rom xma amoeRo... germaniaSi nacistebi rom

Transcription

rom xma amoeRo... germaniaSi nacistebi rom
germaniaSi nacistebi rom
komunistebs miadgnen,
xma ar amomiRia,
radgan komunisti ar vyofilvar.
ebraelebs miadgnen da
xma ar amomiRia,
radgan ebraeli ar vyofilvar.
profkavSirebs miadgnen da
xma ar amomiRia,
radgan profkavSireli ar vyofilvar,
kaTolikeebze gadavidnen da
xma ar amomiRia,
radgan kaTolike ar vyofilvar.
Semdeg me momadgnen...
da aRaravin iyo darCenili,
rom xma amoeRo...
martin niimioleri
pastori, germaniis
evangelur- luTeruli eklesia
solidaroba
#3(36)
saqarTvelos saxalxo
damcvelis Jurnali
redaqtori: nino cincaZe
stilis
redaqtori: levan bregaZe
dizaini:
besik danelia
foto:
levan xerxeuliZe
marika asaTiani
redkolegia: beqa mindiaSvili
Tamar Samili
sergo ratiani
53
garekanze:
levan xerxeuliZis foto
Jurnali momzadebulia saxalxo
damcvelTan arsebuli tolerantobis
centris mier
ibeWdeba gaeros ganviTarebis programis
mxardaWeriT
winamdebare gamocemaSi gamoTqmuli
mosazrebebi ar asaxavs gaerTianebuli
erebis organizaciis an gaeros
ganviTarebis programis Tvalsazriss
misamarTi: Tbilisi, ramiSvilis 6,
tel.: 92 24 81
www.ombudsman.ge
4
12
16
mrgvali magida
religia saxelmwifos sazRvrebSi
nino beqiSvili
TOLERANCE
ucxo da maxlobeli
beqa mindiaSvili
fundamentalizmis gadalaxvis
SesaZlebloba
kaxaber kurtaniZe
22
saqarTvelos
saxalxo
damcveli
adreuli eklesiis
damokidebuleba gansxvavebuli
rwmenis mqone adamianebisadmi
daviT TinikaSvili
orientiri
gaeros
ganviTarebis
programa
29
wm. episkoposi gabrieli sarwmunoebisa
da moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb
nugzar papuaSvili
sekularizmi
43
sekularizacia Tu
desekularizacia?
giga zedania
48
REX ET RECTUM
qristianuli socialuri
moZRvrebis gavlena sabazro
ekonomikaze
manfred spikeri
politikuri eqsplikaciebi
53
saqarTvelos sabWoTa memkvidreoba
60
hibriduli reJimis Tvisebebi
Carlz ferbenqsi
interviu gia nodiasTan
beqa mindiaSvili
12
samarTali
68
patimris uflebebi da
sasjelaRsrulebis administraciis
zogierTi ZiriTadi movaleoba
evropuli konvenciis me-3 muxlis
mixedviT
Tea wulukiani
75
sabWoTa fsiqiatria
`fsiqiatriuli gulagi~
fridon sayvareliZe
REPORT
82
29
102
evropuli komisia rasizmisa da
Seuwynareblobis winaaRmdeg
Summary
#3(36)
mrgvali magida
religia
saxelmwifos
sazRvrebSi
mas Semdeg, rac telekompania `kavkasiaSi~
marTlmadideblobis saxeliT moqmedi religiuri
eqstremistebi SeiWrnen da televiziis darbeva scades,
qarTulma saxelmwifom ukanaskneli wlebis manZilze
pirvelad imoqmeda maT mimarT adekvaturad _
damnaSaveebi daapatimra. magram maleve sapatriarqom
gaavrcela gancxadeba, sadac saxelmwifos `uxamsobis~
winaaRmdeg kanonis miReba mosTxova, rasac
politikosTa didi nawili ukve dadebiTad gamoexmaura.
rogor monawileobs religiis faqtori dRevandeli
saqarTvelos cxovrebaSi, ramdenad gansazRvravs
marTlmadidebeli eklesia saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa
identobas da aRiqmeba Tu ara liberaluri
Rirebulebebi maT mier safrTxed? _ es Temebi ganixiles
`mrgvali magidis~ stumrebma.
diskusiaSi monawileoben _ giorgi melaZe (iuristi),
daviT zurabiSvili (respublikuri partiis wevri),
rati amaRlobeli (poeti), beqa mindiaSvili (Teologi)
da vaxuSti menabde (iuristi).
nino beqiSvili
TamaSobs Tu ara
religia Tanamedrove
saqarTvelos politikur da sazogadoebriv
cxovrebaSi
mniSvnelovan rols?
did pirovnul ndobas
ucxadebs, Sefasebebs rom
Tavi davaneboT, kargia Tu
cudi, mogvwons Tu ar mogvwons, es nebismier SemTxvevaSi
seriozuli faqtoria.
daviT zurabiSvili: roca
qveyanaSi arsebobs institucia, romelsac aseTi maRali
reitingi aqvs, da mis xelmZRvanels, saqarTvelos
kaTolikos patriarqs saqarTvelos mosaxleoba yvelaze
beqa mindiaSvili: TavisTavad
is faqti, rom 90-iani wlebidan moyolebuli eklesia
politikuri Zalauflebis
araformaluri legitimaciis
wyaroa, ukve mianiSnebs imas,
rom mas marTlac didi gav-
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
4
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü
solidaroba
lena aqvs. Tumca jerjerobiT,
mgoni, ar aris Seswavlili,
eklesia da sapatriarqo
ramdenad gansazRvravs moqalaqeTa politikur arCevans
da ramdenad zemoqmedebs maT
gadawyvetilebebze. 2003
wels xelisuflebaSi movida
Zala, romelic stigmatizebuli
iyo religiuri nacionalizmis
warmomadgenelTa mxridan
rogorc `soroselebi~,
`masonebi~, `ieRovelebi~ da
SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom
religiuri motivacia saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa politikur
gadawyvetilebebze didad ar
moqmedebs. sul sxva sakiTxia
is, rom eklesia da sapatriarqo monawileobs kulturul
da ekonomikur cxovrebaSi,
saganmanaTleblo sferoSi da
TviT saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebSic ki.
erovnuli sabWos
merobis kandidatis
winasaarCveno klipSi
Canda saqarTvelos
kaTolikos-patriarqi,
Tumca aman zviad
ZiZigurs gamarjveba
ver moutana...
rati amaRlobeli: Cemi
dakvirvebiT, religiurma
ritorikam wina arCevnebTan
SedarebiT wels iklo da es
namdvilad kargia. politikosebi samebis fonze ise xSirad
aRar Cndebian mediaSi, rogorc
adre. Cemi dakvirvebiT,
politikuri religiurobis
demonstrirebis piki 2007 wels
iyo, roca xelisuflebac da
ipoziciac eklesiasTan identificirebas cdilobda. es,
piradad CemTvis, namdvilad
mZime sanaxavi gaxldaT.
rati amaRlobeli
vaxuSti menabde: dRes
politikosebs winasaarCevno
ritorikaSi religiaze apelirebam naklebad SeiZleba
moutanos xmebi, radgan am
faqtors yvela politikuri
Zala met-naklebad iyenebs.
vfiqrob, religiis da
marTlmadidebeli eklesiis
kritikam SeiZleba romelime
politikoss imaze meti xma
daakargvinos, vidre qeba
moutanda. dRes negatiuri
ritorikiT advilia xmebis
dakargva, magram pizitiuri
apelirebiT xmebis mopoveba _
gacilebiT ufro rTulia.
daviT zurabiSvili: sazogadoeba naklebad ukvirdeba
imas, Tu ratom, ra mizeziT
akritikeb eklesias, da aris
Tu ara es kritika samarTliani. aseve mniSvnelovania
isic, rom patriarqi TviTon
aSkarad arasdros afiqsirebs
Tavis politikur simpaTiebs.
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
Solidarity
man rom romelime Zalas
aSkarad dauWiros mxari, aman
namdvilad SeiZleba imoqmedos,
magram ilia I I jerjerobiT
amas ar akeTebs, neitralitets
inarCunebs, nebismier politikoss iRebs da faqtobrivad
yvelasTan aqvs urTierToba.
beqa mindiaSvili: patriarqi
aSkarad iSviaTad gamoxatavs
Tavis politikur simpaTias
da anTipaTias. Tumca axlo
warsulSi amgvari ram orjer
namdvilad moxda. pirvelad,
rodesac man saqarTvelos
pirveli prezidentis Sesaxeb
germanel Jurnalistebs
uTxra, rom gamsaxurdia
avtoritaruli meTodebiT
marTavda qveyanas da is
demokratiuli ritorikiT
gaakritika. misma damokidebulebam garkveuli roli
iTamaSa gamsaxurdias mmarTvelobis damxobaSi da amitomac gamsaxurdias momxreTa
Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
5
#3(36)
mxridan didi kritika da
dartyma midioda patriarqisken. albaT yvelas gaxsovT
maSindel mitingebze ilia I I -is
gadaxazuli portretebi da
gverdiT _ dudaevis suraTebi.
meored aseTi ram moxda
maSin, rodesac 2003 wels
kaTolikos-patriarqi ar
mivida parlamentis pirvel
sxdomaze. dRes ver vityviT,
ilia I I im darbazSi rom yofiliyo, ra moxdeboda. Cven
SegviZlia mxolod vivaraudoT,
rom movlenebi mainc imave
scenariT ganviTardeboda.
Tumca sakaSvilis mmarTvelobis periodSi saqarTvelos
kaTolikos-patriarqs Tavisi
politikuri Sexedulebebi
aSkarad arasdros gamouxatavs. aqve vityvi imasac, rom
qarTuli religiurobis xasiaTi mainc bizantiur simbolos ukavSirdeba, rac
gulisxmobs, rom xelisufleba
da eklesia erT ideologiur
mrgvali magida
gumbaTs qmnian da Tuki xelisufleba eklesiis mimarT
loialobas inarCunebs, maSin
moqalaqeTa ganwyoba, miuxedavad Sida dapirispirebebisa,
mainc prosaxelisuflebo
iqneba, radgan ideologiuri
sivrce erTiania. isic unda
iTqvas, rom dRes saqarTvelos
xelisufleba sapatriarqos
moTxovnebs asrulebs _ iqneba
es saxelmwifo biujetidan
gadaricxuli milionebi Tu
eklesiis gansakuTrebuli
rolis warmoCena, ris
Sedegadac opoziciis mier am
kuTxiT xelisuflebis
kritikam Zala dakarga.
giorgi melaZe: saqarTveloSi
marTlmadidebeli religia
arsebobs rogorc kulturuli
fenomeni da Cveulebrivi
moqalaqisTvis mniSvnelovania
fiqrobdes religiaze,
rogorc qarTuli tradiciisa
da kulturis nawilze. Tumca
beqa mindiaSvili
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
6
es moqalaqe politikur
gadawyvetilebebs eklesiis
karnaxiT ar iRebs. qveyanaSi
jer isev areulobaa, politikuri partiebi ar arian kargad
Cemoyalibebulni da sakuTar
identobas eZebdnen. aman
erTgvari qaosi Seqmna, ramac
ar unda dagvabnios. religia
qarTuli kulturis
Semadgeneli nawili iqneba,
magram eklesia politikuri
moTamaSe ar gaxdeba.
beqa mindiaSvili: dRes
qarTul da rusul marTlmadideblobas xSirad islamur
fundamentalizms adareben,
rac arasworia, radgan
islamuri fundamentalizmi
mTlianad samyaroze gansxvavebul warmodgenas efuZneba.
iq alternatiuli politikuri wyobaa _ Teokratia, aqvT
alternatiuli sabanko
sistema, samecniero sferoc
ki islams efuZneba. marTlmadideblobis SemTxvevaSi
amgvari suraTi ara gvaqvs da
verc miviRebT, radgan, erTi
mxriv, amas xels uSlis
TviTon marTlmadideblobis
buneba da xasiaTi, meore
mxriv ki _ demokratizaciis
procesi, romelic CvenTan
nela, magram mainc win midis.
marTlmadidebluri qveynebia
rumineTi, bulgareTi, saberZneTi, sadac avad Tu kargad
liberaluri demokratia
arsebobs.
giorgi melaZe: namdvilad
SeiZleba dava imaze, rogori
sistemaa saqarTvelosTvis
ufro misaRebi _ amerikuli
midgoma, rac saxelmwifosa
da eklesiis mkveTr gamijvnas
gulisxmobs, Tu evropuli
modeli, roca eklesia
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü
solidaroba
saxelmwifos cxovrebaSi
garkveul rols TamaSobs?
magram faqtia isic, rom
tradicias versad gaveqceviT.
sadRac, raRac sivrceSi
namdvilad gvaqvs imis SesaZlebloba, eklesia da politika
gaimijnos, sxva sferoebSi ki
maT Soris TanamSromloba
aucileblad iqneba.
marTlmadidebel
mSobelTa kavSiris da
malxaz gulaSvilis
organizaciis
wevrebis moqmedeba
saxelmwifom alagma,
damnaSaveni dasaja da
dRes isini Cumad
arian. Tum-ca manamde
gulaSvilma moaxerxa
Wadrakis sasaxlSi
uamravi adamiani
Seekriba. xedavT Tu
ara rusul kvals am
ori organizaciis
moqmedebaSi?
giorgi melaZe: es namdvilad
ar aris ruseTis brali. is
adamianebi, vinc Wadrakis
sasaxleSi mividnen, im rva
procentis interesebs
gamoxataven, vinc Semdeg
ZiZigurs misca xma. es Cveulebrivi eleqtoratia. Zalian
kargia, rom isini rva procents
Seadgenen da ara TxuTmets,
magram, cxadia, ukeTesi
iqneboda, gacilebiT ufro
naklebni yofiliyvnen. esaa
nawili sazogadoebisa, romelic, ubralod frustrirebulia tranziciis periodiT.
ara mgonia, aq religiuri
faqtori gadamwyveti iyos
da maincdamainc religiuri
redikalizmis niSnebi
Candes.
daviT zurabiSvili
es yvelaferi ar hgavs
imas, risi keTebac
90-iani wlebidan
moyolebuli rusma
skinhedebma daiwyes?
giorgi melaZe: ruseTSi es
yvelaferi kargad organizebulia da Tan amis tradiciac
arsebobs. CvenTan ki am jgufebis moqmedeba xelovnuri
da kulturidan amovardnilia.
gaixseneT gulaSvilis
moZraobis wevri axalgazrdebis fotoebi, dadgmul
multfilms rom hgavda da
komikuric ki iyo. nacisturi
ritorika qarTul kulturaSi
ver Cajda, amas safuZveli
ara aqvs da arc momavalSi
SeiZleba hqondes.
beqa mindiaSvili: eqstremistuli jgufebi manam, sanam
samarTaldamcavebi Caereodnen, ualternativoni iyvnen,
anu sazogadoebis did nawils
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
Solidarity
sakuTari konformizmis
formireba am jgufebTan
loialobiT uxdeboda. sxva
jgufi, Tundac eklesiis
SigniT da religiur wreebSi,
romelic daicavda qristianobis liberalur sawyisebs,
ar arsebobs. eklesiaSi,
marTlmadideblobis saxeliT
aSkarad aravin upirispirdeba
fundamentalizms. amitom am
Zalebisadmi negatiuri
damokidebulebis formireba
sazogadoebis did nawils
Tavidanve gauWirda. faqtia
isic, rom ukanaskneli weliwadnaxevris ganmavlobaSi,
rodesac religiur niadagze
sCadiodnen danaSauls,
samarTaldamcavebi
adekvatur reagirebas ver
axerxebdnen. es danaSaulebebi religiuri umciresobebis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli
da moZaladeebi umetes
SemTxvevaSi ar isjebodnen.
arc ilias universitetis win
Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
7
#3(36)
pirveli darbevis Semdeg
daukavebiaT vinme da mxolod
maSin moxda reagireba,
rodesac telekompania
`kavkasiaSi~ Sevardnen.
daviT zurabiSvili: religiuri eqstremistebis dapatimreba telekompaniaSi
Sevardnis Semdegac rom ar
momxdariyo, es imas niSani
iqneboda, rom xelisufleba
an absoluturad uZluria, an
loialuria eqstremistebis
mimarT da TviTon uwyobs maT
xels. televiziaze Tavdasxma
iseTi ramea, risi ignorirebac
xelisuflebas, ubralod, ar
gamouvidoda, ver wauyruebdnen. saerTod, eqstremistuli
jgufi warmatebas maSin aRwevs,
rodesac xelisufleba ar
moqmedebs. martivi sqemaa _
wavida, viRac galaxa, araferi
ar mouvida, ar dasajes, mere,
meore galaxa da a. S.
mrgvali magida
beqa mindiaSvili: dRes
religia nebismieri saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis
cxovrebaSi monawileobs.
`marTlmadidebel mSobleTa
kavSirma~ da `saxalxo marTlmadideblurma moZraobam~
ilias universitets swored
imitom daartyes, rom es dRes
saqarTveloSi erTaderTi
sekularuli universitetia.
magram marto universiteti
ar yofila dartymis obieqti
da deisaZis wignis prezentaciac mxolod sababi gaxldaT.
mniSvnelovani iyo is, rom
sxva gamaRizianebeli studenturi janyisaTvis ver gamoZebnes. vfiqrob, axalgazrdebi
sakmaod indiferentulebi
arian politikuri cxovrebis
mimarT da eqstremistebis
qmedeba studentebis
dasamuxtad iyo mimarTuli.
is studentebi, romlebic
gvaginebdnen da gvirtyamdnen,
giorgi melaZe
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
8
sakmaod iyvnen damuxtulebi,
es gadamdebi iyo. magram rodesac ramdenime kaci daiWires,
danarCenebic gaCumdenen.
sapatriarqos
gancxadebaSi naTqvami
iyo, rom misaRebia
kanoni uxamsobis
winaaRmdeg. rogor
fiqrobT, SeiZleba
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba SeizRudos?
vaxuSti menabde: sakmaod
rTuli dasadgenia balansi
religiis Tavisuflebasa da
gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas
Soris. aseve Zneli gansasazRvria, roca es ori ufleba
koliziaSi xvdeba, romels
unda mieniWos upiratesoba.
evropis saparlamento
asambleis rezoluciSi
pirdapir weria, rom kriminalizacia araproporciuli
Carevaa gamoxatvis TavisuflebaSi. Tumca, miuxedavad
amisa, evropis bevr qveyanaSi
arsebobs kanoni RvTis gmobis
winaaRmdeg, maT Soris iseT
qveynebSi rogoricaa, avstria, norvegia, lixtanStaini,
holandia. magram am kanonebs
sazogadoebrivi praqtika ara
aqvT. ukanasknelad es kanoni
norvegiaSi 1936 wels gamoiyenes. magram aris qveynebi,
sadac amgvari kanonebi gamoiyeneba, magaliTad, TurqeTSi,
avstriaSi, did britaneTSi.
adamianis uflebaTa evropul
sasamarTloSi ramdenime
saqmea, romelsac erTi saxe
aqvs. aris raRac Jurnalisturi produqti, romelic
Seuracxyofas ayenebs
umravlesobis religiur
grZnobebs. evropis sasamarT-
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü
solidaroba
lom saxelmwifos pozicia
daikava da Tqva, rom saxelmwifos aqvs Tavisi Sefasebis
zRvari da SeuZlia Tavad
gadawyvitos, amgvari qmedeba
unda iyos Tu ara dasjadi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom
mecnierebis mier kritikis
qar-cecxlSia gatarebuli
evropuli sasamarTlos es
gadawyvetilebebi, mainc
arsebobs ramdenime postulati,
romelic SeiZleba xelCasaWidi iyos orientaciisTvis.
evropis sasamarTlo ambobs,
rom kritika unda Seexebodes
uSualod Tayvaniscemis
obieqts da ara samRvdelobas,
Tanac sakiTxi ar unda iyos
sazogadoebrivi debatebisTvis mniSvnelovani. evropis
adamianis uflebaTa sasamarTloSi safrangeTis winaaRmdeg Sevida erTi saqme imis
Taobaze, rom safrangeTSi
daisaja Jurnalisti,
romelmac romis paps meore
msoflios omis dros
ebraelebis eTnowmendis
xelSewyobaSi dasdo brali.
evropis sasamarTlom Tqva,
rom rodesac safrangeTma
dasaja Jurnalisti, man gamoxatvis Tavisufleba daarRvia
imitom, rom es sakiTxi
sazogadoebisTvis Zalian
saintereso iyo da amgvar
gamoxatvas sazogadoebrivi
debatebisTvis didi
samsaxuri SeeZlo gaewia.
giorgi melaZe: evropis bevr
qveynaSi arsebobs mankieri
tradiciaa, roca cdiloben
gansazRvron rogori
gamoxatvaa kargi da rogori
_ cudi. evropis sasamarTlos
didi Secdomaa, rom mis
gadawyvetilebebSi xSirad
gamoxatvis pativiscema ar
ikiTxeba, iseve, rogorc
evropuli qveynebis Zalian
bevr kanonSi. iq gamoxatvis
Tavisuflebas, rogorc Rirebulebas, did yuradRebas ar
aqceven, maTTvis ufro
mniSvnelovani Semwynareblobaa. sabednierd, Cven Zalian
kargi kanoni gvaqvs gamoxatvis Sesaxeb da is mSvenivrad
muSaobs. swored kanoni
gvaZlevs sityvis Tavisuflebas da amitomaa, rom gamoxatvisTvis sxva gzebi ar gvaqvs
saZebni. is, rac evropaSi
xdeba, roca verafers uxerxeben neonacistebs da
interneti savsea rasizmisa da
siZulvilis Semcveli saitebiT, evropuli politikis
bralia _ Tuki gazeTSi
raimes amgvars gamoaqveyneb,
egreve cixeSi Cagsvamen.
daviT zurabiSvili: dRes
saqarTveloSi saqme martivad
dgas: Cven axla postsabWoTa
realobaSi vcxovrobT da
CvenTan ra balansirebis meqanizmebic ar unda movifiqroT,
mainc cenzura gamogviva.
SeiZleba viRacam isic ki Tqvas,
rom bulgakovis `ostatsa da
margaritaSi~ Cemi Tayvaniscemis obieqtia Seuracxyofilio
da klasikis gadaxedvac ki
moindomon. dRes CvenTan
SeiZleba balansi gamoxatvis
Tavisuflebis sasargeblod
iyos darRveuli da es Zalian
kargia, imitom, rom dRes
tolerantobis kulturis
danergva, gansxvavebuli
mosazrebebis mosmena da maTi
atana gvWirdeba. rac meti
Tavisufleba iqneba am mxriv,
miT ukeTesi. arc saxelmwifos,
arc eklesias ar unda hqondes
raime saSualeba gamoxatvis
Tavisufleba SezRudos. Tuki
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
Solidarity
Cven dRes vinmes amgvar
meqanizms mivcemT, albaToba
imisa, rom is borotad iqneba
gamoyenebuli, Zalian didia.
aqvs Tu ara qarTuli
kulturisTvis dRes
aRmsareblobas didi
mniSvneloba?
vaxuSti menabde: sazogadoebisa da, kerZod, axalgazrdobis ganwyobebi loialuria im
xedvasTan, rasac pirobiTad
SegviZlia religiurobasTan
Serwymuli eTnikuroba vuwodoT. SesaZloa aq identobebis
krizisis sakiTxi da qarTuli
saxelmwifoebriobis
warumateblobis problemac
idges, rac albaT ar iqneboda,
Tu qarTveli eri bolomde
naciad Camoyalibdeboda. eris,
naciis Tanamedrove gageba
gamoricxavs religiasTan
kolaboracionalizms. safrangeTsa da SveicariaSi
nacionalizmi ufro adamianis
uflebebis sakiTxs efuZneba
da ara imas, ramdenad Seicavs
safrTxes Cadri. mniSvnelovania ra aris mTavari sazogadoebisTvis: eTnikuroba,
religiuroba Tu saxelmwifo
institutebis mimarT ndoba.
daviT zurabiSvili: saxelmwifo institutebis mimarT
ndoba-arndoba da misdami
loialoba nacionalizmis
sakiTxi ar aris. evropis
qveynebic ki gansxvavdebian am
mxriv erTmaneTisgan. magaliTad, italiaSi naklebi ndobaa
saxelmwifo institutebis
mimarT, germaniaSi _ meti.
sabWoTa periodSi Cveulebrivi, saSualostatistikuri
qarTvelisTvis yvelaze
Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
9
#3(36)
mniSvnelovani eTnikuri
warmoSoba gaxldaT. maSin
Zalian Riziandebodnen, Tu
viRacas, warmoSobiT araqarTvels, gvari qarTulad
hqonda gadakeTebuli da
aqcenti naklebad keTdeboda
religiurobaze. damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg, mas
Semdeg, rac eTnikuri konfliqtebi gadavitaneT, eTnikurobis sakiTxma TiTqos
ukana planze gadawia. axla
karg tonad ar iTvleba
saubari vinmes warmoSobaze.
es problema, ase Tu ise,
didwilad davZlieT. dRes
religiurma, ufro sworad ki,
aRmsareblobiTma momentma
wamoiwia win. SeiZleba es imis
gamoc moxda, rom CvenTan 20
wlis ganmavlobaSi ver Sedga
saxelmwifo, romelic moqalaqeebisTvis keTildReobasTan
iqneboda asocirebuli, sul
raRac gaWirvebaa Cvens Tavs,
mZime memkvidreobaa es oci
mrgvali magida
weliwadi. dRes marTlmadidebloba ufro metadaa identobis nawili, vidre 20 wlis
win iyo. Tumca, Tu saxelmwifoebriobis Senebis procesi
normalurad warimarTa,
SesaZlebelia, raRac drois
gasvlis Semdeg aRmsareblobis Temamac isev ukana planze
gadaiwios. mgoni, mTavari
isaa, rom liberaluri Rirebulebebi identobis safrTxed
ar aRiqmebodes da qarTvelebi
amas uyurebdnen, rogorc
sakuTari kulturis nawils.
giorgi melaZe: CvenTvis axla
mniSvnelovania, ramdenad
Semdgari saxelmwifoebrivi
institutebi gveqneba saqarTveloSi. Cven gvinda sakuTari
institutebi gvqondes, es
sakiTxi kiTxvis niSnis qveS ar
dgas. postsabWoTa sivrceSi
bevri saxelmwifoa, sadac
jer bolomde ver Camoyalibdnen imis Taobaze, undaT Tu
vaxuSti menabde
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
10
ara sakuTari institutebi da
sakuTari saxelmwifo. bevr
rames gansazRvravs is, Tu
rogor gadawyvetilebebs
miiReben saxelmwifo institutebi _ imoqmedeben yvelas
interesis gaTvaliswinebiT,
Tu raRac viwro jgufze
iqnebian orientirebulni.
Tumca isic unda iTqvas, rom
saqarTvelos istoriis manZilze Cven sakuTari nebiT yovelTvis gviWirda migveRo
ucxotomeli. daviT aRmaSenebelma represiebi gaatara,
roca yivCaRebi Camoasaxla.
mesmis, rom es Sua saukuneebia da maSin sxva viTareba
iyo, magram imis Tqma minda,
rom qarTvels ucxos miReba
yovelTvis uWrida. Tu Cven
dRes SevZeliT da SevinarCuneT Cveni saxelmwifoebrioba,
unda gavigoT, rom nebismieri
adamiani, romelic CvenTan
cxovrobs, am miwa-wylis
Tanasworuflebiani mesakuTrea. termini `Semwynareblobac~ ar aris swori, radgan
imas niSnavs, rom me Sen Segiwynare anu agitane. arada, ki
ar unda aitano vinme, aramed
Tanasworad unda aRiqva. holandiaSi minaxavs, rom politikuri, eTnikuri, seqsualuri gansxvavebebi sruliad
miRebulia da konkretul
adamians es aranair
uxerxulobas ar uqmnis.
daviT zurabiSvili: aris
kulturebi, sadac liberaluri Rirebulebebis Setana
namdvilad Znelia, magaliTad,
isev irans da islamur samyaros moviyvan. saqarTveloSi,
Tuki amas miznad davisaxavT
da saxelmwifo politikas
sworad warvmarTavT, liberaluri Rirebulebebis damkvid-
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü
solidaroba
reba did sirTules ar unda
warmoadgendes.
rati amaRlobeli: pirveli
mizani, rac unda davisaxoT,
rasakvirvelia, konsensusi da
imis aRiarebaa, rom yvela
adamiani, vinc saqarTvelos
moqalaqea, Tavs Tanasworuflebianad grZnobdes da yvela
sazogadoebrivi sikeTiTa da
ufelebiT Tanasworad sargeblobdes. es ioli gasakeTebeli
ar aris. gavixsenoT, qarTveli
reJisori sergo farajanovi,
romelic Tavs aseTad Tvlida,
Cvens identobaSi, Cvens
kulturul mexsierebaSi
qarTvelad ar aRiqmeba.
beqa mindiaSvili: farajanovis stigmatizacias bevrma
ramem Seuwyo xeli: is miRebuli
iyo burJuaziuli da mtruli
dasavleTis mier, iyo somexi,
iyo gansxvavebuli seqsualuri
orientiaciis mqone da sxv.
Tan, rogorc xelovani, provokaciuli iyo. bevri, sxvaTa
Soris, inteligenti qarTveli
farajanovis `suramis cixis”
Semdeg Seuracxyofili darCa.
cnobilia, rom mas `SuSanikis
wamebis~ gadaReba undoda,
risi uflebac ar misces.
rati amaRlobeli: rodesac
Cven mmarTveli partiisTvis
azerbaijanuli regionebidan
arCevnebze xmebis as-asi procenti mogvaqvs, es am xalxis
qarTul sazogadoebaSi integracias garkveulwilad
aferxebs da es gvabrunebs
swored sabWoTa droSi, roca
qarTvelebsa da danarCen
eTnosebs Soris arc konsensusi iyo da arc raime integracia. es iyo ubralo
Tanacxovreba.
beqa mindiaSvili: liberalizmisa da demokratiis
ganviTareba gulisxmobs imas,
roca religiuri instituciebis SigniT xdeba sxva aRmsareblobebis mimarT swavlebis
gadasinjva, iseve, rogorc es
moxda kaTolikur eklesiaSi,
sadac 1962 wels ganaxleba,
ajornamento, daiwyo da xuT
weliwads gagrZelda. maSin
kaTolikeebisTvis mTavari
sakiTxi iyo eRiarebinaT Tu
ara sxva religiis mimdevrebi
kaTolikeTa Tanasworad.
mTavari institucia, romelic
saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi
ewinaaRmdegeboda liberalizms, religiur pluralizms da
Tanasworobis cnebas, swored
kaTolikuri eklesia iyo, magram is sabolood aqamde
mivida. protestantoba, sakuTari bunebidan gamomdinare,
am problemis winaSe arc
damdgara. dRes saberZneTSi,
bulgareTSi, rumineTSi, ekumenistur Sekrebebze ganixilaven sakiTxs, rom marTlmadideblobis damokidebuleba
sxva qristianuli denominaciebis mimarT Sesacvlelia.
rac ufro gaRrmavdeba
pirovnebis Tavisuflebis
kultura saqarTveloSi, miT
ufro garRmavdeba es procesebi eklesiis SigniTac. dRes
Cvens eklesiaSi sruliad sxva
viTarebaa. iq yvela doneze
keTdeba gancxadebebi imis
Sesaxeb, rom adamiani, vinc
kritikulad uyurebs marTlmadidebel eklesias, mteria,
da metic, ara mxolod eklesiis, aramed, qveynis mteria
_ qarTvelic ki ar aris.
SexvalT da rafaelisa da
miqelanjelos Sedevrebs ver
naxavT, Tu ar gaiareT oTaxSi,
sadac frensis bekonis, rbilad rom vTqvaT, kaTolicizmis gamakritikebeli namuSevrebi kidia. kaTolikuri
eklesia dRes frensis bekons
ganixilavs rogorc sakuTari
kulturis nawils da mas rafaelisa da miqelanjelos
gverdiT aTavsebs. es vatikanis axali politikis nawili.
giorgi melaZe: eklesia dRes
ver TamaSobs ganmsazRvrel
rols politikaSi da ekonomikaSi, magram identobas
namdvilad gansazRvravs. is
90 procenti, vinc eklesias
da patriarqs did ndobas
ucxadebs, swored am niSaSi
moiazreba. Tuki TviTon eklesiis SigniT raime Seicvleba,
maSin moqalaqeebic dafiqrdebian sakuTar identobaze.
meore mxriv, eklesia
SeiZleba swored imitomac
inarCunebs amxela ndobas,
rom identobis ganmsazRvrelia. marTlac, dRes eklesias
araferi ubiZgebs ganaxlebisken. garemo am mxriv konkurentunariani ar aris. imave
bulgareTsa da rumineTSi,
evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi,
eklesias swored garemo
aiZulebs Seicvalos da Tu
man Tavis politikas ar
gadaxeda, mrevls dakargavs.
rati amaRlobeli: kaTolicizmis centrSi, vatikanSi,
sisqtis kapelaSi ise ver
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
Solidarity
Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
11
#3(36)
TOLERANCE
ucxo da
maxlobeli
werili I
beqa mindiaSvili
yovelTvis, roca qristianobis
saxeliT sxva aRmsareblobis,
msoflmxedvelobisa Tu
gansxvavebuli cxovrebis
wesis mqone adamiani sZulT,
amcireben da devnian mas,
ukiduresad ucxo da imavdroulad gansakuTrebulad
saWiro xdeba saxareba, misi
uwyeba devnili da jvarcmuli
RmerTis Sesaxeb. rogorc
ioane maxarobeli wers,
qriste „TvisTa Tana“ movida
da maT ver icnes igi, radgan
sakuTari Temis, eris, religiis
aRzeveba ki ara, swored
sxvisi, gansxvavebulis, miuReblis, akrZalulis gageba da
mtris siyvaruli daadgina
rwmenis, adamianobisa da xsnis
sazomad. amis gamo ki TviTon
iqca TavisianebisTvis ucxod,
xolo ucxosTvis _ maxloblad.
saxarebis gaazreba erT-erTi
gza aris stereotipebis, Seuwynareblobis, siZulvilis,
qsenofobiis, fundamentaliz-
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
12
mis daburuli tyidan
universaluri Tanadgomisa da
sxvisi Tavisuflebis, mravalferovnebis dafasebisken
gasaRwevad. Tuki Tundac
zereled gadavavlebT Tvals
oTxTavs, SevecdebiT misi,
erTi SexedviT, martivi azris
amokiTxvasa da gagebas, SevityobT, rom nebismier SemTxvevaSi, roca qristianobis
ideisa Tu saqmis gamo vinmes
riyaven da siZulvilisa da
CagvrisTvis imeteben, gankacebul RmerTs _ ieso qristes
devnian.
saimisod, rom pirveli nabiji
gadavdgaT qristianTa RmerTis
am ucnauri logikis gasagebad,
saxarebidan oTx mTavar
religiur kiTxvaze pasuxis
miReba unda vcadoT. rogoria,
saxarebis Tanaxmad, adamiani
RvTis winaSe, anu ras niSnavs
rwmena da Tavisufleba,
rogoria RmerTi adamianis
winaSe _ ra aris siyvaruli da
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü
solidaroba
Zalaufleba, rogoria adamiani adamianisTvis _ vin aris
megobari da ras gulisxmobs
sikeTe da bolos _ ra winapiroba udevs safuZvlad RmerTTan adamianis saboloo Sexvedrasa da Serigebas _ xsnas.
magram am kiTxvebze saxarebiseuli cxadi pasuxebi sulac
ar niSnavs maT realur gamocdilebad qcevas. sakmarisia
gavixsenoT qristianobis
tragikuli istoria, rom
iolad davrwmundebiT nicSes
sityvebis simarTleSi: eklesiebi adamianebma qristes
saflavebad gadaaqcies. amitomac ambobs mRvdeli aleqsande meni, rom qristianoba jer
kidev ar dawyebula.
am mokle CanaweriT pirveli
kiTxvis gaazrebas Sevecdebi:
ra aris rwmena saxarebis Tanaxmad? danarCen samze ki momdevno werilebSi visaubroT.
urwmuno
marTlmorwmune
rwmenis raobis gaucnobiereblad saxarebis logikis miReba
metismetad Znelia _ istoria
gviCvenebs, rom qristes
moZRvreba uamisod Segonebis,
saritualo praqtikisa da
Teologiis sistemad, religiad iqceva, magram kvdeba,
rogorc cocxali sityva,
romelic maTTvis, vinc qristianobas aRiarebs, ara abstraqtul WeSmaritebad, aramed
uSualod ieso qristes pirovnebasTan Sexvedris gamocdilebad unda gadaiqces.
oTx saxarebaSi sul ori
epizodi gvxvdeba, sadac
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
Solidarity
Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
13
#3(36)
qriste Tavis damokidebulebas gamoxatavs konkretuli
adamianebis rwmenisadmi. erT
SemTxvevaSi is gakvirvebulia
urwmunoebiT, xolo meoreSi
piriqiT _ rwmenis siZlieriT
aris gaocebuli.
markozi da luka mogviTxroben, rom iordaneze naTlisRebis Semdeg ieso qriste mSobliur qalaq nazareTSi brundeba
da SabaT dRes sinagogaSi
Sedis. iq marTlmorwmune
mrevlia Sekrebili, isini
winaswarmetyvelebebs kiTxuloben mesiis Sesaxeb. qalaqi
nazareTi orTodoqsiis epicentria, WeSmaritebis koncentraciis adgilia, vinaidan is,
winaswarmetyvelTa mixedviT,
mesiis qalaqia. nazareTis
mosaxleoba yovelmxrivaa
dajildoebuli iudevelTa
RmerTis mier _ gamorCeuli
eris gamorCeuli nawilia.
RmerTma maTTvis ar daiSura
arc aRTqma, arc winaswarmetyveleba, arc taZari, arc sakuTari Tavi, radgan gankacebuli RmerTi swored maT Soris
gaizarda _ misi saxelic ki am
qalaqTanaa dakavSirebuli _
ieso nazareveli.
magram, rodesac qriste sityvas
iTxovs da iwyebs winaswarmetyvelTa ganmartebas, roca
acxadebs, rom aRsrulebulia
mesiis movlinebis Jami, sinagogaSi Sekrebili adamianebi
mas ar iReben, dascinian da
daaxloebiT aseT rames amboben:
es Cveni durglis, iosebis
biWi ar aris? iosebis biWi ki,
romelic maT Tvalwin gaizarda, romelic maTTvis skamebsa
da magidebs Tlida, rogor
unda yofiliyo saRvTo eris
mravalsaukunovani imedi _
TOLERANCE
mesia da winamZRoli? ra Tqma
unda, es maTTvis gaugonari
mkrexeloba, RmerTisa da maTi
religiuri grZnobebis Seuracxyofa iyo. amitomac qristes
jer aZeveben sinagogidan da
Semdeg mosaklavadac
daedevnebian.
amis Semdeg ieso qriste sinagogaSi Sekrebilebis religiurobas afasebs rogorc
ukidures gandgomas RvTisagan.
is ambobs, rom msgavsi
urwmunoeba ar Sexvedria
mTels israelSi.
wesrigidan gamosasvlelad.
Cans, oficeri sxvagvarad
epyroboda Tavis msaxurs,
zrunavda masze da mzad iyo
yvela gza gamoenaxa misi
sicocxlis SesanarCuneblad.
romaeli oficeri, batoni da
dampyrobeli Tavs imdablebs
ucnauri ebraeli moZRvris
winaSe. sTxovs mas, rom mxolod erTi sityva gaimetos da
es sakmarisi iqneba msaxuris
gadasarCenad. qriste
upasuxebs: Senma rwmenam ixsna
Seni msaxuri. amis Semdeg ki
ambobs, rom msgavsi rwmena ar
Sexvedria mTels israelSi.
morwmune urjulo
meore SemTxveva kapernaumSi
qristes mogzaurobasTanaa
dakavSirebuli. am qalaqSi
qadagebisas masTan romaeli
oficeri morbis da Svelas
iTxovs, oRond ara sakuTari
TavisTvis, aramed msaxurisTvis,
romelic sikvdilis pirasaa.
romauli kanonmdeblobiT
mona yovlad uuflebo cocxali iaraRi, nivTi iyo. am
nivTis mflobels yvelafris
neba hqonda masze, misi
mokvlac ki SeeZlo. erT-erTi
Zveli avtori rekomendacias
aZlevs romael fermers, rom
soflis sameurneo xelsawyoebis yovelwliuri inventarizacia Caataros da moZvelebuli, mwyobridan gamosuli
instrumentebi gadayaros.
amaves urCevs monebTan
dakavSirebiTac. rogorc wesi,
araSromisunarian monas
umowyalod agdebdnen xolme
gareT. am fonze kargad Cans,
Tu ramdenad didi naxtomi
gaakeTa romaelma oficerma
batoni-monis gansazRvruli
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
14
urwmunoba da rwmena
es ori ambavi Teza da antiTezaa imis gasagebad, Tu ra aris
saxarebiseuli rwmena da vis
SeiZleba erqvas morwmune.
Tumca misi gaazreba sxva
kuTxiTacaa saintereso. es
epizodebi axloblisa da
ucxos saxarebiseuli
dispoziciis Sesaxeb gviqmnis
warmodgenas, romelic erTerTi centraluri anTropologiuri diskursia axali
aRTqmisa _ vcadoT am kiTxvasac gavceT pasuxi: rogor
iqceva maxlobeli ucxod da
ucxo maxloblad?
erTi mxriv, monoTeisti,
marTlmorwmune, erTi sityviT,
imJamindeli marTlmadidebeli
mrevli, romelic icavs yvela
religiur wessa da mcnebas,
zRvrul mdgomareobaSi, swored maSin, roca mesiasTan,
RmerTTan Sexvedris dro
mouva, ver cnobs mas.
miuxedavad imisa, rom, erTi
SexedviT, es sazogadoeba
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü
solidaroba
garegnulad WeSmariti religiis epicentrSi myofobs,
aRmoCndeba, rom is Sinaganad
ukiduresad daSorebulia
WeSmaritebas, gaucxoebulia
misgan _ sruliad urwmunoa.
nazareTeli morwmuneebi,
romlebic TviTkmayofilebas
arian micemulni imis gamo,
rom zedmiwevniT ician rogori uzado da aRmatebulia
maTi warmodgena RmerTze,
RvTisa da WeSmaritebis saxeliT RmerTisa da WSmaritebis
mdevnelebad gvevlinebian.
es epizodi imaze migviTiTebs,
rom religiurobis forma,
orTodoqsia, ritualebi,
yvela wesisa da Teologiuri
mcnebis dacva sulac ar aris
arsebiTi rwmenisaTvis. SesaZloa piriqiTac iyos, religiurma formalizmma da eqskluzivizmma, viwro konfesiurobam, ritualebma da wesebma
adamianSi rwmena CaaxSon,
rogorc Zveli aRTqmis
winaswarmetyvelebi amboben,
guli gauqvavon mas, TviTkmar
kerpebad iqcnen misTvis da
RmerTis adgili daikavon.
meore mxriv ki, morwmunea
romaeli oficeri, romlis
religiuri, politikuri,
kulturuli da socialuri
xati imJamindel israelSi
mters ganasaxierebs. igi marTlmadideblebisTvis urjulo
kerpTayvaniscemelia, nacionalistebisTvis _ okupanti da
kolonizatori, imdroindeli
„socialistebisTvis“ ki, „mCagvrelTa klasis“ wamomadgeneli.
ra Tqma unda, centurionma
araferi icis imis Sesaxeb,
rom is kacobriobis mxsnelis
winaSe wardga, rom Tavad
RmerTia is, visganac Svelas
iTxovs. araferi icis, rom
ieso qriste samebis meore
piria, rom mas ori buneba da
neba aqvs _ adamianuri da
RvTaebrivi, da rom igi
qalwulisganaa umankod
Sobili. erTi sityviT, mas
WeSmariti religiis, moZRvrebisa da dogmatebisa araferi
gaegeba. msaxuris sicocxlis
gadarCenaa erTaderTi ram,
rac man im konkretul momentSi icis da rac mas surs.
saxarebis Tanaxmad, es transformacia aris is fenomeni,
romelsac rwmena SeiZleba
daerqvas _ swrafva sakuTari
Tavisuflebisa da RmerTisken
meore adamianis sakeTildReod.
ificeri, imis gamo, rom Tavisufldeba sakuTari socialuri,
politikuri da religiuri
xatisgan, warmodgenebisgan,
romelSic garegnulad misi
cxovreba da cnobierebaa
Cawerili, xdeba mxolod da
mxolod adamiani. igi zrunavs
monaze, romelic misTvis ukve
mona aRar aris, rogorc luka
gveubneba, is ukve misi Zea. Tavs
imcirebs da Svelas iTxovs
daprobili, misTvis ucxo
religiis moZRvrisgan, romelic misTvis ukve RmerTia.
es keTilSobili oficeri
monis saxiT xvdeba adamians,
romlis gadasarCenad mTel
Tavis kapitals flangavs _
socialur da politikur
statuss, avtoritets, warmodgenebs uZlevel imperiasa da
mdidar, yvela RvTaebisa da
sakulto tradiciis momcvel
religiurobaze. am simdidrisgan Tavisufali da adamianis
siyvaruliT aRZruli es kaci
xvdeba da aRiarebs ieso
qristes, durgal iosebis
ucnaur biWs.
misTvis es ucxo moxetiale
nazareveli yvelaze maxlobeli, Zlieri da sando vinmea.
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
Solidarity
Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
15
#3(36)
TOLERANCE
fundamentalizmis
gadalaxvis
SesaZlebloba
winamdebare statia ar aris samecniero xasiaTis. mas
dialogSi an, Tundac, kamaTSi gamowvevis daniSnuleba
ufro aqvs, vidre dasrulebuli naazrevis gadmocemisa.
naTqvamia, „kamaTSi ibadeba WeSmariteba“, magram arc
„WeSmaritebis Ziebaa“ am statiis mizani _ metafizikuri
erTi da sruli WeSmaritebis xanam, vfiqrob, ukve Caiara
(WeSmaritebasac hqonia yavli!). Cven visaubrebT
fundamentalizmze, Seuwynareblobaze, Rirebulebebze,
saeklesio cxovrebis perspeqtivaze ara WeSmaritebis
saTvalTvalodan „sicruis“ saguSagos samxileblad da
Sesamusravad, aramed gansxvavebulis, miwieris, cvladis,
warmavalis, magram mainc WeSmaritebebis Sesaxvedrad/
mosaniSnad da, amdenad, SeZlebisdagvarad imis
gasarkvevad, vin var? vin varT? sad varT? saiTken
SeiZleba mivdiodeT _ pirovnebaa gza da WeSmariteba
(Sdr.: „uTxra RmerTma moses: me var, romelic var [...] me
var gza da WeSmariteba“ (gamosvla 3.14; in. 14.6)…
kaxaber kurtaniZe
fundamentalizmis cneba
farTodaa gavrcelebuli. igi
iseTi gagebiT ixmareba, rom
Tavisi Tavdapirveli mniSvneloba TiTqmis dakarga. es
arcaa gasakviri, radgan
Tavdapirveli mniSvneloba
faqtobrivad aRwers dRevandelisgan friad gansxvavebul
movlenas. kerZod, igi asaxavs
moZraobas, romelic amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi warmoiSva me-19 saukunis bolos da
me-20 saukunis damdegs, ro-
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
16
gorc urbanizaciis, industrializaciis, zrdadi emigraciis, germanuli kriticizmis
(bibliis) da darvinizmis sworxazovani evoluciis gavlenisagan Tavdacvis mcdeloba
qristianobis fundamentebTan,
anu bibliasTan, dabrunebis
gziT. SeiZleba miviCnioT _
raRac daSvebebiT mainc _,
rom qarTul marTlmadideblobas aqvs raime kavSiri ase
gagebul am terminTan?
SeiZleba, Tuki CavTvliT, rom
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü
solidaroba
wminda mamebTan an saRvTo
tradiciasTan „dabruneba“
niSnavs qristianuli rwmenis
safuZvlebisaken „moqcevas“
(mobrunebas). magram, Tu es
„moqceva“ realobidan (maT
Soris, qristianuli realobidan miTologiurisaken)
„gaqcevas“ ufro hgavs? an,
vTqvaT, realobasTan
dapirispirebul „qcevas“?
kiTxvis aseTi dasmisas
ibadeba fundamentalizmis
sxvanairi, ufro gavrcobili
gagebis survili imisaTvis,
raTa Tavidan iqnes acilebul
iarliyebis martivad miwebeba.
kulturis eniT („rogorc
ambobda zogierTi Tqveni
poeti: `misi modgma varT“).
ara mxolod pavle iqceoda
ase, aramed mTeli Semdgomi
Taobebi: samociqulo mamebi,
apologetebi, saeklesio
mwerlebi, Sua saukunis Teologebi da, zogadad, mTeli
qristianuli tradicia aseTi
iyo. swored am tradiciam
aiTvisa, gaamdidra, gardaqmna
aTenelTa berZnuli kultura,
xolo kulturaSi igulisxmeba
arqiteqtura, saxviTi xelovneba, musika, filosofia,
poezia, mwerloba da a.S. da
ara mxolod berZnuli, aramed
yoveli kultura, romelsac
qristianoba Seexo da imoqmeda
masSi (maT Soris qarTulic
moiazreba, ra Tqma unda).
iqceva ki ase qarTuli
marTlmadidebloba?
pasuxi SeiZleba iyos Semdegnairi: saqarTvelo da misi
„tradiciuli kultura“
(ybadaRebuli „tradiciuli
Rirebulebebi“) yovelTvis
iyo qristianuli (davazustoT, marTlmadidebluri,
radgan qristianoba da
marTlmadidebloba mavanTaT-
maS ase, davuSvaT, rom
fundamentalizms raRac
saerTo aqvs sxva terminTan _
„fundamentalur TeologiasTan“. aseT SemTxvevaSi fundamentalizmi SeiZleba gagebuliyo, rogorc apologetika,
anu qristianuli sarwmunoebrivi safuZvlebis dacva,
ganmarteba da rekomendireba,
rogorc es mociqulma pavlem
moimoqmeda aTenSi.1 magram aq
aris erTi mniSvnelovani
problema: pavle mociquli ar
aris winaswarSegonebulad
mtrulad ganwyobili, aramed
aRiarebs aTenelebSi „keTil
sawyiss“ („aTenelebo, yvelaferi, rasac vxedav, imas
mowmobs, rom Zalze morwmuneni unda iyoT“) da maTTan
sasaubrod iyenebs mSvidobian
xerxs. kerZod, maT ganumartavs maTTvis gasagebi eniT
(rad Rirs mxolod is faqti,
rom pavle laparakobda koineze, anu salaparako berZnul
enaze, xolo qriste _ arameulad da ara Zvelebraulad,
ase vTqvaT, „Zvel, mamaTa
ganwmendil enaze“), maTi
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
Solidarity
Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
17
#3(36)
vis araa identuri cnebebi,
metic, ukanasknelisaTvis
pirveli usargeblo danamatadaa miCneuli) da, amdenad,
igi Seryvnilia da mas
sWirdeba ara axlis qadageba,
aramed ganwmenda. vin Seryvna
igi? pasuxi Zalian martivia _
„bnelma Zalebma“, romlebic
SeiZleba iyvnen: aTeistebi,
ekumenistebi, mwvaleblebi,
reformistebi, „obnavlencebi“,
„Jidebi“, liberalebi, homoseqsualebi, „liberastebi“(?!),
modernistebi da zogadad
dasavleTi. raSi mdgomareobs
Seryvna? Seryvna da garyvnilebaa yvelaferi, rasac ara
aqvs „marTlmadidebluri“
forma. ki magram formaa
mTavari?! (magaliTad, orTaviani arwivi). aseTi „formaTTayvaniscema“ xom ar hgavs
kerpTayvaniscemas? an kidev,
aseT kerpTayvaniscemas xom
ar mosdevs (aucileblad an
SesaZlod) pirovnebisadmi
Tayvaniscema, anu pirovnebis
kulti? yovel SemTxvevaSi,
kerpTayvaniscema da pirovnebis
kulti monaTesave movlenebia.
am konteqstSi rom davubrundeT zemoaRniSnul „moqcevas“
da ganvixiloT igi ara mibrunebis, aramed „dabrunebis“
mniSvnelobiT, maSin qarTuli
marTlmadideblobis „garyvnilebisgan ganwmendis“ da
„formaTTayvanismcemlobis“
(formalurobis?) aspeqti
kargad warmoCndeba. ukve oci
welia imarTeba sayovelTao
naTlobebi, Sendeba Zvel
stilis eklesiebi (araviTari
arqiteqturuli da sainJinro
SemoqmedebiTi aTviseba
Tanamedroveobis miRwevebisa
am dargSi ar xdeba),
mimdinareobs Zveli xatweris
TOLERANCE
aRdgenis, Zveli sagaloblebis gadmomRerebis procesi,
anu xdeba mibruneba mirianisa
da nanas xanasTan _ „moqceva?
axlisa (Tanamedrove)
qarTlisa?“. magram aqac aris
erTi mcire gansxvaveba _ kerZod, „formaTTayvaniscemis“/
kerpTayvaniscemis niuansi,
rac imave qarTuli tradiciisa da RirebulebebisaTvis
ucxo Tu ara, latenturi iyo,
anu TvalSisacemi da maSokirebeli mainc ar iyo. da am
niuansis zemoaRniSnuli
„monaTesave“ pirovnebis
kulti _ mxolod erTs
SeuZlia weros gansxvavebuli
xatebi, mxolod mas xelewifeba SeTxzas sagalobeli,
mxolod mis mier an misi
uSualo zedamxedvelobiT
SeiZleba ganxorcieldes
„axali“ (ekleqturad
axali) arqiteqtura/
xuroTmoZRvreba?
da kidev _ miTi! hqonda ki
mirians miTi da, Tu hqonda,
misdevda mas? ra warsuli
hqonda? saidan miiRo rwmena _
aRmosavleTidan Tu dasavleTidan? romel enaze ametyvelda eklesia qarTlSi?
„miiqca“/dabrunda miriani
saiTkenme Tu misi svla iyo
cvlileba, ganaxleba, winsvla?
xom ar aris warsulisaken
„miqcevis“ es procesi qarTuli tradiciisTvis raRac
axali da aryofili? xom ar
Secvala qarTulma marTlmadideblobam qarTuli _ da
zogadad _ qristianuli
tradicia? Tavad xom ar
moeqca igi romeliRac ucxo
_ rom ar vTqvaT, bneli (davuSvaT, rusuli) _ tradiciis
CrdilqveS? an miTologizacia
xom ar aris kerpTmsaxurebis
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
18
ideologiuri CarCo? an
miTologizebuli RvTismsaxureba liton magizmad xom
ar yalibdeba? miTologiur
saZirkvelze iyo ZvelberZnuli
drama dafuZnebuli (romlic
SemoqmedebiTad aiTvisa,
daxvewa da gardaqmna namdvilma marTlmadideblobam),
mas hqonda filosofiuri
datvirTva, anu berZnuli
tragediis fonze Caisaxeba da
viTardeba filosofia. magram
aqvs ki ram saerTo qarTul
marTlmadideblur ritualizms
filosofiur azrovnebasTan
an, zogadad, SemoqmedebasTan?
xom ar iqca „moqceva“ regresad da daqcevad? da a.S.
ganvagrZoT fundamentallizmis Tema.
fundamentalizmi dRes asocirdeba islamur fundamentalizmTan (hgavs Tu ara qarTuli
marTlmadidebloba Talibanizms da kamikaZeebis ideologias amaze bevri Tqmula).
magram, jer erTi, fundamentalizmis sawyis gagebasTan es
Seusabamoa, radgan islami
isedac yovelTvis aRiarebda
wminda werilis (yuranis)
ucdomelobas da miaCnda igi
muhamedis mier RmerTis
naTqvamis uSualo gadmocemad.
„Sualedur“ tradicias
islamSi meoreuli roli aqvs
(Tumca arc umagisobaa _ urTierTmtruli sunituri da
Siituri, magram mainc principulad erTi da igive). da
meore, pirvelidan gamomdinare, rodesac islamur fundamentalizmzea laparaki,
igulisxmeba politikurad
„radikaluri islami“. aq ki
kvlav saCinoa msgavseba qarTul marTlmadideblobasTan.
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü
solidaroba
kerZod, am ukanasknelis politikuri pretenzia da ganzomileba _ „iveriis gabrwyineba“
da misi variaciebis mTeli
kompleqti swored rom
politikuri mocemulobaa,
radgan terminebi „eri“,
„saqarTvelo“, „teritoriuli
mTlianoba“ politikuri
cnebebia...
fundamentalizmi, zogadi
gagebiT, ar icnobs pirovnul
RmerTs da arc aranair
pirovnebas. pirovnebaTSorisi
urTierToba yovelTvis xdeba
da mimdinareobs garkveul
konteqstSi da, maT Soris,
tradiciul konteqstSi,
magram ar amoiwureba misiT.
qristianoba sinagogur tradiciaSi aRmocenda, magram
swored pirovnebaTSorisi
urTierToba iyo am ukanasknelis SemoqmedebiTi gadalaxvis warmarTveli Zala. igive
moxda berZnul-romaul
tradiciasTan mimarTebiT.
pirovnebis amgvari konteqstidan gamosvla SeiZleba
moxdes, magaliTad, mistikuri
eqstazisas, magram, rogorc
origenesTan da dionise
areopagelTan Cans, igi
aucileblad ubrundeba imave
konteqsts, ris wiaRSic
ganxorcielda es eqstazi/
transcenzusi, anu qristianobis SemTxvevaSi erTobas
ubrundeba da amdidrebs mas
Tavisi mistikuri gamocdilebiT; amdidrebs da amowmebs
Tavis gamocdilebas erTobis
gamocdilebiT. es pirovnebisa
da erTobis daZabuli urTierTobaa da, amdenad, ar
gulisxmobs mSvid da wynar
Tanacxovrebas (daZabuloba
TviT mociqulTa Sorisac ki
arsebobda). magram qristianuli Temi upiratesad RvTismsaxuri Temi iyo, Sedgeboda
konkretuli pirovnebebisagan
da, amdenad, is iyo pirovnebebis cocxali, SemoqmedebiTi
kavSiri _ aki eklesiis
upirvelesi simbolo qristes
sxeulis, anu cocxali,
TviTzrdadi organizmis
simboloa, sadac organoebi/
ujredebi arian pirovnebebi
da maT Soris ar arsebobs
raime balasti, zombirebuli
naxevradcocxali qsovili
(xolo merab mamardaSvilis
gamonaTqvamis mixedviT,
zombirebuli sxeuli imiTaa
saSiSi, rom igi iTxovs sxvis
sisxls). swored amgvari balastia gadagvarebuli tradicia/
tradiciuloba. aseTi balasti
arTmevs energias/sicocxles
pirovnebebs. igi SeiZleba
izrdebodes da ikavebdes sul
ufro met adgils saerTo
organizmSi. man mTlianad
SeiZleba gadaagvaros da daRupos sxeuli. anu, idiologizebuli tradicia spobs
pirovnebas. aseT garemoSi
advili xdeba adamianebis
gawirva, maTiT manipulireba.
igi ar cnobs arc Tavisians da
arc sxvas, radgan misTvis
„Tavisianic“ mxolod uaxloesi msxverplia, romliTac
sazrdoobs da romelsac
sabolood Tavisianad _ zombirebul qsovilad _ aqcevs.
sxvebis mimarT ki is agresiulia, radgan isini ar arian
moqceuli misi xelmisawvdomobis areSi. gardauvalia
didxans daimalos aseTi
siSmage. igi Tavad gamoaCens
Tavs, romc ar iarsebos
gamaRizianebelma faqtorebma
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
Solidarity
(vTqvaT, arasasurvelma
wignebma). aseTi zombiqsovili
manam inarCunebs Tavis naxevarsicocxles, sanam an sasikvdilod ar daasneulebs im
sxeuls, sadac binadrobs, an
vidre ar aRkveTen mis
metastazur gavrcelebas.
aRkveTis sxvadasxva xerxi
arsebobs _ kanonieri da ukanono (Tumca orive kanonzomieria). anu, an kanoniereba
SezRudavs fundamentalizmis
agresias, an ukanono da ufro
mZlavrad agresiuli
Seuwynarebloba da Zalmomreoba. pirveli ganxorcielda/
xorcieldeba dasavleTSi
(kanonierebis met-naklebi
dacviT), meore ki srulad _
ruseTSi da mis sivrceSi, anu
saqarTveloSic. am ukanasknelma ar gaamarTla (verc
gaamarTlebda: ukanono
Zalmomreoba xom aranair
simarTles ar atarebs Tavis
TavSi), radgan ideologizebulma sarwmunoebam axali
ZaliT kvlav iCina Tavi _
ruseTSi da axla, gasaocrad
Tu kanonzomierad, saqarTveloSic. maSasadame, erTaderTi
gza aris dasavluri
gamocdilebis (maTi Secdomebis gaTvaliswinebiTac
sekularizaciis gzaze)
gaziareba. es ki moiTxovs
maqsimalur tolerantizms,
romelic pacifizmisa da pasiuri poziciis, anu uprincipo
Riaobis igiveobrivi ar aris.
Semwynarebloba, garda imisa,
rom kanons gulisxmobs (rac
ukve vTqviT), aseve gulisxmobs
religiur organizmSi arsebuli dadebiTi, sasicocxlo
Zalebis waxalisebasac.
„zombisxeulis“ zemoT
daxatuli mZafri suraTis
Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
19
#3(36)
miuxedavad, ra Tqma unda, ar
arsebobs realur, „miwier“
cxovrebaSi „miwieri“ absoluturi boroti Zala _ es ukanasknelic miTiuri azrovnebis
nayofia. stimulireba,
qmediTi donacia, sasargeblo
sazogadoebriv saqmianobaSi
CarTva da TanamSromloba
yovelTvisaa SesaZlebeli.
Tanamedrove dasavleTi
swored am xerxs mimarTavs
Tavis SigniTac da gareTac
ukiduresi zomebis gverdiT
(ukidures zomebSi vgulisxmobT saomar moqmedebebs).
sasargeblo iqneboda religiur organizaciebSi calkeuli
gaxsnili pirovnebebisa da
jgufebis moZieba da maTTvis
xelSewyoba. aseve mniSvnelovania Teoriuli Ziebebis
warmarTva ama Tu im religiis
sferoSi da miRebuli Sedegebis
praqtikulad ganxorcielebis
SeTavazeba religiuri instituciisaTvis. magaliTad,
marTlmadidebluri saeklesio
instituciis marTva-gamgeobis,
msaxurebis raobisa da organizebis istoriul/Teologiuri
kvleva da adamianis Rirsebisa
da tradiciis SeubRalaobis
dacviT konkretuli formis
wardgineba misTvis. aseTi
Teoriuli samuSao SeiZleba
ganxorcieldes erToblivad
_ Tu amis survils gamoTqvams
konkretuli religiuri
organizacia, saxelmwifom
SeiZleba SesTavazos mas
garkveuli samsaxuri. magaliTad, amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi konstantinopolis
marTlmadidebeli eklesiis
diocezSi aris wes-gangeba,
romlis mixedviTac sasuliero
pirad kandidatis kurTxeva
ar xdeba, Tu igi ar gaivlis
fiqologiur testirebas
TOLERANCE
sajaro samedicino dawesebulebaSi. aseTi samsaxuris
SeTavazeba savsebiT SesaZlebelia saxelmwifos mxridan
qarTul realobaSi. amave dros,
imave diocezSi ar xdeba im
pirebis xeldasxma, romlebsac
ara aqvT Sesabamisi Teologiuri ganaTleba, rac ar unda
warmatebuli iyos kandidati
sxva profesiaSi _ iqneba es
filosofia, fsiqologia Tu
sxva dargi. saxelmwifom/sazogadoebam religiur organizacias SeiZleba warudginos Sesabamisi Teologiuri
ganaTlebis pirebi da zogierT
SemTxvevaSi mosTxovos kidec
mas mxolod ganaTlebis saministros mier akreditebuli
Teologiuri saswavleblis
kursdamTavrebulis gaweseba
sazogadoebrivad mniSvnelovan postze, rac saqarTveloSi
aris kidec is adgili, romelic
sasuliero pirs uWiravs.
cxadia, es unda ganxorcieldes ara dogmatur swavlebebSi
Carevis gziT, aramed
profesional da daxelovnebul Teolog-mecnierTa
koreqtuli rCevebis
gaTvaliswinebis Sedegad.
aq SegviZlia davsvaT kiTxva,
SeiZleba Tu ara saqarTvelos
marTlmadidebeli eklesiis
(sme), rogorc institutis,
marTva-gamgeobis imgvarad
gamarTva, rom moixsnas demokratiul faseulobebTan misi
Seusabamoba. anu demokratiuloba arsebiTad ewinaaRmdegeba Tu ara marTlmadideblur
tradicias? Tavad kaTolikospatriarqis, ilia meoris, 2010
wlis saaRdgomo epistole
mkveTrad xazs usvams imas,
rom araviTari aseTi Seusabamoba ar arsebobs. es marTlac
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
20
asea, radgan farTodaa aRiarebuli adamianTa uflebebis
konvenciis qristianuli (ra
Tqma unda, ara mxolod qristianuli) safuZvlebi. maSasadame, savsebiT dasaSvebia, rom
SeiZleba sme-s imgvarad organizeba, rom is ar ewinaaRmdegebodes elementarul demokratiulobas, adamianis Rirsebas. oRond amisaTvis unda
arsebobdes sakmarisi keTilganwyoba da neba. magram, SeimCneva ki aseTi keTilganwyoba
sme-Si? SeuiaraRebeli
TvaliT es SeiZleba ar iyos
saCino, magram xelisuflebisa
da sazogadoebis Zalisxmevis
SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba aRmoCndes samuSaos ganxorcielebis
SesaZlebloba.
aseve mniSvnelovani aspeqtia
RvTismsaxurebac. arsebobs
marTlmadidebeli eklesiis
aseTi ganmarteba: eklesia
upiratesad saRvTismsaxuro
erTobaa. rogorc saeklesio
ierarqiuli agebuleba asaxavda im epoqis sazogadoebriv/
politikur struqturas,
romelSic is moqmedebda
Riaobisa da Semoqmedebis
principiT, aseve RvTismsaxurebac ireklavda da Tavis
TavSi axorcielebda
saeklesio struqturas. xolo
RvTismsaxureba aris upiratesad is sfero, romelic
iTvisebda, xvewda, aviTarebda
da gardaqmnida garemo kulturis monacemebsa da miRwevebs,
rogorebicaa, arqiteqtura,
musika, poezia, ritorika,
mwerloba, saxviTi xelovneba
da sxv., gansakuTrebiT ki _
ritualur/Teatralur
xelovnebas. maSasadame,
yovelive es dResac SeiZleba
Teologiurad da Semoqmede-
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü
solidaroba
biTad iqnes ganxiluli da
aTvisebuli. es, ra Tqma unda,
ar gulisxmobs protestantuli liberaluri Teologiis2
Secdomebis gameorebas.
marTlmadidebluri mdidari
tradicia da sxvadasxva
qveyanaSi misi Tanamedrove
niuansuri gansxvavebulobebi
RvTismsaxurebis iseTnairad
koreqtirebis saSualebas
iZleva, romelic aranairad
ar moaxdens Zalmomreobas
masze da, amave dros, srulad
Tu ara, misaRebad mainc
SesabamisobaSi moiyvans mas
Tanamedrove demokratiul
RirebulebebTan.
SeiZleba taZris imgvarad
aSeneba, rom klirossa (samRvdelo dassa) da mrevls Soris
mijna ar iyos mkveTrad gavlebuli; amrigad SesaZlebeli
iqneba morwmuneTa ufro aqtiuri CarTva ritualSi da ara
mxolod pasiuri Tanadamswrisa da mayureblis rolSi
yofna ise, rogorc es dResaa.
aseve, SesaZlebelia tradiciul
xmovanebaze, musikalur
kanonebsa da teqnikaze
dayrdnobiT axali sagaloblebis Semotana, rac ufro
aqtiuri monawileobis SesaZleblobas miscemda mrevls.
metic, SeiZleba sruliad
axali sagaloblebis Seqmna _
aseTi ram ganxorcielda Zvelad saqarTveloSic, slavur
orTodoqsiaSic, rumineTSic
da axlac xdeba dasavlur
eparqiebSi.
sasurvelia Zveli liturgiebis
xelaxla amoqmedeba (iakobis,
antioqiuris, markozis,
grigol RvTismetyvelis da
sxv.), aseve konstantinopoluri
saqalaqo tipikonis (RvTismsaxurebis wes-gangebis) gamarTva,
romelic me-15 saukunemdec ki
SemorCa TesalonikSi, rac
SesaZlebels gaxdida berul/
asketuri tipikonisa da am,
aseve Zveli, tipikonis monacvleobas. SeiZleba tipikonis
axleburad gamarTvac dramis
tradiciuli da Tanamedrove
Teoriebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
SeiZleboda aseve episkoposebis Sesamoslis gamartiveba im
saimperatoro regaliebisagan,
marTlmadideblurma
RvTismsaxurebam rom SeiZina
me-15 saukuneSi, ese igi,
osmanTa imperiiis uRelqveS
yofnisas. aseTi ram rusulbizantiuri letargiuli Zilburanisagan gamosvlis
SesaZleblobas gazrdida.
dogmaturad savsebiT SesaZlebelia axali liturgiis
Seqmnac da ase Semdeg.
dabolos. fundamentalizmi
Tu radikaluri Tu fanati-
kuri marTlmadidebloba,
romelsac am statiaSi qarTuli
marTlmadidebloba vuwodeT,
ar aris gadaulaxavi movlena.
aseTi religiuri situaciebi
damaxasiaTebelia gardamaval
periodSi myofi Camoyalibebadi saxelmwifoebisaTvis.
mTavaria saxelmwifosa da
sazogadoebis mxridan Zalisxmevis mouduneloba demokratiuli ganviTarebisTvis.
tolerantuloba da Riaoba
damaxasiaTebelia ganviTarebuli saxelmwifo/sazogadoebrivi kulturis qveynebisaTvis. umciresobebis
uflebebis upativcemloba,
pirovnebis unikalurobis
ugulebelyofa da, zogadad,
agresiuli radikaluroba
yvelas da yvelafris mimarT
didad aris dakavSirebuli
araswori arCevanis gakeTebasTan, magram arc swori arCevania sakmarisi, Tu mas ar mosdevs ganuxreli dacva imisa,
rac marTebulad aris
miCneuli.
SeniSvnebi:
1
2
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
`dadga pavle Sua areopagSi da Tqva: aTenelebo... imas gaxarebT, visac
Seucnoblad eTayvanebiT. RmerTi, samyarosa da yovelive samyaroulis
Semoqmedi, cisa da miwis ufali... yvelas TviTon aniWebs sicocxles. [...]
erTi sisxlisagan Seqmna man kacTa mTeli modgma..., raTa eZiaT RmerTi..,
Tumca Sors rodia TviTeuli Cvenganisagan. [...] ase rom, RmerTma
ugulebelyo umecrebis droni da axla yvelgan ubrZanebs yvela kacs, rom
moinanion. vinaidan daadgina dRe, roca simarTliT ganikiTxavs
qveynierebas misganve winaswar arCeuli kacis mier, visiTac misca rwmena
yvelas imis wyalobiT, rom mkvdreTiT aRadgina igi“ (saqm 17. 23-31).
liberaluri Teologia iyo ZiriTadad germaniaSi me-19 saukunis
dasasrulis da me-20 saukunis pirveli ocwledis protestantuli
mimdinareoba, romelmac mkacri kritika ganicada Semdgom aTwleulebSi.
Solidarity
Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
21
#3(36)
TOLERANCE
adreuli eklesiis damokidebuleba
gansxvavebuli
rwmenis mqone
adamianebisadmi
daviT TinikaSvili
religiuri tolerantobis
yvelaze cnobili magaliTi
mociqulTa cxovrebaSi aris,
rodesac pavle mociquli
aTenSi mimarTavs areopagel
warmarT filosofosebs
Semdegi sityvebiT: `kacno
aTenelno, yvelaferSi gatyobT,
rom Zalian morwmuneni xarT,
vinaidan, roca gaviare da
davaTvaliere Tqveni saTayvano adgilebi, vnaxe samsxverploc, romelsac aweria:
`ucnob RmerTs~. me giqadagebT mas, visac ar icnobT da
eTayvanebiT~ (saqme 17: 22-23).
momdevno saukuneebSi mociqulis amgvar taqtikas
iyenebdnen qristianuli
eklesiis Rirseuli Svilebi
gansxvavebul religiur
garemoSi (uaxlesi magaliTi,
XIX saukunisa, ixileT wm. siluan aTonelis cxovrebaSi,
rodesac igi sayvedurobs
erT-erT misioners, romelic
xisti meTodebiT cdilobda
araqristianTa evangelizacias, da uTiTebs zemoT citirebul epizods).
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
22
zneobrivi tolerantobis
yvelaze cnobili magaliTi ki
Semdegia: farisevlebi
qristes mruSobaSi daWeril
qals miuyvanen da misi
Caqolvis nebarTvas iTxoven.
qristes pasuxi aseTia: `vinc
Tqven Soris ucodvelia,
pirveli man esrolos qva~. rac
Seexeba uSualod gansasjel
qals, miuxedavad imisa, rom
moses rjulis Tanaxmad aseTi
qalebis Caqolva maSin
Cveulebrivi wesi iyo, qriste
mas Semdegi sityvebiT mimarTavs: `wadi da amieridan
nuRar scodav~ (in. 8:11).
damokidebuleba
warmarTebisadmi
rogoria qristianuli eklesiis tradiciuli damokidebuleba gansxvavebuli
rwmenis mqone adamianebis
mimarT (iqnebian isini warmarTebi Tu sxva religiis mimdevrebi)? jer kidev bibliis
pirveli nawili, Zveli aRTqma
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü
solidaroba
miuTiTebs im warmarTebze,
romlebic rCeuli eris miRma
imyofebodnen, Tumca RvTismoSiS ebraelebze aranaklebad `mosawonni~ iyvnen
uflisTvis. aseTebi iyvnen,
mag., iobi (ix. biblia, wigni
iobisa 1:1); melqisedeki,
romelsac mociquli pavle
uwodebs RvTis Zis msgavss da
maradiul mRvdels (ebr. 7:3);
iaTori, midiameli (e. i.
araiudeveli) mRvdeli, moses
simamri (gamos. 2:16) da sxv.
pavle mociquli brZanebs,
rom warmarTebs sakuTari
sindisis moTxovnebis dacviT
SeuZliaT gadarCena da
uflis wyalobis miReba. imis
gamo, rom iudevelTa msgavsad,
dawerili rjuli ar hqondaT
warmarTebs, mociqulis mier
`bunebiT rjulad~ wodebuli
sindisi RmerTma Tavad maT
bunebaSi Cado. pavle wers:
`roca warmarTni, romelTac
rjuli ar gaaCniaT, bunebiTi
rjulis mixedviT cxovroben,
Tumca rjuli ara aqvT,
TavianTi Tavis rjuli arian.
isini aCveneben, rom rjulis
saqme gulebSi uweriaT, rasac
mowmobs maTi sindisi da
azrebi~ (rom. 2:14).
ieso qriste Tavisi amqveyniuri moRvaweobis dros
warmarTebSi zogjer iseT
rwmenas xedavda, romelsac
TviT ebraelebSic ki ver
poulobda: `da roca es gaigona
iesom, gaukvirda da uTxra
maT, vinc mihyveboda: amin
geubnebiT Tqven: israelSic
ver vipove aseTi rwmena~ (maT.
8:10).
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
Solidarity
saqme mociqulTas wigni aseve
mogviTxrobs kornelios
asisTavis Sesaxeb, romelic
iyo warmarTi, magram
romelzec mociquli ambobs,
rom misi locvebi Sesmenil
iqna uflis mier (saqm. 10:31).
swored am ucnauri faqtis
gamo petre mociquli
aRfrTovanebuli RaRadebs
Semdegs: `WeSmaritad miukerZoebelia ufali, radgan
yvela xalxSi misi moSiSi da
simarTlis moqmedi saTnoa
misTvis~ (saq. 10:35).
msgavs Tvalsazriss gamoTqvamdnen SemdgomSi qristianuli
eklesiis udidesi moRvawenic.
wm. grigol RvTismetyveli
(V s.) miuxedavad imisa, rom
zogjer warmarT filosofosTa cdomilebebis Sesaxeb
saubrobda, saqebar sityvebs
ar iSurebs maT mimarT. igi
erT-erTi Tavisi mowafisaT-
Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
23
#3(36)
vis daweril poemaSi (saTauriT
`saTnoebis Sesaxeb~) imaze
miuTiTebs, Tu rogor SeuZlia
qristians sakuTari Tavis
aRzrda warmarT filosofosTa cxovrebis magaliTebiT.
aseve, wm. basili didma, rogorc cnobilia, warmarTTa
qveli saqmeebis aRweras
mTeli traqtati miuZRvna
Semdegi saTauriT
`axalgazrdebs imis Sesaxeb,
Tu rogor miviRoT
sargebloba warmarTuli
Txzulebebisgan~.
wm. ioane damaskelis TqmiT
ki, `gareSe~ (anu araqristianul) sibrZneSi, marTalia,
aris raRac miuRebeli, magram maTgan SesaZlebelia
`wminda oqros~ gamorCevac,
romlisganac `udidesi
Zlierebis SeZenas SevZlebT~
(ix. marTlmadidebeli
sarwmunoebis zedmiwevniTi
gadmocema, Tavi 90).
aseve, wm. ioane oqropiri (IV s.),
magaliTad, Semdegi
sityvebiT mimarTavda Tavis
mrevls: `Tu wm. werilidan ver
swavlobT, maSin iZulebuli
var warmarTebisgan mogiyvanoT
magaliTebi~ (È. Çëàòîóñò.
Òâîðåíèÿ. ò. 7, gv. 201).
wm. maqsime aRmsareblis (VI s.)
TqmiT, xSirad warmarTebsa
da barbarosebs keTili
arCevanis gakeTebaSi suliwminda exmareba, romelic
maTSi sindisis saxiT aris
warmodgenili: `...mravals
aRmovaCenT ukiduresad
barbarosul da momTabare
adamianTa Soris, romlebic
keTilmSvenierebas ganikuTvneben da ZvelTaganve maT
TOLERANCE
Soris gabatonebul mxecur
kanonebs ukuagdeben. ai,
amgvarad aris yvelaSi suliwminda~ (wm. maqsime aRmsarebeli.
saRvTo werilis sxvadasxva
sirTulis Sesaxeb. kiTxva 15).
SesaZloa wm. maqsime eyrdnoba
saxarebis sityvebs, romelTa
mixedviTac qristes ewodeba
“naTeli WeSmariti, romelic
gananaTlebs yvela kacs,
momavals qveynad~ (in. 1:9).
wm. iustine filosofosi (I I I s.):
`yvelaferi, rac ki odesme
kargi uTqvamT filosofosebsa da kanonmdeblebs,
yovelive es maT mier gamoTqmulia logosis (RvTis. _ d.
T.) Wvretis Sedegad, romelic
aris qriste” (apologia 2:10).
klimenti aleqsandrieli
(I I I s.): `elinebisaTvis filosofia iseTive mimyvanebeli
iyo qristesTan, rogoric
rjuli iudevelTaTvis~
(stromatebi 3:14).
amrigad, rogorc Tanamedrove Teologebi samarTlianad
miuTiTeben, swored imis
gamo, rom eklesiis mamaTa
umravlesoba antikur (warmarTul) filosofias ganixilavda rogorc qristianuli
WeSmaritebisaken mimaval
gzas, `Zveli qristianuli
taZrebis karibWeebSi
mowameebisa da wmindanebis
gverdiT gamosaxuli iyo
sokrate, platoni da aristotele...~ (alfeevi, Tavi 1).
amitomac sruliadac ar aris
gasakviri maTi keTilganwyobili damokidebuleba
warmarTi moazrovneebisadmi.
magaliTad, wm. basili didi,
wm. grigol RvTismetyveli da
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
24
wm. grigol noseli warmarT
libaniosSi (romelic maTi
maswavlebeli iyo antikur
filosofiaSi), iseve rogorc
yvela sxva araqristianSi,
upirveles yovlisa, RvTis
xatad Seqmnil adamians xedavdnen da ara mters, raSic
mkiTxveli Tavad darwmundeba,
rodesac gaecnoba xsenebul
wm. mamebsa da libanioss
Soris mimoweras. swored
amgvari midgoma gamoxatavda
adreuli qristianuli
eklesiis WeSmarit suls da
es kargad unda gvaxsovdes,
Tu gvsurs viyoT am eklesiis
namdvili Svilebi.
gTavazobT wm. basili didisa
da libaniosis mimoweris
nimuSebs, saidanac naTlad
igrZnoba maT Soris arsebuli
uRrmesi pativiscema da urTierT-dafaseba (miuxedavad im
faqtisa, rom libaniosi
qristianobis dauZinebeli
mtris, imperator iuliane
gandgomilis maswavlebeli
da megobari gaxldaT).
libanioss basili: `bevri
Segvxvda Seni sityvebis
mSvenierebiT gakvirvebuli.
isini miyvebodnen, rom ixiles
raRac didebuli sanaxaoba.
yvela eswrafvoda erTgan
Sekrebas; qalaqSi araferi
Canda, garda libaniosisa da
mis mosasmenad Semokrebiliyo
yvela asakis msmeneli; aravis
ar undoda mokleboda am
gamosvlaze daswrebas, arc
pativiT ganebivrebulebs,
arc jariskacebsa da arc
mRebavebs. qalebic ki movidnen iq. risTvis iyo aseTi
moswrafeba an visma sityvam
moiyvana amdeni xalxi? esec
miTxres, rom am kacis sityva
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü
solidaroba
iseTi gansacvifrebelia, rom
Znelia misi warmodgena. nu
dagzardeba CemTvis am sityvebis gamogzavna, rom mec Seni
sityvebis maqebeli viqne,
radgan Tuki umizezodac
vaqeb libanioss, axla qebis
mizezsac movZebnidi”.
basilis libaniosi: `axla
mivxvdi, rom, Tu basilisagan
viqebi, yvelafers SevZleb.
rodesac Seni ganCineba miviRe,
laRad daviwye siaruli, rogorc gaamayebulma da yovelives ararad miviCnevdi.
aseve minda Sen mier memTvraleobis Sesaxeb dawerili
sityvis wakiTxva. mWevrmetyveluri saubris survili ar
maqvs, vidre ar wavikiTxav
Sens sityvas. is ganmswavlis
metyvelebis xelovnebaSi~
(n. qajaia. basili kesarielis
TxzulebaTa Zveli qarTuli
Targmanebi, gv. 258-259; wm.
efrem mciris mier Sesrulebuli aRniSnuli epistoleebis
Zveli qarTuli Targmanebi
axalqarTulad gadmoiRo
zurab jaSma).
wm. serafim saroveli (XIX s.)
suliwmindis moqmedebis
sazRvrebs ver xedavs: `ara
iseTi ZaliT, rogorc saRvTo
erSi, magram saRvTo sulis
gamovlineba warmarTebSic
xdeboda, romlebic ar icnobdnen WeSmarit RmerTs, radgan maT Sorisac ki poulobda
RmerTi Tavis rCeul
adamianebs. aseTebi iyvnen,
magaliTad, qalwuli winaswarmetyvelebi _ sibilebi,
romlebmac Tavisi qalwuloba,
marTalia, ucnob RmerTs
Seswires, magram mainc
RmerTs, samyaros Semoqmedsa
da yovlismpyrobels, samyaros
ganmgebels, rogoradac igi
warmarTebs hyavdaT warmodgenili. aseve warmarTi
filosofosebi, romlebic,
marTalia saRvTo naTels
moklebulni wyvdiadSi daexetebodnen, magram eZebdnen ra
WeSmaritebas, romelic
RvTisaTvis didad mosawonia,
SeeZloT RvTisaTvis mosawoni
am Ziebis gamo ar yofiliyvnen uTanaziaro saRvTo
sulTan, vinaidan naTqvamia:
`warmarTebi, romlebic
RmerTs ar icnoben, bunebiT
rjuls da RvTisTvis saTno
saqmeebs aRasruleben~ (wm.
serafim saroveli. saubari
motovilovTan // `jvari
vazisa~, #4, 1992).
warmarT winaswarmetyvel
sibilebTan dakavSirebiT
aseve davimowmebdiT meore
saukunis moRvawes, wm. Teofile antioqiels, romelic,
marTalia, ukiduresad
uaryofiT damokidebulebas
iCenda zogadad antikuri
sibrZnis mimarT, magram uSualod sibilinur teqstebs
WeSmarit winaswarmetyvelebebs uwodebs (ix. am wm. mamis
Cvenamde moRweuli erTaderTi
naSromi saTauriT `avtolikesadmi~, wigni 2, Tavebi 31, 36
// krebuli: `sityva marTlisa
sarwmunoebisa”, t. 1, Tb., 1990).
mkiTxvels minda SevTavazo
ori gansxvavebuli xedva qristianuli eklesiis damokidebulebaze qristianobis
gareT myofi adamianebis
sulieri gadarCenis Sesaxeb:
mitropoliti antoni suroJeli: `...zogierTi qristiani
fiqrobs, rom TiTqos arsebobs RvTaebrivi madlis raRac
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
Solidarity
xiluli samefo, romlis
sazRvrebs iqiTac sruli
udabno da sulieri sicariele iwyeba. saeWvoa, rom es ase
iyos. qriste iseTi mravalferovani gziT aZlevs adamianebs sakuTar madls, rom Cven
amis warmodgenac ki ar SegviZlia. (...) aviRoT Tundac
pavle mociqulis sityvebi,
romlis mixedviTac warmarTebi uflis rjuliT xelmZRvaneloben, romelic maT
gulebSia Cawerili; iudevelebi moses saSualebiT miRebuli rjuliT, xolo qristianebi qristes rjuliT (rom.
2:14 da Semd). warmarTebi ar
icnobdnen qristes, magram
maT amis istoriuli SesaZleblobac ki ar hqoniaT.
adamianis maradiul cxonebas
ver daayenebT eWvis qveS
mxolod im mizeziT, rom igi,
magaliTad, centralur afrikaSi daibada im epoqaSi,
rodesac iq jer kidev
arcerTi qristiani misioneri
ar iyo misuli. am SemTxvevaSi
adamianis sulieri gadarCena
geografiiTa da istoriiT
iqneboda SemosazRvruli da
ara mgonia ase martivad
azrovnebdes RmerTi...~
(Ìèòðîïîëèò Àíòîíèé
Ñóðîæñêèé. Î Âñòðå÷å. Êëèí
1999, gv. 168).
arqimandriti rafael karelini: `...profesori osipovi
warmarTTa mier qristes
mimarT rwmenis arqonis
obieqtur mizezebze saubrobs.
magram yvela obieqturi
mizezis ukan uflis gangeba
dgas, romelic sakuTar TavSi
moicavs da, ase vTqvaT,
marTavs am mizezebs. ase rom,
yvela obieqturi mizezi erT
subieqtur mizezamde SeiZ-
Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
25
#3(36)
leba daviyvanoT _ adamianis
uunarobamde iwamos qriste,
rogorc RmerTi da macxovari. amitom ra garemoSic ar
unda yofiliyvnen isini (vinc
ar icnobs qristes. _ d. T.),
mainc ver SeZlebdnen qristes
aRiarebas» (Àðõèìàíäðèò
Ðàôàèë (Êàðåëèí). Êàêîå
Ñîãëàñèå Ìåæäó Õðèñòîì è
ïðîô. À. È. Îñèïîâûì. Êðåñò
ñâ. Íèíû, 2002, gv. 27-28).
vfiqrob, sruliad ar unda
iyos Zneli mkiTxvelisTvis
swori daskvnis gamotana.
damokidebuleba sxva
(monoTeisturi)
religiebisadmi
VI I saukunidan, islamis warmoSobisTanave, sxva religiebis mimarT qristianuli eklesiis Tavdapirveli loialoba
da zomiereba warsuls
Cabarda. Tavidan qristianuli
sazogadoebis reaqcia
dialogisTvis mzadyofnaSi
gamoixata, Tumca aman Zalian
male miiRo samxedro
Tavdacvisa da kontrSetevis
saxe. am periodSi bizantiaSi
antiislamuri Txzulebebis
mTeli seria Seiqmna (mag., ix.
wm. ioane damaskelis (VI I I s.)
mkveTrad kritikuli nawerebi
islamis winaaRmdeg).
jvarosnuli laSqrobebis
Semdeg polemikis RvarZlma
odnav iklo da Tanaarsebobis
garkveuli formac gamoiZebna.
magaliTad, rodesac wm.
franCesko asizeli (XI I I s.)
mexuTe jvarosnuli laSqrobis
dros egvipteSi Cavida
(Tumca, rogorc cnobilia,
wm. franCesko maincdamainc
didi mxardamWeri ar iyo
TOLERANCE
jvarosnuli laSqrobebisa,
radgan araZaladobas
aniWebda upiratesobas), igi
muslimebma daapatimres da
sastikad scemes. egviptis
sulTanma al-malikma hkiTxa,
iyo Tu ara igi jvarosnebis
mier gamogzavnili `mzveravi~.
franCeskom upasuxa, rom is
marTlac iyo mauwyebeli,
oRond uflis WeSmaritebis
mauwyebeli. Semdeg wmindani
qristes siyvarulis Sesaxeb
iwyebs saubars da aRniSnavs,
rom mas aseve surs sulTanisa
da mis msaxurTa sulebis
gadarCena. sulTani Zalze
ganacvifra wm. franCeskos
simamacem. sul cota xnis win
muslimebma sastikad daamarcxes qristiani jvarosnebi,
axla ki erTi maTgani
acxadebs, rom muslimebma
qristianoba unda miiRon.
magram wm. franCeskosgan
momavalma usazRvro
siyvarulma SeZra sulTani
da, rogorc im drois erTi
avtori wers, `sastiki mxeci
mSvid da keTilganwyobil
arsebad gadaiqca~. magram
sulTanis mrCevlebze sulac
ar mouxdenia msgavsi STabeWdileba wmindanis sityvebs,
isini misTvis Tavis mokveTas
iTxovdnen, rogorc amas
muslimuri rjuli awesebda.
amis Semdeg wm. franCesko da
misi Tarjimani ramdenime dRes
darCnen muslimTa Soris da
bolos wm. franCesko da sulTani gulTbili sityvebiT
gamoemSvidobnen erTmaneTs.
adreul franciskanul literaturaSi moipoveba erTi
Canaweri, sadac aRniSnulia,
rom sulTanma al-malikma
sikvdilis win qristianoba
miiRo (...). vfiqrob, Zalian
mniSvnelovania is garemoeba,
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
26
rom wm. franCeskos ar dauwyia Seteva arc muslimuri
religiis da arc muhamedis
winaaRmdeg. mas ar sWeria erT
xelSi yurani da meoreSi kaTolikuri eklesiis katexizmo,
raTa ganeqiqebina muslimTa
religiuri swavleba. misi
erTaderTi mizani iyo uflis
siyvarulis Cveneba yvela
adamianisTvis, rasac yovelTvis ufro meti Sedegi moaqvs,
vidre gauTavebel saRvTismetyvelo kamaTebs (F. Rega,
Author of the book: “St Francis and
The Conversion of the Muslims”,
December 2007 // http://members.aol.
com/fmrega7francisandconversion.htm)
Semwynarebluri damokidebulebis sxva magaliTi: arqiepiskoposi anastasi Tavis naSromSi qristianuli eklesiis
erT-erTi udidesi moRvawis,
wm. grigol palamas (XIV s.)
magaliTs imowmebs (romelic
jer aTonis mTaze ubralo
berad moRvaweobda, xolo
mogvianebiT qalaq Tesalonikis arqiepiskoposi gaxda), Tu
rogor keTilganwyobasa da
pativiscemas avlenda igi
muslim TeologebTan dialogis dros: `wm. grigol palama
yvelanairad cdilobs ar
Seuracxyos mosaubreTa religiuri grZnobebi. marTalia,
SeTanxmeba ver iqna miRweuli,
magram pativiscema da urTierTdafasebis ganwyoba maT
Soris SenarCunebuli iyo.
`dasasruls muslimi liderebi
wamodgnen, pativis migebiT
gamoemSvidobnen Tesalonikis
arqiepiskoposs da gaemgzavrnen~ (To the Atheist Chionai, 246).
zogjer ki, roca wm. grigoli
amCnevda, rom Tanamosaubreni
rTul mdgomareobaSi iyvnen,
igi myisve TavazianobiTa da
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü
solidaroba
delikaturobiT cdilobda
uxerxuli situaciis ganmuxtvas Tavisi moxdenili iumoriT: `me isini kvlav gavamxiarule da Tavaziani RimiliT
mivuge imams: `am sakiTxze rom
erTi Sexeduleba gvqonoda,
maSin rwmenac xom erTi
gveqneboda?~ (Letter to David the
Disypatos). ase rom, ori gansxvavebuli religiis warmomadgenelTa Soris iseTi megobruli
atmosfero iyo SenarCunebuli,
rom dialogis monawile
erTma muslimma Tavisi imedi
Semdegi sityvebiTac ki gamoxata: `aucileblad dadgeba
dRe, rodesac Cven Tanxmobas
mivaRwevT~ (Letter to David..., 233)”
(Archbishop Anastasios (Yannoulatos).
Facing the World: Orthodox Christian
Essays on Global Concerns. Geneva,
WCC Publications, 2003, 110).
gansxvavebuli rwmenis
adamianebisadmi damokidebulebisa da maTTan gaerTianebis TvalsazrisiT aseve
sainteresoa wm. basili didis
(IV s.) Semdegi sityvebi: `...ar
unda viTxovdeT maTgan bevrs,
radgan CvenTan gaerTianebis
mosurne Zmebs mxolod nikeis
mrwamsis aRiarebas unda
vTavazobdeT da, Tu isini
amaze Tanaxma iqnebian, Cven
aseve unda vTxovoT maT, rom
suliwmindas ar uwodebdnen
qmnilebas (...). mets arafers
unda viTxovdeT maTgan,
radgan darwmunebuli var,
maTTan ufro xangrZlivi
urTierTobebisa da kamaTis
suliskveTebisgan
Tavisufali erToblivi
msjelobis Sedegad, Tuki
saWiro iqneba sicxadisaTvis
kidev raimes damateba,
RmerTi amasac mogvaniWebs...~
(PG 32, 528A). wm. basilis am
sityvebTan dakavSirebiT misi
Semoqmedebis mkvlevari,
arqiepiskoposi vasili
krivoSeini Semdeg komentars
akeTebs: `es teqsti Zalze
mniSvnelovania. mtkiced
iTxovs ra ZiriTad dogmatur
sakiTxebze Tanxmobas, wm. basili didi aseve imasac uSvebs,
rom sxva, naklebad mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis gadaWra
SesaZlebelia gaerTianebis
Semdgom `kamaTis suliskveTebisgan Tavisufali erToblivi msjelobis Sedegad~,
amasTanave Tavad faqti gaerTianebisa amas Zalze Seuwyobs xels~ (Àðõèåï. Âàñèëèé
Êðèâîøåèí. Ýêêëåçèîëîãèÿ
Ñâ. Âàñèëèÿ âåëèêîãî //
Ñòðàíèöû #3:3, 1998, gv. 348).
Semwynarebluri damokidebulebis sxva magaliTi aRmosavleTis eklesiis patristikuli
memkvidreobidan: `erTxel wm.
makari didi Tavis mowafesTan
erTad nitriis mTisken
miemarTeboda. man mowafes
uTxra win wasuliyo. da, ai,
win mimavali erT qurums
gadaeyara, romelic xis
yuTiT xelSi sadRac Zalian
miiCqaroda. makaris mowafem
mas miaZaxa: `sad miiCqari,
demono?~ amiT ganrisxebulma
qurumma sastikad cema igi da
cocxalmkvdari daagdo Zirs.
mcire manZilis gavlis Semdeg
qurumi wm. makari dids
Semoxvda gzaze. wmindani ki
ase miesalma mas: `gagimarjos,
Sromismoyvare adamiano~.
qurumma mas gakvirvebiT
hkiTxa: `ras xedav CemSi
keTils, rom ase mesalmebi?~
`ase imitom mogesalme, rom
gxedav sadRac saqmianad
mimavals~. qurumma upasuxa:
`Seni amgvari mosalmebis gamo
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
Solidarity
momilba me guli da mivxvdi,
rom marTlac uflis diadi
msaxuri xar! meore wyeulma
berma ki, ar vici vin iyo,
Seuracxyofa momayena, risTvisac saTanado sazRauri
mivage~. am sityvebiT qurumi
fexebSi Cauvarda wm. makaris
da eubneba: `ar mogSordebi
manamde, sanam berad ar
aRmkvecav qristianuli
wesiT~. isini erTad mividnen
im adgilamde, sadac nacemi
mowafe iwva da radgan mas
siaruli ar SeeZlo, xeliT
miiyvanes eklesiaSi. rodesac
sxva berebma dainaxes, rom wm.
makari kerpTmsaxur qurumTan
erTad modioda, Zalian
gaukvirdaT. qurumi jer
qristianad moinaTla, Semdeg
ki berobis aRTqmac dado
monastris Zmebis winaSe. am
magaliTma didi gavlena moaxdina sxva kerpTayvanismcemlebze, romelTa nawilma aseve
miiRo qristianoba. wm. makari
didma ki Semdegi ganacxada am
SemTxvevasTan dakavSirebiT:
`amayi da boroti sityva keTil
adamianebsac borotebisken
miaqcevs, xolo keTil da
mdabal sityvas SeuZlia TviT
boroti adamianic ki sikeTisken moabrunos~ (Åïèñêîï
Èãíàòèé. Îòå÷íèê. ÑÏá.,
1903, ¹12, 312).
centralur da samxreTaRmosavleT aziaSi SeRweviT
qristianoba ganviTarebul
religiebs gadaeyara: zoroastrizms, maniqevelobas,
Cinur budizms. religiebis
Sexvedra metad rTul garemo
pirobebSi mimdina-reobda.
am statiaSi ganxilul sakiTxTan mimarTebiT qristianuli
eklesiis doqtrinis brwyinva-
Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
27
#3(36)
le Semajamebel Sexedulebad
SeiZleba miviCnioT oqsfordis universitetis gadamdgari
profesoris, marTlmadidebeli
Teologis, mitropolit
kalistos ueris Semdegi
sityvebi: `mraval adamians
SeuZlia iyos eklesiis wevri,
Tumca garegnulad SesaZloa
ar iyvnen aseTebi; SesaZloa
arsebobdes uxilavi kavSirebi,
miuxedavad garegnuli izolaciisa. RvTis suli iq qris,
sadac mas surs (in. 3:8) da
rogorc wm. irineos lioneli
(I I s.) wers, sadac RvTis sulia,
iq aris eklesiac (Irenaeus. Haer.
3, 24:1). Cven viciT sad aris
eklesia, magram ar SegviZlia
dazustebiT Tqma, Tu sad ar
aris igi~ (Åïèñêîï Êàëëèñò
Óýð. Ïðàâîñëàâíàÿ Öåðêîâü.
Ì., 2001, gv. 319).
sxva religiebis mimarT
SesaZloa qristianoba iyos
kritikuli, magram am
religiis mimdevrebisadmi _
qristes magaliTis mixedviT
_ misi pozicia mxolod
pativiscema da siyvarulia,
vinaidan adamiani yovelTvis
RvTis xatad rCeba. qristiani
Tavisi rwmenis dasamowmeblad
Tavidanve movale iyo dialogi waremarTa sxva mrwamsis
adamianebTan. wm. mamebis Teologia metwilad antikuri
samyaros religiebTan da
filosofiur sistemebTan
uSualo Tu iribi dialogis
nayofia.
amrigad, Tavisuflad SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom mTlianobaSi
qristianoba gansxvavebul
religiaTa da kulturaTa
harmoniuli Tanaarsebobisa
da yvela adamianis sindisis
Tavisuflebis momxrea.
TOLERANCE
statias davamTavrebdi mitropolit anton suroJelis
Semdegi sityvebiT: `RmerTis
gamogoneba aravis ar SeuZlia
da amitomac yvela religia,
romelic RmerTze saubrobs,
saubrobs RmerTis uSualo
gancdidan gamomdinare. es
gamocdileba SeiZleba Zalian
arasruli iyos, magram is
realuria... vfiqrob, dedamiwaze ar arsebobs erTi adamianic ki, romelic ar dacemula
muxlebze cocxali RmerTis
winaSe, romlis siaxlovec man
igrZno. Tumca Semdgom
rogor gamoxatavs igi Tavis
am gamocdilebas gonebis
saSualebiT, rogor formebs
miscems mas, rogor ganmartavs
mas, ai, aq SeiZleba daiwyos
gadaxrebi, Secdomebi... magram
sawyisi gamocdileba yovelTvis realuria~ (Ìèòðîïîëèò
Àíòîíèé Ñóðîæñêèé. Î
âñòðå÷å. Êëèí, 1999, gv. 85).
rodia~. sxva sityvebiT es
niSnavs nebismieri movlenis,
poziciisa Tu Sexedulebebis
Sefasebis unaris
gamomuSavebas adamianSi.
bolosityva
qristiani mowodebulia ara
Semwynareblobisken, sxvisi
atanisken, aramed siyvarulisken, radikaluri siyvarulisken. qristianobis mTavari
principia: giyvardes codvili, magram gZuldes codva,
giyvardes ara mxolod
moyvasi, aramed mteric,
arafers vambobT gansxvavebulad moazrovne adamianebis
siyvarulze. Tumca qristianoba ar mouwodebs sakuTar
mimdevrebs yvelafers
daeTanxmon da yvelaferi
miiRon, radgan, rogorc
mociqulTa Tavad miCneuli
pavle wers: `yvelaferi
nebadarTulia CemTvis,
magram yvelaferi sasargeblo
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
28
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü
orientiri
solidaroba
wm. episkoposi gabrieli
sarwmunoebisa
da moqalaqeobis
Sesaxeb
anu: ityoda Tu ara igi uars ekumenizmze?
nino beqiSvili
nugzar papuaSvili
wm. gabrielis cxovrebisa da
moRvaweobis is sakiTxebi,
romelTa ganxilvas axla
SevecdebiT, dakavSirebulia
samoZRvro da zneobrivi
RvTismetyvelebis im sferosTan, romelsac religiurobis
anu morwmuneobis kulturas
vuwodebT. igulisxmeba
piradi religiuri mrwamsisa
da grZnobebis gamovlenis
(eqspresiis) wesi zogadad da,
kerZod, samoqalaqo, e. i. Ria
sazogadoebaSi. morwmuneobis
es reglamenti Tavis TavSi
iseT sakiTxebsac moicavs,
rogoricaa sxva sarwmunoebis
adamianebTan urTierToba,
liberalur da demokratiul
RirebulebebTan damokidebuleba. daismis aseTi kiTxvebi:
ramdenad humanisti da toleranti iyo xsenebuli mRvdelmTavari? mas rom postsabWour
saqarTveloSi, antiekumenuri
suliskveTebiT ganwyobil
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
Solidarity
marTlmadidebelTa Soris
ecxovra, ra pozicias
daiWerda igi, _ dauWerda Tu
ara mxars, magaliTad,
saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis gamosvlas
interkonfesiuri organizaciebidan da ityoda Tu ara
uars ekumenur moZraobaSi
monawileobaze?
es kiTxvebi anu, sxvanairad
rom vTqvaT, wm. mRvdelmTavar gabrielis kavSiri marTlmadideblur nacionalzmTan
da fundamentalizmTan piradad me romis pap ioane-pavle
I I -is saqarTveloSi vizitis
dros (1999 wlis 8-9 noemberi)
aRmeZra. vizits axlda saprotesto aqciebi, romlis monawileebi xSirad sulier
avtoritetebs imowmebdnen da
msmenelebs Seagonebdnen, es
avtoritetebi rom cocxlebi
iyvnen, aseT vizits ar dauS-
Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
29
#3(36)
orientiri
vebdneno. da, ai, gabriel
episkoposis saxelmac
gaiJRera. Jurnalisti nino
taryaSvili korespondenciaSi
`ara gangceT Sen, siqadulo
Cveno marTlmadideblobao~
werda: `samRvdeloebis
garkveuli nawili SiSobs,
rom SesaZlebelia yvelaferi
gegmis mixedviT ar warimarTos
da vTqvaT, romis papi sveticxovlis sakurTxevlisaken
daiZras. aRmoCndeba ki vinme
gabriel episkoposi, rom
uTxras: `Sesdeq, romis papo!~
_ ase SeaCera soboros taZris
sakurTxevlisaken mimavali
imperatori aleqsandre... gabriel episkoposma~ (`kviris
palitra~, 1999, 1-7, XI, #44,
gv. 8).
im gadmocemis usafuZvloba,
rom TiTqos episkoposma
gabrielma imperatori aleqsandre I I I quTaisis sakaTedro
taZris sakurTxevelSi ar
SeuSva, mecnieruladaa dasabuTebuli (T.SakiaSvili, saqarTvelos saegzarqosos istoriidan. samecniero Sromebis
krebuli, Tb., 1999) da am
saganze sityvis gagrZeleba
zedmetia. unda SevniSnoT
mxolod, rom episkoposs, maT
Soris wm. gabriels, msgavsi
qmedebis ufleba ar hqonda:
arsebobs myari saeklesio
tradicia, romlis Tanaxmad
xelmwife orgzis mironcxebulia da mas sakurTxevelSi
Sesvlis ufleba aqvs. am
SemTxvevaSi Cven ufro meore
sakiTxi gvainteresebs: SeuSvebda Tu ara wm. gabrieli
romis paps sakurTxevelSi?
qvemoT warmodgenili masalebisa da msjelobis mizania,
momzaddes pasuxi kiTxvaze:
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
30
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü
solidaroba
rogori stili da profili
axasiaTebda ep. gabrielis
samoZRvro da samRvdelmTavro praqtikas, mis urTierTobas samoqalaqo anu sekularul
sazogadoebasTan? amasTanave
da amasTan kavSirSi: ra
damokidebuleba hqonda mas,
rogorc moazrovnes da
moRvawes, inteleqtualuri,
samoqalaqo da zneobrivi
cxovrebis im normebTan,
rasac Cven dRes dasavlur
Rirebulebebs vuwodebT?
romeli sazogadoebis
wyobileba da cxovrebis
romeli modeli moswnda mas,
_ dasavleT evropuli Tu
aRmosavlur evropuli? ufro
demokratiisaken miiswrafoda
igi Tu tradiciuli aRmosavluri (bizantiur-rusuli)
avtoritarizmisaken? _ yovel
SemTxvevaSi, ara imisaken,
rasac demokratia da liberalizmi hqvia.
cneba `dasavluri Rirebulebebi~ aris ara geografiuli,
aramed sazogadoebaTmcodneobiTi, e.i. kulturologiuri,
sociologiuri da politologiuri (moqalaqeobriobis
TvlsazrisiT) mocemuloba.
misi arsebiTi niSania pirovnebis Tavisufleba, nebis
Tavisufleba, sindisis
Tavisufleba, sxvisi uflebis
gaTvaliswineba, ucxos Sewynareba, misdami gulwrfeli
pativiscema da, zogadad,
Tanasworuflebianoba. gvmarTebs, isic mkafiod vTqvaT,
rom dasavlur RierulebebTan
damokidebuleba pirovnuli
faqtoria, _ pirovnebis
Sinagani `me~, Sinagani kultura. esaa zneobrivi pozicia,
zneobrivi cnobiereba da ara
politikur-saxelmwifoebrivi
xedva. dasavluri Rirebulebebis mokavSireebi caristuli
da TviTmpyrobeluri ruseTis
sazogadoebaSic moiZebnebodnen. eklesiisa da saxelmwifos
erTmaneTisagan gayofis idea,
romelic dasavluri ideaa,
ruseTis marTlmadideblur
saRvTismetyvelo skolaSi ase
Camoyalibda: `religiuri da
saxelmwifoebrivi Tvalsazrisebis aRreva... aris
boroteba da sabediswero
ugunureba~. Sors rom ar
dagvWirdes wasvla, gavixsenoT wm. gabrielis siWabukis
megobari, saxelganTqmuli
rusi marTlmadidebeli
RvTismetyveli da liturgisti
mRvdeli aleqsandre rudakovi.
cnobilia misi werili, romelic dawerili da gamogzavnilia gabrielis sayvareli
meuRlisa da xuTive Svilis
gardacvalebis Semdeg. es is
droa, rodesac mas, gabriels,
egzarqosma isidorem am
sityvebiT mimarTa: `Sen,
viTarca gonier kacs, kargad
unda gesmodes, ra sakvirveleba hqmna Senzed RmerTma...
naTlad sCans, girCevs Sen
(mRvdelmTavrobisaTvis)
ufali. ar xedav, ra giyo
ufalma? coli mogaSora,
Svilebi mogaSora da Seracxa
angelozebad da maT nacvlad
gaZlevs qarTvelTa erTa, raTa
uwinamZRvro maT~ (vrclad:
kelenjeriZe 1313:56-59). am
dros ki sveubedur da Tavzardacemul mamas saqarTvelodan
wasvla da ruseTSi gadaxvewa
undoda. amasTan dakavSirebiT
rudakovi urCevs mas, rom
gulidan amoigdos samSoblodan gaqcevaze fiqri; darCes
saqarTveloSi, gamagrdes;
bevri imuSaos, bevri ikiTxos
da amiT SeZlebs, xelSi
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
Solidarity
aiyvanos sakuTari Tavi; daTanxmdes afxazeTSi samsaxurs,
radgan ase ajobebs RvTisTvisac da qveynisTvisac. werili
sayuradReboa CvenTvis imdenad, ramdenadac Seicavs
sagrZnob ukmayofilebas
imdroindeli ruseTisaTvis
niSandoblivi uzurpaciis
gamo saeklesio ierarqiaSi da
ukeTesi viTarebis danaxvas
dasavleTSi, evangelur tradiciasa da kaTolikur eklesiaSi. ai, misi sityvebi: `im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki ar apireb, rom
dedaqalaqeli meufeebis
msgavsad raRac gabRenZili,
uxasiaTo, miukarebeli Tavadebis roli Seasrulo, aramed
iseve daiWer Tavs, rogorc
yovelTvis geWira; yvelasTan
gulwrfeli, ubralo da
yuradRebiani iqnebi, merwmune,
rom Sen afxazeTSic ise Segiyvareben, meti rom aRar
SeiZleba. ise ki sasurvrlia,
rom Sen mibaZo pirveli da
ara Semdgomi saukuneebis
qristian episkoposebs da
magaliTi maTgan aiRo. simarTle rom vTqvaT, dRevandeli
episkoposebi Cinovnikebs
ufro hgvanan, vidre qristian
moZRvrebs da mamebs. ianiSevisagan gamigonia, rom amJamad
kaTolikeebSi, germaniaSi,
episkoposebi TavianT mRvdlebTan bevrad ufro karg
urTierTobaSi imyofebian~.
`pirveli saukuneebis qristianTa~ mibaZvis survilma
dasavleT evropaSi reformacia warmoSva, romlis
mTavari mizani Tavdapirveli
eklesiuri ubraloebisa da
simartivis ganaxleba iyo. am
moZraobam, Cans, laTinuri
wesis kaTolike episkoposebzec moaxdina zegavlena da
maT qvemo ierarqiasTan
Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
31
#3(36)
(mRvdlebTan da diakvnebTan)
demokratiuli stilis urTierTobisaken (uSualobisaken)
ubiZga, rac aRmosavleTSi
dasavlur Rirebulebad
aRiqmeba.
dasavlur RirebulebaTa
qvakuTxedi aris nebis Tavisufleba, romlis arseba
mxolod farTo, naTeli da
logikuri azrovnebis pirobebSi xorcieldeba. swored
aseTi azrovneba axasiaTebs
wm. gabriels. pirveli, rac
misi werilobiTi memkvidreobis Seswavlis dros TvalSi
gecema, aris faqtebisa da
movlenebis gansja-gamowvlilvis kultura. pirvel
rigSi amis dasturia fundamenturi naSromi, romelic
man berobis, arqimandritobis,
dros dawera, rodesac igi
keTilSobil qalTa amierkavkasiis institutis maswavleblad da Tbilisis sasuliero
seminariis profesorad muSaobda, da romelic gamoqveynda sankt-peterburgSi 1858
wels (Targmnilia qarTulad:
gabrieli 1993). sakmarisia,
movisminoT Sefasebebi, rac am
wignis misamarTiT gamoiTqva
rogorc ruseTis imperiaSi,
ise dasavleT evropasa Tu
saqarTveloSi, raTa davrwmundeT, Tu raoden hqonda
aTvisebuli mis avtors
azrovnebis evropuli done
da dasavluri Rirebulebebi.
am wignis pirvel wamkiTxvelad da Semfaseblad a. rudakovi warmogvidgeba. man gamocemis mTeli sirTule ikisra:
stilisturi da teqnikuri
redaqcia, cenzorebTan da
stambasTan urTierToba da
nairgvari dabrkolebebis
orientiri
gadalaxva. erT-erT seriozul dabrkolebad Turme
saeklesio cenzura aRmoCnda.
bevrma es Txzuleba marTlmadideblobisaTvis Seuferebel movlenad miiCnia, masSi
racionalizmi da eklesiisaTvis miuRebeli sxva motivebic
dalanda. amis gamo rudakovma
arqimand. gabriels Semdegi
winadadebiT mimarTa: `Seni
fsiqologiis gamocemisas me
damebada Semdegi azri: xom ar
gavnebs igi Sen... xom ar CagTvlian filosofosad? Sen ici,
rogor ideas ukavSirebs aseT
saxelwodebas bevri beri.
amitom... umjobesi ar iqneba,
gaamJRavno is Seni warsulis
saxeliT `gerasime qiqoZe~?
SesaZloa, me sisuleles vambob, magram Seni siyvaruliT~.
avtori ar SeuSinda mosalodnel usiamovnebas da titulze
is informacia datova, rac
sinamdviles Seesabameboda:
,,Ñî÷èíåíèå àðõèìàíäðèòà
Ãàâðèèëà”. Sedegmac ar daayovna; kievisa da peterburgis
sasuliero akademiebis
profesorma v. n. karpovma da
zogierTma sxva profesormac
avtors, arqimandrits, qristianuli dogmatebis damrRvevi da eretikosi uwoda,
Tumca imave akademiebsa da
sxva samecniero centrebSic
iyvnen iseTebi, romlebmac
naSroms umaRlesi Sefaseba
misces da sasuliero seminariebisaTvis saxelmZRvanelos
statusi mianiWes.
wignis dedaazri ori sityviT
SeiZleba asec gadmoices:
SegrZnebebi xorcieldeba
grZnobaTa organoebis mier.
esaa nervuli sistema, romelic
dakavSirebulia tvintan,
magram SegrZnebis unari aqvs
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
32
ara tvins, aramed suls. arsebobs ori substancia:
materialuri da sulieri.
SeigrZnobs sulieri
substancia da ara materialuri substancia, e. i. tvini.
fiziologiurisagan fsiqikuris gansxvavebis gareSe
fsiqologia rogorc damoukidebeli mecniereba ar
iarsebebs; fsiqologiis
adgils daikavebs fiziologia.
da, ai, aseTma Sinaarsma da
kvlevis meqanizmma odiozuri
viTareba warmoSva: morwmuneTa aqtiuri kategoria
arqimandrits materializmisa
da aTeizmisaken gadaxraSi
adanaSaulebda, aTeistTa
aseTive kategoria ki _
morwmuneobaSi, metafizikosobasa da idealistobaSi.
TiTqos oqros Sualeds
aviTarebda cnobili rusi
filosofosi da narodniki n.
a. dobroliubovi, romlis
recenzias obieqturobis
pretenzia aqvs da igi arc
dadebiTia da arc mTlad
uaryofiTi. masSi vkiTxulobT:
`faqtebi ki ar unda SevufardoT winaswar gamogonil
kanons, aramed TviT kanoni
unda gamoviyvanoT faqtebidan, maTze TviTneburad
Zaldatanebis gareSe...
arqimandrit gabrielis wigni,
namdvilad Tu vityviT, arafers axals winandel fsiqologiebTan SedarebiT ar
gvamcnobs. magram igi gansxvavdeba maTgan gadmocemis
meTodiT da fiziologiuri
faqtebis SedarebiT didi
raodenobiT, rac mis udavo
upiratesobas Seadgens~.
amdenad, recenzentis azriT,
naSromis mTavari Rirseba
kvlevis meTodsa da faqtebis
siuxveSi mdgomareobs. marTa-
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü
solidaroba
lia, recenzents bevri ram
mxedvelobis miRma aqvs
datovebuli, kerZod is, rom
wigni polemikuria, rom
avtori ekamaTeba novickis,
klinkes, gonebaWvretiTobis
momxreebs, materialistebs,
kants da sxvebsac, rac TavisTavad siaxlea, magram Cans,
igi (narodniki aTeisti) imdenad daufiqrebia qarTveli
arqimandritis azrovnebas da
argumentacias, rom recenzias am sityvebiT amTavrebs:
`amJamad ki Cven mainc sagonebelSi varT~.
naSromSi yuradReba gamaxvilebulia Tanamedrove
civilizaciisa da humanizmis
iseT fundamentur Rirebulebaze, rogoricaa nebisa da
arCevanis Tavisufleba. esaa
unarica da Rirsebac, romelic
samyaros ierarqiaSi mxolod
adamians amkobs, radgan mas
(da mxolod mas) aqvs suli da
goni, riTac igi RmerTs
emsgavseba. amis gamo mxolod
mas gamoecxada ufali da
mxolod masTan dado aRTqma,
rac ormxrivi aqtia da Tanac
Tavisufali da SemoqmedebiTi.
ase aziara RmerTma adamiani
Tavis Tavs da scno pirovnebis
nebis Tavisuflebis legitimuroba. amdenad, wm. gabrieli
im TeologTa gverdiT dgas,
romlebic aRiareben nebis
Tavisuflebas, magram imasac
dasZenen da azusteben, rom
es Tavisufleba SemosazRvrulia da rom Tavis TavisuflebaSi usazRvro mxolod
RmerTia (Tamaz buaCiZe). aqedan logikurad gamomdinareobs daskvna: Tuki adamians da
RmerTs mxolod gonieri suli
anaTesavebT, adamianis ideali
Tavis pirovnebaSi gonieri
sulis aRzrada da ganviTareba unda iyos, raTa RvTisgan
boZebuli nebisa da arCevanis
Tavisufleba gonivruli
gadawyvetilebisa da qmedebis
Sesabamisad warimarTos. aq ki
bunebrivad iCens Tavs patiosnebis problema, rasac
gabrielma episkoposobis
dros specialuri qadageba
miuZRvna (`sityva patiosnebasa zeda~) da aRniSna: `...pariosneba kacisa, pirvelad,
unda iyos damyarebuli mas
zeda, romel yovels kacs, didsa
da mcires, unda axsovdes
Tavisi pativi, Tavis Tavs
pativscemdes, ese igi, erTnairi Tavis moyvareoba unda
hqondes, wminda qristianuli
Tavis-moyvareoba... es SeiZleba maSin, rodesac mas axsovs
Tavisi sakuTari Rirseba,
Tavisi bunebis simaRle da
dideba. Tu gaxsovs Sen, Zmao,
ra Rirseba aqvs kacis bunebasa, maSin Segrcxveba yovlis
sicruisa, motyuebisa da pirobis gatexisa. kacis bunebas
aqvs daufasebeli Rirseba!
gasinje, Tu ra fasi aqvs
kacis bunebasa, Tu TviT cisa
da qveynis Semoqmedma RmerTma mxolod-Sobili Ze Tvisi
ar dazoga Cvenisa cxovnebisa
da ganaTlebisaTvis. aba, rogor ar eqmneba didi Rirseba
kacis bunebasa, Tuki ufalamn
RmerTman igi SeaerTa
RvTaebrivsa bunebasa-Tana!”.
paragrafSi `qristianuli
eWvianoba~ avtori aseT
Segonebas gvTavazobs: `Tu
gvesmis RvTis saxelis Zageba,
is aris miswrafeba imisken,
rom RvTis dideba gavrceldes
adamianebSi. is aris sixaruli,
romelsac ganvicdiT RvTis
winaSe WeSmariti mowiwebis
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
Solidarity
xilvisas~. es niSnavs: Tuki
vinme RmerTs gmobs, anda
romelime religiur siwmindes
Seuracxyofs, morwmunis
(morwmunis da ara farisevlis!)
bunebrivi reaqcia iqneba ara
agresia, ara isteria da
Zaladoba, ara quCis aqciebi
da sxvisi prifesiuli saqmianobisaTvis xelis SeSla,
aramed gulmodgine
RvTismosaoba da religiuri
sixarulis gaZliereba.
saRi sarwmunoebrivi cxovrebisa da cnobierebis gaukuRmarTeba, qristiani fsiqologis TqmiT, xSirad iseT
saSinel movlenas badebs,
rogoricaa fanatizmi. misive
ganmartebiT, `fanatizmi ar
Seicavs Tavis TavSi arafers
iseTs, rac WeSmarit qristianul grZnobaTa msgavsia.
amitom es grZnobebi ar
SeiZleba SeuTavsdnen fanatizms erTi adamianis sulSi.
fanatizmma SeiZleba ipovos
TavSesafari iseTi adamianis
sulSi, ronelsac surs boroti
vnebebi _ RvarZli, mrisxaneba
da a. S. _ religiis niRabqveS
dafaros. fanatizmisaken
midrekileba hqondaT mxolod
cru religiebs, romelTac ar
SeeZloT, moelboT adamianTa
suli, piriqiT, amZvinvarebdnen mas~. SesityvebaSi `a. S.~,
cxadia, bevri ram igulisxmeba: nebismier codvaSi dgoma
da maTi dafarva Rrmadmorwmunis rolis TamaSiT (mzeris
erT wertilSi koncentrirebiT da aRarafris gagonebisa
da danaxvis survilis afiSirebiT), uvicoba da misi
SeniRbvis xriki, paTologiuri misticizmi da mania grandioza, rasac ampartavneba da
mTavrobismoyvareba warmoSobs.
Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
33
#3(36)
gaukuRmarTebuli religiuri
cnobierebis nimuSia agreTve
crumorwmuneoba, rac,
rogorc wesi, fanatizmTan
erTad moqmedebs da xSirad
masSi Sexorcebulia. crurwmenis nimuSad arqimand.
gabrieli asaxelebs xatebisa
da saeklesio wignebis sakralizacias siZvele-siaxlis
mixedviT: Zveli xelnaweri
xatebisa da wignebis wmindad
da madlmosilad Seracxvas,
axllebisas da stambaSi
dabeWdilebisas ki _ arawmindad da madlmoklebulad.
aseT azrovnebas igi
seqtantobas uwodebs da
migvaniSnebs, rom seqtantoba
marTlmadidebeli eklesiis
wiaRSic arsebobs, rac amave
eklesiisaTvis mavneblobaa.
sxvadasxva wyaros safuZvelze
cnobilia, Tu raoden Rrmad
hqonda (da aqvs) crumorwmuneobas fesvebi gadgmuli
dasavleT saqarTveloSi da,
kerZod, imereTSi (jado,
fexi, kudi, Tvali da a.S.).
amitom bunebrivia, rom gabriel episkoposis samoZRvro
praqtikaSi didi adgili
daeTmo iseTi xalxuri rwmena-warmodgenebisa da ritualebis mxilebas, romlebsac
qristes mcnebebTan da marTlmadideblobasTan saerTo
araferi aqvT. amis Taobaze
JurnalSi `kvali~ (1896, 18.I I ,
#8) vkiTxulobT: `xalxi,
rogorc yvelgan, umecrebisa
da crumorwmuneobis burusSi
iyo gaxveuli. amitom yovlad
samRvdelo gabrieli dauzarebld mogzaurobda mTel
eparqiaSi. ar darCenila arc
erTi mivardnili da miuvali
sofeli, sadac TviT yovlad
samRvdelo ar yofiliyos da
orientiri
iq darigeba ar eTqvas, qristianobis swavla-moZRvreba
ar ganemartos. yvelam icis,
rom dRemde zogan crumorwmuneoba ise gavrcelebuli
da gamtkicebulia, rom xalxi
sxvadasxva xes, eklesiis
galavanSi an mivardnil
adgilas mdgoms, Tayvans
scems, RvTaebriv Rirsebas
awers da amisTana xis moWras
veravin bedavs. ai, aseTi
crumorwmuneobis aRmosakveTaT yovlad samRvdelo,
garda darigebisa da qadagebisa, sxva Rones da xerxsac
xmarobs. sando da sarwmuno
pirTagan gagvigonia, rom
erTxel, samegreloSi yofnis
dros, TviT yovlad samRvdelo iRebs xelSi najaxs da
Wris im muxas, romelic adgilobriv mkvidrT RvTaebad
gamoesaxaT da romlis Sexebas
veravin bedavda. am mtkice
saqciels xalxi sulganabuli
Seyurebda da moeloda, rom
RmerTi muxisa elva-txiT
gaapobda kadnier mRvdelmTavars. magram lodinma
amaoT CauaraT. am sanaxaobam
ki Rrma da didi gavlena
iqonia iq damswreebze~.
`qadagebanis~ pirvel tomSi
(quTaisi, 1913) Sesulia
`moZRvreba Tqmuli osTadmi
kudaros xeobis ekklesiaSi~,
romelic warmoTqmulia
rogorc axalmonaTlulebis,
ise mounaTlavebis (kaTakmevelebisa Tu monaTlvis
armsurvelTa) winaSe. moZRvari Seaxsnebs maT, rom isini
marTlmadidebeli qristianebis STamomavalni arian,
rasac maT mxareSi mdgari
Zveli eklesia cxadyofs.
dRes igi nangrevebadaa
qceuli, magram Tqven mis
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
34
mimarT mainc `esodeni SiSi
da morCileba~ gaqvTo.
qtistianoba Tqven Soris, ise
rogorc imereTis TiTqmis
yvela mTis sofelSi, areulobisa da omebis mizeziT moispo.
axla ki, RvTis wyalobiT,
mTavrobam mRvdeli gamogigzavnaT, raTa `iyos uwindelsaviT qristianoba da ganaTleba TqvenSi~. mTavari is ki
ar aris, rom pirjvari
gadaiweroT da eklesiaSi
iaroT, aramed is, rom gaigoT, ra aris qristianoba da
icxovroT ise, rogorc
qristiani unda cxovrobdes.
amitom me vubrZane mRvdels,
rom `Tqvens osurs enazed~
Targmnos da yovel wirvaze
waikiTxos mTavari locvebi,
radgan am locvebis daxmarebiT Tqven mixvdebiT, ra aris
qristianoba. da Tu gindaT,
rom namdvili qristiani gaxdeT, Tqven Soris sisxlgamjdar wesCveulebebze uari
unda TqvaTo; uari unda
TqvaT, magaliTad, daficebisa da gamotexvis ucnaur
wesze _ gamosatexi kacis
winapris saflavze damRrCvali katis, ZaRlisa Tu viris
Camokidebaze, aseve _ qurdobaze, romelic Zalze ganrcelebulia TqvenSi, micvalebulis mosaxseneblad uricxvi
saqonlis dakvlaze, uricxvi
stumris mowvevaze, am dros
daTrobasa da Cxubze. `visac
surs namdvil qristianulad
icxovros, man orgvari siyvaruli unda SeiZinos guliTa
TvisiTa: erTi RvTisa da
meore kacisa... ra aris kacis
siyvaruli, es mokled
gamogvicxada ufalman ieso
qristeman: rac ginda, rom
giyos Sen kacman, Senc is
uyavi kacsa~.
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü
solidaroba
arc am da arc sxva misionerul
qadagebebSi wm. gabrieli ar
amaxvilevs yuradRebas arc
politikaze, arc erovnebaze
da arc konfesiur Taviseburebebze. mTavaria, msmeneli
crurwmenebisagan gaTavisufldes da qristes eziaros,
SeiZinos jansaRi sarwmunoeba,
romlis arsebiTi niSania (rac
ukve aRvniSneT) ara dogmaturi Taviseburebebis afiSireba,
aramed saxarebis suli, romelsac pirovnebis gardaqmna
da gaumjobeseba SeuZlia. am
gzaze pirveli rigis amocanaa
qristes moZRvrebis Secnoba
da gaTaviseba, rac ver miiRweva, Tuki msmenelma mosmenili teqsti enis TvalsazrisiTac ki ver gaigo. amitomaa,
rom gabriel episkoposis
moRvareobaSi mniSvnelovani
adgili uWiravs mcdelobebs
RvTismsaxurebis nacionalur
enebze gamarTvisaTvis. man
afxazi xalxisTvisac izruna
da did qalbatons, kesaria
SarvaSiZes SesTavaza, Camoeyalibebina komiteti da liturgiis ZiriTadi adgilebis
afxazurad TargmnisaTvis
exelmZRvanela.
afxazeTTan dakavSirebuli
es informacia CvenTvis ormxrivaa sayuradRebo:
1) aqedan Cans, rom wm.
episkoposi Sirs idga iseTi
Sexedulebisagan, romelic
saRvTismetyvelo literaturaSi `gnostikuri eresis
lingvistur nairsaxeobadaa~
miCneuli da romelsac Tanamedrove marTlmadidebelTa
Soris bevri momxre hyavs
(z.kiknaZe, `sityva~, 1998, #1,
gv. 24). igulisxmeba enebis
daxarisxeba ufrosebad da
umcrosebad, bunebiTad
didunarianebad da naklebunarianebad, bunebiTad sakralurebad da arasakralurebad,
rac sxva araferia, Tu ara
mcire erebisa da enebis diskriminacia, _ sruliad
SeuTavsebeli qristes
moZRvrebasTan da misi
eklesiis sulTan.
2) aqve imasac vxedavT, Tu
raoden did mniSvnelobas
aniWebs igive episkoposi
qalis rols saeklesio cxovrebaSic ki. mas sruliad
kanonzomier movlenad miaCnia, rom saRvTo da samRvdelo
wignebis TargmnaSi monawileoba miiRos qalma da ara
marto monawileoba miiRos,
aramed am process uselmZRvanelos kidec. es is viTarebaa, rasac dRes civilizebuli
kacobrioba genderuli
balansis dacvas uwodebs da
cxovrebis yvela ubanze misi
realizaciisaTvis iRvwis.
qalis bunebis specifikis
gansazRvras, istoriasa da
sazogadoebaSi misi daniSnulebisa da mniSvnelobis warmoCenas, misi Rirsebis siRrmiseulad wvdomas gabriel
episkoposis qadagebebSi TiTqmis yovel nabijze vxvdebiT.
wm. gabrielis dasavleTevropul, kerZod ki reformatorul, RirebulebebTan
naTesaobas adgilobrivi,
nacionaluri da TviTmyofadi
kulturebis dacvisa da
ganviTarebisaTvis zrunvac
asaCinoebs. SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom is afxazuri da osuri
enebis saliteraturo enebad
gadaqcevis erT-erTi winamorbedia, riTac man am xalxTa
TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebas
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
Solidarity
xeli Seuwyo. ukve advili
warmosadgenia, Tu raoden
amags dasdebda igi sakuTari
erisa da qveynis, saqarTvelos,
TviTmyofadobas. mis
Tanamedroveebs, didsac da
patarasac, kargad moexsenebodaT, Tu ra SemarTebiT
icavda igi mSobliuri enis
uflebas rogorc saeklesio,
ise saero cxovrebaSi. dResac
xSirad ixseneben da imowmeben
mis werilobibiT polemikas
giorgi muxranbatonTan
(razec qvemoTac SevCerdebiT),
sasuliero uwyebis moxele a.
kerskisTan da kavkasiis saswavlo olqis mzrunvel k.
ianovskisTan, romelSic igi
icavda, erTi mxriv, qarTvelebis uflebas sasuliero
ganaTlebis mSobliur enaze
miRebis TvalsazrisiT da,
meore mxriv, qarTuli enis
uflebas megrelebisa da
svanebis saeklesio-saRvTismsaxuro praqtikaSi. meore
sakiTxSi episkoposi im enaTmecnierul Teoriasac eyrdnoboda, romlis Tanaxmad
qarTuli, megruli da svanuri
moZme enebia, ris gamoc
megrelebi da svanebi
literaturul qarTuls
advilad swavloben da maTi
saliteraturo ena warsulSic
da axlac qarTulia. amitom
arc saeWvoa da arc gasakviri, rom es xalxi Tavs
qarTvelur tomebad miiCnevs.
aravisTvis araa sadavo, Tu
raoden didi mniSvneloba
hqonda qveynis saerTo saqmisaTvis am saganze yuradRebis aserigad gamaxvilebas im
dros. iqneb swored aman
warmoSva legenda `Sesdeg,
ruseTis xelmwifev!~, rasac
ukve SevexeT. mogvepoveba
Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
35
#3(36)
msgavsi Sinaarsis meore
gadmocemac, romelic mis
principulobaze, saero
xelisuflebis winaSe qeduxrelobasa da mamuliSvilobaze metyvelebs da romlis
namdvilobaSi eWvis Setanis
safuZveli ara gvaqvs: `Tavis
samRvdelmTavro moqmedebis
farglebSi Secilebas igi ver
iTmenda da mtkiceT da
sastikaT mouWrida xolme
pasuxs. kargaT viciT, rom
erTma gavlenianma da didi
uflebebis mqone pirma SeniSvna misca imis Sesaxeb, rom
sakaTedro taZarSi ufro
xSiraT sruldebodes rusulaT wirva-locvao. amazed
yovlad samRvdelom mokleT
ase mouWra: Tqven SegiZliaT
Tqvens sferoSi imoqmedoT,
rogorc gnebavT, xolo rac
Semexeba me, TviTon vici Cemi
movaleoba rogoraTac unda
Sevasrulovi. meti arc sityva
da arc pasuxi. miibruna gverdi da gaswia etlisaken~ (`kvali~, 1896, 18.I I , #8, gv. 119).
simtkice mauliSvilobaSi,
farTo diapazoni mecnierebSi da Tavisufleba azrovnebaSi asxivebs ep. gabrielis im
polemikuri naSromidan, romelic yvelaze metadaa
cnobili _ `werili T. giorgi
konstantines Zis muxranbatonis mimarT~ (pirveli
publikacia: `moambe~, 1896,
#3, gv. 92-100). misi istoria
aseTia: senatorma giorgi
muxranbatonma (bagrationma;
1821-1877) 1872 wels rusul
enaze gamoaqveyna broSura
`nacionaluri individualobis buneba~, romelSic
ganaviTara azri mcire
erebisa da enebis did erebsa
da enebSi gaTqvefis kanonzo-
orientiri
mierebis Sesaxeb, radgan es
saxelmwifos simtkicis
aucilebeli pirobaao. man
megobruli werili, qarTulad dawerili, gaugzavna
imereTis episkoposs da, rogorc Cans, azrisa da poziciis gaziareba sTxova. ai, am
werilze (romlis teqsti
cnobili araa) pasuxs warmoadgens wm. gabrielis
epistole, romelic qarTuli
polemikuri literaturis
brwyinvale nimuSad unda
CaiTvalos. meufe aRfrTovanebulia ruseTis imperiis
umaRlesi moxelis SesaniSnavi qarTuliT da Tavis mxriv
bodiSs ixdis, _ me aseTi
qarTuliT wera ar SemiZliao.
igi didi pativiscemiT (Tumca
Sinaurulad) da keTilmosurnis toniT ganixilavs senators naSroms da sakuTar
Sexedulobebs gulwrfelad
da mkafiod gamoTqvams.
episkoposi senators rogorc
kvlevis meTods, ise konkretuli masalis analizs uwunebs: `Teoria gamocdilebaze
unda iyos damyarebuli,
faqtebidan unda iyos gamoyvanili da ara ukuRma, ese
igi faqtebi Teoriidan ar
gamoiyvaneba~. sinamdvile
swored Seni Teoriis
sawinaaRmdegod metyvelebso,
SeniSnavs oponenti da
dasZens: `dedamiwis zurgze,
dasabamidan qveynisa vidre
aqamomde da axlac Cven
droebaSi, ar yofila da ar
aris iseTi didi saxelmwifo,
romelsa Sina yovelni
mcxovrebni laparakobdnen
erTi eniT: yovel did-did
saxelmwifoSi yovelTvin da
yvelgan, garda erTi sammarTvelo enisa, yofilan sxva
wvril-wvrilni enebi; garna
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
36
es garemoeba arafers ar
uSlida da arc axla uSlis,
e.i. marto am garemoebas
saxelmwifo arsad ar daurRvevia, ar dausustebia~.
muxranbatoni aramdgradi
saxelmwifos nimuSad asaxelebs respublikur Sveicarias
da monarqiul avstrias da
maTi aramdgradobis mizezad
am qveynebis eTnikursa da
enobriv mravalferovnebas
miiCnevs. gabrieli akritikebs
rogorc informaciis
obieqturobas, ise analizis
xarisxs: `Sveicarias uCvenebT
da ityviT, rom aq sami ena
ariso, da amisTvis aq erTi
mkvidri saxelmwifo ar ariso.
Sveicaria diaR mkvidri da
magari saxelmwifo aris. anu
federacias da respublikas
Sen saxelmwifod ar sTvli?
nuTu marto monarxia aris
mkvidri da magari saxelmwifo
da respublika ara? vgoneb
SveicariisTana ganaTlebuli,
magari erTobiT da TanxmobiT
savse saxelmwifo arc ki aris
evropaSi~. rac Seexeba
avstrias, iq problemebs,
oponentis dakvirvebiT, ara
erovnuli da enobrivi
pluralizmi warmoSobs,
aramed moqalaqeTa araTanasworuflebianoba: `saubedurod maTTa, marTebloba
swori samarTliT (ðàâíîïðàâíî) ar epyroba yovel Teslebs:
nemcebi da madiarebi aviwroebdnen Cexebs da sxva slavianebTa... am mizeziT da ara
enis gansxvavebiT aris avstriaSi areuloba da SfoTi~.
epistole mravali TvalsazrisiTaa SesaniSnavi, magram am
SemTxvevaSi gamovyofT sam
ideas, romelic striqonsa da
striqons Soris gamokrTis:
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü
solidaroba
respublika ufro sasurveli
moclenaa, vidre monarqia;
moqalaqeTa diskriminacia
saxelmwifos mteria, urTierTTanxmoba da Tanasworoba
ki misi simtkicis safuZveli
da, mesame, _ sityvisa da
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba
sikeTea! sakmarisia, Tvali
gadavavloT Tundac zemoT
damowmebul citatebs, raTa
davrwmundeT: Sveicariis
sulieri da politikuri
klimati ep. gabriels lamis
idealad da etalonad warmoudgeba. is iseTi dadebiTi
eqspresiiT laparakobs am
qveynis struqturasa da
weswyobilebaze, kerZod
imaze, rasac dRes demokratias veZaxiT, rom monarqiisaTvis TiTqos aRarc ki rCeba
adgili. monarqiaa avstriaSi,
magram ras Svelis es formacia
am qveyanas da mis problematikas? es da msgavsi kiTxvebi
striqonebs Soris TvalsaCinoa. davakvirdeT, ras ambobs
faqtobrivad marTlmadidebeli episkoposi: kaTolikurprotestantuli Sveicaria
ruseTis marTlmadidebel
imperiaze metad kulturuliao. amis miuxedavad ver
vityviT, rom es antimonarqiuli gamwyobilebaa, magram
Tamamad SegviZlia vTqvaT,
rom aq saqme demokratiis
mimarT simpaTiasTan gvaqvs.
avtoris sulieri portretisaTvis aseve, da SeiZleba
ufro metad, angariSgasawevia
epistoles finali, saxeldobr
is sityvebi, romlebic ep.
gabrielisagan TiTqos (erTi
SexedviT) moulodnelia. megobris winaSe (aseTad gamoiyureba giorgi muxranbatoni
masTan mimarTebaSi) man TiT-
qos moulodnelad amoafrqvia
protesti arsebuli totalitarizmis gamo da gamoxata
swrafva sityvis, sindisisa da
gamoxatvis Tavisuflebisaken.
SeuZlebelia ar dagveTanxmos
amaSi mkiTxveli, Tuki wminda
mamis am sityvebs gulisyuriT
moismens `am Cven urTierT
Soris miwer-moweras vgoneb
Sen ar aZlev araviTarsa
politikur mniSvnelobasa,
viTarca mec ar vxedav mas
Sina arafers, mxolod erT
samecniero istoriul saganze
baassa. axla iseTi dro dadga,
rom TviT ubralo megobrul
laparakSi eZieben zogierTni
pirni politikur ganzraxvas.
amisTvis davTvale saWirod
amisi Tqma~.
TvalSi sacemia is garemoeba,
rom wm. gabrielis arc erTi
qadageba ar atarebs viwro
konfesiur mizans. problemebis
ganxilvis dros versad ver
vxedavT masvils maincdamainc
marTlmadideblobaze; msjeloba metwilad zogadqristianuli Teologiisa da
tradiciis farglebSi
mimdinareobs. msmenelebi
ZiriTadad, cxadia, marTlmadideblebi arian da qadagebac
zogjer ase iwyeba: `marTlmadidebelno Zmano qristianeno!~. amis miuxedavad avtori
arasdros ar mimarTavs
marTlmadideblobis
upiratesobis demonstrirebas
da sxva qristianuli aRmsareblobebis damcrobas, rac
homiletikaSi xSiria da mas
Cven droSi da CvenSi mamxilebel RvTismetyvelebas
eZaxian. vimeorebT, ep. gabrieli qadagebebSi TiTqmis ar
mimarTavs mamxilebel
RvTismetyvelebas, Tumca im
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
Solidarity
regionSi, dasavleT saqarTveloSi, sadac y-d samRRvdelo moRvaweobda, sxvadasxva
konfesiis xalxi (rogorc im
dros xSirad ityodnen, _
sxvadmadideblebi) maSinac
cxovrobda da erTi konfesiis
eklesiidan meoreSi gadasvla
maSinac xdeboda. mqadagebels
ainteresebs ara imdedad is,
Tu ra konfesiis (aRmsareblobis) warmomadgenlad
miiCnevs Tavs misi esa Tu is
msmeneli, aramed is, Tu ra
doneze dgas am msmenelisa da
msmenelebis qristianuli
zneoba, ramdenad arian isini
qristianebi an undaT, rom
gaxdnen qristianebi. esaa
mizezi, rom wm. episkoposi
TiTqmis ganuwyvetliv
sazogado da kerTo moralis
sakiTxebze gvesaubreba.
amitomaa, rom misi qadagebebi
aris ara dogmatur-polemikuri, aramed sarwmunoebriveTikuri. mxilebis obieqti
aris ara sxva konfesia,
aramed sakuTari konfesiis
xalxi, e.i. sakuTari marTlmadidebeli eklesia (eklesia
rogorc moewmuneTa krebuli).
igi amxilebs da ebrZvis iseT
mankierebebs, rogoricaa
sisxlis aReba, gulficxloba
(gansakuTrebiT gurulebis,
misi Tanamemamuleebis),
adviladmomduraoba, Suri,
ampartavneba, micvalebulis
datirebis grZeli ceremonia,
romelic `advilad aswavlis
kacs farisevlobas da pirmoTneobas~; angareba, Woraoba
da a.S. am naklovanebaTa
aRmosafxvrelad adamianis
bunebis Seswavlaa saWiro da
vis SeeZlo am movaleobisaTvis Tavis garTmeva, Tu ara
fsiqologiur disciplinaTa
saukeTeso mcodne moZRvars?
Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
37
#3(36)
didi saRvTismetyvelo da
fsiqologiuri alRo Cans
iseT saWirboroto sakiTxebze
saubris dros, rogorebicaa
qurdoba, ciliswameba, marTlmsajuleba, penitencialuri
sistema, pirutyvTa Sebraleba,
socialuri samarTlianoba da
Tanasworoba da sxva. bevr
SemTxvevaSi Cven, Tanamedrove mkiTxvelebic, axleburi
analizisa da interpretaciis
mxilvelni da aRmqmelni
vxdebiT. maTi avtori socialuri TvalsazrisiT erTob
aqtiur pirovnebad warmogvidgeba, rasac TviTon,
rogorc beri episkoposi, ase
xsnis: `Tumca Cven varT
Tqvenni moZRvarni da winamZRolni zecierisa mxolod
mimarT sasufevelisa, garna,
viTarca moZmeTa TqvenTa, ar
SegviZlia ar miviRoT
monawileoba xorcielsaca
Sina Tqvensa cxovrebasa;
yovelni Tqveni warmateba da
bedniereba am sofelSi
gvaxarebs Cvenca, garna
yoveli Tqveni mwuxareba da
gaWirveba CvenTvisca aris
samwuxaro~ (qadagebani, I I ,
quTaisi, 1913, gv. 444). msjeloba, romelic aseT pozicias
efuZneba, ara marto
Semecnebis vels afarToebs,
aramed gulsa da gonebas
msWvalavs da afaqizebs.
qadagebaSi `qurdobisaTvis~
wm. gabrieli Seaxsenebs msmenelebs da Segvaxsenebs Cvenc,
rom RvTis yovel sityvas da
mcnebas pirdapiri da viwro
mniSvnelobis garda aqvs
`farTo, maRali, Rrma,
vrceli azri da mniSvneloba~.
am princips Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, advilad mivalT im
WeSmaritebamde, rom mcneba
orientiri
`ar moiparo!~ mxolod da
mxolod konkretuli sagnis
(fulisa Tu nivTis) malviT
waRebas da miTvisebas ar
gulisxmobs. mRvdelmTavris
ganmartebiT: `mparavis msgavsi
Seiqmneba is xelmwifis
mosamsaxure, anu Cinovniki,
romelic daudevnelad da ara
erTgulad aRasrulebs Tanamdebobasa Tvissa. jamagiri da
jildo, romelsac igi iRebs
xelmwifisagan, moparuli
aqvs esreTsa Cinovniksa.
vaWari, romeli iRebs uzomo
fass Tavis saqonelSi, anu,
nacvlad kargis saqonlisa,
aZlevs cuds saqonels da
fass sruls iRebs, vgoneb,
pirdapir unda Seiracxos
mparavTa Soris... vin icis,
iqneba winaSe TvalTa marTlmsajulisa RvTisa pir-dapiri qurdi ar aris im zomad
codvili, viTarca esreTni _
farulad da mzakvarebiT
aRmasrulebelni mparaobisa”.
dResac aqtualuria iseTi
movlenis definicia da kvalifikacia, rogoricaa
ciliswameba: mxolod
pirovnuli codvaa is, Tu
danaSaulic; martooden
moralur kategorias ganekuTvneba igi, Tu iuridiulsac? ep. gabrieli, romelsac,
rogorc TviTon aRniSnavs,
Tavadac araerTgzis uwvnevia
bezRebisa da ciliswamebis
susxi, Tvlis, rom ciliswameba
da mabezRroba aris individualuri codva da, maSasadame, moraluri kategoria.
igi ambobs: `dabezReba,
Sesmena aris cilis wameba,
nayofi mtrobisa da siZulvilisa, xolo saRmrTo werili
SurisZiebas, mtrobas da
ciliswamebas daamzgavsebs da
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
38
uwodebs kacis kvlad. maSasadame, amisTana saSinel codvas
miiRebs Tavis Tavzed dambezRebeli, Semasmeneli, da Tavis
ganzraxvas da mizans mainc
ver miaRwevs~, radgan bezRebis
anonimur Tu fsevdonimur
werilebze mTavroba ukve
aRar reagirebso.
baton gabrielis xasiaTis
simtkice da principuloba
gansakuTrebiT batonymobis
gauqmebasTan dakavSirebiT
gamoCnda. aleqsandre I I -is
1861 wlis 19 Tebervlis
manifesti ratomRac yvelaze
gvian quTaisis guberniaSi
gamocxadda, _ 1865 wlis 13
oqtombers, ris Sedegadac
batonebma ymebze ufleba
dakarges, ymebi ki gaTavisufldnen. am aqtis gamo imereTis
episkoposma quTaisis
mTavarangelozis eklesiaSi
sagangebo qadageba warmoTqva; aRniSna, rom batonymobis
instituti qristianobasTan
SeuTavsebeli movlenaa,
xolo misi gauqmeba _ kanonzomieri da misasalmebeli.
imis miuxedavad, rom ymebi
yvelaze gvian imerel mebatoneebs CamoarTves, yvelaze
didi protesti am mebatoneebma gamoxates. Tavadebma,
romlebmac gabrielis
qadageba moismines, eklesia
yviriliTa da demarSiT datoves. erT Tavads, kandelaks,
kidec dauqadnia, gamova Tu
ara es batoni taZridan, am
xanjliT gavaTavebo. magram
rodesac mRvdelmTavars
saxlisaken gza mSvidad
gaugrZelebia, mas ganzraxva
sisruleSi ver mouyvania, _
xanjalze TiTqos xeli
Semaxmao. mkvlevari ilia
Wyonia (fsevdonimi `T.magma-
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü
solidaroba
Ze~) dasZens: Tavadma petre
miqelaZem episkoposs pamfleti dauwera, romelic
imereTis Tavad-aznaurebma
aitaves da daizepireso:
`dedaSeni Romsa cexvda,
mamaSensa edga kexi. Tu
mRvdelmTavrad aw gindomoT,
kisers dagvkar Seni fexi!~
(`iveria~, 1901, 8.XI, #233).
1864 wlis 20 noembris dadgenileba, romelic sasamarTlo
sistemis ganaxlebas isaxavda
miznad, quTaisis episkoposma
imdenad mniSvnelovnad miiCnia, rom igi, aseve, qadagebis
Temad aqcia. misi dakvirvebiT, reformis mTavari sikeTe
da ZvelTan SedarebiT
upiratesoba sasamarTlo
procesis met sicxadeSi,
gamWvirvaleobaSi, simartiveSi,
siswrafesa da sajaroobaSi
mdgomareobs. igi amasTavane
migvaniSnebs pirovnebis
Rirsebis xelSeuxeblobaze,
adamianis fundamenturi
uflebebis dacvaze da
marTlmsajulebis sistemaSi
sazogadoebis rolis
gafarToebaze. `sad iyo
imereTSi, anu sad aris axlac
jered sjulis SiSi, cudi
saqmis morideba, adamianis
pativiscema? CvenSi pativiscema aqvs tanisamoss, saxelsa
da saxesa; pativiscema aqvs
simdidresa. adamians ki
piradi pativi ara aqvs... garna
amieriTgan iqmneba axalma
sjulma (kanonma, n.p.) Cven
gvaswavos pativiscema kacisa,
viTarca kacisa, adamianisa~.
ambobs mRvdelmTavari da
sazogadoebas gaaqtiurebisaken, ufro zustad rom
vTqvaT, marTlmsajulebaze
saxalxo kontrolis damyarebisaken mouwodebs: `garna,
Zmao, Tu gsurs, am did
cvlilebas mieces warmateba;
Tu gsurs, rom axalma wyobilebam umetesi keTili giyos
Sen da yovelsa sazogadoebasa, miiRe guliTadi monawileoba mas Sina. ra saxiT?...
xSirad Sexvidode sasamarTloSi da yurs ugdebde,
rogor swarmoebs samarTali.
Tu Seityo, rom mosamarTle
gonierad miuZRvis samarTalsa, aqe, daloce, waaxalise.
Tu simrude raime Seityo,
Tamamad gaamtyune; bevri
iyvire sazogadoebaSi...~
dagveTanxmeba mkiTxveli, rom
am sityvebs farTo Sinaarsi
da ganmazogadebeli Zalac
aqvs da aq saqveyno-saxelmwifo saqmeebSi sazogadoebis
qmediTad CarTuloba
igulisxmeba.
wm. episkoposi saqvelmoqmedo
da humanitarul saqmianobaSi
patimrebTan urTierTobas
sapatio adgils miuCenda.
amaSi advilad davrwmundebiT, Tuki misi qadagebebis
nusxas gadavxedavT.
mkvlevrebi aseve imowmeben
ubis wignaks, saidanac
irkveva, rom meufe winaswar
saguldagulod adgenda
saTno saqmeebis grafiks da
sazRvravda, rodis ra
visTvis unda gaekeTebina:
rodis upovarTa da miusafarTaTvis, rodis xelmokle
mowafeebisaTvis, rodis
qvriv-oblebisaTvis da rodis
msjavrdebulebisaTvis. igi
yovel aRdgomasa da Sobas
did sufras awyobda da
eklesiis mTel krebuls
iwvevda, Semdeg ki saWiro
Tanxas cixeebSi ugzavnida
patimrebs. ep. gabrieli 1869
wels patimrebis materialuri
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
Solidarity
da sulieri mdgomareobis
gaumjobesebis komitetis
vice-prezidentadac dainiSna. qadagebebi, romlebic
sapyrobileebSi warmoiTqva,
aRbeWdilia danaSaulis,
sasjelisa da monaniebis
fsiqologiuri analiziT. igi
patimrebs aseTi axsneganmartebiT mimarTavs:
Tqveni mTavari ubedureba is
ki ar aris, rom Tqven
iZulebiT sasjels ixdiT da
satusaRoSi xarT, aramed is,
rom Tqven codvis tyveebi da
sulierad eSmakisagan dapatimrebulebi xarT. `codva
aris pirveli Tqveni mteri da
damatyvevebeli, codvam
Semogagdo Tqven aq da mogaklo
Tqven pirveli sikeTe kacisa
_ Tavisufleba. damijereT,
Zmano, rodesac codvas
gaagdeb gulisagan, Tu
odesme codvisagan dagixsna
RmerTman, maSin am sapyrobiledganac gamoxval... Zmao
Cemo, dahfiqrdi Sen gulSi,
hkiTxe Sens Tavs: risTvis
dagemarTa Sen es ubedureba,
ese igi sapyrobileSi Sesvla?
nu eferebi Sens Tavs, nuRar
dahmalav Sens gulSi Sens
brals. moinane Seni codva.
evedre RmerTs, rom gamogiyvanos sulierisa tyveobisagan, da miT ganTavisuflde
xorcielisa tyveobisaganac.
visac Wkua sruliad ar
daukargavs, vinc sruliad ar
gamosula sircxvilisagan,
visac aCnia kidev cotaodeni
adamianoba da kacis sinidisi,
mas SuZlia isargeblos
Tavisi ubedurebiT,
Tavisi ubedureba
gadaaqcios bednierebad:
am sapyrobilesagan gamovides
ganaTlebuli da
ganTavisuflebuli~.
Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
39
#3(36)
wm. gabrieli gvarwmunebs,
rom sikeTisa da saTnoebis
ganuyofeli nawili aris
cxovelebis siyvaruli da
pativiscema, e.i. safuZveli
imisa, rasac dRes cxovelebis
uflebaTa dacvas eZaxian,
zogadad, _ ekologias. misma
qadagebam `pirutyvebis
SebralebisaTvis~ sayovelTao
interesi da mowoneba daimsaxura rogorc rusulenovan,
ise inglisurenovan samyaroSi
(radgan orive enaze iTargmna). igi eyrdnoba solomon
brZens, romelic ambobs:
`marTalni swyaloben sulsa
cxovarTa TvisTasa, xolo
nawlevi ara wmidaTa uwyalo~
(igav. 12,10). vinaidan am
winadadebis (Zveli qarTuli
Targmanis) meore nawili
gaugebaria (ras niSnavs am
SemTxvevaSi `nawlevi~?),
mqadagebeli citats jer
enobrivad ganmartavs* da
Temis sagans Semdeg ganixilavs. misi TqmiT, solomonis
sityvebi Seicavs `zneobriv
swavlas~, rac sulac araa
meorexarisxovani, rogorc
SeiZleba zogierTs moeCvenoso. es sakiTxi gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria CvenSi,
saqarTveloSi, radgan aq
pirutyvebs `erTob uwyalod
da ugvanod~ epyrobian, rac
`winaaRmdegia keTilisa da
qristianulis zneobisa~.
moyvanilia aseTi magaliTi:
`erTxel erTma aqaurma
gadaraulma aznaur-Svilma,
rodesac misma uWmelma da
gatanjulma cxenma veRar
SeiZlo kargad gaWeneba
*
orientiri
aRmarTze, Camoxta, satevari
hkra mucelSi da mohkla~.
mRvdelmTavari dasZens:
`keTili da mowyale adamiani
ara Tu mxolod kacs unda
swyalobdes, aramed pirutyvsac; saqoneli da pirutyvi
aris gatanjuli da wamxdari
mxolod im qveyanaSi da im
xalxSi, sadac ar aris keTili
zneoba, swavla. gagvigonia
mogzaurTa[ga]n, romelTa
unaxavT ganaTlebuli evropis
qveynebi, romel mun marto
Sinauri pirutyvis Sexedva
aCvenebs keTil-zneobasa da
ganaTlebas adgilis mcxovrebTa, vinaiTgan mun yoveli
saqoneli aris sakvirvelad
moSenebuli da gakeTebuli...
RmerTman pirutyvni
dagvimorCilna Cven da
mogvca Cven mosamsaxured,
viTarca ityvis saRmrTo
werili: mTavrobdeT TevzTa
da zRvaTasa da frinvelTa
cisaTa da yovelTa pirutyvTa. garna RmerTs neba ar
moucia CvenTvis, rom
vtanjoT pirutyvi~. RmerTi
aq warmodgenilia im mosiyvarule da yovelTaTvis
madlis mfen mamad, romelsac
ar eameba, rom `rom ufrosman
da umjobesman misman qmnilebaman, ese igi, kacman, stanjos
da awvalos umcrosni misni
qmnilebani _ pirutyvni~ (qadagebani, I, 1913, gv. 448-451).
Rrma saRvTismetyvelo SinaarsTan erTad, albaT, interkonfesiurma xasiaTmac
ganapiroba is faqti, rom ep.
gabrielis qadagebebiT ara-
Sdr. axali qarTuli Targmani: `marTali zrunavs Tavisi pirutyvis
sicocxleze, boroteulTa guli ki sastikia~ (sapatriarqoseuli);
`samarTalma icis Tavisi saqonlis saWiroeba, xolo ukeTurTa
sibralulic ki sastikia~ (stokholmiseuli).
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
40
marTlmadidebeli sasuliero
pirebic dainteresdnen. anglikanma pastorma (mRvdelma)
solomon sizar malanma, romelic iTvleba qarTvelologiis pionerad inglisSi,
gabriel episkoposis 15
qadageba qarTulidan inglisurad Targmna da 1867 wels
gamoaqveyna. amasTanave irkveva, rom im dros anglikanur
eklesias didi ekumenuri
miznebi dausaxavs da
eklesiebis gaerTianebisaTvis
zrunva dauwyia. man pirvel
rigSi marTlmadidebel
eklesiasTan dialogi da misi
tradiciis pirvelwyaroTa
safuZvelze gacnoba moindoma.
pastori malani am wamowyenis
samsaxurSi idga, rasac
gabriel episkoposic miesalma.
man igi, anglikani mRvdeli
solomoni, 1872 wlis 23 maiss
quTaisis rezidenciaSi didi
pativiscemiT miiRo. am vizits
ingliseli mkvlevari devid
lengi ase aRwers: `man erTi
kvira dahyo episkoposTan;
Tan axlda wirvasa da Rvdelmsaxurebaze... didi STabeWdileba moaxdina ritualis
zviadma ierma da galobis
xmatkbilobam, xelze mTxvevis
ceremoniam da sxva. TviTon
malanma qarTulad warmoTqva
qadageba sakaTedro taZarSi.
gabriel episkoposTan musaifSi man ganmarta inglisuri
locvanis didi nawili.
saintereso urTierToba
daamyara man zogierT berTan,
romelTac daaTvalierebines
daviT mefis agebuli taZari,
sadac merve saukunis
xelnaweri saxareba iyo~
(`ciskari~, 1957, #4, gv. 140).
anglikani mRvdlis marTlmadidebelTa RvTismsaxurebaSi monawileoba; saxarebis
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü
solidaroba
wakiTxva (stumrobis pirvel
dRes malanma ioanes me-11
Tavi, lazares aRdginebis
ambavi, waikiTxa), qadagebis
warmoTqma da locvis aRvlena,
sxva araferia, Tu ara ekumenuri Tanalocva. amdenad,
miTiTebuli gamokvlevis
mixedviT, wm. gabrieli SesaZlebelia iyos is pirveli
qarTveli episkoposi,
romelmac anglikanuri
eklesiis warmomadgenelTan
erTad iloca.
wm. gabrielis mier dasavleT
evropis mosaxleTa zneobrivi
da inteleqtualuri cxovrebis maRali Sefaseba, ris
Taobazec Tavis qadagebebSi
xSirad gvesaubreba da es
zemoT moyvanili citatebidanac TvalsaCinoa, gvarwmunebs, rom is aRniSnuli
samyaros sarwmunoebriv da
sulier cxovrebaSi bevr
misabaZ faqtsa da movlenas
xedavda. amitom araa gasakviri,
rom mas Tbili da megobruli
urTierToba sxva tradiciis
qristianebTan, sxvadmadideblebTanac hqonda. amas, pastor malanTan urTierTobis
garda, misi biografiis erTi,
Tumca tragikuli detali
metyvelebs. rodesac misi
meuRle gardaicvala (1856 w.),
man Cvili bavSvi gasazrdelad miabara `ZiZas, nemcis
qals, nemcebis koloniaSi~,
magram is da meore bavSvic,
romelic seminariis erT
colSvilian mRvdels mibara,
male gardaicvalnen (m.kelenjeriZe, gabrieli..., 1913, gv.
57). cnobilia agreTve misi
megobroba marjori da oliver uordropebTan. 1895 wels
isini mis meufebas, ukve
ukurnebeli seniT Sepyrobils,
quTaisSi ewvien. cnobilia
marjoris sityvebi: `mnaxveli
guldamSvidebiT ver Sexvdeboda misi cxovrebis daiss~.
mas inglisidan misTvis mouweria: `droni icvlebian
mravalgvarad da Cvenc
droTa kvalad. ucvlelia
mxolod megobroba~ (v.kiknaZe, erovnuli da saeklesio
problematika, gv. 25).
wm. mRvdelmTavari 1896 wlis
26 ianvars, daviT aRmaSeneblis xsenebis dRes, gardaicvala. im dros quTaisSi
uCveulod didTovloba iyo
(TiTqos bunebac glovobda
da adamianebs TanaugrZnobda). amis gamo dakrZalva erTi
Tvis Semdeg, 10 marts, gelaTis taZarSi Sedga. iq aTasobiT erma da berma, qalma da
kacma, marTlmadidebelma da
sxvadmadidebelma, qristianma
da araqristianma moiyara
Tavi. es gasveneba erebisa da
sarwmunoebebis Tanalmobis
aqtad gadaiqca. rabins xaverdis ydaSi Casmuli aTi mcneba
mihqonda. warmoiTqva gulSiCamwvdomi sityvebi, maT Soris
ilia WavWavaZisa. vrceli da
SesaniSnavi sityva warmoTqva
egzarqosma vladimirma, romelSic man gansvenebuls uwoda
`Tavisi samwysos TanamoZme~,
`WeSmaritad xe keTil-Crdilovan-foTlovani, mravalnayofieri da keTilnayofieri~
(teqsti _ kelenjeriZe
1913:239-248), magram sazogadoeba gaanawyena imis gamo,
rom quTaisis somxuri eklesiis
dekanozs iaraliancis
ambionze asvlisa da sityvis
Tqmis saSualeba ar misca.
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
Solidarity
mwerali daviT kldiaSvili,
romelic am incidents
detalurad aRwers, ambobs:
egzarqosis `saqcieli pirdapir
Seuracxyofa iyo didebuli
moRvawisa, romelic, amgvari
rame rom Sexvedroda sadme
sicocxleSi, mTeli Tavisi
arsebiT winaudgeboda da
sastikad SeaCvenebda.
episkopozi gabrieli metad
daSorebuli iyo iseT Tvisebebs, romelic gamoiCina
sarwmunoebis umaRlesma
warmomadgenelma. igi uyvarda
xalxs misi klerikaluri
mimarTulebis gamo ki ara,
aramed imitom, rom igi iyo
namdvili gulwrfeli sazogadoebrivi moRvawe, mebrZoli
beri, romelsac arc erT Tavis
qadagebaSi eSmaki ar uxsenebia..~ (d. kldiaSvili, memuarebi, Tb., 1932, gv. 10-12).
sayovelTao glovas qarTveli kaTolikeebic SeuerTdnen. axalcixis mRvdelma,
istorikosma da sazogado
moRvawem ivane gvaramaZem,
gansvenebulis sulis saoxad
29 ianvars panaSvili gadaixada da samgloviaro sityva
warmoTqva, romelSic aRniSna:
episkoposi gabrieli aris
`Cveni drois erTaderTi
Rirsi mecnieri, romelmac
aamaRla zneobrivad saimereTo Tu saqarTvelo, gaanaTla
sakmarisad sasulieroni,
Caafiqra yvela swavlulni,
goneba gauxsna RvTismsaxurebazed yovel samRvdelo
pirs...~ (`saba~, 1995.V).
pasuxisaTvis zemoT
dasmul kiTxvebze
religiurobis kultura,
romelsac pirvel rigSi
Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
41
#3(36)
SevexeT, cxovrebisa da
azrovnebis is mxarea, romelic
sikeTisa da siyvarulis
xarisxiT gaizomeba. Tuki
gaxsnilia goneba da gulic
Semwynarebelia, SegviZlia
vTqvaT, rom ieso qristes
mowodebas _ `SeicaniT
WeSmariteba da WeSmariteba
gagaTavisuflebT Tqven~
(ioane 8,32) _ xorci Seusxams;
individi Tavisufal pirovnebad Camoyalibebula. aseve
SegviZlia vTqvaT: vinc ucxos
mimarT SiSisa da siZulvilisagan gaTavisuflda; vinc
SeZlo da Seiyvara adamianSi
adamiani, _ adamiani iseTi,
rogoric aris, is dasavlur
Rirebulebebs anu, ufro
zusti iqneboda Tqmad, qristianTa moralur faseulobebs eziara.
wm. episkopos gabrielis
azrebi da poziciebi, faqtebi
da movlenebi misi cxovrebidan, romelic mimovixileT,
gvaZlevs saSualebas, metnaklebi sisavsiTa da sizustiT
warmovaCinoT saqarTvelos
axali istoriis am Cinebuli
figuris Sinagani samyaro. igi
qristes mxedrad da im
Rirebulebebis mokavSired
warmogvidgeba, rasac dRes
demokratiasa da liberalizms
uwodeben, _ samoqalaqo
qristianobis qvakuTxeds.
orientiri
asocirdeba. amitom, SegviZlia
vTqvaT: dRes rom wm. episkoposi gabrieli cocxali iyos,
(1) ekumenur moZraobaSi
monawileobaze uars ar ityoda,
radgan aramarTlmadidebel
qristianebs is qristianebad
Tvlida, (2) ufro safuZvliani Cans imis daSveba, rom
is romis paps, Tuki sveticxovelSi SeuZRveboda, sakurTxevelSi Sesvlasac ar dauSlida (radgan, rogorc Cans,
igi ar fiqrobda, rom kaTolikur eklesiaSi apostoluri memkvidreoba gauqmebulia
da romis episkoposi petre
mociqulis mosaydre aRaraa)
da (3) is giorgi muxranbatons, sxva politikuri
Sexedulebisa da poziciis
adamians, renegatad, moRalated da gamyidvlad ar moixseniebda, radgan mas, wm. episkoposs, demokratiuli
cnobiereba fqonda.
misi meufebis literaturuli
memkvidreobidan Cans, rom mas
is sazogadoebrivi da politikuri wyobileba moswonda,
rac Tanamedrove civilizaciis qvakuTxedia da Cvens
warmodgenasa da metyvelebaSi
(ama Tu im mizezis gamo)
dasavleT evropasTan
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
42
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü
sekularizmi
solidaroba
sekularizacia
Tu desekularizacia?
saqarTveloSi sekularizaciis Sesaxeb diskusias
imdenad daagvianda, rom, SeiZleba iTqvas, modas
Cvendauneburad avcdiT. dRes, rodesac viwyebT imaze
fiqrs, Tu ra aris sekularizacia, dasavleTSi termini
bevrs moZvelebulad miaCnia. dasavleli avtorebi
Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi religiis adgilis
gansasazRvrad sxva terminebs mimarTaven:
`de-sekularizacia~ (piter bergeri), `de-privatizacia~
(xose kazanova), `post-sekularuli sazogadoeba~ (iurgen
habermasi) da sxva. rogorc vxedavT, es axali cnebebi
sruliad cnobierad upirispirdeba sekularizaciis cnebas.
giga zedania
ibeWdeba wignidan `sekularizacia: koncepti da konteqstebi~
magram iyo dro, rodesac
sekularizaciis koncepti
Tanamedroveobis genealogiisaTvis umniSvnelovanes
instrumentad miiCneoda.
socialuri mecnierebis yvela
klasikosi: konti, spenseri,
marqsi, froidi _ iseve,
rogorc maTi uTvalavi mimdevari _ amodioda sekularizaciis procesis garduvalobis
daSvebidan. oRond aq unda
aRiniSnos pirvelive
problema, romelic mas Tan
axlavs: arasodes yofila
cxadi, zustad ra fenomens
aRniSnavda termini `sekularizacia~. ufro swored,
arsebobda sityvis ramdenime
mniSvneloba, romelTa aRrevasac mecnierebaSi xSirad
hqonda da dRemde aqvs adgili.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yvela
sazogadoebaSi arsebobs
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
Solidarity
religia, rogorc transcendenturTan mimarTebis forma,
magram ara yvela sazogadoebaSi arsebobs specialuri
meta-ena, romelzedac am
religiis aRwera xdeba.
sekularizacia (saecularisatio)
laTinuri enis terminia,
romelic pirdapir aris
gadaRebul inglisursa da
romanul enebSi. germanulSi
arsebobs misi Sesatyvisic,
Verweltlichung, magram aseve
ixmareba Säkularisierung. rusulic
Seecada Sesatyvisis povnas _
îáìèðùåíèå. qarTulSi Sesatyvisi ar gvaqvs. isic ki ar
viciT, Tu ra unda iyos saeculumis Sesatyvisi. samyaro?
msoflio? eri (`saero~)?
`sekularizacia~ kanonikur
samarTalSi aRniSnavda sasuliero piris saero statusSi
dabrunebas. amis Semdeg
Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
43
#3(36)
terminma SeiZina mniSvneloba,
romliTac aRiniSneboda saeklesio qonebis saero xelisuflisaTvis gadacema; terminis
es cvlileba met-naklebad
emTxveva 1648 wels vestfaliis
zavis Sedegad gaCenil
saxelmwifoTa Tanamedrove
sistemis warmoSobas. Sesabamisad, terminis am axali, politikur-iuridiuli mniSvnelobiT xdeba eklesiis Zalauflebis SezRudvisa da saero
xelisuflebis monopoliis
procesebis invocireba.
magram sekularizaciis cneba
male am politikur-iuridiul
mniSvnelobis farglebs gareTac gava da iqceva filosofiur-istoriuli kategoriad,
romlis safuZvelzec sabolood misi sociologiuri
operacionalizaciis
mcdelobas eqneba adgili.
sekularizaciis yvelaze
mniSvnelovani filosofiuristoriuli koncefciebi dakavSirebulia me-19 saukunis
ori umniSvnelovanesi moazrovnis saxelTan: hegeli da
marqsi. xolo me-19 saukunis
istoriis filosofiis tradiciasTan wyvetis mcdeloba
da sekularizaciis sociologiuri koncefciis SemuSaveba
_ socialur mecnierebaTa
erT-erTi damfuZneblis, maqs
veberis korpusTan. amis
Semdeg sekularizaciis cneba
aRwevs TeologiaSic,
gansakuTrebiT _ qristianuli
Teologiis protestantul
ganStoebaSi. fridrix
gogartenis dialeqtikuri
Teologia swored sekularizaciis konceptis aTvisebas
gulisxmobs.
sekularizmi
mniSvnelobaTa es gafarToebatransformacia aris swored
erT-erTi mizezi rogorc
cnebis popularobisa, ise misi
erTmniSvnelovani gansazRvris problemebisa. erTi ram ki
unda aRiniSnos: miuxedavad
imisa, rom sekularizaciis
cneba yovelTvis politikuradaa datvirTuli da, SeiZleba
iTqvas, motivirebulic ki,
ver vityviT, rom sekularizaciis Teziss mxolod isini
gvTavazoben, vinc religiis
rols negatiurad afasebs,
xolo isini, visac religiisa da
eklesiis dacva surs, sekularizaciis Teziss uaryofen.
arsebobs SemTxvevebi, rodesac
swored rwmenis niadagze
warmoSobili koncefciebis
SigniT xdeba sekularizaciis
Teoriis ganviTareba _ iqneba
es Teologiis farglebSi
(zemoT dasaxelebuli gogarteni), Tu sociologiisa (devid
martini, piter bergeri ).
sekularizaciis cnebis yvelaze
mniSvnelovani mniSvnelobebis
gamoyofas Tu movindomebT,
eseni iqneba: a) diferenciacia
_ procesi, romlis Sedegadac
religia kargavs gavlenas sxva
sazogadoebriv sferoebze
(politika, xelovneba, mecniereba, samarTali); b) privatizacia _ rodesac am diferenciaciis Sedegad religia
adamianis pirad saqmed iqceva
da ara _ koleqtiuri cxovrebis aucilebel pirobad; g)
religiis mniSvnelobis
daknineba _ es ukanaskneli
wina ori procesis logikur
Sedegad warmoCindeba xolme
Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi.
araa aucilebeli, sekularizaciis am sami mniSvnelobidan
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
44
samive SevinarCunoT. dRevandel dRes, magaliTad,
umravlesoba socialur
mecnierebaSi moRvawe mkvlevarebisa miiCnevs, rom religiis
mniSvnelobis dakninebas
sulac ar aqvs adgili _ da am
dros xdeba miTiTeba islamis
rolze iranSi, protestantuli
fundamentalizmis rolze
aSS-Si, kaTolicizmze irlandiaSi, induizmze indoeTSi da
a. S. magram is, rom religiis
mniSvneloba Tanamedrove
sazogadoebaSic didia, jer
kidev ar niSnavs imas, rom ar
momxdara _ im qveynebSi, sadac
modernizacia ganxorcielda
_ a) sxvadasxva sazogadoebrivi sferoebis diferenciacia
da b) religiis privatizacia.
TumcaRa, isic unda aRiniSnos,
rom arsebobs koncepciebic,
romlebic cdiloben, sekularizaciis mesame mniSvnelobac
SeinarCunon. ukanaskneli aseTi
Teoria, romelic, amasTan,
aqamde arsebul yvelaze did
empiriul (ZiriTadad raodenobriv kvlevebze dafuZnebul)
masalas ajamebs, aris ronald
inglhartisa da misi TanamSromlebis mier SemuSavebuli
sekularizaciis koncepcia.
masze calke Rirs saubari,
radgan rogorc winamdebare
krebulSi, aseve sxva qarTulenovan publikaciebSic aris
nacadi misi miyenebis mcdeloba qarTuli konteqstisaTvis.
inglharti RirebulebaTa
sistemebis analizs cdilobs.
erTi mniSvnelovani ganzomileba RirebulebaTa sistemebs
Soris gansxvavebisa aris tradiciulsa da sekularulracionalur Rirebulebebs
Soris gavlebuli mijna. es
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü
solidaroba
mijna hyofs sazogadoebebs,
sadac religia Zalian mniSvnelovania maTgan, sadac es ase
araa. sxva orientaciaTa farTo
speqtria dakavSirebuli am
gansxvavebasTan. tradiciul
sazogadoebebSi mniSvnelovania avtoritetis pativiscema,
absoluturi normebi da
tradiciuli ojaxuri
Rirebulebebi. sazogadoebebi,
sadac sekularul-racionaluri Rirebulebebia dominanturi, yvela am punqtSi
sapirispiro preferenciebs
avlenen.
inglhartis mixedviT, arsebobs
meore mniSvnelovani ganzomilebac _ esaa gadarCenisa da
TviT-gamoxatvis RirebulebaTa sistemebs Soris gansxvaveba.
magram religiis analizisaTvis is meoradi mniSvnelobisaa.
Cveni konteqstisaTvis ufro
sainteresoa Semdegi faqti:
RirebulebaTa msoflio
rukaze, romelzec 80-ze meti
qveyanaa datanili imisda
mixedviT, Tu romel RirebulebaTa sistemas aqvs dominanturi adgili TiToeul
maTganSi, saqarTvelo zustad
SuaSia tradiciulsa da
sekularul-racionalur
RirebulebaTa RerZze. es imas
niSnavs, rom Cven gardamaval
etapze vimyofebiT da
bolomde arc erT sistemas
mivekuTvnebiT, da arc _ meores.
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
Solidarity
saxezea garkveulwilad
hibriduli RirebulebaTa
sistema, romlis asaxsneladac
saWiroa ara mxolod ukanaskneli oci wlis manZilze
qveyanaSi gauaresebuli socialur-ekonomikuri pirobebis
gaxseneba (rac, Tavis mxriv,
gavlenas axdens sazogadoebaSi arsebul Rirebulebebze),
aramed im faqtisac, rom
sabWoTa kavSiris SigniT
ganxorcielebuli modernizacia mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeboda modernizaciis dasavluri modelisagan (rasac,
rogorc Cans, mohyva rigi
tradiciuli tipis
sazogadoebrivi struqturebisa da Rirebulebebis
Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
45
#3(36)
SenarCuneba sabWoTa da postsabWoTa saqarTveloSi).
magram davubrundeT isev
sekularizaciis Teorias.
analizis es modeli efuZneba
daSvebas, romlis mixedviTac
mocemuli sazogadoebis sekularizaciis done ganisazRvreba mis wevrTa raodenobiT,
romlebsac swamT religiuri
dogmebisa da romlebic monawileoben religiur praqtikebSi.
magram swored es daSvebaa,
romelmac bevri Tanamedrove
sociologi sekularizaciis
Teoriis mTlian uaryofamde
miiyvana. iseTi mkvlevarebi,
rogorebicaa rodni starki
da uiliam beinbriji sekularizacias mecnierulad miTad
ganixilaven. saqme isaa, rom
Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi
morwmuneTa raodenoba sulac
ar klebulobs. xolo Tqva
sazogadoebaze, rom is sekularizebulia maSin, rodesac
misi wevrebis umravlesobas
RmerTis swams _ absurdia.
metic, es mkvlevarebi eWvis
qveS ayeneben rwmenis epoqis
proeqcias Sua saukuneebSi.
Tu dRevandel evropaSi
saeklesio ritualebze
daswrebis procentebi maRali
ar aris (rac iqca rigi sociologebisaTvis sekularizaciis Tezisis damadasturebel
mTavar empiriul masalad), es
procentebi arc arasodes
yofila maRali _ warmodgena
imis Sesaxeb, rom Sua saukuneebSi sazogadoebis yvela
wevri religiuri vnebebiT iyo
gamsWvaluli, iseTive miTia,
rogoric sekularizacia.
miuxedevad imisa, rom am warmodgenam ukanasknel aTwleulebSi sakmao gavrceleba
sekularizmi
moipova, is sulac araa
saboloo ganaCeni sakiTxis
Sesaxeb. zemoT ukve iyo
saubari imaze, rom termin
`sekularizacias~ ramdenime
mniSvneloba aqvs. misi erTerTi mniSvneloba ki
miuTiTebs religiis rolis
Secvlaze sazogadoebis
SigniT. es bevrad ufro
saintereso da perspeqtiuli
midgomaa, romlis mravali
versiac arsebobs. isini Cvens
yuradRebas amaxvileben im
garemoebaze, rom religiam
namdvilad dakarga raRac _
esaa sazogadoebis politikuri formis struqturirebis
SesaZlebloba. Tu tradiciul
sazogadoebaSi religia
gansazRvravs socialuri
kavSiris ekonomias, Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi religias
uxdeba iarsebos wesrigis
SigniT, romelic mis mier
aRaraa determinirebuli.
ganmsazRvreli funqciis
dakargva ar niSnavs imas, rom
religiebs am sazogadoebriv
wesrigze gavlena aRar aqvT _
ubralod es gavlena bevrad
ufro gaSualebulia.
magaliTisaTvis: Tanamedrove
sekularuli demokratiuli
sazogadoeba, garkveuli
azriT, qristianobis SigniT
sekularulisa da sakraluris
gamijvnis Sedegia
Tanamedrove gamokvlevebi
mxolod imas ki ar gvaCvenebs,
rom eklesiis roli evropaSi
iklebs, aramed imasac, rom
rwmenis sazrisi icvleba an
ukve Seicvala. saxezea pluralizmi, magram es pluralizmi araa ubralod Segueba im
faqtTan, rom sxva adamianebi
sxvagvrad fiqroben. ara, esaa
Tavad im faqtis integracia,
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
46
rom arsebobs sxvagvarad
moazrovneebi, Tavad rwmenis
aqtSi. pluralizmi, romelic
sazogadoebaSi arsebobs
rogorc mocemuloba, erTia;
magram pluralizmi, rodesac
is Tavad rwmenis nawilia, sul
sxvaa. esaa gansxvaveba
tolerantobas, Semwynareblobas _ rogorc politikur
princips Soris, erTi mxriv,
da pluralizms, rogorc
inteleqtualur princips
Soris, meore mxriv. adgili
aqvs rwmenis `relativizacias~ anu demokratiis SeRwevas
rwmenaSi. amis saboloo
Sedegia religiuri rwmenis
transformacia identobaSi.
morwmune Tanamedrove
sazogadoebaSi, Tanamedrove
sociologebs Tu davujerebT, aRar irCevs religias
misi sayovelTao WeSmaritebis
gamo, aramed imisTvis, rom
gansazRvros sakuTari Tavi,
sakuTari subieqturoba. axali
tipis morwmune ar cdilobs,
sxvebi moaqcios sakuTar
rwmenaze. metic, is arc
amtkicebs sakuTari religiis
upiratesobas, magram verc
imas itans, Tu misi religiis
winaaRmdeg kamaToben.
Tu am msjelobas davefuZnebiT, maSin SeiZleba ufro
advilad gavarkvioT, Tu ra
risi gamomwvevia: `subieqturi
sekularizacia~ (anu morwmuneTa da religiis mimdevarTa
ricxvis Semcireba) iwvevs
`obieqtur~ sekularizacia
(anu religiis ukandaxevas
sajaro sferodan) Tu piriqiT?
inglhartis koncepcia pirvel
pasuxs irCevs, magram ufro
daxvewili da kompleqsuri
Teoria udaod meore pasuxisaken gadaixreba. struqturu-
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü
solidaroba
li faqtori aris ganmsazRvreli. is SeiZleba iyos gamomwvevi subieqturi religiurobis ukusvlisa, magram es
araa aucilebeli. rogorc
zemoT aRiniSna, sruliad
SesaZlebelia situacia, sadac
struqturuli cvlileba
sazogadoebaSi (anu funqcionaluri diferenciacia
sazogadoebis sxvadasxva
sferoebs Soris) ganxorcielda,
magram amas ar mohyolia
morwmuneebis ricxvis kleba.
gansxvaveba isaa, rom morwmunes
tradiciul sazogadoebaSi
sxvagvari rwmena hqonda; is
sxva samyaroSi (am sityvis
haidegerianuli azriT)
cxovrobda. amitom religiurobis raodenobrivi monacemebis analizi aucileblad
unda iTvaliswinebdes am
Tvisobriv gansxvavebas Zvelsa
da axal, tradiciulsa da
modernul wesrigebs Soris.
desekularizacia am SemTxvevaSi iqneba ara morwmuneTa
ricxvis zrda konkretul
sazogadoebaSi, aramed
mcdeloba, moxdes Tanamedrove demokratiuli wesrigis
darRveva religiis, rogorc
sazogadoebis politikuri
formis mastruqturirebeli
faqtoris, SemotaniT. Tavad
religia, rogorc erTi sfero
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisa,
demokratias araTu ar uSlis
xels, aramed xSirad exmareba
kidec mas sakuTari normatiuli warmodgenebiT, romlebic iqceva sazogadoebis
Rirebulebebis wyarod.
dabolos, rogoria saqarTvelos SemTxvevis specifika
sekularizaciisa da desekularizaciis procesebis
konteqstSi? amis dasadgenad
saWiroa Sedareba. Tu Zalian
utrirebulad vityviT, tradiciulad islamSi religiuri
principi dominirebda
politikurze, dasavlur
qristianobaSi religiuri da
politikuri principebi
erTmaneTisgan gayofili iyo
(ramac migviyvana Tanamedrove
sekularuli sazogadoebis
formasTan), xolo aRmosavlur
qristianobaSi politikuri
principi dominirebs religiurze (bizantiaSi RmerTi
imperatoris umcrosi partnioriao, aRniSnavs erTi
komentatori). Tu am martiv
sqemas daveyrdnobiT, dRes
saqarTveloSi saxezea ganviTarebis swored dasavluri
modelis Canasaxi. gansxvavebiT
ruseTisagan, sadac sabWoTa
kavSiris daSlis Semdeg
saxelmwifo da marTlmadidebeli eklesia erTmaneTs isev
Seerwya, dRevandel saqarTveloSic saxezea TiTqmis sruli
gadafarva, oRond eklesiasa
da samoqalaqo sazogadoebas
Soris. is gavlena, romelsac
eklesia saxelmwifo politikaze axdens, swored am
niadagidan amoizrdeba da ara
_ piriqiT (gansxvavebuli
modelis magaliTad isev ruseTis moyvana SeiZleba, sadac
eklesia aris saxelmwifos
kidev erTi instrumenti
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis
gasakontroleblad). Sesabamisad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
dRevandel dRes saqarTveloSi erT-erTi mTavari amocana
samoqalaqo sazogadoebasa da
eklesias Soris interesebis
Tanxvedrisa da gansxvavebis
aRmoCena da maT Soris `Tanacxovrebis~ modusis dadgenaa.
demokratiul sazogadoebaSi,
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
Solidarity
romlis mTavari niSanic
pluralobaa, samoqalaqo
sazogadoeba ver daemTxveva
erT mrevls; magram Tavad
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba
adamianis Rirsebis, Tavisuflebisa da solidarobis idealebiT sazrdoobs, romelTa
wyaroc _ zogjer uSualod,
zogjer gaSualebulad _
religiaSi unda veZioT.
Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
47
#3(36)
REX ET RECTUM
qristianuli
socialuri moZRvrebis
gavlena
sabazro ekonomikaze
miuxedavad imisa, rom qristianuli rwmena politikur
kredos ar warmoadgens, igi mainc iswrafvis imisaken,
rom ekonomikisa da sazogadoebis, saxelmwifosa da
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis wesrigis CamoyalibebaSi
monawileobdes. saxarebaSi da adamianis qristianul
xatSi igi xedavs sawyisTa mTel rigs iseTi socialuri
da politikuri urTierTobebis formirebisaTvis,
romlebic mSvidobis, Tavisuflebis, socialuri
samarTlianobisa da politikuri nebis CamoyalibebaSi
monawileobis garanti gaxdeba da adamians misi unarebisa
da niWis ganviTarebisa da srulyofis saSualebas miscems.
KkaTolikur eklesiaSi me-19 saukunidan moyolebuli am
sawyisebis sistematizeba socialur moZRvrebaSi
xdeboda, ramac Tavisi asaxva pova papebis socialur
enciklikebSi, vatikanis me-2 krebis pastoralur
konstituciaSi (“GAUDIUM ET SPES”), episkoposTa
regionul da nacionalur konferenciaTa werilebsa da
mravalricxovan saxelmZRvanelo saSualebebSi.
manfred spikeri
ekonomika
ekonomikasac, Tuki igi zneobrivi TvalsazrisiT gamarTlebuli unda iqnes, adamianis
qristianuli xatidan
gamomdinare, qristianuli
orientacia sWirdeba. adamiani
`mTeli ekonomikis mizezi,
centri da mizania~. ekonomikis
daniSnuleba adamianis moTxovnilebis dasakmayofileblad
saWiro saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebaa. misi mizani
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
48
aramarto nedleulis, energiis, kapitalis, samuSao Zalisa
da axali teqnologiebis SezRudul resursTa SeZlebisdagvarad optimaluri gamoyenebaa, aramed pirovnebis
Rirseuli ganviTarebisTvis
materialuri wanamZRvrebis
uzrunvelyofac. amgvarad,
ekonomika marto rentabelobis
kanonebiT marTuli moTxovnisa
da miwodebis urTierTmimarTeba ki ara, aramed kulturis
monapovaricaa. mogeba da
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü
solidaroba
moxmareba TviTkmari mizani
araa da arc maTi zrdaa moTxovnisa da miwodebis saboloo
mizani. ekonomika `adamianuri
cxovrebis RirebulebaTa
yvela sferos~ emsaxureba.
misi mizani integraluri
humanizmis ganviTarebaa.
socialuri sabazro
ekonomikis
warmmarTvelebi
qristianuli socialuri
moZRvrebis anTropocentruli
orientaciidan da gansakuTrebiT ki ekonomikisa da
Sromis miseuli gagebidan,
ekonomikuri wesrigis
Semdegi warmmarTvelebi
gamomdinareoben:
1. Tavisufleba
ekonomika adamianis pirovnuli
Tavisuflebis gaTvaliswinebiT unda aigos. Tavisufali
ekonomikuri wesrigi ki iseT
marTlwesrigs moiTxovs,
romelic uzrunvelyofs mewarmeTa Tavisufal iniciativas, swavlisa da muSaobis
adgilis, profesiis, saqmiani
partnioris, sakuTrebis,
konkurenciis, kavSirebis
Seqmnisa da satarifo ganakveTebis Sesaxeb molaparakebis
arCevanis Tavisuflebas, rac
amavdroulad am Tavisuflebis
borotad gamoyenebisgan dacvas
an, minimum, misi SezRudvis
instrumentebs iTvaliswinebs.
ekonomika, iseve rogorc
nebismieri sxva adamianuri
saqmianoba, saxelmwifos mier
Seqmnil sferos ar warmoadgens, piriqiT, igi calkeuli
adamianebisa da Tavisuflad
sakuTrebis ufleba warmoadgens ZiriTad uflebas,
romelic `nebismier droSi~
moqmedia, is figurirebs aTi
mcnebis meSvide da meaTe
mcnebebSi da TviT saganTa
bunebis safuZvelSi Zevs.
kerZo sakuTreba xels uwyobs
`calkeuli adamianisa da misi
ojaxis piradi cxovrebis
qmnadobisaTvis aucileblad
saWiro sivrcis~ arsebobas;
`is stimuls aZlevs amocanebisa da pasuxismgeblobis
sakuTar Tavze aRebas~ da
Camoyalibebuli jgufebis
Tavisufali inicitivis cocxali procesia. Tuki saxelmwifo ekonomikaSi ereva, igi
amas mxolod ekonomikuri
procesis monawileTa Tavisuflebisa da saerTo keTildReobisTvis unda akeTebdes.
amitomac `samoqalaqo
Tavisuflebis wanamZRvrebs~
ganekuTvneba. warmoSobis
momentidan moyolebuli, kerZo
sakuTreba pirvel yovlisa
adamianis Sromis nayofad,
misi fizikuri da sulieri
saqmianobis produqtad iTvleboda. kapitali, romelic
xSirad Sromis sapirispiro
polusadaa gagebuli qristianuli socialuri moZRvrebis
mier, agreTve SromasTan
Sinagan kavSirSi ganixileba,
radganac is, rogorc warmoebis aucilebeli elementi,
amavdroulad TaobaTa
Sromis nayofs warmoadgens.
2. sakuTreba
warmoebis saSualebebze kerZo
sakuTreba Tavisuflebis
uzrunvelyofis fuZemdeblur
instruments warmoadgens.
qristianuli socialuri
moZRvreba yovelTvis
darwmunebuli iyo, rom kerZo
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
Solidarity
Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
49
#3(36)
kerZo sakuTrebis uflebaze
aqcentireba calmxrivi da
qristianuli socialuri
moZRvrebisTvis Seusabamo
iqneba, Tuki miwieri
sikeTeebis sazogadoebriv
daniSnulebaze miTiTebiT ar
SevavsebT mas. `miwaze da
miwis wiaRSi arsebuli
sikeTeebi RmerTma yvela
adamianisa da xalxis sargeblobisaTvis Seqmna. amitomac,
samarTlianobidan gamomdinare, es qmnili sikeTeebi
yvelasTvis xelmisawvdomi
unda iyos~.
3. mewarme
mewarme, rogorc ekonomikis
moqmedi piri, romelic ise
aerTianebs kapitalsa da
Sromas, teqnikur da komerciul codnas, rom dakmayofilebul iqnes moTxovnileba
saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze,
qristianul socialur
moZRvrebaSi aucilebel
profesiul fenas ganekuTvneba, TumcaRa enciklikebSi
iSviaTad ixsenieba. qristianuli socialuri moZRvreba
ekonomikaSi Tavisufali
mewarmeobisa da menejmentis
ganmtkicebas, mewarmeobis
eTosis Camoyalibebas eswrafvis. mewarmisagan elian
mravalmxrivi gonebrivi
unarebis flobas, Zlier
xasiaTs, fantazias, socialur
Segnebas, investiciebisa da
kooperaciisaTvis mzadyofnas
da axali samuSao adgilebis
Seqmnas. mewarmisaTvis
aucilebel Tvisebebs warmoadgens `Sromismoyvareoba,
sifrTxile savaraudod
sarisko situaciebSi, adamianTaSoris urTierTobebSi
sandooba da erTguleba,
REX ET RECTUM
simtkice, romelic saWiroa
sawarmosaTvis rTuli da
mtkivneuli, magram aucilebeli gadawyvetilebebis
realizaciisas~. mewarme
aramarto warmoebis moculobis
zrdasa da investirebuli
kapitalis rentabelobaze
unda zrunavdes, aramed
adamianis Rirsebis Sesabamis
struqturasa da atmosferozec da misi sawarmos socialur
da politikur konteqstzec.
meore mxriv, qristianuli
socialuri moZRvreba Tavisufali mewarmeobisTvis
Sesabamisi politikuri da
samarTlebrivi garemos
Seqmnas eswrafvis. igi saxelmwifos am pirobebis Seqmnisa
da dacvisaken mouwodebs,
raTa mewarmes zneobrivi
wesrigis farglebSi ganviTarebis saSualeba hqondes.
4. marTvaSi
monawileobis ufleba
marTvaSi muSebis monawileobis ufleba qristianuli
socialuri moZRvrebis anTropocentruli orientaciidan
gamomdinareobs. Tu adamiani
warmoadgens ekonomikis
mizezs, centrsa da mizans,
Tu Sroma mxolod saqonlisa
da momsaxurebis warmoeba ki
ara, aramed pirovnebis
ganviTarebis saSualebacaa,
maSin yovel muSaks unda
hqondes sakuTari saqmianobis
gansazRvraSi monawileobis
saSualeba. igi unda iyos
Sromis procesisa da socialuri wesrigis organizaciis
monawile. Tavisi saqmianobisas is Tavs ara mxolod
xelmZRvanelis an manqanebis
mier marTul obieqtad unda
aRiqvamdes, aramed _ subieq-
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
50
tadac. amitomac muSebs wili
unda hqondeT aramarto
sakuTari Sromis nayofSi,
aramed im ekonomikuri da
socialuri gadawyvetilebebis
miRebaSic, romlebic
mniSvnelovania maTTvis da
maTi STamomavlobis
bedisaTvis.
profkavSirebi, rogorc wesi,
muSebis instrumentia,
romelTa meSveobiTac isini
axdenen sakuTari xmis uflebis
realizebas upirveles yovlisa satarifo ganakveTebis
Sesaxeb molaparakebis dros.
profkavSirebis amocanaa
`muSakTa arsebiTi interesebis dacva yvela sferoSi,
sadac maT uflebebs exebian~.
am amocanis saTanadod
ganxorcielebas Sesabamisi
ganaTlebis mqone, gamocdili
gonieri da saerTo keTildReobaze orientirebuli
profkavSiruli funqcionerebi sWirdeba. magram profkavSirebma muSebi klasobrivi
brZolisken ki ara, socialuri partniorobisken unda
waiyvanon. amavdroulad
qristianuli socialuri
moZRvreba aRiarebs gaficvis,
rogorc interesebis dacvis
ultima ratio legitimurobas.
5. konkurencia
saxelmwifos Carevis nebismieri formis winaSe kerZo
konkurenciis upiratesobidan
gamomdinare, qristianul
socialur moZRvrebaSi sabazro konkurencia sabazro
wesrigis mniSvnelovan da
Seucvlel instrumentad
iTvleba. misi pozitiuri
gavlena ganviTarebis
xelSewyobasa da adamianTa
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü
solidaroba
Zalisxmevis dafasebaSi
mdgomareobs, xolo misi
Sesustebis an ararsebobis
negatiuri Sedegi, rogorc
wesi, arasakmarisi materialuri uzrunvelyofa, agreTve
demokratiul TavisuflebaTa
likvidaciaa. `iq, sadac ar
arsebobs calkeul adamianTa
kerZo iniciativa, politikurad batonobs tirania; iq
ganuviTarebeli rCeba calkeuli ekonomikuri sferoebi;
iq aTasobiT samomxmareblo
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis
naklebobaa, iseTebisa, romlebzedac sxeuli da sulia
damokidebuli~.
konkurenciis CarCopirobebis
gansazRvrisas kanonmdebeli
valdebulia administraciuli
an sagadasaxado samarTlis
meSveobiT zrunavdes aramarto bazris gamWvirvalobis
SenarCunebaze, monopoliebis
Camoyalibebis Tavidan acilebaze da namdvili konkurenciis xelSewyobaze, aramed
imazec, rom konkurencia
ZiriTadi eTikuri Rirebulebebis warmateba, pirvel
yovlisa damokidebulia ara
kanonmdebelze, aramed individuumebisa da sazogadoebriv gaerTianebaTa, maT Soris
sawarmoTa mier sakuTar Tavze
iniciativis aRebisaTvis
mzadyofnasa da Sedegebis
miRwevis unarze. saxelmwifo
adamianis da adamianTa
gaerTianebebis subsidiaa da
ara substituti.
tebas sazrdos mosapoveblad,
aramed pirovnuli ganviTarebis saSualebas da sayovelTao
keTildReobis wanamZRvarsac.
iZulebiTi umuSevroba mZime
tvirTia. umuSevarTaTvis es
niSnavs Semosavlis dakargvas,
socialuri kontaqtebis
Sewyvetas, droTa ganmavlobaSi ki kooperaciuli da
komunikaciuri unarebis,
agreTve sakuTari Zalebis
rwmenis klebas. sazogadoebisaTvis umuSevroba niSnavs
aramarto socialuri produqtis Semcirebas, aramed
socialuri tvirTis matebas
da socialuri konfliqtebis
gamwvavebasac. sruli dasaqmebis uzrunvelyofis an
umuSevrobis likvidaciis
saSualebebi, umuSevrobis
gamomwvevi mravali mizezis
Sesabamisad, mravalgvari unda
iyos. am sferoSi saWiroa
saxelmwifosa da satarifo
sakiTxebSi partniorTa Zalisxmeva. humanuri da
efeqturi ekonomikuri
wesrigisTvis mniSvnelovania
moqalaqeTa Sromisunarianoba
da SromisaTvis mzadyofna,
agreTve solidarobis grZnobis qona. am sferoSi socialuri saxelmwifos organizaciis
sistemasTan erTad
mniSvnelovania aRzrdisa da
ganaTlebis ganviTarebuli
sistemis arseboba.
7. socialuri
saxelmwifos funqciuri
sistemis saWiroeba da
sazRvrebi
6. sruli dasaqmeba
sruli dasaqmeba humanuri
sazogadoebis pirobaa, radganac Sroma warmoadgens
aramarto gardauval boro-
Tu saxelmwifo pasuxismgebelia sayovelTao keTildReobaze, maSin is Ramis guSagis
roliT ar unda Semoifarglos.
socialuri funqciebis
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
Solidarity
meSveobiT igi xels unda
uwyobdes sakuTari moqalaqeebis individualuri cxovrebis ganviTarebas. qristianul
socialur moZRvrebas saxelmwifo yovelTvis socialur
saxelmwifod warmoedgina.
savaldebulo dazRvevis an
sxva Sesaferisi saSualebebiT
saxelmwifom unda Seqmnas
garantiebi, raTa Semosavlis
dakargvam, rac SeiZleba
avadmyofobiT, invalidobiT,
umuSevrobiT an asakiT iyos
gamowveuli, mSromeli da
misi ojaxi siRatakeSi ar
Caagdos; igi unda exmarebodes
im ojaxebs, romlebsac
bavSvebis dabadebis gamo
damatebiTi xarjebi aqvT; man
unda uzrunvelyos sasicocxlo minimumi maTTvis, vinc
amas saWiroebs; man unda
Searbilos metismetad didi
socialuri uTanasworoba da
uzrunvelyos Sromisa da
samuSao adgilis Rirseuli
gaformeba. socialuri
saxelmwifos Sromis sistema
pirdapirproporciuladaa
dakavSirebuli saxelmwifos
socialur stabilurobasTan.
Tavisi miRwevebis dasafinanseblad saWiro saxsrebi
socialurma saxelmwifom
jer unda gamoimuSaos. am
saxsrebis gamomuSavebas
xeli rom ar SeeSalos, socialurma saxelmwifom miznebis,
moculobebisa da dafinansebis
TvalsazrisiT Tavisi
miRwevebi ise unda gaaformos,
rom mewarmeTa da gadasaxadis
gadamxdelTa kerZo iniciativa ar SezRudos, anu bazarTan
Tanaarseboba SeZlos. da bolos, man Tavisi saqmianoba
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos
formiT unda SemozRudos,
raTa igi ganWvretadi iyos
Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
51
#3(36)
rogorc maTTvis, visac
tvirTad awveba, aseve
imaTTvisac, visac exmareba.
8. ganviTarebisa da
teqnikis aucilebloba
da sazRvrebi
qristianul socialur
moZRvrebaSi ekonomikuri
ganviTareba da teqnika,
rogorc saerTo keTildReobis saSualeba da fizikuri
da kulturuli cxovrebis
gaumjobesebis instrumenti,
yovelTvis dadebiTad fasdeboda. civilizaciis mimarT
skefsissa da teqnikisadmi
mtrul damokidebulebas
qristianuli socialuri
moZRvreba mxars ar uWers.
ganviTarebisa da teqnikis
dadebiTi Sefasebis amosaval
wertils warmoadgens bibliaSi RmerTis mier adamianisTvis micemuli davaleba, rom
daufleboda dedamiwas.
amgvarad yovel adamians aqvs
bunebrivi resursebiTa da
energiiT sargeblobis ufleba da movaleoba, raTa daeuflos samyaros da ganaviTaros
Tavisi cxovreba. magram bibliuri Sesaqmedan imavdroulad momdinareobs kidev
erTi davaleba, kerZod is,
rom adamiani gaufrTxildes
dedamiwas da ise moepyros
mas, rogorc memkvidreobas,
romelic momaval Taobebs
unda gadasces.
teqnika warmoadgens ara
damoukidebel mizans, aramed
msoflios humanizaciis, adamianis cxovrebis ganviTarebis
saSualebas. Tuki teqnika damoukidebel miznad an ubralod
mogebis gazrdis saSualebad
REX ET RECTUM
iqceva, maSin is ukve adamianis
mokavSire ki ara, mowinaaRmdege gaxdeba. Sesabamisad,
adamiani teqnikis batonidan
mis monad gadaiqceva.
9. mesame samyaros qveynebi
da ganviTarebaSi
daxmareba
CrdiloeTsa da samxreTs
Soris konfliqti safrTxes
uqmnis msoflios erTianobas,
romelze zrunvac eklesiis
erT-erTi amocanaa. mesame
samyaros qveynebs marto
imitom ki ar unda davexmaroT,
rom amas moyvasis siyvaruli
moiTxovs, aramed imis gamoc,
rom es saWiroa saerTaSoriso
samarTlianobisa da msoflioSi mSvidobis uzrunvelsayofad. enciklikisaTvis
`Populorum Progressio~ ganviTareba mSvidobis axal saxels
warmoadgens. qristianuli
socialuri moZRvreba yovelTvis darwmunebuli iyo, rom
mesame samyaros qveynebis
ganviTareba marto industriulad ganviTarebuli
qveynebis sazrunavi ar aris.
am saqmeSi mTavari pasuxismgebloba Tavad ganviTarebad
qveynebs ekisrebaT, sakuTari
ekonomikuri progresisa da
socialuri aRmavlobisaTvis
ZiriTadi samuSao maT Tavad
unda Seasrulon. amgvarad,
mesame samyaros qveynebis
ganviTarebis sakiTxisTvis
mniSvnelovania aramarto
solidarobis, aramed subsidiurobis principic. aucilebelia agreTve ganviTarebadi
qveynebis kulturuli Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswineba,
raTa maT Tavs ar moaxvion
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
52
ucxo cxovrebis stili,
magaliTad, Sobadobis
regulirebis sakiTxSi.
ganviTarebad qveynebSi aris
aramarto kvebis produqtebis,
aramed sazogadoebaSi
ganaTlebisa da samewarmeo
suliskveTebis ganviTarebis,
institutebis iseTi reformirebis saWiroeba, romelic
gamoricxavs korufcias da
avtoritarul reJims da maT
demokratiuli monawileobis
qristiani da ekonomika
qristianuli socialuri
moZRvreba acnobierebs, rom
ekonomikuri wesrigis miRweva
mxolod wesrigis principebis
meSveobiT SeuZlebelia. qristianis monawileoba damokidebulia aramarto rwmenaze,
aramed saqmis codnaze,
profesiul kompetenturobaze.
amitomac qristianma, gansakuTrebiT ki Temis wevrma,
romelic ekonomikaSia
dasaqmebuli, Tavisi rwmena
sakuTari profesiuli
aqtiurobiT unda daamowmos.
igi movalea Tavis profesiul
Sromas da Tavis saqmianobas
mewarmeTa da muSaTa kavSirebSi, profkavSirebSi, politikasa Tu mecnierebaSi, rwmenis
aRsarebis saxe misces da yvela gadawyvetilebaSi, romelic warmoebas, vaWrobas,
tarifebs an marTlwesrigs
exeba, aqcenti ekonomikis
anTropocentrul orientaciaze gaakeTos.
Targmna
zaza imerliSvilma
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü
politikuri eqsplikaciebi
solidaroba
saqarTvelos
sabWoTa
memkvidreoba
ibeWdeba jon hopkinsis univrsitetis gamomcemlobis nebarTviT
Fairbanks, Charles H. "Georgia's Soviet Legacy". Journal of Democracy 21:1 (2010), 144-151.
© 2010 National Endowment for Democracy and The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Carlz fernbeqsi
baltiis sami respublikis
garda, axal saxelmwifoebs,
romlebic sabWoTa kavSiris
ngrevis Semdeg warmoiSvnen,
seriozuli sirTuleebi
hqondaT demokratiis
miRwevis gzaze. am sirTuleebis gasagebad yvelaze cxadi,
magram naklebad gamoyenebuli
meTodi, samocdaaTwliani
sabWoTa politikuri
memkvidreobis Seswavlaa. am
saqmis dasawyebad saqarTvelo
kargi magaliTia, vinaidan is
konsolidirebuli demokratiis
imedis momcem kandidatad
ganixileboda da radgan
(ruseTisa da sxva bevri
respublikebisagan gansxvavebiT) igi Tavisufalia sabWoTa
mmarTvelobis `gangrZobiTobis~ TvalSisacemi kvalisagan.
amitom saqarTvelos magaliTze
gakeTebuli analizi SesaZloa
naadrevi iyos sxva postsabWoTa respublikebTan
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
Solidarity
mimarTebiT, magram is mainc
relevanturi iqneba, Tu
mxedvelobaSi miviRebT maT
Soris arsebul gansxvavebebs.
evraziis postkomunisturi
qveynebi komunisturi warsulisadmi damokidebulebebiT
gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan.
sabWoTa kavSiris droindeli
komunisturi partia aRar
arsebobs da xandaxan sityva
partiis gamoyenebasac ki
gaurbian. yvela instituciuri
forma demokratiulia: hyavT
prezidentebi SezRuduli
uflebebiT, aqvT parlamentebi, sasamarTlo, kerZo
biznesi da, rogorc wesi,
kerZo mflobelobaSi arsebuli media. Cveulebrivi adamianebi sabWoTa wnexis Semdgeg
mopovebul Tavisuflebis
gancdas sxvadasxvagvarad
avlenen _ mogzauroben
sazRvargareT, uars amboben
Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
53
#3(36)
manqanaSi Rvedebis Sekvraze,
TiTqos maTTvis, ubralod,
autaneli iyos yvelanairi
SezRudva. adamianebi mTavrobas aRiqvamen rogorc raRac
ucxos, Tavsmoxveulsa da
binZurs.
mTavrobisadmi siZulvili da
undobloba Cveulebrivi
movlenaa arakomunistur
avtoritarul reJimebsa da
demokratiebSic ki, magram es
grZnobebi arsad ar aris iseTi
Zlieri, rogorc postsabWoeTSi. marTalia, am situaciaze
iSviaTad msjeloben, magram
faqtia, rom ara mxolod
postkomunisturi sazogadoebebi, aramed postkomunisti
mmarTvelebic ganicdian
sabWoeTidan gadmoyolil am
grZnobas. Rvedebis Sekvrisa
ar iyos, ras ver itans da ras
gamoyavs wyobidan arCeuli
prezidenti? pirvel yovlisa
kanonis uzenaesobas, yvela
instituciuri CarCoTi,
biurokratiuli rutiniTa da
am yvelaferTan dakavSirebuli
CvevebiTurT.
postsabWoTa qveynebSi sabWoTa
politikis ZiriTadi elementebi, ideologiis CaTvliT,
ukvalod gaqra. axalgazrduli
organiaciebis saxelebi,
`kmara~ da `droa~, romlebic
2003 wlis vardebis revoluciisas saqarTveloSi da 2004
wlis narinjisferi revoluciisas ukrainaSi gamoCndnen,
im idealebis miuReblobas
gamoxataven, romlebic komunizmis Semdgom politikas
gansazRvravda am qveynebSi.
saqarTveloSi mmarTvel
nacionalur moZraobas aqvs
raRac ideologiis msgavsi,
rwmenaTa sistema, romelic
politikuri eqsplikaciebi
tradiciebisadmi garkveuli
antipaTiiT, vesternizaciisadmi ndobiTa da Tavisufali
bazrisadmi nominaluri rwmeniT
ganisazRvreba, magram am
ideologiuri Tu kvaziideoliuri Sexedulebebis realuri
mniSvneloba Zneli Sesafasebelia. gaqra ideisadmi an
momavlisadmi Sewirvis sabWouri rwmena, gaqra partiuli
nebis morCilebisa da partiis
xazis ucdomelobis warmodgenebic. amis nacvlad politikaSi oportunizmi Warbobs,
rac principebis naklebobaze
miuTiTebs. am udidesi transformaciis dadebiTi mxare is
aris, rom gaqra akrZalvebic
adamianebis piradi cxovrebis
TavisuflebaSi.
TiTqmis mTel postkomunistur sivrceSi mTavrobebi
Seicvala sabWoTa kavSiris
Semdeg, magram isini mainc
hgvanan stalinur (da Semdeg
sabWoTa) reJimebs imiT, rom
Zalaufleba erTi adamianis
xelSia koncentrirebuli,
romelic morCili samTavrobo
partiis an partiebis,
sakanonmdeblo organosa da
sasamarTlos saSualebiT
marTavs qveyanas (gamonaklisia ukraina da moldova,
sadac prezidentebs ar aqvT
saSualeba akontrolon
parlamenti an Zlieri opozicia). saqarTveloSi mixeil
saakaSvilma ajoba yvela
Tavis postsabWoTa mezobels
sust da korumpirebul
mmarTvelobaze ieriSis
mitaniT. igi Zalian warmatebuli iyo Tavisi xalxisaTvis
Zlieri saxelmwifos ganaxlebis an Tavidan aSenebisa da
qveda donis oficialuri
korufciis mospobis saqmeSi.
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
54
qarTuli sazogadoeba da
qarTvelebis piradi cxovreba
Tavisufalia saxelmwifos
mxridan Carevisagan, magram,
rogorc Cans, saakaSvilis
erT-erTi saxelmZRvanelo
principia realurad damoukidebeli ar darCes arcerTi
msxvili potenciuri politikuri Zalauflebis wyaro
(gamonaklisia media dedaqalaqSi, saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesia da Teatri).
2007 wlis seqtembridan
noembramde nacionaluri
moZraoba pirvelad dadga
Zalauflebis SenarCunebis
seriozuli gamowvevis winaSe.
rodesac yofili ministri
irakli oqruaSvili daimuqra
gaeca saakaSvilis saidumloebebi, mTavrobis reaqcia
mZafri iyo: daakaves erT
dros Tavdacvisa da Sinagan
saqmeTa ministri, TavdebisaTvis daadebines 7 milioni
dolari, Tanamdebobebidan
gaaTavisufles da zogierT
SemTxvevaSi daiWires misi
momxreebi, misi iZulebiTi
monaniebis videoaRsareba,
romelic Zalian hgavda
sabWoeTis droindelebs,
gaavrceles mediasaSualebebiT,
igi aiZules xeli aeRo
politikaze da gaqceuliyo
sazRvargareT. rodesac am
qmedebebma demonstraciebi
gamoiwvia, romlebic udidesi
iyo vardebis revoluciis
Semdeg (risi gameorebis
imedic opozicias albaT
hqonda kidec), mTavrobam
miuSva policia da uxeSad
gausworda SeuiaraRebel
demonstrantebs, daxura
erTdaerTi damoukidebeli
televizia, romelic mTeli
qveynis masStabiT mauwyeblobda, opoziciis nawili
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü
solidaroba
ruseTis specsamsaxurebTan
TanamSromlobaSi daadanaSaula da zogierTi maTganis
qonebis konfiskaciac moaxdina.
pirveli realuri daZabulobis Sedegebi da opoziciis
mTavari nawilis represireba
tovebs STabeWdilebas, rom
mTavrobas ar surs daTmos
Zalaufleba. saqarTvelos
sisustem 2008 wlis ruseTTan
omSi aiZula Tbilisi daTmobebze wasuliyo dasavleli
patronebis winaSe, magram
xelisuflebis uari, aRedgina
damoukidebeli televiziis
mauwyebloba, mainc ZalaSi
tovebs adreul STabeWdile-
bebs. amasobaSi opozicia
cdilobs gadaayenos mixeil
saakaSvili quCis aqciebiT,
anu im gziT, rasac erT dros
Tavad saakaSvili mimarTavda
SevardnaZis winaaRmdeg. mTavrobis Secvlis idea normaluri SejibriT saarCevno
yuTebTan jer kidev momavlis
fiqrad rCeba da demokratiis
konsolidaciisken mimaval
gzas gvaSorebs.
gulaxdilad rom iTqvas,
arCevnebisadmi interesis
dakargva SeiZleba gamoewvia
2008 wlis 5 ianvris riggareSe
saprezidento arCevnebs,
rodesac saeWvod daemTxva
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
Solidarity
erTmaneTs eTnikuri umciresobebiT dasaxlebuli regionebidan (im regionebidan,
romlebsac xelisuflebisadmi
xmis micemis xangrZlivi
istoria aqvs) saakaSvilisTvis
micemuli Zalian bevri xma da
aqtivobis Zalian maRali
maCvenebeli. amgvari sqema
gaTamaSda 2003 wlis arCevnebis drosac, rac win uZRoda
vardebis revolucias,
rodesac SevardnaZis saarCevno blokma yvelaze cudi
Sedegi TbilisSi aCvena da
saukeTeso Sedegebi _ eTnikuri
umciresobebiT dasaxlebul
regionebSi. mmarTvelobis 5
wlis ganmavlobaSi naciona-
Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
55
#3(36)
lurma moZraobam xelidan
gauSva Sansi gamxdariyo konstituciaze dafuZnebuli partia.
nacvalad amisa man arCia
Tavisuflad gamoeyenebina
saxelmwifos mTeli resursi.
2008 wlis ianvris arCevnebis
dawvrilebiTi statistikuri
analizi da egzitpolis
Sedegebi gvkarnaxobs, rom
garkveuli manipulaciebis
gareSe prezidenti ver
SeZlebda pirvelive turSi
xmebis 53,4 procentiT
gamarjvebas.1 eWvgareSea, rom
saakaSvilma bevriT gauswro
masTan yvelaze axlos mdgom
konkurents da rom meore
turSi didi upiratesobiT
gaimarjvebda, magram meore
turi ar iqna daSvebuli.
Zalauflebis dakargvis
yovelgvari riskis aRmofxvram
demokratiis legitimurobis
SenarCunebis yovelgvar
mcdelobaze upiratesi Zala
SeiZina. amaSi Cven SegviZlia
davinaxoT komunistebis
`operaciuli kodis~ (an taqtikuri principebis) maqsima,
rasac naTan leiTsi `resursebze dayrdnobas~ uwodebs.2
2008 wlis 21 maisis saparlamento arCevnebi naklebad
manipulirebuli iyo, nacionalurma moZraobam didi
angariSiT moigo, rac xalxis
politikur pasiurobaSi gadasvlaze miuTiTebda, iseve, rogorc nacionaluri moZraobis
mxridan saxelisuflo resursebis srulad gamoyenebazec.
opozicia, media da
sasamarTlo
opoziciis Tavad arsebobac
ki mowmobs im avtoritetze,
politikuri eqsplikaciebi
romliTac dasavluri institutebi sargebloben
saqarTveloSi. xelisuflebam
icis, rom garesamyarosaTvis
igi opoziciis myoled unda
aRiqmebodes da amitom
ramdenime dapatimrebiT da
darbeviT ifargleba da
mkvlelobamde, jerjerobiT
yovel SemTxvevaSi, saqme ar
midis. es yovelive ar gamodgeba xelisuflebis mudmivi
mcdelobis prevenciisaTvis _
dayos, daasustos da akontrolos opozicia. xelisufleba
cdilobs opozicias ori
wyalgamyofi dauwesos:
opozicii arseboba arasdros
ar unda Seicavdes realuri
Zalauflebis mopovebis safrTxes da Zalaufleba arasdros gadanawildeba namdvil
opoziciur elementebze.
mxolod 2007 wlis noembris
krizisis Semdeg ecada xelisufleba, Tumca uSedegod,
moepovebina ramdenime opoziciuri lideris keTilganwyoba maTTvis ministris
porTfelebis SeTavazebiT.
xelisuflebis ufro mdgradi
strategia iyo morCili da
saxelmwifoze damokidebuli
`saRi azris mqone~ opoziciis
Seqmna, romelic mravalpartiulobis gancdas Seqmnida da
amavdroulad SezRudavda
partiebs Soris aqtualur
konkurencias. am mcdelobis
aSkara warmateba iyo giorgi
TargamaZis, teleimedis
politikuri gadacemebis
direqtoris, gadabireba. mas
Semdeg, rac xelisuflebam
telekompania `imedi~ daxura,
TargamaZem uceb ukuagdo
daumorCilebeli opozicioneris poza da mistikurad
dafinansebuli qristianul-
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
56
demokratiuli moZraoba
Camoayaliba. am moZraobam
xelisuflebas demokratiuli
legitimacia misca, daqsaqsa
opozicia da CaSala parlamentis boikotireba. ra Tqma
unda, `jibis opozicia~ im
qveynebSic arsebobs, sadac
postkomunisturi reJimebi
ar aris, magaliTad, suhartos
`axali wyoba~ indoneziaSi,
magram iq es mainc iSviaTobaa.
`damjeri~ opoziciis Seqmna
saqarTveloSi konspiraciuli
komunisturi meTodebiT
mowinave jgufebSi muSaobis
xangrZlivmoqmed gavlenaze
miuTiTebs.
sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblisa
da ramdenime gazeTis garda,
media nominalurad kerZo
mflobelebis xelSia da sxva
postsabWoTa respublikebze
metad axerxebs gamoxatos
opoziciuri azri. magaliTad,
2008 wlis saparlamento
arCevnebis mimdinareobisas
sakabelo televizia `maestrom~ ramdenjerme aCvena
satiruli videoklipi, sadac
prezidenti saakaSvili imperator neronad iyo warmoCenili.
da mainc, miuxedavad imisa,
rom sabWoTa drois Semdeg
bevri ram Seicvala, raRac
saeWvo mainc rCeba. sabWoTa
kavSiris ZiriTadi mediaorganoebi `izvestia~ da
`pravda~ xSirad komunisturi
elitis sxvadasxva dajgufebebs Soris brZolis Zlevamosil iaraRad gamoiyeneboda
da xSirad aSkarad an iribad
esxmoda Tavs sxvadasxva
lidersa Tu politikas. 2007
wlidan saqarTvelos mTavrobam yvela satelevizio
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü
solidaroba
mauwyebloba Tbiliss gareT
`megobrul xelSi~ moiqcia.
realurad damoukidebeli
mxolod mciretiraJiani
gazeTebia da televiziebi,
romlebic Tbiliss gareT,
satelitebis meSveobiT,
mauwyebloben. xelisuflebas
sxvadasxva manevris Catareba
dasWirda, raTa jer daexura,
Semdeg kanonierad moexdina
konfiskacia da bolos
ekontrolebina `imedi~, ase
rom, axla aRar arsebobs
damoukidebeli mauwyeblobis
qseli, romlis yurebac mTel
saqarTveloSia SesaZlebeli.
amgvari magaliTebi gavrcelebulia im qveynebSic,
romlebic sabWoTa warsuls
ar iziareben.
saqarTvelos politikaSi
yvelaze naklebad damoukidebeli seqtori sasamarTloa.
saqmeebSi, romlebic metnaklebad politikuria, ar
arsebobs xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg miRebuli gadawyvetileba. konsolidirebul
demokratiebSi sasamarTlo
yvelaze nakleb prognozirebadi, parlamentis, eleqtoratis, mediisa da biznesis
gavlenebisgan damoukidebeli
institutia. postsabWoTa
sivrceSi ki piriqiT, sasamarTlo xerxemliTaa mibmuli
prezidentebze, romlebic
dauRalavad cdiloben
centralizebuli avtokratiuli kontroli daamyaron.
aRmasrulebelTa gadaWarbebul Zalauflebas, ra Tqma
unda, arakomunisturi warsulis mqone qveynebSic
kargad icnoben, magram iq
sasamarTlo aRmasrulebelTa
kontroli arasodes aRwevs
iseT xarisxs, rogorc es
postsabWoTa qveynebSi xdeba.
saukuneebis manZilze sasamarTloebi centraluri Zalauflebis Semkaveblebi iyvnen.
marqsizmisTvis ki, meore
mxriv, kanoni individebsa da
partiebze maRla mdgomi Zala
ki ar iyo, aramed _ klasobrivi dominaciis niRabi. komunisturi partiis pirveli
mdivnebisaTvis `satelefono
samarTali~ Cveulebrivi
movlena iyo.
sabWoTa droisgan gansxvavebiT,
fulis gakeTebas an dakargvas
dRevandel qarTul politikaSi Zalian mniSvnelovani
adgili uWiravs. sakuTrebis
ufleba didad dafasebuli
ar aris, iseT SemTxvevebSic
ki, romlebic pirdapir ar
ukavSirdebian politikas.
konfiskacia iaraRad iqna
gamoyenebuli opoziciis
ZiriTadi damfinanseblis
winaaRmdeg. xelisuflebam
kargad icis im damaSinebeli
efeqtis Sesaxeb, rasac
finansuri policia axdens.
saakaSvilma miiRo sakmarisi
dafinanseba (bevri biznesinteresisgan), raTa 2008 wlis
saprezidento arCevnebze
daexarja samjer meti, vidre
es misma yvelaze popularulma
mowinaaRmdegem SeZlo.
qonebis CamorTmevis praqtika
politikuri angariSsworebisTvisac gamoiyeneba.
rodesac 2008 wlis aprilSi
parlamentis spikerma nino
burjanaZem uari Tqva sakuTari kandidatura wamoeyenebina imave postze, mas feSenebeluri vila simbolur fasad
gadaeca, xolo rodesac burjanaZe imave wels opozicias
SeuerTda, sagadasaxado
policiam da sasamarTlom
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
Solidarity
uceb `aRmoaCina~, rom mis
saxlsa da miwas realurad
didi fasi hqonia. es qoneba
axla auqcionze iyideba.
albaT unda davfiqrdeT, Tu
ras migvaniSneben amgvari
epizodebi _ rogoria
politikosebis (xelisuflebisa Tu opoziciis warmomadgenelTa) piradi da samoqalaqo motivebi. saqarTveloSi,
iseve rogorc bevr konsolidirebul demokratiaSi,
simdidre politikuri
gavlenebis mopovebis SesaZleblobas iZleva, magram
saqarTveloSi politikuri
Zalauflebis qona simdidris
moxveWis mokle gzac aris. es
did gavlenas axdens politikuri elitis motivebze,
gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac gadanawilebuli
da droebiT daTmobili
Zalaufleba SeiZleba prezidentisa da misi momxreebis
saukeTeso politikur interesebSi Sediodes. rodesac
kanonis uzenaesoba ar arsebobs, Zalauflebis daTmoba
sariskoa Seni da Seni gundis
simdidrisaTvis. ironiulad
rom SevxedoT, simdidris
mopoveba, rogorc postkomunisturi politikis
faqtori (mxedvelobaSi rom
miviRoT, magaliTad, privatizaciis Sedegad miRebuli
uamravi qoneba) ukvdavyofs
komunisturi politikis ZiriTad struqturul imperativs: aqcenti Zalauflebis
centralizebul monopoliaze.
am imperativis kidev erTi
gamovlinebaa oponentebisTvis zianis momtani da maTi
madiskreditirebeli informaciis gavrcelebis praqtika.
Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
57
#3(36)
opozicionerebi _ mediamflobelebi Salva ramiSvili
da badri patarkaciSvili,
aseve konservatiuli partiis
lideri koba daviTaSvili _
gaxdnen amgvari politikisa da
zog SemTxvevaSi dapatimrebis
msxverplni, makomprometirebeli (xandaxan redaqtirebuli) video da audio Canawerebis gamoqveynebis Semdeg.
kompromati an negatiuri
informaciis gamoyeneba
mtris dasamarcxeblad erTob
sabWouri wesia. sabWoTa
kavSirSi politikuri moTamaSeebi agrovebdnen kompromatebs TavianTi mowinaaRmdegeebis korufciaSi CarTulobis an saeWvo kavSirebis
Sesaxeb da elodebodnen
xelsayrel dros maT gamosaqveyneblad. nikita xruSCovis
destalinizaciis kampaniac
da mixeil gorbaCovis `glasnostic~ amgvari kompromatebis etapebi iyo. skandalis es
iaraRi, marTalia, ar aris
Zalian ucxo, magram arc aseTi
TvalSisacemia dasavlur
demokratiebSi, naklebad
mimarTaven mas komunisturi
warsulis armqone
avtoritarul qveynebSic.
undobloba da
konspiraciis SiSi
saqarTveloSi rwmena imisa,
rom yvelaferi, rac xdeba,
scenis miRma Catarebuli
maqinaciebis Sedegia, Rrmad
aris gamjdari adamianebis
cnobierebaSi. ara mxolod
prezidenti saakaSvili
adanaSaulebda `ucxo Zalebs~
im demonstraciebSi, romlebic misma policiam 2007 wels
Zalis gamoyenebiT daarbia,
politikuri eqsplikaciebi
Cveulebrivi studentebic ki
mTeli seriozulobiT mimtkicebdnen, rom maT qveyanaSi
araferi _ ruseTTan omis
CaTvliT, ar xdeba amerikis
xelisuflebis nebis gareSe.
saqarTvelos xelisuflebas,
mis oponentebs da saqarTvelos mosaxleobis did nawils
Seyrili aqvs undoblobis
virusi, romelic, rogorc Cans,
marqsistuli `undoblobis
hermenevtikisgan~ aris nasesxebi; amgvari hermenevtika
nakleb yuradRebas aqcevda
cxad Rirebulebebs da mraval
fenomens (magaliTad, religias) klasobrivi Cagvris SeniRbul formad ganixilavda.
araferi ise Zlier ar gvagonebs sabWoTa politikas,
rogorc sityva `provokaciis~
xSiri gamoyeneba; am sityvas
yvela iyenebs _ saakaSvilic,
maRali rangis oficialuri
pirebic, opoziciac. provokacia aris vinmes mier Sens
mimarT ganxorcielebuli
qmedeba, faruli surviliT,
gaiZulos moiqce Seni interesebis sawinaaRmdegod.
radgan postsabWoTa politikur brZolebSi amgvari
provokaciebi xandaxan marTlac xdeba, es cneba gamoxatavs gadaWarbebul SiSs ar
kontroldebode vinmes mier
ise, rom amis Sesaxeb araferi
icode. es yvelaferi hgavs im
Rameul koSmars, amerikam
rom Seqmna civi omis winaSe
Zrwolis Sedegad _ mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs 1956 wlis filmi
`Invasion of the Body Snatchers~.
maSinac ki, Tu Cven mier
winaswar kargad momzadebuli
qmedebebi SeiZleba Cven
winaaRmdeg konspiraciiT
iyos inicirebuli, Cven mainc
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
58
Zalian unda vecadoT
davicvaT Cveni Tavi Cveni
mtrebis intrigebisagan.
saqarTvelos xelisuflebis
qmedebebSi SesaZloa amovikiTxoT mcdeloba sagrZnoblad Seasuston Zalauflebis
yvela aSkarad konkurentuli
centri yvela SesaZlo
situaciaSi. es yvelaferi
sabWoTa liderebis qmedebebis
odnav Sesustebul versias
hgavs _ Tumca saqarTvelos
SemTxvevaSi gaurkvevelia
ufro Rrma realobas Zveli
versia warmoadgens Tu misi
Sesustebuli varianti. politika rCeba nulovan TamaSad
(erTi yvelafers igebs, meore
yvelafers agebs), sadac
sxvisi Zalaufleba Sensas
amcirebs, radgan Zalaufleba
erTdroulad saSiSicaa da
myifec. sxva imgvari Zalis
arseboba, romelsac ver
akontroleb, moitanda imas,
rasac laiTsi `damokidebulebis saSiSroebas~ uwodebda.
marTvis ZiriTad stilad
klasikuri komunisturi
kiTxva rCeba: “êòî êîãî?”, anu
vin vis SeWams? opoziciac
xelisuflebas imiT hgavs,
rom sakuTar miznad meore
mxaris ganadgurebas isaxavs,
magram xelisuflebisgan
gansxvavdeba am miznis miRwevis
saSualebebis arqoniT. 2008
wlis saparlamento arCevnebis
Semdeg opoziciis liderma
levan gaCeCilaZem mimarTa
xalxs: `Cveni mTavari mizania
ar mivceT parlaments saSualeba Caataros pirveli sesia,
saamisod parlamentSi SeWrac
rom dagvWirdes~ _ misTvis
damaxasiaTebeli `yvelaferi an
araferi~ _ am damokidebulebis tipuri magaliTia. 3
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü
solidaroba
ZiriTadi problemebi, romlebic xels uSlis
demokratias saqarTvelosa
da sxva yofil sabWoTa
respublikebSi aris: 1) Zalauflebis gamoyeneba qonebis
mosapoveblad; 2) kanonis
uzenaesobis ararseboba; 3)
moqalaqeTa pasiuroba. sabWoeTis danatovari realobis
(kanonis uzenaesobis ararseboba) da axali dasavluri
institutis (kerZo sakuTreba)
kombinacia gansakuTrebiT
toqsikuri aRmoCnda demokratiisaTvis. am sasikvdilo
miqsturam politikuri
Zalaufleba piradi keTildReobis gasaRebad aqcia,
namdvili Tavisufali bazris
arseboba miuReblad saSiSi
gaxada politikuri mmarTvelebisaTvis, gamokveTa
sabWoTa droidan Cadebuli
SiSi Zalauflebis gavrceleba-gayofisa da radikalurad
gazarda Zalauflebis
dakargvis fasi. politikuri
Zalauflebis gamoyenebiT
simdidris mopovebis cdunebis Sansi asustebs yovelgvar
svlas kanonis uzenaesobisaken.
kanonis uzenaesobis gareSe
mmarTvelebis Zalaufleba
simdidres badebs, magram
amavdroulad is aiZulebs
maT mgeli yurebiT eWiroT,
radgan Tu ase ar moiqcevian,
SesaZloa yvelaferi
erTdroulad dakargon.
Zalaufleba simdidris mosapoveblad da kanonis uzenaesobis ararseboba _ es ori
faqtori did gavlenas axdens
gadawyvetilebebis mimRebTa
motivebsa da demotivaciebze,
rodesac isini arCevans
akeTeben (sulerTia Tavidanve,
Tu bolo wuTs) daTmon Tu
ara Zalaufleba (Tuki
saamiso mizezi arsebobs). am
mdgomareobaSi neba misce
sazogadoebas Secvalos mmarTveleba, saSiSia. postsabWoTa
liderebi TavianTi Zalauflebis maqsimalizebas mravali
mizezis gamo axdenen; yvelaze
Zlieri am mizezebs Soris
aris SiSi (Tumca amaze
SeiZleba arc fiqrobdnen).
es ori problema kvebavs mesame
yvelaze seriozul sirTules:
moqalaqeaTa yovlismomcveli
umweobis grZnoba sabWoeTidan
datovebuli damRupveli
memkvidreobaa da politikuri
pasiuroba misi mxolod erTerTi gamovlineba aris. rodesac cxovreba asea damokidebuli mmarTvelis kaprizebze,
kanonis uzenaesobis imedis
gareSe, moqalaqeebs uwevT
Cixur mdgomareobaSi cxovreba, sadac isini Tavs grZnoben
ususurebad, uZlurebad da
politikisgan distancirebulad, rac maT moqalaqeobriv
TviTrwmenas asustebs.
rame rom gavakeToT demokratiisTvis yofil sabWoTa
kavSirSi, pirvel yovlisa
unda vaRiaroT mtkivneuli
simarTle imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra
cotas mivaRwieT jerjerobiT
da raoden saorWofoa momavalSi am miRwevaTa SenarCunebis Sansi. magram demokratiis kari araviTar SemTxvevaSi daxuruli ar aris.
rogorc lukan veim aRniSna,
postsabWoTa avtoritaruli
reJimebi sustia. postsabWoTa mmarTvelebma memkvidreobiT miiRes cinikuri da
qedmaRluri damokidebuleba
TavianT mimdevarTa mimarT,
rac am ukanasknelT Tavis
mxriv umadurebad da veragebad aqcevs. magram aq aRwerili
sabWoTa memkvidreoba
mokvdeba, radgan is ar aris
gamyarebuli religiuri
tradiciiT, gansxvavebiT im
qveynebisgan, sadac islamia
Zlieri. TaobaTa warmatebuli
cvla aucileblad moitans axal
demokratiul SesaZleblobebs
postsabWoTa samyaroSi.
SeniSvnebi:
1
2
3
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
manipulaciis xarisxis srulad gasagebad unda mivmarToT `euTosa~ da
msgavsi monitoringis jgufebis angariSebs (Tumca aucilebeli ar aris
maT bolomde vendoT). amgvari angariSebi, rogorc wesi, avlenen axlad
gamogonebul ucnaur Sedarebas mzardad `ukeTes~ da mzardad `uares~
arCevnebs Soris. misi mizania daifaros Rrma diqotomia, romelic
arsebobs xalxis mier micemul xmasa da mTavrobis nebas Soris _
gansazRvros Sedegebi. faqtobrivad `euTosa~ da msgavsi jgufebis
sapreskonferencio gancxadebebsa da winaswar angariSebze did gavlenas
axdenen delegaciis xelmZRvanelebi da mTavrobebi, romlebic
diplomatiur miznebs isaxaven. saboloo angariSebi (romlebic sakmaod
gvian qveyndeba saimisod, rom raime praqtikuli Sedegi iqonion) bevrad
ufro pirdapiria. saerTo jamSi, saerTaSoriso monitoringi Zalian
mniSvnelovania demokratiisaTvis, magram maT diskreditaciis safrTxe
emuqrebaT, rodesac isini cdiloben SeniRbon simarTle, rogorc es
moxda 1996 wels boris elcinis xelaxla arCevnebidan 2009 wlis hamid
karzais arCevnebamde, romelic cdilobda pirveli raundis gayalbebis
Sedegad moepovebina gamarjveba avRaneTSi.
Nathan Leites, A Study of Bolshevism (Glencoe, III.: Free Press, 1953), leiTsis es
kvleva isev Zalian mniSvnelovania sabWoTa politikuri memkvidreobis
gasagebad.
ix.GGachechiladze is quoted in “opposition Says It Aims to Thwart First Session of New
Parliament,” Civil Georgia, 26 May, 2008. www.civil.ge/eng/article/php?=18394&search=.
Solidarity
Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
59
#3(36)
politikuri eqsplikaciebi
hibriduli
reJimis Tvisebebi
interviu gia nodiasTan
beqa mindiaSvili
Tqven saubrobdiT
imaze, rom ar
SeiZleba hibriduli
reJimi didxans
SenarCundes, man unda
imoZraos demokratiis
mimarTulebiT an
gadaixaros avtoritarizmisken. rogor
fiqrobT, Tu bolo or
Tves aviRebT Sesafasebel periodad,
avtokratiisken ufro
metad aris midrekili
Cveni politikuri
realoba Tu gvaqvs
SesaZlebloba imaze
saubrisa, rom gacilebiT meti nabijia gadadgmuli demokratiisken.
jerjerobiT, mgoni, ver
vityviT, avtokratiisken aris
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
60
midrekili es yvelaferi Tu
demokratiisken, gaaCnia
saidan SevxedavT. am etapze
hibriduli reJimis Tvisebebs
vinarCunebT da jer naadrevia
imis Tqmac ki, Tu saiTken
mivdivarT. 20 wlis Semdgomi
gadmosaxedidan albaT ufro
advili iqneba imis garkveva,
Tu ra etapze vimyofebiT
axla. jer ara varT im wertilSi, roca raRac sicxade
arsebobs. bolo wlebSi ra
warmateba da winsvlac gvqonda, es ufro im winapirobebis
Seqmna iyo, rac demokratias
sWirdeba, magram winapiroba
ar niSnavs, rom demokratia
arsebobs. winapirobaSi vgulisxmob imas, rom arsebobs
arcTu ise qmeduunaro
saxelmwifo, ris gareSec
Zalian Znelia demokratia
gqondes, SeiZleba iyos raRac
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü
solidaroba
Tavisuflebebi, magram isini
yovelTvis mowyvladi da
myife iqneba. ase rom, qmedunariani saxelmwifo aucilebelia. amboben, rom vardebis
revoluciam ar gaamarTla
Tavisi danapirebi, da
gulisxmoben, rom danapirebi
iyo demokratia. realurad ki
es ar aris marTali. Tu
gvaxsovs, revoluciis dros
ZiriTadi lozungi iyo saqarTvelo korufciis gareSe.
korufcia Zalian bundovani
cnebaa, magram zogadad imas
niSnavs, rom saxelmwifo,
rogorc instituti, Tavis
funqciebs ver asrulebs.
revolucia amis gamo moxda
da ara imitom, rom saqarTvelo ar iyo sakmarisad demokratiuli. amas winaT
saakaSvilma amerikaSi Tqva,
rom saqarTveloSi demokratiis sakiTxi axla xdeba
centraluri da mniSvnelovani. axla laparakobs ufro
meti xalxi demokratiaze,
rodesac sabaziso sakiTxi Tu
mTlianad gadawyvetili ar
aris, raRacnairad ZiriTadad
mainc mogvarebulia. da
kidev, es Zalian arapopularuli saTqmelia, magram 20
wlis Semdegomi gadmosaxedidan SeiZleba agvistos omis
Sedegebi CaiTvalos arapirdapir pozitiur faqtorad
demokratiis ganviTarebisaTvis; demokratizaciis erT-erTi
mTavari winapiroba, rogorc
mkvlevarebi aRniSnaven, aris
sicxade sazRvrebis Sesaxeb.
e.i., saxelmwifos, ers unda
hqondes sazRvrebi, anu unda
vicodeT geografiulad
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
Solidarity
sadamde vrceldeba iurisdiqcia da sad gadis sazRvari
meore politikur erTobasTan,
anu vin aris saqarTvelos
moqalaqe da vin ar aris, esec
naTeli unda iyos. iq, sadac
es sakiTxebi cxadi ar aris,
mniSvnelovnad mcirdeba
warmatebuli demokratizacia.
obieqturad politikuri
moTamaSeebis prioritetad
iqceva am sakiTxebis mogvareba.
unda gadawyvito afxazeTisa
da samxreT oseTis sakiTxi, an
ase gadawyvito, an _ ise. agvistos omma, marTalia, es ver
gadawyvita da misi mogvareba
grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi
gadaitana, rac TavisTavad
cudia, magram aman Seqmna
gacilebiT meti sicxade. aRmoCnda, rom Cven am teritoriebs ver vakontrolebT da
Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
61
#3(36)
didxans ver gavakontrolebT.
afxazeTis sakiTxma diplomatiis sferoSi gadainacvla,
JenevaSi vawarmoebT molaparakebebs imisaTvis, rom metma
aravin aRiaros misi damoukidebloba. saakaSvili
gveficeboda, rom am sakiTxs
Tavisi mmarTvelobis
periodSi gadawyvetda, rac,
Cemi azriT, am gadasaxedidan
Secdomad moCans, magram es
bunebrivi Secdoma, radgan
maSin nebismieri qarTveli
politikosi, visac surda
arCevnebis mogeba, unda dagvpireboda amas. dRes ukve
arcerTi WkuaTmyofeli
politikosi ar ityvis, am
sakiTxs movagvarebo, da arc
Cven gveqneba molodini, rom
is amas SeZlebs. am problemamac gverdze gadaiwia; es
TavisTavad Zalian cudia,
magram demokratiuli
ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT,
demokratiuli institutebis
asaSeneblad, es kargia. axla
ukve SesaZlebelia Cven, erma,
sazogadoebrivma jgufebma
Tu xelisuflebam prioriteti
mivaniWoT demokratiuli
institutebis ganviTarebas
da es ufro win davayenoT
erovnuli miznebis ierarqiaSi.
es pozitiuria, magram, meore
mxriv, negatiuri SeiZleba
iyos is, rom realuri demokratiis sakvanZo faqtori
Zalauflebis danawilebaa.
Zalauflebis danawileba
mxolod saxelisuflo ZalTa
konstituciur danawilebas
ar emyareba; es erT-erTi mniSvnelovani faqtoria, magram
Zalauflebis danawileba
mniSvnelovanwilad TviTon
politikur elitaSi da
sazogadoebaSi pluralizmis
arsebobazea damokidebuli
politikuri eqsplikaciebi
da bolo wlebSi am TvalsazrisiT, konstituciis
TvalsazrisiT, ukan davixieT.
anu dRes xelisuflebaSi
ZalTa gamawonasworebeli
naklebi faqtori moqmedebs,
vidre rva wlis win moqmedebda.
aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba
bevrad ufro Zlieria, vidre
nebismieri sxva Sto xelisuflebisa, erovnul doneze Tu
adgilobriv doneze da
sazogadoebrivadac naklebia
wonasworoba, anu naklebad
Cans Camoyalibebuli
interesTa jgufebi Tu
sazogadoebrivi agentebi,
romelTac SeuZliaT
daabalanson xelisufleba.
zogierTi tranzitologi wers, rom
demokratias win
liberaluri reformebi unda uZRodes.
me-19 saukunis liberaluri monarqiebi
avtokratiuli iyo
realurad da Semdeg
aman moitana demokratiis SesaZlebloba.
magram demokratias
axlavs is safrTxe,
rom SeiZleba fundamentalisturi, eqstremistuli Zalebi
movidnen xelisuflebaSi, da gvaqvs ukrainis magaliTic, sadac
rusulma gavlenam
mTlianad moaxdina
xelisuflebis uzurpacia da is gezi,
romelic ukrainas
hqonda aRebuli,
safrTxis winaSe dgas.
ra SeiZleba iTqvas
saqarTveloze
liberalizmis kuTxiT,
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
62
reformebis TvalsazrisiT, ramdenad Sors
varT wasuli am mxriv da
ramdenad sworad aris
gadadgmuli nabijebi?
realurad, ra Tqma unda,
arsebobs daZabuloba da
garkveuli winaaRmdegoba,
erTi mxriv, liberalur
institutebs da liberalur
Rirebulebebsa da, meore
mxriv, demokratias Soris.
kerZod, demokratia dakavSirebulia masobriv monawileobasTan, anu masebi iqcevian
politikis subieqtad da es
masebi ufro xSirad SeiZleba
ar iyvnen liberalurebi, anu
maT sxva prioriteti hqondeT
da ara pirovnebis Tavisufleba, kanonis uzenaesoba an
Tundac Zalauflebis
SezRudva, rac Tanamedrove
liberaluri demokratiuli
wesrigis safuZvelia. amitom
arseboben Teoriebi, romlebic
amboben, modi, jer davamyaroT
liberaluri wesrigi, sadac
kanonis uzenaesobaa mTavari
da amazea damokidebuli
adamianis, pirovnebis Tavisufleba, agreTve CamovayaliboT saSualo klasi,
davZlioT siRaribe, ganaTlebis done avamaRloT da
Semdeg ukve usafrTxo
gaxdeba demokratia. am dros
sazogadoebis didi nawili
saSualo klasi xdeba, saSualo
klass aqvs is Semwynarebloba,
zomiereba da is Rirebulebebi,
rac masebs naklebad moepovebaT. amasobaSi viTardeba e.w.
Sualeduri institutebi _
politikuri partiebi, interesTa jgufebi, asociaciebi
_ da amis Sedegad demokratia
anu masobrivi monawileoba
naklebad saxifaTo xdeba. me-20
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü
solidaroba
saukuneSi faSizmis gavrcelebas ukavSireben imas, rom
swored am dros moxda evropis
ZiriTad qveynebSi sayovelTao saarCevno uflebebis
miReba, romelsac maSin
yvelaze metad liberaluri
partiebi ewinaaRmdegebodnen.
amaSi, ra Tqma unda, aris
simarTle, magram dRes, Cemi
azriT, amaze SeiZleba mxolod Teoriulad visaubroT.
warmoudgenelia, rom, magaliTad, SemoviRoT ganaTlebis
cenzi arCevnebSi monawileobisaTvis an arCevnebSi monawileoba miiRos mxolod man,
visac saxelmwifo biujetSi
Seaqvs garkveuli Tanxa.
xelisuflebam unda daicvas
demokratiis wesebi, magram
raRacnairad unda izrunos
am sakiTxzec. amitom SeiniSneba gaoreba xelisuflebaSic
da sazogadoebaSic, maT Soris
mis im nawilSic, romelic
xelisuflebas mxars ar
uWers. arsebobs garkveuli
SiSi, rom, ai, `mTlad~ demokratia rom iyos, mova `greCixa~
an sanikiZe da es Zalian
cudia. es realoba arsebobs.
cxadia, rom saqarTveloSi
demokratiis mxardaWera
opoziciis mxridanac ar aris
calsaxa. roca opozicia
ambobs, rom es xelisufleba
marneulma da axalqalaqma
airCia, es niSnavs, rom arc
opoziciaa demokratiuli,
radgan miiCnevs, rom mxolod
Tbilisi unda irCevdes, radgan Tbilisi aris namdvili
saqarTvelo, namdvili elita
da azerbaijanelebi, somxebi
da Tundac megrelebi ar
arian sando, an `soflelebis~
xmam ratom unda ajobos
Tbiliselebis xmas, anu maTi
mxridanac aris garkveuli
an ekonomikis gaTavisuflebas imisTvis,
rom moaxdinos
modernizacia iseT
qveyanaSi, rogoric
Cvenia, xolo konservatiuli Zala amisTvis
kulturas iyenebs da
faqtobrivad ar
tovebs saSualebas
sakuTari kulturisgan ixsnas realoba,
vinaidan TviTon xdeba
am kulturis saxe, da
cdilobs uCvenos
sazogadoebas, rom is
aris misi saxe. Tu
SeiZleba am kuTxiT
SevafasoT bolo wlebi
qarTul politikaSi.
ramdenad reformatoruli iyo am TvalsazrisiT xelisufleba?
amboben, rom 2007 wlis
Semdeg reformebis
energiam iklo, reformebi raRac lozungebad
iqca da kulturaze
gakeTda meti aqcenti.
eWvi demokratiuli institutebis mimarT. demokratiaSi
igulisxmeba sayovelTao
saarCevno ufleba da is, rom
nebismier adamians erovnebis,
qonebrivi mdgomareobis da
azrebis miuxedavad, iseve
aqvs erTi xma, rogorc nebismier `elitur~ Tavmomwone
adamians.
xandaxan Tavad xelisuflebis
moqmedeba aris araTanmimdevruli am TvalsazrisiT,
vinaidan Tavad xelisuflebasac aqvs gancda, rom is
xelisufleba ki aris, magram
amave dros opoziciacaa,
radgan sazogadoebaSi arsebuli garkveuli tendenciebis
mimarT aris opoziciurad
ganwyobili da misi funqciaa,
rom garkveulwilad Secvalos
sazogadoeba. korufciasTan
brZola kulturuli revoluciaa Tavisi arsiT, magram,
amave dros is winaaRmdegobaSi
modis demokratiis zogad
ideasTan, radganac, roca
adamiani cdilobs, sazogadoebis Rirebulebebze zemoqmedeba moaxdinos, es Tavisi
arsiT ar aris demokratiuli
qmedeba; demokratiis arsi
aris is, rom adamianebi
qvemodan ukveTaven dRis
wesrigs da qiraoben
xelisuflebas am dRis
wesrigis gansaxorcieleblad.
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
amas winaT sadRac
amovikiTxe: liberaluri politikuri
Zala imiT gansxvavdeba
konservatoruli
politikuri Zalisgan,
rom is Tavis instrumentad iyenebs politikas da reformebs
Solidarity
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom 2007
wlidan xelisufleba gaxda
ufro demokratiuli da
naklebad liberaluri, swored
imitom, rom es xalxma aiZula;
xalxma moaxdina zemoqmedeba.
SeuZlebelia hibridul
reJimebSi ar iyo demokratiuli,
unda gaxde demokratiuli,
rac nawilobriv populizmsac
niSnavs; garkveuli azriT,
demokratia populisturia.
arapopulisturi demokratia
SeuZlebelia. xelisufleba
ufro metad da metad uwevs
angariSs sazogadoebis dakveTas, is atarebs, rogorc es
ganviTarebul demokratiul
sazogadoebebSi xdeba,
sociologiur gamokiTxvebs,
Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
63
#3(36)
qmnis fokusjgufebs, xalxTan
midis, cdilobs gaigos ra
uWirs xalxs, rac TavisTavad
normaluri demokratiuli
qmedebaa, magram es gulisxmobs
zogierT iseT rameze uaris
Tqmas, rasac adre akeTebda,
roca ufro Tavdajerebuli
iyo, roca miaCnda, rom raki
xalxis mier aris arCeuli,
raki xalxis mandati aqvs, is
unda gaakeTos, rasac TviTon
Tvlis saWirod. erT-erTi aseTi
mimarTuleba iyo ganaTlebis
reforma. 2007 wlamde avtoritaruli modernizacia
gvqonda. cnobilia, rom prezidentis sayvareli politikosia
aTa-Turqi, TiTqos CvenTan
mimdinare procesebic gvagonebs
aTa-Turqis reformebs, vinaidan sazogadoebis modernizacia zemodan xdeba, magram
aTa-Turqi ar iyo demokrati da
arc hqonda amis pretenzia.
mas ar uSlida xels parlamenti, rom SeeSala, ise daiTxovda
mas, rom aravis daekiTxeboda.
Zvel Turqul sazogadoebaSic
ar iyo demokratiis moTxovnileba. Turquli sazogadoeba
axla xdeba TandaTan
demokratiuli da iqac aris
imis safrTxe, rom sazogadoeba
naklebad liberaluri gaxdes.
nebismieri Zala, romelsac
modernizaciis, vesternizaciis survili aqvs, da, aTaTurqisgan gansxvavebiT, amas
met-naklebad realuri
demokratiis viTarebaSi iqms,
yovelTvis iqneba ase Tu ise
araTanmimdevruli. xelisuflebis imedi am SemTxvevaSi
aris is, rom opozicia susti,
araorganizebuli da araWkviania, da igi mas ara mxolod
administraciuli resursebiT
jabnis, aramed inteleqtua-
politikuri eqsplikaciebi
luradac. da sanam es asea,
sanam xelisuflebas gauva is,
rasac akeTebs, asec iqneba.
magram bunebrivia, rodesac
ase moqmedeb, kompromisebze
unda waxvide sazogadoebrivi
dakveTis mimarT. raki saqarTveloSi yvelaze metad
popularuli instituti
aSkarad eklesiaa, bunebrivia,
pirvel yovlisa eklesiasTan
xdeba kompromisze wasvla.
raki saWiroa xelisufleba
iyos popularuli, bunebrivia,
raRac popularuli idea
unda gaiTavisos, liberaluri
reformebi arsad ar aris
popularuli, amitom xelisuflebam samoqalaqo nacionalizmis idea gaiTavisa,
radgan amis garSemo xdeba
sazogadoebis mobilizacia. es
ar niSnavs, rom isini realurad
ar arian saxelmwifo patriotebi an nacionalistebi, arc
imas niSnavs, rom xelisuflebaSi ar iyos bevri morwmune
adamiani, es ar gamoricxavs
amas, magram TavisTavad erTic
da meorec aris politikuri
strategia. imisaTvis, rom
gaataro liberaluri
reformebi, ar SeiZleba rom
zedmetad daupirispirde an
gaemijno sazogadoebas.
amboben, rom religiis
faqtori Zalian mniSvnelovania, rogorc
liberalizmis, ise
demokratiis win wawevis saqmeSi. Tqveni
azriT, ramdenad aris
realurad xelis SemSleli faqtori
religia?
dasavluri demokratiebis
istorias rom SevxedoT,
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
64
yvelgan Zalian mniSvnelovania religiis faqtori, me-20
saukunis 50-60-ian wlebamde,
SeiZleba iTqvas, iTvleboda,
rom demokratia SesaZlebelia
protestantul qveynebSi,
xolo kaTolikurSi igi
TiTqmis SeuZlebelia imitom,
rom realuradac amgvari
viTareba iyo. ambobdnen, safrangeTSi imitomaa demokratia, rom iq kaTolikuri
eklesia daasusutes da gverdze gawieso. iTvleboda, rom
kaTolikur qveynebSi eklesia
unda `daaCmoro~, rom demokratia ganviTardes, amgvari
mosazrebebis safuZveli is
iyo, rom Tavad kaTolikuri
eklesia iyo demokratiisa da
liberalizmis mowinaaRmdege
da amas arc malavda. sadac
sazogadoebis udidesi nawili
morwmunea, xolo eklesia
Riad da aSkarad antidemokratiulia, iq mcirea imis Sansi,
rom demokratia iyos. magram
1965 wlis cnobili reformebis Semdeg es viTareba radikalurad Seicvala da kaTolikuri eklesia gaxda
aqtiuri prodemokratiuli
Zala bevr qveyanaSi. anu kaTolikurma eklesiam radikalurad Seicvala Tavisi pozicia
da amas demokratizaciis
mesame talRas ukavSireben,
romelic ZiriTadad kaTolikur qveynebSi amoZravda. ukve
70-ian wlebSi gaCnda mosazreba, rom demokratia
SesaZlebelia dasavlur
qristianobaSi, magram
aRmosavlurSi ar SeiZleba, _
igulisxmeba marTlmadidebluri samyaro. Cemi azriT,
aseTi fatalizmic ar aris
swori. Cemi argumenti iyo
saberZneTi, romelmac es
SeZlo, axerxebs amas
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü
solidaroba
bulgareTi, rumineTi; rac am
qveynebSi xdeba, SeiZleba ar
aris demokratiis sanimuSo
modeli, magram demokratiis
TvalsazrisiT seriozuli
progresia. Cveni eklesia amaSi
hgavs saberZneTis eklesias _
maT ar aqvT tradicia imisa,
rom iyvnen aqtiuri politikuri moTamaSeebi kaTolikuri da protestantuli
eklesiebisagan gansxvavebiT,
isini xelisuflebasTan
partniorul urTierTobaSi
imyofebodnen. Cemi azriT, is,
rom eklesia iqca politikur
Zalad, politikosebis
`SeCiCxinebis~ Sedegia. erTi
mxarec da meore mxarec
ubiZgebs mas amisken.
raSi gamoixateboda es?
es ZiriTadad xdeboda opoziciis mxridan. rac Seexeba
xelisuflebas, SeiZleba xelisufleba ar cdilobs, rom
gaaaqtiuros, magram mainc
raRacnairad sul xazs usvams
religiur faqtors, eklesiis
politikurad gaaqtiurebas
cdilobs opozicia, da roca
opozicia cdilobs, xelisuflebac amasve akeTebs.
kargad agebs gzebs, da am
dros religiuri faqtori
gamodis wina planze, Tumca ver
vityvi, rom es Tanmimdevrulad xorcieldeba, magram
amis gamovlinebebi
SeiniSneba. arsebobs garedan
`SeCiCxinebis~ faqtoric, es
ufro ruseTis mxriv xdeba.
TvalsaCinoa, rom ruseTs ara
aqvs CvenSi prorusuli Zalebis
gaaqtiurebis resursi. misi
imedi aris antidasavluri
reaqciis waxaliseba. amisTvis
yvelaze kargi iaraRi SeiZleba
iyos eklesia, imitom, rom
eklesiaSi aris yvelaze meti
dasayrdeni. es ar niSnavs
imas, rom eklesia mTlianad
ruseTis dasayrdenia, magram
religiur jgufebze, romlebic marTlmadideblobaze
apelireben, dayrdnoba
advilia. aviRoT, magaliTad,
gulaSvili, is ar aris
eklesia, magram apelirebs da
spekulirebs eklesiiT, ai,
aseTi jgufebia ruseTis
yvelaze ufro grZelvadiani
mokavSire da esec aris garkveuli zemoqmedeba eklesiaze,
raTa eklesia politikurad
ufro gaaqtiurdes.
Tumca axla pirveli
arCevnebi iyo, roca
yvelaze naklebad
Canda eklesia.
es imitom, rom bolo arCevnebi
ufro normaluri politikuri procesi iyo. magram, roca
revoluciuri situaciaa,
moraluri motivi iwevs win,
moraluri simarTle xdeba
mTavari da ara is, vin ufro
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
Cvens JurnalSi
Tqvens interviusTan
erTad daibeWdeba
Carlz ferbenqsis
statia, sadac is
ambobs, rom namdvili
demokratiis miRwevas
Taobebis warmatebuli
cvla Seuwyobs xels
iq, sadac arademokratiuli tradiciebi
Zlieri religiuri
institutebiT ar aris
gamyarebuli (igulisxmeba islamuri
Solidarity
qveynebi). Tqveni saubridanac gamomdinareobs, rom saqarTveloSi
eklesiaze, rogorc
demokratiis damabrkolebel seriozul
faqtorze, ar unda
vsaubrobdeT.
ar mgonia, rom eklesia
CvenTan iyos Zalian Zlieri
damabrkolebeli faqtori,
igi, ubralod, politikuri
TamaSis erT-erTi komponenti
gaxda. Cven ver moviyvanT sxva
marTlmadidebluri qveynebis
magaliTs, sadac demokratiisken svla eklesiam SeaCera.
verc ruseTze vityviT amas
da verc serbeTze. eklesiaSi
arsebuli jgufebi SeiZleba
kulturuli TvalsazrisiT
aRmoCndnen antidasavluri
Zalebis mokavSireni, magram
marTlmadidebeli eklesiis
tradicia ar gulisxmobs im
rangis politikur aqtivizms,
romelic gaaCerebda, vTqvaT,
saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi,
demokratiisken svlas. Cveni
demokratiis problema is aris,
rom demokratiis resursebi
gvaklia, da ara is, rom Warbad aris antidemokratiuli
resursebi. demokratias ver
`vqaCavT~, radgan praqtikulad ar arsebobs politikuri
partiebi, samoqalaqo sazogadoeba Zalian elementarul
sabaziso etapzea, konstitucia ar aris demokratiuli.
Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
65
isev ferbenqss rom
davubrundeT, igi
postsabWoTa qveynebSi
demokratiis Semaferxebel sam ZiriTad
faqtors gamoyofs,
esenia: Zalauflebisa
politikuri eqsplikaciebi
#3(36)
da keTildReobis/
simdidris urTierTkavSiri, kanonis uzenaesobis ararseboba da
samoqalaqo pasiuroba.
ra Tqma unda, arsebobs
kanonis uzenaesobisadmi
pativiscemis deficiti da
saxelmwifoebriobisadmi
pativiscemis deficiti, eseni
erTmaneTTan arian dakavSirebulni, magram, Cemi azriT,
saboloo jamSi Cven ver
vityviT, rom ukan mivdivarT.
Tundac is, rom SesaZlebeli
yofila saqarTveloSi
masobrivi korufciis gareSe
cxovreba, bevr adamians verc
warmoedgina, xom ambobdnen
SeuZlebelia saqarTveloSi
policielma qrTami ar aiRoso,
magram, rogorc aRmoCnda,
SeiZleba. yvelaze rTuli aris
is, rom kanoni xelisuflebam
Tavis Semabrkoleblad
aRiaros da amas raRacnairad
SeeCvios. meore mxriv, xelisufleba rom aiZulo kanoni
Tanmimdevrulad daicvas,
amisaTvis sazogadoebrivi
institutebia saWiro, romlebic mas amas gaakeTebineben.
es pirvel yovlisa opoziciis
saqmea, romelic aqeTken unda
iyos mimarTuli da ara imisken, rom uceb Camoagdos
xelisufleba. opozicia imaze
unda iyos orientirebuli,
rom ukeTesi gaxados xelisufleba. aviRoT, Tundac sasamarTlo, romelic seriozul
yuradRebas saWiroebs. rac
sasamarTlos damoukideblobas uzrunvelyofs, imisi
konstituciuri, instituciuri
safuZvlebi saqarTveloSi an
ukve arsebobs, an dagegmilia,
rom Seiqmnas. Cemi azriT, mniSvnelovania mosamarTleebSi
korporaciuli siamayis gaCena,
amis gareSe instituciuri
reformebi ar aris sakmarisi
da mxolod xelisuflebis
TviTSezRudvis imedad ver
viqnebiT _ es, ubralod,
ararealuria.
da mesame faqtori _
Zalauflebis daTmobis da danawilebis
problema, imave sakonstitucio cvlilebebTan dakavSirebiT.
bevrs saubroben imaze,
rom cvlilebebis
Sedegad konstitucia
prezidentis interesebs
moergo. ramdenad
SesaZlebelia Cveni
sinamdvilis xangrZlivi
avtoritaruli reJimebis magaliTebTan
misadageba? ramdenad
SesaZlebelia, rom,
magaliTad, 15-30 weli
gagrZeldes erTi politikuri Zalis yofna
xelisuflebis saTaveSi?
es zogadad SesaZlebelia.
jerjerobiT, piri ar uCans,
rom uaxloes arCevnebze
raRac Seicvleba, dinamika
aqeTken ar midis, rac TavisTavad ar niSnavs aucileblad
avtoritarizms, yovel SemTxvevaSi, diqtaturas. radgan
avtoritarizmis raRac elementi am SemTxvevaSi mainc
SeiniSneba, xelisufleba, bevris azriT, orjer ar SeiZleba
zedized irCeodes, Tumca
iyvnen qveynebi, sadac demokratia viTardeboda, magram
dasawyisSi 20-30 wlis ganmavlobaSi erTi da igive politikuri Zala iyo xelisuflebaSi _ rotacia xdeboda im
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
66
Zalis SigniT. holandiaSi
xdeboda ase, iaponiaSi bolo
dromde ase iyo. aSS-Si sanam
jeqsoni moigebda arCevnebs,
manamde sistema ise iyo mowyobili, rom saxelmwifo
mdivani xdeboda prezidenti.
TiTqmis 28 weli gagrZelda
ase, megobrebis jgufSi
xdeboda prezidentebis cvla.
msgavsi ram aqac SeiZleba
moxdes, magram gansxvaveba is
aris, rom laTinuri amerikis
zogierT qveyanaSi es procesi
niSnavda realur avtoritarizms, samoqalaqo uflebebis
represias, sazogadoebis
stagnacias da a.S., zogierT
qveyanaSi ki amas mohyva ganviTareba da TandaTanobiTi
gaZliereba im sazogadoebrivi
jgufebisa, romlebidanac
realuri demokratiuli
pluralizmi amoizrdeba. me
ar vambob, rom Cvenc igive
unda gavimeoroT da saakaSvili, merabiSvili da ugulava
30 weli gvyavdes da amaTSi
itrialos Zalauflebam.
magram im qveynebSi, romelic
zemoT aRvniSne, es yvelaferi
xdeboda legitimurad da ara
gayalbebiT da represiebiT. iq
xelisufleba met-naklebad
warmatebuli iyo da sazogadoebidan ver amoizarda iseTi
Zalebi, romlebic mas realurad SeewinaaRmdegebodnen.
axlaxan Catarebuli
arCevnebi rogor
SeiZleba Sefasdes am
TvalsazrisiT, imis
gaTvaliswinebiT, rom
opoziciam aRiara
arCevnebis Sedegebi?
gasagebia, rom es iyo ufro
civilizebuli arCevnebi.
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü
solidaroba
arCevnebTan dakavSirebiT
CvenTan ori problema arsebobs, erTi `vardebis revoluciis negatiuri efeqti~ _
imdenad kargi revolucia iyo,
imdenad sayvareli da lamazi
da msoflios mier imdenad
taSdakruli, rom CaiTvala,
ase unda Seicvalos xolme
xelisufleba, es kargia da
misaRebi, anu `vardebis revoluciam~ xelisuflebis
arakonstituciuri cvlis
mimarT negatiuri damokidebuleba Seasusta: `Tu misTvis
SeiZleba, CemTvis ratom ar
SeiZleba?~ fsiqologiurad
es Zlieri argumentia _ iqneb
amaT ukeTesi revolucia
moawyon, `ucnobi~ niWieri
Soumenia da SeuZlia lamazi
revoluciis dadgma. yvela
politikuri moTamaSe unda
Seeguos imas, rom es aRar
SeiZleba. ki, batono, maSin
moxda, magram amas xazi unda
gadavusvaT, radgan es etapi
gaviareT da aRar unda davbrundeT ukan. am mxriv bolo
sami weli iyo erTgvari
imunizaciis procesi, aicra
sazogadoeba imaze, rom es ar
aris kargi da ar gamova, Tumca
zogi politikosi amas ver
Seegua. magram sazogadoeba
aicra am revoluciuri
romantizmis avadmyofobaze.
meorea is, rom sazogadoebam
unda daijeros, Tu xelisufleba dakargavs popularobas,
SesaZlebelia igi arCevnebis
gziT Seicvalos. es rwmena
jer ar Camoyalibebula. Cemi
azriT, saqarTveloSi am xelisuflebis periodSi ar yofila
jer iseTi momenti, rodesac
xelisufleba imdenad arapopularuli gaxda, rom sazogadoebis umravlesobas is ar
undoda, magram ZaliT
SeinarCuna Tavi. 2007-08 wlis
periodSi yvelaze axlos viyaviT amasTan, Tumca mxolod
TbilisSi da ara mTel saqarTveloSi, rogorc SevardnaZe
iyo mTlianad gakotrebuli
2001-02 wlebSi. jer Cven ar
viciT, ras moimoqmedebs es
xelisufleba im SemTxvevaSi,
Tu mTlianad dakargavs
xalxis mxardaWeras.
erTi gza aris demokratiis konsolidacia
da raRac SeTanxmeba
politikuri TamaSis
wesebze.
TamaSis wesi, romelsac yvela
aRiarebs, jerjerobiT ar
arsebobs. ZiriTadi struqturuli winapirobebi cnobilia:
qmedunariani saxelmwifo
aparati, sazRvrebi, politikuri erTobis Semadgenlobaze
konsesusi, rac met-naklebad
gvaqvs, aseve ganaTlebis done,
saSualo klasi, biznesis fexze
dgoma da misi saxelmwifosgan
avtonomiuroba da a.S.
principSi winapirobebi aris
iseTi, rom SeiZleba amaze
mecnierulad ilaparako,
magram demokratizaciaze
saubari jer naadrevia. rac
uaxloes xanebSi SesaZlebelia
xelisuflebam gaakeTos, aris
konstituciuri procesis
sworad warmarTva. es Zalian
mniSvnelovania. samwuxaroa,
rom, erTi mxriv, yvela demokratiaze laparakobs, meore
mxriv, konstituciuri procesis mimarT interess cotas
iCenen, rac maeWvebs, marTla
unda am xalxs demokratia Tu
ara. axla SeiZleba iseTi cvlilebebi moxdes konstituciaSi,
rac praqtikulad ar Secvlis
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
Solidarity
arsebiTad Zlier saprezidento sistemas, an piriqiT _
SeiZleba radikalurad Secvalos is. yovel SemTxvevaSi is
cvlilebebi, romelic SemogvTavaza sakonstitucio
komisiam, radikalur xasiaTs
atarebs da, Cemi azriT, saqarTvelos pirobebSi ufro
demokratiuli sistemis
Seqmnas gulisxmobs. Tumca
realurad arsebobs Sansi,
rom konstitucia namdvilad
gaxdes orientirebuli
sxvadasxva saxelisuflebo Stos
erTmaneTisgan gamijvnaze,
meore mxriv, opoziciis ganviTarebazec unda visaubroT.
am arCevnebma moitana pozitiuri Sedegi: opozicia gaimijna
niSniT _ konstituciur
meTodebze orientirebuli
opozicia da gadatrialebasa
da Weqa-quxilze orientirebuli opozicia, rac aqamde ar
iyo. opozicia unda SeeCvios
imas, rom saWiroa grZelvadiani dagegmva. orientacia
imaze, rom xval an zeg
SesaZloa gadadges miSa, ar
aris momgebiani. opozicia
unda Camoyalibdes raRac
gzavnilebisa da interesebis
garSemo, rac Zalian rTulia.
ara mgonia, rom es or weliwadSi moxdeba, magram raRac
progresi am TvalsazrisiT
SesaZlebelia, imitom, rom
xelisufleba sakmaod mowyvladia, rodesac mas raRac
konkretul problemaze
mianiSneb da konkretul sisusteze uTiTeb. Tu saamisod
regularulad muSaob, adre
Tu gvian xelisufleba amaze
reagirebas axdens, magram,
rodesac eubnebi, gagagdebo,
amiT mas saboloo jamSi
aZliereb.
Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
67
#3(36)
samarTali
patimris uflebebi
da sasjelaRsrulebis
administraciis
zogierTi ZiriTadi
movaleoba evropuli
konvenciis me-3 muxlis
mixedviT
Tea wulukiani
adamianis uflebaTa da
ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa
dacvis evropuli konvenciis
(`konvencia~) me-3 muxli
krZalavs adamianis wamebas,
araadamianur Tu damamcirebel sasjels da mis mimarT
aseT mopyrobas.
evropulma sasamarTlom araerTxel aRniSna, rom konvenciis me-3 muxli konvenciis
erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani debulebaa, romelic
evropis sabWos wevri demokratiuli sazogadoebebis
erT-erT ZiriTad Rirebulebas icavs. konvenciis sxva
debulebebisagan gansxvavebiT,
es muxli arc raime daTqmas
iTvaliswinebs da arc raime
gamonakliss uSvebs. konvenciis me-15 muxlis Tanaxmad,
me-3 muxliT nakisri valdebulebebi im valdebulebaTa
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
68
ricxvs ganekuTvneba, romelTa
Sesrulebaze droebiT uaris
Tqma saxelmwifoebs omis an
eris arsebobisaTvis saSiSi
sxva sagangebo mdgomareobis
drosac ki ar SeuZliaT.
imisaTvis, rom sasjeli an
cudi mopyroba konvenciis
me-3 muxlis moqmedebis areSi
moxvdes da mas wamebis,
araadamianuri an damamcirebeli mopyrobis kvalifikacia
mieces, is seriozulobis
minimalur zRvars unda
scildebodes. minimaluri
zRvari winaswar mocemuli ar
aris. misi dadgena damokidebulia yoveli konkretuli
saqmis garemoebebze, Tavad
sasjelis an cudi mopyrobis
bunebasa da konteqstze, mis
xangrZlivobaze, gamowveul
fizikur Tu fsiqologiur
Sedegze, agreTve zogjer
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü
solidaroba
msxverplis sqesze, asaksa da
janmrTelobis mdgomareobaze.1 yovel SemTxvevaSi,
imisaTvis, rom cudi mopyroba
an sasjeli wamebad, araadamianurad an damamcireblad
CaiTvalos, tanjvis da gancdis
xarisxi imaze meti unda iyos,
vidre es Cveulebriv Tan
axlavs marTlzomieri sasjelisa Tu mopyrobis mocemul
formas.
konvenciis me-3 muxlTan
dakavSirebul saqmeze warmodgenili mtkicebulebebis
Seswavlisas evropuli sasamarTlo afasebs dasturdeba
Tu ara esa Tu is faqti
`yovelgvar gonivrul eWvs
miRma~. gonivruli eWvi ar
aris raime Teoriul SesaZleblobaze dafuZnebuli
varaudi anda eWvi, romelic
gamowveulia imisaTvis, rom
raime konkretuli daskvna
gakeTdes. gonivruli eWvis
arsebobis mizezebi im
faqtebidan unda gamomdinareobdes, romlebsac mxareebi
warudgenen evropul sasamarTlos. cudi mopyrobis
mtkicebuleba ki SeiZleba
iyos im miniSnebaTa erToblioba an gaubaTilebeli
varaudebi, romlebic sakmarisad seriozuli, zusti da
Tanmimdevrulia.2 zogjer
evropuli sasamarTlo
mxareebis mier warmodgenili
faqtebiT ar kmayofildeba
da, saqmeze swori gadawyvetilebis misaRebad, sxvadasxva
obieqturi wyaros mier
gamoqveynebul informaciasac
iTvaliswinebs. magaliTad,
mas SeuZlia pirdapir daeyrdnos evropis sabWos wamebis
sawinaaRmdego komitetis
daskvnebs ama Tu im sapatimro
dawesebulebaSi arsebuli
mdgomareobis Sesafaseblad.3
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
Solidarity
evropuli sasamarTlo damxmare informaciad iyenebs
agreTve erovnuli Tu
saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo
organizaciebis, aseve
ombudsmenTa mier mopovebul
monacemebs, romelTa meSveobiTac zogad azrs iqmnis arsebuli mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.
patimrobis pirobebi
konvenciis me-3 muxli saxelmwifos akisrebs pozitiur
valdebulebas, uzrunvelyos
patimrisaTvis adamianuri
Rirsebis Sesabamisi pirobebi.
sasjelis aRsrulebis Taviseburebebi ar unda ayenebdes
adamians imaze met gansacdels, vidre es patimrobas
TavisTavad sdevs Tan.4
uaRresad mniSvnelovania aqve
aRiniSnos, rom mdgomareobis
Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
69
#3(36)
konvenciis me-3 muxlis
kuTxiT Sefasebisas patimris
mier Cadenili danaSaulis
bunebas araviTari mniSvneloba
ar aqvs.5 amdenad, is faqti,
Tu `risTvis ixdis mocemuli
patimari sasjels~, saerTod
ar aris relevanturi imis
Sesafaseblad, Tu ra pirobebSi unda imyofebodes es piri
cixeSi. standarti da moTxovna yvela patimrisaTvis aris
erTi da igive. sasjelaRsrulebis administracias ar aqvs
ufleba Tavisi mixedulebiT
daumZimos ama Tu im patimars
pirobebi im motiviT, rom is
kanonieri qurdia, saSiSi recidivisti Tu mkvlelia. sasjelis Sefardebisas mosamarTlis mier gansazRvruli
reJimis pirobebSi sasjelaRsrulebis administracias
evaleba yvela patimarTan
mimarTebiT Tanabrad daicvas
konvenciis me-3 muxliT misTvis dakisrebuli valdebulebebi.
es valdebulebebi pirvel
yovlisa gulisxmobs, rom
patimars hqondes sakmarisi
sivrce, raTa mis intimur
samyaroSi sxva patimari ar
iyos CarTuli. evropis
sabWos wamebis sawinaaRmdego
komitetis mixedviT, `sasurveli da ara minimaluri
normaa~, rom TiTo patimarze
7 kv. m. samyofi farTi iyos
gaTvaliswinebuli6. Tumca
imave komitetma 2001 wels es
norma saqarTvelosTvis
droebiT 4 kv. m-mde dawia.
patimari unda imyofebodes
janmrTel, sufTa da naTel
sakanSi, hqondes gaseirnebis
saSualeba, dRis ganmavlobaSi
dakavebuli iyos saqmianobiT,
Rebulobdes srulfasovan
samarTali
sakvebs saxelmwifos xarjze,
da sxv.
saqmeSi ramiSvili da koxreiZe saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg,
sxvebs Soris, konvenciis me-3
muxlis darRvevad CaiTvala
is faqti, rom pirveli momCivani iZulebuli iyo karcerSi
sxva patimarTan erTad daeZina
viwro (1,20 m) sawolze da ver
sargeblobda sapirfareSoTi,
romelic saknis danarCeni
sivrcisgan saerTod ar iyo
gamoyofili.7
saqmeSi alievi saqarTvelos
winaaRmdeg evropulma sasamarTlom kidev erTxel
aRniSna, rom sakanSi ganTavsebuli, patimarTa samyofi
farTisgan nawilobriv
gamoyofili sapirfareSo ar
qmnida patimrebisTvis saTanado intimurobas da ar
Seesabameboda konvenciis me-3
muxls.8 garda amisa, miuxedavad mTavrobis sawinaaRmdego
mosazrebisa, evropulma
sasamarTlom CaTvala, rom
momCivnis sasarCelo moTxovnebi araadamianur mopyrobasTan dakavSirebiT damajerebeli Canda. evropis sabWos
wamebis sawinaaRmdego komitetisa da arasamTavrobo organizacia `sisxlis samarTlis
marTlmsajulebis reformis~
mier Tbilisis me-5 cixesTan
dakavSirebiT gamoqveynebuli
informaciebi saSualebas
iZleoda evropul sasamarTlos `yovelgvar gonivrul
eWvs miRma~ mieCnia, rom
momCivnis mier moyvanili
faqtebi misi patimrobis
pirobebis Sesaxeb simarTles
Seesabameboda. kerZod,
dadgenilad CaiTvala piradi
sawolis uqonloba saknis
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
70
gadatvirTulobis gamo da
amiT gamowveuli patimrebis
rigrigobiT Zili, sahaero
sistemis uqonloba, antisanitaria da fanjrebze damagrebuli rkinis darabebi, romlebic sakanSi dRis sinaTles da
haers ar uSvebda. amgvari
pirobebis xangrZlivobidan
(weliwadi da oTxi Tve) da
momCivnis janmrTelobis
mdgomareobidan gamomdinare
(kardiologiuri da asTmaturi
problemebi), misdami es
mopyroba araadamianurad
CaiTvala da mTavrobas Sesabamisi moraluri kompensaciis gadaxda daekisra.9
`yovelgvar gonivrul eWvs
miRma~ kriteriumis mixedviT
Seafasa agreTve evropulma
sasamarTlom saqmis _ gorgilaZe saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg
_ garemoebebi. am saqmeSi
mTavroba amtkicebda, rom
sawolebis raodenobaze
erTi-ori patimriT metis
yola sakanSi ar aRwevda
seriozulobis minimalur
zRvars da, aqedan gamomdinare,
konvenciis me-3 muxlis
gamoyeneba ver moxdeboda
mocemul saCivarTan
mimarTebiT.10 momCivani ki
amtkicebda, rom 48 kv. m.
farTobis sakanSi 65-70
patimari imyofeboda, oTxi
patimari inawilebda erT
sawols, fanjrebi rkinis
darabebiT iyo dafaruli,
sakanSi sufevda antisanitaria da sapirfareSo nawilobriv iyo gamoyofili samyofi
farTisgan. Tbilisis me-5
cixesTan dakavSirebiT gamoqveynebuli informaciebis
mixedviT, evropulma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom am dawesebulebaSi Seqmnili zogadi
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü
solidaroba
mdgomareobidan gamomdinare,
momCivnis mier moyvanili
faqtebi damajerebeli iyo.
saknis gadatvirTulobis
sakiTxis Sefasebisas evropulma
sasamarTlom mxedvelobaSi
miiRo is faqtic, rom
mTavrobas ar umtkicebia,
rom momCivnis yofna
seriozulad gadatvirTul
sakanSi nawilobriv mainc
baTildeboda dRis ganmavlobaSi misi saknidan gayvaniT
muSaobis, sxva raime organizebuli saqmianobis an gaseirnebis mizniT. marTlac,
zogierT gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi, evropuli sasamarTlo
miiCnevs, rom TiTo patimrisTvis gankuTvnili 2 an 3 kv. m.
sacxovrebeli farTi, Tuki
Tavad sakani vrceli da
naTelia da patimars dawesebulebaSi mimosvlis Tavisufleba aqvs, SeiZleba avtomaturad ar CaiTvalos konvenciis
me-3 muxlis darRvevad.11 Tumca
sxva SemTxvevaSi evropul
sasamarTlos 3,5 kv. m. farTi
miuCnevia darRvevad, sakanSi
sahaero sistemisa da dRis
sinaTlis ararsebobis gamo.12
samedicino daxmareba
konvenciis me-3 muxlis Tanaxmad, patimrobis praqtikuli
mxareebis gaTvaliswinebiT,
patimris janmrTeloba da
keTildReoba adekvaturad
unda iqnes daculi, maT Soris
saWiro samedicino daxmarebis
uzrunvelyofis gziTac.13
saTanado samedicino daxmarebis nakleboba da, ufro
zogadad, avadmyofi patimris
araadekvatur pirobebSi moTavseba, rogorc wesi, ewinaaRm-
degeba konvenciis me-3 muxlis
moTxovnebs. magaliTad,
saqmeSi praisi gaerTianebuli
samefos winaaRmdeg, evropulma sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom
oTxive kiduriT dainvalidebuli qalbatoni momCivnis
araadekvatur pirobebSi
yola oTxi dRis ganmavlobaSi damamcirebel mopyrobas
warmoadgenda (civi sakani,
mamakaci badragis daxmarebis
aucilebloba sapirfareSoSi
gasayvanad da sxv.).14
saxelmwifo movalea, miuxedavad arsebuli finansuri da
sameurneo problemebisa, ise
moawyos Tavisi sasjelaRsrulebis sistema, rom iq dacul
iqnes patimrebis adamianuri
Rirseba.15
amitomac, gonivruli SesaZleblobebis farglebSi,
avadmyofi adamianis patimrobis pirobebi unda qmnides
misi janmrTelobis gaumjobesebisa da SenarCunebis
saSualebas. marTalia, konvenciis me-3 muxli pirdapir
ar awesebs saxelmwifos
zogad valdebulebas gaaTavisuflos avadmyofi patimari
an gadaiyvanos is samoqalaqo
samedicino dawesebulebaSi,
magram es debuleba naTlad
akisrebs saxelmwifos daicvas
TavisuflebaaRkveTil pirTa
janmrTeloba. amasTan,
evropuli sasamarTlo ar
gamoricxavs, rom gansakuTrebiT mZime SemTxvevebSi,
sisxlis samarTlis marTlmsajulebis saTanadod ganxorcieleba humanitaruli xasiaTis zomebis miRebasac moiTxovdes.16 kerZod, zogierT
SemTxvevaSi patimris asakis,
janmrTelobis mZime mdgoma-
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
Solidarity
reobis an invalidobis maRali
xarisxis gamo, evropuli
sasamarTlo ekiTxeba mopasuxe
mTavrobas, aris Tu ara isev
saWiro mocemuli piris patimrobaSi darCena sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis
miznebidan gamomdinare.
saqmeSi Sartie italiis
winaaRmdeg evropulma
sasamarTlom ar daadgina me-3
muxlis darRveva, radgan
momCivans cixeSi adekvaturad mkurnalobdnen. Tumca
man Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi
miuTiTa, rom is miesalmeboda yvela im zomas, romelsac
miiRebda italiis mTavroba
momCivnisTvis im tanjvis
Sesamsubuqeblad, romelic
misi patimrobaSi darCeniT
iyo gamowveuli, an misi
cixidan gasaTavisufleblad,
rogorc ki amas Seqmnili
garemoebebi moiTxovda.17
evropuli sasamarTlos
azriT, patimris moTxovna,
gaesinjos sasjelaRsrulebis
administraciisgan damoukidebel eqims, rogorc wesi,
dakmayofilebul unda iqnes,
radgan aseTi eqimebis patimrebTan daSveba patimrebze
fizikuri Tu fsiqologiuri
zewolis sawinaaRmdego mniSvnelovani meqanizmia.18 Tumca,
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi,
sasjelaRsrulebis administracias ufleba aqvs patimars
daakisros is zedmeti xarjebi,
romlebic aucilebeli samedicino konsultaciisaTvis ar
aris gaweuli. mas agreTve
ufleba aqvs, moiTxovos, rom
cixeSi patimris gasasinjad
Sesul eqims uflebamosili
samedicino organos mier
gacemuli licenzia hqondes,
mxolod im pirobiT, rom es
Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
71
#3(36)
moTxovna ar iwvevdes patimrisTvis droul da adekvatur
samedicino daxmarebaze
uaris Tqmas.
rogorc wesi, samedicino
xasiaTis saCivrebis ganxilvisas, saqmis konkretuli
garemoebebisda mixedviT,
evropuli sasamarTlo Semdegi SekiTxvebidan erT an
ramdenime SekiTxvas usvams
mopasuxe mTavrobas, raTa
daadginos dairRva Tu ara
patimris me-3 muxliT uzrunvelyofili uflebebi:
saWiroebs Tu ara momCivani samedicino daxmarebas?
daavadda Tu ara momCivani
mocemuli daavadebiT
cixeSi?
aRmoeCina Tu ara momCivans
saTanado da sakmarisi
samedicino daxmareba im
TiToeuli daavadebis
gansakurneblad, romelic
mas aReniSneba?
momCivnisTvis samedicino
daxmarebis droulad
aRmouCenloba arRvevs Tu
ara mis, konvenciis me-3
muxliT uzrunvelyofil,
uflebebs?
aqvs Tu ara cixis
saavadmyofos unari,
gankurnos iseTi
avadmyofi patimari,
rogoric momCivania?
momCivnis mZime
avadmyofoba Tavsebadia
Tu ara patimrobasTan?
avadmyofobis gamo
sasjelis aRsrulebis
gadavadebis mizniT
momCivnis mier wamowyebuli
sasamarTlo procedura,
mosamarTleTa mier
gadawyvetilebebSi moyvanili motivaciidan gamom-
samarTali
dinare, akmayofilebda Tu
ara konvenciis me-3
muxlis moTxovnebs?
marTalia, es SekiTxvebi
mopasuxe mTavrobis agents
egzavneba19, radgan is warmoadgens saxelmwifos evropuli
sasamarTlos winaSe, magram
sasargeblo iqneboda maTi
arsebobis Sesaxeb mocemuli
qveynis sasjelaRsrulebis
administraciamac icodes,
raTa ukeTesad hqondes
gacnobierebuli, Tu rogori
mZime dava uwevs zogjer
mTavrobis agents patimris
advokatTan imis gamo, rom
sasjelaRsrulebis administracia Tavis movaleobebs
saTanadod ar asrulebs.
Tumca aqve isic unda aRiniSnos, rom sasjelaRsrulebis
administraciis zemoxsenebuli valdebulebebi ar iZleva
safuZvels davaskvnaT, TiTqos patimars ufleba hqondes
TviTon gansazRvros samedicino daxmarebis romeli
konkretuli formaa mis
SemTxvevaSi yvelaze marTebuli, romelma eqimma unda
gasinjos is, romel qveyanaSi
unda Catardes samedicino
eqspertiza Tu sisxlis
analizi da winapirobebi
wauyenos sasjelaRsrulebis
administracias mkurnalobaze Tanxmobis sanacvlod.
magaliTad, saqmeSi maTiu
niderlandebis winaaRmdeg
evropulma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom konvenciis me-3 muxli ver iqneboda ganmartebuli ise, rom patimris yoveli
survili da arCevani samedicino daxmarebis sferoSi
dakmayofilebuliyo. sasamar-
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
72
Tlos azriT, am da sxva
sferoSi, marTlzomier
patimrobas Tan axlavs iseTi
praqtikuli xasiaTis SezRudvebi, romlebsac patimari
unda Seeguos.20 e.w. `jiuti~
patimrebisTvis, romelTac,
obieqturi mizezebis gamo,
dakarguli aqvT yovelgvari
rwmena sakuTari saxelmwifosadmi, evropul sasamarTlos
Tavad SeumuSavebia is formati, romlis farglebSic
mTavrobas ganusazRvria
mkurnalobis gegma, da evropul sasamarTlos miuTiTebia
patimrisaTvis damorCileboda am gegmas survilis
SemTxvevaSi.21 aseTi gadawyvetilebebi iSviaTia, radgan,
rogorc wesi, patimrebs
SenarCunebuli aqvT xolme
zogadi rwmena sakuTari
saxelmwifos keTilgonierebisadmi da ar saWiroeben
evropuli sasamarTlos Carevas aseTi maRali xarisxiT.
evropuli sasamarTlos mier
ganxiluli avadmyofi patimrebis saqmeebidan erT-erT
mniSvnelovan precedentad
iTvleba saqme RavTaZe
saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg22,
romelSic ara mxolod mocemuli patimris uflebebis
darRvevis faqti dadginda,
aramed isic, rom b-ni RavTaZis msgavs mdgomareobaSi
saqarTvelos patimrebis
didi raodenoba imyofeboda
da, aqedan gamomdinare, aucilebeli iyo saxelmwifos
mxridan zogadi xasiaTis
zomebis miReba. aseT gadawyvetilebebs evropuli sasamarTlo `pilotur~ gadawyvetilebebs uwodebs, radgan
maT ara mxolod erTi konkretuli momCivnisaTvis,
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü
solidaroba
aramed mis msgavs mdgomareobaSi myofi sxva moqalaqeebisTvisac moaqvT Sedegi.
RavTaZis saqmeSi, Tavad
momCivanTan dakavSirebiT,
evropulma sasamarTlom
konvenciis me-3 muxlis
darRvevad miiCnia Semdegi
faqtebis erToblioba: patimars sami Tvis ganmavlobaSi
subfebriliteti aReniSneboda,
xolo sapatimro dawesebulebis xelmZRvanelobam araviTari zoma ar miiRo am
simptomis mizezebis dasadgenad. administraciam
mxolod maSin izruna momCivanis saavadmyofoSi
gadasayvanad, rodesac sicxem
39-40 graduss miaRwia,
patimars gulisrevebi daewyo
da siyviTle gamoaCnda. mas
mwvave virusuli C hepatiti
daudginda. marTalia, avadmyofs pirveladi samedicino
daxmareba saavadmyofoSi
droulad aRmouCines, magram
Semdgomi, ufro gaRrmavebuli, analizebi ar Catarebula
da arc antivirusuli Terapia
dauniSnavT. hepatoproteqtorebi, romlebsac momCivani
Rebulobda, ar iyo sakmarisi
mis gamosajanmrTeleblad,
radganac is saavadmyofoSi
ukve mZime mdgomareobaSi
iqna gadayvanili. saavadmyofodan momCivani ramdenjerme
eqimebis ukiTxavad daabrunes
cixeSi. saavadmyofoSi
pirveli gadayvanidan sam
TveSi mas tuberkulozuri
plevriti gauCnda, ramac
gaaZnela hepatitis samkurnalod antivirusuli Terapiis
daniSvna. Tumca sasjelaRsrulebis administracias
araferi gaukeTebia saimisod,
rom polivalenturi mkurna-
lobis kursi SeemuSavebina,
raTa plevritis mkurnalobas
RviZli kidev ufro ar
daezianebina. polivalenturi
mkurnalobis aucileblobis
Sesaxeb infeqciur daavadebaTa
specialistis rekomendacia
cixis saavadmyofom ar miiRo
mxedvelobaSi da hepatitis
mkurnaloba gverdze gadado
manam, sanam momCivani plevritisgan ganikurneboda.
amgvarma midgomam da eqimebis
rekomendaciis gareSe momCivnis saavadmyofodan araerTxel gayvanam hepatitis
qronikul fazaSi gadasvla
gamoiwvia da momCivani
RviZlis cirozisa da kibos
safrTxis winaSe daayena.
da avadmyofi patimrebi ar
iyvnen erTmaneTisagan gancalkevebulni, ar iyo daculi
higiena da eqimic iSviaTad
naxulobda patimrebs.
evropulma sasamarTlom ar
miiCnia dadasturebulad
mTavrobis mtkiceba imis
Taobaze, rom momCivani
tuberkuloziT dapatimrebamde iyo daavadebuli.
sasamarTlos azriT, amgvari
ram mxolod im SemTxvevaSi
iqneboda damajerebeli, Tuki
cixis administracia, momCivnis dawesebulebaSi miRebisas
mas mantus tests an baqteriologiur gamokvlevas
Cautarebda an kidev filtvebis rentgens gadauRebda.
gamomdinare iqidan, rom
saqarTvelos sasjelaRsrulebis administracia axalSemosuli patimrebis amgvar
Semowmebas ar axdens, evropulma sasamarTlom ar gamoricxa, rom janmrTel momCivans swored cixeSi Seeyara
tuberkulozi. es daskvna
kidev ufro axlos Canda
realobasTan imis gamo, rom
Tbilisis me-5 cixe im droisTvis seriozulad iyo gadatvirTuli, masSi janmrTeli
da bolos, evropulma sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom RavTaZis
saqmis msgavsi saCivrebis mis
xelT arsebuli didi
raodenoba imaze metyvelebda,
rom am patimris mdgomareoba
ganyenebuli problema ar iyo
saqarTveloSi. man daadgina,
rom avadmyof patimarTa da,
kerZod, gadamdebi daavadebebis mqone patimrebis
mkurnalobasTan dakavSirebiT
struqturuli problemebi
arsebobda saqarTvelos
cixeebSi. evropuli sasamarTlos azriT, es faqtori
saxelmwifos pasuxismgeblobis damamZimebel garemoebas
warmoadgenda da, amasTanave,
safrTxes uqmnida TviT
evropuli sasamarTlos
efeqtianobasac, romelsac
erTi da imave tipis ganmeorebiTi saCivrebis didi
raodenobiT ganxilva
mouwevda, rac mas xels
SeuSlida danarCen, aranakleb
mniSvnelovan saqmeebze
droulad reagirebaSi.
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
Solidarity
evropulma sasamarTlom
agreTve miuReblad miiCnia,
rom, tuberkulozis garda
momCivans imave cixeSi munic
Seeyara antisanitariuli
pirobebis gamo. miuxedavad
imisa, rom am daavadebisgan
sasjelaRsrulebis administraciam momCivani droulad
gankurna, janmrTeli
patimris cixeSi daavadeba
TavisTavad wamoWris
problemas konvenciis me-3
muxlis kuTxiT.
Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
73
samarTali
#3(36)
aqedan gamomdinare, evropulma sasamarTlom gadawyvita,
saqarTvelos mTavrobisTvis
konkretulad mieTiTebina is
zomebi, romelTa miRebiTac
qarTul cixeebSi RavTaZis
saqmis msgavsi problemebis
aRmofxvra SeiZleboda.
kerZod, mTavrobas daekisra
swrafad mieRo saWiro
sakanonmdeblo da administraciuli zomebi, romlebic
mimarTuli iqneboda cixeebSi
gadamdebi daavadebebis
gavrcelebis aRkveTisaken,
daenerga cixeSi adamianebis
pirvelad moTavsebisas
gadamdeb daavadebebze
Semowmebis meqanizmi da
SeemuSavebina am daavadebebis
swrafi da efeqtiani
mkurnalobis sistema.
evropuli sasamarTlos
gadawyvetileba RavTaZis
pilotur saqmeSi 2009 wlis 3
ivniss Sevida ZalaSi da mis
aRsrulebaze kontrols
evrosabWos ministrTa
komiteti axorcielebs.
evropuli sasamarTlos mier
msgavsi miTiTeba mieca saqarTvelos mTavrobas gadawyvetilebaSi poRosiani saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg, romelic
2009 wlis 24 maiss Sevida
ZalaSi. Tumca, RavTaZis
saqmisagan gansxvavebiT, am
gadawyvetilebiT mTavrobas
mxolod virusuli C hepatitis cixeebSi gavrcelebis
aRmofxvra, axlad Semosul
patimarTa am avadmyofobaze
Semowmeba da am daavadebis
gankurnebis swrafi da efeqtiani meqanizmis SemuSaveba
daevala. amitomac RavTaZis
saqme gacilebiT ufro masStaburi dadebiTi Sedegebis
momtani SeiZleba iyos
saqarTvelos patimrebisTvis,
Tuki mTavroba evropuli
sasamarTlos miTiTebebs zedmiwevniT Seasrulebs. Tavad
mTavrobas ki es evropul
sasamarTloSi gagzavnili
saCivrebis raodenobis
Semcirebas, sabiujeto
Tanxebis dazogvisa da
adamianuri resursebis ufro
efeqtianad gamoyenebis
SesaZleblobas moutans.
sasjelaRsrulebis administraciis zemomoyvanili
zogierTi ZiriTadi valdebulebis mimoxilva safuZvels
gvaZlevs davaskvnaT, rom
konvenciis me-3 muxli
avaldebulebs saxelmwifos
daicvas misive sajaro mosamsaxureebis xelT myofi patimrebi.23 patimrobas, rogorc
sasjels, yovelTvis gansazRvravs mosamarTle da
sasjelaRsrulebis administracias ar aqvs ufleba gausaZlisi pirobebisa Tu samedicino daxmarebis aRmouCenlobis
saxiT damatebiTi `sasjeli~
daakisros patimars.
SeniSvnebi:
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2
3
4
5
6
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
ix. labita italiis winaaRmdeg, 6 aprili 2000 w., gadawyvetilebaTa da
ganCinebaTa krebuli 2000-IV, § 120 ; praisi gaerTianebuli samefos
winaaRmdeg, no 33394/96, § 24, ECHR 2001-VII.
ix., magaliTad, Samaevi da sxvebi saqarTvelosa da ruseTis winaaRmdeg,
no. 36378/02, § 338, ECHR 2005 III.
ix. dugozi saberZneTis winaaRmdeg, no. 40907/98, § 46, ECHR 2001-II; kehaiovi
bulgareTis winaaRmdeg, no 41035/98, § 66, 18 ianvari 2005 w.
ix., magaliTad, ostrovari moldovas winaaRmdeg, no 35207/03, § 79, 13
seqtemberi 2005 w.; kafkarisi kviprosis winaaRmdeg [GC], no 21906/04, § 96,
ECHR 2008.
ix., magaliTad, v. gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg [GC], no 24888/94, § 69,
ECHR 1999-IX; xudobini ruseTis winaaRmdeg, no 59696/00, § 90, ECHR 2006...
me-2 zogadi daskvna, CPT/Inf (92) 3, § 43.7 ramiSvili da koxreiZe
saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg, no. 1704/06, § 86, 27 ianvari 2009 w.
ix. agreTve, kalaSnikovi ruseTis winaaRmdeg, no 47095/99, § 99, ECHR 2002-VI.
alievi saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg, no. 522/04, 13 ianvari 2009 w.
gorgilaZe saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg, no. 4313/04, 20 oqtomberi 2009 w.
ix. valaSinasi litvis winaaRmdeg, no. 44558/98, § 107, ECHR 2001 VIII;
trepaSkini ruseTis winaaRmdeg, no 36898/03, § 94, 19 ivlisi 2007 w.
ix. pirsi saberZneTis winaaRmdeg, no. 28524/95, §§ 70-72, ECHR 2001 III.
ix. muizeli safrangeTis winaaRmdeg, no 67263/01, § 40, ECHR 2002-IX.
praisi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, no 33394/96, § 24, ECHR 2001-VII.
ix. suxovoi ruseTis winaaRmdeg, no 63955/00, § 31, 27 marti 2008 w.;
benediqtovi ruseTis winaaRmdeg, no 106/02, § 37, 10 maisi 2007 w.
ix. matensio safrangeTis winaaRmdeg, no 58749/00, § 76, 15 ianvari 2004 w.;
sakopulosi saberZneTis winaaRmdeg, no 61828/00, § 38, 15 ianvari 2004 w.
Sartie italiis winaaRmdeg, no 9044/80, komisiis 1982 wlis 8 dekembris
daskvna, gadawyvetilebebisa da daskvnebis krebuli (DR) 33, gv. 41-47,
ix. maTiu niderlandebis winaaRmdeg, no. 24919/03, § 187, ECHR 2005 IX.
iusticiis saministros TanamSromeli, saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi.
ix. maTiu niderlandebis winaaRmdeg, no. 24919/03, § 186, ECHR 2005 IX.
ix., magaliTad, molaSvili saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg, no. 39726/04, mimdinare
saqme. mopasuxe mTavrobisTvis dasmuli SekiTxvebi da saqmis garemoebebis
Sesaxeb ix. http://cmiskp.echr.coe.int/tkp197/view.asp?item = 2&portal =hbkm&action=html&highlight
=molachv ili&s essionid =55419769 &skin =hudoc-cc-fr
RavTaZe saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg, no. 23204/07, 3 marti 2009 w.
ix. berqTai TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, no 22493/93, § 167, 1-li marti 2001 w.;
alguri TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, no 32574/96, § 44, 22 oqtomberi 2002 w.
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
74
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü
sabWoTa fsiqiatria
solidaroba
`fsiqiatriuli
gulagi~
fsiqiatriis sadamsjelo mizniT gamoyeneba sabWoTa
xelisuflebas ar gamougonebia. cnobilia, rom
sadamsjelo fsiqiatrias masobrivad iyenebdnen
CineTSi ideologiuri mowinaaRmdegeebis
`dasaSoSmineblad~, safrangeTSi amave meTodiT
moqmedebdnen e.w. sen-simonistebis mimarT, germaniaSi
masobriv sterilizacias, romelic Semdeg masobriv
mkvlelobaSi gadaizarda, Sveicarelma eqimma oigen
bloilerma daudo saTave, roca sxvadasxva simptomebi
da daavadebebi `Sizofreniis~ cnebaSi gaaerTiana.
fridon sayvareliZe
erT-erTi pirveli, vis
mimarTac ruseTSi fsiqiatria
sadamsjelo mizniT
gamoiyenes, rusi filosofosi
da publicisti petre
Caadaevi iyo. 1836 wels man
Jurnal `teleskopSi~ gamoaqveyna `filosofiuri werili~,
romelSic xelisuflebisa da
zogadad rusi xalxis mimarT
mwvave gamoTqmebi gamoiyena,
ramac aRaSfoTa xelisufleba,
nikoloz I-ma ki Tqva, rom
msgavsi ramis dawera mxolod
SeSlils SeeZlo. imeratoris
sityvebi umal aitaces,
Caadaevi saxlSi gamoketes da
iZulebiTi mkurnaloba dauniSnes (mkurnalobis erTaderTi meTodi yinuliani wylis
Tavze dasxmis procedurebi
iyo `anTebuli tvinis
gasagrileblad~).
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
Solidarity
pirveli mercxali
`kompetenturi organoebisa~
(es kgb-s da sxva Zalovani
struqturebis krebiTi saxeli
gaxldaT) da TeTrxalaTianebis nayofierma TanamSromlobam sabWoTa sadamsjelo
fsiqiatriis organuli
sistemis Seqmnamde migviyvana.
am sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli
saarqivo masalebi ruseTSi
dResac saidumlod iTvleba,
Tavad Tema ki daxurulia
kvlevebisaTvis. Tumca arsebobs gazeTebi da adamianebi,
romlebsac wakiTxulis
gageba SeuZliaT da...
striqonebs Soris kiTxvac
exerxebaT. am gazeTebSi
gamoqveynebuli statiebis
gacnobis Semdeg saTanado
daskvnebis gamotana SeiZleba.
Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
75
#3(36)
udavoa, rom sadamsjelo
fsiqiatriis saTaveebTan
feliqs edmundis Ze ZerJinski _ `rkinis feliqsi~ _ idga.
zustadaa cnobili sabWoTa
sadamsjelo fsiqiatriis
pirveli msxverplis gvaric. es
iyo cnobili revolucionerteroristi qali, memarcxene
eserTa partiis lideri maria
spiridonova. 1919 wlis
TebervalSi bolSevikurma
tribunalma mas ganaCeni
gamoutana, romelic gazeT
`pravdaSi~ daibeWda: `mxedvelobaSi iqnes miRebuli
braldebulis avadmyofuristeriuli mdgomareoba… da
izolirebuli iqnes m. spiridonova politikuri da sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobisagan
erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi misi
sanatoriumSi (ai ase! _ f. s.)
moTavsebis gziT~. ZerJinskis
uSualo brZanebiT spiridonova preCistenskis fsiqiatriul saavadmyofoSi moaTavses. Cekistebma gaiTvaliswines is rezonansi, romelic
SeeZlo gamoewvia am qmedebas
jer kidev `sabWoTa xalxad~
Camouyalibebel sazogadoebaSi, amitomac garegnuli
wesebis dacva gadawyvites.
mTeli moskovisTvis kargad
cnobil fsiqiatrs, profesor
p. n. ganuSkins spiridonovas
gamokvleva sTxoves. rusuli
fsiqiatriis `mnaTobi~,
rogorc yovelTvis yvelafrisTvis mzad aRmoCnda:
diagnozi ase JRerda _ isteriuli fsiqozi, mdgomareoba
mZime, sicocxlisaTvis saSiSi.
`rkinis feliqss~ swored
aseTi qaRaldi sWirdeboda.
da naklebi mniSvneloba aqvs,
rom `umZimes, sicoxlisaTvis
saSiS mdgomareobaSi~ sabra-
sabWoTa fsiqiatria
lo spiridonovam kidev 20 weli
icocxla, bolos cixidan
cixeSi gadahyavdaT. metsac
icocxlebda, rom ara meore
msoflio omi _ germanelebis
Semotevis gamo is saswrafod
daxrites sxva patimrebTan
erTad.
fsiqiatriuli
diagnostikis
Taviseburebebi ssrk-Si
xelisuflebaSi mosvlis
Semdeg xruSCovma maleve
ganacxada, rom danaSauli
sayovelTaod aRiarebuli
qcevis normebidan gadaxvevaa,
rac Zalian xSirad gamowveulia adamianis fsiqikis
moSliT, rom sabWoTa kavSirSi
aRar arian politpatimrebi,
ar arian wyobiT ukmayofiloni, is erTeulebi ki,
komunizmis winaaRmdeg rom
ibrZvian an ukmayofilebas
gamoTqvamen sabWoTa xelisuflebis mimarT, fsiqikurad
daavadebulebi arian.
samociani wlebis damdegs
kinofilmic Seiqmna saxelwodebiT `socializmis winaaRmdeg mxolod giJi SeiZleba
gamovides”. Sesabamisad,
uSiSroebis organoebma
disidentebTan sabrZolvelad
axali davalebebi miiRes.
eqimebTan erTad SemuSavda
axali koncefcia, romelSic
mTavari roli Sizofreniis
diagnozs unda Seesrulebina.
aucileblad migvaCnia im
adamianebis CamoTvla, vinc
sabWoTa kavSirSi fsiqiatriis
Tavisufali azris daTrgunvis mizniT gamoyenebas
xelmZRvanelobdnen: sabWoTa
kavSiris samedicino akademiis
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
76
fsiqiatriis institutis
direqtori, profesori
andrei sneJnevski, serbskis
saxelobis institutis direqtori, doqtori giorgi morozovi, fsiqiatriis institutis
direqtoris moadgile,
profesori ruben najarovi
da serbskis institutis
specialuri sadiagnostiko
ganyofilebis xelmZRvaneli,
profesori daniil lunci (am
ukanasknelis Tavxedoba iqamde
midioda, rom klinikaSi kgb-s
polkovnikis formaSi gamowyobili cxaddeboda). faqtobrivad sneJnevskim Sizofreniis
axali interpretacia
Semoitana, ramac SesaZlebeli
gaxada ideologiurad
sxvagvari azrovnebis miCneva
mZime fsiqiuri daavadebis
simptomad. sneJnevskim
avadsaxsenebel akademikos
lisenkosac ajoba, romelic
eqsperimentebs mxolod
mcenareebze atarebda. Cven
gvaswavlidnen, rom lenini
glexobas sam kategoriad
yofda: Raribebad, saSualo
fenis warmomadgenlebad da
kulakebad. es ukanaskneli,
rogorc klasi, unda ganadgurebuliyo. sneJnevskim da
misma mimdevrebma sabWoTa
xalxi Tavidanve aseve sam
nawilad gayves: SizofreniiT
daavadebulebi, janmrTelebi
da adamianebi mosazRvre
mdgomareobiT. am ukanasknelTa
da avadmyofTa jami sabWoTa
kavSiris mosaxleobis 60%-ze
cota meti gamodioda (zog
qveyanaSi Sizofrenias mosaxleobis mxolod 1% ufiqsireben). rogorc ambobdnen _
CvenTan arian adamianebi,
romlebsac diagnozi ukve
dasmuli aqvT, da arian jer
kidev Seumowmeblebi. es
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü
solidaroba
ganyofilebis, TanamSromlebi
eqspertizas atarebdnen
sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebTan
dakavSirebiT, romelic Tavis
mxriv saxelmwifos uSiSroebasTan iyo dakavSirebuli da
amdenad sagamoZiebo saqmianobaSic monawileobdnen.
institutSi farTod iyo
gavrcelebuli `kofein-barbituratuli gantvirTva~,
romlis Semdeg eqspertizas
daqvemdebarebulni, romlebic
adre Tavs aridebdnen
kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemas,
sakmaod enamWevrebi xdebodnen
da medikamentozuri gabruebis
fonze iZleodnen Cvenebebs,
romlebsac Semdeg maT
winaaRmdeg iyenebdnen.
specialur laboratoriaSi
iseTi medikamentebi
mzaddeboda, romlebic
sakuTari gamoTqmebisadmi
TviTkontrols aClungebda.
avadsaxsenebel serbskis saxelobis institutSi
aTasobiT adamians daumaxinjes cxovreba
saSualebas aZlevda marqsizmleninuri ideologiis
Teoretikosebs TeTrxalaTianebis xeliT sasamarTlos
gareSe gasworebodnen
sxvagvarad moazrovneebsa da
disidentebs fsiqiatriul
klinikebSi. mosazRvre
mdgomareobas, anu duned
mimdinare Sizofrenias, maTi
Teoriis mixedviT, daavadebis
niSnebi ar hqonda. dasavleTSi
miRebul Sizofreniis
kriteriumebs es diagnozi ar
Seesabameboda. metic,
fsiqiatriis leningradis
skolac ki ar cnobda `faruli
Sizofrenis~ diagnozs, rasac
cnobili disidentis vladimir
bukovskis magaliTic adasturebs; am skolis warmomadgen-
lebs ufro metad fsiqopaTiis
diagnozi xiblavdaT. sxvaTa
Soris disidentebi swored
leningradel eqimebTan
moxvedras cdilobdnen _ am
diagnoziT SeiZleba kidev
gqonoda profesiis SenarCunebis imedi. Tumca 70-ian
wlebSi sneJnevskim praqtikulad mTeli sabWoTa fsiqiatria daimorCila. am diagnozs
maSin svamdnen, roca braldebulebi uaryofdnen danaSauls, ar TanamSromlobdnen
gamoZiebasTan da Tanac
xelisuflebisaTvis wamgebiani iyo maTTvis patimrobis
misjis gamo atexili xmauri.
serbskis institutis, gansakuTrebiT ki misi saidumlo
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
Solidarity
duned mimdinare Sizofreniis
diagnoziT principSi SesaZlebeli xdeboda nebismieri
gamvlelisTvis xelis Cavleba
da misi `gamosakvlevad~
wayvana, rasac diagnozis
dasma da iZulebiTi
`mkurnaloba~ mohyveboda.
`ufaso samedicino
daxmareba~
cru diagnozis safuZvelze
sadamsjelo fsiqiatria
iyenebda meTodebs, romlebic
uxeSad laxavda adamianis
uflebebs, rac gamoixateboda:
iZulebiTi samedicino
meTvalyureobis dawesebaSi;
klinikis, rogorc sapatimro
adgilis gamoyenebaSi;
Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
77
#3(36)
sabWoTa fsiqiatria
fizikuri da sulieri
mdgomareobisadmi Segnebuli
zianis miyenebaSi (`Wkuidan
SeSlamde miyvana~);
moviyvanT ramdenime magaliTs,
romlebsac dawvrilebiT aRwers vladimir bukovski Tavi
wignSi `da brundeba qari~:
janmrTeli adamianebis mimarT
sicoxlisaTvis saxifaTo
samedicino procedurebis
gamoyenebaSi. aq mxolod
yvelaze gavrcelebul
meTodebs CamovTvliT:
Tu Relav _ fsiqiatri avadmyofobis istoriaSi Cawers _
`agznebulia, avadmyofurad reagirebs misTvis emociurad mniSvnelovan Temebze~ _ aminazinis
ineqciebi garantirebulia;
insulinoTerapia _ organizmSi insulinis maRali dozebis
Seyvana, rac sisxlSi Saqris
raodenobis klebas da komur
mdgomareobas iwvevs;
Tu mowyenili xar _ depresias
Cagiwers;
xom sabWoTa adamiani xarT?~,
Tumca aranairi iuridiuli
leqsika ar icnobda iseT cnebas,
rogoricaa sabWoTa adamiani,
arada am saxeliT aTasi
Savbneli saqme keTdeboda.
gamobrZmedili disidentebi
am kiTxvaze pasuxobdnen _
ara, me sabWoTa kavSiris
moqalaqe var.
Semdegi SekiTxva:
eleqtroSoki _ pacientis
sxeulSi maRali Zabvis denis
gatareba, rac Sokuri
mdgomareobis gamomwvevia;
sulfazinis (gogirdis) ineqciebi _ iwvevs temperaturis
mkveTr matebas (42 gradusamde) da gausaZlis tkivilebs;
gakoWva _ pacients mWidrod
axvevdnen svel zewarSi da
gaTbobis milTan awvendnen.
zewris Semoxsnisas zewars
masze mWidrod mikruli kanic
Tan mihyveboda;
lobotomia _ sisxliani
qirurgiuli Careva, rodesac
Tavis tvinis Sublis wili
calkevdeboda misi centraluri nawilisagan, rac pacients
sruliad qmeduunaros xdida.
`kompetentur organoebTan~
urTierTobaSi gamobrZmedili
sabWoTa fsiqiatri metad
saintereso fenomeni gaxldaT.
is arasdros ugdebda yurs
imas, Tu ras laparakobda
`pacienti~, is akvirdeboda,
Tu rogor laparakobda igi.
moduneba _ Sizofreniis simptomia (ra Tqma unda sabWoTa
eqimebis azriT);
mxiaruli xar _ `araadekvaturi reaqciaa”;
Tu darwmunebiT amtkiceb rames,
eqimi aseT Canawers gaakeTebs
_ `sakuTari pirovnebis
gadaWarbebuli Sefaseba~ an
sulac `gandidebis mania~.
amave dros, rogorc eqimebs,
ise gamomZieblebs mzad hqondaT egreTwodebuli `CamWreli kiTxvebi~, romlebsac gamocdilma disidentebma male
auRes alRo. magaliTad _
ratom xarT konfliqtSi sazogadoebasTan, ratomaa Tqveni
mrwamsi Tavisuflebaze,
ganaTlebaze, simSvideze,
mSoblebze ufro mniSvnelovani? Tu upasuxebdi, rom
sazogadoebasTan konfliqtSi
`didi leninic~ iyo, risTvisac
is araerTxel gadaasaxles,
garantirebuli gqonda
Canaweri _ `Sepyrobilia
gandidebis maniiT, sakuTar
Tavs did lenins adarebs~.
an kidev erTi SexedviT
uwyinari SekiTxva _ `Tqven
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
78
_ `Tqven sabWoTa xelisuflebis winaaRmdegi xarT?~
dadebiTi pasuxi avtomaturad niSnavda aTwlian
patimrobas, arada am kiTxvazec SeiZleboda uxifaTo da
Tanac patiosani pasuxi. saqme
isaa, rom sabWoTa kavSirSi,
misi konstituciis mixedviT,
Zalaufleba sxvadasxva donis
deputatTa sabWoebs ekuTvnoda. hoda, romeli WkuaTmyofeli iqneboda romelime
meCaiis an mwvelavis
winaaRmdegi, romelsac arc
aravin ekiTxeboda rames.
`sigiJiT dasjilni~
sadamsjelo fsiqiatriam
Tavis mwvervals 1968 wels
miaRwia, rodesac 25 agvistos
8 sabWoTa disidenti (CamovTvaloT am mamaci adamianebis
gvarebi: konstantine babicki,
larisa bogorazi, vadim
delone, tatiana baeva, natalia gorbanevskaia, pavel
litvinovi, vladimir dremliuga da viqtor fainbergi)
wiTel moedanze mjdomare
aqciiT sabWoTa jarebis CexoslovakiaSi Seyvanas aprotestebda. isini ramdenime wuTSi
daapatimres, Tumca aq kgb-s
problema gauCnda. saqme is
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü
solidaroba
iyo, rom demonstraciis erTerT monawiles, viqtor
fainbergs, dakiTxvebze yvela
wina kbili Caumtvries da misi
sasamarTlo darbazSi
gamoCena xelisuflebisTvis
arasasurveli iyo. gamoiZebna
aseTi gamosavali: fainbergis
moTavseba specfsiqiatriul
saavadmyofoSi. saamiso gadawyvetilebis miReba sasamarTlos gansasjeli pirovnebis
daswrebis gareSe SeeZlo.
amasTan, am gadawyvetilebis
gasaCivreba ar SeiZleboda
zemdgom sasamarTloSi. fainbergis eqspertiza serbskis
sax. institutis komisiam
Caatara (morozovi, lunci da
landau). am aqtSi CexoslovakiaSi sabWoTa jarebis Seyvana,
rogorc saprotesto demonstraciis mizezi, naxsenebic
ar iyo. fainbergis saqcielSi
dainaxes mxolod `sazogadoebrivi wesrigis darRveva
wiTel moedanze~, xolo misi
fsiqikuri mdgomareobis
aRwerilobaSi naTqvami iyo,
rom pacienti gatacebiT
gamoTqvamda marqsizmis klasikosTa mosazrebebis reformirebis ideas, ris drosac
amJRavnebda gadametebul
TviTSefasebas da uryev
rwmenas sakuTari Tvalsazrisis marTebulobisadmi.
Sizofreniis diagnozis
gansamtkiceblad moyvanili
iyo `rkiniseburi~ argumentebi.
kerZod, xazgasmiT iyo
naTqvami, rom pacienti ganyofilebaSi dakavebuli iyo
tanvarjiSiT, civi wyliT
izelda tans, kiTxulobda
wignebs, maT Soris inglisurenovans. amis safuZvelze
Zalian martivad da `logikurad~ gamohqondaT daskvna,
rom yovelive es fainbergis
is klinika, romelSic jek nikolsonis gmiri makmerfi imyofeboda,
patara sabWoTa kavSiris modelic iyo
mier sakuTari mdgomareobisadmi da Seqmnili viTarebisadmi arasakmarisad kritikul
damokidebulebaze
miuTiTebda (marTlac da,
romeli WkuaTmyofeli
kiTxulobs inglisur wignebs
da Tanac varjiSobs?!).
gamoCenili sabWoTa disidenti,
kaci-legenda vladimir
bukovskic araerTxel da
karga xniT hyavdaT gamomwyvdeuli fsiqitriul saavadmyofoebSi, ramac mTel
civilizebul msoflioSi
seriozuli skandali gamoiwvia. sabolood sabWoTa
xelisufleba iZulebuli iyo
`boroti xuligani~ sabWoTa
kavSiridan `gaeZevebina~,
sinamdvileSi is Ciles kompartiis lider luis korvalanSi
gacvales. cixeSi yofnis
dros man gluzmanTan erTad
dawera gaxmaurebuli wigni _
`fsiqiatriis saxelmZRvanelo
disidentebisTvis~.
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
Solidarity
seriozuli saerTaSoriso
reaqcia mohyva CexoslovakiaSi
jarebis Seyvanis sawinaaRmdego demonstraciis erT-erTi
monawilis _ valeria gorbanevskaias _ mier 1971 wels
gamoqveynebul dokumentebis
krebuls saxelwodebiT _
`sigiJiT dasjilni~.
saerTaSoriso reaqcia
1977 wels gonoluluSi
gamarTul msoflio fsiqiatrTa VI kongresze Seiqmna
sagamoZiebo komisia sabWoTa
kavSirSi fsiqiatriis politikuri miznebiT gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT. mdgomareoba
daiZaba, TiTqos yvelafers
male unda axdoda farda.
Sefucxunebulma sabWoTa
liderebma ck-is ideologiur
ganyofilebasTan, uSiSroebasa da janmrTelobis saministrosTan erTad mZlavri
propagandistuli kampania
Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
79
#3(36)
wamoiwyes, romlis bevrma
monawilem kargadac ixeira.
sabWoTa fsiqiatrebis mimarT
gonoluluSi gaxmovanebuli
braldebebi, rac unda paradoqsulad mogveCvenos,
bevrisaTvis dividendebis
oqros wvimad iqca. uceb
daiwyo propagandistuli
turneebis organizeba
msoflios qveynebSi _ ucxoelebs mouTxrobdnen yvelaze
humanuri fsiqiatriis Sesaxeb.
amave mizniT momzadda
uamravi mravalferovani
publikacia msoflios
TiTqmis yvela enaze da esec
uxvad finansdeboda. kampaniis
sabWoTa fsiqiatria
moTaveebi ise SeiWrnen
rolSi da ise gaTavxeddnen,
rom dasavlel fsiqiatrebs
ssrk-Si epatiJebodnen
erTmaneTisa da sabWoTa
fsiqiatriis ukeT gacnobis
mizniT. sinamdvile aravis
awuxebda. komunistebs saocari unari hqondaT rogorc
msoflio, ise sakuTari
qveynis istoriidan mravali
maTTvis `sasargeblo~
sazizRroba gadmoeRoT. maT
arc `potiomkinis soflebi~
daviwyebiaT (am SemTxvevaSi
saCvenebeli fsiqiatriuli
saavadmyofoebis saxiT),
metic, uzarmazari masStabebi
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
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SesZines maT. sruli datvirTviT amuSavda `damoukideli~ `literaturnaia gazeta~,
romelsac, ratomRac,
rogorc qveyanaSi, ise mis
gareT, sakmaod seriozulad
aRiqvamdnen. presa waleka
werilebis seriam serbskis
institutis keTilSobili
TanamSromlebis Sesaxeb,
romlebmac mZime bavSvobis
miuxedavad adamianebisadmi
usazRvro siyvarulis
SenarCuneba SeZles. maTi
antipodebi iyvnen gulqva,
mwvane dolarebs daxarbebuli,
saeWvo Cvevebis mqone ssrkdan gaZevebuli xuligani
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü
solidaroba
disidentebi, romlebic
provokaciulad avrcelebdnen monaCmaxs sabWoTa
fsiqiatriis Sesaxeb. amave
dros kgb da jandacvis
saministro, es ganuyreli
wyvili, dros ar kargavda da
agrZelebda maT mier ukve
sulierad ganadgurebuli da
ganawamebi adamianebis,
fsiqiatriuli saavadmyofoebis yofili tusaRebis,
abuCad agdebas, maTze
informaciis Segrovebasa da
am informaciis gamoyenebas
`samedicino eTikis~ (sic!!!)
gaTvaliswinebiT, raTa
momxdariyo `sabWoTa fsiqiatriis misamarTiT gamoTqmuli
braldebebis cilismwamebluri xasiaTis mxileba~.
mxolod sabWoTa fsiqiatr
kgb-Snikebs SeeZloT ukve
isedac ganawamebi adamianebis
aseTi aSkara da usindiso
dacinva da Tanac `samedicino
eTikis dacviT~.
reba. amrigad, sruli
mxilebisa da msoflio
skandalis winaSe mdgomma
kremlma gadawyvita movlenebisTvis daeswro da Tavad
gamoeyvana sabWoTa fsiqiatrTa sazogadoeba msoflio
fsiqiatrTa asociaciidan.
1983 wels, avstriaSi msoflio fsiqiatrTa VI I kongresis
win uSiSroebis komitetma
gaakeTa gancxadeba, romlSic
naTqvami iyo, rom sabWoTa
kgb-s monacemebiT,
fsiqiatrTa VI I msoflio
kongresis orgkomitetis
xelmZRvanelobas sabWoTa
kavSiris fsiqiatrTa
msoflio asociaciidan
garicxvis sakiTxi faqtobrivad gadawyvetili hqonia (rac
simarTle iyo). arsebuli
viTarebidan gamomdinare,
mizanSewonilad iqna miCneuli
fsiqiatrTa sakavSiro
sazogadoebis gamosvla
fsiqiatrTa msoflio
asociaciidan da avstriaSi
dagegmili fsiqiatrTa
msoflio kongresis ignori-
sistemis gawmenda Zveli
xelmZRvanelobisgan;
SemdgomSi, ukve
perestroikis bolos,
fsiqiatrTa msoflio
asociaciam mis rigebSi
gasawevrianeblad 5 piroba
wamoayena, romelsac unda
akmayofilebdes nebismieri
postsabWoTa da gansakuTrebiT ruseTis fsiqiatriuli
organizacia:
gamoyeneba. bevri fsiqiatri
dResac fiqrobs (yovel SemTxvevaSi ase ambobs), rom
sxvagvarad moazrovneTa
iZulebiT hospitalizaciaSi
cudi araferi yofila, metic,
am `keTilSobiluri~ saqcieliT sabWoTa fsiqiatrebi
`humanur~ mizans, kerZod ki
disidentebis ,,zonidan”
ganTavisuflebas, isaxavdnen.
amaze pasuxi mxolod erTi
SeiZleba iyos, Tumca, enas
rom Zvali ara aqvs,
araerTxel Tqmula.
fsiqiatriis politikuri
miznebiT gamoyenebis aRiareba;
dazaralebulTa reabilitacia;
fsiqiatriuli daxmarebis
Sesaxeb kanonis miReba;
Tanxmoba fsiqiatrTa msoflio asociaciis inspeqtirebaze.
wina saukunis 90-iani wlebis
damdegs fsiqiatriuli represiebis gamo dasavluri
auditoriisa da vladimir
bukovskis winaSe aRiarebiTi
CvenebiT da monaniebiT
gamovida serbskis saxelobis
institutis imdroindeli
direqtori t. b. aleqseeva,
rac aRwera kidevac
bukovskim Tavis wignSi
`moskovis procesi~. Tumca
sul male yofili sabWoeTis
eqimebma usindisod uaryves
fsiqiatriis borotad
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
Solidarity
Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
81
#3(36)
REPORT
evropuli komisia
rasizmisa da
Seuwynareblobis
winaaRmdeg
monitoringis meoTxe cikli
miRebulia 2010 wlis 28 aprils
gamoqveynebulia 2010 wlis 15 ivniss
gTavazobT rasizmisa da Seuwynareblobis winaaRmdeg evropuli
komisiis moxsenebis Semoklebul variants. sruli versia
SegiZliaT ixiloT veb-gverdze: http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/ecri/
Country-by-country/Georgia/GEO-CbC-IV-2010-017-GEO.pdf
winamdebare moxseneba
Sedgenilia ECRI-is mier da
misi pasuxismgeblobiT. igi
asaxavs situacias 2009 wlis
18 dekembris mdgomareobiT.
SemdgomSi momxdari nebismieri
cvlileba ar aris ECRI-is
mier gaanalizebuli da daskvnebsa Tu rekomendaciebSi
gaTvaliswinebuli.
Semajamebeli
daskvna
ECRI-is saqarTvelos Sesaxeb
meore moxsenebis gamoqveynebis Semdeg (2007 wlis 13
Tebervali) win gadaidga
nabijebi am moxsenebaSi
mocemul mTel rig sferoebSi.
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
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saqarTvelos premier-ministris 2009 wlis 8 maisis #348
gankargulebis ZaliT
amoqmedda Semwynareblobisa
da samoqalaqo integraciis
erovnuli koncefcia da misi
samoqmedo gegma. maTi miznebia:
saqarTveloSi tolerantobisa da urTierTpativiscemis
garemos Seqmna; yvela
moqalaqisaTvis Tanabari
SesaZleblobebis Seqmnis
xelSewyoba; cxovrebis yvela
sferoSi eTnikur umciresobaTa efeqtiani monawileobis
uzrunvelyofa da maTi
kulturisa da TviTmyofadobis ganviTarebisa da
SenarCunebisaTvis aucilebeli pirobebis Seqmna.
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü
solidaroba
saqarTvelos ombudsmeni
(SemdgomSi saxalxo damcveli) kvlav umniSvnelovanes
rols asrulebs
saqarTveloSi umciresobaTa,
gansakuTrebiT ki eTnikur da
religiur umciresobaTa,
uflebebis dacvis saqmeSi,
aseve diskriminaciasTan
brZolis saqmeSi. amas
axerxebs mis samsaxurTan
arsebuli tolerantobis
centris, agreTve, eTnikur
umciresobaTa sabWosa da
religiaTa sabWos
saqmianobebis farglebSi.
eTnikuri umciresobebi
saqarTveloSi ganaTlebis
sferoSi, umTavresad,
qarTuli enis mwirad codnis
gamo, saqarTvelos xelisufleba cdilobs miiRos
Sesabamisi zomebi am winaaRmdegobaTa dasaZlevad, rac
dasafasebelia. saqarTvelos
xelisufleba aseve dgams
nabijebs eTnikuri umciresobebis warmomadgenelTaTvis
qarTuli enis swavlebis
kuTxiT, zogadad, eTnikur
umciresobaTa integraciis
mizniT.
saqarTvelos xelisufleba
ar iSurebs Zalisxmevas, rom
win aRudges religiuri
Seuwynareblobis gamovlenas
da warmarTos dialogi
religiur umciresobebTan.
SemuSavebulia saxelmwifo
programebi moswavleTa
Soris sxva eTnikuri da
religiuri jgufebis Semwynareblobisa da urTierTpativiscemis swavlebis mizniT.
kerZod, 2006 wels xelaxla
Sesworda religiuri
sakiTxebis swavlebasTan
acnobierebs ra winaaRmdegobebs, romelTa winaSec dganan
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
Solidarity
dakavSirebuli programa da
saxelmZRvaneloebi, raTa maT
ufro zustad aesaxaT
religiuri da kulturuli
mravalferovneba.
ltolvilebs gadaecaT
cxovrebis ufleba da
samgzavro sabuTebi, rac maT
saSualebas miscems, imgzavron saqarTvelos gareTac.
bolo wlebSi gaumjobesda
urTierTobebi pankisSi
mcxovreb CeCneTidan ltolvilebsa da adgilobriv
samarTaldamcavebsa Tu
adgilobriv mosaxleobas
Soris, iseve, rogorc
usafrTxoebis xarisxi.
saqarTvelos xelisuflebam
ganaxorciela araerTi
umniSvnelovanesi RonisZieba,
raTa gaaumjobesos qveynis
SigniT iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa mdgomareoba.
Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
83
#3(36)
maT Soris aRsaniSnavia
saxelmwifos 2007 wlis
strategia da 2009 wlis 28
maisis samoqmedo gegma, romelTa samizne jgufia rogorc
1990-ian wlebSi devnilebi,
aseve 2008 wlis SeiaraRebuli
konfliqtis Sedegad
gaCenili `axali~ devnilebi.
nabijebi gadaidga imis
wasaxalisebladac, rom
eTnikur umciresobaTa
warmomadgenlebi dasaqmdnen
policiis ZalebSi, gansakuTrebiT ki im regionebSi, sadac
es umciresobebi didi raodenobiT cxovroben, raTa meti
iyos eTnikuri
mravalferovneba policiaSi.
ECRI miesalmeba am
pozitiur Zvrebs
saqarTveloSi. TumcaRa,
miRweuli warmatebebis
miuxedavad, zogierTi
sakiTxi kvlav
SeSfoTebas iwvevs.
magaliTad, miuxedavad imisa,
rom gacxadda araerTi faqti
eTnikur umciresobaTa
diskriminaciisa da samarTalwarmoebis TvalsazrisiT,
ar Cans iseTi SemTxvevebi,
roca adamianebma miiRes
kompensacia sasamarTlo
xelisuflebisagan maTi
uflebis Selaxvis an rasobrivi diskriminaciis Sedegad
miyenebuli zaralis gamo.
jer kidev ar arsebobs specialuri organo, romelic win
aRudgeba rasobriv
diskriminacias. magaliTad,
moismens da ganixilavs
saCivrebs kerZo mxareebs
Soris rasobrivi diskriminaciis SemTxvevebTan dakavSirebiT. Semwynareblobisa da
REPORT
samoqalaqo integraciis
koncefciis samoqmedo gegma
ar moicavs aranair proeqts
koncefciaSi rasobrivi
diskriminaciis mimarTulebiT
dasaxuli miznebis
misaRwevad.
saqarTvelos xelisuflebisaTvis kvlav gamowvevad
rCeba gaakeTos yvelaferi
umciresobebSi saxelmwifo
enis codnis gasaumjobeseblad, raTa gauadvilos maT
qarTul sazogadoebaSi
integracia. amave dros,
misces maT saSualeba miiRon
ganaTleba maT mSobliur
enaze. miuxedavad miRebuli
zomebisa, kvlav bevri rCeba
gasakeTebeli imis uzrunvelsayofad, rom ar dazaraldnen eTnikur umciresobaTa
bavSvebi da hqondeT maT
Tanabari miwvdoma umaRles
ganaTlebasa da dasaqmebaze,
qarTulenovani bavSvebis
msgavsad.
sul axalia saswavlo programebis reforma religiuri
sakiTxebis swavlebis TvalsazrisiT, risi mizanicaa
religiuri da kulturuli
mravalferovnebis ufro
mkafio gamoxatva. amitom jer
kidev aucilebelia imis monitoringi, Tu rogor inergeba
es programa yvela qarTul
skolaSi, raTa axali midgoma
saTanadod gaataros ganaTlebis sistemis mTelma personalma, gamonaklisis gareSe.
arsebobs SemTxvevebi, roca
maswavleblebi da, maTi gamoisobiT, moswavleebi aviwroeben da amcireben bavSvebs,
romlebic ar miekuTvnebian
religiur umravlesobas.
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
84
es moxseneba kvlav aRniSnavs
eTnkuri da religiuri
umciresobebis mimarT
stereotipebis, akviatebuli
azrebisa da araswori
Sexedulebebis arsebobis
faqtebs. kerZod, am stereotipebs saqarTveloSi
axmovaneben politikosebi da
media, maT SexvdebiT skolis
saxelmZRvaneloebSic. sxva
jgufebic, magaliTad, CeCnebi,
zogjer xdebian amgvari
stereotipebis msxverplni,
asocirdebian ra danaSaulsa
da terorizmTan zogierTi
mediasaSualebis mier momzadebul masalebSi. mosaxleobis umravlesoba gulgrili
rCeba eTnikur da religiur
umciresobaTa problemebis
mimarT, metic, arc ki icnoben
maT kulturasa Tu cxovrebis
garemoebebs.
arsebobs gancxadebebi, romelTa Tanaxmadac, 2008 wlis
agvistos SeiaraRebuli
konfliqtis gamo saqarTveloSi zogierTi aspeqtiT
gauaresda viTareba sajaro
ganxilvebSi rasizmis gamoxatvis TvalsazrisiT. TumcaRa Zalian Znelia arsebuli
mdgomareobisa da misi
SesaZlo ganviTarebis Sefaseba, radgan ar arsebobs am
sakiTxis mravalmxrivi
kvleva. zogadad, sazogadoeba erTmaneTisagan asxvavebs
politikur xelmZRvanelobasa da saqarTveloSi mcxovreb
calkeul adamianebs, Tumca
es viTareba SeiZleba
martivad Seicvalos. ECRI-Tvis
cnobili gaxda iseTi problemebi, rogoricaa moWarbebuli
nacionalizmi da antirusuli
ritorika, propagandis
SemTxvevebi, romlis mizani-
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü
solidaroba
caa rusebis, afxazebisa da
osebis mtrad Seracxva. bolo
xans, rogorc Cans, gauaresda
klimati religiur umciresobaTa da, gansakuTrebiT,
`aratradiciul~ umciresobaTa aRqmis TvalsazrisiT,
rasac mivyavarT am jgufebis
mimarT religiuri Seuwynareblobis gamovlenamde.
bolo wlebSi kvlav Civian
religiur umciresobaTa
warmomadgenlebis Seviwroebisa da maTTvis sityvieri
Tu fizikuri Seuracxyofis
faqtebis arsebobis gamo.
aris SemTxvevebic, roca
iWrebin religiur umciresobaTa msaxurebis an kerZo
sakuTrebaSi arsebul
adgilebze. marTalia, bolo
wlebSi ufro da ufro
izrdeba SemTxvevebi, roca
sasamarTlo reagirebs
religiuri Seuwynareblobis
gamovlenis faqtebze, magram
zogjer kvlav sasurvelia,
rom policiam sakadrisi
pasuxi gasces Seuwynareblobis gamovlenas.
boSebi zaraldebian farTod
gavrcelebuli stereotipebis
gamo da ganicdian marginalizacias, rac nawilobriv xsnis
maT ukidures siRaribesa da
skolaSi daswrebis Zalian
dabal xarisxs, rac SesamCnevia boSaTa bavSvebSi.
Turqi mesxebis mimarT (romlebic yofili sabWoTa
kavSiris dros, 1944 wels
gadaasaxles) kvlav mtruli
ganwyobilebaa saqarTvelos
mosaxleobis zogierT segmentSi, gansakuTrebiT ki
somxur mosaxleobaSi, romelic im adgilebSi cxovrobs,
saidanac mesxebi arian
warmoSobiT.
eTnikur umciresobaTa
integraciisaTvis mTavar
dabrkolebad kvlav rCeba
qarTuli enis arcodna.
somxebi, azerbaijanelebi da
sxva eTnikuri umciresobebi
samxreTsa da samxreT-aRmosavleTSi kvlav izolirebulni arian ara mxolod enobrivi
barieris gamo, aramed imitomac, rom ver sargebloben
saTanado infrastruqturiT,
gansakuTrebiT transportisa
da komunikaciis sferoSi.
meti Zalisxmevaa saWiro imis
uzrunvelsayofad, rom
eTnikuri umciresobebi
Sesabamis doneze monawileobdnen qveynis sazogadoebriv
Tu politikur cxovrebaSi.
kerZod ki, swavlebis gasaumjobeseblad zurab Jvanias
saxelobis administrirebis
skolaSi, sadac momavali
sajaro mosamsaxureebi
swavloben imasac, Tu rogor
imuSaon eTnikuri umciresobebiT mWidrod dasaxlebul
regionebSi.
kvlav saWiroa usaxlkaroTa
Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobis
gadasinjva, raTa is SesabamisobaSi movides am sferoSi
arsebul saerTaSoriso
samarTalsa da standartebTan.
CeCneTidan ltolvilebisaTvis sacxovrebeli pirobebi
pankisSi kvlav ukiduresad
mZimea, radgan regionSi
Zalian mcirea SesaZleblobebi Semosavlis misaRebad.
miuxedavad xelisuflebis
mxridan miRebuli zomebisa,
1990 wlis konfliqtisa da
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
Solidarity
2008 wlis agvistos omis
Sedegad qveynis SigniT
iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli
pirebi kvlav seriozul
sirTuleebs awydebian cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoSi.
kerZod, maTi sacxovrebeli
pirobebi umZimesia siRaribis
gamo. amasTan, isini awydebian
seriozul dabrkolebebs
integraciis procesSi,
radgan iq, sadac cxovroben,
ar aris samuSao adgilebi da
SesaZleblobebi Semosavlis
misaRebad.
am moxsenebaSi ECRI
moiTxovs, rom saqarTvelos xelisuflebam
miiRos Semdgomi zomebi
zogierT sferoSi; am
konteqstSi igi iZleva
rekomendaciaTa mTel
rigs, romelic mocemulia
qvemoT.
ECRI daJinebiT aCqarebs
saqarTvelos xelisuflebas
ganagrZos da ganamtkicos
Zalisxmeva eTnikur umciresobaTa moswavleebisTvis
qarTuli enis swavlebis sferoSi. kerZod, am mizniT ECRI
iZleva rekomendacias, rom
maswavleblebma, romlebic
gadian treningebs qarTulis,
rogorc meore enis, swavlebaSi,
icodnen im eTnikuri umciresobis ena, romelTa moswavleebsac unda aswavlon.
aseve, yvela moswavles, visac
es sWirdeba, ufasod daurigdes qarTulis, rogorc meore
enis, saxelmZRvanelo. ECRI
urCevs saqarTvelos xelisuflebas, rom qarTulenovan da
araqarTulenovan skolebs
Soris daamyaros partnioruli
urTierTobebi, kerZod, skolebSi samcxe-javaxeTsa da
Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
85
#3(36)
qvemo qarTlis regionSi, raTa
xeli Seuwyos sxvadasxva kulturuli da enobrivi safuZvlis mqone moswavleebis
daaxloebas.
ECRI urCevs saqarTvelos
xelisuflebas daakvirdes,
Tu ra viTarebaa politikur
diskursebsa da mediaSi umciresobaTa jgufebis, kerZod ki,
eTnikur da religiur umciresobaTa mimarT stereotipebis, akviatebuli azrebisa
da mcdari Sexedulebebis
gamoxatvis TvalsazrisiT.
ECRI iZleva rekomendacias,
rom saqarTvelos xelisuflebam ixmaros yvela Rone
(gamarTos codnis asamaRlebeli kampaniebi), raTa aamaRlos urTierTSeTanxmebis
done, aRZras urTierTndobis
grZnoba sxvadasxva eTnikur
jgufs Soris, gaaRrmaos
urTierTgageba mosaxleobis
umravlesobasa da mcire
eTnikur jgufebs Soris,
riTac xels Seuwyobs
tolerantul da mSvidobian
Tanaarsebobas qveyanaSi.
ECRI aCqarebs saqarTvelos
xelisuflebas ganagrZos da
gaaZlieros Zalisxmeva
imisaTvis, rom win aRudges
religiuri Seuwynareblobis
gamovlenas, rasac mohyveba
xolme fizikuri Zaladoba
da/an sakuTrebaze Tavdasxma.
ECRI urCevs saqarTvelos xelisuflebas gamarTos codnis
asamaRlebeli kampaniebi zogadad saqarTvelos mosaxleobaSi da, kerZod, somxur mosaxleobaSi, romelic im regionSi binadrobs, saidanac arian
warmoSobiT Turqi mesxebi,
raTa auxsnan maT am adamianebis dabrunebis istoriuli
REPORT
mizezebi. amgvari kampaniebis
mizania Turqi mesxebis winaaRmdeg Seuwynareblobis
nebismieri formis Tavidan
acileba, rogorc mosaxleobis
umravlesobis warmomadgenelTagan, aseve im regionSi, sadac
es adamianebi dabrundebian.
ECRI iZleva agreTve rekomendacias, rom gaaTkecdes Zalisxmeva Turqi mesxebis integraciisaTvis, kerZod ki, SemuSavebul iqnes mravalmxrivi
strategia, romelic iseT
problemebs upasuxebs,
rogoricaa enis Seswavla,
ganaTlebisa da dasaqmebis
xelmisawvdomoba.
ECRI daJinebiT urCevs saqarTvelos xelisuflebas meti
Zalisxmeva moaxmaros zurab
Jvanias saxelobis administrirebis skolis kurikulumis
xarisxis gaumjobesebas, ramdenadac mas exeba qarTuli
enis swavleba eTnikur umciresobaTaTvis; agreTve iZleva
rekomendacias, rom xelisuflebam SeimuSaos meqanizmebi
am skolis kursdamTavrebulTa,
maT Soris, gansakuTrebiT,
eTnikuri umciresobebis
warmomadgenelTa administraciul organoebSi dasasaqmeblad, maTi ganaTlebis
donis Sesabamisad.
Sedegebi da
rekomendaciebi
I.
samarTlebriv debulebaTa
arseboba da Sesruleba
saerTaSoriso
samarTlebrivi dokumentebi
ECRI kvlav uwevs saqarTvelos
rekomendacias xeli moaweros
da rac SeiZleba swrafad
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
86
moaxdinos Semdegi
saerTaSoriso dokumentebis
ratifikacia: evropuli
qartia regionalur da
umciresobaTa enebis Sesaxeb,
evropuli konvencia ucxoelTa
sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi
adgilobriv doneze
monawileobis Sesaxeb da
evropuli konvencia
moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb.
ECRI rekomendacias uwevs
saqarTvelos moaxdinos
kiberdanaSaulis Sesaxeb
konvenciis ratificireba,
agreTve xeli moaweros da
miuerTdes damatebiT oqms,
romelic kompiuteruli
sistemebiT gavrcelebuli
rasistuli da qsenofobiuri
xasiaTis qmedebebis
kriminalizacias Seexeba.
ECRI urCevs saqarTvelos
yvela migranti muSisa da
maTi ojaxebis wevrTa
uflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb
saerTaSoriso konvenciis
xelmowerasa da ratificirebas.
sisxlis samarTlis
kodeqsis debulebebi
rasizmisa da
Seuwynareblobis Sesaxeb
ECRI daJinebiT mouwodebs
saqarTvelos xelisuflebas
miiRos kanonmdebloba,
romlis gaTvaliswinebiTac
rasizmis motivacia dadgindeba zogadad damamZimebel
garemoebad yvela tipis
danaSaulisaTvis. igi rekomendacias uwevs saqarTvelos
xelisuflebas Secvalos
sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi
da daamatos debulebebi
rasizmsa da SeuwynareblobasTan brZolis mizniT. kerZod, Semoitanos debulebebi,
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü
solidaroba
romlebic akrZalavs iseT
danaSaulebs, rogoricaa
rasobrivi Seuracxyofa,
rasistuli gancxadebebis
Semcveli masalebis sajaro
gaxmaureba an gavrceleba
rasizmis motiviT, rasizmis
xelSemwyobi jgufis Seqmna an
xelmZRvaneloba. ECRI-is
zogadi politikis #7
rekomendacia rasizmisa da
rasobrivi diskriminaciis
winaaRmdeg brZolis erovnuli kanonmdeblobis Sesaxeb
iTvaliswinebs Sesabamis
saxelmZRvanelo principebs
amasTan mimarTebiT.
ECRI rekomendacias uwevs
saqarTvelos xelisuflebas
gaaZlieros Zalisxmeva, raTa
policias, prokurorebs,
mosamarTleebsa da
sasamarTlo sistemis momaval
profesionalebs CautardeT
treningebi rasobrivi
danaSaulisas kanonmdeblobis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb.
ECRI rekomendacias uwevs
saqarTvelos xelisuflebas
miawodos mTel sazogadoebas
informacia sisxlis samarTlis
kodeqsSi iseTi debulebebis
arsebobis Sesaxeb, romlebic
saSualebas iZleva, rom
daisajos rasizmiT motivirebuli da religiuri SeuwynareblobiT gamowveuli
qmedebebi. misi rekomendaciiT,
xelisuflebam unda miiRos
zomebi imisaTvis, rom motivacia gauzardon msxverplT
Seitanon saCivrebi aseTi
saqmeebis winaaRmdeg. kerZod,
saWiroa meti Zalisxmeva,
raTa gaumjobesdes
samarTlebrivi sistemis
muSaoba da gaizardos
sazogadoebis ndoba sistemis
mimarT.
samoqalaqo da
administraciuli
kanonmdeblobis
debulebebi rasobrivi
diskriminaciis
winaaRmdeg
Tavis meore moxsenebaSi ECRI
rekomendacias uwevda
saqarTvelos xelisuflebas
mieRo zomebi samoqalaqo da
administraciul kanonmdeblobaSi rasobrivi diskriminaciis amkrZalavi debulebebis
Sesrulebis gasaumjobeseblad. arsebobs rasobrivi
diskriminaciis amkrZalavi
ramdenime debuleba, romlebic gabneulia sxvadasxva
kanonSi. ECRI SeniSnavs, rom
saqarTvelom moaxdina
adamianis uflebaTa konvenciis #12 oqmis ratifikacia,
romelic iTvaliswinebs
zogadad rasobrivi diskriminaciis akrZalvas. saqarTvelos
konstituciis 6-2 muxlis
Tanaxmad, es oqmi xdeba Sida
samarTlebrivi sistemis
Semadgeneli nawili. TumcaRa
ECRI-saTvis ar aris cnobili
arcerTi SemTxveva, roca
adamianma miiRo kompensacia
misi uflebis darRvevisaTvis,
ar dazaralebuliyo rasobrivi diskriminaciis gamo.
rom sasamarTlomde ver
aRwevs, zogjer ase ganimarteba: diskriminaciis potenciuri msxverplni ar floben
sakmaris codnas imis
Taobaze, rom ufleba aqvT
mimarTon sasamarTlos. bevri
ki fiqrobs, rom adamianebSi
mcirea sasamarTlo sistemis
ndoba, rac xSirad xdeba
sasamarTlosTvis mimarTvisagan TavSekavebis mizezi.
rogorc Cans, diskriminaciis
msxverplni fiqroben, rom
maTTvis azri ara aqvs sasamarTloSi wasvlas, an kidev
hgoniaT, rom sasamarTloSi
wasvla sawinaaRmdego Sedegs
gamoiRebs. eTnikur umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebma
ganmartes, rom adamianTa
gonebaSi jer kidev ar aris
kargad aRqmuli diskriminaciis gageba. mosamarTleebsa
da advokatebs albaT Zalian
waadgebaT treningebi am
mimarTulebiT, magaliTad,
treningebi pirdapiri da
arapirdapiri diskriminaciis
Sesaxeb, rogorc es mocemulia ECRI-is zogadi politikis #7 rekomendaciaSi
rasizmisa da rasobrivi
diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg
brZolis erovnuli
kanonmdeblobis Sesaxeb.
am moxsenebis sxva nawilebSi
ECRI moixseniebs iseT
situaciebs, diskriminaciamde
rom mivyavarT, magaliTad, im
problemebs, romelTa winaSec
aRmoCnda religiuri umciresobis warmomadgeneli
zogierTi moswavle sajaro
skolaSi, an problemebs,
romlebsac awydebian eTnikuri
umciresobis warmomadgenlebi
sajaro seqtorSi dasaqmebis
xelmisawvdomobis TvalsazrisiT. msgavsi SemTxvevebi
ECRI miiCnevs, rom saqarTvelos
xelisuflebam unda miiRos
zomebi rasobrivi diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg arsebuli
debulebebis Sesrulebis
gasaumjobeseblad; amas
garda, arsebul samoqalaqo
da administraciul kanonmdeblobas unda daumatos
debulebebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofs maT srul ganxorcielebas. magaliTad aviRoT
sirTuleebi, romlebsac
momCivanebi awydebian
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
Solidarity
Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
87
#3(36)
aucilebeli mtkicebulebebis
Segrovebisas diskriminaciis
SemTxvevebSi. kanonma unda
gaamartivos diskriminaciis
dadastureba mtkicebulebis
tvirTis gaziarebis gziT,
rogorc es rekomendebulia
ECRI-is zogadi politikis
#7 rekomendaciaSi rasizmisa
da rasobrivi diskriminaciis
winaaRmdeg brZolis erovnuli
kanonmdeblobis Sesaxeb.
mtkicebulebis tvirTis
gaziarebis principi niSnavs,
rom momCivanma unda warmoadginos faqtebi, rac saSualebas mogvcems davuSvaT
diskriminaciis arseboba, ris
Semdegac mopasuxem unda
daamtkicos, rom araviTari
diskriminacia ar yofila. am
principis gamoyeneba dasaSvebia mxolod da mxolod
samoqalaqo da administraciul kodeqsSi da ara sisxlis
samarTalSi.
ECRI kvlav uwevs rekomendacias saqarTvelos xelisuflebas uzrunvelyos samoqalaqo da administraciul
kanonmdeblobaSi rasobrivi
diskriminaciis amkrZalavi
debulebebis saTanadod
Sesruleba. es ganaxorcielos
sazogadoebis infrmirebis
gziT diskriminaciis Sesaxeb,
agreTve rasobrivi diskriminaciis amkrZalavi debulebebis Sinaarsisa da moqmedebis
sazRvrebis Sesaxeb. am TvalsazrisiT, ECRI xelisuflebas
urCevs miiRos specialurad
eTnikuri da religiuri umciresobebisTvis gamiznuli
zomebi. ECRI agreTve rekomendacias uwevs saqarTvelos
xelisuflebas gaaZlieros
mosamarTleTa dawyebiTi da
mimdinare treningebi
REPORT
rasobrivi diskriminaciis
sakiTxebSi da msgavsi treningebi SesTavazos advokatebsac.
ECRI saqarTvelos xelisuflebas agreTve urCevs
rasobrivi diskriminaciis
amkrZalavi debulebebiT
Seavsos samoqalaqo da administraciuli kanonmdebloba,
rac gaaZlierebs samarTlebriv meqanizmebs. magaliTad,
msgavsi saqmeebisaTvis SemoiRos gaziarebuli mtkicebulebis tvirTis sistema. am
TvalsazrisiT, ECRI mouwodebs
saqarTvelos xelisuflebas
yuradReba gaamaxvilos
zogadi politikis #7 rekomendaciaze rasizmisa da
rasobrivi diskriminaciis
winaaRmdeg brZolis
erovnuli kanonmdeblobis
Sesaxeb, kerZod, mis im monakveTze, romelic samoqalaqo
da administraciul
kanonmdeblobas Seexeba.
antidiskriminaciuli
organizaciebi da sxva
instituciebi
ECRI kmayofilebiT aRniSnavs,
rom saqarTvelos ombudsmeni
(SemdgomSi, saxalxo damcveli)
mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs
saqarTveloSi umciresobaTa
jgufebis uflebebis dacvaSi,
gansakuTrebiT eTnikuri da
religiuri umciresobebis,
aseve diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. 2005 wels
saxalxo damcvelTan daarsda
eTnikuri umciresobebisa da
religiaTa sabWoebi, romlebic
mniSvnelovan sakonsultacio
funqcias asruleben. amasTan,
sabWoebi mTavrobisa da
yvela samTavrobo organos
umTavresi partniorebi arian
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
88
eTnikur da religiur
umciresobebTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebSi. magaliTad,
2008 wlis ivnisSi prezidentis
administraciam xeli moawera
eTnikur umciresobaTa
sabWosTan TanamSromlobis
memorandums. saxalxo damcvelTan muSaobs agreTve
tolerantobis centri,
romelic axorcielebs situaciis monitorings da upasuxebs
eTnikuri, religiuri da sxva
umciresobebis mimarT gamovlenil Seuwynareblobis
faqtebTan dakavSirebul
problemebs. tolerantobis
centris amocanaa xeli Seuwyos
Semwynareblobis gamovlenas
saqarTveloSi. igi organizebas ukeTebs mravalricxovan
RonisZiebas, rogoricaa
konkursebi mediis, ganaTlebisa da sportis sferoSi,
raTa xeli Seuwyos Semwynareblobis gamovlenas Sesabamis
samizne jgufebSi. saxalxo
damcveli regularulad
warmoadgens angariSs im
problemebis Sesaxeb,
romelTa winaSec dganan
eTnikuri da religiuri
umciresobebi da rekomendacias
uwevs xelisuflebas rogor
gaaumjobesos viTareba. igi
mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs
religiuri Seuwynareblobis
winaaRmdeg brZolis saqmeSi,
rac aRiniSneba am moxsenebis
sxva nawilSic. ECRI kmayofilebiT aRniSnavs, rom amJamad
saxalxo damcveli xsnis regionul ofisebs, gansakuTrebiT
im adgilebSi, romlebic
umTavresad eTnikuri umciresobebiTaa dasaxlebuli.
ECRIinteresiT SeniSnavs, rom
saqarTveloSi aris bevri sxva
instituciac, romelTa
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü
solidaroba
saqmianoba pozitiur rols
asrulebs rasizmisa da
Seuwynareblobis winaaRmdeg
brZolaSi. reintegraciis
saxelmwifo ministris (posti
Seiqmna 2008 wels) erT-erTi
amocanaa samoqalaqo integraciis gaRrmaveba saqarTveloSi
mcxovreb eTnikur umciresobaTa Soris. 2005 wels Seiqmna
samoqalaqo integraciisa da
Semwynareblobis sabWo,
ZiriTadad, Semwynareblobisa
da samoqalaqo integraciis
erovnuli koncefciisa da
samoqmedo gegmis SemuSavebis
mizniT. axla mas evaleba
samoqmedo gegmis ganxorcielebis monitoringi. adamianis
uflebaTa da erovnul
umciresobaTa saparlamento
komiteti kidev erTi organoa,
romelic muSaobs saqarTveloSi umciresobaTa jgufebis
uflebebis dasacavad. da
bolos, arsebobs kidev
prezidentis specialuri
mrCeveli samoqalaqo
integraciis sakiTxebSi.
marTalia, saxalxo damcvelis
kompetencia rasizmisa da
rasobrivi diskriminaciis
winaaRmdeg brZolaSi Zalian
maRalia da aramarto
tolerantobis centris
Sesrulebuli samuSaos gamo,
magram ECRI mainc miiCnevs,
rom xelisuflebam unda
Seqmnas specialuri organo
rasobrivi diskriminaciis
winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad.
kerZod, ECRI-is azriT, am
specialuri organos movaleobebs Soris isic unda iyos,
rom moisminos da ganixilos
sarCelebi da saCivrebi,
romlebic Seexeba rasobrivi
diskriminaciis saqmeebs kerZo
mxareTa _ kerZo damqirave-
belsa da daqiravebuls _
Soris. amasTan, eZios
mogvarebis saSualebebi an
megobruli morigebis gziT an
kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli
meTodebiT, Sesasruleblad
savaldebulo gadawyvetilebaTa meSveobiT.
rasizmisa da rasobrivi
diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg
brZolaSi saxalxo damcvelis
sakvanZo rolis gaTvaliswinebiT, ECRI urCevs saqarTvelos xelisuflebas kvlavac
ganagrZos am instituciis
mxardaWera. gansakuTrebuli
yuradRebiT moekidnon saxalxo damcvelis konsultaciebs, iseve, rogorc misi
egidiT momuSave eTnikur
umciresobaTa sabWos
konsultaciebs, srulad
iTanamSromlon masTan da
gaiTvaliswinon misi
rekomendaciebi.
ECRI daJinebiT mouwodebs
saqarTvelos xelisuflebas,
rom uaxloes momavalSi
daaarsos damoukidebeli
specializebuli organo
rasizmisa da rasobrivi
diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg
sabrZolvelad, rac SesabamisobaSi iqneba ECRI-is zogadi
politikis #2 rekomendaciasTan erovnul doneze
rasizmis, qsenofobiis, antisemitizmisa da Seuwynareblobis winaaRmdeg brZolis
specializebuli organoebis
Sesaxeb, agreTve _ ECRI-is
zogadi politikis #7
rekomendaciasTan rasizmisa
da rasobrivi diskriminaciis
winaaRmdeg brZolis erovnuli
kanonmdeblobis Sesaxeb. ECRI
xazs usvams, rom aucilebelia
am organos damoukideblobis
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
Solidarity
uzrunvelyofa; agreTve imis
uzrunvelyofa, rom mas
hqondes samarTlebrivi
qmedunarianoba da saWiro
adamianuri Tu finansuri
resursebi kerZo mxareebs
Soris rasobrivi diskriminaciis SemTxvevebis Sesaxeb
sarCelebis mosasmenad da
gansaxilvelad.
II. diskriminacia sxvadasxva
sferoSi
ganaTleba
ECRI interesiT SeniSnavs,
rom ganaTlebis struqturis
zogadi reformis farglebSi
xelisufleba Seecada gaeumjobesebina saswavlo garemo
umciresobaTa skolebis
moswavleTaTvis, kerZod,
gaaremonta an aaSena
umciresobaTa skolebi.
gadaidga agreTve nabijebi
eTnikur umciresobaTa
moswavleebisaTvis qarTuli
enis swavlebis gasaumjobeseblad. 2007 wels daiwyo
proeqti qarTulis, rogorc
meore enis, swavlebis axali
kurikulumis SesamuSaveblad.
TandaTanobiT umjobesdeba
qarTulis, rogorc meore
enis, saxelmZRvaneloebi,
romlebic ufasod urigdebaT
moswavleebs umciresobaTa
skolebSi. Tumca am droisaTvis yvela moswavles rodi
miuRia ufasod es saxelmZRvanelo. 2009 wlis martSi
damtkicda qarTuli enis
swavlebis kurikulumi. misi
erT-erTi mizania qarTulis
swavlebis gaumjobeseba skolamdeli aRzrdis periodSi.
es proeqti ganxorcieldeba
samcxe-javaxeTsa da qvemo
Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
89
#3(36)
qarTlis regionSi, romlebic
umTavresad umciresobebiTaa
dasaxlebuli. SemuSavdeba
saxelmZRvaneloebi da sxva
masalebi, aseve gzamkvlevi
mSobelTa swavlebisaTvis.
nabijebi gadaidga agreTve
qarTulis, rogorc meore
enis maswavlebelTa raodenobisa da profesiuli unarebis
gazrdis mizniT. ECRI aRniSnavs,
rom Semdegi svlebia gasakeTebeli imis uzrunvelsayofad, rom am maswavleblebma
icodnen umciresobaTa ena,
radgan specialistebi amas
miiCneven erT-erT mTavar
pirobad qarTulis, rogorc
meore enis, swavlebis
xarisxis gaumjobesebisaTvis.
qarTul sazogadoebas
mTlianad aqvs ori mTavari
problema: eTnikuri umciresobebi naklebad floben
qarTul enas da isini izolirebulni arian mosaxleobis
umravlesobisagan. aqedan
gamomdianre, ECRI-is sjera,
rom skolis partniorobis
programa (ganxorcielda
2004-2007 wlebSi) iyo saintereso proeqti, romelic xels
uwyobda gamosavlis Ziebas am
izolaciisa da lingvisturi
problemebis aRmosafxvrelad.
programis mizani iyo maswavlebelTa da moswavleTa
samoqalaqo integraciis
xelSewyoba mTel qveyanaSi
arsebul skolebs Soris
qselis SeqmniT. am proeqtis
farglebSi Catarda saerTo
RonisZiebebi da maswavlebelTa Tu moswavleTa gacvla
qarTulenovan da sxva _ somxur
Tu azerbaijanulenovan _
skolebs Soris. am tipis iniciativebi mxolod da mxolod
misasalmebelia, radgan isini
REPORT
aaxloebs sxvadasxva eTnikuri
da lingvisturi warmoSobis
moswavleebs da iZleva
Sexvedris, azrTa gacvlagamocvlis Tu megobruli
urTierTobebis damyarebis
saSualebas. da bolos,
amgvari wamowyebebi xels
uwyobs qarTuli sazogadoebis integracias. ECRI
aRniSnavs, rom xelisuflebas
kargad esmis, ra sargebloba
SeiZleba moitanos amgvarma
proeqtebma. amitom gegmavs am
proeqtis ganaxlebas uaxloes
momavalSi da mis gafarToebas
mTeli qveynis masStabiT.
xelisuflebam miiRo zomebi
imisaTvis, rom eTnikur
umciresobaTa bavSvebs,
kerZod ki, eTnikur somxebsa
da azerbaijanelebs, hqondeT
saSualeba, ganaTleba mSobliur enaze miiRon. magaliTad,
ganaTlebis saministro
umciresobaTa enebze
SeimuSavebs, gamoscems da
avrcelebs skolis saxelmZRvaneloebs, romlebmac
Caanacvles maTi warmoSobis
qveynebidan miRebuli
saxelmZRvaneloebi. aman xeli
unda Seuwyos umaRlesi ganaTlebis Tanaswor xelmisawvdomobas, ramdenadac axali
saxelmZRvaneloebi aucileblad metad iqneba misadagebuli qarTul gamocdebs.
Tumca, nawilobriv finansuri
mizeziT, yvela moswavles ar
miuwvdeba xeli saqarTveloSi
gamocemul saxelmZRvaneloze.
mniSvnelovania, rom
moiZebnos swrafi gamosavali
am mimarTulebiT. eTnikur
umciresobaTa moswavleebis
mxridan orive enis _ qarTulisa da mSobliuris _ ukeT
flobisaTvis saukeTeso
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
90
gamosavlis saZieblad
xelisuflebam aseT gzas
mimarTa: sapiloto skolebSi
SemoiRo multilingvuri
swavleba. multilingvuri
swavlebis kurikulumiT
ganaTlebis miRebis proeqti
2009 wels umciresobaTa 40
skolaSi daiwyo.
Tavis wina moxsenebaSi ECRI
aRniSnavda, rom 2005-2006
saswavlo wlidan SemoRebulia misaRebi gamocdebis
erTiani centralizebuli
sistema, romelic saqarTvelos
yvela saxelmwifo universitetze vrceldeba da es
ganaTlebis reformis erTerTi nawilia. sagamocdo
sagnebs Sorisaa qarTuli ena
da literatura. eTnikur
umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebi da, zogadad, samoqalaqo
sazogadoeba xazs usvamen im
sirTuleebs, rac am cvlilebam Seuqmna araqarTulenovan
abiturientebs. axali sistemis
danergvis pirvel wels eTnikur umciresobaTa warmomadgenelTagan bevri CaiWra
universitetSi misaReb
gamocdebze da, umTavresad,
swored qarTuli enisa da
literaturis gamocdaze.
xelisufleba mixvda, rom
axalma sistemam arasaxarbielo mdgomareobaSi Caagdo
eTnikur umciresobaTa
abiturientebi, ZiriTadad,
swored qarTulis cudad
codnis gamo. axali sistema
aRmoCnda saqarTveloSi
swavlis gagrZelebis damabrkolebeli faqtori _ am
abiturientTagan bevrma
amjobina swavlis gagrZeleba
sazRvrebs gareT, umetesad,
maTi warmoSobis saxelmwifoebSi, sadac Semdeg, Cveuleb-
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü
solidaroba
riv, rCebian kidec. amis gamo
xelisuflebam gadadga
araerTi nabiji, ramac,
rogorc Cans, ukve gamoiRo
ramdenime pozitiuri Sedegi,
radgan erTiani erovnuli
gamocdebi metma abiturientma Caabara umciresobaTagan.
ECRI aRniSnavs, rom
xelisuflebam erT-erTi
aseTi gamosavali ipova:
daawesa kvota somxur da
azerbaijanulenovani skolebidan gamosul abiturientTaTvis, romlebic miiRebdnen
grants qarTul universitetSi swavlis gasagrZeleblad.
2009 wels am grantiT 60-ma
abiturientma isargebla.
meore, rac xelisuflebam
gaakeTa, iyo is, rom abiturientebs eTnikur umciresobaTagan misca saSualeba gaevloT
mosamzadebeli kursebi
qarTuli enis codnis
gasaRrmaveblad gamocdebis
Cabarebamde. xelisuflebis
informaciiT, mesame nabiji
iyo 2010 wlidan universitetebSi adgilebis 5%-is
Senaxva somxur da amdenive
procentis _ azerbaijanulenovani abiturientebisaTvis,
romlebic erTian erovnul
gamocdebs maT mSobliur
enaze Caabarebdnen. 2010
wlidan igive gakeTdeba osur
da afxazur enebze molaparakeTaTvis. am sqemiT Caricxuli studentebi pirveli
kursis manZilze gaivlian
qarTulenovan programas.
ECRI miiCnevs, rom yvela es
Zalisxmeva misasalmebelia,
magram ar kmara saimisod, rom
umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistema
saqarTveloSi araqarTulenovani abiturientebisTvisac
Tanabari SesaZleblobebis
garantias iZleodes.
ECRI kvlav daJinebiT uwevs
rekomendacias saqarTvelos
xelisuflebas meti Zalisxmeva
gaiRos eTnikur umciresobaTa SesamCnevad gaumjobesebuli ganaTlebisaTvis, raTa
maT skolis damTavrebis
Semdeg garantirebuli
hqondeT umaRlesi ganaTlebisa da dasaqmebis Tanabari
xelmisawvdomoba. xelisuflebam kvlav unda waiwios win
umciresobaTa enebis swavlebis
reformirebis TvalsazrisiT.
kerZod, ECRI mouwodebs
saqarTvelos xelisuflebas
ganixilos am TvalsazrisiT
ramdenad iqneba gamosavali
multilingvuri swavleba.
am miznebisaTvis ECRI iZleva
rekomendacias, rom maswavleblebma, romlebic gadian gadamzadebas qarTulis, rogorc
meore enis, swavlebisaTvis,
icodnen im eTnikur umciresobaTa ena, romlebsac unda
aswavlon. aseve, qarTulis,
rogorc meore enis, saxelmZRvaneloebi ufasod daurigdes yvela Sesabamis moswavles. ECRI urCevs
saqarTvelos xelisuflebas
organizeba gauwios skolaTa
partniorobasa da moswavleTa gacvlas qarTulenovan da
araqarTulenovan, kerZod ki,
samcxe javaxeTsa da qvemo
qarTlis regionebSi arsebul,
skolebs Soris, raTa xeli
Seuwyos sxvadasxva kulturuli da lingvisturi istoriis
mqone moswavleTa daaxloebas.
ECRI kmayofilebiT aRniSnavs,
rom arsebobs saxelmwifo
proeqtebi moswavleebisTvis
Semwynareblobisa da sxva
eTnikuri Tu religiuri jgufebis pativiscemis saswav-
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
Solidarity
leblad. 2006 wlis 26
seqtembers miRebuli axali
kurikulumi krZalavs moswavleTa diskriminaciis
nebismier formas (eTnikur,
religiur, lingvistur
safuZvelze). magaliTisaTvis,
ECRI aRniSnavs erT saintereso iniciativas: qarTul
skolebSi axlaxan gavrcelda
saxelmZRvanelo `religiuri
mravalferovnebisa da interkulturuli ganaTlebis~
Sesaxeb. Tumca arasamTavrobo
organizaciebi da umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebi miiCneven, rom metia gasakeTebeli,
raTa zogad kurikulumSi
CaerTos informacia eTnikur
umciresobaTa kulturisa da
istoriis Sesaxeb, amasTan,
saxelmZRvaneloebidan,
gansakuTrebiT ki, istoriis
saxelmZRvaneloebidan amoiRon eTnikur da religiur
umciresobaTa uaryofiTi
xatebi. xelisuflebam aRniSna,
rom aamuSava meqanizmebi imis
uzrunvelsayofad, rom
amJamad Sedgenili saxelmZRvaneloebi da isinic, romlebic momavalSi Sedgeba, ar
Seicavdes am rangis aranair
uaryofiT Sefasebas da rom
kurikulumi ukeT asaxavdes
saqarTvelos eTnikur da
religiur mravalferovnebas.
ECRI rekomendacias uwevs
saqarTvelos xelisuflebas,
rom imuSavos skolis kurikulumebisa da saxelmZRvaneloebis xarisxis kontrolze.
saxelmZRvaneloebi ar unda
moixseniebdes upativcemulod
da damamcireblad umciresobis arc erT jgufs. ECRI
mouwodebs saqarTvelos
xelisuflebas, gadaxedos
saskolo kurikulumsa da
Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
91
#3(36)
saxelmZRvaneloebs, gansakuTrebiT ki istoriis
saxelmZRvaneloebs, raTa
isini moicavdes informacias
eTnikur umciresobaTa
kulturisa da istoriis
Sesaxeb, riTac moswavleebi
Seimecneben multikulturuli
sazogadoebis upiratesobebs.
Tavis meore moxsenebaSi ECRI
aRniSnavda, rom mTavari
aqcenti keTdeba umravlesobis
religiis (marTlmadideblobis) swavlebaze saxelmwifo
skolebSi. wina saskolo
kurikulumSi religiis
swavleba savaldebulod
iTvleboda. ECRI rekomendacias iZleva gaumjobesdes
mdgomareoba religiur
sakiTxTa swavlebis TvalsazrisiT, meti sizustiT aisaxos
religiuri da kulturuli
mravalferovneba. 2007
wlidan sajaro skolebs aRar
SeuZliaT Tavs moaxvion
moswavleebs religiis sagani.
maT SeuZliaT TavianT programaSi SerCeviT Seitanon
istoriis, kulturis an
sazogadoebaSi religiis
rolis amsaxveli sagnebi.
axali midgomis Sesabamisad,
es kursi ar SeiZleba exebodes mxolod erT konkretul
religias. is moswavleebs
unda awvdides informacias
msoflioSi arsebuli sxvadasxva religiis Sesaxeb.
aseve ukve momzadebulia
saxelmZRvaneloebi amgvari
kursebis farglebSi pedagogiuri saSualebebis Sesaxeb.
es saxelmZRvaneloebi
gamowvlilviT Seafases, raTa
religiuri neitraliteti
garantirebulad iyos daculi.
es mimdinare reformaa da,
zogierTi wyaros Tanaxmad,
REPORT
kvlav saWiroa imis monitoringi, Tu rogor inergeba
reforma saqarTvelos yvela
skolaSi. es uzrunvelyofs
axali midgomis saTanadod
dacvas ganaTlebis sferoSi
dasaqmebuli yvela adamianis
mxridan, gamonaklisis gareSe.
miuxedavad imisa, rom garkveuli warmatebaa miRweuli
kurikulumSi religiuri
neitralitetis dacvis
ganxriT, ECRI Sewuxebulia
imis gamo, razec meore
moxsenebaSic amaxvilebda
yuradRebas: kvlav aRniSnaven,
rom maswavleblebi da, maTi
gavleniT, moswavleebi
aviwroeben da amcireben
bavSvebs, romlebic ar
miekuTvnebian religiur
umravlesobas. kanonmdebloba
ganaTlebis Sesaxeb cxadad
krZalavs religiis
safuZvelze diskriminaciis
nebismier formas da religiuri simbolikis gamofenas
sajaro skolebSi, Tu amas ar
aqvs saganmanaTleblo daniSnuleba. TumcaRa arsebobs
informacia, rom zogierTi
maswavlebeli aviwroebs
moswavleebs, romlebic
religiur umciresobebs
miekuTvnebian, magaliTad,
religiuri simboloebis
gamofeniT saklaso oTaxSi an
umravlesobis religiis
sasargeblod saubriT maSinac
ki, roca iseT sakiTxebs
aswavlian, rasac araferi
aqvs saerTo religiasTan.
xelisufleba acxadebs, rom
maT ar miuRiaT oficialuri
saCivari skolaSi religiis
safuZvelze diskriminaciis
Sesaxeb. xelisuflebam xazi
gausva imas, rom nebismier
SemTxvevaSi arsebobs
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
92
Semowmebis sistema, romelic
Seexeba saqarTvelos yvela
skolas. amdenad, Tu
ganaTlebis saministros
yuramde miaRwevs religiur
niadagze im moswavleTa
diskriminaciis faqtebi,
romlebic religiur
umciresobas miekuTvnebian,
maswavlebels disciplinaruli
sasjeli Seexeba. ECRI aRniSnavs, rom saxalxo damcvelTan
arsebuli tolerantobis
centri akvirdeba yvela
sakiTxs, rac ukavSirdeba
adamianis uflebaTa SesaZlo
Selaxvas skolebSi religiis
Tavisuflebis TvalsazrisiT.
amdenad, rogorc Cans, es
sakiTxi Semdgom Seswavlas
saWiroebs viTarebis sruli
suraTis dasanaxad, raTa
xelisuflebam raime moimoqmedos, rom sajaro skolebSi
uciloblad iyos daculi
religiuri neitraliteti.
ECRI rekomendacias uwevs
saqarTvelos xelisuflebas
monitoringi gauwios axali
kurikulumis danergvis
process yvela sajaro skolaSi.
Tavis mxriv, axali kurikulumi iTvaliswinebs religiaSi
arCeviTi sagnebis arsebobas,
raTa religiis swavlebis
realuri Sinaarsi srulad
asaxavdes sagnis oficialur
Sinaarss, rac neitralitetisa da mravalferovnebis
princips efuZneba axali
kurikulumis Sesabamisad.
ECRI mouwodebs xelisuflebas uzrunvelyos, rom
moswavleebs religiis
Sesaxeb informacia
miewodebodeT mecnieruli
neitralitetis Sesabamisad,
rac arsebiTia ganaTlebis
sakiTxebSi.
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü
solidaroba
ECRI iZleva rekomendacias,
rom saqarTvelos
xelisufleba miwvdes
TiToeul sajaro skolas
cxadi mesijiT skolaSi
religiuri mravalferovnebis
aRiarebisa da pativiscemis
Sesaxeb. misaRebia zomebi imis
uzrunvelsayofad, rom yvela
maswavlebeli pativs scemdes
religiuri neitralitetis
princips, rac gaTvaliswinebulia kanonmdeblobiT.
vTqvaT, moxdes multikulturul garemoSi ganaTlebis
yvela muSakis sawyisi da
mimdinare gadamzadeba. xelisuflebam unda uzrunvelyos,
rom moswavleebi ar gaxdnen
diskriminaciisa da yoCobis
msxverplni skolaSi maTi
religiis gamo da mimarTos
Sesabamis sanqciebs diskriminaciis SemTxvevebis
gamovlenisas.
dasaqmeba,
samarTalwarmoeba da sxva
sferoebi
zogierTi wyaros mixedviT,
arsebobs eTnikuri diskriminaciis problemebi
dasaqmebis an samarTalwarmoebis sferoebSi. magaliTad,
gancxadebebis Tanaxmad, ena
aris is faqtori, romelic
zogjer eTnikur umciresobebs uxerxulobas uqmnis
dasaqmebis xelmisawvdomobaSi, gansakuTrebiT, sajaro
samsaxurebSi, radgan
zogierTma maTganma sakmarisad kargad ar icis qarTuli
ena. zogierTi wyaros Tanaxmad, enis faqtori yovelTvis
sakmarisad ver ganmartavs,
ratom ver miiRo adamianma _
eTnikuri unciresobis
warmomadgenelma _ samsaxuri.
aq SeiZleba Tavis rols
TamaSobdes sxva `dafaruli~
faqtorebic. zogierTi wyaro
aseve xazs usvams, rom calkeul SemTxvevebSi sasamarTloze oficialur enaze Tu
enidan imdenad uxarisxod
Targmnian, rom eTnikur
umciresobaTa warmomadgeneli, vinc Tavad ar flobs
saTanadod qarTuls, dazaralebuli rCeba marTlmsajulebis miRwevisas qarTul
enaze molaparake gamomsvlelebTan SedarebiT. sxvebi
miuTiTeben, rom eTnikur
umciresobaTa zogierTi
wevri Tavs diskriminirebulad grZnobs da miiCnevs, rom
meore xarisxis moqalaqed
ganixileba. Tumca aseve
aRiniSna, rom zogierT
SemTxvevaSi, miuxedavad
aseTi SegrZnebisa, eTnikuri
umciresobebi aRmoCndebian
xolme situaciaSi, romelic
bevrad ar gansxvavdeba im
viTarebisagan, romelSic
mosaxleobis umravlesoba
amoyofs xolme Tavs.
miuxedavad imisa, rom zogierTi kvleva Seiswavlis
eTnikur umciresobaTa
diskriminaciis sakiTxebs,
bevr sxva sakiTxTan erTad,
ECRI-is informaciiT, jer
kidev ar arsebobs sistemuri
da amomwuravi kvleva,
romelic Seiswavlida SesaZlo pirdapir da arapirdapir
diskriminacias eTnikur da
religiur umciresobaTa
jgufebis mimarT. imis gamo,
rom ar arsebobs sasamarTloSi aRZruli saqmeebi, sando
statistikuri monacemebi da
arc rasobrivi diskriminaciis gamowvlilviTi Seswavla
xdeba, dReisaTvis arsebuli
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
Solidarity
informacia ar aris sakmarisi
imis Sesafaseblad, aris Tu
ara saqarTveloSi diskriminacia da, Tu aris, ra donisa.
aqedan gamomdinare, ECRI-s
sjera, rom aucilebelia
saqmis arsSi ufro Rrmad
Caxedva, raTa davinaxoT
arsebuli viTarebis cxadi
suraTi da miviRoT zomebi
viTarebis gamosasworeblad,
rac uciloblad saWiroa,
Tuki iseT sferoebSi, rogoricaa dasaqmeba da samarTalwarmoeba, Tavs iCens
diskriminaciis SemTxvevebi,
iqneba es pirdapiri Tu
arapirdapiri, winaswar
ganzraxuli Tu struqturuli diskriminacia. am dros
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba
unda mieqces sagangaSo
gancxadebebs, am TavSi rom
aris moxsenebuli. am
konteqstSi ECRI exmianeba
missave rekomendaciebs,
romlebic am moxsenebis sxva
monakveTebSia warmodgenili,
kerZod, `antidiskriminaciuli
organoebi da sxva instituciebi~ _ zemoT, da `rasizmisa
da rasobrivi diskriminaciis
monitoringi~ _ qvemoT.
III. rasobrivi Zaladoba
ECRI SeSfoTebiT aRniSnavs,
rom bolo wlebSi kvlav
acxadeben religiur
umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebis Seviwroebisa da
religiuri Tayvaniscemis
adgilebze maTi sityvieri Tu
fizikuri Seuracxyofebis
SemTxvevebis Sesaxeb an
religiuri umciresobis
warmomadgenlebis kuTvnil
qonebaze Tavdasxmis gamo.
Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
93
#3(36)
amgvar danaSaulebriv
qmedebebs, ZiriTadad, Cadian
adamianebi mosaxleobis
umravlesobidan. aseTi
SemTxvevebi Tavs iCens mTel
qveyanaSi da umetesad Seexeba
aratradiciul religiur
umciresobebs, kerZod ki,
ieRovas mowmeebs. magram
ufro da ufro metad Cndeba
SemTxvevebi, roca Seviwroebis msxverplni xdebian
muslimebi. zogierTi wyaros
mixedviT, am SemTxvevaTagan
yvela rodi ecnobeba saqarTvelos xelisuflebas sxvadasxva mizezis gamo, romlebic
am moxsenebis sxva monakveTebSi iqneba ganxiluli.
amgvari informacia, misi
bunebidan gamomdinare, Zneli
mosapovebelia da xelisuflebis mxridan saWiroa
Semdgomi kvleva problemis
realuri moculobis
gasarkvevad.
religiur Seuwynareblobaze
prokuraturis pasuxebis
raodenoba ufro da ufro
izrdeba bolo wlebSi. saqarTvelos mTavari prokuraturis adamianis uflebaTa
departamenti agrZelebs
Seuwynareblobis gamovlinebis yvela SemTxvevaze
reagirebas da aRZravs saqmes
damnaSaveTa winaaRmdeg.
arsebobs amgvar SemTxvevebisa da maTi Sedegebis
oficialuri statistika. es
statistika gviCvenebs, rom
2006 wlidan religiuri
Seuwynareblobis SemTxvevaTagan yovelwliurad saSualod 20-ze naklebi ecnobeba
prokuraturas da gamoiZieba.
maTgan zogierTi damnaSavis
patimrobiT dasjiT an sxva
sanqciiT damTavrda.
REPORT
saxalxo damcvelis axali
moxseneba da sxva wyaroebi
aRniSnaven, rom Sedegebi
naklebad pozitiuria
policiis mxridan religiuri
Seuwynareblobis gamovlenis
SemTxvevebze pasuxis
TvalsazrisiT. Cans, rom, zog
SemTxvevaSi, adgilobrivi
policia ar mimarTavs
Sesabamis zomebs maSin, roca
iRebs informacias religiur
niadagze dapirispirebis
Sesaxeb. ECRI-is yuramde
movida Semdegi problemebi:
policiis zogierTma
TanamSromelma ar moaxdina
drouli reagireba, roca mas
sTxoves Careva; sxvebma ki
realurad ar gamoiZies
SemTxveva an dauyovnebliv ar
daiwyes gamoZieba. SeiZleba
isec moxdes, rom gamoZiebis
dawyebisas, policiam ar
gaiTvaliswinos religiuri
motivacia. ueWvelia, saxalxo
damcveli asrulebs pozitiur
rols im saqmeSi, rom policiam yuradReba miaqcios
gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebs,
romlebic kvalificirdeba
rogorc Zaladoba religiur
niadagze, raTa es elementi
saTanadod gaiTvaliswinon
gamoZiebisas.
ECRI miuTiTebs saqarTvelos
xelisuflebas, rom kvlav
ecados da gaaZlieros
Zalisxmeva, raTa efeqtianad
ebrZolos religiuri
Seuwynareblobis Zaladobriv
gamovlenas, maT Soris,
fizikur Zaladobas da/an
qonebaze Tavdasxmas; gadawyvetiT urCevs mas, rom
policiam amomwuravad
gamoiZios religiur niadagze
Cadenili danaSaulebi, amasTan, srulad gaiTvaliswinos
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
94
religiuri motivacia rigiTi
danaSaulebis dros. kerZod,
specialuri saxelmZRvanelo
miTiTebebi unda SemuSavdes
policiis TanamSromlebisTvis religiuri Seuwynareblobis SemTxvevebSi gadasadgmeli nabijebis Sesaxeb,
roca maT ecnobebaT amgvari
faqtis Sesaxeb. ECRI mouwodebs saqarTvelos xelisuflebas, ganixilos policiis
ganyofilebebSi specialuri
erTeulis Seqmnis sakiTxi,
romelic daspecialdeba
amgvar danaSaulebze;
gamosces agreTve samTavrobo
cirkularebi da sxva dokumentebi policiis TanamSromlebSi cnobierebis asamaRleblad, raTa maT religiuri
motivaciiT Cadenil
danaSaulebze gadamwyveti
reagireba moaxdinon.
IV. rasizmi sajaro
gamosvlebSi
ECRI friad SeSfoTebulia im
moxsenebebis gamo, romelTa
Tanaxmadac viTareba sajaro
saubrebSi rasizmis gamovlenis
TvalsazrisiT gauaresebulia
zogierT aspeqtSi, mimdinare
movlenebis gamo. amasTan,
rTulia arsebuli viTarebisa
da misi SesaZlo ganviTarebis
Sefaseba, ramdenadac ar
arsebobs raime dawvrilebiTi
kvleva an gamokiTxva am sakiTxze. qveyanaSi ekonomikuri da
finansuri krizisia, ruseTTan politikuri uTanxmoebaa,
ori regioni qveyanas mowyvetilia, sadac iseTi daZabuloba Seiqmna, rom igi xuTdRian
SeiaraRebul konfliqtSi
gadaizarda 2008 wlis agvistoSi, rasac saqarTvelos
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü
solidaroba
teritoriis zogierTi
nawilis okupacia mohyva.
zogierTi komentatori wamoWris moWarbebuli nacionalizmisa da antirusuli
ritorikis problemas, rac
Tavs iCens politikosTa
gamosvlebSi. zogjer
propagandis samiznea rusebi,
afxazebi da osebi, romlebsac `mtrebad~ saxaven. zogierTi politikosi an media
eTnikur umciresobebs aRweren, rogorc `usafrTxoebis
SesaZlo safrTxes~. ECRI-s
aRelvebs eTnikuri daZabulobis mosalodneli
eskalacia, Tuki gagrZeldeba
agresiuli toni, SesamCnevi
zogierTi politikosis
gamosvlebsa da mediaSi.
amdenad, arsebiTia, rom
xelisuflebam daikavos myari
pozicia nebismieri mcdelobisadmi, romlis mizania
saarCevno qulebis mopoveba
rasistuli, qsenofobiuri
gamonaTqvamebis an Seuwynareblobis sxva formaTa
gamoyenebiT.
politikuri daZabulobisa da
konfliqtebis xanaSi, ECRI-is
Rrma rwmeniT, sakmarisi ar
aris oden rasizmisa da
Seuwynareblobis winaaRmdeg
brZola. aseve arsebiTia
sxvadasxva jgufs Soris
yovelmxrivi urTierTgagebisa da mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis xelSewyoba. politikosebs, medias, saqarTvelos
xelisuflebas da saqarTvelos
sazogadoebas, rogorc erT
mTlianobas, mniSvnelovani
roli akisriaT am TvalsazrisiT. ECRI kmayofilebiT
aRniSnavs, rom saqarTvelos
xelisuflebam miiRo
erovnuli koncefcia
Semwynareblobisa da
samoqalaqo integraciis
Sesaxeb, romelic iTvaliswinebs RonisZiebaTa mTel rigs
qarTul sazogadoebaSi
eTnikuri umciresobebis
mimarT Semwynareblobis
xelSesawyobad. Semwynareblobis amgvari xelSewyobiT
unda isargeblon saqarTveloSi mcxovrebma umciresobaTa sxva jgufebmac, vTqvaT,
religiurma umciresobebma.
saqarTvelos xelisuflebam
miaRwia garkveul warmatebas
eTnikur umciresobaTa
kulturis, istoriisa da
problemebis sazogadoebriv
mediaSi gaSuqebis sakiTxSi.
magaliTad, kanoni mauwyeblis Sesaxeb moiTxovs, rom
sazogadoebrivma mauwyebelma
Tavis programebSi asaxos
eTnikuri, kulturuli,
lingvisturi da religiuri
mravalferovneba, gauSvas
saeTero programebi qveyanaSi
mcxovrebi eTnikuri umciresobebis enebze. sazogadoebrivi radio amzadebs
programas `Cveni saqarTvelo~,
romelic aSuqebs eTnikuri
da religiuri mravalferovnebis sakiTxebs. zemoT
naxsenebi mauwyebelTa eTikis
kodeqsi Seicavs mTel wyebas
debulebebisas mravalferovnebis pativiscemisa da
Semwynareblobis xelSewyobis
sakiTxebze.
ECRI iZleva rekomendacias,
rom saqarTvelos xelisuflebam monitoringi gauwios
eTnikuri umciresobebis,
kerZod, eTnikuri da religiuri umciresobebis, mimarT,
stereotipebis, akviatebuli
Sexedulebebisa da mcdari
damokidebulebebis
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
Solidarity
gamovlenas politikur
diskursebsa da mediaSi. ECRI
rekomendacias uwevs saqarTvelos xelisuflebas, rom
ganaxorcielos yvela svla,
magaliTad, gamarTos cnobierebis asamaRlebeli
kampaniebi, imisaTvis, rom
sxvadasxva eTnikur jgufs
Soris gaaumjobesos
urTierTSeTanxmebuloba,
aRZras urTierTndobis
grZnoba da gaaRvivos urTierTgageba mosaxleobis
umravlesobasa da umciresobaTa jgufebs Soris. amiT
xels Seuwyobs Semwynareblobas da mSvidobian
Tanaarsebobas qveyanaSi.
V. mowyvladi/samizne jgufebi
boSebi
ECRI rekomendacias uwevs
saqarTvelos xelisuflebas
uzrunvelyos boSaTa
gaTvaliswineba mTavrobis
ganxorcielebul samoqalaqo
integraciis programebSi da,
kerZod, erovnul koncefciaSi Semwynareblobisa da
samoqalaqo integraciis
Sesaxeb. xelisuflebam unda
miiRos zomebi, rom dauyovnebliv upasuxos boSaTa
Temis warmomadgenlebis
mimarT nebismieri saxis
Seuwynareblobis an rasobrivi
diskriminaciis gamovlenas.
ECRI rekomendacias uwevs
saqarTvelos xelisuflebas,
Seiswavlos boSaTa bavSvebis
mdgomareoba ganaTlebis
xelmisawvdomobis TvalsazrisiT da ganaxorcielos
svlebi, romlebic CaiTvleba
aucileblad imis uzrunvel-
Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
95
#3(36)
sayofad, rom yvela boSa
bavSvma isargeblos Tanabari
SesaZleblobebiT am sferoSi.
Turqi mesxebi
am moxsenebaSi ECRI-s surs
aqcenti gaakeTos zogadad
Turqi mesxebisadmi arsebul
ganwyobaze da mTlianad
repatriaciis procesze.
Tavis wina moxsenebaSi ECRI-m
ukve gamoTqva SeSfoTeba am
sakiTxis gamo. igi xazgasmiT
aRniSnavda, rom saqarTvelos
mosaxleobis garkveul
segmentebSi arsebobs mtruli
ganwyobileba Turqi mesxebis
mimarT, gansakuTrebiT somxur
mosaxleobaSi, romelic im
adgilebSi binadrobs, saidanac deportirebuli pirebi
arian warmoSobiT. sxvadasxva
wyaroze dayrdnobiT, miuxedavad Zalisxmevisa, informacia miewodos sazogadoebas
Turqi mesxebis mdgomareobis
Sesaxeb (vTqvaT, satelevizio
programebis meSveobiT), es
problema kvlav mwvavea.
amgvari mtruli ganwyobis
saTave, zogadad, sazogadoebaSi informaciis naklebobaa, agreTve is mcdari damokidebuleba Turqi mesxebis
mimarT, romelsac propagandas uwevs zogierTi media.
ECRI interesiT aRniSnavs,
rom zogierTi arasamTavrobo
organizacia mxars uWers
repatriaciis process da
aramarto imiT, rom niadags
amzadebs am pirTa repatriaciisaTvis. arsebuli proeqtebi iTvaliswinebs treningebis gamarTvas enaSi, iuridiul konsultaciasa da
daxmarebas samsaxuris
moZebnaSi. ECRI-s esmis, rom
REPORT
saxelmwifos ar miuRia raime
gansakuTrebuli samoqmedo
gegma Turqi mesxebis
repatriaciasTan dakavSirebiT. ECRI-s sjera, rom
repatriaciis procesis
sruli warmatebisaTvis
mniSvnelovania am mimarTulebiT nabijebis gadadgmisas
xelisuflebam ar ugulebelyos mTavari _ integraciis _
mimarTuleba. integracia
ormxrivi procesia da masSi
CarTulia rogorc mosaxleobis umravlesoba, aseve umciresoba. amdenad, moTxovnebi am
TvalsazrisiT miemarTeba
mTel sazogadoebas da mxolod Turq mesxebze ar
fokusirdeba.
ECRI urCevs saqarTvelos
xelisuflebas Tavisi
Zalisxmeva deportirebul
pirTa repatriaciis procesis
sasargeblod mimarTos,
kerZod, uzrunvelyos, rom
repatriaciaze ganmcxadeblebi ar dabrkoldnen moqalaqeobis miRebaSi arasaTanado SezRudvebis gamo.
ECRI rekomendacias uwevs
saqarTvelos xelisuflebas
daiwyos cnobierebis
asamaRlebeli kampania,
zogadad, qarTul mosaxleobaSi da, kerZod, somxur
mosaxleobaSi, romelic im
regionSi cxovrobs, saidanac
arian warmoSobiT Turqi
mesxebi. amgvari kampaniebis
mizania, rom ganumartos maT
am adamianebis dabrunebis
istoriuli mizezebi da Tavidan aicilos maT winaaRmdeg
Seuwynareblobis gamovlenis
nebismieri forma rogorc
mosaxleobis umravlesobisagan, aseve adgilobrivi
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
96
mosaxleobisagan, romelic im
arealSi cxovrobs, sadac
Turqi mesxebi dabrundebian.
ECRI iZleva agreTve rekomendacias, rom saqarTvelos
xelisuflebam gaaZlieros
Tavis Zalisxmeva Turqi
mesxebis integraciis mimarTulebiT, gansakuTrebiT _
mravalmxrivi strategiis
SemuSavebiT, romelic
upasuxebs iseT sakiTxebs,
rogoricaa enis Seswavla,
ganaTlebisa da dasaqmebis
xelmisawvdomoba.
religiuri umciresobebi
Tavis meore moxsenebaSi ECRI
Seexeboda gadasawyvet
sakiTxTa mTel rigs, romelsac wamowevdnen religiuri
umciresobebi sxvadasxva
sferoSi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, zedmeti biurokratiiT
gamowveuli dabrkolebebis
Seqmna religiuri wesis
aRsrulebis mizniT Senobis
gaxsnisa an aSenebisaTvis.
marTalia, religiur umciresobaTa zogierTma warmomadgenelma aRniSna, rom ramdenime mimarTulebiT winsvla
aSkaraa (magaliTad, rac
Seexeba sxva sasuliero pirTa
vizits satusaRoebSi patimarTa mosanaxuleblad), maT mainc
xazi gausves sxva gadauwyveteli sakiTxebis arsebobas.
maT Sorisaa dava zogierTi
eklesiisaTvis religiuri
qonebis dabrunebis Sesaxeb an
`arakomerciuli kerZo
samarTlis piris~ statusis
adekvaturoba _ es erTaderTi statusia, romelic
SeiZleba mieniWos religiur
umciresobas, romelsac
saqarTvelos kanonmdeblo-
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü
solidaroba
biT daregistrireba surs.
ECRI interesiT SeniSnavs
religiaTa sabWos mzard
rols religiaTaSoris da
kulturaTaSoris dialogSi.
sabWo daarsda 2005 wels
saxalxo damcvelTan. xelisufleba xels Seuwyobs
Sesabamis religiur umciresobebTan dialogs, rogorc
amas manamdec akeTebda, raTa
gamoZebnos yvela mxarisaTvis
misaRebi gamosavali zemoT
aRniSnuli sakiTxebis mosagvareblad. ECRI kvlav
xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom
religiurma umciresobebma
srulad unda isargeblon
xelisuflebis mier wamowyebuli samoqalaqo integraciis procesis upiratesobebiT,
gansakuTrebiT, erovnuli
koncefciiT Semwynareblobisa da samoqalaqo integraciis Sesaxeb.
ECRI rekomendacias uwevs
saqarTvelos xelisuflebas
ganagrZos dialogi religiur
umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebTan, kerZod, saxalxo
damcvelTan arsebul religiaTa sabWosTan TanamSromlobis farglebSi, raTa gamoZebnos gamosavali gadasawyveti
problemebisaTvis, rogoricaa
winaaRmdegobebis daZleva
religiuri wesis aRsrulebis
mizniT Senobis gaxsnis an
aSenebisaTvis an religiur
umciresobaTa samarTlebrivi
statusis sakiTxi.
eTnikuri umciresobebi
somxebi, azerbaijanelebi da
sxva eTnikuri umciresobebi
samxreT da samxreT-aRmosavleTi saqarTveloSi jer kidev
zaraldebian izolaciis
problemiT da aramarto
enobrivi barieris gamo,
aramed imitomac, rom
naklebadaa ganviTarebuli
Sesabamisi infrastruqtura,
gansakuTrebiT, transportisa
da komunikaciebis sferoSi.
ECRI kmayofilebiT aRniSnavs,
rom xelisufleba dgams
nabijebs eTnikuri umciresobebiT dasaxlebul mTavar
regionebamde misaRwevad da
am nabijebma ukve gamoiRo
pozitiuri Sedegi: gakeTda
gzebi am regionebis dedaqalaqTan dasakavSireblad,
sacxovrebeli pirobebi
gaumjobesda, gansakuTrebiT
gazmomaragebis uzrunvelyofiT. Tumca am TvalsazrisiT
viTarebis mniSvnelovani
gaumjobeseba did drosa da
Zalisxmevas waiRebs.
rogorc ECRI-m ukve aRniSna
Tavis wina moxsenebaSi,
miuxedavad utyuari cnobebis
ararsebobisa, zogadad
aRiarebulia, rom eTnikuri
umciresobebi cudad arian
warmodgenilni socialur
samsaxurebSi, aseve politikur
instituciebSi, rogoricaa
parlamenti da mTavroba. arc
adgilobriv instituciebSia
saqme saxarbielod, im regionebSic ki, sadac mosaxleobis
umravlesobas isini Seadgenen. meti Zalisxmevaa saWiro
imis uzrunvelsayofad, rom
eTnikuri umciresobebi
damakmayofilebel doneze
monawileobdnen qveynis
sazogadoebriv da politikur
cxovrebaSi. am TvalsazrisiT,
ECRI miiCnevs, rom zurab
Jvanias saxelobis saxelmwifo
administrirebis skola
(daarsda 2005 wels, mdebareobs quTaisSi) mniSvnelovan
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
Solidarity
rols Seasrulebs viTarebis
gaumjobesebaSi. am instituciis mizania srulyos
demokratiuli xelisufleba
da TviTmmarTveloba regionebSi, kerZod ki, eTnikuri
umcresobebiT mWidrod
dasaxlebul regionebSi.
eTnikur umciresobaTa
studentebs utardebaT
specialuri treningebi
qarTulis enis Sesaswavlad.
2006-2008 wlebSi am skolaSi
dadioda 133 azerbaijaneli
da 124 somexi studenti. ECRI
dananebiT SeniSnavs, rom
saskolo muSaoba mTlad
srulyofili ar aris. magaliTad, qarTuli enis saswavleblad gamoyofili periodi
(amJamad 6 Tve) kvlav arasakmarisia. xelisuflebas
gaazrebuli aqvs arsebuli
kurikulumis naklovanebebi
da amzadebs axal saswavlo
programas, romelSic
qarTuli enis swavlebas
mieniWeba meti prioriteti.
ECRI interesiT SeniSnavs,
rom xelisufleba gegmavs
agreTve skolis filialis
gaxsnas regionSi, sadac
eTnikur umciresobaTa didi
populaciaa. Tumca ECRI mxedvelobaSi iRebs SemaSfoTebel
gancxadebebs imis Sesaxeb,
rom bevri adamiani eTnikuri
umciresobis wridan, vinc
warmatebiT daasrula swavla
am skolaSi, saxelmwifo
administrirebis sferoSi
samsaxuris Sovnis seriozul
problemebs waawyda.
zogadad, ECRI aRniSnavs, rom
saqarTvelos xelisuflebas
gaTviTcnobierebuli aqvs
darCenili winaaRmdegobebi
saqarTvelos sazogadoebis
sruli integraciis gzaze,
Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
97
#3(36)
roca eTnikuri umciresobebi
TavianT adgils ipovian,
rogorc srulfasovani
moqalaqeebi. amitom eZeben am
problemebis gadaWris gzebs
umciresobaTa Sesabamis
jgufebTan konsultaciebiT.
am mizniT miiRes Semwynareblobisa da samoqalaqo
integraciis erovnuli
koncefcia, romelic moicavs
zemoT aRniSnul yvela
amocanas iseve, rogorc sxva
gamowvevebs integraciis
procesSi. amdenad, ECRI
imedovnebs, rom es koncefcia
srulad dainergeba, raTa
gaaumjobesos saqarTveloSi
eTnikur umciresobaTa
zogadi mdgomareoba da
sabolood uzrunvelyos
Tanabari SesaZleblobebis
arseboba cxovrebis yvela
sferoSi sazogadoebis yvela
wevrisaTvis.
ECRI rekomendacias uwevs
saqarTvelos xelisuflebas
ganagrZos konkretuli
zomebis miReba urTierTndobis aRdgenisa da ganmtkicebisaTvis, erTi mxriv,
eTnikur umciresobebs, xolo
meore mxriv, saqarTvelos
saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebas Soris urTierTobisa da
dialogis warmarTvis gziT,
raTa miiRos integrirebuli
sazogadoeba, romelSic
eTnikuri umciresobebi
srulad monawileoben. es
exmianeba qvemoT mocemul
rekomendacias Semwynareblobisa da samoqalaqo integraciis erovnuli koncefciis
Sesaxeb.
ECRI daJinebiT uwevs rekomendacias saqarTvelos
xelisuflebas kvlavac
REPORT
Seecados gaaumjobesos
zurab Jvanias saxelobis
saxelmwifo administrirebis
skolis kurikulumis xarisxi,
kerZod, is monakveTi, romelic
eTnikur umciresobaTaTvis
qarTulis swavlebas Seexeba.
aseve daJinebiT urCevs xelisuflebas SeimuSaos meqanizmebi am skolis kursdamTavrebulTa xelSesawyobad,
gansakuTrebiT maT dasaxmareblad, vinc eTnikur umciresobebs miekuTvneba, izrunos
kursdamTavrebulebis
saxelmwifo administrirebis
sferoSi dasasaqmeblad, maTi
ganaTlebis donis Sesabamisad.
TavSesafris maZieblebi
da ltolvilebi
ECRI kvlav rekomendacias
uwevs saqarTvelos xelisuflebas, Seasworos kanoni
TavSesafris maZiebelTa
Sesaxeb misi gaumjobesebisa
da saerTaSoriso standartebTan SesabamisobaSi
moyvanis mizniT. amisaTvis,
ECRI mouwodebs, rom
gaiTvaliswinon UNHCR-is
Sesabamisi SeniSvnebi.
ECRI rekomendacias uwevs
saqarTvelos xelisuflebas,
gaaZlieros Zalisxmeva
ltolvilTa integraciis
sasargeblod, gansakuTrebiT,
pankisis xeobaSi mcxovrebi
CeCneTidan ltolvilebis
mimarT SesaZleblobebis
gasaumjobeseli kampaniebis
wamowyebiTa da mxardaWeriT.
aseve, ganaxorcielos
ltolvilTa
naturalizaciis procesi
maTTvis, visac saqarTvelos
moqalaqeobis miReba
surs.
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
98
VI. saqarTvelos
teritoriaze konfliqtis
Sedegad qveynis SigniT
iZulebiT gadaadgilebul
pirTa mdgomareoba
ECRI daJinebiT mouwodebs
saqarTvelos xelisuflebas
gaaZlieros Zalisxmeva mZime
sacxovrebeli pirobebis
gasaumjobeseblad konfliqtisagan dazaralebuli
mosaxleobisaTvis, kerZod ki,
yvela im pirisaTvis,
romelic rCeba iZulebiT
gadaadgilebulad 2008 wlis
agvistos konfliqtis Sedegad,
maT Soris, im pirTaTvisac,
visac jer ar miuRia
iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli
piris statusi da sxva konfliqtebis Sedegad gadaadgilebulTaTvis. kerZod,
saqarTvelos xelisufleba
kvlav unda ecados, rom
uzrunvelyos normaluri
sacxovrebeli pirobebi
iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli
yvela pirisaTvis. gadasadgmelia nabijebi imisTvisac,
rom koleqtiuri centrebis
privatizaciis procesi iyos
samarTliani da gamWvirvale.
xelisuflebam unda uzrunvelyos fsiqologiuri daxmarebis gaweva konfliqtisagan
dazaralebuli yvela
adamianisaTvis, visac aseTi
daxmareba sWirdeba.
ECRI rekomendacias uwevs
saqarTvelos xelisuflebas,
ganagrZos da gaaZlieros
Tavisi Zalisxmeva iZulebiT
gadaadgilebul pirTa integraciisaTvis. xelisuflebam
gansakuTrebuli aqcenti unda
gaakeTos iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa umuSevrobis
problemis gadawyvetaze
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü
solidaroba
samuSao adgilebis Seqmnis
sqemis SemuSavebiTa da
Semosavliani saqmianobebis
xelSewyobiT. amave dros,
mniSvnelovania, rom xelisuflebam ar daiSuros Zalisxmeva
iZulebiT gadaadgilebul
pirTa usafrTxo, nebayoflobiTi da Rirseuli dabrunebis
uzrunvelsayofad, konstruqciuli dialogis gziT
yvela Sesabamis erovnul Tu
saerTaSoriso mxaresTan,
raTa gamoiZebnos gamosavali
yvela im problemisaTvis,
rac Tavs iCens iZulebiT
gadaadgilebul pirTa
dabrunebisas.
teritoriebi, romlebzec
saqarTvelos
xelisufleba amJamad
ver axorcielebs
efeqtian kontrols
1990-iani wlebisa da 2008
wlis konfliqtebis gamo
amJamad saqarTvelo ver
axorcielebs realur an
efeqtian kontrols misi
teritoriis garkveul nawilze.
marTalia, ECRI-s hqonda
saSualeba es sakiTxi
saqarTvelos xelisuflebis
kompetentur organoebTan
erTad ganexila da gacnoboda
saxelmwifo strategias
okupirebuli teritoriebis
mimarT (`CarTuloba
TanamSromlobis gziT~),
arsebulma viTarebam ar
misca saSualeba ECRI-s
Seeswavla mosaxleobis
mdgomareoba saqarTvelos
teritoriis im nawilSi,
romelsac qveynis xelisufleba dRes ver akontrolebs.
ECRI imedovnebs, rom
konstruqciul dialogs
Sesabamis erovnul da
saerTaSoriso mxareebs Soris
moyveba konfliqtis mSvidobiani da saimedo gadawyveta.
Tavisi misiis kvalad, ECRI
gamoxatavs Rrma mwuxarebas
im gancxadebis gamo, romlis
Tanaxmadac, eTnikuri wmenda
ganxorcielda eTnikuri
qarTvelebis mimarT samxreTi
oseTSi, 2008 wlis agvistos
konfliqtis konteqstSi.
metic ECRI-s surs gamoTqvas
Rrma wuxili im gancxadebis
gamoc, rom afxazeTis
regionSi, galSi mcxovrebi
eTnikuri qarTvelebi
seriozul akrZalvebs
awydebian mSobliur enaze
ganaTlebis miRebis
procesSi.
VII. samarTaldamcvel
organoTa moxeleebis
qceva
ECRI klvav uwevs rekomendacias saqarTvelos xelisuflebas gadadgas Semdgomi
nabijebi, raTa bolo mouRos
samarTaldamcavTa mxridan
ukanono mopyrobas, gansakuTrebiT, umciresobaTa jgufebis mimarT. saqarTvelos
xelisuflebisaTvis Zalian
mniSvnelovania sazogadoebas
cxadad daanaxos, rom samarTaldamcavTa amgvari qceva
Sewynarebuli ar iqneba da
daisjeba.
ECRI rekomendacias uwevs
saqarTvelos xelisuflebas
yuradReba gaamaxvilos
sazRvris damcvelebis mier
CeCnuri warmoSobis pirTa
Seuracxyofis faqtebze da
amgvari viTarebis
gamosasworeblad miiRon
dawesebuli zomebi.
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
Solidarity
ECRI rekomendacias uwevs
saqarTvelos xelisuflebas
gaiRos da gaaZlieros
Zalisxmeva policiaSi im
umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebis dasasaqmeblad,
romlebic ar arian warmodgenilni am sferoSi da
maTTvis uzrunvelyos
Tanabari SesaZleblobebi
karieruli zrdisaTvis. ECRI
iZleva agreTve rekomendacias policiaSi Catardes
Sesabamisi treningebi
mravalferovani sazogadoebis dacvis Temaze. ECRI
daJinebiT urCevs saqarTvelos xelisuflebas kvlav
gaiRos Zalisxmeva eTnikur
da religiur umciresobaTa
warmomadgenlebis
konstruqciuli dialogis
gasamarTad policiasTan
dakavSirebuli sakiTxebze.
VIII.erovnuli koncefcia
Semwynareblobasa da
samoqalaqo integraciaze
ECRI miesalmeba premier
ministris #348 dadgenilebis miRebas erovnuli koncefciis Sesaxeb Semwynareblobasa da samoqalaqo
integraciaze da 2009 wlis 8
maisis samoqmedo gegmas.
koncefciis mizani da masTan
dakavSirebuli samoqmedo
gegma SeiZleba Semdegnairad
Sejamdes: Semwynareblobisa
da pativiscemis garemos
Seqmna saqarTveloSi; eTnikur umciresobaTa efeqtiani
monawileobis uzrunvelyofa
cxovrebis yvela sferoSi;
eTnikur umciresobaTa
kulturisa da TviTmyofadobis dacvisa da SenarCunebisaTvis saWiro pirobebis
Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
99
#3(36)
Seqmna. am miznebis misaRwevad
koncefcia warmoadgens eqvs
ZiriTad `mimarTulebas~,
esenia: kanonis uzenaesoba,
ganaTleba da saxelmwifo ena;
media da informaciis
xelmisawvdomoba; politikuri integracia da samoqalaqo
monawileoba; socialuri da
regionuli integracia da
kulturisa da identobis
SenarCuneba. koncefcia
SemuSavebulia eTnikur
umciresobebTan konsultaciis gziT, kerZod ki, saxalxo
damcvelTan arsebul
eTnikur umciresobaTa
sabWos CarTviT. integraciisa
da Semwynareblobis xelSewyobis sferos specialistebi
miesalmebian am dokuments
aramarto imis gamo, rom igi
warmoaCens saxelmwifos
realur mcdelobas, imuSaos
eTnikur umciresobaTa
integraciisaTvis, aramed
imitomac, rom es aris
mravalmxrivi da ambiciuri
strategia, romelic eTnikur
umciresobaTa integraciis
procesis yvela ZiriTad
dabrkolebas upasuxebs.
ramdenadac jer Zalian adrea
SevafasoT Sesruleba
samoqmedo gegmisa, romelic
es-esaa amoqmedda, ECRI
mxolod SeniSnavs, rom
`kanonis uzenaesobis~
mimarTuleba miuTiTebs
koncefciis or mizans:
uzrunvelyos erovnul
umciresobaTa efeqtiani
dacva diskriminaciisagan da
aamaRlos sajaro moxeleTa
codna antidiskriminaciuli
kanonmdeblobis Sesaxeb.
Tumca aRniSnuli samoqmedo
gegma ar moicavs aranair
proeqts, romlis mizanic
REPORT
iqneba kanonis uzenaesobis
mimarTulebis ganxorcieleba. ECRI dananebiT
aRniSnavs, rom es niSnavs
Semdegs: am momentisaTvis ar
aris gaTvaliswinebuli
konkretuli RonisZiebebi im
amocanebis misaRwevad,
romlebic diskriminaciis
winaaRmdeg brZolas
ukavSirdeba. ECRI-s surs
xazi gausvas im faqts, rom
diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg
brZola aris integraciis
nebismieri strategiis ganuyofeli nawili da imedovnebs,
rom xelisufleba male
SemogvTavazebs konkretul
RonisZiebebs am sferoSi; am
procesSi ki gaiTvaliswinebs
amasTan dakavSirebul
rekomendaciebs, am
moxsenebis sxva nawilebSi
rom aris mocemuli.
ECRI daJinebiT uwevs
rekomendacias saqarTvelos
xelisuflebas srulad
ganaxorcielos erovnuli
koncefcia Semwynareblobisa
da samoqalaqo integraciis
Taobaze da uzrunvelyos
dadebiTi cvlilebebis
miRweva yvela finansuri Tu
sxva aucilebeli resursis
CarTviT dasaxuli amocanebis
miRwevaSi. ECRI iZleva
rekomendacias, rom
diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg
sabrZolvelad mimarTuli
RonisZiebebi daematos samoqmedo gegmaSi ukve gaTvaliswinebul zomebs. am konteqstSi
exmianeba yvela im
rekomendacias, romelic
mocemulia am moxsenebaSi
sxvadasxva adgilas,
gansakuTrebiT rasobrivi
diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg
samoqalaqo da administra-
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
100
ciuli kanonmdeblobis
debulebebTan mimarTebiT.
IX. rasizmisa da rasobrivi
diskriminaciis
monitoringi
ECRI Sewuxebulia imiT, rom
ar aris sakmarisad detaluri
informacia saqarTveloSi
umciresobaTa sxvadasxva
jgufis mdgomareobis
Sesaxeb. ECRI-is azriT,
monacemebis Segroveba
danawevrebulad, eTnikuri
warmomavlobis mixedviT,
gaamartivebs cxovrebis im
arealebis gansazRvras, sadac
SeiniSneba pirdapiri Tu
arapirdapiri rasobrivi
diskriminacia, da xels
Seuwyobs diskriminaciis am
formebTan brZolis
saukeTeso saSualebebis
gamoZebnas.
erovnuli aRwera, romelic
unda Catarebuliyo 2010
wlis ianvarSi, gadaido. ECRI
imedovnebs, rom aRwera
Catardeba rac SeiZleba male,
ramdenadac wina, 2002 wlis,
aRweridan didi xania gasuli.
momdevno aRwera imgvarad
unda Catardes, rom warmoaCinos cxadi suraTi umciresobaTa jgufebis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb iseT sferoebSi,
rogoricaa dasaqmeba,
dasaxleba, janmrTelobis
dacva da ganaTleba im
principebis sruli dacviT,
romlebic am rekomendaciebSia mocemuli.
ECRI daJinebiT mouwodebs
saqarTvelos xelisuflebas
Seqmnas monacemTa Segrovebis
yovlismomcveli da myari
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü
solidaroba
sistema, rac SesaZlebels
gaxdis saqarTveloSi umciresobaTa sxvadasxva jgufis
mdgomareobis Sefasebas da
rasizmisa da rasobrivi
diskriminaciis pirdapiri Tu
arapirdapiri formebis moculobis gansazRvras cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoSi.
amasTan kavSirSi iZleva
rekomendacias, rom gaanalizdes Segrovebuli monacemebi, daxarisxebuli iseTi
kategoriebis mixedviT,
rogoricaa eTnikuri an
nacionaluri warmoSoba,
religia, ena an moqalaqeoba,
raTa gamovlindes diskriminaciis niSnebi. amave dros
xelisuflebam unda uzrunvelyos, rom monacemTa
Segroveba xdebodes
sistematurad, konfidencialobis principebis dacviT,
individTa winaswari TanxmobiT da ise, rom isini
nebayoflobiT aigivebdnen
Tavs konkretuli jgufis
wevrebTan. monacemTa
Segrovebis es sistema unda
SemuSavdes yvela dakavSirebul mxaresTan mWidro
TanamSromlobiT, maT Soris,
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis
organizaciaTa monawileobiT. sistema ormagi an
mravalmxrivi diskriminaciis
SemTxvevebis potenciur
arsebobasac unda iTvaliswinebdes.
rekomendaciebi
Sualeduri
SemowmebisaTvis
sami konkretuli rekomendacia, romelTa ganxorcielebasac saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mxridan ECRI upiratesobas aniWebs, Semdegia:
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
regionSi, sadac es adamianebi dabrundebian. ECRI
iZleva agreTve rekomendacias, rom xelisuflebam gaaaTkecos Zalisxmeva
Turqi mesxebis integraciisaTvis, kerZod ki,
SeimuSaos mravalmxrivi
strategia, romelic
upasuxebs iseT problemebs,
rogoricaa enis Seswavla,
ganaTlebisa da dasaqmebis
xelmisawvdomoba.
ECRI daJinebiT aCqarebs
saqarTvelos xelisuflebas ganagrZos da ganamtkicos Zalisxmeva eTnikur
umciresobaTa moswavleebisTvis qarTuli enis
swavlebis saqmeSi. kerZod,
am mizniT ECRI iZleva
rekomendacias, rom
maswavleblebma, romlebic
gadian treningebs qarTulis, rogorc meore enis.
swavlebaSi, icodnen im
eTnikuri umciresobis ena,
romelTa moswavleebsac
unda aswavlon. aseve,
yvela moswavles, visac es
sWirdeba, ufasod daurigdes qarTulis, rogorc
meore enis, saxelmZRvanelo. ECRI urCevs saqarTvelos xelisuflebas
qarTulenovan da araqarTulenovan skolebs Soris
daamyaros partnioruli
urTierTobebi, kerZod,
skolebSi samcxe-javaxeTsa
da qvemo qarTlis regionebSi, raTa xeli Seuwyos
sxvadasxva kulturuli da
enobrivi safuZvlis mqone
moswavleebis daaxloebas.
saganmanaTleblo kampaniebi
zogadad saqarTvelos
mosaxleobaSi da, kerZod,
somxur mosaxleobaSi,
romelic im regionSi
binadrobs, saidanac arian
warmoSobiT Turqi mesxebi,
raTa auxsnan maT am adamianebis dabrunebis istoriuli mizezebi. amgvari
kampaniebis mizania Turqi
mesxebis winaaRmdeg Seuwynareblobis nebismieri
formis Tavidan acileba,
rogorc mosaxleobis
umravlesobis warmomadgenelTagan, aseve im
Solidarity
ECRI daJinebiT urCevs
saqarTvelos xelisuflebas meti Zalisxmeva
moaxmaros zurab Jvanias
saxelobis administrirebis skolis kurikulumis
xarisxis gaumjobesebas,
ramdenadac am skolis
movaleobaa qarTuli enis
swavleba eTnikur umciresobaTa warmomadgenelTaTvis. iZleva agreTve
rekomendacias, rom
xelisuflebam SeimuSaos
meqanizmebi am skolis
kursdamTavrebulTa, maT
Soris gansakuTrebiT
eTnikuri umciresobebis
warmomadgenelTa, administraciul organoebSi
dasasaqmeblad, maTi ganaTlebis donis Sesabamisad.
am sami rekomendaciisaTvis
Sualedur Semowmebas ECRI
ganaxorcielebs moxsenebis
gamoqveynebidan araugvianes
ori wlis Semdeg.
Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
101
Solidarity
#3(36)
Summary
Main topics of the 3rd issue (2010) of the magazine are freedom of expression and
religious intolerance, as well as basics of tolerance according to Christianity. These
themes are highlighted in our Round-Table with participation of the Expert of the
Tolerance Centre under the Public Defender’s Office, Beka Mindiashvili, poet Rati
Amaghlobeli, expert David Zurabishvili and lawyers Vakhtang Menabde and George
Meladze. The following articles also pertain to the above topics: “Approach of the
Early Church towards People of Different Consciences” by David Tinikashvili, “Opportunity of Overcoming the Fundamentalism” by Kakhaber Kurtanidze, “Basics of
Tolerance in the New Testament” by Beka Mindiashvili, “St. Episcope Gabriel about
Faith and Citizenship” by Nugzar Papuashvili and “Secularization and De-secularization” by Giga Zedania. In this issue we also present a translated article “Influence of
the Christian Social Teaching on the Market Economy” by Manfred Speaker.
Level of democracy in Georgia is discussed in the article by Professor Charles H.
Fairbanks “Georgia’s Soviet Legacy” and in the interview with the professor Gia
Nodia “Characteristics of Hybrid Regimes”.
In this issue we also present an article by the lawyer Thea Tsulukiani “Rights of the
Prisoners and Obligations of the Penitentiary Administration in Accordance with
Article 3 of the European Convention”, an article by Pridon Sakvarelidze “Punishing
Psychiatry” and the short version of the report on Georgia of the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance.
Solidarität
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102
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü

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