ISA - e-SENS workshop on EIRA and CarTool pilot - Joinup
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ISA - e-SENS workshop on EIRA and CarTool pilot - Joinup
Workshop e-SENS pilot on the use of EIRA and the Cartography Tool ISA Programme Action 2.1 and Action 2.14 7-8 January 2015 Disclaimer Click to edit Master title style The information and views set out in this presentation are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the Commission. The Commission does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this presentation. Neither the Commission nor any person acting on the Commission’s behalf may be held responsible for the use which may be made of the information contained therein. © European Union, 2014 ArchiMate® and TOGAF® are registered trademarks of The Open Group. 2 Workshop Agenda 7 January Time Topic Click to edit Master title style 08:30 09:00 09:10 09:30 10:00 11:00 11:15 11:45 13:00 14:30 14:45 Registration and coffee Welcome – Raul Abril, European Commission, ISA Programme Round table – All participants Overview of e-SENS WP6 – Klaus Vilstrup Pedersen, e-SENS Overview of the EIRA – Raul Abril, European Commission, ISA Programme Coffee break Work session on the EIRA – Max Stahlecker Lunch – all (MO34) Work session SAT eID part I (Design Solution Architecture use case) Coffee break Work session SAT eID part II (Design Solution Architecture use case) 16:30 16:45 18:00 19:00 Coffee break Work session SAT eID part III (Design Solution Architecture use case) Closing and end Dinner (at own expense) Workshop Agenda 8 January Time 08:30 09:00 09:10 09:20 09:30 11:00 11:15 12:15 13:30 15:00 Topic Click to edit Master title style Registration and coffee Overview – Raul Abril, European Commission, ISA Programme Recap of previous day- summary of SAT results and link to Cartography session Coffee break Cartography Tool in practise – Debora Di Giacomo Coffee break Collecting data for the Cartography Tool Lunch Document Interoperability Solutions use case – work session Closing and end Round table Welcome Rules and objectives E-SENS Pilot of EIRA and CarTool to edit Master title style Rules of engagement andClick objectives • Rules of engagement: • One-month period • e-SENS takes a leading role • EIA and CarTool support team in an active coaching role • Objectives: pilot two use cases of the EIRA and CarTool • Design Solution Architecture Template (SAT) use case: • • • • eID eSignature eDelivery eDocument • Document Interoperability Solutions use case 7 E-SENS Pilot of EIRA and CarTool Workshop objectives Click to edit Master title style 1. Attain a common understanding about EIRA and CarTool 2. Plan the work 3. Get a lot of the work done already 8 Workshop on EIRA (1/2) Expected Outcome Click to edit Master title style 1. Update of the e-SENS eID SAT making it more consistent with the EIRA: 1. http://wiki.ds.unipi.gr/display/ESENS/SAT+-+e-ID 2. Add selected ABBs (and agreed definitions) that form the e-ID SAT to the wikipage 3. Add interoperability specifications, requirements, and agreed definitions 4. Add four views to structure the SAT 5. Update/complement the Archimate diagrams 9 Workshop on EIRA (2/2) Expected Outcome Click to edit Master title style 2. An aligned glossary of terms between the EIRA and the e-SENS reference architecture 1. http://wiki.ds.unipi.gr/display/ESENS/Glossary 2. Filling it the definition of ABBs into the glossary from the eID SAT 3. Adding common terminology (between EIRA and e-SENS) to the glossary in place 3. Preliminary evaluation (informal) 1. Validate the pilot evaluation criteria (see also evaluation form for the eSENS pilot: https://ec.europa.eu/eusurvey/auth/login 2. Provide informal feedback (preliminary) 10 Pilot evaluation criteria • • • Demonstrate that the usage of the EIRA and/or Cartography Tool provides value. Click to edit Master title style • The benefit(s) of the use case was documented and understood • The outcome was in line with the expected benefit(s) of the use case • Your perception of the EIRA’s and/or Cartography Tool’s value during the pilot was well understood • Your perception of the EIRA’s and/or Cartography Tool’s value beyond the pilot was well understood Test EIRA and/or Cartography Tool use cases. • The use case documentation (including its expected result) was available and, if needed, updated with the gained insight from the pilot • Each use case step was documented and understood • Sufficient resources, tools and support were provided to apply the use case • Each use case step was performed • The outcome was in line with the expected use case result • All feedback with regard to the usability, enhancement or non-existence of the applied uses case, the EIRA and the CarTool has been captured and, if applicable, managed as change requests Further contribute to the enhancement of the EIRA and Cartography Tool based on the pilot experiences. • The importance of the feedback on the EIRA and CarTool was understood 11 Overview of e-SENS WP6 Klaus Vilstrup Pedersen, e-SENS Overview of the EIRA Raul Abril, European Commission Outline Click Reference to edit Master title style 01 The European Interoperability Architecture (EIRA) 02 Context and Positioning of the EIRA 03 Objectives and use cases 04 Solution Architecture Templates 05 Summary 14 Reference architecture 01 02 03 04 05 The European Interoperability Reference Architecture (EIRA) Click to What does a reference consist of?edit Master title style • Architecture principles: a minimum set of principles (e.g. EIF principles: subsidiarity, proportionality, multilingualism, reusability, …) • Domain-specific architecture building blocks: a minimum set of ABBs that capture fundamental requirements cross-border/sectoral solutions • • • Public service reference model: generic public services (types) for taxation • Common glossary: relevant definitions (multi-lingual) of core business information entities • Business process reference models: generic, high-level, inter-organisational process models (choreography) • Application service reference model: generic application services (e.g. tax calculation). Catalogue of standards and interoperability specifications: a minimum set of common standards structured according to the EIRA architecture building blocks • data model: e.g. common reporting standard, XBRL, XML • e-Signature: e.g. XaDES • Federated authentication: SAML protocol Cartography of reusable SBBs: a minimal cartography of existing reusable solution building blocks (SBBs) described according to the EIRA architecture building blocks (ABBs). 15 Overview 01 02 03 04 05 The European Interoperability Reference Architecture (EIRA) • A four-view reference architecture for delivering digital public services Click to edit Master title style • Aligns with the EIF and TOGAF • Defines minimal capabilities for cross-sector and/or cross-border interoperability using the most salient Architecture Building Blocks • Common terminology to achieve a minimum level of coordination • Endorsed by the ISA Coordination group 16 The EIRA 01 02 03 04 05 The European Interoperability Reference Architecture (EIRA) Click to edit Master title style Overview European Interoperability Architecture (EIA) – Reference Architecture Archimate modelling notation legend: active structure element behaviour element passive structure element Overview Information System Development Reference Architecture National Reference Architecture Other Reference Architectures 17 The EIRA 01 02 03 04 05 The European Interoperability Reference Architecture (EIRA) Click to edit Master title style Legal layer European Interoperability Architecture (EIA) – Reference Architecture Archimate modelling notation legend: active structure element behaviour element passive structure element Approach Mandate Legal View Public Policy Cycle Definition of Public Policy Objectives Binding Instrument Non-binding Instrument Binding Instrument Non-binding Instrument Financial Resource Implementing Guideline Formulation of Public Policy Scenarios Public Policy Impact Assessment Public Policy Implementation Public Policy Evaluation EU level National level Sub-National level 18 The EIRA 01 02 03 04 05 The European Interoperability Reference Architecture (EIRA) Click to edit Master title style Organisational layer Archimate modelling notation legend: Organisational View Organisational Policy Organisational Procedure Interoperability Collaboration Agreement Organisational Structure European signs signs Business User Public Administration National Sub-National Interoperability Service accepts Agreement proposes Service Provider Citizen consumes offers is a source of signs Public Policy Service Delivery Model is a source of Business Process Model Service Catalogue documents signs Interoperability Provider Agreement Aggregated Public Service Public Service Basic Public Service Business Process documents Business Rule Business Information Exchange Business Transaction Business Information Entity applies to applies to 19 The EIRA 01 02 03 04 05 The European Interoperability Reference Architecture (EIRA) Click to edit Master title style Semantic layer European Interoperability Architecture (EIA) – Reference Architecture Archimate modelling notation legend: active structure element behaviour element passive structure element Semantic View Public Policy influences Metadata Management Policy Data Policy applies to Security & Privacy Policy Licensing & Charging Policy Business Information Entity Business Rule Service Catalogue Business Process Model Data Entity Identifier Schema Representation Data Data Model Reference Data Controlled Vocabulary documents Code list DataSet DataSet Catalogue 20 The EIRA 01 02 03 04 05 The European Interoperability Reference Architecture (EIRA) Click to edit Master title style Technical View - Application European Interoperability Architecture (EIA) – Reference Architecture Archimate modelling notation legend: active structure element behaviour element passive structure element Technical View - Application Public Policy Configuration Management Machine to Machine Interface Human Interface Test Service Test Component Data Routing Service Data Routing Component Forms Management Service Forms Management Component Test Scenario Test Report Data Transformation Service Data Transformation Component Records Management Service Record Management Component Service Discovery Service Choreography Service Data Validation Service Data Exchange Service Data Validation Component Orchestration Service Content Management Component Access Management Service Collaboration Component Business Analytics Service Access Management Component Audit Service Business Reporting Service Metadata Management Service Metadata Management Component e-Archiving service e-Archiving component Logging Service Audit and Logging Component Business Intelligence Component Data Exchange Component Content Management Service Audiovisual Service Messaging Service Business Process Management Component Service Discovery Component Document Management Service Data System Human Specification Operational Procedure User Public Service Administration and Monitoring Service Lifecycle Management Service Administration Component Partner Management Service Partner Management Component 21 The EIRA 01 02 03 04 05 The European Interoperability Reference Architecture (EIRA) Click to edit Master title style Technical View - Infrastructure European Interoperability Architecture (EIA) – Reference Architecture Archimate modelling notation legend: active structure element behaviour element passive structure element Technical View - Infrastructure Interoperable European System e-Signing Service e-Signature Validation Service e-Signature Component Identity Management Service Identity Management Component Networking Service Public Policy Trust Management Service Trust Management Component e-Payment Service Machine Translation service e-Payment Component Machine Translation Component Hosting Service Hosting Facility Public Network Secure Access Network Storage Processing Private Network Private Hosting Facility Public Hosting Facility 22 The EIRA 01 02 03 04 05 The European Interoperability Reference Architecture (EIRA) Click to edit Master title style The EIA Community on Joinup http://joinup.ec.europa.eu/asset/eia/description 23 Outline ClickReference to edit Master title(EIRA) style 01 The European Interoperability Architecture 02 Context and Positioning of the EIRA 03 Objectives and use cases 04 Solution Architecture Templates 05 Summary 24 Context of the EIRA 01 02 03 04 05 Context and Positioning of the EIRA Click to edit Master title style European Interoperability Strategy (EIS) Governance and strategy European Interoperability Framework (EIF) Framework and principles European Interoperability Reference Architecture (EIRA) Guidelines and Implementation 25 Alignment between EIF and EIRA 01 02 03 04 05 Context and Positioning of the EIRA Click to edit Master title style EIF Framework EIRA EIRA Guidelines 26 Positioning the EIRA 01 02 03 04 05 Context and Positioning of the EIRA Master title style EIRA provides a commonClick core to of edit context-neutral architecture building blocks 1. EIRA: context-neutral architecture building blocks (ABBs). Focused on interoperability. Solution Architectures: e.g. Automatic Information Exchange, FATCA, VIES, … Domain Reference Architectures: e.g. Taxation Reference Architecture Framework Core Reference Architecture: EIRA – minimal cross-sector interoperability EIRA Core 2. Reference architecture for a domain: domainspecific architecture building blocks. Minimum agreements for taxation. 3. Solution architecture: specific solution designed using a domain-specific architecture 27 Positioning the EIRA 01 02 03 04 05 Context and Positioning of the EIRA Cartography Tool EIRA to edit Master title style EIRA’s positioning within Click the Enterprise Continuum 28 Architectural patterns 01 02 03 04 05 Context and Positioning of the EIRA Service consumption DSI service 2 DSI service ... DSI service n IES service IES service 1 IES service 2 IES service ... IES service n Service delivery • components providing services that are public service neutral One or several interfaces which are public service neutral DSI service 1 Machine to Machine Interface Service provisioning • One or more software Orchestration Service Service consumption An Interoperable European System contains: Click to edit Master title style Human Interface Choreography service 29 Architectural patterns 01 02 03 04 05 Context and Positioning of the EIRA Click to edit Master title style Service provisioning Orchestration Service DSI service ... DSI service n Service provisioning DSI service 2 Service consumption DSI service 1 Machine to Machine Interface IES service IES service 2 IES service ... IES service n Service delivery IES service 1 Human Interface Choreography service An Interoperable European System service consumes in a public service sensitive way: • One or more Orchestration services • None, one or more DSI services • None, one or more IES services • One or more Choreography services specific to the supported public service 30 Outline ClickReference to edit Master title(EIRA) style 01 The European Interoperability Architecture 02 Context and Positioning of the EIRA 03 Objectives and use cases 04 Solution Architecture Templates 05 Summary 31 Objectives of the EIRA 01 02 03 04 05 Objectives and use cases Expected benefits of the Click EIRA to edit Master title style Designing Accelerate the design of systems that support the delivery of interoperable digital public services (across borders and sectors). Assessing Provide a reference model for comparing existing architectures in different policy domains and thematic areas, to identify focal points for convergence and reuse. Communicating and Sharing Help documenting the most salient interoperability elements of complex systems and facilitate the sharing of reusable solutions. Discovering and Reusing Ease the discovery and reuse of interoperability solutions through the Cartography – Cart in Joinup website. 32 Use-cases overview 01 02 03 04 05 Objectives and use cases Click to edit EIRA and CarTool use-cases Cart style EIRAMaster title Assessing Designing Design solution architecture (templates) Compare reference architectures Compare solution architectures Design reference architectures Rationalise portfolio Create portfolio Manage portfolio Communicating and Sharing Assess impact of ICT Document interoperability solutions Discovering and Reusing Search for interoperability solutions 33 Outline ClickReference to edit Master title(EIRA) style 01 The European Interoperability Architecture 02 Context and Positioning of the EIRA 03 Objectives and use cases 04 Solution Architecture Templates 05 Summary 34 Definition 01 02 03 04 05 Solution Architecture Templates Click toTemplate? edit Master title style What is a Solution Architecture • A Solution Architecture Template (SAT) is a specification containing a sub-set of ABBs of the EIRA. It focuses on the most salient building blocks (including IOP requirements defined in terms of IOP specs) needed to build an interoperable solution addressing a particular interoperability need. • A SAT consists of: • Goal and description • A set of EIRA ABBs • A set of IOP specifications & recommendations on ABBs -> Session II: Interoperability specifications and recommendations • A visual Archimate diagram 35 Spatial positioning 01 02 03 04 05 Solution Architecture Templates Click to edit Master title style Position within the Enterprise Continuum EIRA Cartography Tool Solution Architecture Templates 36 Temporal positioning 01 02 03 04 05 Solution Architecture Templates Position within the ADM Click to edit Master title style Reference Architecture Solution Architecture Templates Solution Architecture 37 Creation and usage of SATs Creation of SATs 01 02 03 04 05 Solution Architecture Templates Click to edit Master title style Step 1: Identify needed EIRA BBs The user consults the views of the EIRA to define the scope of the architecture to be designed, by identifying the architectural building blocks that are needed to address the interoperability need. Step 2: Create blueprint of solution template Based on the identified architectural building blocks, the user can design an architectural solution template (e.g. in Archimate format). The solution template includes the needed sub-set of architectural building blocks of the EIRA. Step 3 : Add Interoperability requirements and solution BBs If needed, per each building block, the user adds a set of additional interoperability requirements that are needed to address the specific interoperability need (e.g. specific protocols to be used by an application). Solution building blocks might be recommended for the implementation of the architecture building bocks of the solution template. Step 4: Share solution template The architectural solution template is shared with the involved stakeholders (e.g. by sharing or uploading the Archimate diagram of the solution template). 38 Creation and usage of SATs Usage of SATs Step 1: Consultation of the solution template Step 2: Mapping with existing solutions 01 02 03 04 05 Solution Architecture Templates Click to edit Master title style The user consults the architectural solution template, via the Cartography tool, related to the particular interoperability need he/she wants to address. The user maps the solution building blocks of its current IT landscape to the template. For each building block (BB) in the solution template: • If an existing solution of the user’s IT landscape is compliant with the interoperability requirements of the BB, the user maps the solution with the BB. • If no existing solutions are compliant with the interoperability requirements of the BB, the user searches in the Cartography for a re-usable solution. If a solution is found, the user maps the discovered solution to the BB. • If no compliant solutions are found on the Cartography, the user initiates a project to develop a new solution BB compliant with the interoperability requirements. The user maps the solution to be developed to the BB. The user includes the solution building blocks identified in the previous step (i.e. step 2) in Step 3: Design solution the system’s solution architecture, in order to address initial interoperability need. 39 Outline ClickReference to edit Master title(EIRA) style 01 The European Interoperability Architecture 02 Context and Positioning of the EIRA 03 Objectives and use cases 04 Solution Architecture Templates 05 Summary 40 Summary 01 02 03 04 05 Summary Click to edit Master title style 1. The European Interoperability Reference Architecture (EIRA) is an application of Enterprise Architecture with a focus on interoperability in the public sector. 2. The European Interoperability Reference Architecture is based on the Service Oriented Architecture style and uses the Archimate modelling notation. 3. EIRA implements the European Interoperability Framework (EIF). There is a full alignment between the EIRA and the EIF. 4. Each view of the European Interoperability Reference Architecture is defined in terms of the interoperability aspects that are supported. 5. Views of the European Interoperability Reference Architecture are linked through designated entry and exit building blocks following a layered approach. 6. The ambition of the EIRA is to provide real value to the European public administration, both at the Member States level as to the European Institutions level. The EIRA is developed in collaboration with the Member States. 41 Work session on the EIRA Max Stahlecker Work session on EIRA Brown paper session Click to edit Master title style Put your name on each sticky note. Form groups of 3 persons. Discuss the relationship between ABBs in e-SENS and EIRA. • What are the top-3 most relevant ABBs to e-SENS (e-SENS eID SAT)? • How do they relate to EIRA ABBs? • Which additional ABBs in EIRA are relevant to e-SENS? Update the e-SENS Glossary http://wiki.ds.unipi.gr/display/ESENS/Glossary • Which ABBs could be added to the Glossary? • How can the e-SENS Glossary be best exploited? • What are possible benefits / drawbacks of a common set of ABBs? 43 Work session Design a solution architecture template for eID Outline Click to edit Master title style 01 Objectives of the work session 02 Part I: Agreeing on the scope of the eID SAT and target audience 03 Part II: Interoperability specifications for the eID SAT 04 Part III: Updating/complementing Archimate diagrams for the eID SAT 45 Objectives of the work session Expected Outcomes 01 02 03 04 Objectives of the work session Click to edit Master title style 1. Update of the e-SENS eID Solution Architecture Template (SAT) making it more consistent with the EIRA: 1. Part I: Agreeing on the scope, target audience and stakeholders of the eID SAT • Add selected ABBs (and agreed definitions) that form the e-ID SAT to the wikipage 2. Part II: Interoperability specifications and recommendations • Add interoperability specifications and recommendations 3. Part III: Updating/complementing Archimate diagrams • Add four views to structure the SAT • Update/complement the Archimate diagrams 46 Outline Click to edit Master title style 01 Objectives of the work session 02 Part I: Agreeing on the scope of the eID SAT and target audience 03 Part II: Interoperability specifications for the eID SAT 04 Part III: Updating/complementing Archimate diagrams for the eID SAT 47 Agreeing on the scope of the SAT and target audience 01 02 03 04 Part I Click edit Master title style Exercise I: Which ABBs are theto most-salient? • Define and agree on target audience and stakeholders • Identify a list a candidate ABBs to be included within the Solution Architecture Template • Work document • https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Aoc29agmBLgcOVVR97kTw0ocipMd We-_qyalenDseQQ/edit#heading=h.swo3jgnyv8cm and https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1Hh_v2k153IfGwTZ0aQwbDRZofDtfRcaA_6itz25JeM/edit?usp=sharing • Expected results • Agreed definition, target audience, stakeholders and list of ABBs 48 Outline Click to edit Master title style 01 Objectives of the work session 02 Part I: Agreeing on the scope of the eID SAT and target audience 03 Part II: Interoperability specifications for the eID SAT 04 Part III: Updating/complementing Archimate diagrams for the eID SAT 49 Interoperability specifications for the eID SAT 01 02 03 04 Part II to edit Master title style What are interoperabilityClick specifications 1. Describe a standard or specification helping at interoperability of an architecture building block. 2. An interoperability specification is defined in terms of an existing standard or specification. 3. An interoperability specification is relevant to one or more interoperability levels (e.g. ISO 27001 (organisational, semantic, technical) or SAML (semantic, technical)). 4. An interoperability specification can be linked to no, one or more architecture building blocks. 50 Interoperability specifications for the eID SAT 01 02 03 04 Part II to edit Master title style Why use interoperability Click specifications? The EIRA uses interoperability specifications to make solution building blocks more interoperable. Within the EIRA a minimum set of interoperability specifications can be linked to an architecture building block. This set consists of the most salient and cross-sector interoperability specifications to which an architecture building block’s solution building block needs to adhere to. By focusing only on the most salient and cross-sector interoperability specifications, the EIRA itself complies with the 1st principle of the European Interoperability Framework (EIF): Subsidiarity and proportionality. Similar to “the EU opting for solutions that leave the greatest possible freedom to Member States” (source: EIF), interoperability specifications shall as well leave the greatest possible freedom to Member States when designing Interoperable European Solutions. 51 Interoperability specifications for the eID SAT 01 02 03 04 Part II Click to editspecifications Master title style Exercise II : identify interoperability • Find some interoperability specifications that are relevant to the ABBs selected previously and explain why? How is it link to the EIF principle(s)? • How do they compare to the requirements on the wiki? Are they complementary? • Work document • https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Aoc29agmBLgcOVVR97kTw0ocipMd We-_qyalenDseQQ/edit#heading=h.o68matyt3grx • Expected results • Interoperability specifications linked to ABBs and EIF principles 52 Outline Click to edit Master title style 01 Objectives of the work session 02 Part I: Agreeing on the scope of the eID SAT and target audience 03 Part II: Interoperability specifications for the eID SAT 04 Part III: Updating/complementing Archimate diagrams for the eID SAT 53 Updating /completing Archimate diagrams 01 02 03 04 Part III edit Master title style Aligning EIRA and eSENS Click SA(T)to blueprints • How do the Business, Application and Information view compare to the EIRA layers? • Can we put the e-SENS building blocks on the EIRA layers? • The e-SENS BB have no indication on whether it is active, passive or behavioural. Can we add that? • Work document • https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Aoc29agmBLgcOVVR97kTw0ocipMd We-_qyalenDseQQ/edit#heading=h.6vi6o0w24mk0 • Expected results • Updated diagrams 54 Updating/completing Archimate diagrams 01 02 03 04 Part III Click to edit Master title style Organisation / business view Public Service Basic Public Service Business Process Business Information Exchange Business Transaction Identity claim creation Identity claim verification 55 Updating/completing Archimate diagrams 01 02 03 04 Part III Click to edit Master title style Organisation / business view Public Service Basic Public Service Business Process Business Information Exchange Business Transaction Identity claim creation Identity claim verification 56 Conclusion ClickTemplates to edit Master title style Design Solution Architecture use case Evaluation questions: Next steps: • • The alignment of the e-SENS SATs provides added value: o o o • • Increased consistency Cross-domain coordination and interoperability Visibility The EIRA provides a common terminology The pilot evaluation criteria are relevant • • Incorporate EIRA into the the eSENS glossary Finalise the eID SAT Align eSENS Solution Architecture Template (SAT) with EIRA: • • • • eID eSignature eDelivery eDocument 57 End of day 1 Social dinner @ 19:00 Lune de Miele – Rue Jules van Praet, Brussels 1000 Metro Bourse Taxi Place St Gery Workshop Agenda 8 January Time 08:30 09:00 09:10 09:20 09:30 11:00 11:15 12:15 13:30 15:00 Topic Click to edit Master title style Registration and coffee Overview – Raul Abril, European Commission, ISA Programme Recap of previous day- summary of SAT results and link to Cartography session Coffee break Cartography Tool in practise – Debora Di Giacomo Coffee break Collecting data for the Cartography Tool Lunch Document Interoperability Solutions use case – work session Closing and end 59 Click to edit Master title style Contact us Project Officers [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Project team [email protected] EIA Joinup community For EIA more projectinformation collaborative space ISA website ISA FAQ EIRA European Interoperability Reference Architecture Cartography tool European Interoperability Cartography https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/asset/eia/description https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/CITnet/confluence/display/EIA/EI A+Home http://ec.europa.eu/isa/index_en.htm http://ec.europa.eu/isa/faq/faq_en.htm 60 Click to edit MasterDisclaimer title style This presentation was prepared for the ISA programme of the European Commission by PwC EU Services. The views expressed in this report are purely those of the authors and may not, in any circumstances, be interpreted as stating an official position of the European Commission. The European Commission does not guarantee the accuracy of the information included in this study, nor does it accept any responsibility for any use thereof. Reference herein to any specific products, specifications, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favouring by the European Commission. All care has been taken by the author to ensure that s/he has obtained, where necessary, permission to use any parts of manuscripts including illustrations, maps, and graphs, on which intellectual property rights already exist from the titular holder(s) of such rights or from her/his or their legal representative.