docrom xma amoeRo... germaniaSi nacistebi rom
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rom xma amoeRo... germaniaSi nacistebi rom
germaniaSi nacistebi rom komunistebs miadgnen, xma ar amomiRia, radgan komunisti ar vyofilvar. ebraelebs miadgnen da xma ar amomiRia, radgan ebraeli ar vyofilvar. profkavSirebs miadgnen da xma ar amomiRia, radgan profkavSireli ar vyofilvar, kaTolikeebze gadavidnen da xma ar amomiRia, radgan kaTolike ar vyofilvar. Semdeg me momadgnen... da aRaravin iyo darCenili, rom xma amoeRo... martin niimioleri pastori, germaniis evangelur- luTeruli eklesia solidaroba #3(36) saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelis Jurnali redaqtori: nino cincaZe stilis redaqtori: levan bregaZe dizaini: besik danelia foto: levan xerxeuliZe marika asaTiani redkolegia: beqa mindiaSvili Tamar Samili sergo ratiani 53 garekanze: levan xerxeuliZis foto Jurnali momzadebulia saxalxo damcvelTan arsebuli tolerantobis centris mier ibeWdeba gaeros ganviTarebis programis mxardaWeriT winamdebare gamocemaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi ar asaxavs gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis an gaeros ganviTarebis programis Tvalsazriss misamarTi: Tbilisi, ramiSvilis 6, tel.: 92 24 81 www.ombudsman.ge 4 12 16 mrgvali magida religia saxelmwifos sazRvrebSi nino beqiSvili TOLERANCE ucxo da maxlobeli beqa mindiaSvili fundamentalizmis gadalaxvis SesaZlebloba kaxaber kurtaniZe 22 saqarTvelos saxalxo damcveli adreuli eklesiis damokidebuleba gansxvavebuli rwmenis mqone adamianebisadmi daviT TinikaSvili orientiri gaeros ganviTarebis programa 29 wm. episkoposi gabrieli sarwmunoebisa da moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb nugzar papuaSvili sekularizmi 43 sekularizacia Tu desekularizacia? giga zedania 48 REX ET RECTUM qristianuli socialuri moZRvrebis gavlena sabazro ekonomikaze manfred spikeri politikuri eqsplikaciebi 53 saqarTvelos sabWoTa memkvidreoba 60 hibriduli reJimis Tvisebebi Carlz ferbenqsi interviu gia nodiasTan beqa mindiaSvili 12 samarTali 68 patimris uflebebi da sasjelaRsrulebis administraciis zogierTi ZiriTadi movaleoba evropuli konvenciis me-3 muxlis mixedviT Tea wulukiani 75 sabWoTa fsiqiatria `fsiqiatriuli gulagi~ fridon sayvareliZe REPORT 82 29 102 evropuli komisia rasizmisa da Seuwynareblobis winaaRmdeg Summary #3(36) mrgvali magida religia saxelmwifos sazRvrebSi mas Semdeg, rac telekompania `kavkasiaSi~ marTlmadideblobis saxeliT moqmedi religiuri eqstremistebi SeiWrnen da televiziis darbeva scades, qarTulma saxelmwifom ukanaskneli wlebis manZilze pirvelad imoqmeda maT mimarT adekvaturad _ damnaSaveebi daapatimra. magram maleve sapatriarqom gaavrcela gancxadeba, sadac saxelmwifos `uxamsobis~ winaaRmdeg kanonis miReba mosTxova, rasac politikosTa didi nawili ukve dadebiTad gamoexmaura. rogor monawileobs religiis faqtori dRevandeli saqarTvelos cxovrebaSi, ramdenad gansazRvravs marTlmadidebeli eklesia saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa identobas da aRiqmeba Tu ara liberaluri Rirebulebebi maT mier safrTxed? _ es Temebi ganixiles `mrgvali magidis~ stumrebma. diskusiaSi monawileoben _ giorgi melaZe (iuristi), daviT zurabiSvili (respublikuri partiis wevri), rati amaRlobeli (poeti), beqa mindiaSvili (Teologi) da vaxuSti menabde (iuristi). nino beqiSvili TamaSobs Tu ara religia Tanamedrove saqarTvelos politikur da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovan rols? did pirovnul ndobas ucxadebs, Sefasebebs rom Tavi davaneboT, kargia Tu cudi, mogvwons Tu ar mogvwons, es nebismier SemTxvevaSi seriozuli faqtoria. daviT zurabiSvili: roca qveyanaSi arsebobs institucia, romelsac aseTi maRali reitingi aqvs, da mis xelmZRvanels, saqarTvelos kaTolikos patriarqs saqarTvelos mosaxleoba yvelaze beqa mindiaSvili: TavisTavad is faqti, rom 90-iani wlebidan moyolebuli eklesia politikuri Zalauflebis araformaluri legitimaciis wyaroa, ukve mianiSnebs imas, rom mas marTlac didi gav- Solidarität }'vh'mksr 4 Ñîëiäàðíiñòü solidaroba lena aqvs. Tumca jerjerobiT, mgoni, ar aris Seswavlili, eklesia da sapatriarqo ramdenad gansazRvravs moqalaqeTa politikur arCevans da ramdenad zemoqmedebs maT gadawyvetilebebze. 2003 wels xelisuflebaSi movida Zala, romelic stigmatizebuli iyo religiuri nacionalizmis warmomadgenelTa mxridan rogorc `soroselebi~, `masonebi~, `ieRovelebi~ da SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom religiuri motivacia saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa politikur gadawyvetilebebze didad ar moqmedebs. sul sxva sakiTxia is, rom eklesia da sapatriarqo monawileobs kulturul da ekonomikur cxovrebaSi, saganmanaTleblo sferoSi da TviT saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSic ki. erovnuli sabWos merobis kandidatis winasaarCveno klipSi Canda saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi, Tumca aman zviad ZiZigurs gamarjveba ver moutana... rati amaRlobeli: Cemi dakvirvebiT, religiurma ritorikam wina arCevnebTan SedarebiT wels iklo da es namdvilad kargia. politikosebi samebis fonze ise xSirad aRar Cndebian mediaSi, rogorc adre. Cemi dakvirvebiT, politikuri religiurobis demonstrirebis piki 2007 wels iyo, roca xelisuflebac da ipoziciac eklesiasTan identificirebas cdilobda. es, piradad CemTvis, namdvilad mZime sanaxavi gaxldaT. rati amaRlobeli vaxuSti menabde: dRes politikosebs winasaarCevno ritorikaSi religiaze apelirebam naklebad SeiZleba moutanos xmebi, radgan am faqtors yvela politikuri Zala met-naklebad iyenebs. vfiqrob, religiis da marTlmadidebeli eklesiis kritikam SeiZleba romelime politikoss imaze meti xma daakargvinos, vidre qeba moutanda. dRes negatiuri ritorikiT advilia xmebis dakargva, magram pizitiuri apelirebiT xmebis mopoveba _ gacilebiT ufro rTulia. daviT zurabiSvili: sazogadoeba naklebad ukvirdeba imas, Tu ratom, ra mizeziT akritikeb eklesias, da aris Tu ara es kritika samarTliani. aseve mniSvnelovania isic, rom patriarqi TviTon aSkarad arasdros afiqsirebs Tavis politikur simpaTiebs. Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba Solidarity man rom romelime Zalas aSkarad dauWiros mxari, aman namdvilad SeiZleba imoqmedos, magram ilia I I jerjerobiT amas ar akeTebs, neitralitets inarCunebs, nebismier politikoss iRebs da faqtobrivad yvelasTan aqvs urTierToba. beqa mindiaSvili: patriarqi aSkarad iSviaTad gamoxatavs Tavis politikur simpaTias da anTipaTias. Tumca axlo warsulSi amgvari ram orjer namdvilad moxda. pirvelad, rodesac man saqarTvelos pirveli prezidentis Sesaxeb germanel Jurnalistebs uTxra, rom gamsaxurdia avtoritaruli meTodebiT marTavda qveyanas da is demokratiuli ritorikiT gaakritika. misma damokidebulebam garkveuli roli iTamaSa gamsaxurdias mmarTvelobis damxobaSi da amitomac gamsaxurdias momxreTa Ñîëèäàðíîñòü 5 #3(36) mxridan didi kritika da dartyma midioda patriarqisken. albaT yvelas gaxsovT maSindel mitingebze ilia I I -is gadaxazuli portretebi da gverdiT _ dudaevis suraTebi. meored aseTi ram moxda maSin, rodesac 2003 wels kaTolikos-patriarqi ar mivida parlamentis pirvel sxdomaze. dRes ver vityviT, ilia I I im darbazSi rom yofiliyo, ra moxdeboda. Cven SegviZlia mxolod vivaraudoT, rom movlenebi mainc imave scenariT ganviTardeboda. Tumca sakaSvilis mmarTvelobis periodSi saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqs Tavisi politikuri Sexedulebebi aSkarad arasdros gamouxatavs. aqve vityvi imasac, rom qarTuli religiurobis xasiaTi mainc bizantiur simbolos ukavSirdeba, rac gulisxmobs, rom xelisufleba da eklesia erT ideologiur mrgvali magida gumbaTs qmnian da Tuki xelisufleba eklesiis mimarT loialobas inarCunebs, maSin moqalaqeTa ganwyoba, miuxedavad Sida dapirispirebebisa, mainc prosaxelisuflebo iqneba, radgan ideologiuri sivrce erTiania. isic unda iTqvas, rom dRes saqarTvelos xelisufleba sapatriarqos moTxovnebs asrulebs _ iqneba es saxelmwifo biujetidan gadaricxuli milionebi Tu eklesiis gansakuTrebuli rolis warmoCena, ris Sedegadac opoziciis mier am kuTxiT xelisuflebis kritikam Zala dakarga. giorgi melaZe: saqarTveloSi marTlmadidebeli religia arsebobs rogorc kulturuli fenomeni da Cveulebrivi moqalaqisTvis mniSvnelovania fiqrobdes religiaze, rogorc qarTuli tradiciisa da kulturis nawilze. Tumca beqa mindiaSvili Solidarität }'vh'mksr 6 es moqalaqe politikur gadawyvetilebebs eklesiis karnaxiT ar iRebs. qveyanaSi jer isev areulobaa, politikuri partiebi ar arian kargad Cemoyalibebulni da sakuTar identobas eZebdnen. aman erTgvari qaosi Seqmna, ramac ar unda dagvabnios. religia qarTuli kulturis Semadgeneli nawili iqneba, magram eklesia politikuri moTamaSe ar gaxdeba. beqa mindiaSvili: dRes qarTul da rusul marTlmadideblobas xSirad islamur fundamentalizms adareben, rac arasworia, radgan islamuri fundamentalizmi mTlianad samyaroze gansxvavebul warmodgenas efuZneba. iq alternatiuli politikuri wyobaa _ Teokratia, aqvT alternatiuli sabanko sistema, samecniero sferoc ki islams efuZneba. marTlmadideblobis SemTxvevaSi amgvari suraTi ara gvaqvs da verc miviRebT, radgan, erTi mxriv, amas xels uSlis TviTon marTlmadideblobis buneba da xasiaTi, meore mxriv ki _ demokratizaciis procesi, romelic CvenTan nela, magram mainc win midis. marTlmadidebluri qveynebia rumineTi, bulgareTi, saberZneTi, sadac avad Tu kargad liberaluri demokratia arsebobs. giorgi melaZe: namdvilad SeiZleba dava imaze, rogori sistemaa saqarTvelosTvis ufro misaRebi _ amerikuli midgoma, rac saxelmwifosa da eklesiis mkveTr gamijvnas gulisxmobs, Tu evropuli modeli, roca eklesia Ñîëiäàðíiñòü solidaroba saxelmwifos cxovrebaSi garkveul rols TamaSobs? magram faqtia isic, rom tradicias versad gaveqceviT. sadRac, raRac sivrceSi namdvilad gvaqvs imis SesaZlebloba, eklesia da politika gaimijnos, sxva sferoebSi ki maT Soris TanamSromloba aucileblad iqneba. marTlmadidebel mSobelTa kavSiris da malxaz gulaSvilis organizaciis wevrebis moqmedeba saxelmwifom alagma, damnaSaveni dasaja da dRes isini Cumad arian. Tum-ca manamde gulaSvilma moaxerxa Wadrakis sasaxlSi uamravi adamiani Seekriba. xedavT Tu ara rusul kvals am ori organizaciis moqmedebaSi? giorgi melaZe: es namdvilad ar aris ruseTis brali. is adamianebi, vinc Wadrakis sasaxleSi mividnen, im rva procentis interesebs gamoxataven, vinc Semdeg ZiZigurs misca xma. es Cveulebrivi eleqtoratia. Zalian kargia, rom isini rva procents Seadgenen da ara TxuTmets, magram, cxadia, ukeTesi iqneboda, gacilebiT ufro naklebni yofiliyvnen. esaa nawili sazogadoebisa, romelic, ubralod frustrirebulia tranziciis periodiT. ara mgonia, aq religiuri faqtori gadamwyveti iyos da maincdamainc religiuri redikalizmis niSnebi Candes. daviT zurabiSvili es yvelaferi ar hgavs imas, risi keTebac 90-iani wlebidan moyolebuli rusma skinhedebma daiwyes? giorgi melaZe: ruseTSi es yvelaferi kargad organizebulia da Tan amis tradiciac arsebobs. CvenTan ki am jgufebis moqmedeba xelovnuri da kulturidan amovardnilia. gaixseneT gulaSvilis moZraobis wevri axalgazrdebis fotoebi, dadgmul multfilms rom hgavda da komikuric ki iyo. nacisturi ritorika qarTul kulturaSi ver Cajda, amas safuZveli ara aqvs da arc momavalSi SeiZleba hqondes. beqa mindiaSvili: eqstremistuli jgufebi manam, sanam samarTaldamcavebi Caereodnen, ualternativoni iyvnen, anu sazogadoebis did nawils Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba Solidarity sakuTari konformizmis formireba am jgufebTan loialobiT uxdeboda. sxva jgufi, Tundac eklesiis SigniT da religiur wreebSi, romelic daicavda qristianobis liberalur sawyisebs, ar arsebobs. eklesiaSi, marTlmadideblobis saxeliT aSkarad aravin upirispirdeba fundamentalizms. amitom am Zalebisadmi negatiuri damokidebulebis formireba sazogadoebis did nawils Tavidanve gauWirda. faqtia isic, rom ukanaskneli weliwadnaxevris ganmavlobaSi, rodesac religiur niadagze sCadiodnen danaSauls, samarTaldamcavebi adekvatur reagirebas ver axerxebdnen. es danaSaulebebi religiuri umciresobebis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli da moZaladeebi umetes SemTxvevaSi ar isjebodnen. arc ilias universitetis win Ñîëèäàðíîñòü 7 #3(36) pirveli darbevis Semdeg daukavebiaT vinme da mxolod maSin moxda reagireba, rodesac telekompania `kavkasiaSi~ Sevardnen. daviT zurabiSvili: religiuri eqstremistebis dapatimreba telekompaniaSi Sevardnis Semdegac rom ar momxdariyo, es imas niSani iqneboda, rom xelisufleba an absoluturad uZluria, an loialuria eqstremistebis mimarT da TviTon uwyobs maT xels. televiziaze Tavdasxma iseTi ramea, risi ignorirebac xelisuflebas, ubralod, ar gamouvidoda, ver wauyruebdnen. saerTod, eqstremistuli jgufi warmatebas maSin aRwevs, rodesac xelisufleba ar moqmedebs. martivi sqemaa _ wavida, viRac galaxa, araferi ar mouvida, ar dasajes, mere, meore galaxa da a. S. mrgvali magida beqa mindiaSvili: dRes religia nebismieri saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis cxovrebaSi monawileobs. `marTlmadidebel mSobleTa kavSirma~ da `saxalxo marTlmadideblurma moZraobam~ ilias universitets swored imitom daartyes, rom es dRes saqarTveloSi erTaderTi sekularuli universitetia. magram marto universiteti ar yofila dartymis obieqti da deisaZis wignis prezentaciac mxolod sababi gaxldaT. mniSvnelovani iyo is, rom sxva gamaRizianebeli studenturi janyisaTvis ver gamoZebnes. vfiqrob, axalgazrdebi sakmaod indiferentulebi arian politikuri cxovrebis mimarT da eqstremistebis qmedeba studentebis dasamuxtad iyo mimarTuli. is studentebi, romlebic gvaginebdnen da gvirtyamdnen, giorgi melaZe Solidarität }'vh'mksr 8 sakmaod iyvnen damuxtulebi, es gadamdebi iyo. magram rodesac ramdenime kaci daiWires, danarCenebic gaCumdenen. sapatriarqos gancxadebaSi naTqvami iyo, rom misaRebia kanoni uxamsobis winaaRmdeg. rogor fiqrobT, SeiZleba gamoxatvis Tavisufleba SeizRudos? vaxuSti menabde: sakmaod rTuli dasadgenia balansi religiis Tavisuflebasa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas Soris. aseve Zneli gansasazRvria, roca es ori ufleba koliziaSi xvdeba, romels unda mieniWos upiratesoba. evropis saparlamento asambleis rezoluciSi pirdapir weria, rom kriminalizacia araproporciuli Carevaa gamoxatvis TavisuflebaSi. Tumca, miuxedavad amisa, evropis bevr qveyanaSi arsebobs kanoni RvTis gmobis winaaRmdeg, maT Soris iseT qveynebSi rogoricaa, avstria, norvegia, lixtanStaini, holandia. magram am kanonebs sazogadoebrivi praqtika ara aqvT. ukanasknelad es kanoni norvegiaSi 1936 wels gamoiyenes. magram aris qveynebi, sadac amgvari kanonebi gamoiyeneba, magaliTad, TurqeTSi, avstriaSi, did britaneTSi. adamianis uflebaTa evropul sasamarTloSi ramdenime saqmea, romelsac erTi saxe aqvs. aris raRac Jurnalisturi produqti, romelic Seuracxyofas ayenebs umravlesobis religiur grZnobebs. evropis sasamarT- Ñîëiäàðíiñòü solidaroba lom saxelmwifos pozicia daikava da Tqva, rom saxelmwifos aqvs Tavisi Sefasebis zRvari da SeuZlia Tavad gadawyvitos, amgvari qmedeba unda iyos Tu ara dasjadi. miuxedavad imisa, rom mecnierebis mier kritikis qar-cecxlSia gatarebuli evropuli sasamarTlos es gadawyvetilebebi, mainc arsebobs ramdenime postulati, romelic SeiZleba xelCasaWidi iyos orientaciisTvis. evropis sasamarTlo ambobs, rom kritika unda Seexebodes uSualod Tayvaniscemis obieqts da ara samRvdelobas, Tanac sakiTxi ar unda iyos sazogadoebrivi debatebisTvis mniSvnelovani. evropis adamianis uflebaTa sasamarTloSi safrangeTis winaaRmdeg Sevida erTi saqme imis Taobaze, rom safrangeTSi daisaja Jurnalisti, romelmac romis paps meore msoflios omis dros ebraelebis eTnowmendis xelSewyobaSi dasdo brali. evropis sasamarTlom Tqva, rom rodesac safrangeTma dasaja Jurnalisti, man gamoxatvis Tavisufleba daarRvia imitom, rom es sakiTxi sazogadoebisTvis Zalian saintereso iyo da amgvar gamoxatvas sazogadoebrivi debatebisTvis didi samsaxuri SeeZlo gaewia. giorgi melaZe: evropis bevr qveynaSi arsebobs mankieri tradiciaa, roca cdiloben gansazRvron rogori gamoxatvaa kargi da rogori _ cudi. evropis sasamarTlos didi Secdomaa, rom mis gadawyvetilebebSi xSirad gamoxatvis pativiscema ar ikiTxeba, iseve, rogorc evropuli qveynebis Zalian bevr kanonSi. iq gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas, rogorc Rirebulebas, did yuradRebas ar aqceven, maTTvis ufro mniSvnelovani Semwynareblobaa. sabednierd, Cven Zalian kargi kanoni gvaqvs gamoxatvis Sesaxeb da is mSvenivrad muSaobs. swored kanoni gvaZlevs sityvis Tavisuflebas da amitomaa, rom gamoxatvisTvis sxva gzebi ar gvaqvs saZebni. is, rac evropaSi xdeba, roca verafers uxerxeben neonacistebs da interneti savsea rasizmisa da siZulvilis Semcveli saitebiT, evropuli politikis bralia _ Tuki gazeTSi raimes amgvars gamoaqveyneb, egreve cixeSi Cagsvamen. daviT zurabiSvili: dRes saqarTveloSi saqme martivad dgas: Cven axla postsabWoTa realobaSi vcxovrobT da CvenTan ra balansirebis meqanizmebic ar unda movifiqroT, mainc cenzura gamogviva. SeiZleba viRacam isic ki Tqvas, rom bulgakovis `ostatsa da margaritaSi~ Cemi Tayvaniscemis obieqtia Seuracxyofilio da klasikis gadaxedvac ki moindomon. dRes CvenTan SeiZleba balansi gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis sasargeblod iyos darRveuli da es Zalian kargia, imitom, rom dRes tolerantobis kulturis danergva, gansxvavebuli mosazrebebis mosmena da maTi atana gvWirdeba. rac meti Tavisufleba iqneba am mxriv, miT ukeTesi. arc saxelmwifos, arc eklesias ar unda hqondes raime saSualeba gamoxatvis Tavisufleba SezRudos. Tuki Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba Solidarity Cven dRes vinmes amgvar meqanizms mivcemT, albaToba imisa, rom is borotad iqneba gamoyenebuli, Zalian didia. aqvs Tu ara qarTuli kulturisTvis dRes aRmsareblobas didi mniSvneloba? vaxuSti menabde: sazogadoebisa da, kerZod, axalgazrdobis ganwyobebi loialuria im xedvasTan, rasac pirobiTad SegviZlia religiurobasTan Serwymuli eTnikuroba vuwodoT. SesaZloa aq identobebis krizisis sakiTxi da qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis warumateblobis problemac idges, rac albaT ar iqneboda, Tu qarTveli eri bolomde naciad Camoyalibdeboda. eris, naciis Tanamedrove gageba gamoricxavs religiasTan kolaboracionalizms. safrangeTsa da SveicariaSi nacionalizmi ufro adamianis uflebebis sakiTxs efuZneba da ara imas, ramdenad Seicavs safrTxes Cadri. mniSvnelovania ra aris mTavari sazogadoebisTvis: eTnikuroba, religiuroba Tu saxelmwifo institutebis mimarT ndoba. daviT zurabiSvili: saxelmwifo institutebis mimarT ndoba-arndoba da misdami loialoba nacionalizmis sakiTxi ar aris. evropis qveynebic ki gansxvavdebian am mxriv erTmaneTisgan. magaliTad, italiaSi naklebi ndobaa saxelmwifo institutebis mimarT, germaniaSi _ meti. sabWoTa periodSi Cveulebrivi, saSualostatistikuri qarTvelisTvis yvelaze Ñîëèäàðíîñòü 9 #3(36) mniSvnelovani eTnikuri warmoSoba gaxldaT. maSin Zalian Riziandebodnen, Tu viRacas, warmoSobiT araqarTvels, gvari qarTulad hqonda gadakeTebuli da aqcenti naklebad keTdeboda religiurobaze. damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg, mas Semdeg, rac eTnikuri konfliqtebi gadavitaneT, eTnikurobis sakiTxma TiTqos ukana planze gadawia. axla karg tonad ar iTvleba saubari vinmes warmoSobaze. es problema, ase Tu ise, didwilad davZlieT. dRes religiurma, ufro sworad ki, aRmsareblobiTma momentma wamoiwia win. SeiZleba es imis gamoc moxda, rom CvenTan 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi ver Sedga saxelmwifo, romelic moqalaqeebisTvis keTildReobasTan iqneboda asocirebuli, sul raRac gaWirvebaa Cvens Tavs, mZime memkvidreobaa es oci mrgvali magida weliwadi. dRes marTlmadidebloba ufro metadaa identobis nawili, vidre 20 wlis win iyo. Tumca, Tu saxelmwifoebriobis Senebis procesi normalurad warimarTa, SesaZlebelia, raRac drois gasvlis Semdeg aRmsareblobis Temamac isev ukana planze gadaiwios. mgoni, mTavari isaa, rom liberaluri Rirebulebebi identobis safrTxed ar aRiqmebodes da qarTvelebi amas uyurebdnen, rogorc sakuTari kulturis nawils. giorgi melaZe: CvenTvis axla mniSvnelovania, ramdenad Semdgari saxelmwifoebrivi institutebi gveqneba saqarTveloSi. Cven gvinda sakuTari institutebi gvqondes, es sakiTxi kiTxvis niSnis qveS ar dgas. postsabWoTa sivrceSi bevri saxelmwifoa, sadac jer bolomde ver Camoyalibdnen imis Taobaze, undaT Tu vaxuSti menabde Solidarität }'vh'mksr 10 ara sakuTari institutebi da sakuTari saxelmwifo. bevr rames gansazRvravs is, Tu rogor gadawyvetilebebs miiReben saxelmwifo institutebi _ imoqmedeben yvelas interesis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tu raRac viwro jgufze iqnebian orientirebulni. Tumca isic unda iTqvas, rom saqarTvelos istoriis manZilze Cven sakuTari nebiT yovelTvis gviWirda migveRo ucxotomeli. daviT aRmaSenebelma represiebi gaatara, roca yivCaRebi Camoasaxla. mesmis, rom es Sua saukuneebia da maSin sxva viTareba iyo, magram imis Tqma minda, rom qarTvels ucxos miReba yovelTvis uWrida. Tu Cven dRes SevZeliT da SevinarCuneT Cveni saxelmwifoebrioba, unda gavigoT, rom nebismieri adamiani, romelic CvenTan cxovrobs, am miwa-wylis Tanasworuflebiani mesakuTrea. termini `Semwynareblobac~ ar aris swori, radgan imas niSnavs, rom me Sen Segiwynare anu agitane. arada, ki ar unda aitano vinme, aramed Tanasworad unda aRiqva. holandiaSi minaxavs, rom politikuri, eTnikuri, seqsualuri gansxvavebebi sruliad miRebulia da konkretul adamians es aranair uxerxulobas ar uqmnis. daviT zurabiSvili: aris kulturebi, sadac liberaluri Rirebulebebis Setana namdvilad Znelia, magaliTad, isev irans da islamur samyaros moviyvan. saqarTveloSi, Tuki amas miznad davisaxavT da saxelmwifo politikas sworad warvmarTavT, liberaluri Rirebulebebis damkvid- Ñîëiäàðíiñòü solidaroba reba did sirTules ar unda warmoadgendes. rati amaRlobeli: pirveli mizani, rac unda davisaxoT, rasakvirvelia, konsensusi da imis aRiarebaa, rom yvela adamiani, vinc saqarTvelos moqalaqea, Tavs Tanasworuflebianad grZnobdes da yvela sazogadoebrivi sikeTiTa da ufelebiT Tanasworad sargeblobdes. es ioli gasakeTebeli ar aris. gavixsenoT, qarTveli reJisori sergo farajanovi, romelic Tavs aseTad Tvlida, Cvens identobaSi, Cvens kulturul mexsierebaSi qarTvelad ar aRiqmeba. beqa mindiaSvili: farajanovis stigmatizacias bevrma ramem Seuwyo xeli: is miRebuli iyo burJuaziuli da mtruli dasavleTis mier, iyo somexi, iyo gansxvavebuli seqsualuri orientiaciis mqone da sxv. Tan, rogorc xelovani, provokaciuli iyo. bevri, sxvaTa Soris, inteligenti qarTveli farajanovis `suramis cixis Semdeg Seuracxyofili darCa. cnobilia, rom mas `SuSanikis wamebis~ gadaReba undoda, risi uflebac ar misces. rati amaRlobeli: rodesac Cven mmarTveli partiisTvis azerbaijanuli regionebidan arCevnebze xmebis as-asi procenti mogvaqvs, es am xalxis qarTul sazogadoebaSi integracias garkveulwilad aferxebs da es gvabrunebs swored sabWoTa droSi, roca qarTvelebsa da danarCen eTnosebs Soris arc konsensusi iyo da arc raime integracia. es iyo ubralo Tanacxovreba. beqa mindiaSvili: liberalizmisa da demokratiis ganviTareba gulisxmobs imas, roca religiuri instituciebis SigniT xdeba sxva aRmsareblobebis mimarT swavlebis gadasinjva, iseve, rogorc es moxda kaTolikur eklesiaSi, sadac 1962 wels ganaxleba, ajornamento, daiwyo da xuT weliwads gagrZelda. maSin kaTolikeebisTvis mTavari sakiTxi iyo eRiarebinaT Tu ara sxva religiis mimdevrebi kaTolikeTa Tanasworad. mTavari institucia, romelic saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi ewinaaRmdegeboda liberalizms, religiur pluralizms da Tanasworobis cnebas, swored kaTolikuri eklesia iyo, magram is sabolood aqamde mivida. protestantoba, sakuTari bunebidan gamomdinare, am problemis winaSe arc damdgara. dRes saberZneTSi, bulgareTSi, rumineTSi, ekumenistur Sekrebebze ganixilaven sakiTxs, rom marTlmadideblobis damokidebuleba sxva qristianuli denominaciebis mimarT Sesacvlelia. rac ufro gaRrmavdeba pirovnebis Tavisuflebis kultura saqarTveloSi, miT ufro garRmavdeba es procesebi eklesiis SigniTac. dRes Cvens eklesiaSi sruliad sxva viTarebaa. iq yvela doneze keTdeba gancxadebebi imis Sesaxeb, rom adamiani, vinc kritikulad uyurebs marTlmadidebel eklesias, mteria, da metic, ara mxolod eklesiis, aramed, qveynis mteria _ qarTvelic ki ar aris. SexvalT da rafaelisa da miqelanjelos Sedevrebs ver naxavT, Tu ar gaiareT oTaxSi, sadac frensis bekonis, rbilad rom vTqvaT, kaTolicizmis gamakritikebeli namuSevrebi kidia. kaTolikuri eklesia dRes frensis bekons ganixilavs rogorc sakuTari kulturis nawils da mas rafaelisa da miqelanjelos gverdiT aTavsebs. es vatikanis axali politikis nawili. giorgi melaZe: eklesia dRes ver TamaSobs ganmsazRvrel rols politikaSi da ekonomikaSi, magram identobas namdvilad gansazRvravs. is 90 procenti, vinc eklesias da patriarqs did ndobas ucxadebs, swored am niSaSi moiazreba. Tuki TviTon eklesiis SigniT raime Seicvleba, maSin moqalaqeebic dafiqrdebian sakuTar identobaze. meore mxriv, eklesia SeiZleba swored imitomac inarCunebs amxela ndobas, rom identobis ganmsazRvrelia. marTlac, dRes eklesias araferi ubiZgebs ganaxlebisken. garemo am mxriv konkurentunariani ar aris. imave bulgareTsa da rumineTSi, evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, eklesias swored garemo aiZulebs Seicvalos da Tu man Tavis politikas ar gadaxeda, mrevls dakargavs. rati amaRlobeli: kaTolicizmis centrSi, vatikanSi, sisqtis kapelaSi ise ver Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba Solidarity Ñîëèäàðíîñòü 11 #3(36) TOLERANCE ucxo da maxlobeli werili I beqa mindiaSvili yovelTvis, roca qristianobis saxeliT sxva aRmsareblobis, msoflmxedvelobisa Tu gansxvavebuli cxovrebis wesis mqone adamiani sZulT, amcireben da devnian mas, ukiduresad ucxo da imavdroulad gansakuTrebulad saWiro xdeba saxareba, misi uwyeba devnili da jvarcmuli RmerTis Sesaxeb. rogorc ioane maxarobeli wers, qriste TvisTa Tana movida da maT ver icnes igi, radgan sakuTari Temis, eris, religiis aRzeveba ki ara, swored sxvisi, gansxvavebulis, miuReblis, akrZalulis gageba da mtris siyvaruli daadgina rwmenis, adamianobisa da xsnis sazomad. amis gamo ki TviTon iqca TavisianebisTvis ucxod, xolo ucxosTvis _ maxloblad. saxarebis gaazreba erT-erTi gza aris stereotipebis, Seuwynareblobis, siZulvilis, qsenofobiis, fundamentaliz- Solidarität }'vh'mksr 12 mis daburuli tyidan universaluri Tanadgomisa da sxvisi Tavisuflebis, mravalferovnebis dafasebisken gasaRwevad. Tuki Tundac zereled gadavavlebT Tvals oTxTavs, SevecdebiT misi, erTi SexedviT, martivi azris amokiTxvasa da gagebas, SevityobT, rom nebismier SemTxvevaSi, roca qristianobis ideisa Tu saqmis gamo vinmes riyaven da siZulvilisa da CagvrisTvis imeteben, gankacebul RmerTs _ ieso qristes devnian. saimisod, rom pirveli nabiji gadavdgaT qristianTa RmerTis am ucnauri logikis gasagebad, saxarebidan oTx mTavar religiur kiTxvaze pasuxis miReba unda vcadoT. rogoria, saxarebis Tanaxmad, adamiani RvTis winaSe, anu ras niSnavs rwmena da Tavisufleba, rogoria RmerTi adamianis winaSe _ ra aris siyvaruli da Ñîëiäàðíiñòü solidaroba Zalaufleba, rogoria adamiani adamianisTvis _ vin aris megobari da ras gulisxmobs sikeTe da bolos _ ra winapiroba udevs safuZvlad RmerTTan adamianis saboloo Sexvedrasa da Serigebas _ xsnas. magram am kiTxvebze saxarebiseuli cxadi pasuxebi sulac ar niSnavs maT realur gamocdilebad qcevas. sakmarisia gavixsenoT qristianobis tragikuli istoria, rom iolad davrwmundebiT nicSes sityvebis simarTleSi: eklesiebi adamianebma qristes saflavebad gadaaqcies. amitomac ambobs mRvdeli aleqsande meni, rom qristianoba jer kidev ar dawyebula. am mokle CanaweriT pirveli kiTxvis gaazrebas Sevecdebi: ra aris rwmena saxarebis Tanaxmad? danarCen samze ki momdevno werilebSi visaubroT. urwmuno marTlmorwmune rwmenis raobis gaucnobiereblad saxarebis logikis miReba metismetad Znelia _ istoria gviCvenebs, rom qristes moZRvreba uamisod Segonebis, saritualo praqtikisa da Teologiis sistemad, religiad iqceva, magram kvdeba, rogorc cocxali sityva, romelic maTTvis, vinc qristianobas aRiarebs, ara abstraqtul WeSmaritebad, aramed uSualod ieso qristes pirovnebasTan Sexvedris gamocdilebad unda gadaiqces. oTx saxarebaSi sul ori epizodi gvxvdeba, sadac Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba Solidarity Ñîëèäàðíîñòü 13 #3(36) qriste Tavis damokidebulebas gamoxatavs konkretuli adamianebis rwmenisadmi. erT SemTxvevaSi is gakvirvebulia urwmunoebiT, xolo meoreSi piriqiT _ rwmenis siZlieriT aris gaocebuli. markozi da luka mogviTxroben, rom iordaneze naTlisRebis Semdeg ieso qriste mSobliur qalaq nazareTSi brundeba da SabaT dRes sinagogaSi Sedis. iq marTlmorwmune mrevlia Sekrebili, isini winaswarmetyvelebebs kiTxuloben mesiis Sesaxeb. qalaqi nazareTi orTodoqsiis epicentria, WeSmaritebis koncentraciis adgilia, vinaidan is, winaswarmetyvelTa mixedviT, mesiis qalaqia. nazareTis mosaxleoba yovelmxrivaa dajildoebuli iudevelTa RmerTis mier _ gamorCeuli eris gamorCeuli nawilia. RmerTma maTTvis ar daiSura arc aRTqma, arc winaswarmetyveleba, arc taZari, arc sakuTari Tavi, radgan gankacebuli RmerTi swored maT Soris gaizarda _ misi saxelic ki am qalaqTanaa dakavSirebuli _ ieso nazareveli. magram, rodesac qriste sityvas iTxovs da iwyebs winaswarmetyvelTa ganmartebas, roca acxadebs, rom aRsrulebulia mesiis movlinebis Jami, sinagogaSi Sekrebili adamianebi mas ar iReben, dascinian da daaxloebiT aseT rames amboben: es Cveni durglis, iosebis biWi ar aris? iosebis biWi ki, romelic maT Tvalwin gaizarda, romelic maTTvis skamebsa da magidebs Tlida, rogor unda yofiliyo saRvTo eris mravalsaukunovani imedi _ TOLERANCE mesia da winamZRoli? ra Tqma unda, es maTTvis gaugonari mkrexeloba, RmerTisa da maTi religiuri grZnobebis Seuracxyofa iyo. amitomac qristes jer aZeveben sinagogidan da Semdeg mosaklavadac daedevnebian. amis Semdeg ieso qriste sinagogaSi Sekrebilebis religiurobas afasebs rogorc ukidures gandgomas RvTisagan. is ambobs, rom msgavsi urwmunoeba ar Sexvedria mTels israelSi. wesrigidan gamosasvlelad. Cans, oficeri sxvagvarad epyroboda Tavis msaxurs, zrunavda masze da mzad iyo yvela gza gamoenaxa misi sicocxlis SesanarCuneblad. romaeli oficeri, batoni da dampyrobeli Tavs imdablebs ucnauri ebraeli moZRvris winaSe. sTxovs mas, rom mxolod erTi sityva gaimetos da es sakmarisi iqneba msaxuris gadasarCenad. qriste upasuxebs: Senma rwmenam ixsna Seni msaxuri. amis Semdeg ki ambobs, rom msgavsi rwmena ar Sexvedria mTels israelSi. morwmune urjulo meore SemTxveva kapernaumSi qristes mogzaurobasTanaa dakavSirebuli. am qalaqSi qadagebisas masTan romaeli oficeri morbis da Svelas iTxovs, oRond ara sakuTari TavisTvis, aramed msaxurisTvis, romelic sikvdilis pirasaa. romauli kanonmdeblobiT mona yovlad uuflebo cocxali iaraRi, nivTi iyo. am nivTis mflobels yvelafris neba hqonda masze, misi mokvlac ki SeeZlo. erT-erTi Zveli avtori rekomendacias aZlevs romael fermers, rom soflis sameurneo xelsawyoebis yovelwliuri inventarizacia Caataros da moZvelebuli, mwyobridan gamosuli instrumentebi gadayaros. amaves urCevs monebTan dakavSirebiTac. rogorc wesi, araSromisunarian monas umowyalod agdebdnen xolme gareT. am fonze kargad Cans, Tu ramdenad didi naxtomi gaakeTa romaelma oficerma batoni-monis gansazRvruli Solidarität }'vh'mksr 14 urwmunoba da rwmena es ori ambavi Teza da antiTezaa imis gasagebad, Tu ra aris saxarebiseuli rwmena da vis SeiZleba erqvas morwmune. Tumca misi gaazreba sxva kuTxiTacaa saintereso. es epizodebi axloblisa da ucxos saxarebiseuli dispoziciis Sesaxeb gviqmnis warmodgenas, romelic erTerTi centraluri anTropologiuri diskursia axali aRTqmisa _ vcadoT am kiTxvasac gavceT pasuxi: rogor iqceva maxlobeli ucxod da ucxo maxloblad? erTi mxriv, monoTeisti, marTlmorwmune, erTi sityviT, imJamindeli marTlmadidebeli mrevli, romelic icavs yvela religiur wessa da mcnebas, zRvrul mdgomareobaSi, swored maSin, roca mesiasTan, RmerTTan Sexvedris dro mouva, ver cnobs mas. miuxedavad imisa, rom, erTi SexedviT, es sazogadoeba Ñîëiäàðíiñòü solidaroba garegnulad WeSmariti religiis epicentrSi myofobs, aRmoCndeba, rom is Sinaganad ukiduresad daSorebulia WeSmaritebas, gaucxoebulia misgan _ sruliad urwmunoa. nazareTeli morwmuneebi, romlebic TviTkmayofilebas arian micemulni imis gamo, rom zedmiwevniT ician rogori uzado da aRmatebulia maTi warmodgena RmerTze, RvTisa da WeSmaritebis saxeliT RmerTisa da WSmaritebis mdevnelebad gvevlinebian. es epizodi imaze migviTiTebs, rom religiurobis forma, orTodoqsia, ritualebi, yvela wesisa da Teologiuri mcnebis dacva sulac ar aris arsebiTi rwmenisaTvis. SesaZloa piriqiTac iyos, religiurma formalizmma da eqskluzivizmma, viwro konfesiurobam, ritualebma da wesebma adamianSi rwmena CaaxSon, rogorc Zveli aRTqmis winaswarmetyvelebi amboben, guli gauqvavon mas, TviTkmar kerpebad iqcnen misTvis da RmerTis adgili daikavon. meore mxriv ki, morwmunea romaeli oficeri, romlis religiuri, politikuri, kulturuli da socialuri xati imJamindel israelSi mters ganasaxierebs. igi marTlmadideblebisTvis urjulo kerpTayvaniscemelia, nacionalistebisTvis _ okupanti da kolonizatori, imdroindeli socialistebisTvis ki, mCagvrelTa klasis wamomadgeneli. ra Tqma unda, centurionma araferi icis imis Sesaxeb, rom is kacobriobis mxsnelis winaSe wardga, rom Tavad RmerTia is, visganac Svelas iTxovs. araferi icis, rom ieso qriste samebis meore piria, rom mas ori buneba da neba aqvs _ adamianuri da RvTaebrivi, da rom igi qalwulisganaa umankod Sobili. erTi sityviT, mas WeSmariti religiis, moZRvrebisa da dogmatebisa araferi gaegeba. msaxuris sicocxlis gadarCenaa erTaderTi ram, rac man im konkretul momentSi icis da rac mas surs. saxarebis Tanaxmad, es transformacia aris is fenomeni, romelsac rwmena SeiZleba daerqvas _ swrafva sakuTari Tavisuflebisa da RmerTisken meore adamianis sakeTildReod. ificeri, imis gamo, rom Tavisufldeba sakuTari socialuri, politikuri da religiuri xatisgan, warmodgenebisgan, romelSic garegnulad misi cxovreba da cnobierebaa Cawerili, xdeba mxolod da mxolod adamiani. igi zrunavs monaze, romelic misTvis ukve mona aRar aris, rogorc luka gveubneba, is ukve misi Zea. Tavs imcirebs da Svelas iTxovs daprobili, misTvis ucxo religiis moZRvrisgan, romelic misTvis ukve RmerTia. es keTilSobili oficeri monis saxiT xvdeba adamians, romlis gadasarCenad mTel Tavis kapitals flangavs _ socialur da politikur statuss, avtoritets, warmodgenebs uZlevel imperiasa da mdidar, yvela RvTaebisa da sakulto tradiciis momcvel religiurobaze. am simdidrisgan Tavisufali da adamianis siyvaruliT aRZruli es kaci xvdeba da aRiarebs ieso qristes, durgal iosebis ucnaur biWs. misTvis es ucxo moxetiale nazareveli yvelaze maxlobeli, Zlieri da sando vinmea. Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba Solidarity Ñîëèäàðíîñòü 15 #3(36) TOLERANCE fundamentalizmis gadalaxvis SesaZlebloba winamdebare statia ar aris samecniero xasiaTis. mas dialogSi an, Tundac, kamaTSi gamowvevis daniSnuleba ufro aqvs, vidre dasrulebuli naazrevis gadmocemisa. naTqvamia, kamaTSi ibadeba WeSmariteba, magram arc WeSmaritebis Ziebaa am statiis mizani _ metafizikuri erTi da sruli WeSmaritebis xanam, vfiqrob, ukve Caiara (WeSmaritebasac hqonia yavli!). Cven visaubrebT fundamentalizmze, Seuwynareblobaze, Rirebulebebze, saeklesio cxovrebis perspeqtivaze ara WeSmaritebis saTvalTvalodan sicruis saguSagos samxileblad da Sesamusravad, aramed gansxvavebulis, miwieris, cvladis, warmavalis, magram mainc WeSmaritebebis Sesaxvedrad/ mosaniSnad da, amdenad, SeZlebisdagvarad imis gasarkvevad, vin var? vin varT? sad varT? saiTken SeiZleba mivdiodeT _ pirovnebaa gza da WeSmariteba (Sdr.: uTxra RmerTma moses: me var, romelic var [...] me var gza da WeSmariteba (gamosvla 3.14; in. 14.6) kaxaber kurtaniZe fundamentalizmis cneba farTodaa gavrcelebuli. igi iseTi gagebiT ixmareba, rom Tavisi Tavdapirveli mniSvneloba TiTqmis dakarga. es arcaa gasakviri, radgan Tavdapirveli mniSvneloba faqtobrivad aRwers dRevandelisgan friad gansxvavebul movlenas. kerZod, igi asaxavs moZraobas, romelic amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi warmoiSva me-19 saukunis bolos da me-20 saukunis damdegs, ro- Solidarität }'vh'mksr 16 gorc urbanizaciis, industrializaciis, zrdadi emigraciis, germanuli kriticizmis (bibliis) da darvinizmis sworxazovani evoluciis gavlenisagan Tavdacvis mcdeloba qristianobis fundamentebTan, anu bibliasTan, dabrunebis gziT. SeiZleba miviCnioT _ raRac daSvebebiT mainc _, rom qarTul marTlmadideblobas aqvs raime kavSiri ase gagebul am terminTan? SeiZleba, Tuki CavTvliT, rom Ñîëiäàðíiñòü solidaroba wminda mamebTan an saRvTo tradiciasTan dabruneba niSnavs qristianuli rwmenis safuZvlebisaken moqcevas (mobrunebas). magram, Tu es moqceva realobidan (maT Soris, qristianuli realobidan miTologiurisaken) gaqcevas ufro hgavs? an, vTqvaT, realobasTan dapirispirebul qcevas? kiTxvis aseTi dasmisas ibadeba fundamentalizmis sxvanairi, ufro gavrcobili gagebis survili imisaTvis, raTa Tavidan iqnes acilebul iarliyebis martivad miwebeba. kulturis eniT (rogorc ambobda zogierTi Tqveni poeti: `misi modgma varT). ara mxolod pavle iqceoda ase, aramed mTeli Semdgomi Taobebi: samociqulo mamebi, apologetebi, saeklesio mwerlebi, Sua saukunis Teologebi da, zogadad, mTeli qristianuli tradicia aseTi iyo. swored am tradiciam aiTvisa, gaamdidra, gardaqmna aTenelTa berZnuli kultura, xolo kulturaSi igulisxmeba arqiteqtura, saxviTi xelovneba, musika, filosofia, poezia, mwerloba da a.S. da ara mxolod berZnuli, aramed yoveli kultura, romelsac qristianoba Seexo da imoqmeda masSi (maT Soris qarTulic moiazreba, ra Tqma unda). iqceva ki ase qarTuli marTlmadidebloba? pasuxi SeiZleba iyos Semdegnairi: saqarTvelo da misi tradiciuli kultura (ybadaRebuli tradiciuli Rirebulebebi) yovelTvis iyo qristianuli (davazustoT, marTlmadidebluri, radgan qristianoba da marTlmadidebloba mavanTaT- maS ase, davuSvaT, rom fundamentalizms raRac saerTo aqvs sxva terminTan _ fundamentalur TeologiasTan. aseT SemTxvevaSi fundamentalizmi SeiZleba gagebuliyo, rogorc apologetika, anu qristianuli sarwmunoebrivi safuZvlebis dacva, ganmarteba da rekomendireba, rogorc es mociqulma pavlem moimoqmeda aTenSi.1 magram aq aris erTi mniSvnelovani problema: pavle mociquli ar aris winaswarSegonebulad mtrulad ganwyobili, aramed aRiarebs aTenelebSi keTil sawyiss (aTenelebo, yvelaferi, rasac vxedav, imas mowmobs, rom Zalze morwmuneni unda iyoT) da maTTan sasaubrod iyenebs mSvidobian xerxs. kerZod, maT ganumartavs maTTvis gasagebi eniT (rad Rirs mxolod is faqti, rom pavle laparakobda koineze, anu salaparako berZnul enaze, xolo qriste _ arameulad da ara Zvelebraulad, ase vTqvaT, Zvel, mamaTa ganwmendil enaze), maTi Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba Solidarity Ñîëèäàðíîñòü 17 #3(36) vis araa identuri cnebebi, metic, ukanasknelisaTvis pirveli usargeblo danamatadaa miCneuli) da, amdenad, igi Seryvnilia da mas sWirdeba ara axlis qadageba, aramed ganwmenda. vin Seryvna igi? pasuxi Zalian martivia _ bnelma Zalebma, romlebic SeiZleba iyvnen: aTeistebi, ekumenistebi, mwvaleblebi, reformistebi, obnavlencebi, Jidebi, liberalebi, homoseqsualebi, liberastebi(?!), modernistebi da zogadad dasavleTi. raSi mdgomareobs Seryvna? Seryvna da garyvnilebaa yvelaferi, rasac ara aqvs marTlmadidebluri forma. ki magram formaa mTavari?! (magaliTad, orTaviani arwivi). aseTi formaTTayvaniscema xom ar hgavs kerpTayvaniscemas? an kidev, aseT kerpTayvaniscemas xom ar mosdevs (aucileblad an SesaZlod) pirovnebisadmi Tayvaniscema, anu pirovnebis kulti? yovel SemTxvevaSi, kerpTayvaniscema da pirovnebis kulti monaTesave movlenebia. am konteqstSi rom davubrundeT zemoaRniSnul moqcevas da ganvixiloT igi ara mibrunebis, aramed dabrunebis mniSvnelobiT, maSin qarTuli marTlmadideblobis garyvnilebisgan ganwmendis da formaTTayvanismcemlobis (formalurobis?) aspeqti kargad warmoCndeba. ukve oci welia imarTeba sayovelTao naTlobebi, Sendeba Zvel stilis eklesiebi (araviTari arqiteqturuli da sainJinro SemoqmedebiTi aTviseba Tanamedroveobis miRwevebisa am dargSi ar xdeba), mimdinareobs Zveli xatweris TOLERANCE aRdgenis, Zveli sagaloblebis gadmomRerebis procesi, anu xdeba mibruneba mirianisa da nanas xanasTan _ moqceva? axlisa (Tanamedrove) qarTlisa?. magram aqac aris erTi mcire gansxvaveba _ kerZod, formaTTayvaniscemis/ kerpTayvaniscemis niuansi, rac imave qarTuli tradiciisa da RirebulebebisaTvis ucxo Tu ara, latenturi iyo, anu TvalSisacemi da maSokirebeli mainc ar iyo. da am niuansis zemoaRniSnuli monaTesave pirovnebis kulti _ mxolod erTs SeuZlia weros gansxvavebuli xatebi, mxolod mas xelewifeba SeTxzas sagalobeli, mxolod mis mier an misi uSualo zedamxedvelobiT SeiZleba ganxorcieldes axali (ekleqturad axali) arqiteqtura/ xuroTmoZRvreba? da kidev _ miTi! hqonda ki mirians miTi da, Tu hqonda, misdevda mas? ra warsuli hqonda? saidan miiRo rwmena _ aRmosavleTidan Tu dasavleTidan? romel enaze ametyvelda eklesia qarTlSi? miiqca/dabrunda miriani saiTkenme Tu misi svla iyo cvlileba, ganaxleba, winsvla? xom ar aris warsulisaken miqcevis es procesi qarTuli tradiciisTvis raRac axali da aryofili? xom ar Secvala qarTulma marTlmadideblobam qarTuli _ da zogadad _ qristianuli tradicia? Tavad xom ar moeqca igi romeliRac ucxo _ rom ar vTqvaT, bneli (davuSvaT, rusuli) _ tradiciis CrdilqveS? an miTologizacia xom ar aris kerpTmsaxurebis Solidarität }'vh'mksr 18 ideologiuri CarCo? an miTologizebuli RvTismsaxureba liton magizmad xom ar yalibdeba? miTologiur saZirkvelze iyo ZvelberZnuli drama dafuZnebuli (romlic SemoqmedebiTad aiTvisa, daxvewa da gardaqmna namdvilma marTlmadideblobam), mas hqonda filosofiuri datvirTva, anu berZnuli tragediis fonze Caisaxeba da viTardeba filosofia. magram aqvs ki ram saerTo qarTul marTlmadideblur ritualizms filosofiur azrovnebasTan an, zogadad, SemoqmedebasTan? xom ar iqca moqceva regresad da daqcevad? da a.S. ganvagrZoT fundamentallizmis Tema. fundamentalizmi dRes asocirdeba islamur fundamentalizmTan (hgavs Tu ara qarTuli marTlmadidebloba Talibanizms da kamikaZeebis ideologias amaze bevri Tqmula). magram, jer erTi, fundamentalizmis sawyis gagebasTan es Seusabamoa, radgan islami isedac yovelTvis aRiarebda wminda werilis (yuranis) ucdomelobas da miaCnda igi muhamedis mier RmerTis naTqvamis uSualo gadmocemad. Sualedur tradicias islamSi meoreuli roli aqvs (Tumca arc umagisobaa _ urTierTmtruli sunituri da Siituri, magram mainc principulad erTi da igive). da meore, pirvelidan gamomdinare, rodesac islamur fundamentalizmzea laparaki, igulisxmeba politikurad radikaluri islami. aq ki kvlav saCinoa msgavseba qarTul marTlmadideblobasTan. Ñîëiäàðíiñòü solidaroba kerZod, am ukanasknelis politikuri pretenzia da ganzomileba _ iveriis gabrwyineba da misi variaciebis mTeli kompleqti swored rom politikuri mocemulobaa, radgan terminebi eri, saqarTvelo, teritoriuli mTlianoba politikuri cnebebia... fundamentalizmi, zogadi gagebiT, ar icnobs pirovnul RmerTs da arc aranair pirovnebas. pirovnebaTSorisi urTierToba yovelTvis xdeba da mimdinareobs garkveul konteqstSi da, maT Soris, tradiciul konteqstSi, magram ar amoiwureba misiT. qristianoba sinagogur tradiciaSi aRmocenda, magram swored pirovnebaTSorisi urTierToba iyo am ukanasknelis SemoqmedebiTi gadalaxvis warmarTveli Zala. igive moxda berZnul-romaul tradiciasTan mimarTebiT. pirovnebis amgvari konteqstidan gamosvla SeiZleba moxdes, magaliTad, mistikuri eqstazisas, magram, rogorc origenesTan da dionise areopagelTan Cans, igi aucileblad ubrundeba imave konteqsts, ris wiaRSic ganxorcielda es eqstazi/ transcenzusi, anu qristianobis SemTxvevaSi erTobas ubrundeba da amdidrebs mas Tavisi mistikuri gamocdilebiT; amdidrebs da amowmebs Tavis gamocdilebas erTobis gamocdilebiT. es pirovnebisa da erTobis daZabuli urTierTobaa da, amdenad, ar gulisxmobs mSvid da wynar Tanacxovrebas (daZabuloba TviT mociqulTa Sorisac ki arsebobda). magram qristianuli Temi upiratesad RvTismsaxuri Temi iyo, Sedgeboda konkretuli pirovnebebisagan da, amdenad, is iyo pirovnebebis cocxali, SemoqmedebiTi kavSiri _ aki eklesiis upirvelesi simbolo qristes sxeulis, anu cocxali, TviTzrdadi organizmis simboloa, sadac organoebi/ ujredebi arian pirovnebebi da maT Soris ar arsebobs raime balasti, zombirebuli naxevradcocxali qsovili (xolo merab mamardaSvilis gamonaTqvamis mixedviT, zombirebuli sxeuli imiTaa saSiSi, rom igi iTxovs sxvis sisxls). swored amgvari balastia gadagvarebuli tradicia/ tradiciuloba. aseTi balasti arTmevs energias/sicocxles pirovnebebs. igi SeiZleba izrdebodes da ikavebdes sul ufro met adgils saerTo organizmSi. man mTlianad SeiZleba gadaagvaros da daRupos sxeuli. anu, idiologizebuli tradicia spobs pirovnebas. aseT garemoSi advili xdeba adamianebis gawirva, maTiT manipulireba. igi ar cnobs arc Tavisians da arc sxvas, radgan misTvis Tavisianic mxolod uaxloesi msxverplia, romliTac sazrdoobs da romelsac sabolood Tavisianad _ zombirebul qsovilad _ aqcevs. sxvebis mimarT ki is agresiulia, radgan isini ar arian moqceuli misi xelmisawvdomobis areSi. gardauvalia didxans daimalos aseTi siSmage. igi Tavad gamoaCens Tavs, romc ar iarsebos gamaRizianebelma faqtorebma Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba Solidarity (vTqvaT, arasasurvelma wignebma). aseTi zombiqsovili manam inarCunebs Tavis naxevarsicocxles, sanam an sasikvdilod ar daasneulebs im sxeuls, sadac binadrobs, an vidre ar aRkveTen mis metastazur gavrcelebas. aRkveTis sxvadasxva xerxi arsebobs _ kanonieri da ukanono (Tumca orive kanonzomieria). anu, an kanoniereba SezRudavs fundamentalizmis agresias, an ukanono da ufro mZlavrad agresiuli Seuwynarebloba da Zalmomreoba. pirveli ganxorcielda/ xorcieldeba dasavleTSi (kanonierebis met-naklebi dacviT), meore ki srulad _ ruseTSi da mis sivrceSi, anu saqarTveloSic. am ukanasknelma ar gaamarTla (verc gaamarTlebda: ukanono Zalmomreoba xom aranair simarTles ar atarebs Tavis TavSi), radgan ideologizebulma sarwmunoebam axali ZaliT kvlav iCina Tavi _ ruseTSi da axla, gasaocrad Tu kanonzomierad, saqarTveloSic. maSasadame, erTaderTi gza aris dasavluri gamocdilebis (maTi Secdomebis gaTvaliswinebiTac sekularizaciis gzaze) gaziareba. es ki moiTxovs maqsimalur tolerantizms, romelic pacifizmisa da pasiuri poziciis, anu uprincipo Riaobis igiveobrivi ar aris. Semwynarebloba, garda imisa, rom kanons gulisxmobs (rac ukve vTqviT), aseve gulisxmobs religiur organizmSi arsebuli dadebiTi, sasicocxlo Zalebis waxalisebasac. zombisxeulis zemoT daxatuli mZafri suraTis Ñîëèäàðíîñòü 19 #3(36) miuxedavad, ra Tqma unda, ar arsebobs realur, miwier cxovrebaSi miwieri absoluturi boroti Zala _ es ukanasknelic miTiuri azrovnebis nayofia. stimulireba, qmediTi donacia, sasargeblo sazogadoebriv saqmianobaSi CarTva da TanamSromloba yovelTvisaa SesaZlebeli. Tanamedrove dasavleTi swored am xerxs mimarTavs Tavis SigniTac da gareTac ukiduresi zomebis gverdiT (ukidures zomebSi vgulisxmobT saomar moqmedebebs). sasargeblo iqneboda religiur organizaciebSi calkeuli gaxsnili pirovnebebisa da jgufebis moZieba da maTTvis xelSewyoba. aseve mniSvnelovania Teoriuli Ziebebis warmarTva ama Tu im religiis sferoSi da miRebuli Sedegebis praqtikulad ganxorcielebis SeTavazeba religiuri instituciisaTvis. magaliTad, marTlmadidebluri saeklesio instituciis marTva-gamgeobis, msaxurebis raobisa da organizebis istoriul/Teologiuri kvleva da adamianis Rirsebisa da tradiciis SeubRalaobis dacviT konkretuli formis wardgineba misTvis. aseTi Teoriuli samuSao SeiZleba ganxorcieldes erToblivad _ Tu amis survils gamoTqvams konkretuli religiuri organizacia, saxelmwifom SeiZleba SesTavazos mas garkveuli samsaxuri. magaliTad, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi konstantinopolis marTlmadidebeli eklesiis diocezSi aris wes-gangeba, romlis mixedviTac sasuliero pirad kandidatis kurTxeva ar xdeba, Tu igi ar gaivlis fiqologiur testirebas TOLERANCE sajaro samedicino dawesebulebaSi. aseTi samsaxuris SeTavazeba savsebiT SesaZlebelia saxelmwifos mxridan qarTul realobaSi. amave dros, imave diocezSi ar xdeba im pirebis xeldasxma, romlebsac ara aqvT Sesabamisi Teologiuri ganaTleba, rac ar unda warmatebuli iyos kandidati sxva profesiaSi _ iqneba es filosofia, fsiqologia Tu sxva dargi. saxelmwifom/sazogadoebam religiur organizacias SeiZleba warudginos Sesabamisi Teologiuri ganaTlebis pirebi da zogierT SemTxvevaSi mosTxovos kidec mas mxolod ganaTlebis saministros mier akreditebuli Teologiuri saswavleblis kursdamTavrebulis gaweseba sazogadoebrivad mniSvnelovan postze, rac saqarTveloSi aris kidec is adgili, romelic sasuliero pirs uWiravs. cxadia, es unda ganxorcieldes ara dogmatur swavlebebSi Carevis gziT, aramed profesional da daxelovnebul Teolog-mecnierTa koreqtuli rCevebis gaTvaliswinebis Sedegad. aq SegviZlia davsvaT kiTxva, SeiZleba Tu ara saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis (sme), rogorc institutis, marTva-gamgeobis imgvarad gamarTva, rom moixsnas demokratiul faseulobebTan misi Seusabamoba. anu demokratiuloba arsebiTad ewinaaRmdegeba Tu ara marTlmadideblur tradicias? Tavad kaTolikospatriarqis, ilia meoris, 2010 wlis saaRdgomo epistole mkveTrad xazs usvams imas, rom araviTari aseTi Seusabamoba ar arsebobs. es marTlac Solidarität }'vh'mksr 20 asea, radgan farTodaa aRiarebuli adamianTa uflebebis konvenciis qristianuli (ra Tqma unda, ara mxolod qristianuli) safuZvlebi. maSasadame, savsebiT dasaSvebia, rom SeiZleba sme-s imgvarad organizeba, rom is ar ewinaaRmdegebodes elementarul demokratiulobas, adamianis Rirsebas. oRond amisaTvis unda arsebobdes sakmarisi keTilganwyoba da neba. magram, SeimCneva ki aseTi keTilganwyoba sme-Si? SeuiaraRebeli TvaliT es SeiZleba ar iyos saCino, magram xelisuflebisa da sazogadoebis Zalisxmevis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba aRmoCndes samuSaos ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba. aseve mniSvnelovani aspeqtia RvTismsaxurebac. arsebobs marTlmadidebeli eklesiis aseTi ganmarteba: eklesia upiratesad saRvTismsaxuro erTobaa. rogorc saeklesio ierarqiuli agebuleba asaxavda im epoqis sazogadoebriv/ politikur struqturas, romelSic is moqmedebda Riaobisa da Semoqmedebis principiT, aseve RvTismsaxurebac ireklavda da Tavis TavSi axorcielebda saeklesio struqturas. xolo RvTismsaxureba aris upiratesad is sfero, romelic iTvisebda, xvewda, aviTarebda da gardaqmnida garemo kulturis monacemebsa da miRwevebs, rogorebicaa, arqiteqtura, musika, poezia, ritorika, mwerloba, saxviTi xelovneba da sxv., gansakuTrebiT ki _ ritualur/Teatralur xelovnebas. maSasadame, yovelive es dResac SeiZleba Teologiurad da Semoqmede- Ñîëiäàðíiñòü solidaroba biTad iqnes ganxiluli da aTvisebuli. es, ra Tqma unda, ar gulisxmobs protestantuli liberaluri Teologiis2 Secdomebis gameorebas. marTlmadidebluri mdidari tradicia da sxvadasxva qveyanaSi misi Tanamedrove niuansuri gansxvavebulobebi RvTismsaxurebis iseTnairad koreqtirebis saSualebas iZleva, romelic aranairad ar moaxdens Zalmomreobas masze da, amave dros, srulad Tu ara, misaRebad mainc SesabamisobaSi moiyvans mas Tanamedrove demokratiul RirebulebebTan. SeiZleba taZris imgvarad aSeneba, rom klirossa (samRvdelo dassa) da mrevls Soris mijna ar iyos mkveTrad gavlebuli; amrigad SesaZlebeli iqneba morwmuneTa ufro aqtiuri CarTva ritualSi da ara mxolod pasiuri Tanadamswrisa da mayureblis rolSi yofna ise, rogorc es dResaa. aseve, SesaZlebelia tradiciul xmovanebaze, musikalur kanonebsa da teqnikaze dayrdnobiT axali sagaloblebis Semotana, rac ufro aqtiuri monawileobis SesaZleblobas miscemda mrevls. metic, SeiZleba sruliad axali sagaloblebis Seqmna _ aseTi ram ganxorcielda Zvelad saqarTveloSic, slavur orTodoqsiaSic, rumineTSic da axlac xdeba dasavlur eparqiebSi. sasurvelia Zveli liturgiebis xelaxla amoqmedeba (iakobis, antioqiuris, markozis, grigol RvTismetyvelis da sxv.), aseve konstantinopoluri saqalaqo tipikonis (RvTismsaxurebis wes-gangebis) gamarTva, romelic me-15 saukunemdec ki SemorCa TesalonikSi, rac SesaZlebels gaxdida berul/ asketuri tipikonisa da am, aseve Zveli, tipikonis monacvleobas. SeiZleba tipikonis axleburad gamarTvac dramis tradiciuli da Tanamedrove Teoriebis gaTvaliswinebiT. SeiZleboda aseve episkoposebis Sesamoslis gamartiveba im saimperatoro regaliebisagan, marTlmadideblurma RvTismsaxurebam rom SeiZina me-15 saukuneSi, ese igi, osmanTa imperiiis uRelqveS yofnisas. aseTi ram rusulbizantiuri letargiuli Zilburanisagan gamosvlis SesaZleblobas gazrdida. dogmaturad savsebiT SesaZlebelia axali liturgiis Seqmnac da ase Semdeg. dabolos. fundamentalizmi Tu radikaluri Tu fanati- kuri marTlmadidebloba, romelsac am statiaSi qarTuli marTlmadidebloba vuwodeT, ar aris gadaulaxavi movlena. aseTi religiuri situaciebi damaxasiaTebelia gardamaval periodSi myofi Camoyalibebadi saxelmwifoebisaTvis. mTavaria saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis mxridan Zalisxmevis mouduneloba demokratiuli ganviTarebisTvis. tolerantuloba da Riaoba damaxasiaTebelia ganviTarebuli saxelmwifo/sazogadoebrivi kulturis qveynebisaTvis. umciresobebis uflebebis upativcemloba, pirovnebis unikalurobis ugulebelyofa da, zogadad, agresiuli radikaluroba yvelas da yvelafris mimarT didad aris dakavSirebuli araswori arCevanis gakeTebasTan, magram arc swori arCevania sakmarisi, Tu mas ar mosdevs ganuxreli dacva imisa, rac marTebulad aris miCneuli. SeniSvnebi: 1 2 Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba `dadga pavle Sua areopagSi da Tqva: aTenelebo... imas gaxarebT, visac Seucnoblad eTayvanebiT. RmerTi, samyarosa da yovelive samyaroulis Semoqmedi, cisa da miwis ufali... yvelas TviTon aniWebs sicocxles. [...] erTi sisxlisagan Seqmna man kacTa mTeli modgma..., raTa eZiaT RmerTi.., Tumca Sors rodia TviTeuli Cvenganisagan. [...] ase rom, RmerTma ugulebelyo umecrebis droni da axla yvelgan ubrZanebs yvela kacs, rom moinanion. vinaidan daadgina dRe, roca simarTliT ganikiTxavs qveynierebas misganve winaswar arCeuli kacis mier, visiTac misca rwmena yvelas imis wyalobiT, rom mkvdreTiT aRadgina igi (saqm 17. 23-31). liberaluri Teologia iyo ZiriTadad germaniaSi me-19 saukunis dasasrulis da me-20 saukunis pirveli ocwledis protestantuli mimdinareoba, romelmac mkacri kritika ganicada Semdgom aTwleulebSi. Solidarity Ñîëèäàðíîñòü 21 #3(36) TOLERANCE adreuli eklesiis damokidebuleba gansxvavebuli rwmenis mqone adamianebisadmi daviT TinikaSvili religiuri tolerantobis yvelaze cnobili magaliTi mociqulTa cxovrebaSi aris, rodesac pavle mociquli aTenSi mimarTavs areopagel warmarT filosofosebs Semdegi sityvebiT: `kacno aTenelno, yvelaferSi gatyobT, rom Zalian morwmuneni xarT, vinaidan, roca gaviare da davaTvaliere Tqveni saTayvano adgilebi, vnaxe samsxverploc, romelsac aweria: `ucnob RmerTs~. me giqadagebT mas, visac ar icnobT da eTayvanebiT~ (saqme 17: 22-23). momdevno saukuneebSi mociqulis amgvar taqtikas iyenebdnen qristianuli eklesiis Rirseuli Svilebi gansxvavebul religiur garemoSi (uaxlesi magaliTi, XIX saukunisa, ixileT wm. siluan aTonelis cxovrebaSi, rodesac igi sayvedurobs erT-erT misioners, romelic xisti meTodebiT cdilobda araqristianTa evangelizacias, da uTiTebs zemoT citirebul epizods). Solidarität }'vh'mksr 22 zneobrivi tolerantobis yvelaze cnobili magaliTi ki Semdegia: farisevlebi qristes mruSobaSi daWeril qals miuyvanen da misi Caqolvis nebarTvas iTxoven. qristes pasuxi aseTia: `vinc Tqven Soris ucodvelia, pirveli man esrolos qva~. rac Seexeba uSualod gansasjel qals, miuxedavad imisa, rom moses rjulis Tanaxmad aseTi qalebis Caqolva maSin Cveulebrivi wesi iyo, qriste mas Semdegi sityvebiT mimarTavs: `wadi da amieridan nuRar scodav~ (in. 8:11). damokidebuleba warmarTebisadmi rogoria qristianuli eklesiis tradiciuli damokidebuleba gansxvavebuli rwmenis mqone adamianebis mimarT (iqnebian isini warmarTebi Tu sxva religiis mimdevrebi)? jer kidev bibliis pirveli nawili, Zveli aRTqma Ñîëiäàðíiñòü solidaroba miuTiTebs im warmarTebze, romlebic rCeuli eris miRma imyofebodnen, Tumca RvTismoSiS ebraelebze aranaklebad `mosawonni~ iyvnen uflisTvis. aseTebi iyvnen, mag., iobi (ix. biblia, wigni iobisa 1:1); melqisedeki, romelsac mociquli pavle uwodebs RvTis Zis msgavss da maradiul mRvdels (ebr. 7:3); iaTori, midiameli (e. i. araiudeveli) mRvdeli, moses simamri (gamos. 2:16) da sxv. pavle mociquli brZanebs, rom warmarTebs sakuTari sindisis moTxovnebis dacviT SeuZliaT gadarCena da uflis wyalobis miReba. imis gamo, rom iudevelTa msgavsad, dawerili rjuli ar hqondaT warmarTebs, mociqulis mier `bunebiT rjulad~ wodebuli sindisi RmerTma Tavad maT bunebaSi Cado. pavle wers: `roca warmarTni, romelTac rjuli ar gaaCniaT, bunebiTi rjulis mixedviT cxovroben, Tumca rjuli ara aqvT, TavianTi Tavis rjuli arian. isini aCveneben, rom rjulis saqme gulebSi uweriaT, rasac mowmobs maTi sindisi da azrebi~ (rom. 2:14). ieso qriste Tavisi amqveyniuri moRvaweobis dros warmarTebSi zogjer iseT rwmenas xedavda, romelsac TviT ebraelebSic ki ver poulobda: `da roca es gaigona iesom, gaukvirda da uTxra maT, vinc mihyveboda: amin geubnebiT Tqven: israelSic ver vipove aseTi rwmena~ (maT. 8:10). Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba Solidarity saqme mociqulTas wigni aseve mogviTxrobs kornelios asisTavis Sesaxeb, romelic iyo warmarTi, magram romelzec mociquli ambobs, rom misi locvebi Sesmenil iqna uflis mier (saqm. 10:31). swored am ucnauri faqtis gamo petre mociquli aRfrTovanebuli RaRadebs Semdegs: `WeSmaritad miukerZoebelia ufali, radgan yvela xalxSi misi moSiSi da simarTlis moqmedi saTnoa misTvis~ (saq. 10:35). msgavs Tvalsazriss gamoTqvamdnen SemdgomSi qristianuli eklesiis udidesi moRvawenic. wm. grigol RvTismetyveli (V s.) miuxedavad imisa, rom zogjer warmarT filosofosTa cdomilebebis Sesaxeb saubrobda, saqebar sityvebs ar iSurebs maT mimarT. igi erT-erTi Tavisi mowafisaT- Ñîëèäàðíîñòü 23 #3(36) vis daweril poemaSi (saTauriT `saTnoebis Sesaxeb~) imaze miuTiTebs, Tu rogor SeuZlia qristians sakuTari Tavis aRzrda warmarT filosofosTa cxovrebis magaliTebiT. aseve, wm. basili didma, rogorc cnobilia, warmarTTa qveli saqmeebis aRweras mTeli traqtati miuZRvna Semdegi saTauriT `axalgazrdebs imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor miviRoT sargebloba warmarTuli Txzulebebisgan~. wm. ioane damaskelis TqmiT ki, `gareSe~ (anu araqristianul) sibrZneSi, marTalia, aris raRac miuRebeli, magram maTgan SesaZlebelia `wminda oqros~ gamorCevac, romlisganac `udidesi Zlierebis SeZenas SevZlebT~ (ix. marTlmadidebeli sarwmunoebis zedmiwevniTi gadmocema, Tavi 90). aseve, wm. ioane oqropiri (IV s.), magaliTad, Semdegi sityvebiT mimarTavda Tavis mrevls: `Tu wm. werilidan ver swavlobT, maSin iZulebuli var warmarTebisgan mogiyvanoT magaliTebi~ (È. Çëàòîóñò. Òâîðåíèÿ. ò. 7, gv. 201). wm. maqsime aRmsareblis (VI s.) TqmiT, xSirad warmarTebsa da barbarosebs keTili arCevanis gakeTebaSi suliwminda exmareba, romelic maTSi sindisis saxiT aris warmodgenili: `...mravals aRmovaCenT ukiduresad barbarosul da momTabare adamianTa Soris, romlebic keTilmSvenierebas ganikuTvneben da ZvelTaganve maT TOLERANCE Soris gabatonebul mxecur kanonebs ukuagdeben. ai, amgvarad aris yvelaSi suliwminda~ (wm. maqsime aRmsarebeli. saRvTo werilis sxvadasxva sirTulis Sesaxeb. kiTxva 15). SesaZloa wm. maqsime eyrdnoba saxarebis sityvebs, romelTa mixedviTac qristes ewodeba naTeli WeSmariti, romelic gananaTlebs yvela kacs, momavals qveynad~ (in. 1:9). wm. iustine filosofosi (I I I s.): `yvelaferi, rac ki odesme kargi uTqvamT filosofosebsa da kanonmdeblebs, yovelive es maT mier gamoTqmulia logosis (RvTis. _ d. T.) Wvretis Sedegad, romelic aris qriste (apologia 2:10). klimenti aleqsandrieli (I I I s.): `elinebisaTvis filosofia iseTive mimyvanebeli iyo qristesTan, rogoric rjuli iudevelTaTvis~ (stromatebi 3:14). amrigad, rogorc Tanamedrove Teologebi samarTlianad miuTiTeben, swored imis gamo, rom eklesiis mamaTa umravlesoba antikur (warmarTul) filosofias ganixilavda rogorc qristianuli WeSmaritebisaken mimaval gzas, `Zveli qristianuli taZrebis karibWeebSi mowameebisa da wmindanebis gverdiT gamosaxuli iyo sokrate, platoni da aristotele...~ (alfeevi, Tavi 1). amitomac sruliadac ar aris gasakviri maTi keTilganwyobili damokidebuleba warmarTi moazrovneebisadmi. magaliTad, wm. basili didi, wm. grigol RvTismetyveli da Solidarität }'vh'mksr 24 wm. grigol noseli warmarT libaniosSi (romelic maTi maswavlebeli iyo antikur filosofiaSi), iseve rogorc yvela sxva araqristianSi, upirveles yovlisa, RvTis xatad Seqmnil adamians xedavdnen da ara mters, raSic mkiTxveli Tavad darwmundeba, rodesac gaecnoba xsenebul wm. mamebsa da libanioss Soris mimoweras. swored amgvari midgoma gamoxatavda adreuli qristianuli eklesiis WeSmarit suls da es kargad unda gvaxsovdes, Tu gvsurs viyoT am eklesiis namdvili Svilebi. gTavazobT wm. basili didisa da libaniosis mimoweris nimuSebs, saidanac naTlad igrZnoba maT Soris arsebuli uRrmesi pativiscema da urTierT-dafaseba (miuxedavad im faqtisa, rom libaniosi qristianobis dauZinebeli mtris, imperator iuliane gandgomilis maswavlebeli da megobari gaxldaT). libanioss basili: `bevri Segvxvda Seni sityvebis mSvenierebiT gakvirvebuli. isini miyvebodnen, rom ixiles raRac didebuli sanaxaoba. yvela eswrafvoda erTgan Sekrebas; qalaqSi araferi Canda, garda libaniosisa da mis mosasmenad Semokrebiliyo yvela asakis msmeneli; aravis ar undoda mokleboda am gamosvlaze daswrebas, arc pativiT ganebivrebulebs, arc jariskacebsa da arc mRebavebs. qalebic ki movidnen iq. risTvis iyo aseTi moswrafeba an visma sityvam moiyvana amdeni xalxi? esec miTxres, rom am kacis sityva Ñîëiäàðíiñòü solidaroba iseTi gansacvifrebelia, rom Znelia misi warmodgena. nu dagzardeba CemTvis am sityvebis gamogzavna, rom mec Seni sityvebis maqebeli viqne, radgan Tuki umizezodac vaqeb libanioss, axla qebis mizezsac movZebnidi. basilis libaniosi: `axla mivxvdi, rom, Tu basilisagan viqebi, yvelafers SevZleb. rodesac Seni ganCineba miviRe, laRad daviwye siaruli, rogorc gaamayebulma da yovelives ararad miviCnevdi. aseve minda Sen mier memTvraleobis Sesaxeb dawerili sityvis wakiTxva. mWevrmetyveluri saubris survili ar maqvs, vidre ar wavikiTxav Sens sityvas. is ganmswavlis metyvelebis xelovnebaSi~ (n. qajaia. basili kesarielis TxzulebaTa Zveli qarTuli Targmanebi, gv. 258-259; wm. efrem mciris mier Sesrulebuli aRniSnuli epistoleebis Zveli qarTuli Targmanebi axalqarTulad gadmoiRo zurab jaSma). wm. serafim saroveli (XIX s.) suliwmindis moqmedebis sazRvrebs ver xedavs: `ara iseTi ZaliT, rogorc saRvTo erSi, magram saRvTo sulis gamovlineba warmarTebSic xdeboda, romlebic ar icnobdnen WeSmarit RmerTs, radgan maT Sorisac ki poulobda RmerTi Tavis rCeul adamianebs. aseTebi iyvnen, magaliTad, qalwuli winaswarmetyvelebi _ sibilebi, romlebmac Tavisi qalwuloba, marTalia, ucnob RmerTs Seswires, magram mainc RmerTs, samyaros Semoqmedsa da yovlismpyrobels, samyaros ganmgebels, rogoradac igi warmarTebs hyavdaT warmodgenili. aseve warmarTi filosofosebi, romlebic, marTalia saRvTo naTels moklebulni wyvdiadSi daexetebodnen, magram eZebdnen ra WeSmaritebas, romelic RvTisaTvis didad mosawonia, SeeZloT RvTisaTvis mosawoni am Ziebis gamo ar yofiliyvnen uTanaziaro saRvTo sulTan, vinaidan naTqvamia: `warmarTebi, romlebic RmerTs ar icnoben, bunebiT rjuls da RvTisTvis saTno saqmeebs aRasruleben~ (wm. serafim saroveli. saubari motovilovTan // `jvari vazisa~, #4, 1992). warmarT winaswarmetyvel sibilebTan dakavSirebiT aseve davimowmebdiT meore saukunis moRvawes, wm. Teofile antioqiels, romelic, marTalia, ukiduresad uaryofiT damokidebulebas iCenda zogadad antikuri sibrZnis mimarT, magram uSualod sibilinur teqstebs WeSmarit winaswarmetyvelebebs uwodebs (ix. am wm. mamis Cvenamde moRweuli erTaderTi naSromi saTauriT `avtolikesadmi~, wigni 2, Tavebi 31, 36 // krebuli: `sityva marTlisa sarwmunoebisa, t. 1, Tb., 1990). mkiTxvels minda SevTavazo ori gansxvavebuli xedva qristianuli eklesiis damokidebulebaze qristianobis gareT myofi adamianebis sulieri gadarCenis Sesaxeb: mitropoliti antoni suroJeli: `...zogierTi qristiani fiqrobs, rom TiTqos arsebobs RvTaebrivi madlis raRac Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba Solidarity xiluli samefo, romlis sazRvrebs iqiTac sruli udabno da sulieri sicariele iwyeba. saeWvoa, rom es ase iyos. qriste iseTi mravalferovani gziT aZlevs adamianebs sakuTar madls, rom Cven amis warmodgenac ki ar SegviZlia. (...) aviRoT Tundac pavle mociqulis sityvebi, romlis mixedviTac warmarTebi uflis rjuliT xelmZRvaneloben, romelic maT gulebSia Cawerili; iudevelebi moses saSualebiT miRebuli rjuliT, xolo qristianebi qristes rjuliT (rom. 2:14 da Semd). warmarTebi ar icnobdnen qristes, magram maT amis istoriuli SesaZleblobac ki ar hqoniaT. adamianis maradiul cxonebas ver daayenebT eWvis qveS mxolod im mizeziT, rom igi, magaliTad, centralur afrikaSi daibada im epoqaSi, rodesac iq jer kidev arcerTi qristiani misioneri ar iyo misuli. am SemTxvevaSi adamianis sulieri gadarCena geografiiTa da istoriiT iqneboda SemosazRvruli da ara mgonia ase martivad azrovnebdes RmerTi...~ (Ìèòðîïîëèò Àíòîíèé Ñóðîæñêèé. Î Âñòðå÷å. Êëèí 1999, gv. 168). arqimandriti rafael karelini: `...profesori osipovi warmarTTa mier qristes mimarT rwmenis arqonis obieqtur mizezebze saubrobs. magram yvela obieqturi mizezis ukan uflis gangeba dgas, romelic sakuTar TavSi moicavs da, ase vTqvaT, marTavs am mizezebs. ase rom, yvela obieqturi mizezi erT subieqtur mizezamde SeiZ- Ñîëèäàðíîñòü 25 #3(36) leba daviyvanoT _ adamianis uunarobamde iwamos qriste, rogorc RmerTi da macxovari. amitom ra garemoSic ar unda yofiliyvnen isini (vinc ar icnobs qristes. _ d. T.), mainc ver SeZlebdnen qristes aRiarebas» (Àðõèìàíäðèò Ðàôàèë (Êàðåëèí). Êàêîå Ñîãëàñèå Ìåæäó Õðèñòîì è ïðîô. À. È. Îñèïîâûì. Êðåñò ñâ. Íèíû, 2002, gv. 27-28). vfiqrob, sruliad ar unda iyos Zneli mkiTxvelisTvis swori daskvnis gamotana. damokidebuleba sxva (monoTeisturi) religiebisadmi VI I saukunidan, islamis warmoSobisTanave, sxva religiebis mimarT qristianuli eklesiis Tavdapirveli loialoba da zomiereba warsuls Cabarda. Tavidan qristianuli sazogadoebis reaqcia dialogisTvis mzadyofnaSi gamoixata, Tumca aman Zalian male miiRo samxedro Tavdacvisa da kontrSetevis saxe. am periodSi bizantiaSi antiislamuri Txzulebebis mTeli seria Seiqmna (mag., ix. wm. ioane damaskelis (VI I I s.) mkveTrad kritikuli nawerebi islamis winaaRmdeg). jvarosnuli laSqrobebis Semdeg polemikis RvarZlma odnav iklo da Tanaarsebobis garkveuli formac gamoiZebna. magaliTad, rodesac wm. franCesko asizeli (XI I I s.) mexuTe jvarosnuli laSqrobis dros egvipteSi Cavida (Tumca, rogorc cnobilia, wm. franCesko maincdamainc didi mxardamWeri ar iyo TOLERANCE jvarosnuli laSqrobebisa, radgan araZaladobas aniWebda upiratesobas), igi muslimebma daapatimres da sastikad scemes. egviptis sulTanma al-malikma hkiTxa, iyo Tu ara igi jvarosnebis mier gamogzavnili `mzveravi~. franCeskom upasuxa, rom is marTlac iyo mauwyebeli, oRond uflis WeSmaritebis mauwyebeli. Semdeg wmindani qristes siyvarulis Sesaxeb iwyebs saubars da aRniSnavs, rom mas aseve surs sulTanisa da mis msaxurTa sulebis gadarCena. sulTani Zalze ganacvifra wm. franCeskos simamacem. sul cota xnis win muslimebma sastikad daamarcxes qristiani jvarosnebi, axla ki erTi maTgani acxadebs, rom muslimebma qristianoba unda miiRon. magram wm. franCeskosgan momavalma usazRvro siyvarulma SeZra sulTani da, rogorc im drois erTi avtori wers, `sastiki mxeci mSvid da keTilganwyobil arsebad gadaiqca~. magram sulTanis mrCevlebze sulac ar mouxdenia msgavsi STabeWdileba wmindanis sityvebs, isini misTvis Tavis mokveTas iTxovdnen, rogorc amas muslimuri rjuli awesebda. amis Semdeg wm. franCesko da misi Tarjimani ramdenime dRes darCnen muslimTa Soris da bolos wm. franCesko da sulTani gulTbili sityvebiT gamoemSvidobnen erTmaneTs. adreul franciskanul literaturaSi moipoveba erTi Canaweri, sadac aRniSnulia, rom sulTanma al-malikma sikvdilis win qristianoba miiRo (...). vfiqrob, Zalian mniSvnelovania is garemoeba, Solidarität }'vh'mksr 26 rom wm. franCeskos ar dauwyia Seteva arc muslimuri religiis da arc muhamedis winaaRmdeg. mas ar sWeria erT xelSi yurani da meoreSi kaTolikuri eklesiis katexizmo, raTa ganeqiqebina muslimTa religiuri swavleba. misi erTaderTi mizani iyo uflis siyvarulis Cveneba yvela adamianisTvis, rasac yovelTvis ufro meti Sedegi moaqvs, vidre gauTavebel saRvTismetyvelo kamaTebs (F. Rega, Author of the book: St Francis and The Conversion of the Muslims, December 2007 // http://members.aol. com/fmrega7francisandconversion.htm) Semwynarebluri damokidebulebis sxva magaliTi: arqiepiskoposi anastasi Tavis naSromSi qristianuli eklesiis erT-erTi udidesi moRvawis, wm. grigol palamas (XIV s.) magaliTs imowmebs (romelic jer aTonis mTaze ubralo berad moRvaweobda, xolo mogvianebiT qalaq Tesalonikis arqiepiskoposi gaxda), Tu rogor keTilganwyobasa da pativiscemas avlenda igi muslim TeologebTan dialogis dros: `wm. grigol palama yvelanairad cdilobs ar Seuracxyos mosaubreTa religiuri grZnobebi. marTalia, SeTanxmeba ver iqna miRweuli, magram pativiscema da urTierTdafasebis ganwyoba maT Soris SenarCunebuli iyo. `dasasruls muslimi liderebi wamodgnen, pativis migebiT gamoemSvidobnen Tesalonikis arqiepiskoposs da gaemgzavrnen~ (To the Atheist Chionai, 246). zogjer ki, roca wm. grigoli amCnevda, rom Tanamosaubreni rTul mdgomareobaSi iyvnen, igi myisve TavazianobiTa da Ñîëiäàðíiñòü solidaroba delikaturobiT cdilobda uxerxuli situaciis ganmuxtvas Tavisi moxdenili iumoriT: `me isini kvlav gavamxiarule da Tavaziani RimiliT mivuge imams: `am sakiTxze rom erTi Sexeduleba gvqonoda, maSin rwmenac xom erTi gveqneboda?~ (Letter to David the Disypatos). ase rom, ori gansxvavebuli religiis warmomadgenelTa Soris iseTi megobruli atmosfero iyo SenarCunebuli, rom dialogis monawile erTma muslimma Tavisi imedi Semdegi sityvebiTac ki gamoxata: `aucileblad dadgeba dRe, rodesac Cven Tanxmobas mivaRwevT~ (Letter to David..., 233) (Archbishop Anastasios (Yannoulatos). Facing the World: Orthodox Christian Essays on Global Concerns. Geneva, WCC Publications, 2003, 110). gansxvavebuli rwmenis adamianebisadmi damokidebulebisa da maTTan gaerTianebis TvalsazrisiT aseve sainteresoa wm. basili didis (IV s.) Semdegi sityvebi: `...ar unda viTxovdeT maTgan bevrs, radgan CvenTan gaerTianebis mosurne Zmebs mxolod nikeis mrwamsis aRiarebas unda vTavazobdeT da, Tu isini amaze Tanaxma iqnebian, Cven aseve unda vTxovoT maT, rom suliwmindas ar uwodebdnen qmnilebas (...). mets arafers unda viTxovdeT maTgan, radgan darwmunebuli var, maTTan ufro xangrZlivi urTierTobebisa da kamaTis suliskveTebisgan Tavisufali erToblivi msjelobis Sedegad, Tuki saWiro iqneba sicxadisaTvis kidev raimes damateba, RmerTi amasac mogvaniWebs...~ (PG 32, 528A). wm. basilis am sityvebTan dakavSirebiT misi Semoqmedebis mkvlevari, arqiepiskoposi vasili krivoSeini Semdeg komentars akeTebs: `es teqsti Zalze mniSvnelovania. mtkiced iTxovs ra ZiriTad dogmatur sakiTxebze Tanxmobas, wm. basili didi aseve imasac uSvebs, rom sxva, naklebad mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis gadaWra SesaZlebelia gaerTianebis Semdgom `kamaTis suliskveTebisgan Tavisufali erToblivi msjelobis Sedegad~, amasTanave Tavad faqti gaerTianebisa amas Zalze Seuwyobs xels~ (Àðõèåï. Âàñèëèé Êðèâîøåèí. Ýêêëåçèîëîãèÿ Ñâ. Âàñèëèÿ âåëèêîãî // Ñòðàíèöû #3:3, 1998, gv. 348). Semwynarebluri damokidebulebis sxva magaliTi aRmosavleTis eklesiis patristikuli memkvidreobidan: `erTxel wm. makari didi Tavis mowafesTan erTad nitriis mTisken miemarTeboda. man mowafes uTxra win wasuliyo. da, ai, win mimavali erT qurums gadaeyara, romelic xis yuTiT xelSi sadRac Zalian miiCqaroda. makaris mowafem mas miaZaxa: `sad miiCqari, demono?~ amiT ganrisxebulma qurumma sastikad cema igi da cocxalmkvdari daagdo Zirs. mcire manZilis gavlis Semdeg qurumi wm. makari dids Semoxvda gzaze. wmindani ki ase miesalma mas: `gagimarjos, Sromismoyvare adamiano~. qurumma mas gakvirvebiT hkiTxa: `ras xedav CemSi keTils, rom ase mesalmebi?~ `ase imitom mogesalme, rom gxedav sadRac saqmianad mimavals~. qurumma upasuxa: `Seni amgvari mosalmebis gamo Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba Solidarity momilba me guli da mivxvdi, rom marTlac uflis diadi msaxuri xar! meore wyeulma berma ki, ar vici vin iyo, Seuracxyofa momayena, risTvisac saTanado sazRauri mivage~. am sityvebiT qurumi fexebSi Cauvarda wm. makaris da eubneba: `ar mogSordebi manamde, sanam berad ar aRmkvecav qristianuli wesiT~. isini erTad mividnen im adgilamde, sadac nacemi mowafe iwva da radgan mas siaruli ar SeeZlo, xeliT miiyvanes eklesiaSi. rodesac sxva berebma dainaxes, rom wm. makari kerpTmsaxur qurumTan erTad modioda, Zalian gaukvirdaT. qurumi jer qristianad moinaTla, Semdeg ki berobis aRTqmac dado monastris Zmebis winaSe. am magaliTma didi gavlena moaxdina sxva kerpTayvanismcemlebze, romelTa nawilma aseve miiRo qristianoba. wm. makari didma ki Semdegi ganacxada am SemTxvevasTan dakavSirebiT: `amayi da boroti sityva keTil adamianebsac borotebisken miaqcevs, xolo keTil da mdabal sityvas SeuZlia TviT boroti adamianic ki sikeTisken moabrunos~ (Åïèñêîï Èãíàòèé. Îòå÷íèê. ÑÏá., 1903, ¹12, 312). centralur da samxreTaRmosavleT aziaSi SeRweviT qristianoba ganviTarebul religiebs gadaeyara: zoroastrizms, maniqevelobas, Cinur budizms. religiebis Sexvedra metad rTul garemo pirobebSi mimdina-reobda. am statiaSi ganxilul sakiTxTan mimarTebiT qristianuli eklesiis doqtrinis brwyinva- Ñîëèäàðíîñòü 27 #3(36) le Semajamebel Sexedulebad SeiZleba miviCnioT oqsfordis universitetis gadamdgari profesoris, marTlmadidebeli Teologis, mitropolit kalistos ueris Semdegi sityvebi: `mraval adamians SeuZlia iyos eklesiis wevri, Tumca garegnulad SesaZloa ar iyvnen aseTebi; SesaZloa arsebobdes uxilavi kavSirebi, miuxedavad garegnuli izolaciisa. RvTis suli iq qris, sadac mas surs (in. 3:8) da rogorc wm. irineos lioneli (I I s.) wers, sadac RvTis sulia, iq aris eklesiac (Irenaeus. Haer. 3, 24:1). Cven viciT sad aris eklesia, magram ar SegviZlia dazustebiT Tqma, Tu sad ar aris igi~ (Åïèñêîï Êàëëèñò Óýð. Ïðàâîñëàâíàÿ Öåðêîâü. Ì., 2001, gv. 319). sxva religiebis mimarT SesaZloa qristianoba iyos kritikuli, magram am religiis mimdevrebisadmi _ qristes magaliTis mixedviT _ misi pozicia mxolod pativiscema da siyvarulia, vinaidan adamiani yovelTvis RvTis xatad rCeba. qristiani Tavisi rwmenis dasamowmeblad Tavidanve movale iyo dialogi waremarTa sxva mrwamsis adamianebTan. wm. mamebis Teologia metwilad antikuri samyaros religiebTan da filosofiur sistemebTan uSualo Tu iribi dialogis nayofia. amrigad, Tavisuflad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mTlianobaSi qristianoba gansxvavebul religiaTa da kulturaTa harmoniuli Tanaarsebobisa da yvela adamianis sindisis Tavisuflebis momxrea. TOLERANCE statias davamTavrebdi mitropolit anton suroJelis Semdegi sityvebiT: `RmerTis gamogoneba aravis ar SeuZlia da amitomac yvela religia, romelic RmerTze saubrobs, saubrobs RmerTis uSualo gancdidan gamomdinare. es gamocdileba SeiZleba Zalian arasruli iyos, magram is realuria... vfiqrob, dedamiwaze ar arsebobs erTi adamianic ki, romelic ar dacemula muxlebze cocxali RmerTis winaSe, romlis siaxlovec man igrZno. Tumca Semdgom rogor gamoxatavs igi Tavis am gamocdilebas gonebis saSualebiT, rogor formebs miscems mas, rogor ganmartavs mas, ai, aq SeiZleba daiwyos gadaxrebi, Secdomebi... magram sawyisi gamocdileba yovelTvis realuria~ (Ìèòðîïîëèò Àíòîíèé Ñóðîæñêèé. Î âñòðå÷å. Êëèí, 1999, gv. 85). rodia~. sxva sityvebiT es niSnavs nebismieri movlenis, poziciisa Tu Sexedulebebis Sefasebis unaris gamomuSavebas adamianSi. bolosityva qristiani mowodebulia ara Semwynareblobisken, sxvisi atanisken, aramed siyvarulisken, radikaluri siyvarulisken. qristianobis mTavari principia: giyvardes codvili, magram gZuldes codva, giyvardes ara mxolod moyvasi, aramed mteric, arafers vambobT gansxvavebulad moazrovne adamianebis siyvarulze. Tumca qristianoba ar mouwodebs sakuTar mimdevrebs yvelafers daeTanxmon da yvelaferi miiRon, radgan, rogorc mociqulTa Tavad miCneuli pavle wers: `yvelaferi nebadarTulia CemTvis, magram yvelaferi sasargeblo Solidarität }'vh'mksr 28 Ñîëiäàðíiñòü orientiri solidaroba wm. episkoposi gabrieli sarwmunoebisa da moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb anu: ityoda Tu ara igi uars ekumenizmze? nino beqiSvili nugzar papuaSvili wm. gabrielis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis is sakiTxebi, romelTa ganxilvas axla SevecdebiT, dakavSirebulia samoZRvro da zneobrivi RvTismetyvelebis im sferosTan, romelsac religiurobis anu morwmuneobis kulturas vuwodebT. igulisxmeba piradi religiuri mrwamsisa da grZnobebis gamovlenis (eqspresiis) wesi zogadad da, kerZod, samoqalaqo, e. i. Ria sazogadoebaSi. morwmuneobis es reglamenti Tavis TavSi iseT sakiTxebsac moicavs, rogoricaa sxva sarwmunoebis adamianebTan urTierToba, liberalur da demokratiul RirebulebebTan damokidebuleba. daismis aseTi kiTxvebi: ramdenad humanisti da toleranti iyo xsenebuli mRvdelmTavari? mas rom postsabWour saqarTveloSi, antiekumenuri suliskveTebiT ganwyobil Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba Solidarity marTlmadidebelTa Soris ecxovra, ra pozicias daiWerda igi, _ dauWerda Tu ara mxars, magaliTad, saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis gamosvlas interkonfesiuri organizaciebidan da ityoda Tu ara uars ekumenur moZraobaSi monawileobaze? es kiTxvebi anu, sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, wm. mRvdelmTavar gabrielis kavSiri marTlmadideblur nacionalzmTan da fundamentalizmTan piradad me romis pap ioane-pavle I I -is saqarTveloSi vizitis dros (1999 wlis 8-9 noemberi) aRmeZra. vizits axlda saprotesto aqciebi, romlis monawileebi xSirad sulier avtoritetebs imowmebdnen da msmenelebs Seagonebdnen, es avtoritetebi rom cocxlebi iyvnen, aseT vizits ar dauS- Ñîëèäàðíîñòü 29 #3(36) orientiri vebdneno. da, ai, gabriel episkoposis saxelmac gaiJRera. Jurnalisti nino taryaSvili korespondenciaSi `ara gangceT Sen, siqadulo Cveno marTlmadideblobao~ werda: `samRvdeloebis garkveuli nawili SiSobs, rom SesaZlebelia yvelaferi gegmis mixedviT ar warimarTos da vTqvaT, romis papi sveticxovlis sakurTxevlisaken daiZras. aRmoCndeba ki vinme gabriel episkoposi, rom uTxras: `Sesdeq, romis papo!~ _ ase SeaCera soboros taZris sakurTxevlisaken mimavali imperatori aleqsandre... gabriel episkoposma~ (`kviris palitra~, 1999, 1-7, XI, #44, gv. 8). im gadmocemis usafuZvloba, rom TiTqos episkoposma gabrielma imperatori aleqsandre I I I quTaisis sakaTedro taZris sakurTxevelSi ar SeuSva, mecnieruladaa dasabuTebuli (T.SakiaSvili, saqarTvelos saegzarqosos istoriidan. samecniero Sromebis krebuli, Tb., 1999) da am saganze sityvis gagrZeleba zedmetia. unda SevniSnoT mxolod, rom episkoposs, maT Soris wm. gabriels, msgavsi qmedebis ufleba ar hqonda: arsebobs myari saeklesio tradicia, romlis Tanaxmad xelmwife orgzis mironcxebulia da mas sakurTxevelSi Sesvlis ufleba aqvs. am SemTxvevaSi Cven ufro meore sakiTxi gvainteresebs: SeuSvebda Tu ara wm. gabrieli romis paps sakurTxevelSi? qvemoT warmodgenili masalebisa da msjelobis mizania, momzaddes pasuxi kiTxvaze: Solidarität }'vh'mksr 30 Ñîëiäàðíiñòü solidaroba rogori stili da profili axasiaTebda ep. gabrielis samoZRvro da samRvdelmTavro praqtikas, mis urTierTobas samoqalaqo anu sekularul sazogadoebasTan? amasTanave da amasTan kavSirSi: ra damokidebuleba hqonda mas, rogorc moazrovnes da moRvawes, inteleqtualuri, samoqalaqo da zneobrivi cxovrebis im normebTan, rasac Cven dRes dasavlur Rirebulebebs vuwodebT? romeli sazogadoebis wyobileba da cxovrebis romeli modeli moswnda mas, _ dasavleT evropuli Tu aRmosavlur evropuli? ufro demokratiisaken miiswrafoda igi Tu tradiciuli aRmosavluri (bizantiur-rusuli) avtoritarizmisaken? _ yovel SemTxvevaSi, ara imisaken, rasac demokratia da liberalizmi hqvia. cneba `dasavluri Rirebulebebi~ aris ara geografiuli, aramed sazogadoebaTmcodneobiTi, e.i. kulturologiuri, sociologiuri da politologiuri (moqalaqeobriobis TvlsazrisiT) mocemuloba. misi arsebiTi niSania pirovnebis Tavisufleba, nebis Tavisufleba, sindisis Tavisufleba, sxvisi uflebis gaTvaliswineba, ucxos Sewynareba, misdami gulwrfeli pativiscema da, zogadad, Tanasworuflebianoba. gvmarTebs, isic mkafiod vTqvaT, rom dasavlur RierulebebTan damokidebuleba pirovnuli faqtoria, _ pirovnebis Sinagani `me~, Sinagani kultura. esaa zneobrivi pozicia, zneobrivi cnobiereba da ara politikur-saxelmwifoebrivi xedva. dasavluri Rirebulebebis mokavSireebi caristuli da TviTmpyrobeluri ruseTis sazogadoebaSic moiZebnebodnen. eklesiisa da saxelmwifos erTmaneTisagan gayofis idea, romelic dasavluri ideaa, ruseTis marTlmadideblur saRvTismetyvelo skolaSi ase Camoyalibda: `religiuri da saxelmwifoebrivi Tvalsazrisebis aRreva... aris boroteba da sabediswero ugunureba~. Sors rom ar dagvWirdes wasvla, gavixsenoT wm. gabrielis siWabukis megobari, saxelganTqmuli rusi marTlmadidebeli RvTismetyveli da liturgisti mRvdeli aleqsandre rudakovi. cnobilia misi werili, romelic dawerili da gamogzavnilia gabrielis sayvareli meuRlisa da xuTive Svilis gardacvalebis Semdeg. es is droa, rodesac mas, gabriels, egzarqosma isidorem am sityvebiT mimarTa: `Sen, viTarca gonier kacs, kargad unda gesmodes, ra sakvirveleba hqmna Senzed RmerTma... naTlad sCans, girCevs Sen (mRvdelmTavrobisaTvis) ufali. ar xedav, ra giyo ufalma? coli mogaSora, Svilebi mogaSora da Seracxa angelozebad da maT nacvlad gaZlevs qarTvelTa erTa, raTa uwinamZRvro maT~ (vrclad: kelenjeriZe 1313:56-59). am dros ki sveubedur da Tavzardacemul mamas saqarTvelodan wasvla da ruseTSi gadaxvewa undoda. amasTan dakavSirebiT rudakovi urCevs mas, rom gulidan amoigdos samSoblodan gaqcevaze fiqri; darCes saqarTveloSi, gamagrdes; bevri imuSaos, bevri ikiTxos da amiT SeZlebs, xelSi Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba Solidarity aiyvanos sakuTari Tavi; daTanxmdes afxazeTSi samsaxurs, radgan ase ajobebs RvTisTvisac da qveynisTvisac. werili sayuradReboa CvenTvis imdenad, ramdenadac Seicavs sagrZnob ukmayofilebas imdroindeli ruseTisaTvis niSandoblivi uzurpaciis gamo saeklesio ierarqiaSi da ukeTesi viTarebis danaxvas dasavleTSi, evangelur tradiciasa da kaTolikur eklesiaSi. ai, misi sityvebi: `im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki ar apireb, rom dedaqalaqeli meufeebis msgavsad raRac gabRenZili, uxasiaTo, miukarebeli Tavadebis roli Seasrulo, aramed iseve daiWer Tavs, rogorc yovelTvis geWira; yvelasTan gulwrfeli, ubralo da yuradRebiani iqnebi, merwmune, rom Sen afxazeTSic ise Segiyvareben, meti rom aRar SeiZleba. ise ki sasurvrlia, rom Sen mibaZo pirveli da ara Semdgomi saukuneebis qristian episkoposebs da magaliTi maTgan aiRo. simarTle rom vTqvaT, dRevandeli episkoposebi Cinovnikebs ufro hgvanan, vidre qristian moZRvrebs da mamebs. ianiSevisagan gamigonia, rom amJamad kaTolikeebSi, germaniaSi, episkoposebi TavianT mRvdlebTan bevrad ufro karg urTierTobaSi imyofebian~. `pirveli saukuneebis qristianTa~ mibaZvis survilma dasavleT evropaSi reformacia warmoSva, romlis mTavari mizani Tavdapirveli eklesiuri ubraloebisa da simartivis ganaxleba iyo. am moZraobam, Cans, laTinuri wesis kaTolike episkoposebzec moaxdina zegavlena da maT qvemo ierarqiasTan Ñîëèäàðíîñòü 31 #3(36) (mRvdlebTan da diakvnebTan) demokratiuli stilis urTierTobisaken (uSualobisaken) ubiZga, rac aRmosavleTSi dasavlur Rirebulebad aRiqmeba. dasavlur RirebulebaTa qvakuTxedi aris nebis Tavisufleba, romlis arseba mxolod farTo, naTeli da logikuri azrovnebis pirobebSi xorcieldeba. swored aseTi azrovneba axasiaTebs wm. gabriels. pirveli, rac misi werilobiTi memkvidreobis Seswavlis dros TvalSi gecema, aris faqtebisa da movlenebis gansja-gamowvlilvis kultura. pirvel rigSi amis dasturia fundamenturi naSromi, romelic man berobis, arqimandritobis, dros dawera, rodesac igi keTilSobil qalTa amierkavkasiis institutis maswavleblad da Tbilisis sasuliero seminariis profesorad muSaobda, da romelic gamoqveynda sankt-peterburgSi 1858 wels (Targmnilia qarTulad: gabrieli 1993). sakmarisia, movisminoT Sefasebebi, rac am wignis misamarTiT gamoiTqva rogorc ruseTis imperiaSi, ise dasavleT evropasa Tu saqarTveloSi, raTa davrwmundeT, Tu raoden hqonda aTvisebuli mis avtors azrovnebis evropuli done da dasavluri Rirebulebebi. am wignis pirvel wamkiTxvelad da Semfaseblad a. rudakovi warmogvidgeba. man gamocemis mTeli sirTule ikisra: stilisturi da teqnikuri redaqcia, cenzorebTan da stambasTan urTierToba da nairgvari dabrkolebebis orientiri gadalaxva. erT-erT seriozul dabrkolebad Turme saeklesio cenzura aRmoCnda. bevrma es Txzuleba marTlmadideblobisaTvis Seuferebel movlenad miiCnia, masSi racionalizmi da eklesiisaTvis miuRebeli sxva motivebic dalanda. amis gamo rudakovma arqimand. gabriels Semdegi winadadebiT mimarTa: `Seni fsiqologiis gamocemisas me damebada Semdegi azri: xom ar gavnebs igi Sen... xom ar CagTvlian filosofosad? Sen ici, rogor ideas ukavSirebs aseT saxelwodebas bevri beri. amitom... umjobesi ar iqneba, gaamJRavno is Seni warsulis saxeliT `gerasime qiqoZe~? SesaZloa, me sisuleles vambob, magram Seni siyvaruliT~. avtori ar SeuSinda mosalodnel usiamovnebas da titulze is informacia datova, rac sinamdviles Seesabameboda: ,,Ñî÷èíåíèå àðõèìàíäðèòà Ãàâðèèëà. Sedegmac ar daayovna; kievisa da peterburgis sasuliero akademiebis profesorma v. n. karpovma da zogierTma sxva profesormac avtors, arqimandrits, qristianuli dogmatebis damrRvevi da eretikosi uwoda, Tumca imave akademiebsa da sxva samecniero centrebSic iyvnen iseTebi, romlebmac naSroms umaRlesi Sefaseba misces da sasuliero seminariebisaTvis saxelmZRvanelos statusi mianiWes. wignis dedaazri ori sityviT SeiZleba asec gadmoices: SegrZnebebi xorcieldeba grZnobaTa organoebis mier. esaa nervuli sistema, romelic dakavSirebulia tvintan, magram SegrZnebis unari aqvs Solidarität }'vh'mksr 32 ara tvins, aramed suls. arsebobs ori substancia: materialuri da sulieri. SeigrZnobs sulieri substancia da ara materialuri substancia, e. i. tvini. fiziologiurisagan fsiqikuris gansxvavebis gareSe fsiqologia rogorc damoukidebeli mecniereba ar iarsebebs; fsiqologiis adgils daikavebs fiziologia. da, ai, aseTma Sinaarsma da kvlevis meqanizmma odiozuri viTareba warmoSva: morwmuneTa aqtiuri kategoria arqimandrits materializmisa da aTeizmisaken gadaxraSi adanaSaulebda, aTeistTa aseTive kategoria ki _ morwmuneobaSi, metafizikosobasa da idealistobaSi. TiTqos oqros Sualeds aviTarebda cnobili rusi filosofosi da narodniki n. a. dobroliubovi, romlis recenzias obieqturobis pretenzia aqvs da igi arc dadebiTia da arc mTlad uaryofiTi. masSi vkiTxulobT: `faqtebi ki ar unda SevufardoT winaswar gamogonil kanons, aramed TviT kanoni unda gamoviyvanoT faqtebidan, maTze TviTneburad Zaldatanebis gareSe... arqimandrit gabrielis wigni, namdvilad Tu vityviT, arafers axals winandel fsiqologiebTan SedarebiT ar gvamcnobs. magram igi gansxvavdeba maTgan gadmocemis meTodiT da fiziologiuri faqtebis SedarebiT didi raodenobiT, rac mis udavo upiratesobas Seadgens~. amdenad, recenzentis azriT, naSromis mTavari Rirseba kvlevis meTodsa da faqtebis siuxveSi mdgomareobs. marTa- Ñîëiäàðíiñòü solidaroba lia, recenzents bevri ram mxedvelobis miRma aqvs datovebuli, kerZod is, rom wigni polemikuria, rom avtori ekamaTeba novickis, klinkes, gonebaWvretiTobis momxreebs, materialistebs, kants da sxvebsac, rac TavisTavad siaxlea, magram Cans, igi (narodniki aTeisti) imdenad daufiqrebia qarTveli arqimandritis azrovnebas da argumentacias, rom recenzias am sityvebiT amTavrebs: `amJamad ki Cven mainc sagonebelSi varT~. naSromSi yuradReba gamaxvilebulia Tanamedrove civilizaciisa da humanizmis iseT fundamentur Rirebulebaze, rogoricaa nebisa da arCevanis Tavisufleba. esaa unarica da Rirsebac, romelic samyaros ierarqiaSi mxolod adamians amkobs, radgan mas (da mxolod mas) aqvs suli da goni, riTac igi RmerTs emsgavseba. amis gamo mxolod mas gamoecxada ufali da mxolod masTan dado aRTqma, rac ormxrivi aqtia da Tanac Tavisufali da SemoqmedebiTi. ase aziara RmerTma adamiani Tavis Tavs da scno pirovnebis nebis Tavisuflebis legitimuroba. amdenad, wm. gabrieli im TeologTa gverdiT dgas, romlebic aRiareben nebis Tavisuflebas, magram imasac dasZenen da azusteben, rom es Tavisufleba SemosazRvrulia da rom Tavis TavisuflebaSi usazRvro mxolod RmerTia (Tamaz buaCiZe). aqedan logikurad gamomdinareobs daskvna: Tuki adamians da RmerTs mxolod gonieri suli anaTesavebT, adamianis ideali Tavis pirovnebaSi gonieri sulis aRzrada da ganviTareba unda iyos, raTa RvTisgan boZebuli nebisa da arCevanis Tavisufleba gonivruli gadawyvetilebisa da qmedebis Sesabamisad warimarTos. aq ki bunebrivad iCens Tavs patiosnebis problema, rasac gabrielma episkoposobis dros specialuri qadageba miuZRvna (`sityva patiosnebasa zeda~) da aRniSna: `...pariosneba kacisa, pirvelad, unda iyos damyarebuli mas zeda, romel yovels kacs, didsa da mcires, unda axsovdes Tavisi pativi, Tavis Tavs pativscemdes, ese igi, erTnairi Tavis moyvareoba unda hqondes, wminda qristianuli Tavis-moyvareoba... es SeiZleba maSin, rodesac mas axsovs Tavisi sakuTari Rirseba, Tavisi bunebis simaRle da dideba. Tu gaxsovs Sen, Zmao, ra Rirseba aqvs kacis bunebasa, maSin Segrcxveba yovlis sicruisa, motyuebisa da pirobis gatexisa. kacis bunebas aqvs daufasebeli Rirseba! gasinje, Tu ra fasi aqvs kacis bunebasa, Tu TviT cisa da qveynis Semoqmedma RmerTma mxolod-Sobili Ze Tvisi ar dazoga Cvenisa cxovnebisa da ganaTlebisaTvis. aba, rogor ar eqmneba didi Rirseba kacis bunebasa, Tuki ufalamn RmerTman igi SeaerTa RvTaebrivsa bunebasa-Tana!. paragrafSi `qristianuli eWvianoba~ avtori aseT Segonebas gvTavazobs: `Tu gvesmis RvTis saxelis Zageba, is aris miswrafeba imisken, rom RvTis dideba gavrceldes adamianebSi. is aris sixaruli, romelsac ganvicdiT RvTis winaSe WeSmariti mowiwebis Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba Solidarity xilvisas~. es niSnavs: Tuki vinme RmerTs gmobs, anda romelime religiur siwmindes Seuracxyofs, morwmunis (morwmunis da ara farisevlis!) bunebrivi reaqcia iqneba ara agresia, ara isteria da Zaladoba, ara quCis aqciebi da sxvisi prifesiuli saqmianobisaTvis xelis SeSla, aramed gulmodgine RvTismosaoba da religiuri sixarulis gaZliereba. saRi sarwmunoebrivi cxovrebisa da cnobierebis gaukuRmarTeba, qristiani fsiqologis TqmiT, xSirad iseT saSinel movlenas badebs, rogoricaa fanatizmi. misive ganmartebiT, `fanatizmi ar Seicavs Tavis TavSi arafers iseTs, rac WeSmarit qristianul grZnobaTa msgavsia. amitom es grZnobebi ar SeiZleba SeuTavsdnen fanatizms erTi adamianis sulSi. fanatizmma SeiZleba ipovos TavSesafari iseTi adamianis sulSi, ronelsac surs boroti vnebebi _ RvarZli, mrisxaneba da a. S. _ religiis niRabqveS dafaros. fanatizmisaken midrekileba hqondaT mxolod cru religiebs, romelTac ar SeeZloT, moelboT adamianTa suli, piriqiT, amZvinvarebdnen mas~. SesityvebaSi `a. S.~, cxadia, bevri ram igulisxmeba: nebismier codvaSi dgoma da maTi dafarva Rrmadmorwmunis rolis TamaSiT (mzeris erT wertilSi koncentrirebiT da aRarafris gagonebisa da danaxvis survilis afiSirebiT), uvicoba da misi SeniRbvis xriki, paTologiuri misticizmi da mania grandioza, rasac ampartavneba da mTavrobismoyvareba warmoSobs. Ñîëèäàðíîñòü 33 #3(36) gaukuRmarTebuli religiuri cnobierebis nimuSia agreTve crumorwmuneoba, rac, rogorc wesi, fanatizmTan erTad moqmedebs da xSirad masSi Sexorcebulia. crurwmenis nimuSad arqimand. gabrieli asaxelebs xatebisa da saeklesio wignebis sakralizacias siZvele-siaxlis mixedviT: Zveli xelnaweri xatebisa da wignebis wmindad da madlmosilad Seracxvas, axllebisas da stambaSi dabeWdilebisas ki _ arawmindad da madlmoklebulad. aseT azrovnebas igi seqtantobas uwodebs da migvaniSnebs, rom seqtantoba marTlmadidebeli eklesiis wiaRSic arsebobs, rac amave eklesiisaTvis mavneblobaa. sxvadasxva wyaros safuZvelze cnobilia, Tu raoden Rrmad hqonda (da aqvs) crumorwmuneobas fesvebi gadgmuli dasavleT saqarTveloSi da, kerZod, imereTSi (jado, fexi, kudi, Tvali da a.S.). amitom bunebrivia, rom gabriel episkoposis samoZRvro praqtikaSi didi adgili daeTmo iseTi xalxuri rwmena-warmodgenebisa da ritualebis mxilebas, romlebsac qristes mcnebebTan da marTlmadideblobasTan saerTo araferi aqvT. amis Taobaze JurnalSi `kvali~ (1896, 18.I I , #8) vkiTxulobT: `xalxi, rogorc yvelgan, umecrebisa da crumorwmuneobis burusSi iyo gaxveuli. amitom yovlad samRvdelo gabrieli dauzarebld mogzaurobda mTel eparqiaSi. ar darCenila arc erTi mivardnili da miuvali sofeli, sadac TviT yovlad samRvdelo ar yofiliyos da orientiri iq darigeba ar eTqvas, qristianobis swavla-moZRvreba ar ganemartos. yvelam icis, rom dRemde zogan crumorwmuneoba ise gavrcelebuli da gamtkicebulia, rom xalxi sxvadasxva xes, eklesiis galavanSi an mivardnil adgilas mdgoms, Tayvans scems, RvTaebriv Rirsebas awers da amisTana xis moWras veravin bedavs. ai, aseTi crumorwmuneobis aRmosakveTaT yovlad samRvdelo, garda darigebisa da qadagebisa, sxva Rones da xerxsac xmarobs. sando da sarwmuno pirTagan gagvigonia, rom erTxel, samegreloSi yofnis dros, TviT yovlad samRvdelo iRebs xelSi najaxs da Wris im muxas, romelic adgilobriv mkvidrT RvTaebad gamoesaxaT da romlis Sexebas veravin bedavda. am mtkice saqciels xalxi sulganabuli Seyurebda da moeloda, rom RmerTi muxisa elva-txiT gaapobda kadnier mRvdelmTavars. magram lodinma amaoT CauaraT. am sanaxaobam ki Rrma da didi gavlena iqonia iq damswreebze~. `qadagebanis~ pirvel tomSi (quTaisi, 1913) Sesulia `moZRvreba Tqmuli osTadmi kudaros xeobis ekklesiaSi~, romelic warmoTqmulia rogorc axalmonaTlulebis, ise mounaTlavebis (kaTakmevelebisa Tu monaTlvis armsurvelTa) winaSe. moZRvari Seaxsnebs maT, rom isini marTlmadidebeli qristianebis STamomavalni arian, rasac maT mxareSi mdgari Zveli eklesia cxadyofs. dRes igi nangrevebadaa qceuli, magram Tqven mis Solidarität }'vh'mksr 34 mimarT mainc `esodeni SiSi da morCileba~ gaqvTo. qtistianoba Tqven Soris, ise rogorc imereTis TiTqmis yvela mTis sofelSi, areulobisa da omebis mizeziT moispo. axla ki, RvTis wyalobiT, mTavrobam mRvdeli gamogigzavnaT, raTa `iyos uwindelsaviT qristianoba da ganaTleba TqvenSi~. mTavari is ki ar aris, rom pirjvari gadaiweroT da eklesiaSi iaroT, aramed is, rom gaigoT, ra aris qristianoba da icxovroT ise, rogorc qristiani unda cxovrobdes. amitom me vubrZane mRvdels, rom `Tqvens osurs enazed~ Targmnos da yovel wirvaze waikiTxos mTavari locvebi, radgan am locvebis daxmarebiT Tqven mixvdebiT, ra aris qristianoba. da Tu gindaT, rom namdvili qristiani gaxdeT, Tqven Soris sisxlgamjdar wesCveulebebze uari unda TqvaTo; uari unda TqvaT, magaliTad, daficebisa da gamotexvis ucnaur wesze _ gamosatexi kacis winapris saflavze damRrCvali katis, ZaRlisa Tu viris Camokidebaze, aseve _ qurdobaze, romelic Zalze ganrcelebulia TqvenSi, micvalebulis mosaxseneblad uricxvi saqonlis dakvlaze, uricxvi stumris mowvevaze, am dros daTrobasa da Cxubze. `visac surs namdvil qristianulad icxovros, man orgvari siyvaruli unda SeiZinos guliTa TvisiTa: erTi RvTisa da meore kacisa... ra aris kacis siyvaruli, es mokled gamogvicxada ufalman ieso qristeman: rac ginda, rom giyos Sen kacman, Senc is uyavi kacsa~. Ñîëiäàðíiñòü solidaroba arc am da arc sxva misionerul qadagebebSi wm. gabrieli ar amaxvilevs yuradRebas arc politikaze, arc erovnebaze da arc konfesiur Taviseburebebze. mTavaria, msmeneli crurwmenebisagan gaTavisufldes da qristes eziaros, SeiZinos jansaRi sarwmunoeba, romlis arsebiTi niSania (rac ukve aRvniSneT) ara dogmaturi Taviseburebebis afiSireba, aramed saxarebis suli, romelsac pirovnebis gardaqmna da gaumjobeseba SeuZlia. am gzaze pirveli rigis amocanaa qristes moZRvrebis Secnoba da gaTaviseba, rac ver miiRweva, Tuki msmenelma mosmenili teqsti enis TvalsazrisiTac ki ver gaigo. amitomaa, rom gabriel episkoposis moRvareobaSi mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs mcdelobebs RvTismsaxurebis nacionalur enebze gamarTvisaTvis. man afxazi xalxisTvisac izruna da did qalbatons, kesaria SarvaSiZes SesTavaza, Camoeyalibebina komiteti da liturgiis ZiriTadi adgilebis afxazurad TargmnisaTvis exelmZRvanela. afxazeTTan dakavSirebuli es informacia CvenTvis ormxrivaa sayuradRebo: 1) aqedan Cans, rom wm. episkoposi Sirs idga iseTi Sexedulebisagan, romelic saRvTismetyvelo literaturaSi `gnostikuri eresis lingvistur nairsaxeobadaa~ miCneuli da romelsac Tanamedrove marTlmadidebelTa Soris bevri momxre hyavs (z.kiknaZe, `sityva~, 1998, #1, gv. 24). igulisxmeba enebis daxarisxeba ufrosebad da umcrosebad, bunebiTad didunarianebad da naklebunarianebad, bunebiTad sakralurebad da arasakralurebad, rac sxva araferia, Tu ara mcire erebisa da enebis diskriminacia, _ sruliad SeuTavsebeli qristes moZRvrebasTan da misi eklesiis sulTan. 2) aqve imasac vxedavT, Tu raoden did mniSvnelobas aniWebs igive episkoposi qalis rols saeklesio cxovrebaSic ki. mas sruliad kanonzomier movlenad miaCnia, rom saRvTo da samRvdelo wignebis TargmnaSi monawileoba miiRos qalma da ara marto monawileoba miiRos, aramed am process uselmZRvanelos kidec. es is viTarebaa, rasac dRes civilizebuli kacobrioba genderuli balansis dacvas uwodebs da cxovrebis yvela ubanze misi realizaciisaTvis iRvwis. qalis bunebis specifikis gansazRvras, istoriasa da sazogadoebaSi misi daniSnulebisa da mniSvnelobis warmoCenas, misi Rirsebis siRrmiseulad wvdomas gabriel episkoposis qadagebebSi TiTqmis yovel nabijze vxvdebiT. wm. gabrielis dasavleTevropul, kerZod ki reformatorul, RirebulebebTan naTesaobas adgilobrivi, nacionaluri da TviTmyofadi kulturebis dacvisa da ganviTarebisaTvis zrunvac asaCinoebs. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom is afxazuri da osuri enebis saliteraturo enebad gadaqcevis erT-erTi winamorbedia, riTac man am xalxTa TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebas Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba Solidarity xeli Seuwyo. ukve advili warmosadgenia, Tu raoden amags dasdebda igi sakuTari erisa da qveynis, saqarTvelos, TviTmyofadobas. mis Tanamedroveebs, didsac da patarasac, kargad moexsenebodaT, Tu ra SemarTebiT icavda igi mSobliuri enis uflebas rogorc saeklesio, ise saero cxovrebaSi. dResac xSirad ixseneben da imowmeben mis werilobibiT polemikas giorgi muxranbatonTan (razec qvemoTac SevCerdebiT), sasuliero uwyebis moxele a. kerskisTan da kavkasiis saswavlo olqis mzrunvel k. ianovskisTan, romelSic igi icavda, erTi mxriv, qarTvelebis uflebas sasuliero ganaTlebis mSobliur enaze miRebis TvalsazrisiT da, meore mxriv, qarTuli enis uflebas megrelebisa da svanebis saeklesio-saRvTismsaxuro praqtikaSi. meore sakiTxSi episkoposi im enaTmecnierul Teoriasac eyrdnoboda, romlis Tanaxmad qarTuli, megruli da svanuri moZme enebia, ris gamoc megrelebi da svanebi literaturul qarTuls advilad swavloben da maTi saliteraturo ena warsulSic da axlac qarTulia. amitom arc saeWvoa da arc gasakviri, rom es xalxi Tavs qarTvelur tomebad miiCnevs. aravisTvis araa sadavo, Tu raoden didi mniSvneloba hqonda qveynis saerTo saqmisaTvis am saganze yuradRebis aserigad gamaxvilebas im dros. iqneb swored aman warmoSva legenda `Sesdeg, ruseTis xelmwifev!~, rasac ukve SevexeT. mogvepoveba Ñîëèäàðíîñòü 35 #3(36) msgavsi Sinaarsis meore gadmocemac, romelic mis principulobaze, saero xelisuflebis winaSe qeduxrelobasa da mamuliSvilobaze metyvelebs da romlis namdvilobaSi eWvis Setanis safuZveli ara gvaqvs: `Tavis samRvdelmTavro moqmedebis farglebSi Secilebas igi ver iTmenda da mtkiceT da sastikaT mouWrida xolme pasuxs. kargaT viciT, rom erTma gavlenianma da didi uflebebis mqone pirma SeniSvna misca imis Sesaxeb, rom sakaTedro taZarSi ufro xSiraT sruldebodes rusulaT wirva-locvao. amazed yovlad samRvdelom mokleT ase mouWra: Tqven SegiZliaT Tqvens sferoSi imoqmedoT, rogorc gnebavT, xolo rac Semexeba me, TviTon vici Cemi movaleoba rogoraTac unda Sevasrulovi. meti arc sityva da arc pasuxi. miibruna gverdi da gaswia etlisaken~ (`kvali~, 1896, 18.I I , #8, gv. 119). simtkice mauliSvilobaSi, farTo diapazoni mecnierebSi da Tavisufleba azrovnebaSi asxivebs ep. gabrielis im polemikuri naSromidan, romelic yvelaze metadaa cnobili _ `werili T. giorgi konstantines Zis muxranbatonis mimarT~ (pirveli publikacia: `moambe~, 1896, #3, gv. 92-100). misi istoria aseTia: senatorma giorgi muxranbatonma (bagrationma; 1821-1877) 1872 wels rusul enaze gamoaqveyna broSura `nacionaluri individualobis buneba~, romelSic ganaviTara azri mcire erebisa da enebis did erebsa da enebSi gaTqvefis kanonzo- orientiri mierebis Sesaxeb, radgan es saxelmwifos simtkicis aucilebeli pirobaao. man megobruli werili, qarTulad dawerili, gaugzavna imereTis episkoposs da, rogorc Cans, azrisa da poziciis gaziareba sTxova. ai, am werilze (romlis teqsti cnobili araa) pasuxs warmoadgens wm. gabrielis epistole, romelic qarTuli polemikuri literaturis brwyinvale nimuSad unda CaiTvalos. meufe aRfrTovanebulia ruseTis imperiis umaRlesi moxelis SesaniSnavi qarTuliT da Tavis mxriv bodiSs ixdis, _ me aseTi qarTuliT wera ar SemiZliao. igi didi pativiscemiT (Tumca Sinaurulad) da keTilmosurnis toniT ganixilavs senators naSroms da sakuTar Sexedulobebs gulwrfelad da mkafiod gamoTqvams. episkoposi senators rogorc kvlevis meTods, ise konkretuli masalis analizs uwunebs: `Teoria gamocdilebaze unda iyos damyarebuli, faqtebidan unda iyos gamoyvanili da ara ukuRma, ese igi faqtebi Teoriidan ar gamoiyvaneba~. sinamdvile swored Seni Teoriis sawinaaRmdegod metyvelebso, SeniSnavs oponenti da dasZens: `dedamiwis zurgze, dasabamidan qveynisa vidre aqamomde da axlac Cven droebaSi, ar yofila da ar aris iseTi didi saxelmwifo, romelsa Sina yovelni mcxovrebni laparakobdnen erTi eniT: yovel did-did saxelmwifoSi yovelTvin da yvelgan, garda erTi sammarTvelo enisa, yofilan sxva wvril-wvrilni enebi; garna Solidarität }'vh'mksr 36 es garemoeba arafers ar uSlida da arc axla uSlis, e.i. marto am garemoebas saxelmwifo arsad ar daurRvevia, ar dausustebia~. muxranbatoni aramdgradi saxelmwifos nimuSad asaxelebs respublikur Sveicarias da monarqiul avstrias da maTi aramdgradobis mizezad am qveynebis eTnikursa da enobriv mravalferovnebas miiCnevs. gabrieli akritikebs rogorc informaciis obieqturobas, ise analizis xarisxs: `Sveicarias uCvenebT da ityviT, rom aq sami ena ariso, da amisTvis aq erTi mkvidri saxelmwifo ar ariso. Sveicaria diaR mkvidri da magari saxelmwifo aris. anu federacias da respublikas Sen saxelmwifod ar sTvli? nuTu marto monarxia aris mkvidri da magari saxelmwifo da respublika ara? vgoneb SveicariisTana ganaTlebuli, magari erTobiT da TanxmobiT savse saxelmwifo arc ki aris evropaSi~. rac Seexeba avstrias, iq problemebs, oponentis dakvirvebiT, ara erovnuli da enobrivi pluralizmi warmoSobs, aramed moqalaqeTa araTanasworuflebianoba: `saubedurod maTTa, marTebloba swori samarTliT (ðàâíîïðàâíî) ar epyroba yovel Teslebs: nemcebi da madiarebi aviwroebdnen Cexebs da sxva slavianebTa... am mizeziT da ara enis gansxvavebiT aris avstriaSi areuloba da SfoTi~. epistole mravali TvalsazrisiTaa SesaniSnavi, magram am SemTxvevaSi gamovyofT sam ideas, romelic striqonsa da striqons Soris gamokrTis: Ñîëiäàðíiñòü solidaroba respublika ufro sasurveli moclenaa, vidre monarqia; moqalaqeTa diskriminacia saxelmwifos mteria, urTierTTanxmoba da Tanasworoba ki misi simtkicis safuZveli da, mesame, _ sityvisa da gamoxatvis Tavisufleba sikeTea! sakmarisia, Tvali gadavavloT Tundac zemoT damowmebul citatebs, raTa davrwmundeT: Sveicariis sulieri da politikuri klimati ep. gabriels lamis idealad da etalonad warmoudgeba. is iseTi dadebiTi eqspresiiT laparakobs am qveynis struqturasa da weswyobilebaze, kerZod imaze, rasac dRes demokratias veZaxiT, rom monarqiisaTvis TiTqos aRarc ki rCeba adgili. monarqiaa avstriaSi, magram ras Svelis es formacia am qveyanas da mis problematikas? es da msgavsi kiTxvebi striqonebs Soris TvalsaCinoa. davakvirdeT, ras ambobs faqtobrivad marTlmadidebeli episkoposi: kaTolikurprotestantuli Sveicaria ruseTis marTlmadidebel imperiaze metad kulturuliao. amis miuxedavad ver vityviT, rom es antimonarqiuli gamwyobilebaa, magram Tamamad SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom aq saqme demokratiis mimarT simpaTiasTan gvaqvs. avtoris sulieri portretisaTvis aseve, da SeiZleba ufro metad, angariSgasawevia epistoles finali, saxeldobr is sityvebi, romlebic ep. gabrielisagan TiTqos (erTi SexedviT) moulodnelia. megobris winaSe (aseTad gamoiyureba giorgi muxranbatoni masTan mimarTebaSi) man TiT- qos moulodnelad amoafrqvia protesti arsebuli totalitarizmis gamo da gamoxata swrafva sityvis, sindisisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebisaken. SeuZlebelia ar dagveTanxmos amaSi mkiTxveli, Tuki wminda mamis am sityvebs gulisyuriT moismens `am Cven urTierT Soris miwer-moweras vgoneb Sen ar aZlev araviTarsa politikur mniSvnelobasa, viTarca mec ar vxedav mas Sina arafers, mxolod erT samecniero istoriul saganze baassa. axla iseTi dro dadga, rom TviT ubralo megobrul laparakSi eZieben zogierTni pirni politikur ganzraxvas. amisTvis davTvale saWirod amisi Tqma~. TvalSi sacemia is garemoeba, rom wm. gabrielis arc erTi qadageba ar atarebs viwro konfesiur mizans. problemebis ganxilvis dros versad ver vxedavT masvils maincdamainc marTlmadideblobaze; msjeloba metwilad zogadqristianuli Teologiisa da tradiciis farglebSi mimdinareobs. msmenelebi ZiriTadad, cxadia, marTlmadideblebi arian da qadagebac zogjer ase iwyeba: `marTlmadidebelno Zmano qristianeno!~. amis miuxedavad avtori arasdros ar mimarTavs marTlmadideblobis upiratesobis demonstrirebas da sxva qristianuli aRmsareblobebis damcrobas, rac homiletikaSi xSiria da mas Cven droSi da CvenSi mamxilebel RvTismetyvelebas eZaxian. vimeorebT, ep. gabrieli qadagebebSi TiTqmis ar mimarTavs mamxilebel RvTismetyvelebas, Tumca im Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba Solidarity regionSi, dasavleT saqarTveloSi, sadac y-d samRRvdelo moRvaweobda, sxvadasxva konfesiis xalxi (rogorc im dros xSirad ityodnen, _ sxvadmadideblebi) maSinac cxovrobda da erTi konfesiis eklesiidan meoreSi gadasvla maSinac xdeboda. mqadagebels ainteresebs ara imdedad is, Tu ra konfesiis (aRmsareblobis) warmomadgenlad miiCnevs Tavs misi esa Tu is msmeneli, aramed is, Tu ra doneze dgas am msmenelisa da msmenelebis qristianuli zneoba, ramdenad arian isini qristianebi an undaT, rom gaxdnen qristianebi. esaa mizezi, rom wm. episkoposi TiTqmis ganuwyvetliv sazogado da kerTo moralis sakiTxebze gvesaubreba. amitomaa, rom misi qadagebebi aris ara dogmatur-polemikuri, aramed sarwmunoebriveTikuri. mxilebis obieqti aris ara sxva konfesia, aramed sakuTari konfesiis xalxi, e.i. sakuTari marTlmadidebeli eklesia (eklesia rogorc moewmuneTa krebuli). igi amxilebs da ebrZvis iseT mankierebebs, rogoricaa sisxlis aReba, gulficxloba (gansakuTrebiT gurulebis, misi Tanamemamuleebis), adviladmomduraoba, Suri, ampartavneba, micvalebulis datirebis grZeli ceremonia, romelic `advilad aswavlis kacs farisevlobas da pirmoTneobas~; angareba, Woraoba da a.S. am naklovanebaTa aRmosafxvrelad adamianis bunebis Seswavlaa saWiro da vis SeeZlo am movaleobisaTvis Tavis garTmeva, Tu ara fsiqologiur disciplinaTa saukeTeso mcodne moZRvars? Ñîëèäàðíîñòü 37 #3(36) didi saRvTismetyvelo da fsiqologiuri alRo Cans iseT saWirboroto sakiTxebze saubris dros, rogorebicaa qurdoba, ciliswameba, marTlmsajuleba, penitencialuri sistema, pirutyvTa Sebraleba, socialuri samarTlianoba da Tanasworoba da sxva. bevr SemTxvevaSi Cven, Tanamedrove mkiTxvelebic, axleburi analizisa da interpretaciis mxilvelni da aRmqmelni vxdebiT. maTi avtori socialuri TvalsazrisiT erTob aqtiur pirovnebad warmogvidgeba, rasac TviTon, rogorc beri episkoposi, ase xsnis: `Tumca Cven varT Tqvenni moZRvarni da winamZRolni zecierisa mxolod mimarT sasufevelisa, garna, viTarca moZmeTa TqvenTa, ar SegviZlia ar miviRoT monawileoba xorcielsaca Sina Tqvensa cxovrebasa; yovelni Tqveni warmateba da bedniereba am sofelSi gvaxarebs Cvenca, garna yoveli Tqveni mwuxareba da gaWirveba CvenTvisca aris samwuxaro~ (qadagebani, I I , quTaisi, 1913, gv. 444). msjeloba, romelic aseT pozicias efuZneba, ara marto Semecnebis vels afarToebs, aramed gulsa da gonebas msWvalavs da afaqizebs. qadagebaSi `qurdobisaTvis~ wm. gabrieli Seaxsenebs msmenelebs da Segvaxsenebs Cvenc, rom RvTis yovel sityvas da mcnebas pirdapiri da viwro mniSvnelobis garda aqvs `farTo, maRali, Rrma, vrceli azri da mniSvneloba~. am princips Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, advilad mivalT im WeSmaritebamde, rom mcneba orientiri `ar moiparo!~ mxolod da mxolod konkretuli sagnis (fulisa Tu nivTis) malviT waRebas da miTvisebas ar gulisxmobs. mRvdelmTavris ganmartebiT: `mparavis msgavsi Seiqmneba is xelmwifis mosamsaxure, anu Cinovniki, romelic daudevnelad da ara erTgulad aRasrulebs Tanamdebobasa Tvissa. jamagiri da jildo, romelsac igi iRebs xelmwifisagan, moparuli aqvs esreTsa Cinovniksa. vaWari, romeli iRebs uzomo fass Tavis saqonelSi, anu, nacvlad kargis saqonlisa, aZlevs cuds saqonels da fass sruls iRebs, vgoneb, pirdapir unda Seiracxos mparavTa Soris... vin icis, iqneba winaSe TvalTa marTlmsajulisa RvTisa pir-dapiri qurdi ar aris im zomad codvili, viTarca esreTni _ farulad da mzakvarebiT aRmasrulebelni mparaobisa. dResac aqtualuria iseTi movlenis definicia da kvalifikacia, rogoricaa ciliswameba: mxolod pirovnuli codvaa is, Tu danaSaulic; martooden moralur kategorias ganekuTvneba igi, Tu iuridiulsac? ep. gabrieli, romelsac, rogorc TviTon aRniSnavs, Tavadac araerTgzis uwvnevia bezRebisa da ciliswamebis susxi, Tvlis, rom ciliswameba da mabezRroba aris individualuri codva da, maSasadame, moraluri kategoria. igi ambobs: `dabezReba, Sesmena aris cilis wameba, nayofi mtrobisa da siZulvilisa, xolo saRmrTo werili SurisZiebas, mtrobas da ciliswamebas daamzgavsebs da Solidarität }'vh'mksr 38 uwodebs kacis kvlad. maSasadame, amisTana saSinel codvas miiRebs Tavis Tavzed dambezRebeli, Semasmeneli, da Tavis ganzraxvas da mizans mainc ver miaRwevs~, radgan bezRebis anonimur Tu fsevdonimur werilebze mTavroba ukve aRar reagirebso. baton gabrielis xasiaTis simtkice da principuloba gansakuTrebiT batonymobis gauqmebasTan dakavSirebiT gamoCnda. aleqsandre I I -is 1861 wlis 19 Tebervlis manifesti ratomRac yvelaze gvian quTaisis guberniaSi gamocxadda, _ 1865 wlis 13 oqtombers, ris Sedegadac batonebma ymebze ufleba dakarges, ymebi ki gaTavisufldnen. am aqtis gamo imereTis episkoposma quTaisis mTavarangelozis eklesiaSi sagangebo qadageba warmoTqva; aRniSna, rom batonymobis instituti qristianobasTan SeuTavsebeli movlenaa, xolo misi gauqmeba _ kanonzomieri da misasalmebeli. imis miuxedavad, rom ymebi yvelaze gvian imerel mebatoneebs CamoarTves, yvelaze didi protesti am mebatoneebma gamoxates. Tavadebma, romlebmac gabrielis qadageba moismines, eklesia yviriliTa da demarSiT datoves. erT Tavads, kandelaks, kidec dauqadnia, gamova Tu ara es batoni taZridan, am xanjliT gavaTavebo. magram rodesac mRvdelmTavars saxlisaken gza mSvidad gaugrZelebia, mas ganzraxva sisruleSi ver mouyvania, _ xanjalze TiTqos xeli Semaxmao. mkvlevari ilia Wyonia (fsevdonimi `T.magma- Ñîëiäàðíiñòü solidaroba Ze~) dasZens: Tavadma petre miqelaZem episkoposs pamfleti dauwera, romelic imereTis Tavad-aznaurebma aitaves da daizepireso: `dedaSeni Romsa cexvda, mamaSensa edga kexi. Tu mRvdelmTavrad aw gindomoT, kisers dagvkar Seni fexi!~ (`iveria~, 1901, 8.XI, #233). 1864 wlis 20 noembris dadgenileba, romelic sasamarTlo sistemis ganaxlebas isaxavda miznad, quTaisis episkoposma imdenad mniSvnelovnad miiCnia, rom igi, aseve, qadagebis Temad aqcia. misi dakvirvebiT, reformis mTavari sikeTe da ZvelTan SedarebiT upiratesoba sasamarTlo procesis met sicxadeSi, gamWvirvaleobaSi, simartiveSi, siswrafesa da sajaroobaSi mdgomareobs. igi amasTavane migvaniSnebs pirovnebis Rirsebis xelSeuxeblobaze, adamianis fundamenturi uflebebis dacvaze da marTlmsajulebis sistemaSi sazogadoebis rolis gafarToebaze. `sad iyo imereTSi, anu sad aris axlac jered sjulis SiSi, cudi saqmis morideba, adamianis pativiscema? CvenSi pativiscema aqvs tanisamoss, saxelsa da saxesa; pativiscema aqvs simdidresa. adamians ki piradi pativi ara aqvs... garna amieriTgan iqmneba axalma sjulma (kanonma, n.p.) Cven gvaswavos pativiscema kacisa, viTarca kacisa, adamianisa~. ambobs mRvdelmTavari da sazogadoebas gaaqtiurebisaken, ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, marTlmsajulebaze saxalxo kontrolis damyarebisaken mouwodebs: `garna, Zmao, Tu gsurs, am did cvlilebas mieces warmateba; Tu gsurs, rom axalma wyobilebam umetesi keTili giyos Sen da yovelsa sazogadoebasa, miiRe guliTadi monawileoba mas Sina. ra saxiT?... xSirad Sexvidode sasamarTloSi da yurs ugdebde, rogor swarmoebs samarTali. Tu Seityo, rom mosamarTle gonierad miuZRvis samarTalsa, aqe, daloce, waaxalise. Tu simrude raime Seityo, Tamamad gaamtyune; bevri iyvire sazogadoebaSi...~ dagveTanxmeba mkiTxveli, rom am sityvebs farTo Sinaarsi da ganmazogadebeli Zalac aqvs da aq saqveyno-saxelmwifo saqmeebSi sazogadoebis qmediTad CarTuloba igulisxmeba. wm. episkoposi saqvelmoqmedo da humanitarul saqmianobaSi patimrebTan urTierTobas sapatio adgils miuCenda. amaSi advilad davrwmundebiT, Tuki misi qadagebebis nusxas gadavxedavT. mkvlevrebi aseve imowmeben ubis wignaks, saidanac irkveva, rom meufe winaswar saguldagulod adgenda saTno saqmeebis grafiks da sazRvravda, rodis ra visTvis unda gaekeTebina: rodis upovarTa da miusafarTaTvis, rodis xelmokle mowafeebisaTvis, rodis qvriv-oblebisaTvis da rodis msjavrdebulebisaTvis. igi yovel aRdgomasa da Sobas did sufras awyobda da eklesiis mTel krebuls iwvevda, Semdeg ki saWiro Tanxas cixeebSi ugzavnida patimrebs. ep. gabrieli 1869 wels patimrebis materialuri Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba Solidarity da sulieri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis komitetis vice-prezidentadac dainiSna. qadagebebi, romlebic sapyrobileebSi warmoiTqva, aRbeWdilia danaSaulis, sasjelisa da monaniebis fsiqologiuri analiziT. igi patimrebs aseTi axsneganmartebiT mimarTavs: Tqveni mTavari ubedureba is ki ar aris, rom Tqven iZulebiT sasjels ixdiT da satusaRoSi xarT, aramed is, rom Tqven codvis tyveebi da sulierad eSmakisagan dapatimrebulebi xarT. `codva aris pirveli Tqveni mteri da damatyvevebeli, codvam Semogagdo Tqven aq da mogaklo Tqven pirveli sikeTe kacisa _ Tavisufleba. damijereT, Zmano, rodesac codvas gaagdeb gulisagan, Tu odesme codvisagan dagixsna RmerTman, maSin am sapyrobiledganac gamoxval... Zmao Cemo, dahfiqrdi Sen gulSi, hkiTxe Sens Tavs: risTvis dagemarTa Sen es ubedureba, ese igi sapyrobileSi Sesvla? nu eferebi Sens Tavs, nuRar dahmalav Sens gulSi Sens brals. moinane Seni codva. evedre RmerTs, rom gamogiyvanos sulierisa tyveobisagan, da miT ganTavisuflde xorcielisa tyveobisaganac. visac Wkua sruliad ar daukargavs, vinc sruliad ar gamosula sircxvilisagan, visac aCnia kidev cotaodeni adamianoba da kacis sinidisi, mas SuZlia isargeblos Tavisi ubedurebiT, Tavisi ubedureba gadaaqcios bednierebad: am sapyrobilesagan gamovides ganaTlebuli da ganTavisuflebuli~. Ñîëèäàðíîñòü 39 #3(36) wm. gabrieli gvarwmunebs, rom sikeTisa da saTnoebis ganuyofeli nawili aris cxovelebis siyvaruli da pativiscema, e.i. safuZveli imisa, rasac dRes cxovelebis uflebaTa dacvas eZaxian, zogadad, _ ekologias. misma qadagebam `pirutyvebis SebralebisaTvis~ sayovelTao interesi da mowoneba daimsaxura rogorc rusulenovan, ise inglisurenovan samyaroSi (radgan orive enaze iTargmna). igi eyrdnoba solomon brZens, romelic ambobs: `marTalni swyaloben sulsa cxovarTa TvisTasa, xolo nawlevi ara wmidaTa uwyalo~ (igav. 12,10). vinaidan am winadadebis (Zveli qarTuli Targmanis) meore nawili gaugebaria (ras niSnavs am SemTxvevaSi `nawlevi~?), mqadagebeli citats jer enobrivad ganmartavs* da Temis sagans Semdeg ganixilavs. misi TqmiT, solomonis sityvebi Seicavs `zneobriv swavlas~, rac sulac araa meorexarisxovani, rogorc SeiZleba zogierTs moeCvenoso. es sakiTxi gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria CvenSi, saqarTveloSi, radgan aq pirutyvebs `erTob uwyalod da ugvanod~ epyrobian, rac `winaaRmdegia keTilisa da qristianulis zneobisa~. moyvanilia aseTi magaliTi: `erTxel erTma aqaurma gadaraulma aznaur-Svilma, rodesac misma uWmelma da gatanjulma cxenma veRar SeiZlo kargad gaWeneba * orientiri aRmarTze, Camoxta, satevari hkra mucelSi da mohkla~. mRvdelmTavari dasZens: `keTili da mowyale adamiani ara Tu mxolod kacs unda swyalobdes, aramed pirutyvsac; saqoneli da pirutyvi aris gatanjuli da wamxdari mxolod im qveyanaSi da im xalxSi, sadac ar aris keTili zneoba, swavla. gagvigonia mogzaurTa[ga]n, romelTa unaxavT ganaTlebuli evropis qveynebi, romel mun marto Sinauri pirutyvis Sexedva aCvenebs keTil-zneobasa da ganaTlebas adgilis mcxovrebTa, vinaiTgan mun yoveli saqoneli aris sakvirvelad moSenebuli da gakeTebuli... RmerTman pirutyvni dagvimorCilna Cven da mogvca Cven mosamsaxured, viTarca ityvis saRmrTo werili: mTavrobdeT TevzTa da zRvaTasa da frinvelTa cisaTa da yovelTa pirutyvTa. garna RmerTs neba ar moucia CvenTvis, rom vtanjoT pirutyvi~. RmerTi aq warmodgenilia im mosiyvarule da yovelTaTvis madlis mfen mamad, romelsac ar eameba, rom `rom ufrosman da umjobesman misman qmnilebaman, ese igi, kacman, stanjos da awvalos umcrosni misni qmnilebani _ pirutyvni~ (qadagebani, I, 1913, gv. 448-451). Rrma saRvTismetyvelo SinaarsTan erTad, albaT, interkonfesiurma xasiaTmac ganapiroba is faqti, rom ep. gabrielis qadagebebiT ara- Sdr. axali qarTuli Targmani: `marTali zrunavs Tavisi pirutyvis sicocxleze, boroteulTa guli ki sastikia~ (sapatriarqoseuli); `samarTalma icis Tavisi saqonlis saWiroeba, xolo ukeTurTa sibralulic ki sastikia~ (stokholmiseuli). Solidarität }'vh'mksr 40 marTlmadidebeli sasuliero pirebic dainteresdnen. anglikanma pastorma (mRvdelma) solomon sizar malanma, romelic iTvleba qarTvelologiis pionerad inglisSi, gabriel episkoposis 15 qadageba qarTulidan inglisurad Targmna da 1867 wels gamoaqveyna. amasTanave irkveva, rom im dros anglikanur eklesias didi ekumenuri miznebi dausaxavs da eklesiebis gaerTianebisaTvis zrunva dauwyia. man pirvel rigSi marTlmadidebel eklesiasTan dialogi da misi tradiciis pirvelwyaroTa safuZvelze gacnoba moindoma. pastori malani am wamowyenis samsaxurSi idga, rasac gabriel episkoposic miesalma. man igi, anglikani mRvdeli solomoni, 1872 wlis 23 maiss quTaisis rezidenciaSi didi pativiscemiT miiRo. am vizits ingliseli mkvlevari devid lengi ase aRwers: `man erTi kvira dahyo episkoposTan; Tan axlda wirvasa da Rvdelmsaxurebaze... didi STabeWdileba moaxdina ritualis zviadma ierma da galobis xmatkbilobam, xelze mTxvevis ceremoniam da sxva. TviTon malanma qarTulad warmoTqva qadageba sakaTedro taZarSi. gabriel episkoposTan musaifSi man ganmarta inglisuri locvanis didi nawili. saintereso urTierToba daamyara man zogierT berTan, romelTac daaTvalierebines daviT mefis agebuli taZari, sadac merve saukunis xelnaweri saxareba iyo~ (`ciskari~, 1957, #4, gv. 140). anglikani mRvdlis marTlmadidebelTa RvTismsaxurebaSi monawileoba; saxarebis Ñîëiäàðíiñòü solidaroba wakiTxva (stumrobis pirvel dRes malanma ioanes me-11 Tavi, lazares aRdginebis ambavi, waikiTxa), qadagebis warmoTqma da locvis aRvlena, sxva araferia, Tu ara ekumenuri Tanalocva. amdenad, miTiTebuli gamokvlevis mixedviT, wm. gabrieli SesaZlebelia iyos is pirveli qarTveli episkoposi, romelmac anglikanuri eklesiis warmomadgenelTan erTad iloca. wm. gabrielis mier dasavleT evropis mosaxleTa zneobrivi da inteleqtualuri cxovrebis maRali Sefaseba, ris Taobazec Tavis qadagebebSi xSirad gvesaubreba da es zemoT moyvanili citatebidanac TvalsaCinoa, gvarwmunebs, rom is aRniSnuli samyaros sarwmunoebriv da sulier cxovrebaSi bevr misabaZ faqtsa da movlenas xedavda. amitom araa gasakviri, rom mas Tbili da megobruli urTierToba sxva tradiciis qristianebTan, sxvadmadideblebTanac hqonda. amas, pastor malanTan urTierTobis garda, misi biografiis erTi, Tumca tragikuli detali metyvelebs. rodesac misi meuRle gardaicvala (1856 w.), man Cvili bavSvi gasazrdelad miabara `ZiZas, nemcis qals, nemcebis koloniaSi~, magram is da meore bavSvic, romelic seminariis erT colSvilian mRvdels mibara, male gardaicvalnen (m.kelenjeriZe, gabrieli..., 1913, gv. 57). cnobilia agreTve misi megobroba marjori da oliver uordropebTan. 1895 wels isini mis meufebas, ukve ukurnebeli seniT Sepyrobils, quTaisSi ewvien. cnobilia marjoris sityvebi: `mnaxveli guldamSvidebiT ver Sexvdeboda misi cxovrebis daiss~. mas inglisidan misTvis mouweria: `droni icvlebian mravalgvarad da Cvenc droTa kvalad. ucvlelia mxolod megobroba~ (v.kiknaZe, erovnuli da saeklesio problematika, gv. 25). wm. mRvdelmTavari 1896 wlis 26 ianvars, daviT aRmaSeneblis xsenebis dRes, gardaicvala. im dros quTaisSi uCveulod didTovloba iyo (TiTqos bunebac glovobda da adamianebs TanaugrZnobda). amis gamo dakrZalva erTi Tvis Semdeg, 10 marts, gelaTis taZarSi Sedga. iq aTasobiT erma da berma, qalma da kacma, marTlmadidebelma da sxvadmadidebelma, qristianma da araqristianma moiyara Tavi. es gasveneba erebisa da sarwmunoebebis Tanalmobis aqtad gadaiqca. rabins xaverdis ydaSi Casmuli aTi mcneba mihqonda. warmoiTqva gulSiCamwvdomi sityvebi, maT Soris ilia WavWavaZisa. vrceli da SesaniSnavi sityva warmoTqva egzarqosma vladimirma, romelSic man gansvenebuls uwoda `Tavisi samwysos TanamoZme~, `WeSmaritad xe keTil-Crdilovan-foTlovani, mravalnayofieri da keTilnayofieri~ (teqsti _ kelenjeriZe 1913:239-248), magram sazogadoeba gaanawyena imis gamo, rom quTaisis somxuri eklesiis dekanozs iaraliancis ambionze asvlisa da sityvis Tqmis saSualeba ar misca. Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba Solidarity mwerali daviT kldiaSvili, romelic am incidents detalurad aRwers, ambobs: egzarqosis `saqcieli pirdapir Seuracxyofa iyo didebuli moRvawisa, romelic, amgvari rame rom Sexvedroda sadme sicocxleSi, mTeli Tavisi arsebiT winaudgeboda da sastikad SeaCvenebda. episkopozi gabrieli metad daSorebuli iyo iseT Tvisebebs, romelic gamoiCina sarwmunoebis umaRlesma warmomadgenelma. igi uyvarda xalxs misi klerikaluri mimarTulebis gamo ki ara, aramed imitom, rom igi iyo namdvili gulwrfeli sazogadoebrivi moRvawe, mebrZoli beri, romelsac arc erT Tavis qadagebaSi eSmaki ar uxsenebia..~ (d. kldiaSvili, memuarebi, Tb., 1932, gv. 10-12). sayovelTao glovas qarTveli kaTolikeebic SeuerTdnen. axalcixis mRvdelma, istorikosma da sazogado moRvawem ivane gvaramaZem, gansvenebulis sulis saoxad 29 ianvars panaSvili gadaixada da samgloviaro sityva warmoTqva, romelSic aRniSna: episkoposi gabrieli aris `Cveni drois erTaderTi Rirsi mecnieri, romelmac aamaRla zneobrivad saimereTo Tu saqarTvelo, gaanaTla sakmarisad sasulieroni, Caafiqra yvela swavlulni, goneba gauxsna RvTismsaxurebazed yovel samRvdelo pirs...~ (`saba~, 1995.V). pasuxisaTvis zemoT dasmul kiTxvebze religiurobis kultura, romelsac pirvel rigSi Ñîëèäàðíîñòü 41 #3(36) SevexeT, cxovrebisa da azrovnebis is mxarea, romelic sikeTisa da siyvarulis xarisxiT gaizomeba. Tuki gaxsnilia goneba da gulic Semwynarebelia, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom ieso qristes mowodebas _ `SeicaniT WeSmariteba da WeSmariteba gagaTavisuflebT Tqven~ (ioane 8,32) _ xorci Seusxams; individi Tavisufal pirovnebad Camoyalibebula. aseve SegviZlia vTqvaT: vinc ucxos mimarT SiSisa da siZulvilisagan gaTavisuflda; vinc SeZlo da Seiyvara adamianSi adamiani, _ adamiani iseTi, rogoric aris, is dasavlur Rirebulebebs anu, ufro zusti iqneboda Tqmad, qristianTa moralur faseulobebs eziara. wm. episkopos gabrielis azrebi da poziciebi, faqtebi da movlenebi misi cxovrebidan, romelic mimovixileT, gvaZlevs saSualebas, metnaklebi sisavsiTa da sizustiT warmovaCinoT saqarTvelos axali istoriis am Cinebuli figuris Sinagani samyaro. igi qristes mxedrad da im Rirebulebebis mokavSired warmogvidgeba, rasac dRes demokratiasa da liberalizms uwodeben, _ samoqalaqo qristianobis qvakuTxeds. orientiri asocirdeba. amitom, SegviZlia vTqvaT: dRes rom wm. episkoposi gabrieli cocxali iyos, (1) ekumenur moZraobaSi monawileobaze uars ar ityoda, radgan aramarTlmadidebel qristianebs is qristianebad Tvlida, (2) ufro safuZvliani Cans imis daSveba, rom is romis paps, Tuki sveticxovelSi SeuZRveboda, sakurTxevelSi Sesvlasac ar dauSlida (radgan, rogorc Cans, igi ar fiqrobda, rom kaTolikur eklesiaSi apostoluri memkvidreoba gauqmebulia da romis episkoposi petre mociqulis mosaydre aRaraa) da (3) is giorgi muxranbatons, sxva politikuri Sexedulebisa da poziciis adamians, renegatad, moRalated da gamyidvlad ar moixseniebda, radgan mas, wm. episkoposs, demokratiuli cnobiereba fqonda. misi meufebis literaturuli memkvidreobidan Cans, rom mas is sazogadoebrivi da politikuri wyobileba moswonda, rac Tanamedrove civilizaciis qvakuTxedia da Cvens warmodgenasa da metyvelebaSi (ama Tu im mizezis gamo) dasavleT evropasTan Solidarität }'vh'mksr 42 Ñîëiäàðíiñòü sekularizmi solidaroba sekularizacia Tu desekularizacia? saqarTveloSi sekularizaciis Sesaxeb diskusias imdenad daagvianda, rom, SeiZleba iTqvas, modas Cvendauneburad avcdiT. dRes, rodesac viwyebT imaze fiqrs, Tu ra aris sekularizacia, dasavleTSi termini bevrs moZvelebulad miaCnia. dasavleli avtorebi Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi religiis adgilis gansasazRvrad sxva terminebs mimarTaven: `de-sekularizacia~ (piter bergeri), `de-privatizacia~ (xose kazanova), `post-sekularuli sazogadoeba~ (iurgen habermasi) da sxva. rogorc vxedavT, es axali cnebebi sruliad cnobierad upirispirdeba sekularizaciis cnebas. giga zedania ibeWdeba wignidan `sekularizacia: koncepti da konteqstebi~ magram iyo dro, rodesac sekularizaciis koncepti Tanamedroveobis genealogiisaTvis umniSvnelovanes instrumentad miiCneoda. socialuri mecnierebis yvela klasikosi: konti, spenseri, marqsi, froidi _ iseve, rogorc maTi uTvalavi mimdevari _ amodioda sekularizaciis procesis garduvalobis daSvebidan. oRond aq unda aRiniSnos pirvelive problema, romelic mas Tan axlavs: arasodes yofila cxadi, zustad ra fenomens aRniSnavda termini `sekularizacia~. ufro swored, arsebobda sityvis ramdenime mniSvneloba, romelTa aRrevasac mecnierebaSi xSirad hqonda da dRemde aqvs adgili. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yvela sazogadoebaSi arsebobs Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba Solidarity religia, rogorc transcendenturTan mimarTebis forma, magram ara yvela sazogadoebaSi arsebobs specialuri meta-ena, romelzedac am religiis aRwera xdeba. sekularizacia (saecularisatio) laTinuri enis terminia, romelic pirdapir aris gadaRebul inglisursa da romanul enebSi. germanulSi arsebobs misi Sesatyvisic, Verweltlichung, magram aseve ixmareba Säkularisierung. rusulic Seecada Sesatyvisis povnas _ îáìèðùåíèå. qarTulSi Sesatyvisi ar gvaqvs. isic ki ar viciT, Tu ra unda iyos saeculumis Sesatyvisi. samyaro? msoflio? eri (`saero~)? `sekularizacia~ kanonikur samarTalSi aRniSnavda sasuliero piris saero statusSi dabrunebas. amis Semdeg Ñîëèäàðíîñòü 43 #3(36) terminma SeiZina mniSvneloba, romliTac aRiniSneboda saeklesio qonebis saero xelisuflisaTvis gadacema; terminis es cvlileba met-naklebad emTxveva 1648 wels vestfaliis zavis Sedegad gaCenil saxelmwifoTa Tanamedrove sistemis warmoSobas. Sesabamisad, terminis am axali, politikur-iuridiuli mniSvnelobiT xdeba eklesiis Zalauflebis SezRudvisa da saero xelisuflebis monopoliis procesebis invocireba. magram sekularizaciis cneba male am politikur-iuridiul mniSvnelobis farglebs gareTac gava da iqceva filosofiur-istoriuli kategoriad, romlis safuZvelzec sabolood misi sociologiuri operacionalizaciis mcdelobas eqneba adgili. sekularizaciis yvelaze mniSvnelovani filosofiuristoriuli koncefciebi dakavSirebulia me-19 saukunis ori umniSvnelovanesi moazrovnis saxelTan: hegeli da marqsi. xolo me-19 saukunis istoriis filosofiis tradiciasTan wyvetis mcdeloba da sekularizaciis sociologiuri koncefciis SemuSaveba _ socialur mecnierebaTa erT-erTi damfuZneblis, maqs veberis korpusTan. amis Semdeg sekularizaciis cneba aRwevs TeologiaSic, gansakuTrebiT _ qristianuli Teologiis protestantul ganStoebaSi. fridrix gogartenis dialeqtikuri Teologia swored sekularizaciis konceptis aTvisebas gulisxmobs. sekularizmi mniSvnelobaTa es gafarToebatransformacia aris swored erT-erTi mizezi rogorc cnebis popularobisa, ise misi erTmniSvnelovani gansazRvris problemebisa. erTi ram ki unda aRiniSnos: miuxedavad imisa, rom sekularizaciis cneba yovelTvis politikuradaa datvirTuli da, SeiZleba iTqvas, motivirebulic ki, ver vityviT, rom sekularizaciis Teziss mxolod isini gvTavazoben, vinc religiis rols negatiurad afasebs, xolo isini, visac religiisa da eklesiis dacva surs, sekularizaciis Teziss uaryofen. arsebobs SemTxvevebi, rodesac swored rwmenis niadagze warmoSobili koncefciebis SigniT xdeba sekularizaciis Teoriis ganviTareba _ iqneba es Teologiis farglebSi (zemoT dasaxelebuli gogarteni), Tu sociologiisa (devid martini, piter bergeri ). sekularizaciis cnebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani mniSvnelobebis gamoyofas Tu movindomebT, eseni iqneba: a) diferenciacia _ procesi, romlis Sedegadac religia kargavs gavlenas sxva sazogadoebriv sferoebze (politika, xelovneba, mecniereba, samarTali); b) privatizacia _ rodesac am diferenciaciis Sedegad religia adamianis pirad saqmed iqceva da ara _ koleqtiuri cxovrebis aucilebel pirobad; g) religiis mniSvnelobis daknineba _ es ukanaskneli wina ori procesis logikur Sedegad warmoCindeba xolme Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi. araa aucilebeli, sekularizaciis am sami mniSvnelobidan Solidarität }'vh'mksr 44 samive SevinarCunoT. dRevandel dRes, magaliTad, umravlesoba socialur mecnierebaSi moRvawe mkvlevarebisa miiCnevs, rom religiis mniSvnelobis dakninebas sulac ar aqvs adgili _ da am dros xdeba miTiTeba islamis rolze iranSi, protestantuli fundamentalizmis rolze aSS-Si, kaTolicizmze irlandiaSi, induizmze indoeTSi da a. S. magram is, rom religiis mniSvneloba Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSic didia, jer kidev ar niSnavs imas, rom ar momxdara _ im qveynebSi, sadac modernizacia ganxorcielda _ a) sxvadasxva sazogadoebrivi sferoebis diferenciacia da b) religiis privatizacia. TumcaRa, isic unda aRiniSnos, rom arsebobs koncepciebic, romlebic cdiloben, sekularizaciis mesame mniSvnelobac SeinarCunon. ukanaskneli aseTi Teoria, romelic, amasTan, aqamde arsebul yvelaze did empiriul (ZiriTadad raodenobriv kvlevebze dafuZnebul) masalas ajamebs, aris ronald inglhartisa da misi TanamSromlebis mier SemuSavebuli sekularizaciis koncepcia. masze calke Rirs saubari, radgan rogorc winamdebare krebulSi, aseve sxva qarTulenovan publikaciebSic aris nacadi misi miyenebis mcdeloba qarTuli konteqstisaTvis. inglharti RirebulebaTa sistemebis analizs cdilobs. erTi mniSvnelovani ganzomileba RirebulebaTa sistemebs Soris gansxvavebisa aris tradiciulsa da sekularulracionalur Rirebulebebs Soris gavlebuli mijna. es Ñîëiäàðíiñòü solidaroba mijna hyofs sazogadoebebs, sadac religia Zalian mniSvnelovania maTgan, sadac es ase araa. sxva orientaciaTa farTo speqtria dakavSirebuli am gansxvavebasTan. tradiciul sazogadoebebSi mniSvnelovania avtoritetis pativiscema, absoluturi normebi da tradiciuli ojaxuri Rirebulebebi. sazogadoebebi, sadac sekularul-racionaluri Rirebulebebia dominanturi, yvela am punqtSi sapirispiro preferenciebs avlenen. inglhartis mixedviT, arsebobs meore mniSvnelovani ganzomilebac _ esaa gadarCenisa da TviT-gamoxatvis RirebulebaTa sistemebs Soris gansxvaveba. magram religiis analizisaTvis is meoradi mniSvnelobisaa. Cveni konteqstisaTvis ufro sainteresoa Semdegi faqti: RirebulebaTa msoflio rukaze, romelzec 80-ze meti qveyanaa datanili imisda mixedviT, Tu romel RirebulebaTa sistemas aqvs dominanturi adgili TiToeul maTganSi, saqarTvelo zustad SuaSia tradiciulsa da sekularul-racionalur RirebulebaTa RerZze. es imas niSnavs, rom Cven gardamaval etapze vimyofebiT da bolomde arc erT sistemas mivekuTvnebiT, da arc _ meores. Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba Solidarity saxezea garkveulwilad hibriduli RirebulebaTa sistema, romlis asaxsneladac saWiroa ara mxolod ukanaskneli oci wlis manZilze qveyanaSi gauaresebuli socialur-ekonomikuri pirobebis gaxseneba (rac, Tavis mxriv, gavlenas axdens sazogadoebaSi arsebul Rirebulebebze), aramed im faqtisac, rom sabWoTa kavSiris SigniT ganxorcielebuli modernizacia mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeboda modernizaciis dasavluri modelisagan (rasac, rogorc Cans, mohyva rigi tradiciuli tipis sazogadoebrivi struqturebisa da Rirebulebebis Ñîëèäàðíîñòü 45 #3(36) SenarCuneba sabWoTa da postsabWoTa saqarTveloSi). magram davubrundeT isev sekularizaciis Teorias. analizis es modeli efuZneba daSvebas, romlis mixedviTac mocemuli sazogadoebis sekularizaciis done ganisazRvreba mis wevrTa raodenobiT, romlebsac swamT religiuri dogmebisa da romlebic monawileoben religiur praqtikebSi. magram swored es daSvebaa, romelmac bevri Tanamedrove sociologi sekularizaciis Teoriis mTlian uaryofamde miiyvana. iseTi mkvlevarebi, rogorebicaa rodni starki da uiliam beinbriji sekularizacias mecnierulad miTad ganixilaven. saqme isaa, rom Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi morwmuneTa raodenoba sulac ar klebulobs. xolo Tqva sazogadoebaze, rom is sekularizebulia maSin, rodesac misi wevrebis umravlesobas RmerTis swams _ absurdia. metic, es mkvlevarebi eWvis qveS ayeneben rwmenis epoqis proeqcias Sua saukuneebSi. Tu dRevandel evropaSi saeklesio ritualebze daswrebis procentebi maRali ar aris (rac iqca rigi sociologebisaTvis sekularizaciis Tezisis damadasturebel mTavar empiriul masalad), es procentebi arc arasodes yofila maRali _ warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, rom Sua saukuneebSi sazogadoebis yvela wevri religiuri vnebebiT iyo gamsWvaluli, iseTive miTia, rogoric sekularizacia. miuxedevad imisa, rom am warmodgenam ukanasknel aTwleulebSi sakmao gavrceleba sekularizmi moipova, is sulac araa saboloo ganaCeni sakiTxis Sesaxeb. zemoT ukve iyo saubari imaze, rom termin `sekularizacias~ ramdenime mniSvneloba aqvs. misi erTerTi mniSvneloba ki miuTiTebs religiis rolis Secvlaze sazogadoebis SigniT. es bevrad ufro saintereso da perspeqtiuli midgomaa, romlis mravali versiac arsebobs. isini Cvens yuradRebas amaxvileben im garemoebaze, rom religiam namdvilad dakarga raRac _ esaa sazogadoebis politikuri formis struqturirebis SesaZlebloba. Tu tradiciul sazogadoebaSi religia gansazRvravs socialuri kavSiris ekonomias, Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi religias uxdeba iarsebos wesrigis SigniT, romelic mis mier aRaraa determinirebuli. ganmsazRvreli funqciis dakargva ar niSnavs imas, rom religiebs am sazogadoebriv wesrigze gavlena aRar aqvT _ ubralod es gavlena bevrad ufro gaSualebulia. magaliTisaTvis: Tanamedrove sekularuli demokratiuli sazogadoeba, garkveuli azriT, qristianobis SigniT sekularulisa da sakraluris gamijvnis Sedegia Tanamedrove gamokvlevebi mxolod imas ki ar gvaCvenebs, rom eklesiis roli evropaSi iklebs, aramed imasac, rom rwmenis sazrisi icvleba an ukve Seicvala. saxezea pluralizmi, magram es pluralizmi araa ubralod Segueba im faqtTan, rom sxva adamianebi sxvagvrad fiqroben. ara, esaa Tavad im faqtis integracia, Solidarität }'vh'mksr 46 rom arsebobs sxvagvarad moazrovneebi, Tavad rwmenis aqtSi. pluralizmi, romelic sazogadoebaSi arsebobs rogorc mocemuloba, erTia; magram pluralizmi, rodesac is Tavad rwmenis nawilia, sul sxvaa. esaa gansxvaveba tolerantobas, Semwynareblobas _ rogorc politikur princips Soris, erTi mxriv, da pluralizms, rogorc inteleqtualur princips Soris, meore mxriv. adgili aqvs rwmenis `relativizacias~ anu demokratiis SeRwevas rwmenaSi. amis saboloo Sedegia religiuri rwmenis transformacia identobaSi. morwmune Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi, Tanamedrove sociologebs Tu davujerebT, aRar irCevs religias misi sayovelTao WeSmaritebis gamo, aramed imisTvis, rom gansazRvros sakuTari Tavi, sakuTari subieqturoba. axali tipis morwmune ar cdilobs, sxvebi moaqcios sakuTar rwmenaze. metic, is arc amtkicebs sakuTari religiis upiratesobas, magram verc imas itans, Tu misi religiis winaaRmdeg kamaToben. Tu am msjelobas davefuZnebiT, maSin SeiZleba ufro advilad gavarkvioT, Tu ra risi gamomwvevia: `subieqturi sekularizacia~ (anu morwmuneTa da religiis mimdevarTa ricxvis Semcireba) iwvevs `obieqtur~ sekularizacia (anu religiis ukandaxevas sajaro sferodan) Tu piriqiT? inglhartis koncepcia pirvel pasuxs irCevs, magram ufro daxvewili da kompleqsuri Teoria udaod meore pasuxisaken gadaixreba. struqturu- Ñîëiäàðíiñòü solidaroba li faqtori aris ganmsazRvreli. is SeiZleba iyos gamomwvevi subieqturi religiurobis ukusvlisa, magram es araa aucilebeli. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, sruliad SesaZlebelia situacia, sadac struqturuli cvlileba sazogadoebaSi (anu funqcionaluri diferenciacia sazogadoebis sxvadasxva sferoebs Soris) ganxorcielda, magram amas ar mohyolia morwmuneebis ricxvis kleba. gansxvaveba isaa, rom morwmunes tradiciul sazogadoebaSi sxvagvari rwmena hqonda; is sxva samyaroSi (am sityvis haidegerianuli azriT) cxovrobda. amitom religiurobis raodenobrivi monacemebis analizi aucileblad unda iTvaliswinebdes am Tvisobriv gansxvavebas Zvelsa da axal, tradiciulsa da modernul wesrigebs Soris. desekularizacia am SemTxvevaSi iqneba ara morwmuneTa ricxvis zrda konkretul sazogadoebaSi, aramed mcdeloba, moxdes Tanamedrove demokratiuli wesrigis darRveva religiis, rogorc sazogadoebis politikuri formis mastruqturirebeli faqtoris, SemotaniT. Tavad religia, rogorc erTi sfero sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisa, demokratias araTu ar uSlis xels, aramed xSirad exmareba kidec mas sakuTari normatiuli warmodgenebiT, romlebic iqceva sazogadoebis Rirebulebebis wyarod. dabolos, rogoria saqarTvelos SemTxvevis specifika sekularizaciisa da desekularizaciis procesebis konteqstSi? amis dasadgenad saWiroa Sedareba. Tu Zalian utrirebulad vityviT, tradiciulad islamSi religiuri principi dominirebda politikurze, dasavlur qristianobaSi religiuri da politikuri principebi erTmaneTisgan gayofili iyo (ramac migviyvana Tanamedrove sekularuli sazogadoebis formasTan), xolo aRmosavlur qristianobaSi politikuri principi dominirebs religiurze (bizantiaSi RmerTi imperatoris umcrosi partnioriao, aRniSnavs erTi komentatori). Tu am martiv sqemas daveyrdnobiT, dRes saqarTveloSi saxezea ganviTarebis swored dasavluri modelis Canasaxi. gansxvavebiT ruseTisagan, sadac sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg saxelmwifo da marTlmadidebeli eklesia erTmaneTs isev Seerwya, dRevandel saqarTveloSic saxezea TiTqmis sruli gadafarva, oRond eklesiasa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebas Soris. is gavlena, romelsac eklesia saxelmwifo politikaze axdens, swored am niadagidan amoizrdeba da ara _ piriqiT (gansxvavebuli modelis magaliTad isev ruseTis moyvana SeiZleba, sadac eklesia aris saxelmwifos kidev erTi instrumenti samoqalaqo sazogadoebis gasakontroleblad). Sesabamisad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom dRevandel dRes saqarTveloSi erT-erTi mTavari amocana samoqalaqo sazogadoebasa da eklesias Soris interesebis Tanxvedrisa da gansxvavebis aRmoCena da maT Soris `Tanacxovrebis~ modusis dadgenaa. demokratiul sazogadoebaSi, Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba Solidarity romlis mTavari niSanic pluralobaa, samoqalaqo sazogadoeba ver daemTxveva erT mrevls; magram Tavad samoqalaqo sazogadoeba adamianis Rirsebis, Tavisuflebisa da solidarobis idealebiT sazrdoobs, romelTa wyaroc _ zogjer uSualod, zogjer gaSualebulad _ religiaSi unda veZioT. Ñîëèäàðíîñòü 47 #3(36) REX ET RECTUM qristianuli socialuri moZRvrebis gavlena sabazro ekonomikaze miuxedavad imisa, rom qristianuli rwmena politikur kredos ar warmoadgens, igi mainc iswrafvis imisaken, rom ekonomikisa da sazogadoebis, saxelmwifosa da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis wesrigis CamoyalibebaSi monawileobdes. saxarebaSi da adamianis qristianul xatSi igi xedavs sawyisTa mTel rigs iseTi socialuri da politikuri urTierTobebis formirebisaTvis, romlebic mSvidobis, Tavisuflebis, socialuri samarTlianobisa da politikuri nebis CamoyalibebaSi monawileobis garanti gaxdeba da adamians misi unarebisa da niWis ganviTarebisa da srulyofis saSualebas miscems. KkaTolikur eklesiaSi me-19 saukunidan moyolebuli am sawyisebis sistematizeba socialur moZRvrebaSi xdeboda, ramac Tavisi asaxva pova papebis socialur enciklikebSi, vatikanis me-2 krebis pastoralur konstituciaSi (GAUDIUM ET SPES), episkoposTa regionul da nacionalur konferenciaTa werilebsa da mravalricxovan saxelmZRvanelo saSualebebSi. manfred spikeri ekonomika ekonomikasac, Tuki igi zneobrivi TvalsazrisiT gamarTlebuli unda iqnes, adamianis qristianuli xatidan gamomdinare, qristianuli orientacia sWirdeba. adamiani `mTeli ekonomikis mizezi, centri da mizania~. ekonomikis daniSnuleba adamianis moTxovnilebis dasakmayofileblad saWiro saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebaa. misi mizani Solidarität }'vh'mksr 48 aramarto nedleulis, energiis, kapitalis, samuSao Zalisa da axali teqnologiebis SezRudul resursTa SeZlebisdagvarad optimaluri gamoyenebaa, aramed pirovnebis Rirseuli ganviTarebisTvis materialuri wanamZRvrebis uzrunvelyofac. amgvarad, ekonomika marto rentabelobis kanonebiT marTuli moTxovnisa da miwodebis urTierTmimarTeba ki ara, aramed kulturis monapovaricaa. mogeba da Ñîëiäàðíiñòü solidaroba moxmareba TviTkmari mizani araa da arc maTi zrdaa moTxovnisa da miwodebis saboloo mizani. ekonomika `adamianuri cxovrebis RirebulebaTa yvela sferos~ emsaxureba. misi mizani integraluri humanizmis ganviTarebaa. socialuri sabazro ekonomikis warmmarTvelebi qristianuli socialuri moZRvrebis anTropocentruli orientaciidan da gansakuTrebiT ki ekonomikisa da Sromis miseuli gagebidan, ekonomikuri wesrigis Semdegi warmmarTvelebi gamomdinareoben: 1. Tavisufleba ekonomika adamianis pirovnuli Tavisuflebis gaTvaliswinebiT unda aigos. Tavisufali ekonomikuri wesrigi ki iseT marTlwesrigs moiTxovs, romelic uzrunvelyofs mewarmeTa Tavisufal iniciativas, swavlisa da muSaobis adgilis, profesiis, saqmiani partnioris, sakuTrebis, konkurenciis, kavSirebis Seqmnisa da satarifo ganakveTebis Sesaxeb molaparakebis arCevanis Tavisuflebas, rac amavdroulad am Tavisuflebis borotad gamoyenebisgan dacvas an, minimum, misi SezRudvis instrumentebs iTvaliswinebs. ekonomika, iseve rogorc nebismieri sxva adamianuri saqmianoba, saxelmwifos mier Seqmnil sferos ar warmoadgens, piriqiT, igi calkeuli adamianebisa da Tavisuflad sakuTrebis ufleba warmoadgens ZiriTad uflebas, romelic `nebismier droSi~ moqmedia, is figurirebs aTi mcnebis meSvide da meaTe mcnebebSi da TviT saganTa bunebis safuZvelSi Zevs. kerZo sakuTreba xels uwyobs `calkeuli adamianisa da misi ojaxis piradi cxovrebis qmnadobisaTvis aucileblad saWiro sivrcis~ arsebobas; `is stimuls aZlevs amocanebisa da pasuxismgeblobis sakuTar Tavze aRebas~ da Camoyalibebuli jgufebis Tavisufali inicitivis cocxali procesia. Tuki saxelmwifo ekonomikaSi ereva, igi amas mxolod ekonomikuri procesis monawileTa Tavisuflebisa da saerTo keTildReobisTvis unda akeTebdes. amitomac `samoqalaqo Tavisuflebis wanamZRvrebs~ ganekuTvneba. warmoSobis momentidan moyolebuli, kerZo sakuTreba pirvel yovlisa adamianis Sromis nayofad, misi fizikuri da sulieri saqmianobis produqtad iTvleboda. kapitali, romelic xSirad Sromis sapirispiro polusadaa gagebuli qristianuli socialuri moZRvrebis mier, agreTve SromasTan Sinagan kavSirSi ganixileba, radganac is, rogorc warmoebis aucilebeli elementi, amavdroulad TaobaTa Sromis nayofs warmoadgens. 2. sakuTreba warmoebis saSualebebze kerZo sakuTreba Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofis fuZemdeblur instruments warmoadgens. qristianuli socialuri moZRvreba yovelTvis darwmunebuli iyo, rom kerZo Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba Solidarity Ñîëèäàðíîñòü 49 #3(36) kerZo sakuTrebis uflebaze aqcentireba calmxrivi da qristianuli socialuri moZRvrebisTvis Seusabamo iqneba, Tuki miwieri sikeTeebis sazogadoebriv daniSnulebaze miTiTebiT ar SevavsebT mas. `miwaze da miwis wiaRSi arsebuli sikeTeebi RmerTma yvela adamianisa da xalxis sargeblobisaTvis Seqmna. amitomac, samarTlianobidan gamomdinare, es qmnili sikeTeebi yvelasTvis xelmisawvdomi unda iyos~. 3. mewarme mewarme, rogorc ekonomikis moqmedi piri, romelic ise aerTianebs kapitalsa da Sromas, teqnikur da komerciul codnas, rom dakmayofilebul iqnes moTxovnileba saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze, qristianul socialur moZRvrebaSi aucilebel profesiul fenas ganekuTvneba, TumcaRa enciklikebSi iSviaTad ixsenieba. qristianuli socialuri moZRvreba ekonomikaSi Tavisufali mewarmeobisa da menejmentis ganmtkicebas, mewarmeobis eTosis Camoyalibebas eswrafvis. mewarmisagan elian mravalmxrivi gonebrivi unarebis flobas, Zlier xasiaTs, fantazias, socialur Segnebas, investiciebisa da kooperaciisaTvis mzadyofnas da axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmnas. mewarmisaTvis aucilebel Tvisebebs warmoadgens `Sromismoyvareoba, sifrTxile savaraudod sarisko situaciebSi, adamianTaSoris urTierTobebSi sandooba da erTguleba, REX ET RECTUM simtkice, romelic saWiroa sawarmosaTvis rTuli da mtkivneuli, magram aucilebeli gadawyvetilebebis realizaciisas~. mewarme aramarto warmoebis moculobis zrdasa da investirebuli kapitalis rentabelobaze unda zrunavdes, aramed adamianis Rirsebis Sesabamis struqturasa da atmosferozec da misi sawarmos socialur da politikur konteqstzec. meore mxriv, qristianuli socialuri moZRvreba Tavisufali mewarmeobisTvis Sesabamisi politikuri da samarTlebrivi garemos Seqmnas eswrafvis. igi saxelmwifos am pirobebis Seqmnisa da dacvisaken mouwodebs, raTa mewarmes zneobrivi wesrigis farglebSi ganviTarebis saSualeba hqondes. 4. marTvaSi monawileobis ufleba marTvaSi muSebis monawileobis ufleba qristianuli socialuri moZRvrebis anTropocentruli orientaciidan gamomdinareobs. Tu adamiani warmoadgens ekonomikis mizezs, centrsa da mizans, Tu Sroma mxolod saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoeba ki ara, aramed pirovnebis ganviTarebis saSualebacaa, maSin yovel muSaks unda hqondes sakuTari saqmianobis gansazRvraSi monawileobis saSualeba. igi unda iyos Sromis procesisa da socialuri wesrigis organizaciis monawile. Tavisi saqmianobisas is Tavs ara mxolod xelmZRvanelis an manqanebis mier marTul obieqtad unda aRiqvamdes, aramed _ subieq- Solidarität }'vh'mksr 50 tadac. amitomac muSebs wili unda hqondeT aramarto sakuTari Sromis nayofSi, aramed im ekonomikuri da socialuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSic, romlebic mniSvnelovania maTTvis da maTi STamomavlobis bedisaTvis. profkavSirebi, rogorc wesi, muSebis instrumentia, romelTa meSveobiTac isini axdenen sakuTari xmis uflebis realizebas upirveles yovlisa satarifo ganakveTebis Sesaxeb molaparakebis dros. profkavSirebis amocanaa `muSakTa arsebiTi interesebis dacva yvela sferoSi, sadac maT uflebebs exebian~. am amocanis saTanadod ganxorcielebas Sesabamisi ganaTlebis mqone, gamocdili gonieri da saerTo keTildReobaze orientirebuli profkavSiruli funqcionerebi sWirdeba. magram profkavSirebma muSebi klasobrivi brZolisken ki ara, socialuri partniorobisken unda waiyvanon. amavdroulad qristianuli socialuri moZRvreba aRiarebs gaficvis, rogorc interesebis dacvis ultima ratio legitimurobas. 5. konkurencia saxelmwifos Carevis nebismieri formis winaSe kerZo konkurenciis upiratesobidan gamomdinare, qristianul socialur moZRvrebaSi sabazro konkurencia sabazro wesrigis mniSvnelovan da Seucvlel instrumentad iTvleba. misi pozitiuri gavlena ganviTarebis xelSewyobasa da adamianTa Ñîëiäàðíiñòü solidaroba Zalisxmevis dafasebaSi mdgomareobs, xolo misi Sesustebis an ararsebobis negatiuri Sedegi, rogorc wesi, arasakmarisi materialuri uzrunvelyofa, agreTve demokratiul TavisuflebaTa likvidaciaa. `iq, sadac ar arsebobs calkeul adamianTa kerZo iniciativa, politikurad batonobs tirania; iq ganuviTarebeli rCeba calkeuli ekonomikuri sferoebi; iq aTasobiT samomxmareblo saqonlisa da momsaxurebis naklebobaa, iseTebisa, romlebzedac sxeuli da sulia damokidebuli~. konkurenciis CarCopirobebis gansazRvrisas kanonmdebeli valdebulia administraciuli an sagadasaxado samarTlis meSveobiT zrunavdes aramarto bazris gamWvirvalobis SenarCunebaze, monopoliebis Camoyalibebis Tavidan acilebaze da namdvili konkurenciis xelSewyobaze, aramed imazec, rom konkurencia ZiriTadi eTikuri Rirebulebebis warmateba, pirvel yovlisa damokidebulia ara kanonmdebelze, aramed individuumebisa da sazogadoebriv gaerTianebaTa, maT Soris sawarmoTa mier sakuTar Tavze iniciativis aRebisaTvis mzadyofnasa da Sedegebis miRwevis unarze. saxelmwifo adamianis da adamianTa gaerTianebebis subsidiaa da ara substituti. tebas sazrdos mosapoveblad, aramed pirovnuli ganviTarebis saSualebas da sayovelTao keTildReobis wanamZRvarsac. iZulebiTi umuSevroba mZime tvirTia. umuSevarTaTvis es niSnavs Semosavlis dakargvas, socialuri kontaqtebis Sewyvetas, droTa ganmavlobaSi ki kooperaciuli da komunikaciuri unarebis, agreTve sakuTari Zalebis rwmenis klebas. sazogadoebisaTvis umuSevroba niSnavs aramarto socialuri produqtis Semcirebas, aramed socialuri tvirTis matebas da socialuri konfliqtebis gamwvavebasac. sruli dasaqmebis uzrunvelyofis an umuSevrobis likvidaciis saSualebebi, umuSevrobis gamomwvevi mravali mizezis Sesabamisad, mravalgvari unda iyos. am sferoSi saWiroa saxelmwifosa da satarifo sakiTxebSi partniorTa Zalisxmeva. humanuri da efeqturi ekonomikuri wesrigisTvis mniSvnelovania moqalaqeTa Sromisunarianoba da SromisaTvis mzadyofna, agreTve solidarobis grZnobis qona. am sferoSi socialuri saxelmwifos organizaciis sistemasTan erTad mniSvnelovania aRzrdisa da ganaTlebis ganviTarebuli sistemis arseboba. 7. socialuri saxelmwifos funqciuri sistemis saWiroeba da sazRvrebi 6. sruli dasaqmeba sruli dasaqmeba humanuri sazogadoebis pirobaa, radganac Sroma warmoadgens aramarto gardauval boro- Tu saxelmwifo pasuxismgebelia sayovelTao keTildReobaze, maSin is Ramis guSagis roliT ar unda Semoifarglos. socialuri funqciebis Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba Solidarity meSveobiT igi xels unda uwyobdes sakuTari moqalaqeebis individualuri cxovrebis ganviTarebas. qristianul socialur moZRvrebas saxelmwifo yovelTvis socialur saxelmwifod warmoedgina. savaldebulo dazRvevis an sxva Sesaferisi saSualebebiT saxelmwifom unda Seqmnas garantiebi, raTa Semosavlis dakargvam, rac SeiZleba avadmyofobiT, invalidobiT, umuSevrobiT an asakiT iyos gamowveuli, mSromeli da misi ojaxi siRatakeSi ar Caagdos; igi unda exmarebodes im ojaxebs, romlebsac bavSvebis dabadebis gamo damatebiTi xarjebi aqvT; man unda uzrunvelyos sasicocxlo minimumi maTTvis, vinc amas saWiroebs; man unda Searbilos metismetad didi socialuri uTanasworoba da uzrunvelyos Sromisa da samuSao adgilis Rirseuli gaformeba. socialuri saxelmwifos Sromis sistema pirdapirproporciuladaa dakavSirebuli saxelmwifos socialur stabilurobasTan. Tavisi miRwevebis dasafinanseblad saWiro saxsrebi socialurma saxelmwifom jer unda gamoimuSaos. am saxsrebis gamomuSavebas xeli rom ar SeeSalos, socialurma saxelmwifom miznebis, moculobebisa da dafinansebis TvalsazrisiT Tavisi miRwevebi ise unda gaaformos, rom mewarmeTa da gadasaxadis gadamxdelTa kerZo iniciativa ar SezRudos, anu bazarTan Tanaarseboba SeZlos. da bolos, man Tavisi saqmianoba samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos formiT unda SemozRudos, raTa igi ganWvretadi iyos Ñîëèäàðíîñòü 51 #3(36) rogorc maTTvis, visac tvirTad awveba, aseve imaTTvisac, visac exmareba. 8. ganviTarebisa da teqnikis aucilebloba da sazRvrebi qristianul socialur moZRvrebaSi ekonomikuri ganviTareba da teqnika, rogorc saerTo keTildReobis saSualeba da fizikuri da kulturuli cxovrebis gaumjobesebis instrumenti, yovelTvis dadebiTad fasdeboda. civilizaciis mimarT skefsissa da teqnikisadmi mtrul damokidebulebas qristianuli socialuri moZRvreba mxars ar uWers. ganviTarebisa da teqnikis dadebiTi Sefasebis amosaval wertils warmoadgens bibliaSi RmerTis mier adamianisTvis micemuli davaleba, rom daufleboda dedamiwas. amgvarad yovel adamians aqvs bunebrivi resursebiTa da energiiT sargeblobis ufleba da movaleoba, raTa daeuflos samyaros da ganaviTaros Tavisi cxovreba. magram bibliuri Sesaqmedan imavdroulad momdinareobs kidev erTi davaleba, kerZod is, rom adamiani gaufrTxildes dedamiwas da ise moepyros mas, rogorc memkvidreobas, romelic momaval Taobebs unda gadasces. teqnika warmoadgens ara damoukidebel mizans, aramed msoflios humanizaciis, adamianis cxovrebis ganviTarebis saSualebas. Tuki teqnika damoukidebel miznad an ubralod mogebis gazrdis saSualebad REX ET RECTUM iqceva, maSin is ukve adamianis mokavSire ki ara, mowinaaRmdege gaxdeba. Sesabamisad, adamiani teqnikis batonidan mis monad gadaiqceva. 9. mesame samyaros qveynebi da ganviTarebaSi daxmareba CrdiloeTsa da samxreTs Soris konfliqti safrTxes uqmnis msoflios erTianobas, romelze zrunvac eklesiis erT-erTi amocanaa. mesame samyaros qveynebs marto imitom ki ar unda davexmaroT, rom amas moyvasis siyvaruli moiTxovs, aramed imis gamoc, rom es saWiroa saerTaSoriso samarTlianobisa da msoflioSi mSvidobis uzrunvelsayofad. enciklikisaTvis `Populorum Progressio~ ganviTareba mSvidobis axal saxels warmoadgens. qristianuli socialuri moZRvreba yovelTvis darwmunebuli iyo, rom mesame samyaros qveynebis ganviTareba marto industriulad ganviTarebuli qveynebis sazrunavi ar aris. am saqmeSi mTavari pasuxismgebloba Tavad ganviTarebad qveynebs ekisrebaT, sakuTari ekonomikuri progresisa da socialuri aRmavlobisaTvis ZiriTadi samuSao maT Tavad unda Seasrulon. amgvarad, mesame samyaros qveynebis ganviTarebis sakiTxisTvis mniSvnelovania aramarto solidarobis, aramed subsidiurobis principic. aucilebelia agreTve ganviTarebadi qveynebis kulturuli Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswineba, raTa maT Tavs ar moaxvion Solidarität }'vh'mksr 52 ucxo cxovrebis stili, magaliTad, Sobadobis regulirebis sakiTxSi. ganviTarebad qveynebSi aris aramarto kvebis produqtebis, aramed sazogadoebaSi ganaTlebisa da samewarmeo suliskveTebis ganviTarebis, institutebis iseTi reformirebis saWiroeba, romelic gamoricxavs korufcias da avtoritarul reJims da maT demokratiuli monawileobis qristiani da ekonomika qristianuli socialuri moZRvreba acnobierebs, rom ekonomikuri wesrigis miRweva mxolod wesrigis principebis meSveobiT SeuZlebelia. qristianis monawileoba damokidebulia aramarto rwmenaze, aramed saqmis codnaze, profesiul kompetenturobaze. amitomac qristianma, gansakuTrebiT ki Temis wevrma, romelic ekonomikaSia dasaqmebuli, Tavisi rwmena sakuTari profesiuli aqtiurobiT unda daamowmos. igi movalea Tavis profesiul Sromas da Tavis saqmianobas mewarmeTa da muSaTa kavSirebSi, profkavSirebSi, politikasa Tu mecnierebaSi, rwmenis aRsarebis saxe misces da yvela gadawyvetilebaSi, romelic warmoebas, vaWrobas, tarifebs an marTlwesrigs exeba, aqcenti ekonomikis anTropocentrul orientaciaze gaakeTos. Targmna zaza imerliSvilma Ñîëiäàðíiñòü politikuri eqsplikaciebi solidaroba saqarTvelos sabWoTa memkvidreoba ibeWdeba jon hopkinsis univrsitetis gamomcemlobis nebarTviT Fairbanks, Charles H. "Georgia's Soviet Legacy". Journal of Democracy 21:1 (2010), 144-151. © 2010 National Endowment for Democracy and The Johns Hopkins University Press. Carlz fernbeqsi baltiis sami respublikis garda, axal saxelmwifoebs, romlebic sabWoTa kavSiris ngrevis Semdeg warmoiSvnen, seriozuli sirTuleebi hqondaT demokratiis miRwevis gzaze. am sirTuleebis gasagebad yvelaze cxadi, magram naklebad gamoyenebuli meTodi, samocdaaTwliani sabWoTa politikuri memkvidreobis Seswavlaa. am saqmis dasawyebad saqarTvelo kargi magaliTia, vinaidan is konsolidirebuli demokratiis imedis momcem kandidatad ganixileboda da radgan (ruseTisa da sxva bevri respublikebisagan gansxvavebiT) igi Tavisufalia sabWoTa mmarTvelobis `gangrZobiTobis~ TvalSisacemi kvalisagan. amitom saqarTvelos magaliTze gakeTebuli analizi SesaZloa naadrevi iyos sxva postsabWoTa respublikebTan Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba Solidarity mimarTebiT, magram is mainc relevanturi iqneba, Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT maT Soris arsebul gansxvavebebs. evraziis postkomunisturi qveynebi komunisturi warsulisadmi damokidebulebebiT gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan. sabWoTa kavSiris droindeli komunisturi partia aRar arsebobs da xandaxan sityva partiis gamoyenebasac ki gaurbian. yvela instituciuri forma demokratiulia: hyavT prezidentebi SezRuduli uflebebiT, aqvT parlamentebi, sasamarTlo, kerZo biznesi da, rogorc wesi, kerZo mflobelobaSi arsebuli media. Cveulebrivi adamianebi sabWoTa wnexis Semdgeg mopovebul Tavisuflebis gancdas sxvadasxvagvarad avlenen _ mogzauroben sazRvargareT, uars amboben Ñîëèäàðíîñòü 53 #3(36) manqanaSi Rvedebis Sekvraze, TiTqos maTTvis, ubralod, autaneli iyos yvelanairi SezRudva. adamianebi mTavrobas aRiqvamen rogorc raRac ucxos, Tavsmoxveulsa da binZurs. mTavrobisadmi siZulvili da undobloba Cveulebrivi movlenaa arakomunistur avtoritarul reJimebsa da demokratiebSic ki, magram es grZnobebi arsad ar aris iseTi Zlieri, rogorc postsabWoeTSi. marTalia, am situaciaze iSviaTad msjeloben, magram faqtia, rom ara mxolod postkomunisturi sazogadoebebi, aramed postkomunisti mmarTvelebic ganicdian sabWoeTidan gadmoyolil am grZnobas. Rvedebis Sekvrisa ar iyos, ras ver itans da ras gamoyavs wyobidan arCeuli prezidenti? pirvel yovlisa kanonis uzenaesobas, yvela instituciuri CarCoTi, biurokratiuli rutiniTa da am yvelaferTan dakavSirebuli CvevebiTurT. postsabWoTa qveynebSi sabWoTa politikis ZiriTadi elementebi, ideologiis CaTvliT, ukvalod gaqra. axalgazrduli organiaciebis saxelebi, `kmara~ da `droa~, romlebic 2003 wlis vardebis revoluciisas saqarTveloSi da 2004 wlis narinjisferi revoluciisas ukrainaSi gamoCndnen, im idealebis miuReblobas gamoxataven, romlebic komunizmis Semdgom politikas gansazRvravda am qveynebSi. saqarTveloSi mmarTvel nacionalur moZraobas aqvs raRac ideologiis msgavsi, rwmenaTa sistema, romelic politikuri eqsplikaciebi tradiciebisadmi garkveuli antipaTiiT, vesternizaciisadmi ndobiTa da Tavisufali bazrisadmi nominaluri rwmeniT ganisazRvreba, magram am ideologiuri Tu kvaziideoliuri Sexedulebebis realuri mniSvneloba Zneli Sesafasebelia. gaqra ideisadmi an momavlisadmi Sewirvis sabWouri rwmena, gaqra partiuli nebis morCilebisa da partiis xazis ucdomelobis warmodgenebic. amis nacvlad politikaSi oportunizmi Warbobs, rac principebis naklebobaze miuTiTebs. am udidesi transformaciis dadebiTi mxare is aris, rom gaqra akrZalvebic adamianebis piradi cxovrebis TavisuflebaSi. TiTqmis mTel postkomunistur sivrceSi mTavrobebi Seicvala sabWoTa kavSiris Semdeg, magram isini mainc hgvanan stalinur (da Semdeg sabWoTa) reJimebs imiT, rom Zalaufleba erTi adamianis xelSia koncentrirebuli, romelic morCili samTavrobo partiis an partiebis, sakanonmdeblo organosa da sasamarTlos saSualebiT marTavs qveyanas (gamonaklisia ukraina da moldova, sadac prezidentebs ar aqvT saSualeba akontrolon parlamenti an Zlieri opozicia). saqarTveloSi mixeil saakaSvilma ajoba yvela Tavis postsabWoTa mezobels sust da korumpirebul mmarTvelobaze ieriSis mitaniT. igi Zalian warmatebuli iyo Tavisi xalxisaTvis Zlieri saxelmwifos ganaxlebis an Tavidan aSenebisa da qveda donis oficialuri korufciis mospobis saqmeSi. Solidarität }'vh'mksr 54 qarTuli sazogadoeba da qarTvelebis piradi cxovreba Tavisufalia saxelmwifos mxridan Carevisagan, magram, rogorc Cans, saakaSvilis erT-erTi saxelmZRvanelo principia realurad damoukidebeli ar darCes arcerTi msxvili potenciuri politikuri Zalauflebis wyaro (gamonaklisia media dedaqalaqSi, saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesia da Teatri). 2007 wlis seqtembridan noembramde nacionaluri moZraoba pirvelad dadga Zalauflebis SenarCunebis seriozuli gamowvevis winaSe. rodesac yofili ministri irakli oqruaSvili daimuqra gaeca saakaSvilis saidumloebebi, mTavrobis reaqcia mZafri iyo: daakaves erT dros Tavdacvisa da Sinagan saqmeTa ministri, TavdebisaTvis daadebines 7 milioni dolari, Tanamdebobebidan gaaTavisufles da zogierT SemTxvevaSi daiWires misi momxreebi, misi iZulebiTi monaniebis videoaRsareba, romelic Zalian hgavda sabWoeTis droindelebs, gaavrceles mediasaSualebebiT, igi aiZules xeli aeRo politikaze da gaqceuliyo sazRvargareT. rodesac am qmedebebma demonstraciebi gamoiwvia, romlebic udidesi iyo vardebis revoluciis Semdeg (risi gameorebis imedic opozicias albaT hqonda kidec), mTavrobam miuSva policia da uxeSad gausworda SeuiaraRebel demonstrantebs, daxura erTdaerTi damoukidebeli televizia, romelic mTeli qveynis masStabiT mauwyeblobda, opoziciis nawili Ñîëiäàðíiñòü solidaroba ruseTis specsamsaxurebTan TanamSromlobaSi daadanaSaula da zogierTi maTganis qonebis konfiskaciac moaxdina. pirveli realuri daZabulobis Sedegebi da opoziciis mTavari nawilis represireba tovebs STabeWdilebas, rom mTavrobas ar surs daTmos Zalaufleba. saqarTvelos sisustem 2008 wlis ruseTTan omSi aiZula Tbilisi daTmobebze wasuliyo dasavleli patronebis winaSe, magram xelisuflebis uari, aRedgina damoukidebeli televiziis mauwyebloba, mainc ZalaSi tovebs adreul STabeWdile- bebs. amasobaSi opozicia cdilobs gadaayenos mixeil saakaSvili quCis aqciebiT, anu im gziT, rasac erT dros Tavad saakaSvili mimarTavda SevardnaZis winaaRmdeg. mTavrobis Secvlis idea normaluri SejibriT saarCevno yuTebTan jer kidev momavlis fiqrad rCeba da demokratiis konsolidaciisken mimaval gzas gvaSorebs. gulaxdilad rom iTqvas, arCevnebisadmi interesis dakargva SeiZleba gamoewvia 2008 wlis 5 ianvris riggareSe saprezidento arCevnebs, rodesac saeWvod daemTxva Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba Solidarity erTmaneTs eTnikuri umciresobebiT dasaxlebuli regionebidan (im regionebidan, romlebsac xelisuflebisadmi xmis micemis xangrZlivi istoria aqvs) saakaSvilisTvis micemuli Zalian bevri xma da aqtivobis Zalian maRali maCvenebeli. amgvari sqema gaTamaSda 2003 wlis arCevnebis drosac, rac win uZRoda vardebis revolucias, rodesac SevardnaZis saarCevno blokma yvelaze cudi Sedegi TbilisSi aCvena da saukeTeso Sedegebi _ eTnikuri umciresobebiT dasaxlebul regionebSi. mmarTvelobis 5 wlis ganmavlobaSi naciona- Ñîëèäàðíîñòü 55 #3(36) lurma moZraobam xelidan gauSva Sansi gamxdariyo konstituciaze dafuZnebuli partia. nacvalad amisa man arCia Tavisuflad gamoeyenebina saxelmwifos mTeli resursi. 2008 wlis ianvris arCevnebis dawvrilebiTi statistikuri analizi da egzitpolis Sedegebi gvkarnaxobs, rom garkveuli manipulaciebis gareSe prezidenti ver SeZlebda pirvelive turSi xmebis 53,4 procentiT gamarjvebas.1 eWvgareSea, rom saakaSvilma bevriT gauswro masTan yvelaze axlos mdgom konkurents da rom meore turSi didi upiratesobiT gaimarjvebda, magram meore turi ar iqna daSvebuli. Zalauflebis dakargvis yovelgvari riskis aRmofxvram demokratiis legitimurobis SenarCunebis yovelgvar mcdelobaze upiratesi Zala SeiZina. amaSi Cven SegviZlia davinaxoT komunistebis `operaciuli kodis~ (an taqtikuri principebis) maqsima, rasac naTan leiTsi `resursebze dayrdnobas~ uwodebs.2 2008 wlis 21 maisis saparlamento arCevnebi naklebad manipulirebuli iyo, nacionalurma moZraobam didi angariSiT moigo, rac xalxis politikur pasiurobaSi gadasvlaze miuTiTebda, iseve, rogorc nacionaluri moZraobis mxridan saxelisuflo resursebis srulad gamoyenebazec. opozicia, media da sasamarTlo opoziciis Tavad arsebobac ki mowmobs im avtoritetze, politikuri eqsplikaciebi romliTac dasavluri institutebi sargebloben saqarTveloSi. xelisuflebam icis, rom garesamyarosaTvis igi opoziciis myoled unda aRiqmebodes da amitom ramdenime dapatimrebiT da darbeviT ifargleba da mkvlelobamde, jerjerobiT yovel SemTxvevaSi, saqme ar midis. es yovelive ar gamodgeba xelisuflebis mudmivi mcdelobis prevenciisaTvis _ dayos, daasustos da akontrolos opozicia. xelisufleba cdilobs opozicias ori wyalgamyofi dauwesos: opozicii arseboba arasdros ar unda Seicavdes realuri Zalauflebis mopovebis safrTxes da Zalaufleba arasdros gadanawildeba namdvil opoziciur elementebze. mxolod 2007 wlis noembris krizisis Semdeg ecada xelisufleba, Tumca uSedegod, moepovebina ramdenime opoziciuri lideris keTilganwyoba maTTvis ministris porTfelebis SeTavazebiT. xelisuflebis ufro mdgradi strategia iyo morCili da saxelmwifoze damokidebuli `saRi azris mqone~ opoziciis Seqmna, romelic mravalpartiulobis gancdas Seqmnida da amavdroulad SezRudavda partiebs Soris aqtualur konkurencias. am mcdelobis aSkara warmateba iyo giorgi TargamaZis, teleimedis politikuri gadacemebis direqtoris, gadabireba. mas Semdeg, rac xelisuflebam telekompania `imedi~ daxura, TargamaZem uceb ukuagdo daumorCilebeli opozicioneris poza da mistikurad dafinansebuli qristianul- Solidarität }'vh'mksr 56 demokratiuli moZraoba Camoayaliba. am moZraobam xelisuflebas demokratiuli legitimacia misca, daqsaqsa opozicia da CaSala parlamentis boikotireba. ra Tqma unda, `jibis opozicia~ im qveynebSic arsebobs, sadac postkomunisturi reJimebi ar aris, magaliTad, suhartos `axali wyoba~ indoneziaSi, magram iq es mainc iSviaTobaa. `damjeri~ opoziciis Seqmna saqarTveloSi konspiraciuli komunisturi meTodebiT mowinave jgufebSi muSaobis xangrZlivmoqmed gavlenaze miuTiTebs. sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblisa da ramdenime gazeTis garda, media nominalurad kerZo mflobelebis xelSia da sxva postsabWoTa respublikebze metad axerxebs gamoxatos opoziciuri azri. magaliTad, 2008 wlis saparlamento arCevnebis mimdinareobisas sakabelo televizia `maestrom~ ramdenjerme aCvena satiruli videoklipi, sadac prezidenti saakaSvili imperator neronad iyo warmoCenili. da mainc, miuxedavad imisa, rom sabWoTa drois Semdeg bevri ram Seicvala, raRac saeWvo mainc rCeba. sabWoTa kavSiris ZiriTadi mediaorganoebi `izvestia~ da `pravda~ xSirad komunisturi elitis sxvadasxva dajgufebebs Soris brZolis Zlevamosil iaraRad gamoiyeneboda da xSirad aSkarad an iribad esxmoda Tavs sxvadasxva lidersa Tu politikas. 2007 wlidan saqarTvelos mTavrobam yvela satelevizio Ñîëiäàðíiñòü solidaroba mauwyebloba Tbiliss gareT `megobrul xelSi~ moiqcia. realurad damoukidebeli mxolod mciretiraJiani gazeTebia da televiziebi, romlebic Tbiliss gareT, satelitebis meSveobiT, mauwyebloben. xelisuflebas sxvadasxva manevris Catareba dasWirda, raTa jer daexura, Semdeg kanonierad moexdina konfiskacia da bolos ekontrolebina `imedi~, ase rom, axla aRar arsebobs damoukidebeli mauwyeblobis qseli, romlis yurebac mTel saqarTveloSia SesaZlebeli. amgvari magaliTebi gavrcelebulia im qveynebSic, romlebic sabWoTa warsuls ar iziareben. saqarTvelos politikaSi yvelaze naklebad damoukidebeli seqtori sasamarTloa. saqmeebSi, romlebic metnaklebad politikuria, ar arsebobs xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg miRebuli gadawyvetileba. konsolidirebul demokratiebSi sasamarTlo yvelaze nakleb prognozirebadi, parlamentis, eleqtoratis, mediisa da biznesis gavlenebisgan damoukidebeli institutia. postsabWoTa sivrceSi ki piriqiT, sasamarTlo xerxemliTaa mibmuli prezidentebze, romlebic dauRalavad cdiloben centralizebuli avtokratiuli kontroli daamyaron. aRmasrulebelTa gadaWarbebul Zalauflebas, ra Tqma unda, arakomunisturi warsulis mqone qveynebSic kargad icnoben, magram iq sasamarTlo aRmasrulebelTa kontroli arasodes aRwevs iseT xarisxs, rogorc es postsabWoTa qveynebSi xdeba. saukuneebis manZilze sasamarTloebi centraluri Zalauflebis Semkaveblebi iyvnen. marqsizmisTvis ki, meore mxriv, kanoni individebsa da partiebze maRla mdgomi Zala ki ar iyo, aramed _ klasobrivi dominaciis niRabi. komunisturi partiis pirveli mdivnebisaTvis `satelefono samarTali~ Cveulebrivi movlena iyo. sabWoTa droisgan gansxvavebiT, fulis gakeTebas an dakargvas dRevandel qarTul politikaSi Zalian mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs. sakuTrebis ufleba didad dafasebuli ar aris, iseT SemTxvevebSic ki, romlebic pirdapir ar ukavSirdebian politikas. konfiskacia iaraRad iqna gamoyenebuli opoziciis ZiriTadi damfinanseblis winaaRmdeg. xelisuflebam kargad icis im damaSinebeli efeqtis Sesaxeb, rasac finansuri policia axdens. saakaSvilma miiRo sakmarisi dafinanseba (bevri biznesinteresisgan), raTa 2008 wlis saprezidento arCevnebze daexarja samjer meti, vidre es misma yvelaze popularulma mowinaaRmdegem SeZlo. qonebis CamorTmevis praqtika politikuri angariSsworebisTvisac gamoiyeneba. rodesac 2008 wlis aprilSi parlamentis spikerma nino burjanaZem uari Tqva sakuTari kandidatura wamoeyenebina imave postze, mas feSenebeluri vila simbolur fasad gadaeca, xolo rodesac burjanaZe imave wels opozicias SeuerTda, sagadasaxado policiam da sasamarTlom Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba Solidarity uceb `aRmoaCina~, rom mis saxlsa da miwas realurad didi fasi hqonia. es qoneba axla auqcionze iyideba. albaT unda davfiqrdeT, Tu ras migvaniSneben amgvari epizodebi _ rogoria politikosebis (xelisuflebisa Tu opoziciis warmomadgenelTa) piradi da samoqalaqo motivebi. saqarTveloSi, iseve rogorc bevr konsolidirebul demokratiaSi, simdidre politikuri gavlenebis mopovebis SesaZleblobas iZleva, magram saqarTveloSi politikuri Zalauflebis qona simdidris moxveWis mokle gzac aris. es did gavlenas axdens politikuri elitis motivebze, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac gadanawilebuli da droebiT daTmobili Zalaufleba SeiZleba prezidentisa da misi momxreebis saukeTeso politikur interesebSi Sediodes. rodesac kanonis uzenaesoba ar arsebobs, Zalauflebis daTmoba sariskoa Seni da Seni gundis simdidrisaTvis. ironiulad rom SevxedoT, simdidris mopoveba, rogorc postkomunisturi politikis faqtori (mxedvelobaSi rom miviRoT, magaliTad, privatizaciis Sedegad miRebuli uamravi qoneba) ukvdavyofs komunisturi politikis ZiriTad struqturul imperativs: aqcenti Zalauflebis centralizebul monopoliaze. am imperativis kidev erTi gamovlinebaa oponentebisTvis zianis momtani da maTi madiskreditirebeli informaciis gavrcelebis praqtika. Ñîëèäàðíîñòü 57 #3(36) opozicionerebi _ mediamflobelebi Salva ramiSvili da badri patarkaciSvili, aseve konservatiuli partiis lideri koba daviTaSvili _ gaxdnen amgvari politikisa da zog SemTxvevaSi dapatimrebis msxverplni, makomprometirebeli (xandaxan redaqtirebuli) video da audio Canawerebis gamoqveynebis Semdeg. kompromati an negatiuri informaciis gamoyeneba mtris dasamarcxeblad erTob sabWouri wesia. sabWoTa kavSirSi politikuri moTamaSeebi agrovebdnen kompromatebs TavianTi mowinaaRmdegeebis korufciaSi CarTulobis an saeWvo kavSirebis Sesaxeb da elodebodnen xelsayrel dros maT gamosaqveyneblad. nikita xruSCovis destalinizaciis kampaniac da mixeil gorbaCovis `glasnostic~ amgvari kompromatebis etapebi iyo. skandalis es iaraRi, marTalia, ar aris Zalian ucxo, magram arc aseTi TvalSisacemia dasavlur demokratiebSi, naklebad mimarTaven mas komunisturi warsulis armqone avtoritarul qveynebSic. undobloba da konspiraciis SiSi saqarTveloSi rwmena imisa, rom yvelaferi, rac xdeba, scenis miRma Catarebuli maqinaciebis Sedegia, Rrmad aris gamjdari adamianebis cnobierebaSi. ara mxolod prezidenti saakaSvili adanaSaulebda `ucxo Zalebs~ im demonstraciebSi, romlebic misma policiam 2007 wels Zalis gamoyenebiT daarbia, politikuri eqsplikaciebi Cveulebrivi studentebic ki mTeli seriozulobiT mimtkicebdnen, rom maT qveyanaSi araferi _ ruseTTan omis CaTvliT, ar xdeba amerikis xelisuflebis nebis gareSe. saqarTvelos xelisuflebas, mis oponentebs da saqarTvelos mosaxleobis did nawils Seyrili aqvs undoblobis virusi, romelic, rogorc Cans, marqsistuli `undoblobis hermenevtikisgan~ aris nasesxebi; amgvari hermenevtika nakleb yuradRebas aqcevda cxad Rirebulebebs da mraval fenomens (magaliTad, religias) klasobrivi Cagvris SeniRbul formad ganixilavda. araferi ise Zlier ar gvagonebs sabWoTa politikas, rogorc sityva `provokaciis~ xSiri gamoyeneba; am sityvas yvela iyenebs _ saakaSvilic, maRali rangis oficialuri pirebic, opoziciac. provokacia aris vinmes mier Sens mimarT ganxorcielebuli qmedeba, faruli surviliT, gaiZulos moiqce Seni interesebis sawinaaRmdegod. radgan postsabWoTa politikur brZolebSi amgvari provokaciebi xandaxan marTlac xdeba, es cneba gamoxatavs gadaWarbebul SiSs ar kontroldebode vinmes mier ise, rom amis Sesaxeb araferi icode. es yvelaferi hgavs im Rameul koSmars, amerikam rom Seqmna civi omis winaSe Zrwolis Sedegad _ mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs 1956 wlis filmi `Invasion of the Body Snatchers~. maSinac ki, Tu Cven mier winaswar kargad momzadebuli qmedebebi SeiZleba Cven winaaRmdeg konspiraciiT iyos inicirebuli, Cven mainc Solidarität }'vh'mksr 58 Zalian unda vecadoT davicvaT Cveni Tavi Cveni mtrebis intrigebisagan. saqarTvelos xelisuflebis qmedebebSi SesaZloa amovikiTxoT mcdeloba sagrZnoblad Seasuston Zalauflebis yvela aSkarad konkurentuli centri yvela SesaZlo situaciaSi. es yvelaferi sabWoTa liderebis qmedebebis odnav Sesustebul versias hgavs _ Tumca saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi gaurkvevelia ufro Rrma realobas Zveli versia warmoadgens Tu misi Sesustebuli varianti. politika rCeba nulovan TamaSad (erTi yvelafers igebs, meore yvelafers agebs), sadac sxvisi Zalaufleba Sensas amcirebs, radgan Zalaufleba erTdroulad saSiSicaa da myifec. sxva imgvari Zalis arseboba, romelsac ver akontroleb, moitanda imas, rasac laiTsi `damokidebulebis saSiSroebas~ uwodebda. marTvis ZiriTad stilad klasikuri komunisturi kiTxva rCeba: êòî êîãî?, anu vin vis SeWams? opoziciac xelisuflebas imiT hgavs, rom sakuTar miznad meore mxaris ganadgurebas isaxavs, magram xelisuflebisgan gansxvavdeba am miznis miRwevis saSualebebis arqoniT. 2008 wlis saparlamento arCevnebis Semdeg opoziciis liderma levan gaCeCilaZem mimarTa xalxs: `Cveni mTavari mizania ar mivceT parlaments saSualeba Caataros pirveli sesia, saamisod parlamentSi SeWrac rom dagvWirdes~ _ misTvis damaxasiaTebeli `yvelaferi an araferi~ _ am damokidebulebis tipuri magaliTia. 3 Ñîëiäàðíiñòü solidaroba ZiriTadi problemebi, romlebic xels uSlis demokratias saqarTvelosa da sxva yofil sabWoTa respublikebSi aris: 1) Zalauflebis gamoyeneba qonebis mosapoveblad; 2) kanonis uzenaesobis ararseboba; 3) moqalaqeTa pasiuroba. sabWoeTis danatovari realobis (kanonis uzenaesobis ararseboba) da axali dasavluri institutis (kerZo sakuTreba) kombinacia gansakuTrebiT toqsikuri aRmoCnda demokratiisaTvis. am sasikvdilo miqsturam politikuri Zalaufleba piradi keTildReobis gasaRebad aqcia, namdvili Tavisufali bazris arseboba miuReblad saSiSi gaxada politikuri mmarTvelebisaTvis, gamokveTa sabWoTa droidan Cadebuli SiSi Zalauflebis gavrceleba-gayofisa da radikalurad gazarda Zalauflebis dakargvis fasi. politikuri Zalauflebis gamoyenebiT simdidris mopovebis cdunebis Sansi asustebs yovelgvar svlas kanonis uzenaesobisaken. kanonis uzenaesobis gareSe mmarTvelebis Zalaufleba simdidres badebs, magram amavdroulad is aiZulebs maT mgeli yurebiT eWiroT, radgan Tu ase ar moiqcevian, SesaZloa yvelaferi erTdroulad dakargon. Zalaufleba simdidris mosapoveblad da kanonis uzenaesobis ararseboba _ es ori faqtori did gavlenas axdens gadawyvetilebebis mimRebTa motivebsa da demotivaciebze, rodesac isini arCevans akeTeben (sulerTia Tavidanve, Tu bolo wuTs) daTmon Tu ara Zalaufleba (Tuki saamiso mizezi arsebobs). am mdgomareobaSi neba misce sazogadoebas Secvalos mmarTveleba, saSiSia. postsabWoTa liderebi TavianTi Zalauflebis maqsimalizebas mravali mizezis gamo axdenen; yvelaze Zlieri am mizezebs Soris aris SiSi (Tumca amaze SeiZleba arc fiqrobdnen). es ori problema kvebavs mesame yvelaze seriozul sirTules: moqalaqeaTa yovlismomcveli umweobis grZnoba sabWoeTidan datovebuli damRupveli memkvidreobaa da politikuri pasiuroba misi mxolod erTerTi gamovlineba aris. rodesac cxovreba asea damokidebuli mmarTvelis kaprizebze, kanonis uzenaesobis imedis gareSe, moqalaqeebs uwevT Cixur mdgomareobaSi cxovreba, sadac isini Tavs grZnoben ususurebad, uZlurebad da politikisgan distancirebulad, rac maT moqalaqeobriv TviTrwmenas asustebs. rame rom gavakeToT demokratiisTvis yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi, pirvel yovlisa unda vaRiaroT mtkivneuli simarTle imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra cotas mivaRwieT jerjerobiT da raoden saorWofoa momavalSi am miRwevaTa SenarCunebis Sansi. magram demokratiis kari araviTar SemTxvevaSi daxuruli ar aris. rogorc lukan veim aRniSna, postsabWoTa avtoritaruli reJimebi sustia. postsabWoTa mmarTvelebma memkvidreobiT miiRes cinikuri da qedmaRluri damokidebuleba TavianT mimdevarTa mimarT, rac am ukanasknelT Tavis mxriv umadurebad da veragebad aqcevs. magram aq aRwerili sabWoTa memkvidreoba mokvdeba, radgan is ar aris gamyarebuli religiuri tradiciiT, gansxvavebiT im qveynebisgan, sadac islamia Zlieri. TaobaTa warmatebuli cvla aucileblad moitans axal demokratiul SesaZleblobebs postsabWoTa samyaroSi. SeniSvnebi: 1 2 3 Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba manipulaciis xarisxis srulad gasagebad unda mivmarToT `euTosa~ da msgavsi monitoringis jgufebis angariSebs (Tumca aucilebeli ar aris maT bolomde vendoT). amgvari angariSebi, rogorc wesi, avlenen axlad gamogonebul ucnaur Sedarebas mzardad `ukeTes~ da mzardad `uares~ arCevnebs Soris. misi mizania daifaros Rrma diqotomia, romelic arsebobs xalxis mier micemul xmasa da mTavrobis nebas Soris _ gansazRvros Sedegebi. faqtobrivad `euTosa~ da msgavsi jgufebis sapreskonferencio gancxadebebsa da winaswar angariSebze did gavlenas axdenen delegaciis xelmZRvanelebi da mTavrobebi, romlebic diplomatiur miznebs isaxaven. saboloo angariSebi (romlebic sakmaod gvian qveyndeba saimisod, rom raime praqtikuli Sedegi iqonion) bevrad ufro pirdapiria. saerTo jamSi, saerTaSoriso monitoringi Zalian mniSvnelovania demokratiisaTvis, magram maT diskreditaciis safrTxe emuqrebaT, rodesac isini cdiloben SeniRbon simarTle, rogorc es moxda 1996 wels boris elcinis xelaxla arCevnebidan 2009 wlis hamid karzais arCevnebamde, romelic cdilobda pirveli raundis gayalbebis Sedegad moepovebina gamarjveba avRaneTSi. Nathan Leites, A Study of Bolshevism (Glencoe, III.: Free Press, 1953), leiTsis es kvleva isev Zalian mniSvnelovania sabWoTa politikuri memkvidreobis gasagebad. ix.GGachechiladze is quoted in opposition Says It Aims to Thwart First Session of New Parliament, Civil Georgia, 26 May, 2008. www.civil.ge/eng/article/php?=18394&search=. Solidarity Ñîëèäàðíîñòü 59 #3(36) politikuri eqsplikaciebi hibriduli reJimis Tvisebebi interviu gia nodiasTan beqa mindiaSvili Tqven saubrobdiT imaze, rom ar SeiZleba hibriduli reJimi didxans SenarCundes, man unda imoZraos demokratiis mimarTulebiT an gadaixaros avtoritarizmisken. rogor fiqrobT, Tu bolo or Tves aviRebT Sesafasebel periodad, avtokratiisken ufro metad aris midrekili Cveni politikuri realoba Tu gvaqvs SesaZlebloba imaze saubrisa, rom gacilebiT meti nabijia gadadgmuli demokratiisken. jerjerobiT, mgoni, ver vityviT, avtokratiisken aris Solidarität }'vh'mksr 60 midrekili es yvelaferi Tu demokratiisken, gaaCnia saidan SevxedavT. am etapze hibriduli reJimis Tvisebebs vinarCunebT da jer naadrevia imis Tqmac ki, Tu saiTken mivdivarT. 20 wlis Semdgomi gadmosaxedidan albaT ufro advili iqneba imis garkveva, Tu ra etapze vimyofebiT axla. jer ara varT im wertilSi, roca raRac sicxade arsebobs. bolo wlebSi ra warmateba da winsvlac gvqonda, es ufro im winapirobebis Seqmna iyo, rac demokratias sWirdeba, magram winapiroba ar niSnavs, rom demokratia arsebobs. winapirobaSi vgulisxmob imas, rom arsebobs arcTu ise qmeduunaro saxelmwifo, ris gareSec Zalian Znelia demokratia gqondes, SeiZleba iyos raRac Ñîëiäàðíiñòü solidaroba Tavisuflebebi, magram isini yovelTvis mowyvladi da myife iqneba. ase rom, qmedunariani saxelmwifo aucilebelia. amboben, rom vardebis revoluciam ar gaamarTla Tavisi danapirebi, da gulisxmoben, rom danapirebi iyo demokratia. realurad ki es ar aris marTali. Tu gvaxsovs, revoluciis dros ZiriTadi lozungi iyo saqarTvelo korufciis gareSe. korufcia Zalian bundovani cnebaa, magram zogadad imas niSnavs, rom saxelmwifo, rogorc instituti, Tavis funqciebs ver asrulebs. revolucia amis gamo moxda da ara imitom, rom saqarTvelo ar iyo sakmarisad demokratiuli. amas winaT saakaSvilma amerikaSi Tqva, rom saqarTveloSi demokratiis sakiTxi axla xdeba centraluri da mniSvnelovani. axla laparakobs ufro meti xalxi demokratiaze, rodesac sabaziso sakiTxi Tu mTlianad gadawyvetili ar aris, raRacnairad ZiriTadad mainc mogvarebulia. da kidev, es Zalian arapopularuli saTqmelia, magram 20 wlis Semdegomi gadmosaxedidan SeiZleba agvistos omis Sedegebi CaiTvalos arapirdapir pozitiur faqtorad demokratiis ganviTarebisaTvis; demokratizaciis erT-erTi mTavari winapiroba, rogorc mkvlevarebi aRniSnaven, aris sicxade sazRvrebis Sesaxeb. e.i., saxelmwifos, ers unda hqondes sazRvrebi, anu unda vicodeT geografiulad Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba Solidarity sadamde vrceldeba iurisdiqcia da sad gadis sazRvari meore politikur erTobasTan, anu vin aris saqarTvelos moqalaqe da vin ar aris, esec naTeli unda iyos. iq, sadac es sakiTxebi cxadi ar aris, mniSvnelovnad mcirdeba warmatebuli demokratizacia. obieqturad politikuri moTamaSeebis prioritetad iqceva am sakiTxebis mogvareba. unda gadawyvito afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis sakiTxi, an ase gadawyvito, an _ ise. agvistos omma, marTalia, es ver gadawyvita da misi mogvareba grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi gadaitana, rac TavisTavad cudia, magram aman Seqmna gacilebiT meti sicxade. aRmoCnda, rom Cven am teritoriebs ver vakontrolebT da Ñîëèäàðíîñòü 61 #3(36) didxans ver gavakontrolebT. afxazeTis sakiTxma diplomatiis sferoSi gadainacvla, JenevaSi vawarmoebT molaparakebebs imisaTvis, rom metma aravin aRiaros misi damoukidebloba. saakaSvili gveficeboda, rom am sakiTxs Tavisi mmarTvelobis periodSi gadawyvetda, rac, Cemi azriT, am gadasaxedidan Secdomad moCans, magram es bunebrivi Secdoma, radgan maSin nebismieri qarTveli politikosi, visac surda arCevnebis mogeba, unda dagvpireboda amas. dRes ukve arcerTi WkuaTmyofeli politikosi ar ityvis, am sakiTxs movagvarebo, da arc Cven gveqneba molodini, rom is amas SeZlebs. am problemamac gverdze gadaiwia; es TavisTavad Zalian cudia, magram demokratiuli ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, demokratiuli institutebis asaSeneblad, es kargia. axla ukve SesaZlebelia Cven, erma, sazogadoebrivma jgufebma Tu xelisuflebam prioriteti mivaniWoT demokratiuli institutebis ganviTarebas da es ufro win davayenoT erovnuli miznebis ierarqiaSi. es pozitiuria, magram, meore mxriv, negatiuri SeiZleba iyos is, rom realuri demokratiis sakvanZo faqtori Zalauflebis danawilebaa. Zalauflebis danawileba mxolod saxelisuflo ZalTa konstituciur danawilebas ar emyareba; es erT-erTi mniSvnelovani faqtoria, magram Zalauflebis danawileba mniSvnelovanwilad TviTon politikur elitaSi da sazogadoebaSi pluralizmis arsebobazea damokidebuli politikuri eqsplikaciebi da bolo wlebSi am TvalsazrisiT, konstituciis TvalsazrisiT, ukan davixieT. anu dRes xelisuflebaSi ZalTa gamawonasworebeli naklebi faqtori moqmedebs, vidre rva wlis win moqmedebda. aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba bevrad ufro Zlieria, vidre nebismieri sxva Sto xelisuflebisa, erovnul doneze Tu adgilobriv doneze da sazogadoebrivadac naklebia wonasworoba, anu naklebad Cans Camoyalibebuli interesTa jgufebi Tu sazogadoebrivi agentebi, romelTac SeuZliaT daabalanson xelisufleba. zogierTi tranzitologi wers, rom demokratias win liberaluri reformebi unda uZRodes. me-19 saukunis liberaluri monarqiebi avtokratiuli iyo realurad da Semdeg aman moitana demokratiis SesaZlebloba. magram demokratias axlavs is safrTxe, rom SeiZleba fundamentalisturi, eqstremistuli Zalebi movidnen xelisuflebaSi, da gvaqvs ukrainis magaliTic, sadac rusulma gavlenam mTlianad moaxdina xelisuflebis uzurpacia da is gezi, romelic ukrainas hqonda aRebuli, safrTxis winaSe dgas. ra SeiZleba iTqvas saqarTveloze liberalizmis kuTxiT, Solidarität }'vh'mksr 62 reformebis TvalsazrisiT, ramdenad Sors varT wasuli am mxriv da ramdenad sworad aris gadadgmuli nabijebi? realurad, ra Tqma unda, arsebobs daZabuloba da garkveuli winaaRmdegoba, erTi mxriv, liberalur institutebs da liberalur Rirebulebebsa da, meore mxriv, demokratias Soris. kerZod, demokratia dakavSirebulia masobriv monawileobasTan, anu masebi iqcevian politikis subieqtad da es masebi ufro xSirad SeiZleba ar iyvnen liberalurebi, anu maT sxva prioriteti hqondeT da ara pirovnebis Tavisufleba, kanonis uzenaesoba an Tundac Zalauflebis SezRudva, rac Tanamedrove liberaluri demokratiuli wesrigis safuZvelia. amitom arseboben Teoriebi, romlebic amboben, modi, jer davamyaroT liberaluri wesrigi, sadac kanonis uzenaesobaa mTavari da amazea damokidebuli adamianis, pirovnebis Tavisufleba, agreTve CamovayaliboT saSualo klasi, davZlioT siRaribe, ganaTlebis done avamaRloT da Semdeg ukve usafrTxo gaxdeba demokratia. am dros sazogadoebis didi nawili saSualo klasi xdeba, saSualo klass aqvs is Semwynarebloba, zomiereba da is Rirebulebebi, rac masebs naklebad moepovebaT. amasobaSi viTardeba e.w. Sualeduri institutebi _ politikuri partiebi, interesTa jgufebi, asociaciebi _ da amis Sedegad demokratia anu masobrivi monawileoba naklebad saxifaTo xdeba. me-20 Ñîëiäàðíiñòü solidaroba saukuneSi faSizmis gavrcelebas ukavSireben imas, rom swored am dros moxda evropis ZiriTad qveynebSi sayovelTao saarCevno uflebebis miReba, romelsac maSin yvelaze metad liberaluri partiebi ewinaaRmdegebodnen. amaSi, ra Tqma unda, aris simarTle, magram dRes, Cemi azriT, amaze SeiZleba mxolod Teoriulad visaubroT. warmoudgenelia, rom, magaliTad, SemoviRoT ganaTlebis cenzi arCevnebSi monawileobisaTvis an arCevnebSi monawileoba miiRos mxolod man, visac saxelmwifo biujetSi Seaqvs garkveuli Tanxa. xelisuflebam unda daicvas demokratiis wesebi, magram raRacnairad unda izrunos am sakiTxzec. amitom SeiniSneba gaoreba xelisuflebaSic da sazogadoebaSic, maT Soris mis im nawilSic, romelic xelisuflebas mxars ar uWers. arsebobs garkveuli SiSi, rom, ai, `mTlad~ demokratia rom iyos, mova `greCixa~ an sanikiZe da es Zalian cudia. es realoba arsebobs. cxadia, rom saqarTveloSi demokratiis mxardaWera opoziciis mxridanac ar aris calsaxa. roca opozicia ambobs, rom es xelisufleba marneulma da axalqalaqma airCia, es niSnavs, rom arc opoziciaa demokratiuli, radgan miiCnevs, rom mxolod Tbilisi unda irCevdes, radgan Tbilisi aris namdvili saqarTvelo, namdvili elita da azerbaijanelebi, somxebi da Tundac megrelebi ar arian sando, an `soflelebis~ xmam ratom unda ajobos Tbiliselebis xmas, anu maTi mxridanac aris garkveuli an ekonomikis gaTavisuflebas imisTvis, rom moaxdinos modernizacia iseT qveyanaSi, rogoric Cvenia, xolo konservatiuli Zala amisTvis kulturas iyenebs da faqtobrivad ar tovebs saSualebas sakuTari kulturisgan ixsnas realoba, vinaidan TviTon xdeba am kulturis saxe, da cdilobs uCvenos sazogadoebas, rom is aris misi saxe. Tu SeiZleba am kuTxiT SevafasoT bolo wlebi qarTul politikaSi. ramdenad reformatoruli iyo am TvalsazrisiT xelisufleba? amboben, rom 2007 wlis Semdeg reformebis energiam iklo, reformebi raRac lozungebad iqca da kulturaze gakeTda meti aqcenti. eWvi demokratiuli institutebis mimarT. demokratiaSi igulisxmeba sayovelTao saarCevno ufleba da is, rom nebismier adamians erovnebis, qonebrivi mdgomareobis da azrebis miuxedavad, iseve aqvs erTi xma, rogorc nebismier `elitur~ Tavmomwone adamians. xandaxan Tavad xelisuflebis moqmedeba aris araTanmimdevruli am TvalsazrisiT, vinaidan Tavad xelisuflebasac aqvs gancda, rom is xelisufleba ki aris, magram amave dros opoziciacaa, radgan sazogadoebaSi arsebuli garkveuli tendenciebis mimarT aris opoziciurad ganwyobili da misi funqciaa, rom garkveulwilad Secvalos sazogadoeba. korufciasTan brZola kulturuli revoluciaa Tavisi arsiT, magram, amave dros is winaaRmdegobaSi modis demokratiis zogad ideasTan, radganac, roca adamiani cdilobs, sazogadoebis Rirebulebebze zemoqmedeba moaxdinos, es Tavisi arsiT ar aris demokratiuli qmedeba; demokratiis arsi aris is, rom adamianebi qvemodan ukveTaven dRis wesrigs da qiraoben xelisuflebas am dRis wesrigis gansaxorcieleblad. Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba amas winaT sadRac amovikiTxe: liberaluri politikuri Zala imiT gansxvavdeba konservatoruli politikuri Zalisgan, rom is Tavis instrumentad iyenebs politikas da reformebs Solidarity SeiZleba iTqvas, rom 2007 wlidan xelisufleba gaxda ufro demokratiuli da naklebad liberaluri, swored imitom, rom es xalxma aiZula; xalxma moaxdina zemoqmedeba. SeuZlebelia hibridul reJimebSi ar iyo demokratiuli, unda gaxde demokratiuli, rac nawilobriv populizmsac niSnavs; garkveuli azriT, demokratia populisturia. arapopulisturi demokratia SeuZlebelia. xelisufleba ufro metad da metad uwevs angariSs sazogadoebis dakveTas, is atarebs, rogorc es ganviTarebul demokratiul sazogadoebebSi xdeba, sociologiur gamokiTxvebs, Ñîëèäàðíîñòü 63 #3(36) qmnis fokusjgufebs, xalxTan midis, cdilobs gaigos ra uWirs xalxs, rac TavisTavad normaluri demokratiuli qmedebaa, magram es gulisxmobs zogierT iseT rameze uaris Tqmas, rasac adre akeTebda, roca ufro Tavdajerebuli iyo, roca miaCnda, rom raki xalxis mier aris arCeuli, raki xalxis mandati aqvs, is unda gaakeTos, rasac TviTon Tvlis saWirod. erT-erTi aseTi mimarTuleba iyo ganaTlebis reforma. 2007 wlamde avtoritaruli modernizacia gvqonda. cnobilia, rom prezidentis sayvareli politikosia aTa-Turqi, TiTqos CvenTan mimdinare procesebic gvagonebs aTa-Turqis reformebs, vinaidan sazogadoebis modernizacia zemodan xdeba, magram aTa-Turqi ar iyo demokrati da arc hqonda amis pretenzia. mas ar uSlida xels parlamenti, rom SeeSala, ise daiTxovda mas, rom aravis daekiTxeboda. Zvel Turqul sazogadoebaSic ar iyo demokratiis moTxovnileba. Turquli sazogadoeba axla xdeba TandaTan demokratiuli da iqac aris imis safrTxe, rom sazogadoeba naklebad liberaluri gaxdes. nebismieri Zala, romelsac modernizaciis, vesternizaciis survili aqvs, da, aTaTurqisgan gansxvavebiT, amas met-naklebad realuri demokratiis viTarebaSi iqms, yovelTvis iqneba ase Tu ise araTanmimdevruli. xelisuflebis imedi am SemTxvevaSi aris is, rom opozicia susti, araorganizebuli da araWkviania, da igi mas ara mxolod administraciuli resursebiT jabnis, aramed inteleqtua- politikuri eqsplikaciebi luradac. da sanam es asea, sanam xelisuflebas gauva is, rasac akeTebs, asec iqneba. magram bunebrivia, rodesac ase moqmedeb, kompromisebze unda waxvide sazogadoebrivi dakveTis mimarT. raki saqarTveloSi yvelaze metad popularuli instituti aSkarad eklesiaa, bunebrivia, pirvel yovlisa eklesiasTan xdeba kompromisze wasvla. raki saWiroa xelisufleba iyos popularuli, bunebrivia, raRac popularuli idea unda gaiTavisos, liberaluri reformebi arsad ar aris popularuli, amitom xelisuflebam samoqalaqo nacionalizmis idea gaiTavisa, radgan amis garSemo xdeba sazogadoebis mobilizacia. es ar niSnavs, rom isini realurad ar arian saxelmwifo patriotebi an nacionalistebi, arc imas niSnavs, rom xelisuflebaSi ar iyos bevri morwmune adamiani, es ar gamoricxavs amas, magram TavisTavad erTic da meorec aris politikuri strategia. imisaTvis, rom gaataro liberaluri reformebi, ar SeiZleba rom zedmetad daupirispirde an gaemijno sazogadoebas. amboben, rom religiis faqtori Zalian mniSvnelovania, rogorc liberalizmis, ise demokratiis win wawevis saqmeSi. Tqveni azriT, ramdenad aris realurad xelis SemSleli faqtori religia? dasavluri demokratiebis istorias rom SevxedoT, Solidarität }'vh'mksr 64 yvelgan Zalian mniSvnelovania religiis faqtori, me-20 saukunis 50-60-ian wlebamde, SeiZleba iTqvas, iTvleboda, rom demokratia SesaZlebelia protestantul qveynebSi, xolo kaTolikurSi igi TiTqmis SeuZlebelia imitom, rom realuradac amgvari viTareba iyo. ambobdnen, safrangeTSi imitomaa demokratia, rom iq kaTolikuri eklesia daasusutes da gverdze gawieso. iTvleboda, rom kaTolikur qveynebSi eklesia unda `daaCmoro~, rom demokratia ganviTardes, amgvari mosazrebebis safuZveli is iyo, rom Tavad kaTolikuri eklesia iyo demokratiisa da liberalizmis mowinaaRmdege da amas arc malavda. sadac sazogadoebis udidesi nawili morwmunea, xolo eklesia Riad da aSkarad antidemokratiulia, iq mcirea imis Sansi, rom demokratia iyos. magram 1965 wlis cnobili reformebis Semdeg es viTareba radikalurad Seicvala da kaTolikuri eklesia gaxda aqtiuri prodemokratiuli Zala bevr qveyanaSi. anu kaTolikurma eklesiam radikalurad Seicvala Tavisi pozicia da amas demokratizaciis mesame talRas ukavSireben, romelic ZiriTadad kaTolikur qveynebSi amoZravda. ukve 70-ian wlebSi gaCnda mosazreba, rom demokratia SesaZlebelia dasavlur qristianobaSi, magram aRmosavlurSi ar SeiZleba, _ igulisxmeba marTlmadidebluri samyaro. Cemi azriT, aseTi fatalizmic ar aris swori. Cemi argumenti iyo saberZneTi, romelmac es SeZlo, axerxebs amas Ñîëiäàðíiñòü solidaroba bulgareTi, rumineTi; rac am qveynebSi xdeba, SeiZleba ar aris demokratiis sanimuSo modeli, magram demokratiis TvalsazrisiT seriozuli progresia. Cveni eklesia amaSi hgavs saberZneTis eklesias _ maT ar aqvT tradicia imisa, rom iyvnen aqtiuri politikuri moTamaSeebi kaTolikuri da protestantuli eklesiebisagan gansxvavebiT, isini xelisuflebasTan partniorul urTierTobaSi imyofebodnen. Cemi azriT, is, rom eklesia iqca politikur Zalad, politikosebis `SeCiCxinebis~ Sedegia. erTi mxarec da meore mxarec ubiZgebs mas amisken. raSi gamoixateboda es? es ZiriTadad xdeboda opoziciis mxridan. rac Seexeba xelisuflebas, SeiZleba xelisufleba ar cdilobs, rom gaaaqtiuros, magram mainc raRacnairad sul xazs usvams religiur faqtors, eklesiis politikurad gaaqtiurebas cdilobs opozicia, da roca opozicia cdilobs, xelisuflebac amasve akeTebs. kargad agebs gzebs, da am dros religiuri faqtori gamodis wina planze, Tumca ver vityvi, rom es Tanmimdevrulad xorcieldeba, magram amis gamovlinebebi SeiniSneba. arsebobs garedan `SeCiCxinebis~ faqtoric, es ufro ruseTis mxriv xdeba. TvalsaCinoa, rom ruseTs ara aqvs CvenSi prorusuli Zalebis gaaqtiurebis resursi. misi imedi aris antidasavluri reaqciis waxaliseba. amisTvis yvelaze kargi iaraRi SeiZleba iyos eklesia, imitom, rom eklesiaSi aris yvelaze meti dasayrdeni. es ar niSnavs imas, rom eklesia mTlianad ruseTis dasayrdenia, magram religiur jgufebze, romlebic marTlmadideblobaze apelireben, dayrdnoba advilia. aviRoT, magaliTad, gulaSvili, is ar aris eklesia, magram apelirebs da spekulirebs eklesiiT, ai, aseTi jgufebia ruseTis yvelaze ufro grZelvadiani mokavSire da esec aris garkveuli zemoqmedeba eklesiaze, raTa eklesia politikurad ufro gaaqtiurdes. Tumca axla pirveli arCevnebi iyo, roca yvelaze naklebad Canda eklesia. es imitom, rom bolo arCevnebi ufro normaluri politikuri procesi iyo. magram, roca revoluciuri situaciaa, moraluri motivi iwevs win, moraluri simarTle xdeba mTavari da ara is, vin ufro Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba Cvens JurnalSi Tqvens interviusTan erTad daibeWdeba Carlz ferbenqsis statia, sadac is ambobs, rom namdvili demokratiis miRwevas Taobebis warmatebuli cvla Seuwyobs xels iq, sadac arademokratiuli tradiciebi Zlieri religiuri institutebiT ar aris gamyarebuli (igulisxmeba islamuri Solidarity qveynebi). Tqveni saubridanac gamomdinareobs, rom saqarTveloSi eklesiaze, rogorc demokratiis damabrkolebel seriozul faqtorze, ar unda vsaubrobdeT. ar mgonia, rom eklesia CvenTan iyos Zalian Zlieri damabrkolebeli faqtori, igi, ubralod, politikuri TamaSis erT-erTi komponenti gaxda. Cven ver moviyvanT sxva marTlmadidebluri qveynebis magaliTs, sadac demokratiisken svla eklesiam SeaCera. verc ruseTze vityviT amas da verc serbeTze. eklesiaSi arsebuli jgufebi SeiZleba kulturuli TvalsazrisiT aRmoCndnen antidasavluri Zalebis mokavSireni, magram marTlmadidebeli eklesiis tradicia ar gulisxmobs im rangis politikur aqtivizms, romelic gaaCerebda, vTqvaT, saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi, demokratiisken svlas. Cveni demokratiis problema is aris, rom demokratiis resursebi gvaklia, da ara is, rom Warbad aris antidemokratiuli resursebi. demokratias ver `vqaCavT~, radgan praqtikulad ar arsebobs politikuri partiebi, samoqalaqo sazogadoeba Zalian elementarul sabaziso etapzea, konstitucia ar aris demokratiuli. Ñîëèäàðíîñòü 65 isev ferbenqss rom davubrundeT, igi postsabWoTa qveynebSi demokratiis Semaferxebel sam ZiriTad faqtors gamoyofs, esenia: Zalauflebisa politikuri eqsplikaciebi #3(36) da keTildReobis/ simdidris urTierTkavSiri, kanonis uzenaesobis ararseboba da samoqalaqo pasiuroba. ra Tqma unda, arsebobs kanonis uzenaesobisadmi pativiscemis deficiti da saxelmwifoebriobisadmi pativiscemis deficiti, eseni erTmaneTTan arian dakavSirebulni, magram, Cemi azriT, saboloo jamSi Cven ver vityviT, rom ukan mivdivarT. Tundac is, rom SesaZlebeli yofila saqarTveloSi masobrivi korufciis gareSe cxovreba, bevr adamians verc warmoedgina, xom ambobdnen SeuZlebelia saqarTveloSi policielma qrTami ar aiRoso, magram, rogorc aRmoCnda, SeiZleba. yvelaze rTuli aris is, rom kanoni xelisuflebam Tavis Semabrkoleblad aRiaros da amas raRacnairad SeeCvios. meore mxriv, xelisufleba rom aiZulo kanoni Tanmimdevrulad daicvas, amisaTvis sazogadoebrivi institutebia saWiro, romlebic mas amas gaakeTebineben. es pirvel yovlisa opoziciis saqmea, romelic aqeTken unda iyos mimarTuli da ara imisken, rom uceb Camoagdos xelisufleba. opozicia imaze unda iyos orientirebuli, rom ukeTesi gaxados xelisufleba. aviRoT, Tundac sasamarTlo, romelic seriozul yuradRebas saWiroebs. rac sasamarTlos damoukideblobas uzrunvelyofs, imisi konstituciuri, instituciuri safuZvlebi saqarTveloSi an ukve arsebobs, an dagegmilia, rom Seiqmnas. Cemi azriT, mniSvnelovania mosamarTleebSi korporaciuli siamayis gaCena, amis gareSe instituciuri reformebi ar aris sakmarisi da mxolod xelisuflebis TviTSezRudvis imedad ver viqnebiT _ es, ubralod, ararealuria. da mesame faqtori _ Zalauflebis daTmobis da danawilebis problema, imave sakonstitucio cvlilebebTan dakavSirebiT. bevrs saubroben imaze, rom cvlilebebis Sedegad konstitucia prezidentis interesebs moergo. ramdenad SesaZlebelia Cveni sinamdvilis xangrZlivi avtoritaruli reJimebis magaliTebTan misadageba? ramdenad SesaZlebelia, rom, magaliTad, 15-30 weli gagrZeldes erTi politikuri Zalis yofna xelisuflebis saTaveSi? es zogadad SesaZlebelia. jerjerobiT, piri ar uCans, rom uaxloes arCevnebze raRac Seicvleba, dinamika aqeTken ar midis, rac TavisTavad ar niSnavs aucileblad avtoritarizms, yovel SemTxvevaSi, diqtaturas. radgan avtoritarizmis raRac elementi am SemTxvevaSi mainc SeiniSneba, xelisufleba, bevris azriT, orjer ar SeiZleba zedized irCeodes, Tumca iyvnen qveynebi, sadac demokratia viTardeboda, magram dasawyisSi 20-30 wlis ganmavlobaSi erTi da igive politikuri Zala iyo xelisuflebaSi _ rotacia xdeboda im Solidarität }'vh'mksr 66 Zalis SigniT. holandiaSi xdeboda ase, iaponiaSi bolo dromde ase iyo. aSS-Si sanam jeqsoni moigebda arCevnebs, manamde sistema ise iyo mowyobili, rom saxelmwifo mdivani xdeboda prezidenti. TiTqmis 28 weli gagrZelda ase, megobrebis jgufSi xdeboda prezidentebis cvla. msgavsi ram aqac SeiZleba moxdes, magram gansxvaveba is aris, rom laTinuri amerikis zogierT qveyanaSi es procesi niSnavda realur avtoritarizms, samoqalaqo uflebebis represias, sazogadoebis stagnacias da a.S., zogierT qveyanaSi ki amas mohyva ganviTareba da TandaTanobiTi gaZliereba im sazogadoebrivi jgufebisa, romlebidanac realuri demokratiuli pluralizmi amoizrdeba. me ar vambob, rom Cvenc igive unda gavimeoroT da saakaSvili, merabiSvili da ugulava 30 weli gvyavdes da amaTSi itrialos Zalauflebam. magram im qveynebSi, romelic zemoT aRvniSne, es yvelaferi xdeboda legitimurad da ara gayalbebiT da represiebiT. iq xelisufleba met-naklebad warmatebuli iyo da sazogadoebidan ver amoizarda iseTi Zalebi, romlebic mas realurad SeewinaaRmdegebodnen. axlaxan Catarebuli arCevnebi rogor SeiZleba Sefasdes am TvalsazrisiT, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom opoziciam aRiara arCevnebis Sedegebi? gasagebia, rom es iyo ufro civilizebuli arCevnebi. Ñîëiäàðíiñòü solidaroba arCevnebTan dakavSirebiT CvenTan ori problema arsebobs, erTi `vardebis revoluciis negatiuri efeqti~ _ imdenad kargi revolucia iyo, imdenad sayvareli da lamazi da msoflios mier imdenad taSdakruli, rom CaiTvala, ase unda Seicvalos xolme xelisufleba, es kargia da misaRebi, anu `vardebis revoluciam~ xelisuflebis arakonstituciuri cvlis mimarT negatiuri damokidebuleba Seasusta: `Tu misTvis SeiZleba, CemTvis ratom ar SeiZleba?~ fsiqologiurad es Zlieri argumentia _ iqneb amaT ukeTesi revolucia moawyon, `ucnobi~ niWieri Soumenia da SeuZlia lamazi revoluciis dadgma. yvela politikuri moTamaSe unda Seeguos imas, rom es aRar SeiZleba. ki, batono, maSin moxda, magram amas xazi unda gadavusvaT, radgan es etapi gaviareT da aRar unda davbrundeT ukan. am mxriv bolo sami weli iyo erTgvari imunizaciis procesi, aicra sazogadoeba imaze, rom es ar aris kargi da ar gamova, Tumca zogi politikosi amas ver Seegua. magram sazogadoeba aicra am revoluciuri romantizmis avadmyofobaze. meorea is, rom sazogadoebam unda daijeros, Tu xelisufleba dakargavs popularobas, SesaZlebelia igi arCevnebis gziT Seicvalos. es rwmena jer ar Camoyalibebula. Cemi azriT, saqarTveloSi am xelisuflebis periodSi ar yofila jer iseTi momenti, rodesac xelisufleba imdenad arapopularuli gaxda, rom sazogadoebis umravlesobas is ar undoda, magram ZaliT SeinarCuna Tavi. 2007-08 wlis periodSi yvelaze axlos viyaviT amasTan, Tumca mxolod TbilisSi da ara mTel saqarTveloSi, rogorc SevardnaZe iyo mTlianad gakotrebuli 2001-02 wlebSi. jer Cven ar viciT, ras moimoqmedebs es xelisufleba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mTlianad dakargavs xalxis mxardaWeras. erTi gza aris demokratiis konsolidacia da raRac SeTanxmeba politikuri TamaSis wesebze. TamaSis wesi, romelsac yvela aRiarebs, jerjerobiT ar arsebobs. ZiriTadi struqturuli winapirobebi cnobilia: qmedunariani saxelmwifo aparati, sazRvrebi, politikuri erTobis Semadgenlobaze konsesusi, rac met-naklebad gvaqvs, aseve ganaTlebis done, saSualo klasi, biznesis fexze dgoma da misi saxelmwifosgan avtonomiuroba da a.S. principSi winapirobebi aris iseTi, rom SeiZleba amaze mecnierulad ilaparako, magram demokratizaciaze saubari jer naadrevia. rac uaxloes xanebSi SesaZlebelia xelisuflebam gaakeTos, aris konstituciuri procesis sworad warmarTva. es Zalian mniSvnelovania. samwuxaroa, rom, erTi mxriv, yvela demokratiaze laparakobs, meore mxriv, konstituciuri procesis mimarT interess cotas iCenen, rac maeWvebs, marTla unda am xalxs demokratia Tu ara. axla SeiZleba iseTi cvlilebebi moxdes konstituciaSi, rac praqtikulad ar Secvlis Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba Solidarity arsebiTad Zlier saprezidento sistemas, an piriqiT _ SeiZleba radikalurad Secvalos is. yovel SemTxvevaSi is cvlilebebi, romelic SemogvTavaza sakonstitucio komisiam, radikalur xasiaTs atarebs da, Cemi azriT, saqarTvelos pirobebSi ufro demokratiuli sistemis Seqmnas gulisxmobs. Tumca realurad arsebobs Sansi, rom konstitucia namdvilad gaxdes orientirebuli sxvadasxva saxelisuflebo Stos erTmaneTisgan gamijvnaze, meore mxriv, opoziciis ganviTarebazec unda visaubroT. am arCevnebma moitana pozitiuri Sedegi: opozicia gaimijna niSniT _ konstituciur meTodebze orientirebuli opozicia da gadatrialebasa da Weqa-quxilze orientirebuli opozicia, rac aqamde ar iyo. opozicia unda SeeCvios imas, rom saWiroa grZelvadiani dagegmva. orientacia imaze, rom xval an zeg SesaZloa gadadges miSa, ar aris momgebiani. opozicia unda Camoyalibdes raRac gzavnilebisa da interesebis garSemo, rac Zalian rTulia. ara mgonia, rom es or weliwadSi moxdeba, magram raRac progresi am TvalsazrisiT SesaZlebelia, imitom, rom xelisufleba sakmaod mowyvladia, rodesac mas raRac konkretul problemaze mianiSneb da konkretul sisusteze uTiTeb. Tu saamisod regularulad muSaob, adre Tu gvian xelisufleba amaze reagirebas axdens, magram, rodesac eubnebi, gagagdebo, amiT mas saboloo jamSi aZliereb. Ñîëèäàðíîñòü 67 #3(36) samarTali patimris uflebebi da sasjelaRsrulebis administraciis zogierTi ZiriTadi movaleoba evropuli konvenciis me-3 muxlis mixedviT Tea wulukiani adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa dacvis evropuli konvenciis (`konvencia~) me-3 muxli krZalavs adamianis wamebas, araadamianur Tu damamcirebel sasjels da mis mimarT aseT mopyrobas. evropulma sasamarTlom araerTxel aRniSna, rom konvenciis me-3 muxli konvenciis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani debulebaa, romelic evropis sabWos wevri demokratiuli sazogadoebebis erT-erT ZiriTad Rirebulebas icavs. konvenciis sxva debulebebisagan gansxvavebiT, es muxli arc raime daTqmas iTvaliswinebs da arc raime gamonakliss uSvebs. konvenciis me-15 muxlis Tanaxmad, me-3 muxliT nakisri valdebulebebi im valdebulebaTa Solidarität }'vh'mksr 68 ricxvs ganekuTvneba, romelTa Sesrulebaze droebiT uaris Tqma saxelmwifoebs omis an eris arsebobisaTvis saSiSi sxva sagangebo mdgomareobis drosac ki ar SeuZliaT. imisaTvis, rom sasjeli an cudi mopyroba konvenciis me-3 muxlis moqmedebis areSi moxvdes da mas wamebis, araadamianuri an damamcirebeli mopyrobis kvalifikacia mieces, is seriozulobis minimalur zRvars unda scildebodes. minimaluri zRvari winaswar mocemuli ar aris. misi dadgena damokidebulia yoveli konkretuli saqmis garemoebebze, Tavad sasjelis an cudi mopyrobis bunebasa da konteqstze, mis xangrZlivobaze, gamowveul fizikur Tu fsiqologiur Sedegze, agreTve zogjer Ñîëiäàðíiñòü solidaroba msxverplis sqesze, asaksa da janmrTelobis mdgomareobaze.1 yovel SemTxvevaSi, imisaTvis, rom cudi mopyroba an sasjeli wamebad, araadamianurad an damamcireblad CaiTvalos, tanjvis da gancdis xarisxi imaze meti unda iyos, vidre es Cveulebriv Tan axlavs marTlzomieri sasjelisa Tu mopyrobis mocemul formas. konvenciis me-3 muxlTan dakavSirebul saqmeze warmodgenili mtkicebulebebis Seswavlisas evropuli sasamarTlo afasebs dasturdeba Tu ara esa Tu is faqti `yovelgvar gonivrul eWvs miRma~. gonivruli eWvi ar aris raime Teoriul SesaZleblobaze dafuZnebuli varaudi anda eWvi, romelic gamowveulia imisaTvis, rom raime konkretuli daskvna gakeTdes. gonivruli eWvis arsebobis mizezebi im faqtebidan unda gamomdinareobdes, romlebsac mxareebi warudgenen evropul sasamarTlos. cudi mopyrobis mtkicebuleba ki SeiZleba iyos im miniSnebaTa erToblioba an gaubaTilebeli varaudebi, romlebic sakmarisad seriozuli, zusti da Tanmimdevrulia.2 zogjer evropuli sasamarTlo mxareebis mier warmodgenili faqtebiT ar kmayofildeba da, saqmeze swori gadawyvetilebis misaRebad, sxvadasxva obieqturi wyaros mier gamoqveynebul informaciasac iTvaliswinebs. magaliTad, mas SeuZlia pirdapir daeyrdnos evropis sabWos wamebis sawinaaRmdego komitetis daskvnebs ama Tu im sapatimro dawesebulebaSi arsebuli mdgomareobis Sesafaseblad.3 Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba Solidarity evropuli sasamarTlo damxmare informaciad iyenebs agreTve erovnuli Tu saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo organizaciebis, aseve ombudsmenTa mier mopovebul monacemebs, romelTa meSveobiTac zogad azrs iqmnis arsebuli mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. patimrobis pirobebi konvenciis me-3 muxli saxelmwifos akisrebs pozitiur valdebulebas, uzrunvelyos patimrisaTvis adamianuri Rirsebis Sesabamisi pirobebi. sasjelis aRsrulebis Taviseburebebi ar unda ayenebdes adamians imaze met gansacdels, vidre es patimrobas TavisTavad sdevs Tan.4 uaRresad mniSvnelovania aqve aRiniSnos, rom mdgomareobis Ñîëèäàðíîñòü 69 #3(36) konvenciis me-3 muxlis kuTxiT Sefasebisas patimris mier Cadenili danaSaulis bunebas araviTari mniSvneloba ar aqvs.5 amdenad, is faqti, Tu `risTvis ixdis mocemuli patimari sasjels~, saerTod ar aris relevanturi imis Sesafaseblad, Tu ra pirobebSi unda imyofebodes es piri cixeSi. standarti da moTxovna yvela patimrisaTvis aris erTi da igive. sasjelaRsrulebis administracias ar aqvs ufleba Tavisi mixedulebiT daumZimos ama Tu im patimars pirobebi im motiviT, rom is kanonieri qurdia, saSiSi recidivisti Tu mkvlelia. sasjelis Sefardebisas mosamarTlis mier gansazRvruli reJimis pirobebSi sasjelaRsrulebis administracias evaleba yvela patimarTan mimarTebiT Tanabrad daicvas konvenciis me-3 muxliT misTvis dakisrebuli valdebulebebi. es valdebulebebi pirvel yovlisa gulisxmobs, rom patimars hqondes sakmarisi sivrce, raTa mis intimur samyaroSi sxva patimari ar iyos CarTuli. evropis sabWos wamebis sawinaaRmdego komitetis mixedviT, `sasurveli da ara minimaluri normaa~, rom TiTo patimarze 7 kv. m. samyofi farTi iyos gaTvaliswinebuli6. Tumca imave komitetma 2001 wels es norma saqarTvelosTvis droebiT 4 kv. m-mde dawia. patimari unda imyofebodes janmrTel, sufTa da naTel sakanSi, hqondes gaseirnebis saSualeba, dRis ganmavlobaSi dakavebuli iyos saqmianobiT, Rebulobdes srulfasovan samarTali sakvebs saxelmwifos xarjze, da sxv. saqmeSi ramiSvili da koxreiZe saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg, sxvebs Soris, konvenciis me-3 muxlis darRvevad CaiTvala is faqti, rom pirveli momCivani iZulebuli iyo karcerSi sxva patimarTan erTad daeZina viwro (1,20 m) sawolze da ver sargeblobda sapirfareSoTi, romelic saknis danarCeni sivrcisgan saerTod ar iyo gamoyofili.7 saqmeSi alievi saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg evropulma sasamarTlom kidev erTxel aRniSna, rom sakanSi ganTavsebuli, patimarTa samyofi farTisgan nawilobriv gamoyofili sapirfareSo ar qmnida patimrebisTvis saTanado intimurobas da ar Seesabameboda konvenciis me-3 muxls.8 garda amisa, miuxedavad mTavrobis sawinaaRmdego mosazrebisa, evropulma sasamarTlom CaTvala, rom momCivnis sasarCelo moTxovnebi araadamianur mopyrobasTan dakavSirebiT damajerebeli Canda. evropis sabWos wamebis sawinaaRmdego komitetisa da arasamTavrobo organizacia `sisxlis samarTlis marTlmsajulebis reformis~ mier Tbilisis me-5 cixesTan dakavSirebiT gamoqveynebuli informaciebi saSualebas iZleoda evropul sasamarTlos `yovelgvar gonivrul eWvs miRma~ mieCnia, rom momCivnis mier moyvanili faqtebi misi patimrobis pirobebis Sesaxeb simarTles Seesabameboda. kerZod, dadgenilad CaiTvala piradi sawolis uqonloba saknis Solidarität }'vh'mksr 70 gadatvirTulobis gamo da amiT gamowveuli patimrebis rigrigobiT Zili, sahaero sistemis uqonloba, antisanitaria da fanjrebze damagrebuli rkinis darabebi, romlebic sakanSi dRis sinaTles da haers ar uSvebda. amgvari pirobebis xangrZlivobidan (weliwadi da oTxi Tve) da momCivnis janmrTelobis mdgomareobidan gamomdinare (kardiologiuri da asTmaturi problemebi), misdami es mopyroba araadamianurad CaiTvala da mTavrobas Sesabamisi moraluri kompensaciis gadaxda daekisra.9 `yovelgvar gonivrul eWvs miRma~ kriteriumis mixedviT Seafasa agreTve evropulma sasamarTlom saqmis _ gorgilaZe saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg _ garemoebebi. am saqmeSi mTavroba amtkicebda, rom sawolebis raodenobaze erTi-ori patimriT metis yola sakanSi ar aRwevda seriozulobis minimalur zRvars da, aqedan gamomdinare, konvenciis me-3 muxlis gamoyeneba ver moxdeboda mocemul saCivarTan mimarTebiT.10 momCivani ki amtkicebda, rom 48 kv. m. farTobis sakanSi 65-70 patimari imyofeboda, oTxi patimari inawilebda erT sawols, fanjrebi rkinis darabebiT iyo dafaruli, sakanSi sufevda antisanitaria da sapirfareSo nawilobriv iyo gamoyofili samyofi farTisgan. Tbilisis me-5 cixesTan dakavSirebiT gamoqveynebuli informaciebis mixedviT, evropulma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom am dawesebulebaSi Seqmnili zogadi Ñîëiäàðíiñòü solidaroba mdgomareobidan gamomdinare, momCivnis mier moyvanili faqtebi damajerebeli iyo. saknis gadatvirTulobis sakiTxis Sefasebisas evropulma sasamarTlom mxedvelobaSi miiRo is faqtic, rom mTavrobas ar umtkicebia, rom momCivnis yofna seriozulad gadatvirTul sakanSi nawilobriv mainc baTildeboda dRis ganmavlobaSi misi saknidan gayvaniT muSaobis, sxva raime organizebuli saqmianobis an gaseirnebis mizniT. marTlac, zogierT gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi, evropuli sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom TiTo patimrisTvis gankuTvnili 2 an 3 kv. m. sacxovrebeli farTi, Tuki Tavad sakani vrceli da naTelia da patimars dawesebulebaSi mimosvlis Tavisufleba aqvs, SeiZleba avtomaturad ar CaiTvalos konvenciis me-3 muxlis darRvevad.11 Tumca sxva SemTxvevaSi evropul sasamarTlos 3,5 kv. m. farTi miuCnevia darRvevad, sakanSi sahaero sistemisa da dRis sinaTlis ararsebobis gamo.12 samedicino daxmareba konvenciis me-3 muxlis Tanaxmad, patimrobis praqtikuli mxareebis gaTvaliswinebiT, patimris janmrTeloba da keTildReoba adekvaturad unda iqnes daculi, maT Soris saWiro samedicino daxmarebis uzrunvelyofis gziTac.13 saTanado samedicino daxmarebis nakleboba da, ufro zogadad, avadmyofi patimris araadekvatur pirobebSi moTavseba, rogorc wesi, ewinaaRm- degeba konvenciis me-3 muxlis moTxovnebs. magaliTad, saqmeSi praisi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, evropulma sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom oTxive kiduriT dainvalidebuli qalbatoni momCivnis araadekvatur pirobebSi yola oTxi dRis ganmavlobaSi damamcirebel mopyrobas warmoadgenda (civi sakani, mamakaci badragis daxmarebis aucilebloba sapirfareSoSi gasayvanad da sxv.).14 saxelmwifo movalea, miuxedavad arsebuli finansuri da sameurneo problemebisa, ise moawyos Tavisi sasjelaRsrulebis sistema, rom iq dacul iqnes patimrebis adamianuri Rirseba.15 amitomac, gonivruli SesaZleblobebis farglebSi, avadmyofi adamianis patimrobis pirobebi unda qmnides misi janmrTelobis gaumjobesebisa da SenarCunebis saSualebas. marTalia, konvenciis me-3 muxli pirdapir ar awesebs saxelmwifos zogad valdebulebas gaaTavisuflos avadmyofi patimari an gadaiyvanos is samoqalaqo samedicino dawesebulebaSi, magram es debuleba naTlad akisrebs saxelmwifos daicvas TavisuflebaaRkveTil pirTa janmrTeloba. amasTan, evropuli sasamarTlo ar gamoricxavs, rom gansakuTrebiT mZime SemTxvevebSi, sisxlis samarTlis marTlmsajulebis saTanadod ganxorcieleba humanitaruli xasiaTis zomebis miRebasac moiTxovdes.16 kerZod, zogierT SemTxvevaSi patimris asakis, janmrTelobis mZime mdgoma- Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba Solidarity reobis an invalidobis maRali xarisxis gamo, evropuli sasamarTlo ekiTxeba mopasuxe mTavrobas, aris Tu ara isev saWiro mocemuli piris patimrobaSi darCena sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis miznebidan gamomdinare. saqmeSi Sartie italiis winaaRmdeg evropulma sasamarTlom ar daadgina me-3 muxlis darRveva, radgan momCivans cixeSi adekvaturad mkurnalobdnen. Tumca man Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi miuTiTa, rom is miesalmeboda yvela im zomas, romelsac miiRebda italiis mTavroba momCivnisTvis im tanjvis Sesamsubuqeblad, romelic misi patimrobaSi darCeniT iyo gamowveuli, an misi cixidan gasaTavisufleblad, rogorc ki amas Seqmnili garemoebebi moiTxovda.17 evropuli sasamarTlos azriT, patimris moTxovna, gaesinjos sasjelaRsrulebis administraciisgan damoukidebel eqims, rogorc wesi, dakmayofilebul unda iqnes, radgan aseTi eqimebis patimrebTan daSveba patimrebze fizikuri Tu fsiqologiuri zewolis sawinaaRmdego mniSvnelovani meqanizmia.18 Tumca, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, sasjelaRsrulebis administracias ufleba aqvs patimars daakisros is zedmeti xarjebi, romlebic aucilebeli samedicino konsultaciisaTvis ar aris gaweuli. mas agreTve ufleba aqvs, moiTxovos, rom cixeSi patimris gasasinjad Sesul eqims uflebamosili samedicino organos mier gacemuli licenzia hqondes, mxolod im pirobiT, rom es Ñîëèäàðíîñòü 71 #3(36) moTxovna ar iwvevdes patimrisTvis droul da adekvatur samedicino daxmarebaze uaris Tqmas. rogorc wesi, samedicino xasiaTis saCivrebis ganxilvisas, saqmis konkretuli garemoebebisda mixedviT, evropuli sasamarTlo Semdegi SekiTxvebidan erT an ramdenime SekiTxvas usvams mopasuxe mTavrobas, raTa daadginos dairRva Tu ara patimris me-3 muxliT uzrunvelyofili uflebebi: saWiroebs Tu ara momCivani samedicino daxmarebas? daavadda Tu ara momCivani mocemuli daavadebiT cixeSi? aRmoeCina Tu ara momCivans saTanado da sakmarisi samedicino daxmareba im TiToeuli daavadebis gansakurneblad, romelic mas aReniSneba? momCivnisTvis samedicino daxmarebis droulad aRmouCenloba arRvevs Tu ara mis, konvenciis me-3 muxliT uzrunvelyofil, uflebebs? aqvs Tu ara cixis saavadmyofos unari, gankurnos iseTi avadmyofi patimari, rogoric momCivania? momCivnis mZime avadmyofoba Tavsebadia Tu ara patimrobasTan? avadmyofobis gamo sasjelis aRsrulebis gadavadebis mizniT momCivnis mier wamowyebuli sasamarTlo procedura, mosamarTleTa mier gadawyvetilebebSi moyvanili motivaciidan gamom- samarTali dinare, akmayofilebda Tu ara konvenciis me-3 muxlis moTxovnebs? marTalia, es SekiTxvebi mopasuxe mTavrobis agents egzavneba19, radgan is warmoadgens saxelmwifos evropuli sasamarTlos winaSe, magram sasargeblo iqneboda maTi arsebobis Sesaxeb mocemuli qveynis sasjelaRsrulebis administraciamac icodes, raTa ukeTesad hqondes gacnobierebuli, Tu rogori mZime dava uwevs zogjer mTavrobis agents patimris advokatTan imis gamo, rom sasjelaRsrulebis administracia Tavis movaleobebs saTanadod ar asrulebs. Tumca aqve isic unda aRiniSnos, rom sasjelaRsrulebis administraciis zemoxsenebuli valdebulebebi ar iZleva safuZvels davaskvnaT, TiTqos patimars ufleba hqondes TviTon gansazRvros samedicino daxmarebis romeli konkretuli formaa mis SemTxvevaSi yvelaze marTebuli, romelma eqimma unda gasinjos is, romel qveyanaSi unda Catardes samedicino eqspertiza Tu sisxlis analizi da winapirobebi wauyenos sasjelaRsrulebis administracias mkurnalobaze Tanxmobis sanacvlod. magaliTad, saqmeSi maTiu niderlandebis winaaRmdeg evropulma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom konvenciis me-3 muxli ver iqneboda ganmartebuli ise, rom patimris yoveli survili da arCevani samedicino daxmarebis sferoSi dakmayofilebuliyo. sasamar- Solidarität }'vh'mksr 72 Tlos azriT, am da sxva sferoSi, marTlzomier patimrobas Tan axlavs iseTi praqtikuli xasiaTis SezRudvebi, romlebsac patimari unda Seeguos.20 e.w. `jiuti~ patimrebisTvis, romelTac, obieqturi mizezebis gamo, dakarguli aqvT yovelgvari rwmena sakuTari saxelmwifosadmi, evropul sasamarTlos Tavad SeumuSavebia is formati, romlis farglebSic mTavrobas ganusazRvria mkurnalobis gegma, da evropul sasamarTlos miuTiTebia patimrisaTvis damorCileboda am gegmas survilis SemTxvevaSi.21 aseTi gadawyvetilebebi iSviaTia, radgan, rogorc wesi, patimrebs SenarCunebuli aqvT xolme zogadi rwmena sakuTari saxelmwifos keTilgonierebisadmi da ar saWiroeben evropuli sasamarTlos Carevas aseTi maRali xarisxiT. evropuli sasamarTlos mier ganxiluli avadmyofi patimrebis saqmeebidan erT-erT mniSvnelovan precedentad iTvleba saqme RavTaZe saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg22, romelSic ara mxolod mocemuli patimris uflebebis darRvevis faqti dadginda, aramed isic, rom b-ni RavTaZis msgavs mdgomareobaSi saqarTvelos patimrebis didi raodenoba imyofeboda da, aqedan gamomdinare, aucilebeli iyo saxelmwifos mxridan zogadi xasiaTis zomebis miReba. aseT gadawyvetilebebs evropuli sasamarTlo `pilotur~ gadawyvetilebebs uwodebs, radgan maT ara mxolod erTi konkretuli momCivnisaTvis, Ñîëiäàðíiñòü solidaroba aramed mis msgavs mdgomareobaSi myofi sxva moqalaqeebisTvisac moaqvT Sedegi. RavTaZis saqmeSi, Tavad momCivanTan dakavSirebiT, evropulma sasamarTlom konvenciis me-3 muxlis darRvevad miiCnia Semdegi faqtebis erToblioba: patimars sami Tvis ganmavlobaSi subfebriliteti aReniSneboda, xolo sapatimro dawesebulebis xelmZRvanelobam araviTari zoma ar miiRo am simptomis mizezebis dasadgenad. administraciam mxolod maSin izruna momCivanis saavadmyofoSi gadasayvanad, rodesac sicxem 39-40 graduss miaRwia, patimars gulisrevebi daewyo da siyviTle gamoaCnda. mas mwvave virusuli C hepatiti daudginda. marTalia, avadmyofs pirveladi samedicino daxmareba saavadmyofoSi droulad aRmouCines, magram Semdgomi, ufro gaRrmavebuli, analizebi ar Catarebula da arc antivirusuli Terapia dauniSnavT. hepatoproteqtorebi, romlebsac momCivani Rebulobda, ar iyo sakmarisi mis gamosajanmrTeleblad, radganac is saavadmyofoSi ukve mZime mdgomareobaSi iqna gadayvanili. saavadmyofodan momCivani ramdenjerme eqimebis ukiTxavad daabrunes cixeSi. saavadmyofoSi pirveli gadayvanidan sam TveSi mas tuberkulozuri plevriti gauCnda, ramac gaaZnela hepatitis samkurnalod antivirusuli Terapiis daniSvna. Tumca sasjelaRsrulebis administracias araferi gaukeTebia saimisod, rom polivalenturi mkurna- lobis kursi SeemuSavebina, raTa plevritis mkurnalobas RviZli kidev ufro ar daezianebina. polivalenturi mkurnalobis aucileblobis Sesaxeb infeqciur daavadebaTa specialistis rekomendacia cixis saavadmyofom ar miiRo mxedvelobaSi da hepatitis mkurnaloba gverdze gadado manam, sanam momCivani plevritisgan ganikurneboda. amgvarma midgomam da eqimebis rekomendaciis gareSe momCivnis saavadmyofodan araerTxel gayvanam hepatitis qronikul fazaSi gadasvla gamoiwvia da momCivani RviZlis cirozisa da kibos safrTxis winaSe daayena. da avadmyofi patimrebi ar iyvnen erTmaneTisagan gancalkevebulni, ar iyo daculi higiena da eqimic iSviaTad naxulobda patimrebs. evropulma sasamarTlom ar miiCnia dadasturebulad mTavrobis mtkiceba imis Taobaze, rom momCivani tuberkuloziT dapatimrebamde iyo daavadebuli. sasamarTlos azriT, amgvari ram mxolod im SemTxvevaSi iqneboda damajerebeli, Tuki cixis administracia, momCivnis dawesebulebaSi miRebisas mas mantus tests an baqteriologiur gamokvlevas Cautarebda an kidev filtvebis rentgens gadauRebda. gamomdinare iqidan, rom saqarTvelos sasjelaRsrulebis administracia axalSemosuli patimrebis amgvar Semowmebas ar axdens, evropulma sasamarTlom ar gamoricxa, rom janmrTel momCivans swored cixeSi Seeyara tuberkulozi. es daskvna kidev ufro axlos Canda realobasTan imis gamo, rom Tbilisis me-5 cixe im droisTvis seriozulad iyo gadatvirTuli, masSi janmrTeli da bolos, evropulma sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom RavTaZis saqmis msgavsi saCivrebis mis xelT arsebuli didi raodenoba imaze metyvelebda, rom am patimris mdgomareoba ganyenebuli problema ar iyo saqarTveloSi. man daadgina, rom avadmyof patimarTa da, kerZod, gadamdebi daavadebebis mqone patimrebis mkurnalobasTan dakavSirebiT struqturuli problemebi arsebobda saqarTvelos cixeebSi. evropuli sasamarTlos azriT, es faqtori saxelmwifos pasuxismgeblobis damamZimebel garemoebas warmoadgenda da, amasTanave, safrTxes uqmnida TviT evropuli sasamarTlos efeqtianobasac, romelsac erTi da imave tipis ganmeorebiTi saCivrebis didi raodenobiT ganxilva mouwevda, rac mas xels SeuSlida danarCen, aranakleb mniSvnelovan saqmeebze droulad reagirebaSi. Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba Solidarity evropulma sasamarTlom agreTve miuReblad miiCnia, rom, tuberkulozis garda momCivans imave cixeSi munic Seeyara antisanitariuli pirobebis gamo. miuxedavad imisa, rom am daavadebisgan sasjelaRsrulebis administraciam momCivani droulad gankurna, janmrTeli patimris cixeSi daavadeba TavisTavad wamoWris problemas konvenciis me-3 muxlis kuTxiT. Ñîëèäàðíîñòü 73 samarTali #3(36) aqedan gamomdinare, evropulma sasamarTlom gadawyvita, saqarTvelos mTavrobisTvis konkretulad mieTiTebina is zomebi, romelTa miRebiTac qarTul cixeebSi RavTaZis saqmis msgavsi problemebis aRmofxvra SeiZleboda. kerZod, mTavrobas daekisra swrafad mieRo saWiro sakanonmdeblo da administraciuli zomebi, romlebic mimarTuli iqneboda cixeebSi gadamdebi daavadebebis gavrcelebis aRkveTisaken, daenerga cixeSi adamianebis pirvelad moTavsebisas gadamdeb daavadebebze Semowmebis meqanizmi da SeemuSavebina am daavadebebis swrafi da efeqtiani mkurnalobis sistema. evropuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba RavTaZis pilotur saqmeSi 2009 wlis 3 ivniss Sevida ZalaSi da mis aRsrulebaze kontrols evrosabWos ministrTa komiteti axorcielebs. evropuli sasamarTlos mier msgavsi miTiTeba mieca saqarTvelos mTavrobas gadawyvetilebaSi poRosiani saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg, romelic 2009 wlis 24 maiss Sevida ZalaSi. Tumca, RavTaZis saqmisagan gansxvavebiT, am gadawyvetilebiT mTavrobas mxolod virusuli C hepatitis cixeebSi gavrcelebis aRmofxvra, axlad Semosul patimarTa am avadmyofobaze Semowmeba da am daavadebis gankurnebis swrafi da efeqtiani meqanizmis SemuSaveba daevala. amitomac RavTaZis saqme gacilebiT ufro masStaburi dadebiTi Sedegebis momtani SeiZleba iyos saqarTvelos patimrebisTvis, Tuki mTavroba evropuli sasamarTlos miTiTebebs zedmiwevniT Seasrulebs. Tavad mTavrobas ki es evropul sasamarTloSi gagzavnili saCivrebis raodenobis Semcirebas, sabiujeto Tanxebis dazogvisa da adamianuri resursebis ufro efeqtianad gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas moutans. sasjelaRsrulebis administraciis zemomoyvanili zogierTi ZiriTadi valdebulebis mimoxilva safuZvels gvaZlevs davaskvnaT, rom konvenciis me-3 muxli avaldebulebs saxelmwifos daicvas misive sajaro mosamsaxureebis xelT myofi patimrebi.23 patimrobas, rogorc sasjels, yovelTvis gansazRvravs mosamarTle da sasjelaRsrulebis administracias ar aqvs ufleba gausaZlisi pirobebisa Tu samedicino daxmarebis aRmouCenlobis saxiT damatebiTi `sasjeli~ daakisros patimars. SeniSvnebi: 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 ix. labita italiis winaaRmdeg, 6 aprili 2000 w., gadawyvetilebaTa da ganCinebaTa krebuli 2000-IV, § 120 ; praisi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, no 33394/96, § 24, ECHR 2001-VII. ix., magaliTad, Samaevi da sxvebi saqarTvelosa da ruseTis winaaRmdeg, no. 36378/02, § 338, ECHR 2005 III. ix. dugozi saberZneTis winaaRmdeg, no. 40907/98, § 46, ECHR 2001-II; kehaiovi bulgareTis winaaRmdeg, no 41035/98, § 66, 18 ianvari 2005 w. ix., magaliTad, ostrovari moldovas winaaRmdeg, no 35207/03, § 79, 13 seqtemberi 2005 w.; kafkarisi kviprosis winaaRmdeg [GC], no 21906/04, § 96, ECHR 2008. ix., magaliTad, v. gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg [GC], no 24888/94, § 69, ECHR 1999-IX; xudobini ruseTis winaaRmdeg, no 59696/00, § 90, ECHR 2006... me-2 zogadi daskvna, CPT/Inf (92) 3, § 43.7 ramiSvili da koxreiZe saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg, no. 1704/06, § 86, 27 ianvari 2009 w. ix. agreTve, kalaSnikovi ruseTis winaaRmdeg, no 47095/99, § 99, ECHR 2002-VI. alievi saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg, no. 522/04, 13 ianvari 2009 w. gorgilaZe saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg, no. 4313/04, 20 oqtomberi 2009 w. ix. valaSinasi litvis winaaRmdeg, no. 44558/98, § 107, ECHR 2001 VIII; trepaSkini ruseTis winaaRmdeg, no 36898/03, § 94, 19 ivlisi 2007 w. ix. pirsi saberZneTis winaaRmdeg, no. 28524/95, §§ 70-72, ECHR 2001 III. ix. muizeli safrangeTis winaaRmdeg, no 67263/01, § 40, ECHR 2002-IX. praisi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, no 33394/96, § 24, ECHR 2001-VII. ix. suxovoi ruseTis winaaRmdeg, no 63955/00, § 31, 27 marti 2008 w.; benediqtovi ruseTis winaaRmdeg, no 106/02, § 37, 10 maisi 2007 w. ix. matensio safrangeTis winaaRmdeg, no 58749/00, § 76, 15 ianvari 2004 w.; sakopulosi saberZneTis winaaRmdeg, no 61828/00, § 38, 15 ianvari 2004 w. Sartie italiis winaaRmdeg, no 9044/80, komisiis 1982 wlis 8 dekembris daskvna, gadawyvetilebebisa da daskvnebis krebuli (DR) 33, gv. 41-47, ix. maTiu niderlandebis winaaRmdeg, no. 24919/03, § 187, ECHR 2005 IX. iusticiis saministros TanamSromeli, saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi. ix. maTiu niderlandebis winaaRmdeg, no. 24919/03, § 186, ECHR 2005 IX. ix., magaliTad, molaSvili saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg, no. 39726/04, mimdinare saqme. mopasuxe mTavrobisTvis dasmuli SekiTxvebi da saqmis garemoebebis Sesaxeb ix. http://cmiskp.echr.coe.int/tkp197/view.asp?item = 2&portal =hbkm&action=html&highlight =molachv ili&s essionid =55419769 &skin =hudoc-cc-fr RavTaZe saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg, no. 23204/07, 3 marti 2009 w. ix. berqTai TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, no 22493/93, § 167, 1-li marti 2001 w.; alguri TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, no 32574/96, § 44, 22 oqtomberi 2002 w. Solidarität }'vh'mksr 74 Ñîëiäàðíiñòü sabWoTa fsiqiatria solidaroba `fsiqiatriuli gulagi~ fsiqiatriis sadamsjelo mizniT gamoyeneba sabWoTa xelisuflebas ar gamougonebia. cnobilia, rom sadamsjelo fsiqiatrias masobrivad iyenebdnen CineTSi ideologiuri mowinaaRmdegeebis `dasaSoSmineblad~, safrangeTSi amave meTodiT moqmedebdnen e.w. sen-simonistebis mimarT, germaniaSi masobriv sterilizacias, romelic Semdeg masobriv mkvlelobaSi gadaizarda, Sveicarelma eqimma oigen bloilerma daudo saTave, roca sxvadasxva simptomebi da daavadebebi `Sizofreniis~ cnebaSi gaaerTiana. fridon sayvareliZe erT-erTi pirveli, vis mimarTac ruseTSi fsiqiatria sadamsjelo mizniT gamoiyenes, rusi filosofosi da publicisti petre Caadaevi iyo. 1836 wels man Jurnal `teleskopSi~ gamoaqveyna `filosofiuri werili~, romelSic xelisuflebisa da zogadad rusi xalxis mimarT mwvave gamoTqmebi gamoiyena, ramac aRaSfoTa xelisufleba, nikoloz I-ma ki Tqva, rom msgavsi ramis dawera mxolod SeSlils SeeZlo. imeratoris sityvebi umal aitaces, Caadaevi saxlSi gamoketes da iZulebiTi mkurnaloba dauniSnes (mkurnalobis erTaderTi meTodi yinuliani wylis Tavze dasxmis procedurebi iyo `anTebuli tvinis gasagrileblad~). Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba Solidarity pirveli mercxali `kompetenturi organoebisa~ (es kgb-s da sxva Zalovani struqturebis krebiTi saxeli gaxldaT) da TeTrxalaTianebis nayofierma TanamSromlobam sabWoTa sadamsjelo fsiqiatriis organuli sistemis Seqmnamde migviyvana. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli saarqivo masalebi ruseTSi dResac saidumlod iTvleba, Tavad Tema ki daxurulia kvlevebisaTvis. Tumca arsebobs gazeTebi da adamianebi, romlebsac wakiTxulis gageba SeuZliaT da... striqonebs Soris kiTxvac exerxebaT. am gazeTebSi gamoqveynebuli statiebis gacnobis Semdeg saTanado daskvnebis gamotana SeiZleba. Ñîëèäàðíîñòü 75 #3(36) udavoa, rom sadamsjelo fsiqiatriis saTaveebTan feliqs edmundis Ze ZerJinski _ `rkinis feliqsi~ _ idga. zustadaa cnobili sabWoTa sadamsjelo fsiqiatriis pirveli msxverplis gvaric. es iyo cnobili revolucionerteroristi qali, memarcxene eserTa partiis lideri maria spiridonova. 1919 wlis TebervalSi bolSevikurma tribunalma mas ganaCeni gamoutana, romelic gazeT `pravdaSi~ daibeWda: `mxedvelobaSi iqnes miRebuli braldebulis avadmyofuristeriuli mdgomareoba da izolirebuli iqnes m. spiridonova politikuri da sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobisagan erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi misi sanatoriumSi (ai ase! _ f. s.) moTavsebis gziT~. ZerJinskis uSualo brZanebiT spiridonova preCistenskis fsiqiatriul saavadmyofoSi moaTavses. Cekistebma gaiTvaliswines is rezonansi, romelic SeeZlo gamoewvia am qmedebas jer kidev `sabWoTa xalxad~ Camouyalibebel sazogadoebaSi, amitomac garegnuli wesebis dacva gadawyvites. mTeli moskovisTvis kargad cnobil fsiqiatrs, profesor p. n. ganuSkins spiridonovas gamokvleva sTxoves. rusuli fsiqiatriis `mnaTobi~, rogorc yovelTvis yvelafrisTvis mzad aRmoCnda: diagnozi ase JRerda _ isteriuli fsiqozi, mdgomareoba mZime, sicocxlisaTvis saSiSi. `rkinis feliqss~ swored aseTi qaRaldi sWirdeboda. da naklebi mniSvneloba aqvs, rom `umZimes, sicoxlisaTvis saSiS mdgomareobaSi~ sabra- sabWoTa fsiqiatria lo spiridonovam kidev 20 weli icocxla, bolos cixidan cixeSi gadahyavdaT. metsac icocxlebda, rom ara meore msoflio omi _ germanelebis Semotevis gamo is saswrafod daxrites sxva patimrebTan erTad. fsiqiatriuli diagnostikis Taviseburebebi ssrk-Si xelisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg xruSCovma maleve ganacxada, rom danaSauli sayovelTaod aRiarebuli qcevis normebidan gadaxvevaa, rac Zalian xSirad gamowveulia adamianis fsiqikis moSliT, rom sabWoTa kavSirSi aRar arian politpatimrebi, ar arian wyobiT ukmayofiloni, is erTeulebi ki, komunizmis winaaRmdeg rom ibrZvian an ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamen sabWoTa xelisuflebis mimarT, fsiqikurad daavadebulebi arian. samociani wlebis damdegs kinofilmic Seiqmna saxelwodebiT `socializmis winaaRmdeg mxolod giJi SeiZleba gamovides. Sesabamisad, uSiSroebis organoebma disidentebTan sabrZolvelad axali davalebebi miiRes. eqimebTan erTad SemuSavda axali koncefcia, romelSic mTavari roli Sizofreniis diagnozs unda Seesrulebina. aucileblad migvaCnia im adamianebis CamoTvla, vinc sabWoTa kavSirSi fsiqiatriis Tavisufali azris daTrgunvis mizniT gamoyenebas xelmZRvanelobdnen: sabWoTa kavSiris samedicino akademiis Solidarität }'vh'mksr 76 fsiqiatriis institutis direqtori, profesori andrei sneJnevski, serbskis saxelobis institutis direqtori, doqtori giorgi morozovi, fsiqiatriis institutis direqtoris moadgile, profesori ruben najarovi da serbskis institutis specialuri sadiagnostiko ganyofilebis xelmZRvaneli, profesori daniil lunci (am ukanasknelis Tavxedoba iqamde midioda, rom klinikaSi kgb-s polkovnikis formaSi gamowyobili cxaddeboda). faqtobrivad sneJnevskim Sizofreniis axali interpretacia Semoitana, ramac SesaZlebeli gaxada ideologiurad sxvagvari azrovnebis miCneva mZime fsiqiuri daavadebis simptomad. sneJnevskim avadsaxsenebel akademikos lisenkosac ajoba, romelic eqsperimentebs mxolod mcenareebze atarebda. Cven gvaswavlidnen, rom lenini glexobas sam kategoriad yofda: Raribebad, saSualo fenis warmomadgenlebad da kulakebad. es ukanaskneli, rogorc klasi, unda ganadgurebuliyo. sneJnevskim da misma mimdevrebma sabWoTa xalxi Tavidanve aseve sam nawilad gayves: SizofreniiT daavadebulebi, janmrTelebi da adamianebi mosazRvre mdgomareobiT. am ukanasknelTa da avadmyofTa jami sabWoTa kavSiris mosaxleobis 60%-ze cota meti gamodioda (zog qveyanaSi Sizofrenias mosaxleobis mxolod 1% ufiqsireben). rogorc ambobdnen _ CvenTan arian adamianebi, romlebsac diagnozi ukve dasmuli aqvT, da arian jer kidev Seumowmeblebi. es Ñîëiäàðíiñòü solidaroba ganyofilebis, TanamSromlebi eqspertizas atarebdnen sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebTan dakavSirebiT, romelic Tavis mxriv saxelmwifos uSiSroebasTan iyo dakavSirebuli da amdenad sagamoZiebo saqmianobaSic monawileobdnen. institutSi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli `kofein-barbituratuli gantvirTva~, romlis Semdeg eqspertizas daqvemdebarebulni, romlebic adre Tavs aridebdnen kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemas, sakmaod enamWevrebi xdebodnen da medikamentozuri gabruebis fonze iZleodnen Cvenebebs, romlebsac Semdeg maT winaaRmdeg iyenebdnen. specialur laboratoriaSi iseTi medikamentebi mzaddeboda, romlebic sakuTari gamoTqmebisadmi TviTkontrols aClungebda. avadsaxsenebel serbskis saxelobis institutSi aTasobiT adamians daumaxinjes cxovreba saSualebas aZlevda marqsizmleninuri ideologiis Teoretikosebs TeTrxalaTianebis xeliT sasamarTlos gareSe gasworebodnen sxvagvarad moazrovneebsa da disidentebs fsiqiatriul klinikebSi. mosazRvre mdgomareobas, anu duned mimdinare Sizofrenias, maTi Teoriis mixedviT, daavadebis niSnebi ar hqonda. dasavleTSi miRebul Sizofreniis kriteriumebs es diagnozi ar Seesabameboda. metic, fsiqiatriis leningradis skolac ki ar cnobda `faruli Sizofrenis~ diagnozs, rasac cnobili disidentis vladimir bukovskis magaliTic adasturebs; am skolis warmomadgen- lebs ufro metad fsiqopaTiis diagnozi xiblavdaT. sxvaTa Soris disidentebi swored leningradel eqimebTan moxvedras cdilobdnen _ am diagnoziT SeiZleba kidev gqonoda profesiis SenarCunebis imedi. Tumca 70-ian wlebSi sneJnevskim praqtikulad mTeli sabWoTa fsiqiatria daimorCila. am diagnozs maSin svamdnen, roca braldebulebi uaryofdnen danaSauls, ar TanamSromlobdnen gamoZiebasTan da Tanac xelisuflebisaTvis wamgebiani iyo maTTvis patimrobis misjis gamo atexili xmauri. serbskis institutis, gansakuTrebiT ki misi saidumlo Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba Solidarity duned mimdinare Sizofreniis diagnoziT principSi SesaZlebeli xdeboda nebismieri gamvlelisTvis xelis Cavleba da misi `gamosakvlevad~ wayvana, rasac diagnozis dasma da iZulebiTi `mkurnaloba~ mohyveboda. `ufaso samedicino daxmareba~ cru diagnozis safuZvelze sadamsjelo fsiqiatria iyenebda meTodebs, romlebic uxeSad laxavda adamianis uflebebs, rac gamoixateboda: iZulebiTi samedicino meTvalyureobis dawesebaSi; klinikis, rogorc sapatimro adgilis gamoyenebaSi; Ñîëèäàðíîñòü 77 #3(36) sabWoTa fsiqiatria fizikuri da sulieri mdgomareobisadmi Segnebuli zianis miyenebaSi (`Wkuidan SeSlamde miyvana~); moviyvanT ramdenime magaliTs, romlebsac dawvrilebiT aRwers vladimir bukovski Tavi wignSi `da brundeba qari~: janmrTeli adamianebis mimarT sicoxlisaTvis saxifaTo samedicino procedurebis gamoyenebaSi. aq mxolod yvelaze gavrcelebul meTodebs CamovTvliT: Tu Relav _ fsiqiatri avadmyofobis istoriaSi Cawers _ `agznebulia, avadmyofurad reagirebs misTvis emociurad mniSvnelovan Temebze~ _ aminazinis ineqciebi garantirebulia; insulinoTerapia _ organizmSi insulinis maRali dozebis Seyvana, rac sisxlSi Saqris raodenobis klebas da komur mdgomareobas iwvevs; Tu mowyenili xar _ depresias Cagiwers; xom sabWoTa adamiani xarT?~, Tumca aranairi iuridiuli leqsika ar icnobda iseT cnebas, rogoricaa sabWoTa adamiani, arada am saxeliT aTasi Savbneli saqme keTdeboda. gamobrZmedili disidentebi am kiTxvaze pasuxobdnen _ ara, me sabWoTa kavSiris moqalaqe var. Semdegi SekiTxva: eleqtroSoki _ pacientis sxeulSi maRali Zabvis denis gatareba, rac Sokuri mdgomareobis gamomwvevia; sulfazinis (gogirdis) ineqciebi _ iwvevs temperaturis mkveTr matebas (42 gradusamde) da gausaZlis tkivilebs; gakoWva _ pacients mWidrod axvevdnen svel zewarSi da gaTbobis milTan awvendnen. zewris Semoxsnisas zewars masze mWidrod mikruli kanic Tan mihyveboda; lobotomia _ sisxliani qirurgiuli Careva, rodesac Tavis tvinis Sublis wili calkevdeboda misi centraluri nawilisagan, rac pacients sruliad qmeduunaros xdida. `kompetentur organoebTan~ urTierTobaSi gamobrZmedili sabWoTa fsiqiatri metad saintereso fenomeni gaxldaT. is arasdros ugdebda yurs imas, Tu ras laparakobda `pacienti~, is akvirdeboda, Tu rogor laparakobda igi. moduneba _ Sizofreniis simptomia (ra Tqma unda sabWoTa eqimebis azriT); mxiaruli xar _ `araadekvaturi reaqciaa; Tu darwmunebiT amtkiceb rames, eqimi aseT Canawers gaakeTebs _ `sakuTari pirovnebis gadaWarbebuli Sefaseba~ an sulac `gandidebis mania~. amave dros, rogorc eqimebs, ise gamomZieblebs mzad hqondaT egreTwodebuli `CamWreli kiTxvebi~, romlebsac gamocdilma disidentebma male auRes alRo. magaliTad _ ratom xarT konfliqtSi sazogadoebasTan, ratomaa Tqveni mrwamsi Tavisuflebaze, ganaTlebaze, simSvideze, mSoblebze ufro mniSvnelovani? Tu upasuxebdi, rom sazogadoebasTan konfliqtSi `didi leninic~ iyo, risTvisac is araerTxel gadaasaxles, garantirebuli gqonda Canaweri _ `Sepyrobilia gandidebis maniiT, sakuTar Tavs did lenins adarebs~. an kidev erTi SexedviT uwyinari SekiTxva _ `Tqven Solidarität }'vh'mksr 78 _ `Tqven sabWoTa xelisuflebis winaaRmdegi xarT?~ dadebiTi pasuxi avtomaturad niSnavda aTwlian patimrobas, arada am kiTxvazec SeiZleboda uxifaTo da Tanac patiosani pasuxi. saqme isaa, rom sabWoTa kavSirSi, misi konstituciis mixedviT, Zalaufleba sxvadasxva donis deputatTa sabWoebs ekuTvnoda. hoda, romeli WkuaTmyofeli iqneboda romelime meCaiis an mwvelavis winaaRmdegi, romelsac arc aravin ekiTxeboda rames. `sigiJiT dasjilni~ sadamsjelo fsiqiatriam Tavis mwvervals 1968 wels miaRwia, rodesac 25 agvistos 8 sabWoTa disidenti (CamovTvaloT am mamaci adamianebis gvarebi: konstantine babicki, larisa bogorazi, vadim delone, tatiana baeva, natalia gorbanevskaia, pavel litvinovi, vladimir dremliuga da viqtor fainbergi) wiTel moedanze mjdomare aqciiT sabWoTa jarebis CexoslovakiaSi Seyvanas aprotestebda. isini ramdenime wuTSi daapatimres, Tumca aq kgb-s problema gauCnda. saqme is Ñîëiäàðíiñòü solidaroba iyo, rom demonstraciis erTerT monawiles, viqtor fainbergs, dakiTxvebze yvela wina kbili Caumtvries da misi sasamarTlo darbazSi gamoCena xelisuflebisTvis arasasurveli iyo. gamoiZebna aseTi gamosavali: fainbergis moTavseba specfsiqiatriul saavadmyofoSi. saamiso gadawyvetilebis miReba sasamarTlos gansasjeli pirovnebis daswrebis gareSe SeeZlo. amasTan, am gadawyvetilebis gasaCivreba ar SeiZleboda zemdgom sasamarTloSi. fainbergis eqspertiza serbskis sax. institutis komisiam Caatara (morozovi, lunci da landau). am aqtSi CexoslovakiaSi sabWoTa jarebis Seyvana, rogorc saprotesto demonstraciis mizezi, naxsenebic ar iyo. fainbergis saqcielSi dainaxes mxolod `sazogadoebrivi wesrigis darRveva wiTel moedanze~, xolo misi fsiqikuri mdgomareobis aRwerilobaSi naTqvami iyo, rom pacienti gatacebiT gamoTqvamda marqsizmis klasikosTa mosazrebebis reformirebis ideas, ris drosac amJRavnebda gadametebul TviTSefasebas da uryev rwmenas sakuTari Tvalsazrisis marTebulobisadmi. Sizofreniis diagnozis gansamtkiceblad moyvanili iyo `rkiniseburi~ argumentebi. kerZod, xazgasmiT iyo naTqvami, rom pacienti ganyofilebaSi dakavebuli iyo tanvarjiSiT, civi wyliT izelda tans, kiTxulobda wignebs, maT Soris inglisurenovans. amis safuZvelze Zalian martivad da `logikurad~ gamohqondaT daskvna, rom yovelive es fainbergis is klinika, romelSic jek nikolsonis gmiri makmerfi imyofeboda, patara sabWoTa kavSiris modelic iyo mier sakuTari mdgomareobisadmi da Seqmnili viTarebisadmi arasakmarisad kritikul damokidebulebaze miuTiTebda (marTlac da, romeli WkuaTmyofeli kiTxulobs inglisur wignebs da Tanac varjiSobs?!). gamoCenili sabWoTa disidenti, kaci-legenda vladimir bukovskic araerTxel da karga xniT hyavdaT gamomwyvdeuli fsiqitriul saavadmyofoebSi, ramac mTel civilizebul msoflioSi seriozuli skandali gamoiwvia. sabolood sabWoTa xelisufleba iZulebuli iyo `boroti xuligani~ sabWoTa kavSiridan `gaeZevebina~, sinamdvileSi is Ciles kompartiis lider luis korvalanSi gacvales. cixeSi yofnis dros man gluzmanTan erTad dawera gaxmaurebuli wigni _ `fsiqiatriis saxelmZRvanelo disidentebisTvis~. Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba Solidarity seriozuli saerTaSoriso reaqcia mohyva CexoslovakiaSi jarebis Seyvanis sawinaaRmdego demonstraciis erT-erTi monawilis _ valeria gorbanevskaias _ mier 1971 wels gamoqveynebul dokumentebis krebuls saxelwodebiT _ `sigiJiT dasjilni~. saerTaSoriso reaqcia 1977 wels gonoluluSi gamarTul msoflio fsiqiatrTa VI kongresze Seiqmna sagamoZiebo komisia sabWoTa kavSirSi fsiqiatriis politikuri miznebiT gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT. mdgomareoba daiZaba, TiTqos yvelafers male unda axdoda farda. Sefucxunebulma sabWoTa liderebma ck-is ideologiur ganyofilebasTan, uSiSroebasa da janmrTelobis saministrosTan erTad mZlavri propagandistuli kampania Ñîëèäàðíîñòü 79 #3(36) wamoiwyes, romlis bevrma monawilem kargadac ixeira. sabWoTa fsiqiatrebis mimarT gonoluluSi gaxmovanebuli braldebebi, rac unda paradoqsulad mogveCvenos, bevrisaTvis dividendebis oqros wvimad iqca. uceb daiwyo propagandistuli turneebis organizeba msoflios qveynebSi _ ucxoelebs mouTxrobdnen yvelaze humanuri fsiqiatriis Sesaxeb. amave mizniT momzadda uamravi mravalferovani publikacia msoflios TiTqmis yvela enaze da esec uxvad finansdeboda. kampaniis sabWoTa fsiqiatria moTaveebi ise SeiWrnen rolSi da ise gaTavxeddnen, rom dasavlel fsiqiatrebs ssrk-Si epatiJebodnen erTmaneTisa da sabWoTa fsiqiatriis ukeT gacnobis mizniT. sinamdvile aravis awuxebda. komunistebs saocari unari hqondaT rogorc msoflio, ise sakuTari qveynis istoriidan mravali maTTvis `sasargeblo~ sazizRroba gadmoeRoT. maT arc `potiomkinis soflebi~ daviwyebiaT (am SemTxvevaSi saCvenebeli fsiqiatriuli saavadmyofoebis saxiT), metic, uzarmazari masStabebi Solidarität }'vh'mksr 80 SesZines maT. sruli datvirTviT amuSavda `damoukideli~ `literaturnaia gazeta~, romelsac, ratomRac, rogorc qveyanaSi, ise mis gareT, sakmaod seriozulad aRiqvamdnen. presa waleka werilebis seriam serbskis institutis keTilSobili TanamSromlebis Sesaxeb, romlebmac mZime bavSvobis miuxedavad adamianebisadmi usazRvro siyvarulis SenarCuneba SeZles. maTi antipodebi iyvnen gulqva, mwvane dolarebs daxarbebuli, saeWvo Cvevebis mqone ssrkdan gaZevebuli xuligani Ñîëiäàðíiñòü solidaroba disidentebi, romlebic provokaciulad avrcelebdnen monaCmaxs sabWoTa fsiqiatriis Sesaxeb. amave dros kgb da jandacvis saministro, es ganuyreli wyvili, dros ar kargavda da agrZelebda maT mier ukve sulierad ganadgurebuli da ganawamebi adamianebis, fsiqiatriuli saavadmyofoebis yofili tusaRebis, abuCad agdebas, maTze informaciis Segrovebasa da am informaciis gamoyenebas `samedicino eTikis~ (sic!!!) gaTvaliswinebiT, raTa momxdariyo `sabWoTa fsiqiatriis misamarTiT gamoTqmuli braldebebis cilismwamebluri xasiaTis mxileba~. mxolod sabWoTa fsiqiatr kgb-Snikebs SeeZloT ukve isedac ganawamebi adamianebis aseTi aSkara da usindiso dacinva da Tanac `samedicino eTikis dacviT~. reba. amrigad, sruli mxilebisa da msoflio skandalis winaSe mdgomma kremlma gadawyvita movlenebisTvis daeswro da Tavad gamoeyvana sabWoTa fsiqiatrTa sazogadoeba msoflio fsiqiatrTa asociaciidan. 1983 wels, avstriaSi msoflio fsiqiatrTa VI I kongresis win uSiSroebis komitetma gaakeTa gancxadeba, romlSic naTqvami iyo, rom sabWoTa kgb-s monacemebiT, fsiqiatrTa VI I msoflio kongresis orgkomitetis xelmZRvanelobas sabWoTa kavSiris fsiqiatrTa msoflio asociaciidan garicxvis sakiTxi faqtobrivad gadawyvetili hqonia (rac simarTle iyo). arsebuli viTarebidan gamomdinare, mizanSewonilad iqna miCneuli fsiqiatrTa sakavSiro sazogadoebis gamosvla fsiqiatrTa msoflio asociaciidan da avstriaSi dagegmili fsiqiatrTa msoflio kongresis ignori- sistemis gawmenda Zveli xelmZRvanelobisgan; SemdgomSi, ukve perestroikis bolos, fsiqiatrTa msoflio asociaciam mis rigebSi gasawevrianeblad 5 piroba wamoayena, romelsac unda akmayofilebdes nebismieri postsabWoTa da gansakuTrebiT ruseTis fsiqiatriuli organizacia: gamoyeneba. bevri fsiqiatri dResac fiqrobs (yovel SemTxvevaSi ase ambobs), rom sxvagvarad moazrovneTa iZulebiT hospitalizaciaSi cudi araferi yofila, metic, am `keTilSobiluri~ saqcieliT sabWoTa fsiqiatrebi `humanur~ mizans, kerZod ki disidentebis ,,zonidan ganTavisuflebas, isaxavdnen. amaze pasuxi mxolod erTi SeiZleba iyos, Tumca, enas rom Zvali ara aqvs, araerTxel Tqmula. fsiqiatriis politikuri miznebiT gamoyenebis aRiareba; dazaralebulTa reabilitacia; fsiqiatriuli daxmarebis Sesaxeb kanonis miReba; Tanxmoba fsiqiatrTa msoflio asociaciis inspeqtirebaze. wina saukunis 90-iani wlebis damdegs fsiqiatriuli represiebis gamo dasavluri auditoriisa da vladimir bukovskis winaSe aRiarebiTi CvenebiT da monaniebiT gamovida serbskis saxelobis institutis imdroindeli direqtori t. b. aleqseeva, rac aRwera kidevac bukovskim Tavis wignSi `moskovis procesi~. Tumca sul male yofili sabWoeTis eqimebma usindisod uaryves fsiqiatriis borotad Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba Solidarity Ñîëèäàðíîñòü 81 #3(36) REPORT evropuli komisia rasizmisa da Seuwynareblobis winaaRmdeg monitoringis meoTxe cikli miRebulia 2010 wlis 28 aprils gamoqveynebulia 2010 wlis 15 ivniss gTavazobT rasizmisa da Seuwynareblobis winaaRmdeg evropuli komisiis moxsenebis Semoklebul variants. sruli versia SegiZliaT ixiloT veb-gverdze: http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/ecri/ Country-by-country/Georgia/GEO-CbC-IV-2010-017-GEO.pdf winamdebare moxseneba Sedgenilia ECRI-is mier da misi pasuxismgeblobiT. igi asaxavs situacias 2009 wlis 18 dekembris mdgomareobiT. SemdgomSi momxdari nebismieri cvlileba ar aris ECRI-is mier gaanalizebuli da daskvnebsa Tu rekomendaciebSi gaTvaliswinebuli. Semajamebeli daskvna ECRI-is saqarTvelos Sesaxeb meore moxsenebis gamoqveynebis Semdeg (2007 wlis 13 Tebervali) win gadaidga nabijebi am moxsenebaSi mocemul mTel rig sferoebSi. Solidarität }'vh'mksr 82 saqarTvelos premier-ministris 2009 wlis 8 maisis #348 gankargulebis ZaliT amoqmedda Semwynareblobisa da samoqalaqo integraciis erovnuli koncefcia da misi samoqmedo gegma. maTi miznebia: saqarTveloSi tolerantobisa da urTierTpativiscemis garemos Seqmna; yvela moqalaqisaTvis Tanabari SesaZleblobebis Seqmnis xelSewyoba; cxovrebis yvela sferoSi eTnikur umciresobaTa efeqtiani monawileobis uzrunvelyofa da maTi kulturisa da TviTmyofadobis ganviTarebisa da SenarCunebisaTvis aucilebeli pirobebis Seqmna. Ñîëiäàðíiñòü solidaroba saqarTvelos ombudsmeni (SemdgomSi saxalxo damcveli) kvlav umniSvnelovanes rols asrulebs saqarTveloSi umciresobaTa, gansakuTrebiT ki eTnikur da religiur umciresobaTa, uflebebis dacvis saqmeSi, aseve diskriminaciasTan brZolis saqmeSi. amas axerxebs mis samsaxurTan arsebuli tolerantobis centris, agreTve, eTnikur umciresobaTa sabWosa da religiaTa sabWos saqmianobebis farglebSi. eTnikuri umciresobebi saqarTveloSi ganaTlebis sferoSi, umTavresad, qarTuli enis mwirad codnis gamo, saqarTvelos xelisufleba cdilobs miiRos Sesabamisi zomebi am winaaRmdegobaTa dasaZlevad, rac dasafasebelia. saqarTvelos xelisufleba aseve dgams nabijebs eTnikuri umciresobebis warmomadgenelTaTvis qarTuli enis swavlebis kuTxiT, zogadad, eTnikur umciresobaTa integraciis mizniT. saqarTvelos xelisufleba ar iSurebs Zalisxmevas, rom win aRudges religiuri Seuwynareblobis gamovlenas da warmarTos dialogi religiur umciresobebTan. SemuSavebulia saxelmwifo programebi moswavleTa Soris sxva eTnikuri da religiuri jgufebis Semwynareblobisa da urTierTpativiscemis swavlebis mizniT. kerZod, 2006 wels xelaxla Sesworda religiuri sakiTxebis swavlebasTan acnobierebs ra winaaRmdegobebs, romelTa winaSec dganan Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba Solidarity dakavSirebuli programa da saxelmZRvaneloebi, raTa maT ufro zustad aesaxaT religiuri da kulturuli mravalferovneba. ltolvilebs gadaecaT cxovrebis ufleba da samgzavro sabuTebi, rac maT saSualebas miscems, imgzavron saqarTvelos gareTac. bolo wlebSi gaumjobesda urTierTobebi pankisSi mcxovreb CeCneTidan ltolvilebsa da adgilobriv samarTaldamcavebsa Tu adgilobriv mosaxleobas Soris, iseve, rogorc usafrTxoebis xarisxi. saqarTvelos xelisuflebam ganaxorciela araerTi umniSvnelovanesi RonisZieba, raTa gaaumjobesos qveynis SigniT iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa mdgomareoba. Ñîëèäàðíîñòü 83 #3(36) maT Soris aRsaniSnavia saxelmwifos 2007 wlis strategia da 2009 wlis 28 maisis samoqmedo gegma, romelTa samizne jgufia rogorc 1990-ian wlebSi devnilebi, aseve 2008 wlis SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis Sedegad gaCenili `axali~ devnilebi. nabijebi gadaidga imis wasaxalisebladac, rom eTnikur umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebi dasaqmdnen policiis ZalebSi, gansakuTrebiT ki im regionebSi, sadac es umciresobebi didi raodenobiT cxovroben, raTa meti iyos eTnikuri mravalferovneba policiaSi. ECRI miesalmeba am pozitiur Zvrebs saqarTveloSi. TumcaRa, miRweuli warmatebebis miuxedavad, zogierTi sakiTxi kvlav SeSfoTebas iwvevs. magaliTad, miuxedavad imisa, rom gacxadda araerTi faqti eTnikur umciresobaTa diskriminaciisa da samarTalwarmoebis TvalsazrisiT, ar Cans iseTi SemTxvevebi, roca adamianebma miiRes kompensacia sasamarTlo xelisuflebisagan maTi uflebis Selaxvis an rasobrivi diskriminaciis Sedegad miyenebuli zaralis gamo. jer kidev ar arsebobs specialuri organo, romelic win aRudgeba rasobriv diskriminacias. magaliTad, moismens da ganixilavs saCivrebs kerZo mxareebs Soris rasobrivi diskriminaciis SemTxvevebTan dakavSirebiT. Semwynareblobisa da REPORT samoqalaqo integraciis koncefciis samoqmedo gegma ar moicavs aranair proeqts koncefciaSi rasobrivi diskriminaciis mimarTulebiT dasaxuli miznebis misaRwevad. saqarTvelos xelisuflebisaTvis kvlav gamowvevad rCeba gaakeTos yvelaferi umciresobebSi saxelmwifo enis codnis gasaumjobeseblad, raTa gauadvilos maT qarTul sazogadoebaSi integracia. amave dros, misces maT saSualeba miiRon ganaTleba maT mSobliur enaze. miuxedavad miRebuli zomebisa, kvlav bevri rCeba gasakeTebeli imis uzrunvelsayofad, rom ar dazaraldnen eTnikur umciresobaTa bavSvebi da hqondeT maT Tanabari miwvdoma umaRles ganaTlebasa da dasaqmebaze, qarTulenovani bavSvebis msgavsad. sul axalia saswavlo programebis reforma religiuri sakiTxebis swavlebis TvalsazrisiT, risi mizanicaa religiuri da kulturuli mravalferovnebis ufro mkafio gamoxatva. amitom jer kidev aucilebelia imis monitoringi, Tu rogor inergeba es programa yvela qarTul skolaSi, raTa axali midgoma saTanadod gaataros ganaTlebis sistemis mTelma personalma, gamonaklisis gareSe. arsebobs SemTxvevebi, roca maswavleblebi da, maTi gamoisobiT, moswavleebi aviwroeben da amcireben bavSvebs, romlebic ar miekuTvnebian religiur umravlesobas. Solidarität }'vh'mksr 84 es moxseneba kvlav aRniSnavs eTnkuri da religiuri umciresobebis mimarT stereotipebis, akviatebuli azrebisa da araswori Sexedulebebis arsebobis faqtebs. kerZod, am stereotipebs saqarTveloSi axmovaneben politikosebi da media, maT SexvdebiT skolis saxelmZRvaneloebSic. sxva jgufebic, magaliTad, CeCnebi, zogjer xdebian amgvari stereotipebis msxverplni, asocirdebian ra danaSaulsa da terorizmTan zogierTi mediasaSualebis mier momzadebul masalebSi. mosaxleobis umravlesoba gulgrili rCeba eTnikur da religiur umciresobaTa problemebis mimarT, metic, arc ki icnoben maT kulturasa Tu cxovrebis garemoebebs. arsebobs gancxadebebi, romelTa Tanaxmadac, 2008 wlis agvistos SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis gamo saqarTveloSi zogierTi aspeqtiT gauaresda viTareba sajaro ganxilvebSi rasizmis gamoxatvis TvalsazrisiT. TumcaRa Zalian Znelia arsebuli mdgomareobisa da misi SesaZlo ganviTarebis Sefaseba, radgan ar arsebobs am sakiTxis mravalmxrivi kvleva. zogadad, sazogadoeba erTmaneTisagan asxvavebs politikur xelmZRvanelobasa da saqarTveloSi mcxovreb calkeul adamianebs, Tumca es viTareba SeiZleba martivad Seicvalos. ECRI-Tvis cnobili gaxda iseTi problemebi, rogoricaa moWarbebuli nacionalizmi da antirusuli ritorika, propagandis SemTxvevebi, romlis mizani- Ñîëiäàðíiñòü solidaroba caa rusebis, afxazebisa da osebis mtrad Seracxva. bolo xans, rogorc Cans, gauaresda klimati religiur umciresobaTa da, gansakuTrebiT, `aratradiciul~ umciresobaTa aRqmis TvalsazrisiT, rasac mivyavarT am jgufebis mimarT religiuri Seuwynareblobis gamovlenamde. bolo wlebSi kvlav Civian religiur umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebis Seviwroebisa da maTTvis sityvieri Tu fizikuri Seuracxyofis faqtebis arsebobis gamo. aris SemTxvevebic, roca iWrebin religiur umciresobaTa msaxurebis an kerZo sakuTrebaSi arsebul adgilebze. marTalia, bolo wlebSi ufro da ufro izrdeba SemTxvevebi, roca sasamarTlo reagirebs religiuri Seuwynareblobis gamovlenis faqtebze, magram zogjer kvlav sasurvelia, rom policiam sakadrisi pasuxi gasces Seuwynareblobis gamovlenas. boSebi zaraldebian farTod gavrcelebuli stereotipebis gamo da ganicdian marginalizacias, rac nawilobriv xsnis maT ukidures siRaribesa da skolaSi daswrebis Zalian dabal xarisxs, rac SesamCnevia boSaTa bavSvebSi. Turqi mesxebis mimarT (romlebic yofili sabWoTa kavSiris dros, 1944 wels gadaasaxles) kvlav mtruli ganwyobilebaa saqarTvelos mosaxleobis zogierT segmentSi, gansakuTrebiT ki somxur mosaxleobaSi, romelic im adgilebSi cxovrobs, saidanac mesxebi arian warmoSobiT. eTnikur umciresobaTa integraciisaTvis mTavar dabrkolebad kvlav rCeba qarTuli enis arcodna. somxebi, azerbaijanelebi da sxva eTnikuri umciresobebi samxreTsa da samxreT-aRmosavleTSi kvlav izolirebulni arian ara mxolod enobrivi barieris gamo, aramed imitomac, rom ver sargebloben saTanado infrastruqturiT, gansakuTrebiT transportisa da komunikaciis sferoSi. meti Zalisxmevaa saWiro imis uzrunvelsayofad, rom eTnikuri umciresobebi Sesabamis doneze monawileobdnen qveynis sazogadoebriv Tu politikur cxovrebaSi. kerZod ki, swavlebis gasaumjobeseblad zurab Jvanias saxelobis administrirebis skolaSi, sadac momavali sajaro mosamsaxureebi swavloben imasac, Tu rogor imuSaon eTnikuri umciresobebiT mWidrod dasaxlebul regionebSi. kvlav saWiroa usaxlkaroTa Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobis gadasinjva, raTa is SesabamisobaSi movides am sferoSi arsebul saerTaSoriso samarTalsa da standartebTan. CeCneTidan ltolvilebisaTvis sacxovrebeli pirobebi pankisSi kvlav ukiduresad mZimea, radgan regionSi Zalian mcirea SesaZleblobebi Semosavlis misaRebad. miuxedavad xelisuflebis mxridan miRebuli zomebisa, 1990 wlis konfliqtisa da Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba Solidarity 2008 wlis agvistos omis Sedegad qveynis SigniT iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli pirebi kvlav seriozul sirTuleebs awydebian cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoSi. kerZod, maTi sacxovrebeli pirobebi umZimesia siRaribis gamo. amasTan, isini awydebian seriozul dabrkolebebs integraciis procesSi, radgan iq, sadac cxovroben, ar aris samuSao adgilebi da SesaZleblobebi Semosavlis misaRebad. am moxsenebaSi ECRI moiTxovs, rom saqarTvelos xelisuflebam miiRos Semdgomi zomebi zogierT sferoSi; am konteqstSi igi iZleva rekomendaciaTa mTel rigs, romelic mocemulia qvemoT. ECRI daJinebiT aCqarebs saqarTvelos xelisuflebas ganagrZos da ganamtkicos Zalisxmeva eTnikur umciresobaTa moswavleebisTvis qarTuli enis swavlebis sferoSi. kerZod, am mizniT ECRI iZleva rekomendacias, rom maswavleblebma, romlebic gadian treningebs qarTulis, rogorc meore enis, swavlebaSi, icodnen im eTnikuri umciresobis ena, romelTa moswavleebsac unda aswavlon. aseve, yvela moswavles, visac es sWirdeba, ufasod daurigdes qarTulis, rogorc meore enis, saxelmZRvanelo. ECRI urCevs saqarTvelos xelisuflebas, rom qarTulenovan da araqarTulenovan skolebs Soris daamyaros partnioruli urTierTobebi, kerZod, skolebSi samcxe-javaxeTsa da Ñîëèäàðíîñòü 85 #3(36) qvemo qarTlis regionSi, raTa xeli Seuwyos sxvadasxva kulturuli da enobrivi safuZvlis mqone moswavleebis daaxloebas. ECRI urCevs saqarTvelos xelisuflebas daakvirdes, Tu ra viTarebaa politikur diskursebsa da mediaSi umciresobaTa jgufebis, kerZod ki, eTnikur da religiur umciresobaTa mimarT stereotipebis, akviatebuli azrebisa da mcdari Sexedulebebis gamoxatvis TvalsazrisiT. ECRI iZleva rekomendacias, rom saqarTvelos xelisuflebam ixmaros yvela Rone (gamarTos codnis asamaRlebeli kampaniebi), raTa aamaRlos urTierTSeTanxmebis done, aRZras urTierTndobis grZnoba sxvadasxva eTnikur jgufs Soris, gaaRrmaos urTierTgageba mosaxleobis umravlesobasa da mcire eTnikur jgufebs Soris, riTac xels Seuwyobs tolerantul da mSvidobian Tanaarsebobas qveyanaSi. ECRI aCqarebs saqarTvelos xelisuflebas ganagrZos da gaaZlieros Zalisxmeva imisaTvis, rom win aRudges religiuri Seuwynareblobis gamovlenas, rasac mohyveba xolme fizikuri Zaladoba da/an sakuTrebaze Tavdasxma. ECRI urCevs saqarTvelos xelisuflebas gamarTos codnis asamaRlebeli kampaniebi zogadad saqarTvelos mosaxleobaSi da, kerZod, somxur mosaxleobaSi, romelic im regionSi binadrobs, saidanac arian warmoSobiT Turqi mesxebi, raTa auxsnan maT am adamianebis dabrunebis istoriuli REPORT mizezebi. amgvari kampaniebis mizania Turqi mesxebis winaaRmdeg Seuwynareblobis nebismieri formis Tavidan acileba, rogorc mosaxleobis umravlesobis warmomadgenelTagan, aseve im regionSi, sadac es adamianebi dabrundebian. ECRI iZleva agreTve rekomendacias, rom gaaTkecdes Zalisxmeva Turqi mesxebis integraciisaTvis, kerZod ki, SemuSavebul iqnes mravalmxrivi strategia, romelic iseT problemebs upasuxebs, rogoricaa enis Seswavla, ganaTlebisa da dasaqmebis xelmisawvdomoba. ECRI daJinebiT urCevs saqarTvelos xelisuflebas meti Zalisxmeva moaxmaros zurab Jvanias saxelobis administrirebis skolis kurikulumis xarisxis gaumjobesebas, ramdenadac mas exeba qarTuli enis swavleba eTnikur umciresobaTaTvis; agreTve iZleva rekomendacias, rom xelisuflebam SeimuSaos meqanizmebi am skolis kursdamTavrebulTa, maT Soris, gansakuTrebiT, eTnikuri umciresobebis warmomadgenelTa administraciul organoebSi dasasaqmeblad, maTi ganaTlebis donis Sesabamisad. Sedegebi da rekomendaciebi I. samarTlebriv debulebaTa arseboba da Sesruleba saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi dokumentebi ECRI kvlav uwevs saqarTvelos rekomendacias xeli moaweros da rac SeiZleba swrafad Solidarität }'vh'mksr 86 moaxdinos Semdegi saerTaSoriso dokumentebis ratifikacia: evropuli qartia regionalur da umciresobaTa enebis Sesaxeb, evropuli konvencia ucxoelTa sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi adgilobriv doneze monawileobis Sesaxeb da evropuli konvencia moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb. ECRI rekomendacias uwevs saqarTvelos moaxdinos kiberdanaSaulis Sesaxeb konvenciis ratificireba, agreTve xeli moaweros da miuerTdes damatebiT oqms, romelic kompiuteruli sistemebiT gavrcelebuli rasistuli da qsenofobiuri xasiaTis qmedebebis kriminalizacias Seexeba. ECRI urCevs saqarTvelos yvela migranti muSisa da maTi ojaxebis wevrTa uflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso konvenciis xelmowerasa da ratificirebas. sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis debulebebi rasizmisa da Seuwynareblobis Sesaxeb ECRI daJinebiT mouwodebs saqarTvelos xelisuflebas miiRos kanonmdebloba, romlis gaTvaliswinebiTac rasizmis motivacia dadgindeba zogadad damamZimebel garemoebad yvela tipis danaSaulisaTvis. igi rekomendacias uwevs saqarTvelos xelisuflebas Secvalos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi da daamatos debulebebi rasizmsa da SeuwynareblobasTan brZolis mizniT. kerZod, Semoitanos debulebebi, Ñîëiäàðíiñòü solidaroba romlebic akrZalavs iseT danaSaulebs, rogoricaa rasobrivi Seuracxyofa, rasistuli gancxadebebis Semcveli masalebis sajaro gaxmaureba an gavrceleba rasizmis motiviT, rasizmis xelSemwyobi jgufis Seqmna an xelmZRvaneloba. ECRI-is zogadi politikis #7 rekomendacia rasizmisa da rasobrivi diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg brZolis erovnuli kanonmdeblobis Sesaxeb iTvaliswinebs Sesabamis saxelmZRvanelo principebs amasTan mimarTebiT. ECRI rekomendacias uwevs saqarTvelos xelisuflebas gaaZlieros Zalisxmeva, raTa policias, prokurorebs, mosamarTleebsa da sasamarTlo sistemis momaval profesionalebs CautardeT treningebi rasobrivi danaSaulisas kanonmdeblobis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb. ECRI rekomendacias uwevs saqarTvelos xelisuflebas miawodos mTel sazogadoebas informacia sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi iseTi debulebebis arsebobis Sesaxeb, romlebic saSualebas iZleva, rom daisajos rasizmiT motivirebuli da religiuri SeuwynareblobiT gamowveuli qmedebebi. misi rekomendaciiT, xelisuflebam unda miiRos zomebi imisaTvis, rom motivacia gauzardon msxverplT Seitanon saCivrebi aseTi saqmeebis winaaRmdeg. kerZod, saWiroa meti Zalisxmeva, raTa gaumjobesdes samarTlebrivi sistemis muSaoba da gaizardos sazogadoebis ndoba sistemis mimarT. samoqalaqo da administraciuli kanonmdeblobis debulebebi rasobrivi diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg Tavis meore moxsenebaSi ECRI rekomendacias uwevda saqarTvelos xelisuflebas mieRo zomebi samoqalaqo da administraciul kanonmdeblobaSi rasobrivi diskriminaciis amkrZalavi debulebebis Sesrulebis gasaumjobeseblad. arsebobs rasobrivi diskriminaciis amkrZalavi ramdenime debuleba, romlebic gabneulia sxvadasxva kanonSi. ECRI SeniSnavs, rom saqarTvelom moaxdina adamianis uflebaTa konvenciis #12 oqmis ratifikacia, romelic iTvaliswinebs zogadad rasobrivi diskriminaciis akrZalvas. saqarTvelos konstituciis 6-2 muxlis Tanaxmad, es oqmi xdeba Sida samarTlebrivi sistemis Semadgeneli nawili. TumcaRa ECRI-saTvis ar aris cnobili arcerTi SemTxveva, roca adamianma miiRo kompensacia misi uflebis darRvevisaTvis, ar dazaralebuliyo rasobrivi diskriminaciis gamo. rom sasamarTlomde ver aRwevs, zogjer ase ganimarteba: diskriminaciis potenciuri msxverplni ar floben sakmaris codnas imis Taobaze, rom ufleba aqvT mimarTon sasamarTlos. bevri ki fiqrobs, rom adamianebSi mcirea sasamarTlo sistemis ndoba, rac xSirad xdeba sasamarTlosTvis mimarTvisagan TavSekavebis mizezi. rogorc Cans, diskriminaciis msxverplni fiqroben, rom maTTvis azri ara aqvs sasamarTloSi wasvlas, an kidev hgoniaT, rom sasamarTloSi wasvla sawinaaRmdego Sedegs gamoiRebs. eTnikur umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebma ganmartes, rom adamianTa gonebaSi jer kidev ar aris kargad aRqmuli diskriminaciis gageba. mosamarTleebsa da advokatebs albaT Zalian waadgebaT treningebi am mimarTulebiT, magaliTad, treningebi pirdapiri da arapirdapiri diskriminaciis Sesaxeb, rogorc es mocemulia ECRI-is zogadi politikis #7 rekomendaciaSi rasizmisa da rasobrivi diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg brZolis erovnuli kanonmdeblobis Sesaxeb. am moxsenebis sxva nawilebSi ECRI moixseniebs iseT situaciebs, diskriminaciamde rom mivyavarT, magaliTad, im problemebs, romelTa winaSec aRmoCnda religiuri umciresobis warmomadgeneli zogierTi moswavle sajaro skolaSi, an problemebs, romlebsac awydebian eTnikuri umciresobis warmomadgenlebi sajaro seqtorSi dasaqmebis xelmisawvdomobis TvalsazrisiT. msgavsi SemTxvevebi ECRI miiCnevs, rom saqarTvelos xelisuflebam unda miiRos zomebi rasobrivi diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg arsebuli debulebebis Sesrulebis gasaumjobeseblad; amas garda, arsebul samoqalaqo da administraciul kanonmdeblobas unda daumatos debulebebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofs maT srul ganxorcielebas. magaliTad aviRoT sirTuleebi, romlebsac momCivanebi awydebian Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba Solidarity Ñîëèäàðíîñòü 87 #3(36) aucilebeli mtkicebulebebis Segrovebisas diskriminaciis SemTxvevebSi. kanonma unda gaamartivos diskriminaciis dadastureba mtkicebulebis tvirTis gaziarebis gziT, rogorc es rekomendebulia ECRI-is zogadi politikis #7 rekomendaciaSi rasizmisa da rasobrivi diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg brZolis erovnuli kanonmdeblobis Sesaxeb. mtkicebulebis tvirTis gaziarebis principi niSnavs, rom momCivanma unda warmoadginos faqtebi, rac saSualebas mogvcems davuSvaT diskriminaciis arseboba, ris Semdegac mopasuxem unda daamtkicos, rom araviTari diskriminacia ar yofila. am principis gamoyeneba dasaSvebia mxolod da mxolod samoqalaqo da administraciul kodeqsSi da ara sisxlis samarTalSi. ECRI kvlav uwevs rekomendacias saqarTvelos xelisuflebas uzrunvelyos samoqalaqo da administraciul kanonmdeblobaSi rasobrivi diskriminaciis amkrZalavi debulebebis saTanadod Sesruleba. es ganaxorcielos sazogadoebis infrmirebis gziT diskriminaciis Sesaxeb, agreTve rasobrivi diskriminaciis amkrZalavi debulebebis Sinaarsisa da moqmedebis sazRvrebis Sesaxeb. am TvalsazrisiT, ECRI xelisuflebas urCevs miiRos specialurad eTnikuri da religiuri umciresobebisTvis gamiznuli zomebi. ECRI agreTve rekomendacias uwevs saqarTvelos xelisuflebas gaaZlieros mosamarTleTa dawyebiTi da mimdinare treningebi REPORT rasobrivi diskriminaciis sakiTxebSi da msgavsi treningebi SesTavazos advokatebsac. ECRI saqarTvelos xelisuflebas agreTve urCevs rasobrivi diskriminaciis amkrZalavi debulebebiT Seavsos samoqalaqo da administraciuli kanonmdebloba, rac gaaZlierebs samarTlebriv meqanizmebs. magaliTad, msgavsi saqmeebisaTvis SemoiRos gaziarebuli mtkicebulebis tvirTis sistema. am TvalsazrisiT, ECRI mouwodebs saqarTvelos xelisuflebas yuradReba gaamaxvilos zogadi politikis #7 rekomendaciaze rasizmisa da rasobrivi diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg brZolis erovnuli kanonmdeblobis Sesaxeb, kerZod, mis im monakveTze, romelic samoqalaqo da administraciul kanonmdeblobas Seexeba. antidiskriminaciuli organizaciebi da sxva instituciebi ECRI kmayofilebiT aRniSnavs, rom saqarTvelos ombudsmeni (SemdgomSi, saxalxo damcveli) mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs saqarTveloSi umciresobaTa jgufebis uflebebis dacvaSi, gansakuTrebiT eTnikuri da religiuri umciresobebis, aseve diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. 2005 wels saxalxo damcvelTan daarsda eTnikuri umciresobebisa da religiaTa sabWoebi, romlebic mniSvnelovan sakonsultacio funqcias asruleben. amasTan, sabWoebi mTavrobisa da yvela samTavrobo organos umTavresi partniorebi arian Solidarität }'vh'mksr 88 eTnikur da religiur umciresobebTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebSi. magaliTad, 2008 wlis ivnisSi prezidentis administraciam xeli moawera eTnikur umciresobaTa sabWosTan TanamSromlobis memorandums. saxalxo damcvelTan muSaobs agreTve tolerantobis centri, romelic axorcielebs situaciis monitorings da upasuxebs eTnikuri, religiuri da sxva umciresobebis mimarT gamovlenil Seuwynareblobis faqtebTan dakavSirebul problemebs. tolerantobis centris amocanaa xeli Seuwyos Semwynareblobis gamovlenas saqarTveloSi. igi organizebas ukeTebs mravalricxovan RonisZiebas, rogoricaa konkursebi mediis, ganaTlebisa da sportis sferoSi, raTa xeli Seuwyos Semwynareblobis gamovlenas Sesabamis samizne jgufebSi. saxalxo damcveli regularulad warmoadgens angariSs im problemebis Sesaxeb, romelTa winaSec dganan eTnikuri da religiuri umciresobebi da rekomendacias uwevs xelisuflebas rogor gaaumjobesos viTareba. igi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs religiuri Seuwynareblobis winaaRmdeg brZolis saqmeSi, rac aRiniSneba am moxsenebis sxva nawilSic. ECRI kmayofilebiT aRniSnavs, rom amJamad saxalxo damcveli xsnis regionul ofisebs, gansakuTrebiT im adgilebSi, romlebic umTavresad eTnikuri umciresobebiTaa dasaxlebuli. ECRIinteresiT SeniSnavs, rom saqarTveloSi aris bevri sxva instituciac, romelTa Ñîëiäàðíiñòü solidaroba saqmianoba pozitiur rols asrulebs rasizmisa da Seuwynareblobis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. reintegraciis saxelmwifo ministris (posti Seiqmna 2008 wels) erT-erTi amocanaa samoqalaqo integraciis gaRrmaveba saqarTveloSi mcxovreb eTnikur umciresobaTa Soris. 2005 wels Seiqmna samoqalaqo integraciisa da Semwynareblobis sabWo, ZiriTadad, Semwynareblobisa da samoqalaqo integraciis erovnuli koncefciisa da samoqmedo gegmis SemuSavebis mizniT. axla mas evaleba samoqmedo gegmis ganxorcielebis monitoringi. adamianis uflebaTa da erovnul umciresobaTa saparlamento komiteti kidev erTi organoa, romelic muSaobs saqarTveloSi umciresobaTa jgufebis uflebebis dasacavad. da bolos, arsebobs kidev prezidentis specialuri mrCeveli samoqalaqo integraciis sakiTxebSi. marTalia, saxalxo damcvelis kompetencia rasizmisa da rasobrivi diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi Zalian maRalia da aramarto tolerantobis centris Sesrulebuli samuSaos gamo, magram ECRI mainc miiCnevs, rom xelisuflebam unda Seqmnas specialuri organo rasobrivi diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. kerZod, ECRI-is azriT, am specialuri organos movaleobebs Soris isic unda iyos, rom moisminos da ganixilos sarCelebi da saCivrebi, romlebic Seexeba rasobrivi diskriminaciis saqmeebs kerZo mxareTa _ kerZo damqirave- belsa da daqiravebuls _ Soris. amasTan, eZios mogvarebis saSualebebi an megobruli morigebis gziT an kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli meTodebiT, Sesasruleblad savaldebulo gadawyvetilebaTa meSveobiT. rasizmisa da rasobrivi diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi saxalxo damcvelis sakvanZo rolis gaTvaliswinebiT, ECRI urCevs saqarTvelos xelisuflebas kvlavac ganagrZos am instituciis mxardaWera. gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT moekidnon saxalxo damcvelis konsultaciebs, iseve, rogorc misi egidiT momuSave eTnikur umciresobaTa sabWos konsultaciebs, srulad iTanamSromlon masTan da gaiTvaliswinon misi rekomendaciebi. ECRI daJinebiT mouwodebs saqarTvelos xelisuflebas, rom uaxloes momavalSi daaarsos damoukidebeli specializebuli organo rasizmisa da rasobrivi diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad, rac SesabamisobaSi iqneba ECRI-is zogadi politikis #2 rekomendaciasTan erovnul doneze rasizmis, qsenofobiis, antisemitizmisa da Seuwynareblobis winaaRmdeg brZolis specializebuli organoebis Sesaxeb, agreTve _ ECRI-is zogadi politikis #7 rekomendaciasTan rasizmisa da rasobrivi diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg brZolis erovnuli kanonmdeblobis Sesaxeb. ECRI xazs usvams, rom aucilebelia am organos damoukideblobis Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba Solidarity uzrunvelyofa; agreTve imis uzrunvelyofa, rom mas hqondes samarTlebrivi qmedunarianoba da saWiro adamianuri Tu finansuri resursebi kerZo mxareebs Soris rasobrivi diskriminaciis SemTxvevebis Sesaxeb sarCelebis mosasmenad da gansaxilvelad. II. diskriminacia sxvadasxva sferoSi ganaTleba ECRI interesiT SeniSnavs, rom ganaTlebis struqturis zogadi reformis farglebSi xelisufleba Seecada gaeumjobesebina saswavlo garemo umciresobaTa skolebis moswavleTaTvis, kerZod, gaaremonta an aaSena umciresobaTa skolebi. gadaidga agreTve nabijebi eTnikur umciresobaTa moswavleebisaTvis qarTuli enis swavlebis gasaumjobeseblad. 2007 wels daiwyo proeqti qarTulis, rogorc meore enis, swavlebis axali kurikulumis SesamuSaveblad. TandaTanobiT umjobesdeba qarTulis, rogorc meore enis, saxelmZRvaneloebi, romlebic ufasod urigdebaT moswavleebs umciresobaTa skolebSi. Tumca am droisaTvis yvela moswavles rodi miuRia ufasod es saxelmZRvanelo. 2009 wlis martSi damtkicda qarTuli enis swavlebis kurikulumi. misi erT-erTi mizania qarTulis swavlebis gaumjobeseba skolamdeli aRzrdis periodSi. es proeqti ganxorcieldeba samcxe-javaxeTsa da qvemo Ñîëèäàðíîñòü 89 #3(36) qarTlis regionSi, romlebic umTavresad umciresobebiTaa dasaxlebuli. SemuSavdeba saxelmZRvaneloebi da sxva masalebi, aseve gzamkvlevi mSobelTa swavlebisaTvis. nabijebi gadaidga agreTve qarTulis, rogorc meore enis maswavlebelTa raodenobisa da profesiuli unarebis gazrdis mizniT. ECRI aRniSnavs, rom Semdegi svlebia gasakeTebeli imis uzrunvelsayofad, rom am maswavleblebma icodnen umciresobaTa ena, radgan specialistebi amas miiCneven erT-erT mTavar pirobad qarTulis, rogorc meore enis, swavlebis xarisxis gaumjobesebisaTvis. qarTul sazogadoebas mTlianad aqvs ori mTavari problema: eTnikuri umciresobebi naklebad floben qarTul enas da isini izolirebulni arian mosaxleobis umravlesobisagan. aqedan gamomdianre, ECRI-is sjera, rom skolis partniorobis programa (ganxorcielda 2004-2007 wlebSi) iyo saintereso proeqti, romelic xels uwyobda gamosavlis Ziebas am izolaciisa da lingvisturi problemebis aRmosafxvrelad. programis mizani iyo maswavlebelTa da moswavleTa samoqalaqo integraciis xelSewyoba mTel qveyanaSi arsebul skolebs Soris qselis SeqmniT. am proeqtis farglebSi Catarda saerTo RonisZiebebi da maswavlebelTa Tu moswavleTa gacvla qarTulenovan da sxva _ somxur Tu azerbaijanulenovan _ skolebs Soris. am tipis iniciativebi mxolod da mxolod misasalmebelia, radgan isini REPORT aaxloebs sxvadasxva eTnikuri da lingvisturi warmoSobis moswavleebs da iZleva Sexvedris, azrTa gacvlagamocvlis Tu megobruli urTierTobebis damyarebis saSualebas. da bolos, amgvari wamowyebebi xels uwyobs qarTuli sazogadoebis integracias. ECRI aRniSnavs, rom xelisuflebas kargad esmis, ra sargebloba SeiZleba moitanos amgvarma proeqtebma. amitom gegmavs am proeqtis ganaxlebas uaxloes momavalSi da mis gafarToebas mTeli qveynis masStabiT. xelisuflebam miiRo zomebi imisaTvis, rom eTnikur umciresobaTa bavSvebs, kerZod ki, eTnikur somxebsa da azerbaijanelebs, hqondeT saSualeba, ganaTleba mSobliur enaze miiRon. magaliTad, ganaTlebis saministro umciresobaTa enebze SeimuSavebs, gamoscems da avrcelebs skolis saxelmZRvaneloebs, romlebmac Caanacvles maTi warmoSobis qveynebidan miRebuli saxelmZRvaneloebi. aman xeli unda Seuwyos umaRlesi ganaTlebis Tanaswor xelmisawvdomobas, ramdenadac axali saxelmZRvaneloebi aucileblad metad iqneba misadagebuli qarTul gamocdebs. Tumca, nawilobriv finansuri mizeziT, yvela moswavles ar miuwvdeba xeli saqarTveloSi gamocemul saxelmZRvaneloze. mniSvnelovania, rom moiZebnos swrafi gamosavali am mimarTulebiT. eTnikur umciresobaTa moswavleebis mxridan orive enis _ qarTulisa da mSobliuris _ ukeT flobisaTvis saukeTeso Solidarität }'vh'mksr 90 gamosavlis saZieblad xelisuflebam aseT gzas mimarTa: sapiloto skolebSi SemoiRo multilingvuri swavleba. multilingvuri swavlebis kurikulumiT ganaTlebis miRebis proeqti 2009 wels umciresobaTa 40 skolaSi daiwyo. Tavis wina moxsenebaSi ECRI aRniSnavda, rom 2005-2006 saswavlo wlidan SemoRebulia misaRebi gamocdebis erTiani centralizebuli sistema, romelic saqarTvelos yvela saxelmwifo universitetze vrceldeba da es ganaTlebis reformis erTerTi nawilia. sagamocdo sagnebs Sorisaa qarTuli ena da literatura. eTnikur umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebi da, zogadad, samoqalaqo sazogadoeba xazs usvamen im sirTuleebs, rac am cvlilebam Seuqmna araqarTulenovan abiturientebs. axali sistemis danergvis pirvel wels eTnikur umciresobaTa warmomadgenelTagan bevri CaiWra universitetSi misaReb gamocdebze da, umTavresad, swored qarTuli enisa da literaturis gamocdaze. xelisufleba mixvda, rom axalma sistemam arasaxarbielo mdgomareobaSi Caagdo eTnikur umciresobaTa abiturientebi, ZiriTadad, swored qarTulis cudad codnis gamo. axali sistema aRmoCnda saqarTveloSi swavlis gagrZelebis damabrkolebeli faqtori _ am abiturientTagan bevrma amjobina swavlis gagrZeleba sazRvrebs gareT, umetesad, maTi warmoSobis saxelmwifoebSi, sadac Semdeg, Cveuleb- Ñîëiäàðíiñòü solidaroba riv, rCebian kidec. amis gamo xelisuflebam gadadga araerTi nabiji, ramac, rogorc Cans, ukve gamoiRo ramdenime pozitiuri Sedegi, radgan erTiani erovnuli gamocdebi metma abiturientma Caabara umciresobaTagan. ECRI aRniSnavs, rom xelisuflebam erT-erTi aseTi gamosavali ipova: daawesa kvota somxur da azerbaijanulenovani skolebidan gamosul abiturientTaTvis, romlebic miiRebdnen grants qarTul universitetSi swavlis gasagrZeleblad. 2009 wels am grantiT 60-ma abiturientma isargebla. meore, rac xelisuflebam gaakeTa, iyo is, rom abiturientebs eTnikur umciresobaTagan misca saSualeba gaevloT mosamzadebeli kursebi qarTuli enis codnis gasaRrmaveblad gamocdebis Cabarebamde. xelisuflebis informaciiT, mesame nabiji iyo 2010 wlidan universitetebSi adgilebis 5%-is Senaxva somxur da amdenive procentis _ azerbaijanulenovani abiturientebisaTvis, romlebic erTian erovnul gamocdebs maT mSobliur enaze Caabarebdnen. 2010 wlidan igive gakeTdeba osur da afxazur enebze molaparakeTaTvis. am sqemiT Caricxuli studentebi pirveli kursis manZilze gaivlian qarTulenovan programas. ECRI miiCnevs, rom yvela es Zalisxmeva misasalmebelia, magram ar kmara saimisod, rom umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistema saqarTveloSi araqarTulenovani abiturientebisTvisac Tanabari SesaZleblobebis garantias iZleodes. ECRI kvlav daJinebiT uwevs rekomendacias saqarTvelos xelisuflebas meti Zalisxmeva gaiRos eTnikur umciresobaTa SesamCnevad gaumjobesebuli ganaTlebisaTvis, raTa maT skolis damTavrebis Semdeg garantirebuli hqondeT umaRlesi ganaTlebisa da dasaqmebis Tanabari xelmisawvdomoba. xelisuflebam kvlav unda waiwios win umciresobaTa enebis swavlebis reformirebis TvalsazrisiT. kerZod, ECRI mouwodebs saqarTvelos xelisuflebas ganixilos am TvalsazrisiT ramdenad iqneba gamosavali multilingvuri swavleba. am miznebisaTvis ECRI iZleva rekomendacias, rom maswavleblebma, romlebic gadian gadamzadebas qarTulis, rogorc meore enis, swavlebisaTvis, icodnen im eTnikur umciresobaTa ena, romlebsac unda aswavlon. aseve, qarTulis, rogorc meore enis, saxelmZRvaneloebi ufasod daurigdes yvela Sesabamis moswavles. ECRI urCevs saqarTvelos xelisuflebas organizeba gauwios skolaTa partniorobasa da moswavleTa gacvlas qarTulenovan da araqarTulenovan, kerZod ki, samcxe javaxeTsa da qvemo qarTlis regionebSi arsebul, skolebs Soris, raTa xeli Seuwyos sxvadasxva kulturuli da lingvisturi istoriis mqone moswavleTa daaxloebas. ECRI kmayofilebiT aRniSnavs, rom arsebobs saxelmwifo proeqtebi moswavleebisTvis Semwynareblobisa da sxva eTnikuri Tu religiuri jgufebis pativiscemis saswav- Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba Solidarity leblad. 2006 wlis 26 seqtembers miRebuli axali kurikulumi krZalavs moswavleTa diskriminaciis nebismier formas (eTnikur, religiur, lingvistur safuZvelze). magaliTisaTvis, ECRI aRniSnavs erT saintereso iniciativas: qarTul skolebSi axlaxan gavrcelda saxelmZRvanelo `religiuri mravalferovnebisa da interkulturuli ganaTlebis~ Sesaxeb. Tumca arasamTavrobo organizaciebi da umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebi miiCneven, rom metia gasakeTebeli, raTa zogad kurikulumSi CaerTos informacia eTnikur umciresobaTa kulturisa da istoriis Sesaxeb, amasTan, saxelmZRvaneloebidan, gansakuTrebiT ki, istoriis saxelmZRvaneloebidan amoiRon eTnikur da religiur umciresobaTa uaryofiTi xatebi. xelisuflebam aRniSna, rom aamuSava meqanizmebi imis uzrunvelsayofad, rom amJamad Sedgenili saxelmZRvaneloebi da isinic, romlebic momavalSi Sedgeba, ar Seicavdes am rangis aranair uaryofiT Sefasebas da rom kurikulumi ukeT asaxavdes saqarTvelos eTnikur da religiur mravalferovnebas. ECRI rekomendacias uwevs saqarTvelos xelisuflebas, rom imuSavos skolis kurikulumebisa da saxelmZRvaneloebis xarisxis kontrolze. saxelmZRvaneloebi ar unda moixseniebdes upativcemulod da damamcireblad umciresobis arc erT jgufs. ECRI mouwodebs saqarTvelos xelisuflebas, gadaxedos saskolo kurikulumsa da Ñîëèäàðíîñòü 91 #3(36) saxelmZRvaneloebs, gansakuTrebiT ki istoriis saxelmZRvaneloebs, raTa isini moicavdes informacias eTnikur umciresobaTa kulturisa da istoriis Sesaxeb, riTac moswavleebi Seimecneben multikulturuli sazogadoebis upiratesobebs. Tavis meore moxsenebaSi ECRI aRniSnavda, rom mTavari aqcenti keTdeba umravlesobis religiis (marTlmadideblobis) swavlebaze saxelmwifo skolebSi. wina saskolo kurikulumSi religiis swavleba savaldebulod iTvleboda. ECRI rekomendacias iZleva gaumjobesdes mdgomareoba religiur sakiTxTa swavlebis TvalsazrisiT, meti sizustiT aisaxos religiuri da kulturuli mravalferovneba. 2007 wlidan sajaro skolebs aRar SeuZliaT Tavs moaxvion moswavleebs religiis sagani. maT SeuZliaT TavianT programaSi SerCeviT Seitanon istoriis, kulturis an sazogadoebaSi religiis rolis amsaxveli sagnebi. axali midgomis Sesabamisad, es kursi ar SeiZleba exebodes mxolod erT konkretul religias. is moswavleebs unda awvdides informacias msoflioSi arsebuli sxvadasxva religiis Sesaxeb. aseve ukve momzadebulia saxelmZRvaneloebi amgvari kursebis farglebSi pedagogiuri saSualebebis Sesaxeb. es saxelmZRvaneloebi gamowvlilviT Seafases, raTa religiuri neitraliteti garantirebulad iyos daculi. es mimdinare reformaa da, zogierTi wyaros Tanaxmad, REPORT kvlav saWiroa imis monitoringi, Tu rogor inergeba reforma saqarTvelos yvela skolaSi. es uzrunvelyofs axali midgomis saTanadod dacvas ganaTlebis sferoSi dasaqmebuli yvela adamianis mxridan, gamonaklisis gareSe. miuxedavad imisa, rom garkveuli warmatebaa miRweuli kurikulumSi religiuri neitralitetis dacvis ganxriT, ECRI Sewuxebulia imis gamo, razec meore moxsenebaSic amaxvilebda yuradRebas: kvlav aRniSnaven, rom maswavleblebi da, maTi gavleniT, moswavleebi aviwroeben da amcireben bavSvebs, romlebic ar miekuTvnebian religiur umravlesobas. kanonmdebloba ganaTlebis Sesaxeb cxadad krZalavs religiis safuZvelze diskriminaciis nebismier formas da religiuri simbolikis gamofenas sajaro skolebSi, Tu amas ar aqvs saganmanaTleblo daniSnuleba. TumcaRa arsebobs informacia, rom zogierTi maswavlebeli aviwroebs moswavleebs, romlebic religiur umciresobebs miekuTvnebian, magaliTad, religiuri simboloebis gamofeniT saklaso oTaxSi an umravlesobis religiis sasargeblod saubriT maSinac ki, roca iseT sakiTxebs aswavlian, rasac araferi aqvs saerTo religiasTan. xelisufleba acxadebs, rom maT ar miuRiaT oficialuri saCivari skolaSi religiis safuZvelze diskriminaciis Sesaxeb. xelisuflebam xazi gausva imas, rom nebismier SemTxvevaSi arsebobs Solidarität }'vh'mksr 92 Semowmebis sistema, romelic Seexeba saqarTvelos yvela skolas. amdenad, Tu ganaTlebis saministros yuramde miaRwevs religiur niadagze im moswavleTa diskriminaciis faqtebi, romlebic religiur umciresobas miekuTvnebian, maswavlebels disciplinaruli sasjeli Seexeba. ECRI aRniSnavs, rom saxalxo damcvelTan arsebuli tolerantobis centri akvirdeba yvela sakiTxs, rac ukavSirdeba adamianis uflebaTa SesaZlo Selaxvas skolebSi religiis Tavisuflebis TvalsazrisiT. amdenad, rogorc Cans, es sakiTxi Semdgom Seswavlas saWiroebs viTarebis sruli suraTis dasanaxad, raTa xelisuflebam raime moimoqmedos, rom sajaro skolebSi uciloblad iyos daculi religiuri neitraliteti. ECRI rekomendacias uwevs saqarTvelos xelisuflebas monitoringi gauwios axali kurikulumis danergvis process yvela sajaro skolaSi. Tavis mxriv, axali kurikulumi iTvaliswinebs religiaSi arCeviTi sagnebis arsebobas, raTa religiis swavlebis realuri Sinaarsi srulad asaxavdes sagnis oficialur Sinaarss, rac neitralitetisa da mravalferovnebis princips efuZneba axali kurikulumis Sesabamisad. ECRI mouwodebs xelisuflebas uzrunvelyos, rom moswavleebs religiis Sesaxeb informacia miewodebodeT mecnieruli neitralitetis Sesabamisad, rac arsebiTia ganaTlebis sakiTxebSi. Ñîëiäàðíiñòü solidaroba ECRI iZleva rekomendacias, rom saqarTvelos xelisufleba miwvdes TiToeul sajaro skolas cxadi mesijiT skolaSi religiuri mravalferovnebis aRiarebisa da pativiscemis Sesaxeb. misaRebia zomebi imis uzrunvelsayofad, rom yvela maswavlebeli pativs scemdes religiuri neitralitetis princips, rac gaTvaliswinebulia kanonmdeblobiT. vTqvaT, moxdes multikulturul garemoSi ganaTlebis yvela muSakis sawyisi da mimdinare gadamzadeba. xelisuflebam unda uzrunvelyos, rom moswavleebi ar gaxdnen diskriminaciisa da yoCobis msxverplni skolaSi maTi religiis gamo da mimarTos Sesabamis sanqciebs diskriminaciis SemTxvevebis gamovlenisas. dasaqmeba, samarTalwarmoeba da sxva sferoebi zogierTi wyaros mixedviT, arsebobs eTnikuri diskriminaciis problemebi dasaqmebis an samarTalwarmoebis sferoebSi. magaliTad, gancxadebebis Tanaxmad, ena aris is faqtori, romelic zogjer eTnikur umciresobebs uxerxulobas uqmnis dasaqmebis xelmisawvdomobaSi, gansakuTrebiT, sajaro samsaxurebSi, radgan zogierTma maTganma sakmarisad kargad ar icis qarTuli ena. zogierTi wyaros Tanaxmad, enis faqtori yovelTvis sakmarisad ver ganmartavs, ratom ver miiRo adamianma _ eTnikuri unciresobis warmomadgenelma _ samsaxuri. aq SeiZleba Tavis rols TamaSobdes sxva `dafaruli~ faqtorebic. zogierTi wyaro aseve xazs usvams, rom calkeul SemTxvevebSi sasamarTloze oficialur enaze Tu enidan imdenad uxarisxod Targmnian, rom eTnikur umciresobaTa warmomadgeneli, vinc Tavad ar flobs saTanadod qarTuls, dazaralebuli rCeba marTlmsajulebis miRwevisas qarTul enaze molaparake gamomsvlelebTan SedarebiT. sxvebi miuTiTeben, rom eTnikur umciresobaTa zogierTi wevri Tavs diskriminirebulad grZnobs da miiCnevs, rom meore xarisxis moqalaqed ganixileba. Tumca aseve aRiniSna, rom zogierT SemTxvevaSi, miuxedavad aseTi SegrZnebisa, eTnikuri umciresobebi aRmoCndebian xolme situaciaSi, romelic bevrad ar gansxvavdeba im viTarebisagan, romelSic mosaxleobis umravlesoba amoyofs xolme Tavs. miuxedavad imisa, rom zogierTi kvleva Seiswavlis eTnikur umciresobaTa diskriminaciis sakiTxebs, bevr sxva sakiTxTan erTad, ECRI-is informaciiT, jer kidev ar arsebobs sistemuri da amomwuravi kvleva, romelic Seiswavlida SesaZlo pirdapir da arapirdapir diskriminacias eTnikur da religiur umciresobaTa jgufebis mimarT. imis gamo, rom ar arsebobs sasamarTloSi aRZruli saqmeebi, sando statistikuri monacemebi da arc rasobrivi diskriminaciis gamowvlilviTi Seswavla xdeba, dReisaTvis arsebuli Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba Solidarity informacia ar aris sakmarisi imis Sesafaseblad, aris Tu ara saqarTveloSi diskriminacia da, Tu aris, ra donisa. aqedan gamomdinare, ECRI-s sjera, rom aucilebelia saqmis arsSi ufro Rrmad Caxedva, raTa davinaxoT arsebuli viTarebis cxadi suraTi da miviRoT zomebi viTarebis gamosasworeblad, rac uciloblad saWiroa, Tuki iseT sferoebSi, rogoricaa dasaqmeba da samarTalwarmoeba, Tavs iCens diskriminaciis SemTxvevebi, iqneba es pirdapiri Tu arapirdapiri, winaswar ganzraxuli Tu struqturuli diskriminacia. am dros gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces sagangaSo gancxadebebs, am TavSi rom aris moxsenebuli. am konteqstSi ECRI exmianeba missave rekomendaciebs, romlebic am moxsenebis sxva monakveTebSia warmodgenili, kerZod, `antidiskriminaciuli organoebi da sxva instituciebi~ _ zemoT, da `rasizmisa da rasobrivi diskriminaciis monitoringi~ _ qvemoT. III. rasobrivi Zaladoba ECRI SeSfoTebiT aRniSnavs, rom bolo wlebSi kvlav acxadeben religiur umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebis Seviwroebisa da religiuri Tayvaniscemis adgilebze maTi sityvieri Tu fizikuri Seuracxyofebis SemTxvevebis Sesaxeb an religiuri umciresobis warmomadgenlebis kuTvnil qonebaze Tavdasxmis gamo. Ñîëèäàðíîñòü 93 #3(36) amgvar danaSaulebriv qmedebebs, ZiriTadad, Cadian adamianebi mosaxleobis umravlesobidan. aseTi SemTxvevebi Tavs iCens mTel qveyanaSi da umetesad Seexeba aratradiciul religiur umciresobebs, kerZod ki, ieRovas mowmeebs. magram ufro da ufro metad Cndeba SemTxvevebi, roca Seviwroebis msxverplni xdebian muslimebi. zogierTi wyaros mixedviT, am SemTxvevaTagan yvela rodi ecnobeba saqarTvelos xelisuflebas sxvadasxva mizezis gamo, romlebic am moxsenebis sxva monakveTebSi iqneba ganxiluli. amgvari informacia, misi bunebidan gamomdinare, Zneli mosapovebelia da xelisuflebis mxridan saWiroa Semdgomi kvleva problemis realuri moculobis gasarkvevad. religiur Seuwynareblobaze prokuraturis pasuxebis raodenoba ufro da ufro izrdeba bolo wlebSi. saqarTvelos mTavari prokuraturis adamianis uflebaTa departamenti agrZelebs Seuwynareblobis gamovlinebis yvela SemTxvevaze reagirebas da aRZravs saqmes damnaSaveTa winaaRmdeg. arsebobs amgvar SemTxvevebisa da maTi Sedegebis oficialuri statistika. es statistika gviCvenebs, rom 2006 wlidan religiuri Seuwynareblobis SemTxvevaTagan yovelwliurad saSualod 20-ze naklebi ecnobeba prokuraturas da gamoiZieba. maTgan zogierTi damnaSavis patimrobiT dasjiT an sxva sanqciiT damTavrda. REPORT saxalxo damcvelis axali moxseneba da sxva wyaroebi aRniSnaven, rom Sedegebi naklebad pozitiuria policiis mxridan religiuri Seuwynareblobis gamovlenis SemTxvevebze pasuxis TvalsazrisiT. Cans, rom, zog SemTxvevaSi, adgilobrivi policia ar mimarTavs Sesabamis zomebs maSin, roca iRebs informacias religiur niadagze dapirispirebis Sesaxeb. ECRI-is yuramde movida Semdegi problemebi: policiis zogierTma TanamSromelma ar moaxdina drouli reagireba, roca mas sTxoves Careva; sxvebma ki realurad ar gamoiZies SemTxveva an dauyovnebliv ar daiwyes gamoZieba. SeiZleba isec moxdes, rom gamoZiebis dawyebisas, policiam ar gaiTvaliswinos religiuri motivacia. ueWvelia, saxalxo damcveli asrulebs pozitiur rols im saqmeSi, rom policiam yuradReba miaqcios gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebs, romlebic kvalificirdeba rogorc Zaladoba religiur niadagze, raTa es elementi saTanadod gaiTvaliswinon gamoZiebisas. ECRI miuTiTebs saqarTvelos xelisuflebas, rom kvlav ecados da gaaZlieros Zalisxmeva, raTa efeqtianad ebrZolos religiuri Seuwynareblobis Zaladobriv gamovlenas, maT Soris, fizikur Zaladobas da/an qonebaze Tavdasxmas; gadawyvetiT urCevs mas, rom policiam amomwuravad gamoiZios religiur niadagze Cadenili danaSaulebi, amasTan, srulad gaiTvaliswinos Solidarität }'vh'mksr 94 religiuri motivacia rigiTi danaSaulebis dros. kerZod, specialuri saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebi unda SemuSavdes policiis TanamSromlebisTvis religiuri Seuwynareblobis SemTxvevebSi gadasadgmeli nabijebis Sesaxeb, roca maT ecnobebaT amgvari faqtis Sesaxeb. ECRI mouwodebs saqarTvelos xelisuflebas, ganixilos policiis ganyofilebebSi specialuri erTeulis Seqmnis sakiTxi, romelic daspecialdeba amgvar danaSaulebze; gamosces agreTve samTavrobo cirkularebi da sxva dokumentebi policiis TanamSromlebSi cnobierebis asamaRleblad, raTa maT religiuri motivaciiT Cadenil danaSaulebze gadamwyveti reagireba moaxdinon. IV. rasizmi sajaro gamosvlebSi ECRI friad SeSfoTebulia im moxsenebebis gamo, romelTa Tanaxmadac viTareba sajaro saubrebSi rasizmis gamovlenis TvalsazrisiT gauaresebulia zogierT aspeqtSi, mimdinare movlenebis gamo. amasTan, rTulia arsebuli viTarebisa da misi SesaZlo ganviTarebis Sefaseba, ramdenadac ar arsebobs raime dawvrilebiTi kvleva an gamokiTxva am sakiTxze. qveyanaSi ekonomikuri da finansuri krizisia, ruseTTan politikuri uTanxmoebaa, ori regioni qveyanas mowyvetilia, sadac iseTi daZabuloba Seiqmna, rom igi xuTdRian SeiaraRebul konfliqtSi gadaizarda 2008 wlis agvistoSi, rasac saqarTvelos Ñîëiäàðíiñòü solidaroba teritoriis zogierTi nawilis okupacia mohyva. zogierTi komentatori wamoWris moWarbebuli nacionalizmisa da antirusuli ritorikis problemas, rac Tavs iCens politikosTa gamosvlebSi. zogjer propagandis samiznea rusebi, afxazebi da osebi, romlebsac `mtrebad~ saxaven. zogierTi politikosi an media eTnikur umciresobebs aRweren, rogorc `usafrTxoebis SesaZlo safrTxes~. ECRI-s aRelvebs eTnikuri daZabulobis mosalodneli eskalacia, Tuki gagrZeldeba agresiuli toni, SesamCnevi zogierTi politikosis gamosvlebsa da mediaSi. amdenad, arsebiTia, rom xelisuflebam daikavos myari pozicia nebismieri mcdelobisadmi, romlis mizania saarCevno qulebis mopoveba rasistuli, qsenofobiuri gamonaTqvamebis an Seuwynareblobis sxva formaTa gamoyenebiT. politikuri daZabulobisa da konfliqtebis xanaSi, ECRI-is Rrma rwmeniT, sakmarisi ar aris oden rasizmisa da Seuwynareblobis winaaRmdeg brZola. aseve arsebiTia sxvadasxva jgufs Soris yovelmxrivi urTierTgagebisa da mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis xelSewyoba. politikosebs, medias, saqarTvelos xelisuflebas da saqarTvelos sazogadoebas, rogorc erT mTlianobas, mniSvnelovani roli akisriaT am TvalsazrisiT. ECRI kmayofilebiT aRniSnavs, rom saqarTvelos xelisuflebam miiRo erovnuli koncefcia Semwynareblobisa da samoqalaqo integraciis Sesaxeb, romelic iTvaliswinebs RonisZiebaTa mTel rigs qarTul sazogadoebaSi eTnikuri umciresobebis mimarT Semwynareblobis xelSesawyobad. Semwynareblobis amgvari xelSewyobiT unda isargeblon saqarTveloSi mcxovrebma umciresobaTa sxva jgufebmac, vTqvaT, religiurma umciresobebma. saqarTvelos xelisuflebam miaRwia garkveul warmatebas eTnikur umciresobaTa kulturis, istoriisa da problemebis sazogadoebriv mediaSi gaSuqebis sakiTxSi. magaliTad, kanoni mauwyeblis Sesaxeb moiTxovs, rom sazogadoebrivma mauwyebelma Tavis programebSi asaxos eTnikuri, kulturuli, lingvisturi da religiuri mravalferovneba, gauSvas saeTero programebi qveyanaSi mcxovrebi eTnikuri umciresobebis enebze. sazogadoebrivi radio amzadebs programas `Cveni saqarTvelo~, romelic aSuqebs eTnikuri da religiuri mravalferovnebis sakiTxebs. zemoT naxsenebi mauwyebelTa eTikis kodeqsi Seicavs mTel wyebas debulebebisas mravalferovnebis pativiscemisa da Semwynareblobis xelSewyobis sakiTxebze. ECRI iZleva rekomendacias, rom saqarTvelos xelisuflebam monitoringi gauwios eTnikuri umciresobebis, kerZod, eTnikuri da religiuri umciresobebis, mimarT, stereotipebis, akviatebuli Sexedulebebisa da mcdari damokidebulebebis Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba Solidarity gamovlenas politikur diskursebsa da mediaSi. ECRI rekomendacias uwevs saqarTvelos xelisuflebas, rom ganaxorcielos yvela svla, magaliTad, gamarTos cnobierebis asamaRlebeli kampaniebi, imisaTvis, rom sxvadasxva eTnikur jgufs Soris gaaumjobesos urTierTSeTanxmebuloba, aRZras urTierTndobis grZnoba da gaaRvivos urTierTgageba mosaxleobis umravlesobasa da umciresobaTa jgufebs Soris. amiT xels Seuwyobs Semwynareblobas da mSvidobian Tanaarsebobas qveyanaSi. V. mowyvladi/samizne jgufebi boSebi ECRI rekomendacias uwevs saqarTvelos xelisuflebas uzrunvelyos boSaTa gaTvaliswineba mTavrobis ganxorcielebul samoqalaqo integraciis programebSi da, kerZod, erovnul koncefciaSi Semwynareblobisa da samoqalaqo integraciis Sesaxeb. xelisuflebam unda miiRos zomebi, rom dauyovnebliv upasuxos boSaTa Temis warmomadgenlebis mimarT nebismieri saxis Seuwynareblobis an rasobrivi diskriminaciis gamovlenas. ECRI rekomendacias uwevs saqarTvelos xelisuflebas, Seiswavlos boSaTa bavSvebis mdgomareoba ganaTlebis xelmisawvdomobis TvalsazrisiT da ganaxorcielos svlebi, romlebic CaiTvleba aucileblad imis uzrunvel- Ñîëèäàðíîñòü 95 #3(36) sayofad, rom yvela boSa bavSvma isargeblos Tanabari SesaZleblobebiT am sferoSi. Turqi mesxebi am moxsenebaSi ECRI-s surs aqcenti gaakeTos zogadad Turqi mesxebisadmi arsebul ganwyobaze da mTlianad repatriaciis procesze. Tavis wina moxsenebaSi ECRI-m ukve gamoTqva SeSfoTeba am sakiTxis gamo. igi xazgasmiT aRniSnavda, rom saqarTvelos mosaxleobis garkveul segmentebSi arsebobs mtruli ganwyobileba Turqi mesxebis mimarT, gansakuTrebiT somxur mosaxleobaSi, romelic im adgilebSi binadrobs, saidanac deportirebuli pirebi arian warmoSobiT. sxvadasxva wyaroze dayrdnobiT, miuxedavad Zalisxmevisa, informacia miewodos sazogadoebas Turqi mesxebis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb (vTqvaT, satelevizio programebis meSveobiT), es problema kvlav mwvavea. amgvari mtruli ganwyobis saTave, zogadad, sazogadoebaSi informaciis naklebobaa, agreTve is mcdari damokidebuleba Turqi mesxebis mimarT, romelsac propagandas uwevs zogierTi media. ECRI interesiT aRniSnavs, rom zogierTi arasamTavrobo organizacia mxars uWers repatriaciis process da aramarto imiT, rom niadags amzadebs am pirTa repatriaciisaTvis. arsebuli proeqtebi iTvaliswinebs treningebis gamarTvas enaSi, iuridiul konsultaciasa da daxmarebas samsaxuris moZebnaSi. ECRI-s esmis, rom REPORT saxelmwifos ar miuRia raime gansakuTrebuli samoqmedo gegma Turqi mesxebis repatriaciasTan dakavSirebiT. ECRI-s sjera, rom repatriaciis procesis sruli warmatebisaTvis mniSvnelovania am mimarTulebiT nabijebis gadadgmisas xelisuflebam ar ugulebelyos mTavari _ integraciis _ mimarTuleba. integracia ormxrivi procesia da masSi CarTulia rogorc mosaxleobis umravlesoba, aseve umciresoba. amdenad, moTxovnebi am TvalsazrisiT miemarTeba mTel sazogadoebas da mxolod Turq mesxebze ar fokusirdeba. ECRI urCevs saqarTvelos xelisuflebas Tavisi Zalisxmeva deportirebul pirTa repatriaciis procesis sasargeblod mimarTos, kerZod, uzrunvelyos, rom repatriaciaze ganmcxadeblebi ar dabrkoldnen moqalaqeobis miRebaSi arasaTanado SezRudvebis gamo. ECRI rekomendacias uwevs saqarTvelos xelisuflebas daiwyos cnobierebis asamaRlebeli kampania, zogadad, qarTul mosaxleobaSi da, kerZod, somxur mosaxleobaSi, romelic im regionSi cxovrobs, saidanac arian warmoSobiT Turqi mesxebi. amgvari kampaniebis mizania, rom ganumartos maT am adamianebis dabrunebis istoriuli mizezebi da Tavidan aicilos maT winaaRmdeg Seuwynareblobis gamovlenis nebismieri forma rogorc mosaxleobis umravlesobisagan, aseve adgilobrivi Solidarität }'vh'mksr 96 mosaxleobisagan, romelic im arealSi cxovrobs, sadac Turqi mesxebi dabrundebian. ECRI iZleva agreTve rekomendacias, rom saqarTvelos xelisuflebam gaaZlieros Tavis Zalisxmeva Turqi mesxebis integraciis mimarTulebiT, gansakuTrebiT _ mravalmxrivi strategiis SemuSavebiT, romelic upasuxebs iseT sakiTxebs, rogoricaa enis Seswavla, ganaTlebisa da dasaqmebis xelmisawvdomoba. religiuri umciresobebi Tavis meore moxsenebaSi ECRI Seexeboda gadasawyvet sakiTxTa mTel rigs, romelsac wamowevdnen religiuri umciresobebi sxvadasxva sferoSi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, zedmeti biurokratiiT gamowveuli dabrkolebebis Seqmna religiuri wesis aRsrulebis mizniT Senobis gaxsnisa an aSenebisaTvis. marTalia, religiur umciresobaTa zogierTma warmomadgenelma aRniSna, rom ramdenime mimarTulebiT winsvla aSkaraa (magaliTad, rac Seexeba sxva sasuliero pirTa vizits satusaRoebSi patimarTa mosanaxuleblad), maT mainc xazi gausves sxva gadauwyveteli sakiTxebis arsebobas. maT Sorisaa dava zogierTi eklesiisaTvis religiuri qonebis dabrunebis Sesaxeb an `arakomerciuli kerZo samarTlis piris~ statusis adekvaturoba _ es erTaderTi statusia, romelic SeiZleba mieniWos religiur umciresobas, romelsac saqarTvelos kanonmdeblo- Ñîëiäàðíiñòü solidaroba biT daregistrireba surs. ECRI interesiT SeniSnavs religiaTa sabWos mzard rols religiaTaSoris da kulturaTaSoris dialogSi. sabWo daarsda 2005 wels saxalxo damcvelTan. xelisufleba xels Seuwyobs Sesabamis religiur umciresobebTan dialogs, rogorc amas manamdec akeTebda, raTa gamoZebnos yvela mxarisaTvis misaRebi gamosavali zemoT aRniSnuli sakiTxebis mosagvareblad. ECRI kvlav xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom religiurma umciresobebma srulad unda isargeblon xelisuflebis mier wamowyebuli samoqalaqo integraciis procesis upiratesobebiT, gansakuTrebiT, erovnuli koncefciiT Semwynareblobisa da samoqalaqo integraciis Sesaxeb. ECRI rekomendacias uwevs saqarTvelos xelisuflebas ganagrZos dialogi religiur umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebTan, kerZod, saxalxo damcvelTan arsebul religiaTa sabWosTan TanamSromlobis farglebSi, raTa gamoZebnos gamosavali gadasawyveti problemebisaTvis, rogoricaa winaaRmdegobebis daZleva religiuri wesis aRsrulebis mizniT Senobis gaxsnis an aSenebisaTvis an religiur umciresobaTa samarTlebrivi statusis sakiTxi. eTnikuri umciresobebi somxebi, azerbaijanelebi da sxva eTnikuri umciresobebi samxreT da samxreT-aRmosavleTi saqarTveloSi jer kidev zaraldebian izolaciis problemiT da aramarto enobrivi barieris gamo, aramed imitomac, rom naklebadaa ganviTarebuli Sesabamisi infrastruqtura, gansakuTrebiT, transportisa da komunikaciebis sferoSi. ECRI kmayofilebiT aRniSnavs, rom xelisufleba dgams nabijebs eTnikuri umciresobebiT dasaxlebul mTavar regionebamde misaRwevad da am nabijebma ukve gamoiRo pozitiuri Sedegi: gakeTda gzebi am regionebis dedaqalaqTan dasakavSireblad, sacxovrebeli pirobebi gaumjobesda, gansakuTrebiT gazmomaragebis uzrunvelyofiT. Tumca am TvalsazrisiT viTarebis mniSvnelovani gaumjobeseba did drosa da Zalisxmevas waiRebs. rogorc ECRI-m ukve aRniSna Tavis wina moxsenebaSi, miuxedavad utyuari cnobebis ararsebobisa, zogadad aRiarebulia, rom eTnikuri umciresobebi cudad arian warmodgenilni socialur samsaxurebSi, aseve politikur instituciebSi, rogoricaa parlamenti da mTavroba. arc adgilobriv instituciebSia saqme saxarbielod, im regionebSic ki, sadac mosaxleobis umravlesobas isini Seadgenen. meti Zalisxmevaa saWiro imis uzrunvelsayofad, rom eTnikuri umciresobebi damakmayofilebel doneze monawileobdnen qveynis sazogadoebriv da politikur cxovrebaSi. am TvalsazrisiT, ECRI miiCnevs, rom zurab Jvanias saxelobis saxelmwifo administrirebis skola (daarsda 2005 wels, mdebareobs quTaisSi) mniSvnelovan Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba Solidarity rols Seasrulebs viTarebis gaumjobesebaSi. am instituciis mizania srulyos demokratiuli xelisufleba da TviTmmarTveloba regionebSi, kerZod ki, eTnikuri umcresobebiT mWidrod dasaxlebul regionebSi. eTnikur umciresobaTa studentebs utardebaT specialuri treningebi qarTulis enis Sesaswavlad. 2006-2008 wlebSi am skolaSi dadioda 133 azerbaijaneli da 124 somexi studenti. ECRI dananebiT SeniSnavs, rom saskolo muSaoba mTlad srulyofili ar aris. magaliTad, qarTuli enis saswavleblad gamoyofili periodi (amJamad 6 Tve) kvlav arasakmarisia. xelisuflebas gaazrebuli aqvs arsebuli kurikulumis naklovanebebi da amzadebs axal saswavlo programas, romelSic qarTuli enis swavlebas mieniWeba meti prioriteti. ECRI interesiT SeniSnavs, rom xelisufleba gegmavs agreTve skolis filialis gaxsnas regionSi, sadac eTnikur umciresobaTa didi populaciaa. Tumca ECRI mxedvelobaSi iRebs SemaSfoTebel gancxadebebs imis Sesaxeb, rom bevri adamiani eTnikuri umciresobis wridan, vinc warmatebiT daasrula swavla am skolaSi, saxelmwifo administrirebis sferoSi samsaxuris Sovnis seriozul problemebs waawyda. zogadad, ECRI aRniSnavs, rom saqarTvelos xelisuflebas gaTviTcnobierebuli aqvs darCenili winaaRmdegobebi saqarTvelos sazogadoebis sruli integraciis gzaze, Ñîëèäàðíîñòü 97 #3(36) roca eTnikuri umciresobebi TavianT adgils ipovian, rogorc srulfasovani moqalaqeebi. amitom eZeben am problemebis gadaWris gzebs umciresobaTa Sesabamis jgufebTan konsultaciebiT. am mizniT miiRes Semwynareblobisa da samoqalaqo integraciis erovnuli koncefcia, romelic moicavs zemoT aRniSnul yvela amocanas iseve, rogorc sxva gamowvevebs integraciis procesSi. amdenad, ECRI imedovnebs, rom es koncefcia srulad dainergeba, raTa gaaumjobesos saqarTveloSi eTnikur umciresobaTa zogadi mdgomareoba da sabolood uzrunvelyos Tanabari SesaZleblobebis arseboba cxovrebis yvela sferoSi sazogadoebis yvela wevrisaTvis. ECRI rekomendacias uwevs saqarTvelos xelisuflebas ganagrZos konkretuli zomebis miReba urTierTndobis aRdgenisa da ganmtkicebisaTvis, erTi mxriv, eTnikur umciresobebs, xolo meore mxriv, saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebas Soris urTierTobisa da dialogis warmarTvis gziT, raTa miiRos integrirebuli sazogadoeba, romelSic eTnikuri umciresobebi srulad monawileoben. es exmianeba qvemoT mocemul rekomendacias Semwynareblobisa da samoqalaqo integraciis erovnuli koncefciis Sesaxeb. ECRI daJinebiT uwevs rekomendacias saqarTvelos xelisuflebas kvlavac REPORT Seecados gaaumjobesos zurab Jvanias saxelobis saxelmwifo administrirebis skolis kurikulumis xarisxi, kerZod, is monakveTi, romelic eTnikur umciresobaTaTvis qarTulis swavlebas Seexeba. aseve daJinebiT urCevs xelisuflebas SeimuSaos meqanizmebi am skolis kursdamTavrebulTa xelSesawyobad, gansakuTrebiT maT dasaxmareblad, vinc eTnikur umciresobebs miekuTvneba, izrunos kursdamTavrebulebis saxelmwifo administrirebis sferoSi dasasaqmeblad, maTi ganaTlebis donis Sesabamisad. TavSesafris maZieblebi da ltolvilebi ECRI kvlav rekomendacias uwevs saqarTvelos xelisuflebas, Seasworos kanoni TavSesafris maZiebelTa Sesaxeb misi gaumjobesebisa da saerTaSoriso standartebTan SesabamisobaSi moyvanis mizniT. amisaTvis, ECRI mouwodebs, rom gaiTvaliswinon UNHCR-is Sesabamisi SeniSvnebi. ECRI rekomendacias uwevs saqarTvelos xelisuflebas, gaaZlieros Zalisxmeva ltolvilTa integraciis sasargeblod, gansakuTrebiT, pankisis xeobaSi mcxovrebi CeCneTidan ltolvilebis mimarT SesaZleblobebis gasaumjobeseli kampaniebis wamowyebiTa da mxardaWeriT. aseve, ganaxorcielos ltolvilTa naturalizaciis procesi maTTvis, visac saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis miReba surs. Solidarität }'vh'mksr 98 VI. saqarTvelos teritoriaze konfliqtis Sedegad qveynis SigniT iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa mdgomareoba ECRI daJinebiT mouwodebs saqarTvelos xelisuflebas gaaZlieros Zalisxmeva mZime sacxovrebeli pirobebis gasaumjobeseblad konfliqtisagan dazaralebuli mosaxleobisaTvis, kerZod ki, yvela im pirisaTvis, romelic rCeba iZulebiT gadaadgilebulad 2008 wlis agvistos konfliqtis Sedegad, maT Soris, im pirTaTvisac, visac jer ar miuRia iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli piris statusi da sxva konfliqtebis Sedegad gadaadgilebulTaTvis. kerZod, saqarTvelos xelisufleba kvlav unda ecados, rom uzrunvelyos normaluri sacxovrebeli pirobebi iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli yvela pirisaTvis. gadasadgmelia nabijebi imisTvisac, rom koleqtiuri centrebis privatizaciis procesi iyos samarTliani da gamWvirvale. xelisuflebam unda uzrunvelyos fsiqologiuri daxmarebis gaweva konfliqtisagan dazaralebuli yvela adamianisaTvis, visac aseTi daxmareba sWirdeba. ECRI rekomendacias uwevs saqarTvelos xelisuflebas, ganagrZos da gaaZlieros Tavisi Zalisxmeva iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa integraciisaTvis. xelisuflebam gansakuTrebuli aqcenti unda gaakeTos iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa umuSevrobis problemis gadawyvetaze Ñîëiäàðíiñòü solidaroba samuSao adgilebis Seqmnis sqemis SemuSavebiTa da Semosavliani saqmianobebis xelSewyobiT. amave dros, mniSvnelovania, rom xelisuflebam ar daiSuros Zalisxmeva iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa usafrTxo, nebayoflobiTi da Rirseuli dabrunebis uzrunvelsayofad, konstruqciuli dialogis gziT yvela Sesabamis erovnul Tu saerTaSoriso mxaresTan, raTa gamoiZebnos gamosavali yvela im problemisaTvis, rac Tavs iCens iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa dabrunebisas. teritoriebi, romlebzec saqarTvelos xelisufleba amJamad ver axorcielebs efeqtian kontrols 1990-iani wlebisa da 2008 wlis konfliqtebis gamo amJamad saqarTvelo ver axorcielebs realur an efeqtian kontrols misi teritoriis garkveul nawilze. marTalia, ECRI-s hqonda saSualeba es sakiTxi saqarTvelos xelisuflebis kompetentur organoebTan erTad ganexila da gacnoboda saxelmwifo strategias okupirebuli teritoriebis mimarT (`CarTuloba TanamSromlobis gziT~), arsebulma viTarebam ar misca saSualeba ECRI-s Seeswavla mosaxleobis mdgomareoba saqarTvelos teritoriis im nawilSi, romelsac qveynis xelisufleba dRes ver akontrolebs. ECRI imedovnebs, rom konstruqciul dialogs Sesabamis erovnul da saerTaSoriso mxareebs Soris moyveba konfliqtis mSvidobiani da saimedo gadawyveta. Tavisi misiis kvalad, ECRI gamoxatavs Rrma mwuxarebas im gancxadebis gamo, romlis Tanaxmadac, eTnikuri wmenda ganxorcielda eTnikuri qarTvelebis mimarT samxreTi oseTSi, 2008 wlis agvistos konfliqtis konteqstSi. metic ECRI-s surs gamoTqvas Rrma wuxili im gancxadebis gamoc, rom afxazeTis regionSi, galSi mcxovrebi eTnikuri qarTvelebi seriozul akrZalvebs awydebian mSobliur enaze ganaTlebis miRebis procesSi. VII. samarTaldamcvel organoTa moxeleebis qceva ECRI klvav uwevs rekomendacias saqarTvelos xelisuflebas gadadgas Semdgomi nabijebi, raTa bolo mouRos samarTaldamcavTa mxridan ukanono mopyrobas, gansakuTrebiT, umciresobaTa jgufebis mimarT. saqarTvelos xelisuflebisaTvis Zalian mniSvnelovania sazogadoebas cxadad daanaxos, rom samarTaldamcavTa amgvari qceva Sewynarebuli ar iqneba da daisjeba. ECRI rekomendacias uwevs saqarTvelos xelisuflebas yuradReba gaamaxvilos sazRvris damcvelebis mier CeCnuri warmoSobis pirTa Seuracxyofis faqtebze da amgvari viTarebis gamosasworeblad miiRon dawesebuli zomebi. Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba Solidarity ECRI rekomendacias uwevs saqarTvelos xelisuflebas gaiRos da gaaZlieros Zalisxmeva policiaSi im umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebis dasasaqmeblad, romlebic ar arian warmodgenilni am sferoSi da maTTvis uzrunvelyos Tanabari SesaZleblobebi karieruli zrdisaTvis. ECRI iZleva agreTve rekomendacias policiaSi Catardes Sesabamisi treningebi mravalferovani sazogadoebis dacvis Temaze. ECRI daJinebiT urCevs saqarTvelos xelisuflebas kvlav gaiRos Zalisxmeva eTnikur da religiur umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebis konstruqciuli dialogis gasamarTad policiasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebze. VIII.erovnuli koncefcia Semwynareblobasa da samoqalaqo integraciaze ECRI miesalmeba premier ministris #348 dadgenilebis miRebas erovnuli koncefciis Sesaxeb Semwynareblobasa da samoqalaqo integraciaze da 2009 wlis 8 maisis samoqmedo gegmas. koncefciis mizani da masTan dakavSirebuli samoqmedo gegma SeiZleba Semdegnairad Sejamdes: Semwynareblobisa da pativiscemis garemos Seqmna saqarTveloSi; eTnikur umciresobaTa efeqtiani monawileobis uzrunvelyofa cxovrebis yvela sferoSi; eTnikur umciresobaTa kulturisa da TviTmyofadobis dacvisa da SenarCunebisaTvis saWiro pirobebis Ñîëèäàðíîñòü 99 #3(36) Seqmna. am miznebis misaRwevad koncefcia warmoadgens eqvs ZiriTad `mimarTulebas~, esenia: kanonis uzenaesoba, ganaTleba da saxelmwifo ena; media da informaciis xelmisawvdomoba; politikuri integracia da samoqalaqo monawileoba; socialuri da regionuli integracia da kulturisa da identobis SenarCuneba. koncefcia SemuSavebulia eTnikur umciresobebTan konsultaciis gziT, kerZod ki, saxalxo damcvelTan arsebul eTnikur umciresobaTa sabWos CarTviT. integraciisa da Semwynareblobis xelSewyobis sferos specialistebi miesalmebian am dokuments aramarto imis gamo, rom igi warmoaCens saxelmwifos realur mcdelobas, imuSaos eTnikur umciresobaTa integraciisaTvis, aramed imitomac, rom es aris mravalmxrivi da ambiciuri strategia, romelic eTnikur umciresobaTa integraciis procesis yvela ZiriTad dabrkolebas upasuxebs. ramdenadac jer Zalian adrea SevafasoT Sesruleba samoqmedo gegmisa, romelic es-esaa amoqmedda, ECRI mxolod SeniSnavs, rom `kanonis uzenaesobis~ mimarTuleba miuTiTebs koncefciis or mizans: uzrunvelyos erovnul umciresobaTa efeqtiani dacva diskriminaciisagan da aamaRlos sajaro moxeleTa codna antidiskriminaciuli kanonmdeblobis Sesaxeb. Tumca aRniSnuli samoqmedo gegma ar moicavs aranair proeqts, romlis mizanic REPORT iqneba kanonis uzenaesobis mimarTulebis ganxorcieleba. ECRI dananebiT aRniSnavs, rom es niSnavs Semdegs: am momentisaTvis ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli konkretuli RonisZiebebi im amocanebis misaRwevad, romlebic diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg brZolas ukavSirdeba. ECRI-s surs xazi gausvas im faqts, rom diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg brZola aris integraciis nebismieri strategiis ganuyofeli nawili da imedovnebs, rom xelisufleba male SemogvTavazebs konkretul RonisZiebebs am sferoSi; am procesSi ki gaiTvaliswinebs amasTan dakavSirebul rekomendaciebs, am moxsenebis sxva nawilebSi rom aris mocemuli. ECRI daJinebiT uwevs rekomendacias saqarTvelos xelisuflebas srulad ganaxorcielos erovnuli koncefcia Semwynareblobisa da samoqalaqo integraciis Taobaze da uzrunvelyos dadebiTi cvlilebebis miRweva yvela finansuri Tu sxva aucilebeli resursis CarTviT dasaxuli amocanebis miRwevaSi. ECRI iZleva rekomendacias, rom diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad mimarTuli RonisZiebebi daematos samoqmedo gegmaSi ukve gaTvaliswinebul zomebs. am konteqstSi exmianeba yvela im rekomendacias, romelic mocemulia am moxsenebaSi sxvadasxva adgilas, gansakuTrebiT rasobrivi diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg samoqalaqo da administra- Solidarität }'vh'mksr 100 ciuli kanonmdeblobis debulebebTan mimarTebiT. IX. rasizmisa da rasobrivi diskriminaciis monitoringi ECRI Sewuxebulia imiT, rom ar aris sakmarisad detaluri informacia saqarTveloSi umciresobaTa sxvadasxva jgufis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. ECRI-is azriT, monacemebis Segroveba danawevrebulad, eTnikuri warmomavlobis mixedviT, gaamartivebs cxovrebis im arealebis gansazRvras, sadac SeiniSneba pirdapiri Tu arapirdapiri rasobrivi diskriminacia, da xels Seuwyobs diskriminaciis am formebTan brZolis saukeTeso saSualebebis gamoZebnas. erovnuli aRwera, romelic unda Catarebuliyo 2010 wlis ianvarSi, gadaido. ECRI imedovnebs, rom aRwera Catardeba rac SeiZleba male, ramdenadac wina, 2002 wlis, aRweridan didi xania gasuli. momdevno aRwera imgvarad unda Catardes, rom warmoaCinos cxadi suraTi umciresobaTa jgufebis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb iseT sferoebSi, rogoricaa dasaqmeba, dasaxleba, janmrTelobis dacva da ganaTleba im principebis sruli dacviT, romlebic am rekomendaciebSia mocemuli. ECRI daJinebiT mouwodebs saqarTvelos xelisuflebas Seqmnas monacemTa Segrovebis yovlismomcveli da myari Ñîëiäàðíiñòü solidaroba sistema, rac SesaZlebels gaxdis saqarTveloSi umciresobaTa sxvadasxva jgufis mdgomareobis Sefasebas da rasizmisa da rasobrivi diskriminaciis pirdapiri Tu arapirdapiri formebis moculobis gansazRvras cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoSi. amasTan kavSirSi iZleva rekomendacias, rom gaanalizdes Segrovebuli monacemebi, daxarisxebuli iseTi kategoriebis mixedviT, rogoricaa eTnikuri an nacionaluri warmoSoba, religia, ena an moqalaqeoba, raTa gamovlindes diskriminaciis niSnebi. amave dros xelisuflebam unda uzrunvelyos, rom monacemTa Segroveba xdebodes sistematurad, konfidencialobis principebis dacviT, individTa winaswari TanxmobiT da ise, rom isini nebayoflobiT aigivebdnen Tavs konkretuli jgufis wevrebTan. monacemTa Segrovebis es sistema unda SemuSavdes yvela dakavSirebul mxaresTan mWidro TanamSromlobiT, maT Soris, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis organizaciaTa monawileobiT. sistema ormagi an mravalmxrivi diskriminaciis SemTxvevebis potenciur arsebobasac unda iTvaliswinebdes. rekomendaciebi Sualeduri SemowmebisaTvis sami konkretuli rekomendacia, romelTa ganxorcielebasac saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mxridan ECRI upiratesobas aniWebs, Semdegia: Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba regionSi, sadac es adamianebi dabrundebian. ECRI iZleva agreTve rekomendacias, rom xelisuflebam gaaaTkecos Zalisxmeva Turqi mesxebis integraciisaTvis, kerZod ki, SeimuSaos mravalmxrivi strategia, romelic upasuxebs iseT problemebs, rogoricaa enis Seswavla, ganaTlebisa da dasaqmebis xelmisawvdomoba. ECRI daJinebiT aCqarebs saqarTvelos xelisuflebas ganagrZos da ganamtkicos Zalisxmeva eTnikur umciresobaTa moswavleebisTvis qarTuli enis swavlebis saqmeSi. kerZod, am mizniT ECRI iZleva rekomendacias, rom maswavleblebma, romlebic gadian treningebs qarTulis, rogorc meore enis. swavlebaSi, icodnen im eTnikuri umciresobis ena, romelTa moswavleebsac unda aswavlon. aseve, yvela moswavles, visac es sWirdeba, ufasod daurigdes qarTulis, rogorc meore enis, saxelmZRvanelo. ECRI urCevs saqarTvelos xelisuflebas qarTulenovan da araqarTulenovan skolebs Soris daamyaros partnioruli urTierTobebi, kerZod, skolebSi samcxe-javaxeTsa da qvemo qarTlis regionebSi, raTa xeli Seuwyos sxvadasxva kulturuli da enobrivi safuZvlis mqone moswavleebis daaxloebas. saganmanaTleblo kampaniebi zogadad saqarTvelos mosaxleobaSi da, kerZod, somxur mosaxleobaSi, romelic im regionSi binadrobs, saidanac arian warmoSobiT Turqi mesxebi, raTa auxsnan maT am adamianebis dabrunebis istoriuli mizezebi. amgvari kampaniebis mizania Turqi mesxebis winaaRmdeg Seuwynareblobis nebismieri formis Tavidan acileba, rogorc mosaxleobis umravlesobis warmomadgenelTagan, aseve im Solidarity ECRI daJinebiT urCevs saqarTvelos xelisuflebas meti Zalisxmeva moaxmaros zurab Jvanias saxelobis administrirebis skolis kurikulumis xarisxis gaumjobesebas, ramdenadac am skolis movaleobaa qarTuli enis swavleba eTnikur umciresobaTa warmomadgenelTaTvis. iZleva agreTve rekomendacias, rom xelisuflebam SeimuSaos meqanizmebi am skolis kursdamTavrebulTa, maT Soris gansakuTrebiT eTnikuri umciresobebis warmomadgenelTa, administraciul organoebSi dasasaqmeblad, maTi ganaTlebis donis Sesabamisad. am sami rekomendaciisaTvis Sualedur Semowmebas ECRI ganaxorcielebs moxsenebis gamoqveynebidan araugvianes ori wlis Semdeg. Ñîëèäàðíîñòü 101 Solidarity #3(36) Summary Main topics of the 3rd issue (2010) of the magazine are freedom of expression and religious intolerance, as well as basics of tolerance according to Christianity. These themes are highlighted in our Round-Table with participation of the Expert of the Tolerance Centre under the Public Defenders Office, Beka Mindiashvili, poet Rati Amaghlobeli, expert David Zurabishvili and lawyers Vakhtang Menabde and George Meladze. The following articles also pertain to the above topics: Approach of the Early Church towards People of Different Consciences by David Tinikashvili, Opportunity of Overcoming the Fundamentalism by Kakhaber Kurtanidze, Basics of Tolerance in the New Testament by Beka Mindiashvili, St. Episcope Gabriel about Faith and Citizenship by Nugzar Papuashvili and Secularization and De-secularization by Giga Zedania. In this issue we also present a translated article Influence of the Christian Social Teaching on the Market Economy by Manfred Speaker. Level of democracy in Georgia is discussed in the article by Professor Charles H. Fairbanks Georgias Soviet Legacy and in the interview with the professor Gia Nodia Characteristics of Hybrid Regimes. In this issue we also present an article by the lawyer Thea Tsulukiani Rights of the Prisoners and Obligations of the Penitentiary Administration in Accordance with Article 3 of the European Convention, an article by Pridon Sakvarelidze Punishing Psychiatry and the short version of the report on Georgia of the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance. Solidarität }'vh'mksr 102 Ñîëiäàðíiñòü
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