Efficiency Program Perspective – Designing Early

Transcription

LED Street Lighting Workshop
Gabe Arnold, PE, LC
Burlington, VT
May 26th, 2009
1
Agenda
• LEDs: Why all the Excitement?
• LED Fundamentals
• Evaluating LED Street Lighting Products
• Aesthetic Considerations
• Tariff Considerations
• LED Parking and Street Lighting Installations in Vermont
2
3
4
5
LED Lifetime Compared to Other
Light Sources
Light Source
Range of Typical Rated Life
Incandescent
750–2,000 hours
Halogen Incandescent
2,000-4,000 hours
Compact Fluorescent (CFL)
8,000-12,000 hours
Metal-Halide
7,500-20,000 hours
Linear Fluorescent
18,000-40,000 hours
High-Power White LED
~1,000-150,000 hours
6
The Bad News:
• It’s going to take time to bring these advancements to market
• Wide variation in performance of products currently on market
• Misleading and inaccurate literature a huge problem – but
getting better
• Good-performing LEDs are very expensive
• LEDs technically challenging to understand, evaluate, and
use.
7
Agenda
8
What is Solid-State Lighting (SSL)
• Lighting that uses semi-conducting materials to convert
electricity to light
• SSL is umbrella term encompassing different technologies
• Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
• Organic Light-Emitting Diodes (OLEDs)
9
What is an LED?
• Electrical device that produces light through movement of
electrons in a semiconductor material
• Light is generated in the PN junction when a current is applied
Source: Lighting Research Center
10
How are LEDs different from other
lighting technologies?
Source: Rebecca Foster, CEE
11
•LEDs are inherently directional
Source: Cree
12
• LEDs transfer heat
through conduction,
not convection, or
radiation
Source: Cree
13
• LEDs don’t burn out, they get dimmer over time
14
• LEDs produce light in one color (red, green, blue, etc.)
• Two ways to make white light:
Combine Blue LED with Yellow
Source: Cree
Phosphor
Mix Red, Green, and Blue LEDs
15
Other Differences
• Controllable (low-voltage)
• Tolerant of cold temperatures
• Rugged (no filament to break)
• Mercury-Free
• Instant on
• Compact Size
• Industry (semiconductor, not light bulb)
16
3 Ways LEDs save energy
1. Device efficacy (lumens per watt)
2. Inherent directionality
3. Better control of light
•
No hot spots, less waste, better uniformity
17
1: LED Device Efficacy
18
2: Inherent Directionality
Incandescent
7 LPW
X
X
X
=
30 LPW
=
62 LPW
50% Fixture Efficiency
LED
80 LPW
4 LPW
CFL
60 LPW
=
95% Driver Efficiency
90% Thermal Efficiency
19
2: Inherent Directionality
• In the early stages, LEDs will make the most sense in
directional applications:
• Road and Area Lighting
• Recessed Downlights
• Undercabinet Kitchen Lights
• Etc.
20
3: Better Control of Light
•Less Hot Spots  Less overlighting
•Better Uniformity  Better Visibility, less light needed
•Sharp Cut-off  Less Waste over Property Lines
21
Better Control of Light Example
250W MH Cobrahead
78W LED Cobrahead
22
3 Drivers to LED Performance
1. Whose LED Package and what are the performance ratings?
2. Drive Current – How hard do we drive the LED with
electricity?
3. Thermal Management – How well do we manage the junction
temperature?
23
1: LED Package Efficacy Rating
• Commercially available LED packages range from:
• < 10 LPW  100+ LPW
• High LPW & Good Color LEDs cost $$$$
• Choosing a high-performance LED die is a good first start!
24
2: LED Drive Current
• Increasing Drive Current  Increases Light Output, but
lowers Efficacy
Source: California
PIER LED
Evaluation Final
Report, 2003
25
LED Drive Current Example
• From BetaLED
LEDWay
Product Spec
Sheet
Efficacy Calculation
@ 350 mA
5160 / 78 = 66 LPW
@ 700 mA
7950 / 167 = 48 LPW
26
LED Drive Current Example
• From BetaLED
LEDWay
Product Spec
Sheet
LED Lifetime
@ 350 mA
> 150,000 hours
@ 700 mA
47,000 hours
27
3: LED Junction Temperature
Source: Cree XLamp
28
3: Light Output vs. Junction
Temperature
Source: Cree XLamp
29
2 + 3: Effect of Drive Current and
Junction Temperature on LED Lifetime
Source: Philips Lumileds
30
Agenda
31
Tools to Evaluate Products
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Recessed, Surface, and Pendant Downlights
Undercabinet Kitchen Lights
Portable Desk Task Lights
Fan/Light Kits
Track/Rail Lights
Cove Lighting
Outdoor Porch Lights
Outdoor Step Lights
Outdoor Pathway Lights
Streetlights coming in late 2009
ENERGY STAR® LED Products have met minimum performance
criteria based on testing to help ensure
energy efficiency, long life, and lighting quality.
32
Tools to Evaluate Products
LED Eligible Products List
•Will follow ENERGY STAR plus additional product categories
•
Commercial Outdoor Lighting
•
Commercial Track Lighting
33
The Lighting FactsTM Label
www.lighting-facts.com
34
Current Standards in Place
LM-79: Electrical and Photometric
Measurements of Solid-State Lighting Products
•
Light Output (lumens)
•
Luminaire Efficacy (lumens per watt)
•
Color Rendering (CRI)
•
Color Temperature (CCT)
35
Current Standards in Place
LM-80: Measuring Lumen Maintenance of LED
Light Sources
•
Lumen Maintenance testing through 6,000 Hours
•
Can this data be used to predict the useful life of an LED
Product?
36
Other Standards
37
What Standards are we missing?
•
•
A standard for predicting the useful life of LEDs
•
Expected in 2009 (we hope)
•
Some manufacturers doing it right
•
L70 prediction based on temperature testing
Design Standards
•
•
How to account for lumen maintenance?
And more…
38
10 Questions to ask the Manufacturer
Question
A Good Answer
1
Who is your LED Supplier?
Citizen, Cree, Nichia, Osram, Philips, Seoul Semiconductor. Stay with top suppliers to guarantee
quality, reliability, and performance. Don’t accept “that’s proprietary” for an answer. You have a right
to know how much technical and legal risk you are running with this purchase
2
Did they provide an IES LM-80
test report for the LEDs?
Any good LED manufacturer will supply this to the fixture maker; any that does not or can not is a
huge red flag… (Note: No LED company can or will have this data until about 10/2009; interim
reports are available in the meantime)
3
What is the max operating temp
and max Tj?
The answer the fixture maker gives should make sense for the application. The LED junction
temperature (Tj) should not be more than 80-90º C over the typical operating range of the fixture.
4
What’s the expected L70
lifetime?
Everybody says 50k hrs, but 1k to >100k are possible as well. Make manufacturer convince you they
know the number, and WHY. Don’t forget to ask about the driver lifetime as well.
5
Can the manufacturer provide a
IES LM-79 test report?
Yes. If not, RUN! This is fundamental and essential for any LED fixture. There are more than a
dozen accredited labs in the US and the cost of testing is only a few hundred dollars. The LM-79
Report also contains Lumens per Watt and other important metrics.
6
What are the delivered lumens
and LPW of the fixture?
Unlike traditional lamps, LEDs are a directional light sources so raw lamp lumens are less important.
Make sure the light DELIVERED in the application meets your requirements (FC, Lux)
7
What is the Power Factor of
your fixture?
ENERGY STAR requires 0.7 in residential and 0.9 in commercial. There is no reason a well
designed driver can not deliver 0.9 or better.
8
Is the product ENERGY STAR
labeled?
The DOE Energy Star criteria is another way to screen out poor quality product. Note that the
ENERGY STAR label will not be available for streetlighting fixtures until late 2009.
9
Is the fixture RoHS compliant?
Mercury Free?
Yes, if not, RUN! This is a key question on sustainability and there is no reason that these
regulations can not be met with commonly available electronic assembly processes.
What is the warranty?
DOE ENERGY STAR requires 3 years, some manufacturers have longer. Look for long warranties (5
yrs+) for streetlighting products. LED fixtures are $$$$, manufacturer should be willing – and able to stand behind product.
10
What to look for on Manufacturer
Specification Sheets
•Product Ratings based on Industry Standards (IES LM-79)
•Color Temperature and CRI
•Photometric Performance using Absolute Photometry
•Description of Thermal Management
•L70 Lifetime (Life to 70% Light Output)
•Warranty
40
Spec
Sheet
Example
41
Page 2
42
Another
Example
43
Page 2
44
Independent
LM-79 Report
45
A 3rd
Example
46
Page 2
47
Agenda
48
Aesthetic Considerations - Color
•
Many LED Street Lighting Products
are high color temperature
•
5,000K – 6,500K
•
Warmer colors also
available, but less
efficient.
49
Aesthetic Considerations - Color
MH
LED
HPS
50
Aesthetic Considerations - Glare
•
Most discomfort and disability glare
occurs at above 70 degrees
•
LED optics can be engineered to
minimize light above 70 degrees
•
But… LED fixtures will be BRIGHT
when viewed from directly below.
51
Aesthetic Considerations – Planning
and Zoning
•
Some towns will require Planning
and Zoning Amendments for LED
installations (Essex)
•
Nearly all towns do not yet list an
LED option in their town plan
•
Efficiency Vermont reaching out to
Vermont Planners Association and
others to address
52
Agenda
53
Tariff Considerations - Sizing
•
Don’t compare lumens of old sources to lumens of LED
•
Apples to Oranges
•
Source Lumens to Delivered Lumens
54
250W MH Cobrahead
13,500 Lumens
78W LED Cobrahead
5,160 Lumens
55
•
Comparable product must be evaluated at the ground level
using foot-candle calculation and photometric data
•
Work with vendor to determine appropriate comparable
product – or do your own calculations and test installations.
•
If using good LED product, watts should be 50-75% less than
comparable Metal-Halide or High-Pressure Sodium
56
•
Oversized LED Product will:
•
Limit Energy-Savings
•
Cost a lot more $$$$, no savings to towns through tariff
•
Over light and bring complaints of too bright
57
Tariff
Considerations
Example
Pacific Gas and
Electric
58
Tariff
Considerations
Example
Pacific Gas and
Electric
59
Tariff
Considerations
Example
Pacific Gas and
Electric
60
Tariff
Considerations
Example
Lumens
Not listed
For LED
Options
Pacific Gas and
Electric
61
Tariff Considerations - Savings
•
To ensure towns receive the financial benefit of LEDs…
•
Properly sized LED product is critical
•
Reduced-Maintenance must be accounted for
•
Otherwise high initial cost will negate energy and maintenance
savings offered by LEDs
62
Tariff Considerations – Town Wide
Retrofits
•
Expect some municipalities to want to do town wide early
replacement retrofits
•
Build Provision for this into tariff
•
Include undepreciated costs plus any other costs not already
recovered in tariffs
•
Towns can apply Stimulus funding and/or Efficiency Vermont
incentives to cover additional costs
63
Agenda
64
LED Case Studies
Fixture Type
Location
Exterior - Area Light
Holiday Inn Express, Brattleboro
Exterior - Street Light
Founders Memorial, Essex
Exterior - Canopy Light
Short Stop Mobil, Derby
Interior - Track Light
Orvis Outlet, Manchester
Interior - Down Light
Denecker Chevrolet, Vergennes
65
Applications – Area Light
Fixture Type
Location
66
Existing Equipment
250 watt high pressure sodium
(295 system watts)
Brattleboro, VT
67
LED Solution
Beta LED EDGE Area Light
• 104 system watts (4-bar)
• 60 lumens per watt
• 75 CRI
• L70 life 150,000 hours
Brattleboro, VT
68
Brattleboro, VT
69
Brattleboro?
70
Brattleboro, VT
71
Brattleboro, VT
72
Example Economics
Replace 250W HPS with Beta LED EDGE Area Light
• Save 191 watts per fixture – 65%!
• Estimate installed cost $885 per fixture
• $100 Efficiency Vermont rebate
• 5.9 year payback
(includes maintenance savings, assumes 4380 hours and $0.13/kWh)
73
River Bend Market - Townshend, VT
74
Lyndonville, VT
75
Applications – Street Light
Fixture Type
Location
Exterior - Canopy Light Short Stop Mobil, Derby
76
Founders
Memorial School
Essex, VT
Existing Equipment
250 watt metal halide
(290 system watts)
77
Founders
Memorial School
Essex, VT
LED Solution
Beta LEDway Street Light
• 78 system watts
• 75 CRI
78
Founders
Memorial School
Essex, VT
79
Founders
Memorial School
Essex, VT
80
Example Economics
Replace 250W MH with Beta LEDway Steet Light
81
Applications – Canopy Light
Fixture Type
Location
82
Existing Equipment
400 watt metal halide
Short Stop Mobil - Derby, VT
(455 system watts)
83
LED Solution
LSI Crossover Canopy Light
• 130 system watts (100 LED)
• 75 CRI
84
85
86
Example Economics
Replace 400W MH with LSI Crossover Canopy Light
87
Derby, VT
88
Derby, VT
89
Applications – Track Light
Fixture Type
Location
90
91
LED Solution
Eco-Story PAR30 Lamp
• 8 watts
• 83 CRI
• L70 life TBD
(estimated 40,000 hours)
Manchester, VT
92
93
94
Example Economics
Replace 50W PAR30 with Eco-Story LED lamps
• Estimate cost $65 per lamp
• Custom Efficiency Vermont rebate
• 2.3 year payback before incentive
95
Applications – Down Light
Fixture Type
Location
96
Denecker Chevrolet - Vergennes, VT
97
LED Solution
Cree LR6 LED Downlight
• 12 system watts
• 92 CRI
98
99
Example Economics
Replace 65W BR30 with Cree LR6 downlight
• Estimate cost $110 per fixture
100
Essex, VT
101
102

Efficiency Program Perspective – Designing Early

Transcription

Similar documents

Signtronix LED Signs

zurn yacht

SPYDR 1200 Product Specifications

resources - Old

Iluminate Your Style

Murray Feiss OL7411ASTB

JOEL FITZPATRICK STUDIO

See here for more details

Low-cost Allergy Fighter

BevMo! - Bill Brown Sales

Design and evaluation of an LED-based light fixture