazovani da moZraobasTan dakavSirebuli. es imitom xdeba, rom uorfi cdilobs, hopis tomis Sexeduleba droze warmoadginos im saxiT, rogoric is ar aris. is wers im samyaroze, sadac movlenebi Tanmimdevrulad, sworxazovnebis principiT ar aris ganlagebuli. es movlenebi Tanadroulia, kumulaciuri da organulad Serwymulia erTmaneTTan. is aRwers dros, romelic ar aris obieqtivirebuli, sivrcobrivad gaazrebuli sidide da ar Sedgeba calkeuli, Tanamimdevruli momentebisagan. is xasiaTdeba integraluri “ukan mibrunebiT”. uorfis azriT (1956: 151), hopis tomis warmomadgenlebisTvis dro aris ara moZraoba, aramed yvelafrisaken ganmeorebadoba lingvisturi ukan ara mibruneba, rac unayofo, ki aramed azrovnebisaTvis, odesme Seqmnila”, akumulirebuli ganagrZobs uorfi amitom “mudmivi procesia”. (1956:57), im ucxoa abstraqtuli, xazovani, Tanamimdevruli drois gageba. igi moklebulia hopis Cveni drois, rogorc “Tanabari mdinarebis” gaazrebas, sadac yvelaferi Tanabari tempiT midis momavlidan, awmyos gavliT, warsulisaken”. “sxva droebis” analizisas igive midgoma SeiZleba davinaxoT evans- priCardis (1940) gamokvlevaSi, romelic sudanis samxreTSi mosaxle nuerebis nilosur toms eZRvneba. evans-priCardi ekologiuri ciklebis tomur drosa da struqturul urTierTobebs kalendaruli da saaTis droebis fonis sapirspirod ganixilavs. ekologiur ciklebTan mimarTebaSi is amtkicebs, rom “TormetTviani sistema winaaRmdegobaSi ar modis drois nuerebiseul gagebasTan, radganac isini, raime didi xangrZlivobis SemTxvevaSi, movlenis 145 drois gansasazRvrad Tveebis saxelebs ar iyeneben; maT ar aqvT “Tves, dResa da Rames Soris periodebis aRmniSvneli drois erTeulebi; maTTvis “dros wlis ganmavlobaSi erTi da igive Rirebuleba ara aqvs”, maTi drois aRmniSvneli sityvebi “ar aris ubralod drois aRricxvis erTeulebi”, da bolos, maT “ara aqvT sityva, romelic, Cveni gagebiT, “drois” eqvivalenti iqneboda. amgvarad, maT, Cvengan gansxvavebiT, ar SeuZliaT isaubron droze, rogorc raRac realurze, romelic miedineba, SeiZleba gaflango an Seinaxo, da a.S.” (940: 99103). evans-priCardis azriT, Cveni droisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic miedineba da progresirdeba, nuerebis struqturuli drois moZraoba SeiZleba aRqmul iqnas rogorc iluzia, radgan tomuri drois struqtura ucvleli rCeba. es niSnavs, rom maTi “drois gancda sxva araferia, Tu ara adamianebis, ufro xSirad, jgufebis moZraoba struqturis SigniT.” igi drois amgvar gancdas upirispirebs Cvens istoriul dros, romelSic TiToeul movlenas unikaluri adgili ukavia da saaTis erTeulebis droiT badeSi. misi TqmiT, Cveni dro TariRebis gacilebiT did distancias moicavs, vidre maTi dro. Cveni istoriisagan gansxvavebiT, maT miTSi erTi movlena meores win ar uswrebs. “miTebi xsnian ufro zogadi socialuri mniSvnelobis Cveulebebs, vidre calkeul segmentebs Soris urTierTqmedebas. aqedan gamomdinare, miTebi struqturuli stratificirebuli araa” (1940:107-8). am ori gamokvlevis Tanaxmad, dasavluri dro dakavSirebulia klasificirebul gagebiT maxasiaTeblebTan: is aris gaazrebuli sidide, romelic calkeul abstraqtuli, garkveul sivrcobriavad erTeulebad iyofa; organzomilebiani, xazovani, mimarTulebis mqone dineba an mudmivi, uwyveti mdinareba romelic warsulidan momavlisaken miemarTeba (an piriqiT); es aris dro, romelic gadis an SeiZleba Seinaxo, gayido an gaflango. kvlevebSi yvela es aspeqti izolirebulad, erTmaneTTan kavSiris gareSe Cndeba da mxolod ucxo drois kontrastulobis Cvenebas isaxavs miznad. uorfis analizSi ucxo dro warmoCenilia, rogorc Tanadrouli, xarisxobrivi, kumulaciuri, erTiani da kompleqsuri; xolo evans-priCardis mier es dro daxasiaTebuilia movlenebSi mocemuli struqturuli cikluri, drois, procesebisa da socialuri warmogvidgens tradiciul anTropologiur urTierTobebis saxiT. es klasikuri kvlevebi midgomas drois problemisadmi. maTSi mocemul detalur dakvirvebebSi da informantebisagan mkvlevrebs aRebul informantebis interviuebSi arsebuli Sexedulebebisa monacemebis da gamoaSkaraveba SeuZliaT, rac maT modelebis agebis da safuZvelze msoflmxedvelobis interpretaciebis gakeTebis saSualebas miscems. amgvar tradiciul gamokvlevaSi warmodgenili 146 Sexedulebebi, saidanac gamomdinareobda kiTxvebi, dakvirvebebi da modelebi, yovelTvis udavod miiCneoda. sanam dasavluri drois implicitur Teoriebs im gzas Sevadareb, romlis meSveobiT yoveldRiur komunikaciaSi gamoxataven, inglisurenovani adamianebi dros minda mokled ganvixilo “sxva drois” Sesaxeb arsebuli, klasikuri tradiciisagan gansxvavebuli kvlevebi. mbitim (Mbiti, 1969), rogorc afrikelma, romelmac misionerebis zegavlena ganicada, sakuTari samyaros ucxo TvaliT danaxva iswavla. garda amisa, imisaTvis, rom sxva samyaros nawili gamxdariyo, mas ucxo sakuTrad unda eqcia. mas manam unda aReqva misionerebis dasavluri dro, sanam maT samyaroSi CarTvas SeZlebda. amdenad, gasakviri ar aris, rom mbitis warmodgena dasavlur drois safuZvlebze, dasavlel romelsac is afrikul dros upirispirebs, bevrad daxvewilia mis kolegaTa SexedulebebTan SedarebiT.. mbitis romelic afrikul religiebs da filosofias eZRvneba, naSromSi (1969), dasavluri drois tipi kidev erTxel gamodis xazovani _ warsulad, awmyod da momavlad dayofili _ drois saxiT. Tumca, zemoTganxiluli dasavluri drois analizisagan gansxvavebiT, mbitis fonuri dro kompleqsuria da gaazrebulia abstraqciasTan, obieqtivaciasTan, sivrculobasTan, arakonteqsturobasTan da moxmarebasTan kavSirSi. mbiti afrikelebis “Seqmnil dros” upirispirebs moxmarebis sagnad qceul dasavlur dros, romelic SeiZleba Sromis bazarze gaicvalos rogorc realuri sidide. aseve, igi erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs drois gancdisa da misi organizebis moTxovnilebas tradiciuli afrikuli sazogadoebis wevrebSi, erTi mxriv, da drois dReebad, saaTebad da wuTebad dayofisken miswrafebas dasavlur an vesternizebul Tanmimdevrulobisa bundovani da moZraobis warmodgenisagan sworxazovnebas sazogadoebaSi, Taobaze gansxvavebiT, meore mxriv. sworxazovnebis, evans-priCardisa mbiti da uorfis dasavluri drois da Tanabari xangrZliobis warsulisa da momavalis gagebas raodenobriv/ricxviT, konteqstisagan damoukidebel kalendarTan mimarTebaSi ganixilavs. garda amisa, is erTmaneTs ukavSirebs kalendrebis maTematikurad abstraqtul dros da moxmarebis sagnad qceul dros, saubrobs im kavSirze, romelic dReebs, Tveebs, wlebsa da im dros Soris arsebobs, romelic SeiZleba gamoiyeno, gayido, gacvalo da akontrolo. rogorc am or midgomas Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebidan Cans, mniSvnelovania imis garkveva, analizSi fonur dros Tanabari statusi eniWeba, Tu igi, ubralod, gamogonilia. dasavleli anTropologebis azriT, maTTvis Cveuli drois “umaRles refleqsiis Svebad” uyuradRebod rCeba obieqtad gaazrebas da “sxva drois” ganxilva yuradRebis moiTxovs gamaxvilebas Seswavlisas. yoveldRiurobis imaze, Sesabamisad, rac saWiroa 147 gamokvleul iqnas gamoiyeneba, anu gza, igi romlis meSveobiT ganixileba dro rogorc yoveldRiur sastarto komunikaciaSi wertili, saidanac Sefasebuli iqneba antinomiebi, romlebic anTropologiuri diskursis obieqtebs da maTSi mocemul sapirispiro mxareebs maradiul “eTnografiul awmyoSi” aTavsebs. qvemoT moyvanilma magaliTebma, miuxedavad maTi banalurobisa, SeiZleba socialuri drois usazRvro cvalebadoba da sirTule warmoaCinos. maT aseve SeiZleba im modelebis simwire da araadekvaturoba dagvanaxos, romlebic gvaiZuleben, arCevani gavakeToT drosa da droebiTobas, saaTebsa da bunebis ritmebs, sworxazovnebasa da ciklurobas, cvalebadobasa da wesrigs, istoriasa da miTs, raodenobriobasa da xarisxs, droSi arsebul movlenebsa da movlenebSi arsebul dros Soris. rogorc vnaxavT, dasavluri sazogadoebebi mxolod organzomilebian, sworxazovan, qronologiur droSi ar arseboben. yoveldRiurobis uCinari droebi inglisur enaSi “drois” aRmniSvneli sityva yvelaze farTod gamoyenebadi arsebiTi saxeli gaxda. gasakviri ar aris, rom Cveni yoveldRiuri urTierToba aRsavsea drois aRmniSvneli sityvebiT. igive sityva gamoiyeneba mravali, Zalian gansxvavebuli Sinaarsis gadmocemisaTvis, romlebic drois sxvadasxva implicitur TeoriebSia mocemuli. Cven vsaubrobT saaTis droze da zamTris droze, sawyis xelsayrel drosa droze. da Cven cud droze, vexebiT moqmedebisa sagnebisa da da urTierTobisaTvis procesebis dros, romelic mifrinavs da dros, romelsac Tavisi miaqvs. Cven Tavisuflad vmoZraobT drois am SegrZnebebSi da Sinaganad maT ise aRviqvamT, vfiqrobT. cxadia, rom amas mohyveba rom am gansxvavebebze bevrs ar gansxvavebuli zogadi terminisaTvis. dro mxolod saaTiT mniSvnelobebis miwera ar izomeba. dro mravalaspeqtiania: is mocemulia fizikur procesebsa da socialur tradiciebSi, maTematikis abstraqtul gaTvlebsa da adamianebs Soris konkretul urTierTobebSi. mas vzomavT saaTis erTeulebis, ciuri sxeulebis moZraobis, ganmeorebadi movlenebis da sakuTari sxeulis cvlilebebis safuZvelze. dros viyenebT rogorc saqonlis gacvlis da momsaxurebis saSualebas, an rogorc gadaxdis formas, aseve rogorc bunebis, sazogadoebis, adamianebis da maTi institutebis organizebis resurss. yvela am sferos sakuTari sazRvrebi aqvs, romlis farglebSic unda gakeTdes samoqmedo arCevani. wuTi, saaTi, kvira, dRe, mTvaris faza, weli, Sobisa da aRdgomis dResaswaulebi, sawarmoo cikli da zrda, Taobebi da CarCoebs da adamianis sicocxlis xangrZlioba _ yvelaferi es qmnis droiT maT farglebSi Cven varegulirebT yoveldRiur cxovrebas. 148 dabadebisa da sikvdilis ganpirobebuli parametrebi, movlenebis bunebis ganmeorebadi matricas, romlis meSveobiTac vaxerxebT ritmebi nimuSebi da erTad socialurad qmnian droiT droSi cxovrebas. Tu am gansxvavebul “droebs” ufro yuradRebiT davakvirdebiT, SeiZleba movaxerxoT “rodis drois” identificireba: rodis aris bankebi Ria, rodis unda daiZinon bavSvebma, rodis viyaviT axalgazrda, rodis moxda CvenTan socialuri areuloba, rodis daangria Stormma zRvis sanapiros damcavi nagebobebi da Cveni saxlis saxuravebi. dasavlur sazogadoebebSi es “rodis” ufro kalendrebis, saaTebis, an orives erTad, droiT sqemazea damyarebuli. magram am socialuri qmedebebis da lokalizebis miuxedavad bunebrivi safuZvels imisa, fenomenebis mxolod rom drois saaTi magaliTad, gansazRvrisa da kalendari bankebis da ar gaRebis droSi warmoadgens. drois dadgena warmudgenelia saaTebisa da kalendrebis daxmarebis gareSe, marto saaTi da kalendari ar aris sabanko saqmianobis erTaderTi regulatori. bankebis gaRebis dro mxolod sabanko momsaxurebiT mosargeble adamianebis samuSao drosTan araa (romelic SeTanxmebuli. sxva sawyis drois droebs gansazRvra aregulirebs), xdeba Sida rom Zilis dro dadga, radgan gareT ukve miwis samuSao tradiciis gaTvaliswinebis safuZvelze. amis msgavsad, Tqvan, aseve kanonis grafikisa da bavSvebs SeuZliaT bneldeba, an sabavSvo satelevizio programa damTavrda. bavSvebisaTvis amgvari argumenti SeiZleba ufro damajereblad JRerdes, vidre imis Tqma, rom saRamos rva saaTia. ufro meti, saaTisa da kalendaruli drois arseboba xels ar gviSlis, warsuli, awmyo urTierTobebTan da momavali kavSirSi movlenebTan, ganvsazRvroT. procesebTan sakuTari da bavSvobis, socialur socialuri areulobis, an konkretuli Stormis warmodgenis dros TariRebma da saaTma SeiZleba yvelaferi ar gagvaxsenos. es niSnavs, rom evans-priCardis mier dafiqsirebuli gansxvavebebis sapirispirod, nuerebs SeiZleba, meti saerTo hqondeT socialuri qmedebebis, movlenebis da tradiciebis “rodis”-is drois Cveneul dasavlur gagebasTan. “tradiciuli” da “Tanamedrove” sazogadoebebis polarizebis miuxedavad, saaTis da kalendaruli dro Cveni damokidebulebis erTaderTi safuZveli ar aris. Sesabamisad, marTebuli araa misi warmoCena bunebasTan, socialur da religiur droebTan dapirispirebaSi. unda aRiniSnos, rom Sexedulebebs socialur urTierTqmedebasa da bunebriv garemoze ar Canacvlebia drois racionalizacia. es Sexedulebebi jer kidev mniSvnelovan rols TamaSoben im drois gansazRvraSi, rodesac garkveuli movlenebi xdeba. drois standartizirebuli sistema, romelic dedamiwas moicavs, aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi, Cveni socialuri qmedebebis saerTaSoriso doneze organizebis da 149 koordinirebis saSualebas sazogadoebaSi. magram idiosinkretul da iZleva. es es dro konteqstze dro ar Rrmad aris gamoricxavs damokidebul gagebaTa gamjdari Cvens drois lokalur, mdidari resursebis arsebobas. am drois gagebebs fesvi gadgmuli aqvT yoveldRiuri cxovrebis socialur da gamoTvladi, bunebriv ritmebSi. sivrcobrivad saaTisa gaazrebuli da dro kalendris dasavluri abstraqtuli, drois mravali mniSvnelobaTa mxolod erT aspeqts qmnis.. es cxadad Cans, rodesac samoqmedod “karg” da “cud” droebs virCevT. Tu dasavluri dro, rogorc saaTisa da kalendris dro, marTlac xazovani da raodenobrivi iyo, maSin azrs moklebulia saubari “karg” da “cud” droze. rogorc joSia (Gioscia 1974: 83) miuTiTebs, “drois organzomilebianobis (sworxazovnebis) aRiarebis SemTxvevaSi, iseTi frazebi, rogoricaa “mZime dro”, “ioli dro”, “maRali” an “dabali” dro, mxolod evfemizmia. saaTisa da kalendris dro, romelic, SeiZleba, marTlac dominanturia “rodis” drois specifikurobis gamo, mniSvnelobas kargavs maSin, roca saxelfaso anazRaurebis gazrdis moTxovnis, megobruli urTierTobis dasrulebis, an samsaxuris dasawyebad gancxadebiT mimarTvisaTvis “Sesaferisi drois” SerCeva gvixdeba. “kargi” da “cudi” droebis sakiTxi umTavresad drois gansazRvris problemas ganekuTvneba. dro ki SeiZleba ganisazRvrebodes mravali sxvadasxva faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT. kviris dReebi an dRis saaTebi “Sesaferisi drois” SerCevis erT saSualebas warmoadgens. magram sxva momentebmac, SeiZleba, Tanabari roli urTierTobebisa problemebi. iTamaSon da aseTi drois movlenebis warsulsa gasaTvaliswinebelia unarebi, SfoTva gansazRvraSi. da monawileTa Tu meti ara, aseve mniSvnelovania momavalTan dakavSirebuli keTildReoba da siZliere, da sisuste, iseve rogorc maTi urTierTobis xasiaTi. amasTan erTad, socio-istoriulma, ekonomikurma da politikurma konteqstma SeiZleba mTavari roli iTamaSos imis gansazRvraSi, Tu xelsayrel dros”, iseve, rogorc normebs, Cvevebs ra Seadgens “marjve da da Rirebulebebs, romelTac es dro moicavs. “rodis” drois yvela tipi saaTis da kalendaruli drois asociacias iwvevs, Tumca sxva tipis “droebic” arsebobs. bunebis da sezonebis ritmebi, socialuri normebi, tradiciebi da wes-Cveulebebi, fsiqologiuri cvlilebebi, warsulis codna da misi Sedegebis molodini _ yovelive es gavlenas axdens momavlis gaTvlaze. yvela es momenti erTad, urTierTgadajaWvulad gansazRvravs “Sesaferis” dros konkretul moqmedebebSi CasarTavad. maSin, roca saaTis dro konteqstisagan damoukideblobas da globalur stadartizacias uwyobs xels, Cveulebrivi qmedebebis drois gansazRvra 150 gansakuTrebul safuZvelze da konkretul konteqstTan kavSirSi xdeba. SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom “rodis dro” yvela sazogadoebaSi arsebobs. Tumca, drois am gagebis calkeul gamovlinebebSi Cans, rom misi arsebobis ganmapirobebeli zogierTi faqtori universaluria da yvela sazogadoebisaTvis erTnairad aris kulturuli damaxasiaTebeli, TvalsazrisiT maSin unikaluria. roca arc sxva danarCeni raodenoba, arc faqtorebi xarisxi, arc sazogadoeba, arc buneba, arc saaTi da arc gadaswyvet amocanaTa rutinuloba ar warmoadgens erTaderT safuZvels kulturuli specifikisaTvis. Sesabamisad, am Sexedulebebis safuZvelze trdiciuli kulturebis da dasavleTis erTad, yoveldRiur industriuli drois dapirispireba marTebuli ar aris. drois gansazRvrisa da droSi lokalizebasTan inglisur komunikaciaSi drois ZiriTad komponentebs temporaluroba ayalibebs. dro romelsac Tavisi miaqvs, gazafxulis dro da bunebis gamococxleba, asakis momateba da siberis SegrZneba _ yovelive amis gancda SeiZleba, aseve, “rodis dros” ukavSirdebodes. magaliTad, rodis yvavis vaSlis xe, rodis davberdebi, rodis davibade, rodis movkvdebi. Tumca es ideebi _ ganmeorebaTa ciklis farglebSi _ Seuqcevadi cvlilebis fundamentur codnasac moicavs. drois gansazRvra da drois CarCoebi “rodis drois” mTavari aspeqtebia, maSin roca procesebTan mimarTebaSi wina planze temporaluroba gamodis. mcenareebi izrdeba, mwifdeba da Wkneba. adamianebi da cxovelebi ibadebian, cocxloben da kvdebian. miuxedavad imisa, rom TiToeulSi sicocxlisa da sikvdilis ciklzea saubari, cvlilebebi erTi mimarTulebiT mimdinareobs. araferi arsebobs asakis, sikvdilis, dabadebis gareSe. Cven SegviZlia warsuli sakuTar gonebaSi gavacocxloT, magram sicocxlis da materialuri samyaros procesebis ukan mobruneba ar geologiuri energiis SegviZlia. da drois istoriuli gacvlas erTmimarTulebianobaze monacemebis, moicavs),, codnis fizikuri uwyveti saubari SegviZlia procesebis (romelic dagrovebis da im faqtis safuZvelze, romlis Tanaxmad, adamianebi da sagnebi berdebian da arasodes axalgazravdebian. Cven viciT, rom dRis cikli Sedgeba SuadRis, saRamos da Ramisagan, da ara piriqiT _ Ramis, saRamosa da SuadRisagan. es magaliTebi miuTiTebs, rom tradiciuli da Tanamedrove sazogadoebebisTvis mxolod cikluri da Seuqcevadi, sworxazovni drois gagebebi araa damaxasiaTebeli. drois aRqmis orive forma integrirebulia yvela ritmulad struqturirebul fenomenSi (Adam 1990:70-6). da mainc, rodesac vambobT, rom dros Tavisi miaqvs cxovelebi da sagnebi sworxazovanobasTan erTad, berdebian, dros Cven damatebiT da adamianebi, ganmeorebadobasTan aspeqtebs vaniWebT. da TiToeuli 151 cikli ayalibebs CarCoebs, romlis SigniTac organizebas vukeTebT, vgegmavT da varegulirebT Cvens yoveldRiur cxovrebas. haidegeris (1967, 1972) sityviT, Cveni sicocxle grZeldeba sikvdilamde, yovel awmyoSi yofnisas Cven veTxovebiT warsuls; momavali, sadac kvlav gvaqvs cxovrebis molodini, centralur rols TamaSobs Cvens gancdebSi, gegmebsa da moqmedebaSi. garda imisa, rom kavSiri gvaqvs sakuTar warsulTan, awmyosTan da momavalTan, yuradRebas vamaxvilebT agreTve Cvens warmoSobasa da bedisweraze. am aspeqtebis erToblioba gavlenas axdens imaze, rogor aRviqvamT sakuTar Tavs, ojaxs da garSemomyof adamianebs. isini zemoqmedeben Cveni damokidebulebaze da eqstraordinarul CarCoebis” urTierTobebis imaze, movlenebs. aspeqtebi Tu rogor amrigad, Serwymulia drois gansazRvraze, vxsniT “drois sxvebTan yoveldRiur gansazRvris” temporalurobasTan, da iseve Tu “drois rogorc, temporalurobaa gadajaWvuli drois gansazRvrasTan da drois CarCoebTan. Tumca, drois mniSvnelobiT, es ar sammagi implikacia gamoricxavs; tempi mis kompleqsurobas, dasavluri drois yoveldRiuri arsis kidev erTi aspeqtia. mravali da sxvadasxva fizikuri, biologiuri da kulturuli drois CarCoebis farglebSi procesebis dro da temporaluroba sxvadasxva siCqares gulisxmobs. Cven vlaparakobT droze, romelic nela an Zalian swrafad gadis. dro mifrinavs, roca Tavs kargad vgrZnobT. dro mZimed midis, roca velodebiT. dro arasodesaa sakmarisi, roca dakavebuli varT da is Tavzesayrelad gvaqvs, roca arafers vakeTebT. amrigad, tempi da intensiuroba drois kompleqsuri mniSvnelobis integraluri komponentebia. isini Cvens cxovrebas yvela doneze msWvalavs. dabadebis dausruleblad dRis moeCvenos, maSin winandeli dabadebis dRe periods gazafxulis molodini roca guSindeli yvavilobis patara bavSvs moxuci mohyveba. dRes adamianisaTvis dRis msgavsi dro wina SeiZleba erTi iqneba. zamTris samuSaos erTi wlis mkvdar saxe male dasamTavrebelia, maSin roca sxva tipis samuSao procesi, konkretul sawarmoo procesebTan Sesabamisobis miRwevis mizniT, neli tempiT unda mimdinareobdes. moqmedebis da reaqciis done, iqneba es metaboluri Tu socialuri reaqcia, arsobrivad aris dakavSirebuli imasTan, Tu ramdenad miiRweva romeliRac mocemuli drois CarCoSi moqmedebaTa drois gansazRvra da arsebobis temporaluroba. yvelaferi es, Tavis mxriv, drois dinebis siCqaris Cveneul gancdaSia mocemuli. ramdenadac yuradRebas vamaxvilebT safuZvelze, romlis sapirispirodac anTropologebi warmoadgenen maT xelT arsebul eTnografiul monacemebs, uari unda vTqvaT cdilobda dualizmze tradiciuli da erTad analizi. gaviazroT cxadi is, gaxdeba, ris rom gancalkevebasac cikluroba arc 152 sworxazovnebis sapirispiroa da arc warmavlobasa da ganmeorebadobas emijneba; rom is ar gamoricxavs fizikuri da cocxali sxeulebis an dasavlur sazogadoebebSi socialuri procesebis erTmimarTulebian temporalurobas. drois cikluroba ZiriTadad maTgan gamomdinareobs. drois (CarCoebis), drois gansazRvris, temporalurobis da tempis ormag mniSvnelobas maSin vacnobierebT, roca drois cnebas yoveldRiur komunikaciaSi viyenebT. amis msgavsad, gvainteresebs, mniSvnelovania Tu ara tradiciuli sazogadoebebis warmomadgenlebisaTvis zemoT ganxiluli “Cveni sakuTari drois”, aseve ucxo an “sxva drois” problema. Tumca, gansxvaveba imaSia, drois CarCoebi, romlis farglebSic sakuTari cxovrebis organizebas vaxdenT, bunebis ritmzea dafuZnebuli Tu meqanikur saaTze. es is gansxvavebaa, romelsac Cvens kvlevaSi mere unda davubrundeT. is “sxva drois” anTropologiuri kvlevebis aRiarebul safuZvels exeba. saaTis drois realuri saxe wamebis, wuTebis, saaTebis mier Seqmnil drois CarCoebs, gansxvavebiT sicocxlis drois, sezonebisa da dRiuri ciklis drois CarCoebisagan, ucvleloba, konteqstisagan damoukidebloba da sizuste axasiaTebs. islandiaSi zamTarSi da britaneTSi – zafxulSi saaTs erTnairad zomaven [1]. sadac ar unda viyoT dRes, erTi saaTi yvelgan erTi saaTia. Cven ukve ar viyenebT sezonebis an mravali “lokaluri drois” mixedviT cvlad “saaTebs”, romlebic win uswreben msoflio dros. dedamiwaze dro standartizebulia. XVIII saukunis miwurulidan dro dayofilia zonebad, romlebic erTmaneTisagan erTi saaTis gansxvavebiT arian gamijnulni. erTi saaTiT win viqnebiT, Tu aRmosavleTiT gadavadgildebiT, da erTi saaTiT ukan, Tu dasavleTiT gadavinacvlebT. ucnauri is aris, rom saerTaSoriso droiTi zonebis gadakveTisas an vigebT erT dRes, an ki piriqiT _ vkargavT mas. magaliTad, wynar okeaneSi mdebare aleutebis aRvniSnoT kunZulze an saerTod gadaadgilebisas gamogvrCes SeiZleba dabadebis dRe (Alwyn Jones, personal communication). orjer drois racionalizacia da misi saaTTan mibma did gavlenas axdens industriuli sazogadoebebis socialur cxovrebaze da drois im aspeqtebsac msWvalavs, romlebic saerToa CvenTvis da msoflios sxva sazogadoebebisTvis. garda amisa, is Rrmad aris mocemuli drois Cveneul gagebaSi. drois am gagebis safuZvelze anTropologebi ayalibeben TavianT Sexedulebebs “tradiciul sazogadoebebze”. Sesabamisad, is ufro met yuradRebas imsaxurebs. kalendaric da saaTic _ orive moicavs dros, rogorc sazoms da orive zomavs dros ( Ingold 1986:1986-6). unda dazustdes es ormagi roli, radgan mas 153 paradoqsuli Sedegi aqvs: sazomi miesadageba ucvlelobis princips, maSin roca bunebriv dros, romelic misiT izomeba, fumdamenturi cvalebadoba axasiaTebs. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, dRis sinaTlis saaTobrivi xangrZlivoba mcirediT icvleba yoveldRe, Tanavarskvlavedebis da imave ganlageba yovelTvis ar xdeba erTsa poziciaze da yvela weli ar Sedgeba 265 dRisagan. es drois sazoms xarisxobrivad ganasxvavebs imisagan, rasac is zomavs [2]. bunebis cvalebadi ritmisagan gansxvavebiT, ucvleli, zusti sazomi adamianebis gamogonebaa. es is Seqmnili droa, romelic imdenad dominanturi gaxda Cvens sazogadoebaSi, rom mas xSirad, rogorc TavisTavad arsebuls, ise aRviqvamT; TiTqos sxva “droebi” ar arsebobdes. garda amisa, saaTi klasikuri meqanikis kanoniT Seqmnili meqanizmia. yvela meqanizmis msgavsad, saaTi materialuri artefaqtia, romelic idealizebuli ucvlelobis, simartivis, cvlilebebis gareSe moZraobis da ganmeorebadobis principebs ganasaxierebs (Adam 1990:50-5, Shallis 1983, especially chs 2 and 4). saaTi, rogorc samyaros meqanikuri modeli, dros asaxavs, rogorc kosmosSi ganvlil manZils. magram is aseve qmnis dros, romelic ukve aRar aris damokidebuli mis wyaroze. qanqaris gamogonebam gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa am pirveli, xelovnuri, damoukidebeli drois standartis SeqmnaSi. qanqaris regularuli rxevebi aRricxulia da gadaqceulia mimarTulebis mqone mimdevrobad. Tumca, rogorc sxva adgilas aRvniSne (Adam 1988: 209), mimarTuleba ricxviTi sistemis artefaqtia. es ar aris meqanikuri saaTis integraluri aspeqti, radgan qanqaris rxevebis aRricxva meqanizmis muSaobasTan SeuTavsebelia da misi mimarTuli mimdevroba mxolod maTematikuri wesiT aris ganpirobebuli. am wesis Tanaxmad SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom cifri “sami” moyveba “ors” da piriqiT. meore mxriv, drois arsi arc qanqaris rxevebSi da arc ricxvebis sistemaSia. Cven ar SegviZlia saaTs SevxedoT da darwmunebiT vTqvaT, CrdiloeT an samxreT naxevarsfroSi dilis rva saaTia Tu saRamosi, zafxulia Tu zamTari. es codna bunebriv ritmebze dakvirvebis Sedegad gveZleva. drois ganxilva konteqstis gareSe da misi racionalizacia drois mniSvnelobis, xarisxobrivi gansxvavebis, bunebisa da socialur Tumca saaTma ritmebTan ver harmoniulobis Secvala drois sapirispirod socialuri, aris biologiuri gamoyenebuli. da fizikuri wyaroebi. is ufro cvalebadi drois, temporalurobebis, drois gansazRvris, bio-kulturuli tempebis mniSvnelobebs Caenacvla. amgvarad, saaTs centraluri roli ukavia CvenTvis Cveuli drois gagebaSi. amitom, misi gavlena imdenad Zlieria, rom Znelia am gavlenis mkafiod formulireba. saaTis drois gansakuTrebuloba industriuli warmoebis sferoSi Cans, sadac mrewvelebi TavianTi muSebisagan yiduloben dros. dro is 154 mediumia, romlis saSualebiTac samuSao abstaqtul gacvliT Rirebulebad gadaiqceva. dro samuSaos fulSi gacvlis ZiriTadi saSualebaa (Giddens 1981: 1304). amasTan, dro kontrolis industriul mosapoveblad mimdinare SeiZleba davinaxoT, sadac muSaobis periodi Svebulebebi, da sazogadoebaSi konfliqti im sagania. brZolebis droze istoriaSi samuSao dRis, kviris, wlis da vadis xangrZlioba, dasvenebis da dasvenebebi konkurenciis droebi, damatebiTi anazRaurebadi samuSao Tavisufali dro dro da uTaxmoebis ZiriTadi mizezebi iyo (Rinderspacher 1985: 217-27, Starkey 1988, Thompson 1967). samuSao dro, rogorc raodenobrivi da abstraqtuli gacvliTi Rirebuleba, ukve ubralod ki ar gadaecema, moixmareba an Seivseba, _ is moxmarebis sagnad iqceva. amitom, drois kontroli industriuli sazogadoebis arsebobis ganuyofeli, integraluri aspeqti gaxda. industriuli drois kontroli arsebiT gavlenas axdens am realobis drois gansazRvraze, tempsa da temporalurobaze. amrigad, moxmarebis sagnad drois gadaqcevac da kontrolic industriuli da industrializebuli sazogadoebebis specifikur fenomenebad unda aRviqvaT. es ormagi maxasiaTebeli dakavSirebuli. kalendaruli pirobiTad Tumca dro, es saaTebTan damokidebuleba romelic da drois rTulia. dakavSirebulia gazomvasTan aris qronologiuri damoukidebeli, TavisTavad arsebuli drois ekvivalentur realobasTan, da obieqturi, ZiriTad rols TamaSobs industriuli sazogadoebis drois aRqmaSi. magram arc kalendari da arc meqanikuri saaTis gamogoneba drois amgvari materializebis, misi mogviano komodifikaciisa da gakontrolebis mizezad ar unda ganixilebodes, radgan, garkveuli saxiT, yvela sazogadoeba aRricxavs dros. drois aRricxvis wyalobiT, viciT sagnebis, movlenebis da procesebis dro. TiToeuli maTganis dros aRviqvamT, rogorc sakuTari adgilis mqones sxva droebTan mimarTebaSi, romlebic ufro mokle an grZeli, Cqari an nelia. amgvarad, es procesebi ki ar aris regularuli da ritmuli, aramed ufro Cveni codna sxva movlenebTan mniSvnelovania. magaliTad, da procesebTan brinjis maTi momzadeba an mimarTebis joxis wva Sesaxeb. is es procesia, romelic, sxva procesebTan SedarebiT, ufro mdgradia da SeiZleba drois mokle monakveTebis sazomad iqnas gamoyenebuli. SeiZleba davasxeloT sxva mravali msgavsi gamoiyeneba mTel mdgradi procesi, msoflioSi da romlebic kacobriobis drois istoriis aRricxvis mizniT ganmavlobaSi. am meTodebiT mokle periodebis aRricxvis msgavsad, didi droiTi monakveTebis gamoTvlis SesaZleblobebi marto Tanamedrove civilizaciebs ar gaaCnia. bevrma Zvelma sazogadoebam ise Seqmna rTuli kalendaruli sistemebi, rom aranairi warmodgena ar hqonia drois, rogorc resursis an moxmarebis sagnis 155 gagebaze. arqeoloiuri monacemebiT irkveva, rom mTvaris kalendari 30.000 wlis win Seqmnes (Marshak 1972, cited in Fraser 1987: 46). sTounhenji, romelic, rogorc fiqroben, kalendris funqcias asrulebda, Zv.w. 1800-1400 wlebs Soris unda agebuliyo; uZvelesi wylis saaTi, romelic egvipteSi gamoigones, Zv.w. meToTxmete saukunidan arsebobs; adreulma civilizaciebma, magaliTad, maias civilizaciam, rTuli kalendrebi Seqmnes; CineTma dasavleTze mravali saukuniT adre gamoigona meqanikuri saaTi. amrigad, arc drois aRricxva da arc saaTis meSveobiT misi gazomva warmoadgens industriuli drois arss. es ukanaskneli is droa, romelic abstragirebulia Tavisi bunebrivi sawyisisagan; ufro damoukidebeli, dekonteqstualizebuli, racionalizebuli dro, TiTqmis usasrulod SeiZleba Tanabar, sivrcobrivad gaazrebul monakveTebad daiyos, romlebic yoveldRiur urTierTobaSi gamoiyeneba TavisTavad da arsebul drosTan aris dakavSirebuli. daskvnis maxasiaTebeli, saxiT SeiZleba romelic iTqvas, gamoarCevs rom drois Tanamedrove gazomva ar dasavluri aris is sazogadoebis drosTan damokidebulebas. meqanikuri dro imdenad materialuri gaxda, rom Cven davkargeT kontaqti sxva ritmebTan da Cveni arsebobis mraval drosTan. aseTi materializebuli drois dominantobis pirobebSi, dagvaviwyda, rom awmyoSi mTeli Cveni arseboba mudmiv ganaxlebasa da kvlavwarmoebas saWiroebs; Cveni warsulidan yvelaferi awmyoSi gadmotanas da axali mecnierebis Suqze rekonstruirebas moiTxovs. aseTi drois Semadgeneli procesebis aRqma mxolod maSin SegviZlia, roca maT im sazogadebebs davupirispirebT, romelTac drois Cvengan mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebuli gageba aqvT. aseTi sazogadoebebi awmyoSi dros konstruirebas tradiciuli adaTebis, miTebisa da ritualis meSveobiT axdenen. es varsebobT, maSin, roca romelic Cven, miRebuli warmoadgens mosazrebis “Tanabrad iseT droSi xangrZliobas, sadac Tanaxmad, dinebad samyaroSi yvelaferi erTnairi tempiT mimdinareobs” (Whorf 1956: 7). wlebis, dReebis, saaTebisa da wamebis, drois dagegmvis, vadebis da drois zewolis Cveneul samyaroSi, dro ukve ar aris umTavresad realobis formirebasTan dakavSirebuli [3]. mecnierebam, filosofiam da istoriam Secvala miTosuri da sakraluri tradiciebi. Tumca procesi igive darCa; misi meSveobiT vinaxavT da gadavcemT ara marto Cvens codnas, aramed Cvens arsebobasac. “tradiciuli” sazogadoebebis msgavsad, Cvenc awmyoSi vqmniT da vagebT dros. Cven, ubralod, misi arseboba gadaqcevam es daviviwyeT. codna xelovnuri Cveni drois TavisTavad gacnobierebuli arsebul aRqmiT drod Secvala. dekonteqstualizebuli, abstraqtuli intervalebis es Seqmnili dro arsebobs yvelgan, sadac dro kontroldeba da sadac is samuSao Zalis fulad 156 Rirebulebad gadaqcevis saSualebad gamoiyeneba. transcendenturi droisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic zogadad sakacobrio kulturas axasiaTebs, homogenuri, raodenobrivi dro, romelsac viyenebT, vanawilebT, vakontrolebT da samuSao bazarze vyidiT, universaluri ar aris. is mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli industrializaciis istoriasTan (Adam 1987; 327-63, Giddens 1981, Hohn 1984,Thompson 1967). meore mxriv, “sakuTari” drois gadalaxvis mizani da SesaZlebloba saerToa mTlianad kacobriobisaTvis. es Cans religiebis, miTebis da Teoriebis, xelovnebis da arqiteqturis, agrikulturis da teqnologiebis arsebobaSi. metafizikuri problemebis dasma, Cvens sasrulobasTan kavSiri, temporaluri samyaros SesabamisobaSi moyvana ucvlelobis principebTan _ yvelaferi es drois transcendenturobas uwyobs xels. es niSnavs, rom nuerebis da hopis msgavsi “tradiciuli” SesaZleblobebis sazogadoebebi, simwires, radgan maT ubralod, ar ar gaaCniaT ganicdian aseT obieqtivirebuli da abstraqtuli dro. isini gansxvavdebian sxvebisagan mxolod imiT, Tu rogor “gadalaxaven” dros. adamianebi cdiloben garemos kontrols, koleqtiur qmedebaTa drois gansazRvrasa da sinqronizacias, zemoqmedebas Cveni sxeulebis xrwnisa da romelic gamofitvis “CarTulia” gadalaxaven entropiul maTi arsebobis dros. procesebze. cxovrebis akontroleben pirobebSi, hagerstrandi ra adamianebi (Hägerstrand) ufro dros, mudmivad xazgasmiT miuTiTebs am momentze, roca ambobs, rom “kultura SeiZleba ganxilul iqnas rogorc materialur samyaroSi bunebrivad CarTuli drois umTavres modifikaciaTa sistema (1985:10). es aris kacobriobisaTvis saerTo dro, romelic unda ganvasxvaoT industrializaciasa da socialuri cxovrebis racionalizaciasTan dakavSirebuli xelovnurad Seqmnili droisagan. Tumca diferenciacia dualisturi terminebiT ar miiRweva. mxolod Seqmnili dro, TiTqos raRac realuri, SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas rogorc saSualeba, romelic sakuTari wesiT kontroldeba da SeiZleba fulSi gaicvalos. industriuli gakontrolebis gamo, yvelaze kargad dro, moxmarebis sagnad gadaqcevis da ZalauflebasTan kavSirSi SeiZleba iqnas gaazrebuli. ufro meti, unda gavacnobieroT, rom ZalauflebasTan kavSiri mxolod im konteqstiT ar Semoifargleba, rodesac dro fulSi icvleba. es kavSiri vrceldeba, aseve, “rodis drois” momentebze, samoqmedod Sesaferisi drois SerCevaze, urTierTobis drois gansazRvraze, procesebis sakuTari bunebrivi da socialuri tempebze da im droiT CarCoebze, romelTa farglebSic vaxdenT cxovrebis organizebas. cxovrebisa da socialuri struqturis mravali da sxvadasxva ritmi erTmaneTSia mocemuli. axali ritmebi, ubralod, 157 damynobili ki ar aris romelime sxva ritmze, aramed cvlis mis bunebas procesis mimdinareobis dros. erTxel Seqmnili, xelovnuri dro industriuli socialuri cxovrebis Sinagani, ganuyofeli aspeqti gaxda da arsebiT gavlenas axdens am cxovrebis kontrolze, drois gansazRvraze, tempsa da temporalurobazec ki. amgvarad cxadia, rom SeuZlebelia “dasavluri dro” “sxva droebisagan” romelime Sexedulebis an raimegvari opoziciis TvalsazrisiT ganvasxvaoT. drois CarCoebi, drois gansazRvra, temporaluroba da tempi zogadad damaxasiaTebelia mTeli kacobriobisaTvis. Tumca, SeiZleba romelime, an yvela am aspeqtis TvalsazrisiT, erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebodes garkveuli kulturuli niSnebi. saaTis dro, romelic cvlis rogorc drois mniSvnelobas praqtikaSi, ise mis kompleqsur struqturas, sxvadasxva doneze mTel kacobriobas msWvalavs. dRes sazogadoebebis nawils saerTod ara aqvs Sexeba am drosTan, lokaluri droebis mravali maTgani Tanaarsebobis am xelovnuri pirobebSi droisa cxovrobs. da magram sakuTari arc erT sazogadoebaSi socialuri drois mravalsaxeoba bolomde ar aris Secvlili saaTis drois sazogadoeba, erTgvarovnebiT. romlisTvisac sxva sityvebiT meqanikuri saaTi wyaros warmoadgens. es aSkarad uaryofs kulturuli TaviseburebebiT rom vTqvaT, socialuri ar drois arsebobs erTaderT anTropologiur kvlevebSi mocemul, ganpirobebul drois gagebaTa diqotomiur konstruqciebs. anTropologiaSi miRebuli drois mravalgvari gagebidan zogierTi sakiTxis garkvevis Semdeg, SegviZlia ganvixiloT aradasavlur sazogadoebaTa warmomadgenlebis mier Sesrulebul kvlevebSi drois problemis Sesaxeb arsebuli mosazrebebi da modelebi, SevafasoT maTi adekvaturoba. Semowmebuli da uaryofili dualizmebi Cven vqmniT modelebs, raTa gasagebi gavxadoT sakvlevi problema. sakuTar Sexedulebebs imgvarad vagebT, rom, magaliTad, nuerebSi drois aRricxvis wesi da hopis tomis kosmologia mniSvnelobas iZens Cveni sakuTari drois gagebis konteqstSi. es aRwerebi da interpretaciebi amartiveben imas, rasac exebian. sxvanairad arc SeiZleba iyos, radgan socialuri realobis yvelaze mcire aspeqtic ki ganusazRvrelad rTulia. es aris ara modelebis agebis praqtika, aramed modelebisa da maTi ganmamtkicebeli Sexedulebebis arsi. problemac swored es aris. es Sexedulebebi iSviaTad dgeba eWvqveS da maTi detaluri gamokvleva xSirad ar xdeba. maT safuZvelze iqmneba diqotomiebi, romelTa mixedviT sxva kulturebis drois aRqma drois Cveneuli gagebis opoziciaSia warmodgenili. cikluri dro da ganmeorebadoba dapirispirebulia xazovan 158 drosTan da istoriul dinebadi xangrZlioba, mimdinareobs”, yofierebasTan. sadac rogorc adre samyaroSi dapirispirebulia aRvniSneT, yvelaferi “gamofituli”, “Tanabrad erTnairi “mniSvnelobis tempiT armqone” warsulidan mimavlisken “gaWimul” xangrZliobasTan (Whorf 1956: 57, Evans-Pritchard 1940: 108). levi strosma, “modelebis yvelaze cnobilma arqiteqtorma” (Barnes 1971: 538), anTropologiSi drois aRqmis Taviseburebis safuZvelze Seqmnili damatebiTi diqotomiebi daamkvidra. yvela es diqotomia Zalian swrafad miiRes sanimuSo modelebad. maT mixedviT, erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben “tradiciul” da “Tanamedrove” sazogadoebebs [4]. levi-strosi ganasxvavebs dasavlur dros, romelSic dominirebs istoria, Seuqcevadoba da Tanmimdevruloba, im sazogadoebebis “droebisagan”, romlebSic Tanadrouloba batonobs. da ara-kumulaciuri, cikluri da ganmeorebadi procesebi Sesabamisad, levi-strosis azriT, socialurma mecnierebebma drois ori gansxvavebuli kategoria unda gamoikvlion: anTropologia iyenebs “meqanikur” dros, ganmeorebads da arakumulaciurs... [maSin, rodesac amis sapirispirod] istoriuli dro “statistikuria”; is yovelTvis gvevlineba, rogorc mimarTulebis mqone da Seuqcevadi procesi. evoluciis procesi, romelic Tanamedrove italiur sazogadoebas romis respublikis epoqaSi daabrunebs, iseve warmoudgenelia, rogorc Termodinamikis meore kanons daqvemdebarebuli procesebis ganmeorebadoba. (levi-strosi 1972: 286) es Sesaxeb romelic pasaJi mokled levi-strosis mcire gadmoscems droisa eqstraordinarul masStabis agrarul da anTropologiuri mtkicebas. sazogadoebas “evoluciis” Teoriis procesi, monadirul-Semgroveblur warsulSi “daabrunebs”, namdvilad ar aris ufro advili warmosadgeni, vidre is procesi, romelic Tanamedrove italiur sazogadoebas daabrunebs romis respublikis xanaSi. ra Tqma unda, SeiZleba vilaparakoT socialur-ekonomikuri organizaciis adreuli formebisaken “mibrunebul” sazogadoebebze, magram es mxolod carieli sityvebia, radgan socialuri realobis ganmeoreba iseve SeuZlebelia, rogorc gaaxalgazrdaveba, nacris isev xis morad gadaqceva an dRis Sebruneba tradiciuli armqone, saRamodan xalxebis sinqronuli mimarTulebis gaviziaroT mqone, SuadRemde dro da da ganmeorebadi, dilamde. rom mimarTulebis kumulaciuri, da ara Tanamimdevruli da xazovani? mier miiCneven, ara-kumulaciuri, cikluria, levi-strosis ratom sakuTari Seuqcevadi, rogor Sexedulebebis SegviZlia safuZvelze SemoTavazebuli “ganmeorebadi drois” meqanikuri modeli? am Sexedulebebis mixedviT, modeli Tavisi sakvlevi obieqtis adekvaturi unda iyos da “saukeTeso modeli yovelTvis is aris, romelic sinamdviles asaxavs (1972:281). es kiTxvebi ufro met mniSvnelobas iZenen, roca levi-strosis msgavsad, vacnobierebT, rom 159 aseTi diqotomiebi ar SeiZleba aRviqvaT, rogorc urTierTgamomricxavi, radgan “yvelaze elementaruli msgavsi struqturebic ki sinqronulad da diaqronulad arsebobs” (1972: 47) Tu anTropologia, rogorc akademiuri disciplina, “ganmeorebadi drois” ideis safuZvelze Seqmnili meqanikuri, arakumulaciuri (drois) modelebiT dainteresdeba, maSin, xelovnuri drois zemoT motanili analizis Tanaxmad, anTropologiuri midgoma ufro misaRebi iqneba ara tradiciuli, aramed Tanamedrove dasavluri sazogadoebebis Seswavlis dros! mxolod dasavluri sazogadoebebi arseboben niutoniseuli ganmeorebadobis principebiT Seqmnili meqanikuri saaTis wesebiT. Tumca, rogorc vaCvene, industriuli sazogadoebebisTvisac meqanikuri dro mravalgvari socialuri drois mxolod erTi aspeqts warmoadgens. iseT konstruqciebs, rogoricaa xazovani (an ganmeorebadi da Seuqcevadi) drois, ganmeorebebis cikluri da da cvlilebebis tendenciis, “civi” da “cxeli” sazogadoebebis, sinqronuli da diaqronuli analizis diqotomiebi, imdenad Zlieri gavlena aqvs rogorc anTropologiasa da, ufro zogadad, socialur mecnierebebze, rom aucilebelia maTi ufro detalurad gamokvleva. Cemi mizani ar aris im adaptaciis dadgena, romelic am diqotomiebma Teoriis ganviTarebis manZilze; arc axali saxiT gadmocema, rogorc es mravali cvlilebisa da ganicades anTropologiuri da ukeTesi interpretaciebis im diqotomiebi gamoyenebuli iyo calkeuli avtorebis mier. me ufro maTi potenciali, an am potencialis nakleboba, minda vaCveno, raTa socialuri dro avxsna. amiT ki minda misi kulturuli kompleqsurobis konteqstsSi naTlad warmovadgino is Sexedulebebi, romlebic safuZvels umagreben struqturul models da pirdapir klasikuri meqanikidan momdinareoben. (levi-strosi 1972: 314) cikluri tradiciul, dro mcire drois gagebis masStabis is modelia, sazogadoebebs romelsac miaweren. mas pirobiTad upirispireben Tanamedrove industriuli sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel xazovan dros. aqedan gamomdinareobs “gamofituli”, mniSvnelobis armqone mxolod momavalze orientaciis, “drois gareSe awmyos” warsulisa da idea (Kluckhohn and Strodbeck 1961). es “maradiuli ganmeorebadobis” samyaroa, sadac warsulsa da momavals Soris gansxvaveba moxsnilia, radgan rac xdeba da rac momavalSi moxdeba, ukve iyo; istorikosebis da samyaro, sadac socialuri bediswera mecnierebebis sawyisis sinonimia. warmomadgenelTa sawinaaRmdegos amtkicebs da miaCnia, rom ar arsebobs Tumca nawili sazogadoeba, romelic cikluri droiT cxovrobs (Adam 1990: 127-48, Aguessy1977, Bergmann 1992, Bourdieu 1979, Dunne 1973, Eliade 1989, Fabian 1983, Kinget 1975, McElwain 1988: 267-78, Nowotny 1985). es ar 160 gamoricxavs, rom erTdroulad mignebebs garkveuli warsulSi ewinaaRmdegeba, sazogadoebebisaTvis dabrunebaa. romelTa es momavlisken Sexeduleba Tanaxmadac, zogi arc miswrafeba anTropologiur sazogadoeba, sxvebTan SedarebiT, met Zalisxmevas iCens simyaris, stabilurobis Sesaqmnelad. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom SesaZleblobebi, es aris iseve yvela rogorc kulturaSi drois CarCoebi, arsebuli nairgvari temporaluroba, drois gansazRvra da tempi, warsulis, awmyosa da momavlisadmi damokidebuleba da, garkveulwilad, arsebobis saaTisa ganuyofeli da kalendaruli nawilebia. droebi drois es Tanamedrove mravalgvaroba adamianis ar SeiZleba gamoixatos iseTi dualizmebis meSveobiT, rogoricaa, magaliTad, cikluri da xazovani drois diqotomia.. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, antinomiebi azrs kargavs, roca vexebiT drois mimarTulebis, formisa da procesis sakiTxs, roca vacnobierebT, rom yvelaze arqauli sazogadoebebis droisadmi damokidebuleba efuZneba universalur kulturul maxasiaTeblebs. es ki antinomiebiT klasifikacias gamoricxavs. miTebisa da religiuri warmodgenebis arseboba, dabadebasTan da sikvdilTan damokidebuleba, iaraRebis, artefaqtebis, xelovnebis da arqiteqturis gaCena gulisxmobs warsulsa da momavals Soris distancias, drois gadalaxvis aucileblobas, rac bevrad aRemateba sezonebis ciklebs da TviT pirovnebis sicocxlis xangrZliobas. es damokidebuli ar aris imaze, dro ganviTarda rogorc damoukidebeli cneba, da aris Tu ara dro obieqtivirebuli raime saxiT. metafizikuri problemebis dasma, vinmes arsebobasTan kavSiri, temporaluri samyaros rekonstruireba ucvlelobis principebis safuZvelze _ yvelaferi es kulturis niSnebia da adasturebs drois “gaWimvas”, rac ar SeiZleba cikluri drois gagebaSi moTavsdes. magaliTad, ciklTa miRma, aRmavali sikvdilTan maSin sezonuri mimdinaresa da roca cikliT. potenciurTan damokidebulebas maTi adamianebi yoveldRiuri ufro metic, gardaqmnis cxovreba “gahyavs” Semofarglulia damokidebuleba arsebobis bunebis problemas momxdarTan, samomavlo cxovrebis, winaswargansazRvris, winaTgrZnobisa da qmnadobis gacnobierebul aqtad. adamianebis saqmea ara mxolod cxovreba, moqmedeba, siyvaruli, _ wers diuni (Dunne 1973: 20), _ aramed kavSiri sxvis cxovrebasTan, moqmedebasTan, siyvarulTan, maSinac ki, Tu es kavSiri ubralod, Tanxmobaa, ubralod “ki”-a. dabadebasTan da sikvdilTan, warmoSobasTan da bediswerasTan kavSiri adamianebis kulturuli cxovrebis egzistencialuri pirobaa. diunis (1973: 23) mtkicebiT, is, rac Cvens cxovrebas mexsierebaSi da istoriaSi Senaxvis Rirsad xdis, is rac cocxali rCeba Cveni sikvdilis Semdeg, aris sicocxlesa da sikvdils Soris zRvaris gadalaxva. es gadalaxva yovelTvis sulis ukvdavebaa, 161 romelic sicocxlis gansazRvruli. warmavlobasTan arqauli an tradiciuli mimarTebaSi moazreba ara mxolod maTi uaryofacaa. es aris reprezentatiuli, maTi damokidebulebiT sazogadoebebis ciklur aris drosTan sulierebis, aramed maTi kulturis simbolizaciis simbolurobaze momavlis codnas emyareba. Cveni unaris dafuZnebuli uaryofac, warmodgena aseTi warmodgenis safuZvelze radgan warsulisa da adamianebi ara mxolod zemoqmedeben awmyosa da warsulze, aramed qmnian da cvlian maT. mniSvnelobis miniWebis warsulisken yureba, reinterpretacia, unaris meSveobiT, warsulis refleqsia reprezentacia, SeuZliaT dagegmon momavlebi” da da “momavali momavlebi, warsulebis”. SeuZliaT gaazreba, restruqturizacia alternatiuli eSinodeT adamianebs da ara marto aramed modifikacia. warmoidginon amgvarad, is misi maT “warsuli idea, rom romelime sazogadoeba ciklur droSi da mudmivad ganmeorebad igiveobaSi arsebobs, iseve gamousadegaria, rogorc is sapirispiro idea, romlis Tanaxmad, Cvens sazogadoebaSi mxolod xazovani drois gagebaa damkvidrebuli. aRsaniSnavia, rom yvela socialuri procesi avlens xazovani da cikluri drois aspeqtebs. cikluri drois struqturas maSin vacnobierebT, roca fokusirebas im movlenebze vaxdenT, romlebic Tavis Tavs imeoreben, xolo erTmimarTulebian sworxazovnebas maSin aRviqvamT, roca yuradRebas ganmeorebad movlenaTa mimdinareobaze vamaxvilebT. drois sworxazovnebis an ciklurobis gancda damokidebulia dakvirvebisa da interpretaciis CarCoze. marTlac, tradiciuli sazogadoebebis gaazreba cikluri drois da “drois gareSe” konteqstSi, Tavis mxriv, warmoadgens drois gansazRvras istoriuli, qronologiuri daTariRebis meSveobiT. amave dros, ueWvelia, rom tradiciuli sazogadoebebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli drois Seqmnis, drois uaryofisa da drois gadalaxvis praqtika, romelic ritualebis, miTebis da Tayvaniscemis meSveobiT vlindeba, xarisxobrivad gansxvavdeba msgavsi praqtikisagan. am praqtikis Cvens sazogadoebaSi arsebuli “cikluri drois”, “drois gareSe” an “drois miRma” konteqstSi ganxilva mizanSewonili ar iqneboda, radgan aseTi cnebebi fundamenturad aris dakavSirebuli drois imgvar gagebasTan, romelic qronologias efuZneba. es ar aris sakuTriv ciklurobis idea, romelzec aq vsaubrobT, radgan cikluri procesebi, gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad, ganmeorebebis da cvalebadobis, sworxazovnebis da Tanmimdevrobis kombinacias warmoadgens. problema anTropologiaSi miRebuli cikluri drois gansazRvrebasa da misi “dasavlur xazovan drosTan” gamogonil kontrastSi mdgomareobs. amgvarad, SeiZleba Tavi avaridoT cikluri da xazovani drois naklebad sarwmuno diqotomias, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT am ori gagebis urTierTdamokidebulebas da 162 damkvirveblis perspeqtivasTan maT Sesabamisobas. Tumca es gamosavali ar iqneba Seuqcevadi da ganmeorebadi drois opoziciasTan mimarTebaSi. reversulobis Tanamedrove idea, romelic levi-strosma warmoadgina da ufro mogvianebiT gidensma (1981) gamoiyena, niutonis fizikidan momdinareobs, sadac abstraqtuli moZraoba simetriulia warsulsa da momavalTan mimarTebaSi. es fenomeni klasikur fizikaSi daxasiaTebulia, rogorc qanqaris rxeva an biliardis burTebis SegviZlia vTqvaT, reversulobis Sejaxeba; Tu filmSi ar aris movlenebi, Cven ar kadrebi win midis Tu ukan. rogorc vaCvene, niutonis idea eyrdnoba Sexedulebas, romlis Tanaxmadac, yvelaferi isea mocemuli, rom ar Seesabameba transformaciebis ricxvebs, romelsac sistema gadis. realurad, is cvlilebas piruku gaivlis da sawyis mdgomareobas ubrundeba. progoJinisa da sTrenjeris (Prigogine, Stenger 1984: 61) ganmartebiT, es dinamikuri gaTanabrebis zogadi maTematikuri kanonia, “Tu sistemis yvela Semadgenili nawilis siCqare ukumiiqceva, es sistema dauyovnebliv daubrundeba winandel mdgomarebas... rasac erTma dinamikurma cvlilebam miaRwia, meore, swrafi inversiiT daabrunebs da, ganpirobebuli amrigad, zustad cvlileba, aRadgens mis winandel Tavdapirvel mdgomareobaSi mdgomareobas”. reversuloba aRniSnavs umoqmedobis, daukavSireblobis, arcodnisa da “araqmnadobis” SesaZleblobas. es niSnavs, rom ferfls isev waekideba cecxli da kvlav xis morad gadaiqceva; foTlebi moswydebian miwas da isev miekvrebian xis totebs; Zveli, danjRreuli manqana kvlav brwyinvale limuzinad gadaiqceva. yvelaferi es, principSi, iseve realuria, rogorc is, rac sinamdvileSi xdeba Cveni gamocdilebis samyaroSi. socialuri realobis TvalsazrisiT, am ideis absurduloba cxadia. garda amisa, is sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis farglebSi mniSvnelovan problemebs warmoqmnis, radgan winaaRmdegobaSi modis ara mxolod Tanamedrove zogadad mecnierebasTan, TeoriebTanac aramed Teoriuli (Hawking 1988, Prigogine 1980), fizikis romelTa yvelaze mixedviT, temporaluroba bunebis kanonad aris miCneuli. SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom adamianebis socialur cxovrebaSi movlenebi regularuli intervaliT da aSkarad Seuqcevadi saxiT, ganumeoreblad xdeba. kulturuli cxovreba ki badebs dros, iwvevs dros da gansazRvrulia droiT. is qmnis axal warsuls da axal momavals da moicavs dros, rogorc Tanamimdevrobas, xangrZliobas, intensiurobas, mdinarebas da Seuqcevad dinebas. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, dro fundamenturad mocemulia yvelaze ganmeorebad socialur fenomenSic. ufro dausrulebeli amocanebis ganmeorebadi gacnobiereba, metic, es aris ara dro TavisTavad, aramed movlenebi gamocdileba, da amocanebi. codna da amis sapirispirod, realizacia Seuqcevadi 163 procesia, romliTac iqmneba dro. yovel diliT samsaxurSi siaruli, cxovelebis movla, ojaxis wevrTaTvis saWmlis gakeTeba da WurWlis recxva SeiZleba klasificirdes, rogorc periodulad ganmeorebadi, Cveuli saqmianoba. magram arc es saqmianoba da arc dro, romelSic igi xorcieldeba, ganmeorebadi araa, radgan armovlaze, SeiZleba WurWlis visaubroT argarecxvaze. samsaxurSi araferi arwasvlaze, xdeba cxovelebis dasasarulis gareSe da araferi aRdgeba Tavis “sawyis mdgomareobaSi”: dro arc Cerdeba da arc ukumiiqceva. reversulobis abstraqtulobis Cvenebis Semdeg, niutonis idealizacias adamianebis socialur cxovrebas ver mivusadagebT. axla aucilebelia igiveobis ideis mokle ganxilva. SesaZlebelia Tavi unda gamovcadoT avaridoT warsulsa is da mosazreba, momavals romlis Soris Tanaxmad, gansxvavebis xazgasmis aucileblobas, radgan rac ganmeorda da rac SeiZleba ganmeordes, ukve iyo. “igives ganmeoreba”, miRebuli SexedulebiT, ZiriTadad, ufro tradiciuli, an Zalin nela cvalebadi, an, levi-strosis terminologiiT, “civi” sazogadoebebis cxovrebisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. miiCneven, rom am sazogadoebebSi adamianebis TvalTaxedva Semofarglulia socialuri cxovrebis temporalurobis mxolod wliuri SedegebiT. fizikosebis azriT, Sexeduleba igiveobaze friad problemuria. Tu “igives gameoreba” esoden iSviaTia aracocxal bunebaSi, Cven SegviZlia Tavisuflad davaskvnaT, rom kidev ufro naklebad mosalodnelia socialuri movlenebis ganmeordeba ise zustad, rom SegveZlos maTi, rogorc “igives” klasificireba. swrafwarmavali permanentulobis samyaros, dafiqsirebis rogorc Secnobadi mcdeloba stabilurobisa zogadadamianuri Tvisebaa da da mxolod tradiciuli da arqauli sazogadoebebisaTvis araa damaxasiaTebeli. musikis wera, ucvleli filmis formiT gadaReba, reproducirebis kompaqtdiskebis Tanamedrove gamoSveba mcdelobaa. originalebis magram, miTis Txrobis da Canawerebis mosmenis dros maTi “originali” arasodes meordeba. moZvelda mTxrobelebic da maTi istoriebic, msmenelebic da maTi Canawerebic, maTi aRWurvilobac. aRdgenis awmyos da garkveuli mdgomareobis an movlenis ucvleli saxiT aSkara mcdelobis miuxedavad, isini qmnian gansxvavebul warsuls da ganWvreten sxva momavals. rogorc stegmiuleri (Stegmuller 1969: 175) drois problemaze haidegeris naSromTan dakavSirebiT aRniSnavs: ganmeorebadoba ar aris, ubralod, warsulis aRdgena, mxolod awmyos dakavSireba imasTan, rac Seuqcevlad gavida, aramed Rrma gamoZaxili imaze, rac iyo. amave dros, es warsulis awmyoze gavlenis gadaWriT uaryofaa. 164 ganmeoreba “igive” SeiZleba mxolod abstraqciaSi, xelovnurad gamomricxav konteqstebTan da efeqtebTan erTad iyos. unda gavacnobieroT, sxvadasxva an calke ganxorcielebasTan rom ganmeorebadoba gansaxilveli aris da sakiTxebi. dakavSirebuli. Seuqcevadoba isini ar aris SesaZleblobis ganmeorebadobis, ciklurobis da igiveobis reversulobasTan dakavSirebiT xelidan iqna gaSvebuli realobis warmoSobis, ganmeorebaTa ciklebsa da Tanmimdevrul cvlilebebs Soris kavSiris gaazrebis SesaZlebloba (adami 1990: 28-31). ufro metic, is rasac, zogadad, “drois gareSes” uwodeben, umTavresad cvlilebebis temps ukavSirdeba, romelic bevrad nelia, vidre is tempi, romelsac damkvirveblebi mieCvivnen. anu, tradiciuli sazogadoebebi mxolod Tanamedrove dasavluri standartebis mixedviT arian ukiduresad nela cvalebadni. magram evoluciur cvlilebebTan dakavSirebiT igives Tqma ar SeiZleba. kidev erTxel aRmovaCineT, rom mkvlevris damokidebuleba, ZiriTadad, anTropologiuri kvlevis obieqtis gansazRvrebasa da klasifikaciaSia mocemuli. amitom unda gaviTvaliswinoT SexedulebaTa Cveni sistemis konstituciuri buneba da gavTavisufldeT im obieqturi realobis arsebobis pozitivisturi rwmenisagan, romelsac Cveni dakvirveba ar Sexebia. saWiroa am codnis gamoyeneba anTropologiis sakvlevi problemis, rogorc istoriisagan gansxvavebulis da masTan axlos mdgomis gansasazRvrad. rogorc miiCneven, anTroplogia da istoria socialuri da kulturuli fenomenebis sinqronul da diaqronul analizs cdilobs. sinqronul kvlevasTan anTropologiis aseTi gaigiveba, SeiZleba, samecniero statusis mosapoveblad mimarTuli miiCneven, Zalisxmevis nawilia, ramdenadac sinqronuli meTodi, rogorc akmayofilebs moTxovnas, rom analizi ar iyos droiT daRdasmuli. es, ra Tqma unda, iluziaa, radgan, rogorc fabiani (1983: 24) miuTiTebs, “ara aqvs sistemur mniSvneloba midgomebs vinme airCevs “diaqronul” Tu ara, an “sinqronul”, [orive maTgani] istoriul “droiTia” an da warmoudgenela drosTan kavSiris gareSe”. orive midgoma dafuZnebulia saaTisa da kalendris abstraqtul droze. orive midgomis safuZvelze sakvlevi problema warmodgenilia an rogorc erT momentSi, an “didi xnis manZilze” arsebuli. ufro metic, radganac sinqronuli da diaqronuli analizi uSualod ukavSirdeba saaTisa da kalendris dros, orive midgoma SeiZleba gamousadegari iyos im sazogadoebebis analizisas, romlebic ar iziareben Cvens abstraqtul, obieqtivirebul droiT CarCos. garda amisa, TavisTavad arc erTi maTgani ar aris sakmarisi socialuri cxovrebis aRsaqmelad. rogorc gidensi (1981: 17) 165 aRniSnavs, “stabiluri wesrigi aris is, sadac arsebobs didi msgavseba imas Soris, rac aris da rac unda iyos”. Sesabamisad, misi azriT, mcdaria varaudi, “rom SesaZlebelia socialuri sistemis “drois miRma suraTis” gadaReba iseve, rogorc magaliTad, romelime arqiteqturuli nagebobis fotografireba, imitom rom socialuri sistema mxolod droSi da drois meSveobiT arsebobs da funqciobs”. es ar aris mxolod drois cvlilebebTan gaigiveba, romelic kvlevis dros sinqronuli da diaqronuli dayofis saxiT aris formulirebuli. es Secdomaa. aseve arasworia msgavs kvlevebSi cvlilebaTa bunebis dakavSireba niutonis fizikis reversul drosTan. rogorc zemoT aRvniSne, es gamoricxavs sagnebisa da procesebis, cxovrebisa da codnis “CarTuli” drois arsebobas. vrCebiT safuZvlis gareSe, romelze dayrdnobiTac SesaZlebelia SemoqmedebiTobis, siaxlis an awmyoSi drois organizebis konceptualizacia. rutinulobisa da igiveobis dapirispireba progresul cvlilebebTan da qmnadobasTan mkacrad SemosazRvravs Cvens gagebas alternativiT “an_an”, rasac garduvalad mivyavarT mTeli kacobriobisaTvis saerTo, integraluri aspeqtebis diqotomizaciamde. sakuTar sazogadoebaSi drois sworxazovnebis xazgasma bevri CvenganisTvis misi ciklurobis uaryofas niSnavs; ver vxedavT, Tu ra mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens ganmeorebadoba Cveni sazogadoebis socialuri struqturis Camoyalibebaze. sakuTari drois ciklurobasTan kavSiris dakargvis Semdeg, Cven mas gamokvlevebSi aRvadgenT da “sxva drois” saxiT vayalibebT. Tu gvinda davZlioT am amosavalze damyarebuli arazusti daskvnebi, aucilebelia gaviazroT sakuTari dro da misi fundamenturi roli im adamianebis drois gagebis konstituirebaSi, romelTac vikvlevT. daskvna “sxva drois” Seswavla refleqsias moiTxovs. es uciloblad iwvevs “Cveni sakuTari drois” mravalgvarobis detalur gaazrebas da im Sexedulebebis mkacr Semowmebas, romlebic safuZvels umagreben CvenTvis tradiciul modelebs. honeTi da joasi (Honneth and Joas 1988: 8) aRniSnaven, rom saWiroa “bunebrivi romlebic wanamZRvrebisa yovelTvis da gvxvdeba normad qceuli socialuri daskvnebis mecnierebebis identifikacia, sferoSi arsebul SromebSi”, igulisxmeba kvlevebi, romlebic anTropologebs, tradiciulad, maTi Seswavlis sferos miRma egulebodaT _ epistemologiisa da ontologiis damabneveli problemebi. am kvlevebSi dros aucileblad centraluri adgili uWiravs, radgan is fundamenturad monawileobs rogorc damkvirveblis, aseve dakvirvebis obieqtis da maTi Sesabamisi Teoriebis “realobis” formirebaSi. drois problemis (mis zogad da calkeuli gamovlinebebSi) kompleqsurobis kargad gaazrebis gareSe drois anTropologiuri kvlevebi darCeba “Caketil” 166 mecnierebad, “Caketiloba” ki ukve daZleulia Tanamedrove sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebis mier. am mecnierebebma miiRes drois gamowveva da gaacnobieres, rom mtkicebebi “drois gareSe”-obaze da detemporalizebuli modelebi konkretulad niutonis mecnierebas ekuTvnis, da ara mecnierebas rogorc aseTs.. am mecnierebebma temporaluroba bunebis principad aRiares da mas bunebis kanonis statusi mianiWes. amiT ki sakuTriv “kanonis” namdvili arsi Secvales (adami 1988: 211-14, 1990: 61-9). mecnierad yofna dRes aRar moiTxovs temporaluri samyaros Targmnas detemporalizebuli da reversuli drois modelTa enaze. es gulisxmobs disciplinebs Soris arsebuli sazRvrebis moSlas, radgan dro Cvens realobas yvela doneze msWvalavs. ufro meti, ar arsebobs sxvebTan SedarebiT ufro kargi an misaRebi erTi gza. ar arsebobs analizis mokle gza dekartis dualizmisa da niutonis mecnierebis daZlevisaken. dro, temporaluroba, drois gansazRvra, ritmi, warsulTan, awmyosTan da momavalTan damokidebuleba _ yvelaferi es urTierTdakavSirebuli unda iyos, erTi romelime aspeqtis axsna ki pirveli nabiji iqneba am mimarTulebiT. SeniSvnebi 1. fizikosebisaTvis aq fundamenturi dilema arsebobs, radgan, faqtobrivad, SeuZlebelia erTdroulad ori drois erTmaneTTan Sedareba. sizustis TvalsazrisiT, romelsac, tradiciulad, vicavT, unda iTqvas, rom saaTi zomavs “igive” dros, romelic damoukidebelia konteqstisagan. 2. saaTebis proeqtireba SeiZleba ucvlelobis principis safuZvelze moxdes, magram saaTis, wuTis da wamis gazomva arsebiTad sxvadasxvagvaria. es problema garemos gavlenis sferos miekuTvneba, magaliTad, gravitaciis sakiTxs, magram Cven am cvalebadobisadmi indiferentuloba gvaxasiaTebs da fokusirebas ucvlel abstraqciaze – wamis, wuTis da saaTis ideaze vaxdenT. sazomis ucvleloba universaluri dayofis artefaqtia. 3. ingoldis (1986: 202) azriT, Cven “drois Seqmnis” procesis gacnobiereba mxolod mas Semdeg SegviZlia, Tu movaxerxebT dualisturi modelis gadalaxvas, romliTac erTmaneTs vupirispirebT ucvlelobas da cvalebadobas, sinqronizms da diaqronizms. 4. barnsi (1971), fabiani da (1983) da ingoldi (1986) cnobili gamonaklisebi arian. References Adam, B. E. (1987) “Time and Social Theory”, PHD thesis, University of Wales. - (1988) “Social versus natural time: a traditional distinction re-examined”, in M. Young and T. Schuller (eds) The Rhythms of Society, London and New York: Routledge. - (1990) Time and Social Theory, Cambridge: Polity Press. Aguessy, H. (1977) “sociological interpretations of time and pathology of time in developing countries”, in Time and the Philosophies. At the Crossroads of Cultures, London: UNESCO. Barnes, J. A. (1971) “Time flies like an arrow”, Man (N.S.) 6: 537-52. Bergmann, W. (1992) “The problem of time in sociology: an overview of the literature on the state of theory and research on the “sociology of time”, 1900-1982”, Time and Society 1:81-134. Bourdieu, P. (1979) Algeria 1960, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Cohen, A. P. (1990a) “The Future of The Self”, paper presented at the Annual Conference of the Association of Social Anthropologists, University of Edinburgh, 2-5 April 1990. - (1990b) “self-conscious anthropology”, in J. Okley and H. Callaway (eds) Anthropology and Autobiography, London: Routledge. 167 - Cottle, T. J. and Klineberg, S. L. (1974) The Present of Things Future. Explorations of Time in Human Experience, New York: Free press, Macmillan. Dunne, J. S. (1973) Time and Myth. A Meditation on Storytelling as an Exploration of lifeand Death, Lomdon: SCM Press. Eigen, M. (1983) “Evolution und Zeitlichkeit”, in A. Peisl and A. Mohler (eds) Die Zeit, Munich: Oldenburg Verlag. Eliade, M. (1989 [1954] ) Cosmos and History. The Myth of Eternal Return, trans. W. R. Trask, London: Arkana. Evans-Pritchard, E. E. (1940) The Nuer, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Fabian, J. (1983) Time and the Other, New York: Columbia University Press. Fraser, J. T. (1987) Time The Familiar Stranger, Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press. Giddens, A. (1981) A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism, vol. 1: Power, Property and the State, London: Macmillan. Gioscia, V. (1974) Timeforms: Beyond Yesterday and Tomorrow, New-York: Interface. Habermas, J. (1973) “ A Postscript to Knowledge and Human Interests”, Philosophy of the Social Sciences 3: 157-89. Hägerstrand, T. (1985) “Time and culture”, in G. Kirsch, P. Nijkamp and K. Zimmermann (eds) Time Preferences: An Interdisciplinary Theoretical and Empirical Approach, Berlin: Wissenschaftszentrum. Harries-Jones, P. (1985) “from cultural translator to advocate: Cheanging circles of interpretation”, in R. Paine (ad. ) Advocacy and Anthropology, St Johns: ISER, Memorial University of Newfoundland. Hawking, S. W. (1988) A Brief History of Time. From the Big Bang to Black Holes, London and New York: Bantam Press. Heidegger, M. (1967) Being and Time, trans. J. Macquarrie and E. Robinson, Oxford: Blackwell. - (1972) On Time and Being, trans. J. Stambaugh, New York: Harper & Row. Hohn, H.-W. (1984) Die Zerstörung der Zeit. Wie aus einem göttlichen Gut seine Handelsware wurde, Frankfurt-am-Main: Fischer Alternativ. Honneth, A. and Joas, H. (1988) Social Action and Human Nature, trans. R. Meyer, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Ingold, T. (1986) Evolution and Social life, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kant, I. (1966 [1781] ) The Critique of Pure Reason, trans. F. M.. Müller, New York: Doubledey Anchor. Kinget, G. M. (1975) On being Human. A Sistematic View, New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. Kluckhohn, F. R. and Strodbeck, F. L. (1961) Variations in Value Orientations, New York: Harper & Row. Levi-Strauss, C. (1972 [1963] ) Structural Anthropology, Harmondsworth: Penguin. Marshack, A. (1972) The Roots of Civilization, New York: McGraw-Hill. Maxwell, R. J. (1972) “Anthropological perspectives”, in H. Yaker, H. Osmond and F. Cheeck (eds) The Future of time, London: Hogarth Press. Mbiti, J. S. (1969) African Religious and Philosophy, London: Heinemann. McElwain, T. (1988) “Seneca Iroquois concepts of time”, Cosmos 4. Amerindian Cosmology, Edinburgh: Traditional Cosmology Society. Nowotny, H. (1985) “From the Future to the extended present – time in social systems”, in G. Kirsch, P. Nijkamp, and K. Zimmermann (eds) Time Preference: An interdisciplinary Theoretical and Empirical Approach, Berlin: Wissenschaftszentrum. Ortner, S. B. (1984) “Theory in anthropology since the sixties”, Comparative Studies in Society and History 1: 126-66. Prigogine, I. (1980) From Being to Becoming. Time and Complexity in the Physical Sciences, San Francisco: W. H. Freeman. Prigogine, I. and Stengers, I. (1984) Order out of Chaos: Man’s New Dialogue with Nature, London: Heinemann. Rinderspacher, J. P. (1985) Gesellschaft ohne Zeit. Individuelle Zeitverwendung und soziale Organisation der Arbeit. Frankfurt-am-Main: Campus. Shallis, M. (1983) On time. An Investigation into Scientific Knowledge and Human Experience, Harmondsworth: Penguin. Starkey, K. (1988) “Time and work organization: a theoretical and empirical analysis”, in M. Young and T. Schuller (eds) The Rhythms of Society, London and New York: Routledge. Stegmüller, W. (1969) Hauptströmungen der Gegenwart, Stuttgart: Alfred Körner. Thompson, E. P. (1967) “Time, work-discipline, and industrial capitalism”, Past and Present, 36: 52-97. Whorf, B. L. (1956) Languege, Thought and Reality, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. inglisuridan Targmna malxaz Toriam 2005 w. 168 reziumeebi Summaries Malkhaz Toria Types of Time Manipulation According to Juansheri’s “The History of king Vakhtang Gorgasali” and Snorri Sturluson’s “Heimskringla” The paper deals with the issue of time manipulation in Georgian and Icelandic Middle Ages’ written sources, namely Juansheri’s “The history of king Vakhtang Gorgasali” and Snorri Sturluson’s “Heimskringla”. The comparative perspective is taken as a method for the analyses of the problem. Types of time manipulation differs through cultures and epochs. The attempt of time manipulation is the specific form of time’s perception. Revealing of peculiarities of time’s perception in particular culture will contribute to understand the nature of this culture. Ketevan Kakitelashvili The Management of Cultural Processes According to the Georgian Hagiographic Texts (5-11th centuries) The paper aims to analyze the problem of cultural processes’ management in Georgian cultural space (5-11th centuries) on the basis of hagiographic texts. Control of these processes was implemented by means of rational limitation of cultural influences, selection of information and, correspondingly, determination of historical memory, stressing the role of language, as one of the determinants of cultural identity. The purposeful formation of the Georgian culture and cultural space played an important role in the management of cultural processes, contributing to the construction of the future basis for cultural/ethnic identity and statehood. Quotations form hagiographic texts of the 5-11th centuries serve for the illustration of the proposed statements. The problem is highlighted in the framework of determination of Georgian culture’s typological characteristics. Bejan Djavakhia Georgia in the Common European Space (From Ancient Times to Middle Ages) Middle Ages are the most remarkable period in the history of Georgia. This is the time of laying the foundation for the Georgian culture, for forming the Georgian nation, the period when 169 the single Georgian state was established. Both for Georgia and Europe the Middle Ages developed on the basis of common Christian ideology. History of peoples being at the Christian medieval origins developed differently some of them qualitatively even left this space. Analysis of the genesis of medieval Christian civilization manifests that Georgians, together with Greeks and other Indo-European peoples form medieval civilization. This space was uniform, only later, in result of varied prerequisites and different terms of development this space was divided into the West European and Byzantine civilization. Georgia, being closer to East Roman Empire, both geographically and by their Hellenistic culture, which was less spread on the territory of West Europe, remained in the area of East Christian civilization. Georgia was assigned to belong to the medieval Byzantine civilization but it chose a different from Byzantium way of development, which made it closer to the peoples of the West. All through the period of its existence Byzantium tried to exist as the only Christian empire. Christianity, later in the form of orthodoxy, had become the only means of its self-identification as the world empire, while Georgia formed its national culture based on the general Christian ideas. The same task was characteristic to the West European states, sprung up on the ruins of great empire of Carlos the Great, in high Middle Ages. David Matsaberidze The Types of Nationalism and the Contemporary Conflicts of the Caucasus (The End of the 80’s and the Beginning of the 90’s of the 20th Century) This article deals with the importance of the national factor in the Caucasian conflicts (90’s of the 20th century). In the light of the well-known nationalism theories (the Liberal Nationalism, the Conservative Nationalism, the Expansionist Nationalism and the Anticolonial-Postcolonial Nationalism), the role and place of the national factor in these conflicts are highlighted. The general analysis of the relevant political situation is also presented, in order to fully apprehend the development of these conflicts. Some valuable conclusions are elaborated, contributing to the future analyses of these conflicts. Shota Khinchagashvili Muslim Societies of Caucasus in the Period of Transition (Aims, Importance and Theoretical Background of Research) The paper aims to overview and analyze the processes that took place within the Muslim societies of the Caucasus region after the breakdown of the Soviet political system to present 170 days. The major shift in ideological and spiritual life of Muslim population of the region, as well as its consequences and relations with other dimensions of public life are the main subjects of our interest. Societies where Muslims represent a majority or at least play a relevant importance and influence existing socio-cultural environment in any way are discussed. Therefore we avoid the cases of those Georgian and Armenian republics and its Muslim minorities as well as the case of Azerbaijan of South Caucasus, due to its political and other factors, giving a different disposition regarding the Muslim revival in the period of transition. Following issues serve us as a background for analyzing: a.) the dynamics in religious life; b) the role of Muslim faith in developing post-soviet identity among Caucasian peoples. Concepts which we use all along the paper, as well as an importance and the methodological background of our research are defined. Shalva Mekravishvili Methodological Baisis for the Research of the Georgian Culture: The Past and Future Perspectives In the wake of it’s research the study of the Georgian Culture was undertaken in the framework of the Positivist Methodology. In the Soviet era the Historical Materialism was proclaimed as a sole theoretical basis for research. Nowadays, positivistic methodology, and the historical materialism in particular, is out of date. The need for new theoretical approaches is obvious. The article highlights some prospects of the Georgian culture to be discussed in the framework of the civilizational approach and P.Sorokin’s theory. Tea Kamushadze The Forms of Relationships and Communication of the Next World and Earthly Life The paper deals with the relations and contacts between the Next World and Earthly life. It’s an attempt to analyze these two worlds as a binary opposition. It suggests us several valuable conclusions regarding the relations between them. In the ancient Georgian religious worldview the world is represented as a trichotomic model of the whole, consisting of the nether world, the mid-nether world, and the up-nether world. Different colors, (black, red and white), terminology and symbols are attributed to them. This model is represented in horizontal and vertical forms. The Next World corresponds to the outer space and the Earthly life to the inner one. 171 All above mentioned things had a certain terminology. We tried to determine their meanings and we offer certain conclusions, in particular several negative constructs related to the Next World. There exist permanent and temporary contacts, the forms and ways of communication between the Next World and Earthly life in the form of a symbolic or real person. Giorgi Lobjanidze The Literary Functions of Fable in the New Testament and in the Koran The paper deals with the one of the most important issue’s of comparative study of religions – the parallel study of different religions’ Holly Writings. The parallel study of fables’ function and the importance of its results in the framework of Holly Writing’s understanding is the subject of this paper. Ia Udzilauri The Gender and Age Peculiarities of Naming in Georgian Population The essay deals with the problem of naming. It’s an interdisciplinary work, exploring one of the most important issues’ of culture studies, by using the methods of psychology. The research is based on the experiment, conducted in Tbilisi, among 5-17 years old children, 70 persons totally. The participant’s task was to name 6 different kinds of flowers. They were not familiar with the proposed subjects. The research had some noteworthy results, considering the issue of language and cultures’ mutual determination. The work is the part of the future research. The same experiment will be conducted among different ethnic population, residing in Georgia. An urbanized and non-urbanized environment will also be taken into consideration. 172
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