75= kachinic

7= SINO-INDIAN phylosector
75=
KACHINIC
phylozone
Observatoire Linguistique
Linguasphere Observatory
page 547
covers the "Kachin+ Luish" or Jingpho+ Kado grouping, part Burma; China; India; Laos
of the "Tibeto-Burman" affinity within the "Sino-Tibetan"
("Sino-Indian") continental affinity; comprising 2 sets of
languages (= 3 outer languages) spoken by communities in
continental Southeast Asia, between the middle Brahmaputra
and the middle Mekong basins:
75-A JINGPHO+ TAMAN
5
75-B KADO+ GANAAN
"WIDER"-KACHIN
75-AAA-a
JINGPHO+ TAMAN
set
JINGPHO+ TAMAN
chain
JINGPHO+ DZILI net
Jingpho+ Dzili
Latin script (Yunnan) Dai-Jingpo autonomous county…
Burma (Kachin); China (Yunnan);
also India (Arunachal Pradesh;
Assam)
5
75-AAA-aa
jing-pho
jing-po, kachin "proper", ching-paw, jingh-paw, ching-po, marip,
dashanhua
Burma (Kachin); China (Yunnan);
also India (Arunachal Pradesh;
Assam)
5
75-AAA-aaa
jingh-paw
"burma" jingpho
(Kachin)
75-AAA-aab
jing-pho-V.
"vehicular burma" jingpho
(Kachin)
75-AAA-aac
sing-pho
"assam" jingpho, singpo; including dowaniya community
(Arunachal Pradesh; Assam)
75-AAA-aad
enkun
"standard china" jinghpo, part of "china" jingpho
(Yunnan)
75-AAA-aae
shidan
part of "china" jingpho Yingjiang county
(Yunnan)
75-AAA-ab
hka-ku
kauri
dzili
TAMAN net
Taman
taman
hka-hku
China (Yunnan)
hkauri, gauri
China (Yunnan)
jili
China (Yunnan)
75-A
75-AA
75-AAA
75-AAA-ac
75-AAA-ad
75-AAB
75-AAB-a
75-AAB-aa
Burma
4
Burma-NW.
4
China (Yunnan); Burma (Shan);
also Laos
5
Burma (Shan); China (Yunnan);
also Laos-N.
5
75-BAA-a
KADO+ GANAAN set LUISH
KADO+ GANAAN
chain
KADO+ GANAAN
net
Kado+ Ganaan
75-BAA-aa
kado
75-BAA-aaa
kado-A.
75-BAA-aab
asak
sak
(Shan) and/or (Yunnan)
75-BAA-aac
thet
that
(Shan) and/or (Yunnan)
75-BAA-aad
mawteik
(Shan) and/or (Yunnan)
75-BAA-aae
puteik
(Shan) and/or (Yunnan)
75-BAA-aaf
woni
75-BAA-ab
ganaan
andro
sengmai
chakpa
phayeng
75-B
75-BA
75-BAA
75-BAA-ac
75-BAA-ad
75-BAA-ae
75-BAA-af
kadu, katu, kato, kudo, gadu
2
Burma (Shan); China (Yunnan)…
(Shan) and/or (Yunnan)
ganan
China (Yunnan); Burma (Shan)
China (Yunnan) and/or (Shan)
China (Yunnan) and/or (Shan)
China (Yunnan) and/or (Shan)
China (Yunnan) and/or (Shan)
4
page 548
76=
The Linguasphere Register
RUNGIC
phylozone
covers the "Rung" reference area, part of the "Tibeto-Burman" China; Burma; India
affinity within the "Sino-Tibetan" ("Sino-Indian") continental
affinity; comprising 4 sets of languages (= 9 outer languages)
spoken by communities in continental Southeast Asia,
between the upper Brahmaputra and upper Salween basins:
76-A NUNG+ NORRA
76-C QIANG+ DZORGAI
76-A
76-AA
76-AAA
NUNG+ NORRA set
NUNG+ NORRA
chain
NUNG+ RAWANG*
net
1999 / 2000 edition
76-B JIARONG
76-D P'UMI
NUNGISH
nung+ rawang, ganung+ rawang, hka-nung, kha-nung, ganung an
extended continuum of progressively divergent idioms, treated
provisionally as 2 outer-languages
China (Yunnan); Burma (Kachin;
Shan)
4
China (Yunnan); Burma (Kachin;
Shan)
3
76-AAA-a
Nung+ Tulung*
76-AAA-aa
nung
76-AAA-aaa
nung-A.
76-AAA-aab
khupang
76-AAA-aac
kwingsang
(Kachin and/or Shan)
76-AAA-aad
khanung
(Kachin and/or Shan)
76-AAA-aae
fuchye
(Kachin and/or Shan)
76-AAA-aaf
cholo
(Kachin and/or Shan)
76-AAA-aag
gwaza
(Kachin and/or Shan)
76-AAA-aah
miko
76-AAA-ab
tulung
trung, drung, dulung, dulong ¶speakers divided ethnically between
Drung and Nung communities ("nationalities")
China (Yunnan)
76-AAA-ac
kwinpang
Rawang*
kwingsang transition < [76=] Rawang
China (Yunnan)…
76-AAA-b
Ch'opa, in [79=] Hanyu (Chinese): kiu-tze, chiu-tse, qui-ze, in [77=]
Lisu-W.: ch'opa; including krangku including up to 100 idioms (to be
ascertained), in a continuum with [76=] Nung+ Tulung Latin script
Burma (Kachin); China (Yunnan;
also Tibet); India (Arunachal
Pradesh)
76-AAA-ba
mut-wang
rawang-C., including "literary" rawang list of dialects to be confirmed
and extended, and perhaps to be partially re-allocated among the other
three inner-languages of the Rawang outer-language
Burma (Kachin); China (Yunnan;
Tibet); India (Arunachal Pradesh)
76-AAA-baa
krangku
(Kachin) and/or (Yunnan)
76-AAA-bab
agu
(Kachin) and/or (Yunnan)
76-AAA-bac
hpungsi
(Kachin) and/or (Yunnan)
76-AAA-bad
htisel-wang
(Kachin) and/or (Yunnan)
76-AAA-bae
matwanly
(Kachin) and/or (Yunnan)
76-AAA-baf
melam
(Yunnan)
76-AAA-bag
metu
76-AAA-bah
tamalu
76-AAA-bai
tukiumu
76-AAA-baj
serhta
76-AAA-bak
wadamkong
76-AAA-bal
wahke
(Kachin) and/or (Yunnan)
76-AAA-bam
taron
(Kachin) and/or (Yunnan)
76-AAA-ban
zithung
76-AAA-bao
kunglang
kunlang
(Arunachal Pradesh)
76-AAA-bb
longmi
serwang
tangsarr
NORRA+ LAMA net
Norra+ Lama
norra
lungmi
(Kachin) and/or (Yunnan)
76-AAA-bc
76-AAA-bd
76-AAB
76-AAB-a
76-AAB-aa
76-AAB-ab
76-AAB-ac
76-AAB-ad
byabe
kizolo
lama
5
anung, anoong, nong, anu, nu, noutzu, nusu, lu, lutzu, lutze Nujang… Salween valleys list of dialects to be completed (up to 16)
(Yunnan); (Kachin; Shan)
Salween valley: Chunpang
(Shan; Yunnan frontier)
(Kachin)
3
5
(Yunnan)
damalo
(Yunnan)
(Yunnan)
(Kachin) and/or (Yunnan)
watamkaung Watamkaung
(Kachin)
(Kachin) and/or (Yunnan)
(Tibet) frontier; Burma
(Kachin) and/or (Yunnan)
nora, nurra, noza
Burma (Kachin); China (Tibet)
4
Burma (Kachin); China (Tibet)
frontier
4
Burma (Kachin)
Burma (Kachin)
Burma (Kachin); China (Tibet)
3
7= SINO-INDIAN phylosector
76-B
76-BA
76-BAA
76-BAA-a
76-BAA-aa
76-BAA-ab
76-BAA-ac
JIARONG set
JIARONG chain
JIARONGNORTHEAST net
Jiarong-N.
pati
wassu
suomo
Jiarong-E.
Observatoire Linguistique
Linguasphere Observatory
page 549
#indigenous names for component languages to be ascertained
jarong-N., jyarung-N., gyarong-N., gyarung-N., chiarong-N.
Ma'erkang, Barkam county: Ribu… Caotang… Mu'erzi
China (Sichuan)
5
China (Sichuan)
China (Sichuan)
China (Sichuan)
Li… Wenchuan… Xiaojin, Zainiha… Ma'erkang, Barkam… Jinchuan,
Quqên counties
China (Sichuan)
5
jarong-E., jyarung-E., gyarong-E., gyarung-E., chiarong-E.
China (Sichuan)
5
76-BAB-a
jiarong-E.
JIARONG-WEST net
Jiarong-W.
 Jinchuan, Quqên counties… Danba, Rongshag… Daofu, Dawu
counties
China (Sichuan)
5
76-BAB-aa
jiarong-W.
jarong-W., jyarung-W., gyarong-W., gyarung-W., chiarong-W.
China (Sichuan)
5
76-C
QIANG+ DZORGAI
set
QIANG+ DZORGAI
chain
QIANG+ DZORGAI
net
Qiang+ Dzorgai
mawo
taoping
"wider" qiang, "dzorgaish", part of qiang+ p'umi grouping
"wider" qiang
China (Sichuan)
5
"non-tonal" qiang, qiang-N., ch'iang-N., jiang-N. Heishuihe basin
China (Sichuan)
4
"tonal" qiang, qiang-S., ch'iang-S., jiang-S. Minjiang basin: Songpan
(Zhenjiangguan)… Wenchuan+ Li… Beichuan counties
China (Sichuan)
4
76-BAA-b
76-BAA-ba
76-BAB
76-CA
76-CAA
76-CAA-a
76-CAA-aa
76-CAA-ab
76-CAA-ac
76-CAA-ad
76-CAA-ae
76-CAA-af
76-CAA-ag
76-CAA-ah
lofuchai
wagsod
dzorgai
kortse
pingfang
thochu
China (Sichuan)
China (Sichuan)
China (Sichuan)
China (Sichuan)
China (Sichuan)
thouju*, ersu*
China (Sichuan)
PRIMMI, part of qiang+ p'umi grouping
76-DAA-a
P'UMI set
P'UMI chain
P'UMI net
P'umi-N.
Muli… Yanyuan… Kulong… also Ninglang counties
China (Sichuan; also Yunnan);
Myanmar*
4
76-DAA-aa
p'umi-N.
including 5 idioms; perhaps also including reclassified [77=] Muli (at
present classified under [77=] Hsifan)
China (Sichuan; also Yunnan);
Myanmar*
4
76-DAA-b
P'umi-S.
p'umi-S.
Lanping… Weixi… Yongsheng… Lijiang… also Ninglang counties
China (Yunnan)
4
including 5 idioms
China (Yunnan)
4
76-D
76-DA
76-DAA
76-DAA-ba
pumi, primmi, pruumi, p'ömi, ch'rame, taoba, including jing-hua
page 550
77=
The Linguasphere Register
IRRAWADDIC
phylozone
1999 / 2000 edition
covers the "Burmese+ Lolo" or Bama+ Nasö grouping, part of Burma; China; Laos; Thailand
the "Tibeto-Burman" affinity within the "Sino-Tibetan" ("SinoIndian") continental affinity; comprising 3 sets of languages (=
27 outer languages) spoken by communities in continental
Southeast Asia, centered on the Irrawaddy river and its
tributaries:
77-A BAMA+ LAWNG
77-C BAI+ DALI*
77-B NASÖ+ AKHA
"WIDER"-BURMESE, "burmish", "burman"
77-AAA-a
BAMA+ LAWNG set
BAMA+ LAWNG
chain
BAMA+ LAWNG net
Bama+ Arakan
"burmese"-S. influence < [46=] Mon Burmese script
Burma; Bangladesh; also
migration> India (Andaman &
Nicobar)
77-AAA-aa
bama
burmese-C., bama-chaka; including literary, formal myan, myen, mian
influence < [59=] Pali
Burma
77-AAA-aaa
myan-L.
"pre-modern literary burmese"
Burma
"modern literary burmese", "standard burmese"
Burma
77-A
77-AA
77-AAA
7
7
77-AAA-aab
myan-F.
77-AAA-aac
bama-G.
yangon "colloquial", rangoon "colloquial", "generalised burmese"
Yangon, Rangoon… with vehicular extension throughout Burma
Burma
77-AAA-aad
irrawaddy-S.
"lower" irrawaddy Irrawaddy lower valley
Burma (Pegu)
77-AAA-aae
irrawady-N.
"upper" irrawaddy, mandalay Irrawaddy upper valley: Mandalay
Burma (Mandalay…)
77-AAA-ab
arakan+ maghi
"arakanese", "burmese"-W. Arakan Yoma highlands… plus 19 cent.
migration> Chittagong lowlands
Burma-SW.; migration>
Bangladesh (Chittagong)
77-AAA-aba
arakan
Arakan Yoma highlands
Burma (Arakan)
77-AAA-abb
rakhaing
rakhain, rakhine, yakhaing, yakan
Burma-SW.
77-AAA-abc
maghi
maghi-magh, morma, marma, mash, mogh, bomang, "bangladesh
burmese"
Bangladesh (Chittagong)
77-AAA-ac
intha
toru+ danu
inntha, inle Inle lake
Burma (Shan)
5
77-AAA-ad
taruw influence < [47=] Shan
Burma (Tenasserim)
5
77-AAA-ada
taungnyo
taungyo Taungnyo mountains
(Tenasserim-N.)
2
77-AAA-adb
toru
taruw
(Tenasserim-N.)
77-AAA-adc
danu
77-AAA-ae
tavoya
"tavoyan", tavoy, tawe, dawai, dawé Heinze Chaung cost… Tavoy
valley… Tavoy, Dawei coast… Bodaungseik coast
Burma (Tenasserim)
77-AAA-af
palaw
baik
Palaw coast
(Tenasserim-S.)
77-AAA-ag
beik, myeik, "wider" mergui Pasul… Mergui…
Burma-S. (Tenasserim)
77-AAA-aga
mergui
"merguese" Mergui coast
(Tenasserim-S.)
77-AAA-agb
tenasserim
Tenasserim town & valley
(Tenasserim-S.)
77-AAA-agc
lenya
Lenya… Kadin coast
(Tenasserim-S.)
77-AAA-ah
yanbe, yangye, yanbye, yabein
Burma
5
#chaung-tha=«people of the valley»
Burma
5
77-AAA-b
yangbye
chaungtha*
Hpon+ Megyaw*
part of "burmese"-N.
Burma (Kachin; also Shan
adjacent); China (Yunnan)
3
77-AAA-ba
hpon+ megyaw
hpön, phun, phön, phon, phu, aphu, jing-po 2
Burma (Kachin); China (Yunnan)
77-AAA-baa
hpon-A.
(Kachin)
77-AAA-bab
megyaw
(Kachin)
77-AAA-bac
samong
77-AAA-bad
"china"-jingpo-2
part of "pseudo"-jingpo distinct from [75=] Jingpho
(Yunnan)
77-AAA-c
Achang+ Maingtha
part of "burmese"-N.
China (Yunnan); Burma (Kachin)
frontier
4
77-AAA-ca
achang
Dehong Dai autonomous prefecture: Tengchong… Lianghe… to
Burmese frontier (enclaves)
China (Yunnan)
4
77-AAA-caa
achang-A.
ahchan, achung, atsang, acang, ach'ang
(Yunnan)
77-AAA-cab
ngachang
ngac'ang, ngacang, ngatsang, ngo-chang
(Yunnan)
77-AAA-cb
mönghsa, "burma" achang
Burma (Kachin)
3
Maru, mulu, malu, matu; part of "burmese"-N.
Burma (Kachin); China (Yunnan)
5
77-AAA-da
maingtha
Lawng+ Lashi
lawng
Burma (Kachin); also China
(Yunnan)
5
77-AAA-daa
lawng-waw
laungaw, lang, lawng, lang-wa
77-AAA-dab
dago'-lawng-bit
77-AAA-dac
lawng-hsu
77-AAA-dad
zagaran-mran
77-AAA-ai
77-AAA-d
th
5
(Tenasserim-N.)
(Kachin)
(Kachin)…
(Kachin)…
lansu
(Kachin)…
(Kachin)…
7= SINO-INDIAN phylosector
Observatoire Linguistique
Linguasphere Observatory
page 551
77-AAA-dae
gawan-naw'
(Kachin)…
77-AAA-daf
hlo'lan
(Kachin)…
77-AAA-dag
laking
(Kachin)…
77-AAA-dah
wa-khawk
(Kachin)…
77-AAA-dai
diso
77-AAA-db
lashi
lashi-maru, part of "pseudo"-jingpo
Burma (Kachin); also China
(Yunnan)
77-AAA-dba
lashi-kwaw
lasi, letsi, lechi, leqi, lachi-kwaw, lashi, ac'ye
(Kachin)…
77-AAA-dbb
cha-shan
77-AAA-dc
zaiwa+ polo
atsi, atsi-maru, atzi, szi, atshi, aci, azi, part of "pseudo"-jingpo
bilingual < [75=] Jingpho
China (Yunnan); Burma (Kachin)
77-AAA-dca
zaiwa
tsaiwa, tsaiva Luxi county: Longzhun…
(Yunnan); (Kachin)…
77-AAA-dcb
langwa
77-AAA-dcc
polo
77-B
NASÖ+ AKHA* set
NASÖ+ THONGHO*
notional chain
"WIDER"-YI, "wider" 'lolo', 'loloish'
THONGHO+
LIANGSHAN* net
Thongho+
Liangshan
sichuan-yi, yi-N., "independent" yi, 'lolo'-N.
77-BA
77-BAA
77-BAA-a
77-BAA-aa
77-BAA-ab
77-BAA-ac
77-BAA-ad
77-BAA-ae
77-BAA-af
77-BAA-ag
77-BAA-ah
77-BAA-ai
77-BAA-aj
77-BAB
77-BAB-a
77-BAB-aa
77-BAC
77-BAC-a
77-BAC-aa
77-BAC-ab
77-BAD
77-BAD-a
77-BAD-aa
77-BAD-ab
77-BAD-b
thongho
paki-shan
kang-siang-ying
kiao-kio
nee
laichau
tudza
nuoku
liang-shan
p'ou-la
DIAN-DONGBEI* net
Dian-Dongbei
dian-dongbei
DIAN-QIAN+ PAN*
net
Dian-Qian+ Pan
dian-qian
pan
DONGSHAN+
DAYAO* notional net
Dongshan+ Xishan
dong-shan
xi-shan
Dayao+ Nanhua
77-BAE-aa
da-yao
nan-hua
NASÖ+ AXI*
notional net
Nasö+ Luquan
nasö
77-BAE-aaa
ko-p'u
77-BAE-aab
ulu
77-BAE-aac
weining
77-BAE-ab
luquan
77-BAD-ba
77-BAD-bb
77-BAE
77-BAE-a
(Kachin)…
4
(Kachin)…
4
(Yunnan); (Kachin)…
(Yunnan); (Kachin)…
"NARROW"-YI, nyi, gni, i, ichia, manchia, mantzu; including socially
(but not linguistically) distinct "black" yi (no-su, of 'free'-status)…
"white" yi (of former 'serf' status) #Yi is a generic term in [79=] Han-yu,
now accepted also by speakers of all or some of the languages
concerned notional chain, based on application of the name Yi
traditional Yi syllabic script(s), used for ritual texts
Dau He valley: Ebian Yi autonomous county… Liangshan ("Cool
Mountain") range… with expansion (often as slave-raiders) into
Guizhou (Bijie… Qianxi… Guiyang) component idioms to be
confirmed and located
China (Sichuan; also Tibet;
Yunnan; Guizhou)
6
China (Sichuan…)
China (Sichuan…)
China (Sichuan…)
China (Sichuan…)
China (Sichuan…)
China (Sichuan…)
China (Sichuan…)
China (Sichuan…)
Liangshan range
China (Sichuan…)
China (Sichuan…)
5
part of yi-E., 'lolo'-N.
China (Yunnan)
China (Yunnan)
part of yi-E.
China (Yunnan; Guizhou;
Guangxi); perhaps also Vietnam
Weining Yi-Hui-Miao autonomous county… Dafang autonomous
county… Hezhang county… Pan county… Baise county
China (Yunnan; Guizhou; Guangxi)
5
China (Yunnan; Guizhou; Guangxi)
Pan county: Pan-Xian…
China (Guizhou)
5
yi-C.+ yi-W. notional net, pending further data bilingual < [79=] Hanyu
yi-W. including Chuxiong Yi autonomous prefecture*…
China (Yunnan)
Dongshan (location near Cheng-Hai lake to be confirmed)
China (Yunnan)
Xishan (Kunming>W. or an identical place-name elsewhere?)
China (Yunnan)
yi-C. Dali Bai… Chuxiong Yi autonomous prefectures… Simao
district
China (Yunnan)
5
China (Yunnan)
China (Yunnan)
yi-S.+ yi-SE. notional net, pending further data
China (Yunnan)
4
shui-nosu, nosu, nasu including Kunming: Hetaojing («WalnutBasket») village
China (Yunnan)
3
kopu
(Yunnan)
(Yunnan)
(Yunnan)
Luquan county
(Yunnan)
page 552
The Linguasphere Register
77-BAE-b
Axi+ Lolopho*
77-BAE-ba
77-BBA-a
chökö
axi
sani
awu
axhebo
huami*
wenxi*
lolopho
phupha
NAXI+ LISU* chain
NAXI net
Naxi
77-BBA-aa
77-BAE-bb
77-BAE-bc
77-BAE-bd
77-BAE-be
77-BAE-bf
77-BAE-bg
77-BAE-bh
77-BAE-bi
77-BB
77-BBA
yi-SE. Qujing district… Honghe Hani-Yi autonomous prefecture…
Wenshan Zhuang-Miao autonomous prefecture…
1999 / 2000 edition
China (Yunnan)
5
China (Yunnan)
ahi, mile Kunming>SE.: Lunan Yi autonomous county… Mile county
China (Yunnan)
yi-liang Kunming>E.: Yiliang county
China (Yunnan)
China (Yunnan)
China (Yunnan)
China (Yunnan)
China (Yunnan)
China (Yunnan)
China (Yunnan)
nahsi, nasi, nakhi, 'moso', 'mosso', 'mussoh' Jinsha, Yangtze upper
valley: Lijiang Naxi autonomous county… Weixi… Zhongdian… also
scattered in Sichuan (Yanyuan; Yanbian; Muli counties)… also in Tibet
(Mangkang county) Naxi pictographic proto-writing; Naxi syllabic
script
China (Yunnan; Sichuan; also
Tibet)
naxi-W.
"standard" naxi within Yangtze loop: Lijiang Naxi autonomous county
(Dayan…)
(Yunnan)
77-BBA-ab
naxi-E.
inclusion of the following dialects to be confirmed
(Yunnan; Sichuan)
77-BBA-aba
lichiang*
(Yunnan and/or Sichuan)
77-BBA-abb
lapao*
(Yunnan and/or Sichuan)
77-BBA-abc
lutien*
(Yunnan and/or Sichuan)
77-BBA-abd
lomi*
(Yunnan and/or Sichuan)
77-BBB
77-BBB-a
LISU+ TAKU net
Lisu+ Taku
77-BBB-aa
lisu
77-BBB-aaa
yao-yen
77-BBB-aab
chung
77-BBB-aac
cheli
77-BBB-aad
khae
77-BBB-aae
lip'o
77-BBB-aaf
hua-lisu
hwa-lisu, "flowery" lisu
(Shan)…
77-BBB-aag
pai-lisu
"white" lisu
(Shan)…
77-BBB-aah
lu-shi-lisu
(Shan)…
77-BBB-aai
tangsir
(Shan)…
77-BBB-aaj
hkwin-hpang
77-BBB-ab
lisu-E., lisu-taku, he-lisu, "black" lisu Pollard's syllabic script
China (Yunnan)
77-BBB-ac
taku
jino
jinuo, youle Youle mountains
Laos+ Burma frontier; China
(Yunnan)
4
77-BBC
SAMEI* net
provisional classification; perhaps to br reclassfied with [77=] Nasö+
Thongho (Yi)
77-BBC-a
Samei
samei
AKHA+ PHUNOI
chain
AKHA+ LAHU net
Akha+ Kaduo*
China (Yunnan)
2
China (Yunnan)
2
Hani, hanhi, haw between Yuan… Nanpan valleys: Honghe Hani-Yi
autonomous prefecture… Mojiang Hani autonomous county…
Jiangcheng Hani-Yi autonomous county…
China (Yunnan…); Burma
(Kengtung Shan); Thailand; also
Vietnam
6
mehua, menghwa, mengwa Dali>S.
China (Yunnan)…
77-BCA-ac
menghua
asong
akha+ phusang
Mekong middle valley… (scattered enclaves) Latin script
Burma (Kengtung Shan-E.); China
(Yunnan…); Thailand-N.; Laos-N.;
also Vietnam
5
77-BCA-aca
akha
ako, aka, ko, ekaw, kaw, ak'a, kha-ko, ekwa, ikho, ikor
Burma (Kengtung Shan-E.)…
5
77-BCA-acb
chaecung
77-BCA-acc
luma
77-BCA-acd
nu-guei
77-BBC-aa
77-BC
77-BCA
77-BCA-a
77-BCA-aa
77-BCA-ab
5
China (Yunnan; Sichuan); Burma
(Upper Shan; Wa…); Thailand-N.;
Laos frontier
5
'lisu-S.', 'lisu-C.', lissu, lisaw, li-shaw, li-hsaw, lu-tzu, lesuo, li, lishu,
leisu, leshuoopa, loisu, luizu, lusu Fraser's syllabic script; Wang
Renbo's syllabic script; Latin script (Yunnan) Salween, Nu…
Mekong, Lancang valleys: Gongshan Drung-Nu autonomous county…
Fugong… Luku; Jiang, Yangtze upper right-bank enclaves; (Yunnan+
Kachin frontier) Taiping headwaters; (Shan) Möng Hawm… Möng Si;
(Thailand-N.) Ping headwaters… Kok valley enclaves; Ping+ Wang
confluence>W.…
China (Yunnan); Burma (Kachin;
Shan: Upper Shan, Wa); migration
>Thailand-N.
5
yaw-yen, yaw-yin, yeh-jen, yaw-gin
(Yunnan)
(Yunnan)
chedi
(Yunnan)
(Yunnan)
(Yunnan)
(Shan)…
Burma (Kengtung Shan-E.)…
China (Yunnan…)…
China (Yunnan…)…
nu-quay
China (Yunnan…)…
7= SINO-INDIAN phylosector
Observatoire Linguistique
Linguasphere Observatory
page 553
77-BCA-ace
buli
China (Yunnan…)…
77-BCA-acf
mucchi
China (Yunnan…)…
77-BCA-acg
oma
China (Yunnan…)…
77-BCA-ach
o'pa
China (Yunnan…)…
77-BCA-aci
phusang
77-BCA-ad
phana
kaduo
pudu
sansu
mahei
biyo
honi*
phana', pana', bana'
China frontier; Laos-N.
3
kado Mong-ou-tay China frontier
Laos-N.; China (Yunnan) frontier
3
putu
China
77-BCA-b
77-BCA-ae
77-BCA-af
77-BCA-ag
77-BCA-ah
China (Yunnan…)…
Burma-E.; China (Yunnan)
mahe, mabe
Burma-E.; China (Yunnan)
bio, biyua
China (Yunnan)
5
woni, uni, ho, ouni, aini, yani Xishuangbanna Dai autonomous
prefecture
China (Yunnan)
5
sang-kong*
Lahu
Xishuangbanna Dai autonomous prefecture
China (Yunnan)
3
scattered enclaves from Dawang range (Mae Klong headwaters) to
Wuliangshan range (Lishehe valley) ¶severely affected by crossth
frontier movement of refugees in late 20 cent. Pinyin Latin script
Thailand; Laos; Burma (Shan);
China (Yunnan)
5
77-BCA-ba
lahu-A.
lahuna, laku, lohei, kaixien, namen, mussar, mussuh, musso, moso 2,
muhso
China (Yunnan); Burma (Shan);
Thailand-N.
5
77-BCA-bb
kutsung
"yellow" lahu, shi, lahu-shi, kucong, kui, kwi
China (Yunnan); Burma (Shan);
also Thailand-N.
4
77-BCA-bc
na
"black" lahu, musseh-dam, lahu-N., lohei, loheirn #na=«black»
China (Yunnan); Burma (Shan);
Thailand-N.
77-BCA-bd
nyi
"red" lahu, musseh-daeng, luhishi, luhushi, lahu-S.
China (Yunnan); Burma (Shan);
Thailand-N.
77-BCA-be
shehleh
laopang
laba
PHUNOI+ BISU net
Phunoi
phunoi-A.
'black'-khoany
'white'-khoany
mung
hwethom
khaskhong
Bisu+ Mpi
bisu
77-BCA-ai
77-BCA-aj
77-BCA-ak
77-BCA-bf
77-BCA-bg
77-BCB
77-BCB-a
77-BCB-aa
77-BCB-ab
77-BCB-ac
77-BCB-ad
77-BCB-ae
77-BCB-af
77-BCB-b
77-BCB-ba
77-BCB-bb
77-BCB-bc
77-BCC
77-BCC-a
77-BCC-aa
77-BCD
77-BCD-a
mpi
pyen
SILA net
Sila
sila
LOPI net
Lopi
77-BEA-aa
lopi
HSIFAN chain
HSIFAN net
Hsifan
hsifan-A.
manyak
horpa
menia
muli*
UGONG chain
UGONG net
Ugong
ugong
77-BEA-aaa
'ugong
77-BEA-aab
kok-chiang
77-BEA-aac
suphanaburi
77-BCD-aa
77-BD
77-BDA
77-BDA-a
77-BDA-aa
77-BDA-ab
77-BDA-ac
77-BDA-ad
77-BDA-ae
77-BE
77-BEA
77-BEA-a
China (Yunnan); Burma (Shan)
laopa
China (Yunnan); Burma (Shan)
China (Yunnan); Burma (Shan)
'kha-punoi', côông Phong-saly environs
Laos; Thailand
4
Laos-C.; also Thailand
4
Laos-C.
Laos-C.
Laos-C.
Laos-C.
Laos-C.
Thailand; Laos; Burma
3
mbisu
Thailand (Chiangrai-SW.;
Lampang-N.)
2
mpi-mi Phrae Phayao
Thailand
3
Kha river
Laos frontier; Burma (Shan)
2
Laos
4
Laos-N.
4
Burma (Shan); also China
(Yunnan)*
4
Burma (Shan)…
4
"wider" hsifan
Burma; also China (Sichuan)*
4
hsifan "proper"
Burma
Muong-hai>N.
part of 'declining lolo', 'residual lolo'
Burma
Burma
Burma
or to be classified with [76=] P'umi
Burma; also China (Sichuan)*
part of 'declining lolo', 'residual lolo'
Kanchanaburi… Uthai-thani… Suphanaburi bilingual < [47=] Thai
Thailand
3
lawa 2
Thailand
3
ugong
Thailand
Thailand
Suphanaburi
Thailand
page 554
The Linguasphere Register
77-BFA-aa
NU+ ZAUZOU chain
NU+ ZAUZOU net
Nu
nu
77-BFA-aaa
77-BF
77-BFA
1999 / 2000 edition
"pseudo" nung, nung 2 distinct from [76=] Nung
Nu Jiang Lisu autonomous prefecture: Nu… Lancang valleys
China (Yunnan)
3
anu, noutzu, nutzu, lutze, lu, lutzu; kiutze; nu-su community
China (Yunnan)
3
nu-NW.
Nu valley: Bijiang… Fugong>N.
(Yunnan)
77-BFA-aab
nu-SE.
Lancang valley
(Yunnan)
77-BFA-b
Zauzou
zauzou
TUJIA-NORTH*
chain
TUJIA-NORTH net
Tujia-N.
tujia-N.
TUJIA-SOUTH* chain
TUJIA-SOUTH net
Tujia-S.
tujia-S.
77-BFA-a
77-BFA-ba
77-BG
77-BGA
77-BGA-a
77-BGA-aa
77-BH
77-BHA
77-BHA-a
77-BHA-aa
China (Yunnan)
3
China (Yunnan)
3
Yingjiang… Yanhe counties: Yongshun…
China (Hunan; Hubei; Guizhou)
5*
tuchia-N., pitsikha-N.
China (Hunan; Hubei; Guizhou)
provisional classification
provisional classification
Jishou environs
China (Hunan; Hubei; Guizhou)
tuchia-S., pitsikha-S.
China (Hunan; Hubei; Guizhou)
3
provisional classification as sinicised 'Loloish'-related set
; hybrid outer-language, heavily influence < [79=] Han-yu
China (Yunnan)
5
77-CAA-aa
BAI+ DALI* set
BAI+ DALI chain
BAI+ DALI net
Bai+ Dali
bai
pai, minkia, minjia, minchia; including eryuan… labbu… nama… leme
Dali-Bai autonomous prefecture: Dali plain, between Lancang
Jinsha, Yangtze rivers
China (Yunnan)
5
77-CAA-aaa
heqing
bai-C., heqing-jianchuan, hoking-jianchuan
(Yunnan)
77-CAA-aab
kowan
77-CAA-aac
'mountain'-minchia
"mountain" bai
(Yunnan)
77-CAA-ab
lanbi
dali
bijiang-lanping, lanping-bijiang
China (Yunnan)
tali, tali-xaingyun
China (Yunnan)
77-C
77-CA
77-CAA
77-CAA-a
77-CAA-ac
(Yunnan)
7= SINO-INDIAN phylosector
78=
KARENIC
phylozone
Observatoire Linguistique
Linguasphere Observatory
page 555
covers the "Karen" or Pwo+ Sgaw set, part of the "Sino- Burma; Thailand
Tibetan" ("Sino-Indian") continental affinity; comprising 1 set
of languages (= 12 outer languages) spoken by communities
in central Southeast Asia:
6
78-A PWO + SGAW
The Karen set constitutes an independent component of the
"Sino-Tibetan" affinity, and is no longer considered part of the
intermediate "Tibeto-Burman" affinity.
karen Burmese script
78-AAA-a
PWO+ SGAW set
PWO+ SGAW chain
PWO+PA'O net
Pa'o
78-AAA-aa
pa'o
pa-u, taungthu, "black" karen, pa'o-karen
78-AAA-aaa
pa'o-N.
78-AAA-aab
pa'o-S.
78-AAA-aac
pa'o-E.
Thailand enclave
78-AAA-b
Pwo+ Phlong
pwo
pho, talaing-kayin,"white" karen, "plains" karen, pwo-karen
Burma; Thailand
78-A
78-AA
78-AAA
78-AAA-ba
78-AAA-baa
Burma (Shan; Kayan; Kawthoolei;
Tenasserim); Thailand
5
Burma (Shan; Kayan; Kawthoolei;
Tenasserim); Thailand
5
Burma (Shan-SW.…)
Burma (Tenasserim-C.…)
Thailand
Burma; Thailand
"literary pwo"
Burma; Thailand
78-AAA-bab
mae-sarieng
Mae-Sarieng
Thailand-N
78-AAA-bac
hod
hot Mae-Sarieng environs
Thailand-N.
78-AAA-bad
mae-ngaw
Salween river
Thailand-N.
78-AAA-bae
omkoi
Thailand
78-AAA-baf
mae-sot
Thailand
78-AAA-bag
ubong
78-AAA-bah
chiang-rai
Chiang-Rai
Thailand-N.
78-AAA-bai
mae-sai
Mae-Sai
Thailand-N.
78-AAA-baj
mutheit*
Thailand or Burma
78-AAA-bak
shu*
Thailand or Burma
78-AAA-bb
78-AAB-ca
leke
phlong
pwo-hua-hin
pwo-kanchana-buri
pwo-phrae
SGAW+ BWE net
Brek
brek
Bwe-W.
geba
blimaw
Bwe-C.
bghai
78-AAB-caa
78-AAA-bc
78-AAA-bd
78-AAA-be
78-AAA-bf
78-AAB
78-AAB-a
78-AAB-aa
78-AAB-b
78-AAB-ba
78-AAB-bb
pwo-F.
kayin, yang
6
Thailand
Burma; Thailand
phlon, pholong, hpalone
Burma; Thailand
hua-hin-pwo Hua Hin
Thailand
pwo-uthai-thani Bangkok>N.: Kanchana Buri
Thailand-C.
phrae, prae Phrae
Thailand-CN.
Kantarawady+ Kyèbogi mountains
Burma (Kayan)
4
brec, brek-karen
Burma (Kayan)
4
part of bwe-karen
Burma
4
kaba, karenbyu, kayinbyu, "white" karen 3
Burma (Kayan-N.; Mobyè)
4
Burma
part of bwe-karen
Burma; Thailand
4
bwe, baghi, bghe, bwe-karen, "red" karen
Burma; Thailand
4
kyébogi
Kyébogi
Burma (Kayan)
78-AAB-cab
bghai-thailand
Thailand enclave
Thailand
78-AAB-cb
gekho
gek'o, gheko, ghekhol, ghekhu, keku, kekhong, kekaungdu
Yamethin Toungoo
Burma (Mobyè)
4
78-AAB-d
Bwe-E.
pa-daung
part of bwe-karen
Burma; Thailand
4
78-AAB-da
padaung-karen, kayam
Burma; Thailand
4
78-AAB-daa
pa-daung-mobyè
Phekon
Burma (Mobyè)
78-AAB-dab
pa-daung-thailand
Thailand enclave
Thailand
78-AAB-db
lahta-karen Mobye district
Burma (Shan)
Burma; Thailand
5
78-AAB-ea
lahta
Kayah+ Yinbaw
kayah
kayinni, kayin, karennyi, kayay, "red" karen 2, "hills" karen 2, kayahkaren
Burma; Thailand
5
78-AAB-eb
yinbaw
yinbaw-karen
Burma
3
78-AAB-eba
plateau-yinbaw
Shan plateau: Mobye district
Burma (Shan)
78-AAB-ebb
bawlakhè
Bawlakhè
Burma (Kayan)
78-AAB-c
78-AAB-e
page 556
The Linguasphere Register
Burma (Kayan); Thailand
6
sgau, yang khao, "white" karen 2, "plains" karen 2, sgaw-karen
Irrawaddy delta… Tanen-taung-gyi mountains
Burma (Kayan); Thailand
6
pwakanyaw, kanyaw
(Kayan); Thailand
78-AAB-fa
Sgaw+ Paku
sgaw
78-AAB-faa
pa-ganyaw
78-AAB-fab
pa-napu
78-AAB-fac
pa-lakhi
palachi, palaychi
(Kayan)…
78-AAB-fb
pa-ku
Taungoo>E.
(Kayan)…
78-AAB-fba
pa-ku-A.
paku, pagu
(Kayan)…
78-AAB-fbb
bilichi
78-AAB-fbc
dermuha
78-AAB-fbd
mopwa
78-AAB-fbe
thalwepwe
78-AAB-g
78-AAB-ia
Manumanaw
manumanaw
Yintale
yintale
Zayein
zayein
78-AAB-iaa
zayein-A.
78-AAB-iab
khaungtou
gaungto
78-AAB-j
Wewaw
wewaw
wewaw-karen
78-AAB-f
78-AAB-ga
78-AAB-h
78-AAB-ha
78-AAB-i
78-AAB-ja
1999 / 2000 edition
(Kayan)…
3
(Kayan)…
(Kayan)…
monebwa, monnepwa
(Kayan)…
(Kayan)…
Burma (Kayan)
3
monu, manumanaw-karen
Burma (Kayan)
3
Bawlakhe district
Burma (Kayan)
3
yintalet, yintale-karen
Burma (Kayan)
3
Mobye… Phekon
Burma (Shan)
3
zayein-karen
Burma (Shan-S.)
3
Burma (Shan-S.)
Burma (Shan-S.)
Burma
3
Burma
3
7= SINO-INDIAN phylosector
79=
SINITIC
phylozone
Observatoire Linguistique
Linguasphere Observatory
covers the "Chinese" or Han-Yu set, part of the "Sino-Tibetan"
("Sino-Indian") continental affinity; comprising 1 set of
languages (= 16 outer languages) spoken by communities
throughout East Asia, centered on the Huang-He ("Yellow
River") and Yangtze basins:
79-A HAN-YU
including 3 arterial languages: Putonghua (Mandarin); Wu;
Yue (Cantonese)
The English term "dialect" has in the past been used
inappropriately to describe the major components of "Wider
Chinese", which are here classified as a net of 16 outerlanguages, divided into 69 inner-languages (and subsequently
into 429 "dialects", in the Register's usage of that term and on
the basis of presently limited knowledge).
Although degrees of spoken inter-intelligibility vary greatly
within each outer-language, and are generally low among
outer-languages, communication within China is facilitated by
a common writing system and by the universal teaching of
Putonghua (the standard form of "Mainstream Chinese" or socalled 'Mandarin') as the language of national education.
page 557
Bangladesh; Bhutan; Burma; India;
Japan; Laos; Kazakhstan;
Kirghizstan; Malaysia; Nepal; North
Korea; Pakistan; Singapore; South
Korea; Thailand; Vietnam; plus
worldwide diaspora, including:
Australia; Brazil; Brunei; Canada;
Colombia; Costa Rica; Cuba; Fiji;
France; French Guiana; French
Polynesia; Guam; Guatemala;
Guyana; Indonesia; Jamaica;
Kazakhstan; Kirghizstan;
Madagascar; Mauritius; Mexico;
Mongolia; Mozambique; Nauru;
Netherlands; New Zealand /
Aotearoa; Panama; Papua New
Guinea; Paraguay; Peru;
Philippines; Portugal; Réunion;
Samoa; Seychelles; South Africa;
Surinam; Trinidad; United
Kingdom; USA; Vanuatu;
Venezuela
9
Mainstream Chinese, or Putonghua in the wider sense, is the
language with the largest number of primary speakers in the
world, serving as the official national language of the most
th
populous nation-state. At the end of the 20 century, the title
of "most spoken language in the world" can be taken to
alternate between Mainstream Chinese and English within
each 24-hour cycle, depending on whether China is "asleep"
or "awake". Mainstream Chinese is one of two languages in
the world to have reached an estimated total of one billion
nd
primary plus alternate voices by the end of the 2 millennium.
"WIDER"-CHINESE, "sinitic"
79-AAA-a
HAN-YU set
HAN-YU chain
HAN-YU net
Wen-li
Classical-Chinese written from c.–1800 in Chinese script
China; Korea; Vietnam (former
Annam); Japan…
79-AAA-aa
wen-li
wen-yen, veng-yi, "high" wenli, "classical+ pre-classical literary
chinese"; including "pre-classical literary chinese" (from c.–1800)…
"classical literary chinese" (from c.200):
China…
79-AAA-b
Pu-tong-hua
Mainstream-Chinese, han-yu-N., pei, bei, bai, "wider" mandarin,
"chinese"-N. #putong-hua, potin-hua, p'u-t'ung-hua =«commonly
understood language». This term has become established in 20th
century communist China to describe the official northern Chinese
language (hitherto known in English as Mandarin) which is the national
language of education and administration in China. The term
Putonghua is applied here in a wider sense to describe the northern
Chinese language in general, i.e Northern Han-yu (replacing the wider
use in English of the term Mandarin)
A China (Mainland; Taiwan;
Macao; Hong Kong); A Singapore;
Malaysia (peninsula); A United
Nations; migration>North Korea,
South Korea, Singapore, Malaysia,
Indonesia, Guam, Australia, Brazil,
Paraguay
79-AAA-ba
guan-hua
Mandarin "Proper", kuan-hua =«official's language», traditional
"imperial mandarin", "post-classical literary chinese", "vernacular
literary chinese", part of "low" wenli from c 650: Chinese script
China
79-AAA-bb
bei-jing-hua
modern popular pei-ching-hua, bei-hua, pei-hua, bai-hua; hua-yu; hanyu "proper"; including guan-hua 2, kuan-hua 2 = "standard & nearstandard chinese", "beijing mandarin", "modern literary chinese", part
of "low wenli" #beijing-hua, peiching-hua =«Peking language»; beihua, pei-hua =«north language»; bai-hua = «plain language»
China
79-AAA-bba
guo-yu
kuo-yü, biaozhun-yu, "pre-communist standard chinese"+ taiwan
"standard chinese" Chinese script: Bai-hua popular literary model;
pre-communist Sino-Latin script, Zhu-yin, Chu-yin phonetic script
#kuo-yü =«national language»; biaozhun-yu = «standard language»,
China
79-AAA-bbb
hua-yu
singapore "standard chinese" Chinese script
Singapore
79-AAA-bbc
pu-tong-hua-F.
potin-hua, p'u-t'ung-hua, "official chinese", "communist standard
chinese" Chinese script: Putonghua popular literary model;
communist Sino-Latin script, Pinyin, Pinyin-wenzi (= «sounds
spelling»)
China
79-AAA-bbd
pu-tong-hua-V.
po-tin-hua "vehicular", p'u-t'ung-hua "vehicular", "vehicular chinese",
"vehicular mandarin"; formerly dazhong-yu including translingual
voices in [79=] Jin, [79=] Xiang, [79=] Wu, [79=] Gan, [79=] Min, [79=]
Hakka, [79=] Yue, [79=] Pinghua, and bilingual voices in [44=]
Mongolian, [44=] Manchu, [44=] Tungus, [45=] Korean, [46=] MonKhmer, [47=] Tai, [48=] Miao+Yao, [58=] Tajik, [70=] Tibetan
#dazhong-yu = «mass language»
China (including migration>
Xinjiang); migration> Singapore;
Korea; Malaysia; Indonesia; Guam
island (Agana City); Australia
(Sydney); Brazil (São Paulo);
Paraguay (Asunción)
79-A
79-AA
79-AAA
#in language-names below, -hua =«language»
9
8
page 558
The Linguasphere Register
1999 / 2000 edition
79-AAA-bbe
bei-jing-hua-F.
peking "cultivated urban"
(Beijing)
79-AAA-bbf
bei-jing-hua-U.
peking "popular urban", "inner" bei-jing-hua
(Beijing)
79-AAA-bbg
jing-shi
part of "outer" bei-jing-hua Peking City periphery
(Beijing-shi-S.)
79-AAA-bbh
huai-cheng
part of "outer" bei-jing-hua Langfang Bai-he river  Luan-he upper
river Dolonnur
(Beijing-shi-N.; Hebei-C.; Hebei-N.;
Neimenggu Zizhiqu-SE.)
79-AAA-bbi
chao-feng
part of "outer" bei-jing-hua transition < [79=] Dong-bei Daling-he
upper basin Yin-he+ Xibo-he basin Hexigten Banner
(Liaoning-W.; Neimenggu ZizhiquSE.)
79-AAA-bc
dong-bei-hua
"mandarin"-NE., manchurian "settlers' mandarin", northeast "mixed
chinese"
China-NE.
7
79-AAA-bca
chang-jin
part of ha-fu Xiliao-he river Changchun  Baicheng+ Ulanhot
(Liaoning-NW.; Neimenggu
Zizhiqu-SE.; Jilin-W.)
4
79-AAA-bcb
zhao-fu
part of ha-fu Songhua-jiang middle river
(Jilin-N.; Heilongjiang-S.)
79-AAA-bcc
tong-xi
part of ji-shen
(Liaoning-E.; Jilin-S.)
79-AAA-bcd
yan-ji
part of ji-shen Yanji
(Jilin-E.)
79-AAA-bce
jiao-ning
part of ji-shen
(Jilin-NE.; Heilongjiang-SE.)
79-AAA-bcf
jia-fu
part of hei-song
(Heilongjiang-E.)
79-AAA-bcg
nen-ke
part of hei-song Hulan-he+ Tongken-he rivers Nen-jiang basin
Heilong-jiang upper right-bank tributaries Hailar-he basin
(Heilongjiang; Neimenggu ZizhiquNW.)
79-AAA-bch
zhan-hua
part of hei-song ¶spoken by former frontier garrison Zhaozhou>N.
(Heilongjiang-NW.; HeilongjiangSW.)
79-AAA-bd
jiao-liao-hua
jiaoliao "mandarin" Outer Bohai Sea coasts
China (Heilongjiang-E.; LiaoningS.)
79-AAA-bda
qing-zhou
qing-lai, qing-dao
(Heilongjiang-E.)
79-AAA-bdb
deng-zhou
deng-lian, yantai Shandong-bandao-E. peninsula Liaodongbandao peninsula Hulin enclave Ertun enclave
(Heilongjiang-E.)
79-AAA-bdc
gai-huan
Liaodong bay Yingkou+ Xiuyan Kuandian+ Huanren
(Liaoning-S.)
79-AAA-be
ji-lu-hua
jilu "mandarin", beifang "mandarin", "great-wall"-E., Hebei+
Shandong river-plains
China (Hebei; Shandong)
79-AAA-bea
fu-long
part of bao-tang, part of jilu+ beijing "transitional" Qinglong+
Qinhuangdao
(Hebei)
79-AAA-beb
luan-chang
part of bao-tang, part of jilu+ beijing "transitional" Luan-he delta
(Hebei)
79-AAA-bec
ji-zun
part of bao-tang, part of jilu+ beijing "transitional" Luan-he middle
river: Qianxi-Qian'an Dou-he river: Tangshan Tiyun-he basin:
Nighe+ Ji-xian+ Zunhua Liu-he upper river: Xinglong
(Shandong)
79-AAA-bed
tian-jin
part of bao-tang, part of jilu+ beijing "transitional" "Grand Canal":
Tientsin, Tianjin city Hai-he river-mouth
(Tianjin)
79-AAA-bee
ding-ba
part of bao-tang, part of jilu+ beijing "transitional" Juma-he basin
Tang-he+ Zhulong-he basin "Grand Canal": Yongqing+ Jinghai+
Daicheng environs
(Hebei)
79-AAA-bef
lai-fu
part of bao-tang, part of jilu+ beijing "transitional" Huliu-he upper
river: Guangling+ Yu-xian Juma-he upper river: Lai-yuan Dashahe upper river: Fuping+ Quyang
(Shandong)
79-AAA-beg
huang-le
part of chang-hui Ziya-he confluence: Suning+ Xian-xian "Grand
Canal": Botou+ Cangzou Majia-he lower river Huang-he delta:
Zhanhua
(Shandong)
79-AAA-beh
yang-shou
part of chang-hui Huang-he left-bank: Binzhou+ Yangxin Huang-he
right-bank: Boxing+ Kenli Mi-he river: Shouguang+ Weifang
(Shandong)
79-AAA-bei
zhang-huan
part of chang-hui Huang-he delta: Lijin Zhanghuan upstream:
Zouping+ Huantai
(Shandong)
79-AAA-bej
ju-zhao
part of chang-hui, jilu+ jiaoliao "transitional" Ju-xian+ Rizhao
(Shandong)
79-AAA-bek
zhao-shen
part of shi-ji inter-riverine Dasha-he+ Huaisha-he, Jingxing+
Shijiazhuang+ Wuqiang,
(Hebei)
79-AAA-bel
xing-heng
part of shi-ji Fuyang-he middle river: Xingtai+ Hengshui
(Hebei)
79-AAA-bem
liao-tai
part of shi-ji, jilu+ zhongyuan "transitional" Linqing+ Jinan+ Xintai
"Grand Canal": Dezhou+ Linqing+ Liaocheng Huang-he lower river:
Jinan+ Pingyin Boshan+ Lushan+ Yishan hills Dawan-he upper
basin: Tai'an+ Laiwu+ Xintai Dongwen-he river: Mengyin+ Yinan
(Shandong)
79-AAA-bf
zhong-yuan-hua
zhongyuan "mandarin" Huang-he+ Wei-he rivers
China (Shandong; Jiangsu
westward)
79-AAA-bfa
zhongyuan+ jilu
transition < [79=] Jilu "Grand Canal": Dongping Pingyi
(Shandong-C.)
79-AAA-bfb
cailu-NE.
part of cai-lu "Grand Canal": Zhaoyang-hu lake
(Shandong-S.)
79-AAA-bfc
zheng-cao-N.
Huang-he lower river: Zhengzhou Puyang Heze
(Henan-N.; Shandong-S.)
79-AAA-bfd
zheng-cao-E.
"Grand Canal": Zaozhuang Ganyu Zuqian
(Shandong-S.; Jiangsu-N.)
79-AAA-bfe
zheng-cao-C.
Shangqiu Fuyang Suzhou
(Henan-E.; Anhui-NW.)
79-AAA-bff
zheng-cao-W.
Nanyang Xuchang
(Henan-SW.)
79-AAA-bfg
xin-beng
Xinyang+ Jinzhai+ Huoqiu Bengbu+ Sixian
(Henan-SE.; Anhui-W.)
79-AAA-bfh
cailu-SW.
part of cai-lu Fugou+ Runan+ Huaibin Yingshang
(Henan-CE.; Jiangsu-W. )
79-AAA-bfi
luoxu-E.
part of luo-xu Xiayi+ Feng-xian+ Xuzhou+ Huaibei
(Henan-E.; Anhui-N.; Jiangsu-NW.)
79-AAA-bfj
luoxu-C.
part of luo-xu Lankao+ Cao-xian Taikang Yanling
(Henan-CE. )
79-AAA-bfk
luoxu-W.
part of luo-xu Luo-he+ Yi-he basin
(Inner Henan-NW. )
79-AAA-bfl
hai-zhou
xie-zhou, part of fen-he Huang-he river-bend, including Qin-he upper (Shaanxi-SW.; Henan-NW.
river (Anze) Yicheng Puxian+ Xiangning hills Sushui-he lower river adjacent)
(Yuncheng+ Yongji) Huang-he right-bank (Lingbao+ Sanmenxia)
7
7
8
7= SINO-INDIAN phylosector
Observatoire Linguistique
Linguasphere Observatory
page 559
79-AAA-bfm
ping-yang
Fenhe middle river (Fenxi+ Linfen) Qinshui Sushui-he upper
river (Wenxi)
(Shaanxi-SW. )
79-AAA-bfn
jiang-zhou
part of fen-he lower river (Fenhe Jishan+ Houma) Zhongtiao-E.
highlands (Yuanqu)
(Shaanxi-SW. )
79-AAA-bfo
guan-zhong
Wei-he+ Luo-he confluence (Dali+ Huayin) Huang-he right-bank
(Hancheng) Yichuan+ Heyang hills Luo-he lower basin
Tongchuan Jing-he+ Wei-he confluence (Xianyang+ Weinan)
Qinling-shan-E. highlands Dan Jiang upper river Chenggu+ Yangxian; also Jingyuan enclave (Ningxia-Huizu far-south)
(Shaanxi-W. )
79-AAA-bfp
qin-long
Middle Han-shui basin (Zhashui+ Ankang+ Baihe) Yan-he+ Luo-he
lower rivers (Yan'an) Bayushan highlands (Dingbian) Huan-jiang
river (Huan-xian+ Qingyang) Qingshui-he upper river (NingxiaHuizu-SE.) Pingliang Baoji Huang-he upper river  Jingtai+
Jingyuan… Xining valley Laji-shan mountains Dunhuang
(Shaanxi; Gansu; Qinghai-E.)
79-AAA-bfq
long-zhong
Hulu-he upper river (Haiyuan+ Xiji, Ningxia-Huizu-SW.) Zuli-he
upper river (Huining) Wei-he+ Hulu-he confluence (Zhuanglang+
Tianshui) Qinling-shan-W. highlands (Tongren+ Kangle) Xiqingshan-W. foothills Ledu valley Datong valley
(Gansu; Qinghai-E. )
79-AAA-bfr
nan-jiang
zhong-yuan "settlers"-N. Hotan (Xinjiang-S.) Artux+ Kashi
(Xinjiang-E.) Aksu+ Yining+ Korla (Xinjiang-N.)
(Xinjiang)
79-AAA-bfs
zhong-yuan-'settlers'-S.
¶spoken by settlers from Henan
(Anhui-E.; Zhejiang-NW.)
79-AAA-bg
lan-yin- hua
lanyin "mandarin", "great wall"
China (Gansu; Xinjiang)
79-AAA-bga
yin-wu
Huang-he upper river (Ningxia Huizu): Shizuishan+ Yinchuan+
Zhongwei
(Ningxia Huizu)
79-AAA-bgb
jin-cheng
Huang-he+ Zhuanglang-he confluence: Yongdeng+ Lanzhou
(Gansu)
79-AAA-bgc
he-xi
Gansu-NW. corridor: Anxi+ Jiyayuguan+ Jinchang+ Wuwei
(Gansu)
79-AAA-bgd
bei-jiang-N.
Karamay-Fuyun Wenquan Shihezi Bosten-hu lake
(Xinjiang-N. )
79-AAA-bh
xinan-guan-hua
"mandarin"-SW., "upper-yangtze mandarin"
China (Hubei; Hunan; Sichuan;
Hubei; Anhui; Zhejiang; Shaanxi;
Yunnan; Guizhou); also Burma
79-AAA-bha
wu-tian
transition < jiang-huai "mandarin" Chang-jiang lakes (Wuchang
Wuhan+ Tianmen) Hunan right-bank enclave (Linxiang-N. county)
(Hubei-S. )
79-AAA-bhb
e-bei
Han-shui river: Shiyan+ Suizhou Qianjiang; plus settlers in Anhui &
Zhejiang
(Hubei-C.; settlements in Anhui-S.;
Zhejiang-NW.)
79-AAA-bhc
chang-he
Li-shui river (Jinshi+ Cili) Yuan-jiang east river (Changde)
(Hunan; Hubei border)
79-AAA-bhd
chengyu-C.
part of cheng-yu Chang-jiang upper river: Chang-jiang Hubei leftbank (Yichang+ Jingmen) Chang-jiang right-bank (Enshi-Fuling) 
Chang-jiang Sichuan left-bank Wanxian+ Dianjiang Chongqing,
Chungking city Tua-jiang middle river (Chengdu+ Yongchuan) Fu+
Jialing+ Qu-jiang basin (Nanchong+ Daxian) Micang+ Daba-shan
mountains; plus Shaanxi enclaves (Liuba+ Shiquan)
(Sichuan-E.; Hubei-W.; also
Shaanxi enclaves)
79-AAA-bhe
chengyu-SE.
part of cheng-yu Sichuan-S. mountains: Litang-he upper river
(Yanyuan) Jinsha, Yangtze+ Yalong-jiang river-bend (Dukou+
Dechang+ Huidong)
(Sichuan-S.)
79-AAA-bhf
minjiang-C.
part of guan-chi Chang-jiang upper river: left-bank+ Min-jiang river
right-bank upstream from Jiangjin
(Sichuan-S. )
79-AAA-bhg
minjiang-N.
part of guan-chi Yanting+ Shehong enclave
(Sichuan)
79-AAA-bhh
minjiang-E.
part of guan-chi Wuchuan+ Yinjiang enclave
(Guizhou)
79-AAA-bhi
minjiang-SW.
part of guan-chi Xichang enclave
(Sichuan-S.)
79-AAA-bhj
renfu-NE.
part of guan-chi Neijiang+ Zigong
(Sichuan-CE.)
79-AAA-bhk
renfu-S.
part of guan-chi Yanjin
(Sichuan-SW.)
79-AAA-bhl
renfu-W.
part of guan-chi Mianning
(Sichuan-SW.)
79-AAA-bhm
ya-mian
part of guan-chi Ya'an+ Baoxing valley Dadu-he middle valley
(Sichuan-SW. )
79-AAA-bhn
li-chuan
part of guan-chi Yunnan-NW. mountains: Lijlang Jianchuan
Yunlong Eryuan Binchuan Lishe-he upper river (Dali)
(Yunnan-NW.)
79-AAA-bho
bao-lu
part of dian-xi Yunnan-NW. mountains Burma frontier Dayingjiang valley (Yingjiang ) Tengchong+ Luxi highlands (Nu-jiang valley:
Changputong to Lushu) Burma enclave (Khugaung, Nmai-hka
middle river) Nu-jiang valley (Luku downstream to Burma frontier)
Burma enclave (Salween river-bend, west of Liangshan mountain)
Lanchang-jiang upper valley (Weixi+ Shuijing) Lanchang-jiang right
bank (Baoshan+ Yun-xian) Laobie-shan highlands (Zhenkang+
Yongde) Nanding-he valley
(Yunnan-NW.); Burma enclaves
79-AAA-bhp
yao-li
part of dian-xi Yunnan-NW. mountains: Lanchang-jiang upper valley
(Chinese Mekong: Dêqên to Weixi) Lanchang-jiang left-bank
(Yongping to Yanglie) Zhongdian Maer-shan mountains
Xiangyun+ Yongren
(Yunnan-NW.)
79-AAA-bhq
kun-gui
Kungui-NW. (Yongsheng) Lanchang-jiang lower valley Babianjiang valley West Yuan-jiang valley Lüzhi-jiang valley Chuxiong+
Yuanmou valley Dian-chi lake (Kunming+ Jinning) Fuxian-hu
lake Luliang+ Qujing valley Niulan-jiang valley Ningnan valley
Zhaotong highlands Xuanwei left-bank highlands Nanpan-jiang
lower river Beipan-jiang Anshun+ Guiyang highlands Ziyun
foothills
(Yunnan; Guizhou-SW. )
79-AAA-bhr
qian-bei
Weixin highlands Zhonghe+ Weining highlands Lupanshui
valley Liuchong-he Bijie+ Dading highlands Zheng'an valley
Wu-jiang upper river Songtao+ Tongren Huaihua
(Guizhou; Yunnan-NE.; HunanNE.)
6
8
page 560
The Linguasphere Register
1999 / 2000 edition
79-AAA-bhs
qian-nan
Miao-ling highlands (Duyun+ Kaili) Hongshui-he upper river
Dushan+ Libo
(Guizhou)
79-AAA-bht
cen-jiang
Wu-ling-S. highlands: Qingshui-jiang middle river (Liping+
Rongjiang) Tongdao Jing-xian valley
(Guizhou-SE.; Hunan-SW.)
79-AAA-bhu
gui-liu
Tuoniang-jiang river Napo-Jingxi highlands river You-jiang
upper river Hongshui-he lower river Hongshui-he river Longjiang river Rong-jiang Liuzhou+ Wuxuan Luoqing-jiang river
Gui-jiang, He-xian
(Guangxi-N.)
79-AAA-bhv
xiang-nan
Xiao-shui river Xintian Chenzhou
(Hunan-S.)
79-AAA-bi
jiang-huai
"lower+ middle yangtze mandarin" Chang-jiang, Yangtze lower &
middle river
China (Hubei; Jiangxi; Anhui;
Jiangsu)
79-AAA-bia
huang-xiao-W.
part of huang-xiao Zhuxi Zhushan enclave
(Hubei-W. )
79-AAA-bib
huang-xiao-NE.
part of huang-xiao, "left-bank" huang-xiao Chang-jiang, Yangtze
middle river: Yingshan Xiaogan Macheng Yingshan
Huanggang Huangmei
(Hubei-E.)
79-AAA-bic
huang-xiao-SE.
part of huang-xiao, "right-bank" huang-xiao Chang-jiang, Yangtze
middle river: Ezhou town & lakes Jiujiang riverine lakes & islands
between Wangjiang & Hukou
(Hubei-E.; Jiangxi-N.; Anhui-SW.)
79-AAA-bid
hong-chao-N.
part of hong-chao, "left-bank" hong-chao "Grand Canal", Chang-jiang
lower river: Lu'an Anqing Chaohu Hefei Huainan
Chuzhou Yangzhou Huaiyin Shuyang Lianyungang
Binhai Yancheng
(Anhui-C.; Jiangsu-C.)
79-AAA-bie
hong-chao-S.
part of hong-chao, "right-bank" hong-chao "Grand Canal", Changjiang lower river: Zhenjiang Nanjing, Nanking city Ma'anshan
Wuhu Nanyi-hu lake Langxi+ Xuancheng Xikou Tianmu-shan
mountains Nanling+ Qingjiang right-bank & islands (Wuhu to
Shengjin-hu lake)
(Anhui-SE.; Jiangsu-SW.; Zhejiang
border)
79-AAA-bif
tairu
Chang-jiang-N. estuary: Taixing Taizhou Dongtai Nantong
(Jiangsu-E.)
79-AAA-bj
nanping "mandarin" Nanping city
China (Fujian-C.)
6
79-AAA-bk
nanping-hua
jun-hua
hainan "mandarin" Hainan-W. island
China (Guangdong)
4
79-AAA-bka
changcheng
Changcheng
(Guangdong: Hainan)
79-AAA-bkb
dongfang
Dongfang
(Guangdong: Hainan)
79-AAA-bl
hui-zu
hui, xui, hyatad, dzhun-yan, dungan, tungan, "persianised mandarin",
"muslim mandarin"
China (Xinjiang); Mongolia;
Kirghizstan; Kazakhstan; also
Uzbekistan
79-AAA-bla
hui-F.
"literary" hui, gansu model Cyrillic script
(Xinjiang); Mongolia
79-AAA-blb
shensi
"kazakhstan muslim mandarin"
Kazakhstan
79-AAA-blc
gansu
"kirghizstan muslim mandarin" Frunze… Kara-su
Kirghizstan
79-AAA-bld
yage
79-AAA-ble
khoton
79-AAA-blf
xinjiang-hui
79-AAA-bm
"hebraicised mandarin" Kaifeng city
79-AAA-c
'judeo-mandarin'
Jin
79-AAA-ca
jin-hua
79-AAA-caa
5
Kirghizstan
chotan, hoton, xoton, "mongolia muslim mandarin"
Mongolia
(Xinjiang)
China (Henan)
2
China (Shaanxi; Neimenggu;
Zizhiqu; Hebei)
7
"great wall"-C. Huang-he middle river
China (Shaanxi-N.; Neimenggu;
Zizhiqu; Hebei-W.)
7
zhi-yan
transition < [79=] Putonghua Luo-he basin Yan-he upper river
Qingjian-he lower river
(Shaanxi)
79-AAA-cab
xingxi-S.
part of lüliang Daning+ Xi-xian valley Jiaokou highlands Shilou+
Yonghe
(Shaanxi)
79-AAA-cac
fen-zhou
part of lüliang Huang-he right-bank (Qingjian Jia-xian+ Wubu)
Sanchuan-he river Lin-xian Luliang-shan highlands Fenyang
(Shaanxi)
79-AAA-cad
xingxi-N.
part of lüliang Xiang-xian Lan-xian Jingle
(Shaanxi)
79-AAA-cae
wutai-S.
part of wutai Jingbian Qingjian-he upper river Middle river
Wuding-he
(Shaanxi)
79-AAA-caf
wutai-C.
part of wutai river Kuye-he (Shenmu) Huang-he left-bank Luyashan mountains Pianguan+ Dai-xian "Great Wall" Huto-he upper
river Wutai-shan mountains
(Shaanxi)
79-AAA-cag
wutai-NW.
"up-river" wutai Huang-he river settlements (Linhe to Wuhai)
(Neimenggu; Zizhiqu)
79-AAA-cah
dabao-NW.
part of dabao, "up-river" dabao Mu-us desert fringes Dongsheng+
Uxin Banner Huang-he river settlements "Great Wall" to Linhe
(Neimenggu; Zizhiqu)
79-AAA-cai
dabao-SE.
part of dabao Yangquan+ Xiyang Heshun+ Zuoquan
(Shaanxi)
79-AAA-caj
zhanghu-NE.
part of zhang-hu Sangan-he+ Yang-he lower basin (Huailai +
Zhuolu) Yang-he upper river Zhangjiakou Zhangbei Bai-he
upper river Guyuan+ Kangbao Zizhiqu
(Hebei-NW.; Neimenggu; ZizhiquSE.)
79-AAA-cak
zhanghu-E.
part of zhang-hu Hutuo-he middle river  Zhanhuang
(Hebei-E.)
79-AAA-cal
bing-zhou
Xizhou-shan mountains Taiyuan+ Yuci+ Qingxu environs
Pingyao+ Lingshi valley
(Shaanxi)
79-AAA-cam
shang-dang
Huo-shan mountains  Zhuozhang-he upper river Shangdang-C.
(Changzhi+ Pingshun) Taihang-shan mountains Gaoping
(Shaanxi)
79-AAA-can
ci-zhang
part of han-xin Fuyang-he upper river Qingzhang-he lower river
Lin-xian
(Hebei-SE.; Henan-N.)
79-AAA-cao
huo-ji
han-xin Anyang + Hebi Wei-he lower river Jiaozuo Qin-he
lower river
(Henan-N.)
3
7= SINO-INDIAN phylosector
Observatoire Linguistique
Linguasphere Observatory
page 561
China (Anhui; Jiangsu; Shanghai;
Zhejiang; Jiangxi)
7
part of hui transition < [79=] Putonghua
(Anhui-S.; Zhejiang-W.; Jiangxi-E.)
6
sanxi+ jingde
(Anhui…)
ji-she
Jinsha Jixi Tangkou Xin'an-jiang river (Shexian+ Jiekou)
(Zhejiang…)
yan-zhou
Xin'an-jiang reservoir Fuchun-jiang reservoir
(Zhejiang…)
79-AAA-dad
xiu-yi
Yi-xian Tunxi Wucheng Fufeng Qinghua Wuyuan
(Anhui…Jiangxi)
79-AAA-dae
qi-de
Qimen Jinggongqiao Yaoli Fuliang
(Jiangxi)
79-AAA-db
tai-hu
wu-N., "mandarinised" wu, kiang-che, tang-yang, #known as «head of
Wu tail of Chuu» "Grand Canal" waterway
China (Anhui; Jiangsu; Shanghai;
Zhejiang)
79-AAA-dba
pi-ling
including "remnant-wu" tai-hu (Lang-xi county) Yangtze-N. estuary
(Jinsha+ Lüsi Jingjiang) Shazhou Changzhou Danyang
Jintan Yixing Liyang
(Anhui-E.; Jiangsu)
79-AAA-dbb
su-hu-jia
including shanqhae, "shanghainese" Yangtze-N. estuary (Halmen+
Qidong) Chongming-dao island Changxing-dao island Heng-sha
island Changshu Wuxi Suzhou, Soochow city Shanghai
city Nanhui Jiaxing
(Jiangsu-S.; Shanghai; ZhejiangN.)
79-AAA-dbc
tiao-xi
including "remnant"-wu tai-hu (Guangde county) Changxing
Huzhou Yuhang Dongtiao-xi river Xiaofeng
(Zhejiang-N.; Anhui-SE.)
79-AAA-dbd
hang-zhou
comprising 2 idioms Hang-zhou, Hangchow city
(Zhejiang-N.)
79-AAA-dbe
lin-shao
Changhua Lin'an  Fuyang Tonglu Zhuji Xiaoshan
Shaoxing Shangyu Cixi Xinchang
(Zhejiang)
79-AAA-dbf
yong-jiang-'mainland'
part of yong-jiang Yong-jiang lower river (Ningbo-Zhenhai) Yongjiang upper river Ninghai+ Chalu Xiangshan bay
(Zhejiang)
79-AAA-dbg
yong-jiang-'insular'
part of yong-jiang Yong-jiang offshore islands: Niutou-shan island
Tantou-shan island Jiu-shan island Zhoushan-qundao
archipelago Shengsi-qundao archipelago
(Zhejiang)
79-AAA-dc
tai-gao
part of "remnant"-wu-W., xuan-zhou
China (Anhui)
79-AAA-dca
tai-gao-N.
Shijiu-hu lakes Gucheng-hu
(Anhui-SE.)
79-AAA-dcb
tai-gao-SE.
Jialu Meicun
(Anhui+ Zhejiang border)
79-AAA-dcc
tai-gao-SW.
Huangshan
(Anhui-SE.)
79-AAA-dd
tong-jing
part of "remnant"-wu-W., xuan-zhou
China (Anhui)
79-AAA-dda
tongling
Tongling
(Anhui-SE.)
79-AAA-ddb
fanchang
Fanchang
(Anhui-SE.)
79-AAA-ddc
shuiyang
Shuiyang-jiang river
(Anhui-SE.)
79-AAA-ddd
qingyi
Qingyi-jiang river
(Anhui-SE.)
79-AAA-dde
hui-shui
Hui-Shui lower river
(Anhui-SE.)
79-AAA-ddf
shu-xi
Shu-xi river
(Anhui-SE.)
79-AAA-ddg
qidu
Qidu
(Anhui-SE.)
79-AAA-ddh
maijie
Meijie
(Anhui-SE.)
79-AAA-ddi
dunchang+ maya
Dunshang+ Maya
(Anhui-SE.)
79-AAA-de
shi-ling
part of "remnant"-wu-W., xuan-zhou
China (Anhui)
79-AAA-dea
shi-dai
Shidai
(Anhui-SE.)
79-AAA-deb
qing-yang
Qingyang-SE. county
(Anhui-SE.)
79-AAA-dec
jing-xian
Jingxian-SW. county
(Anhui-SE.)
79-AAA-ded
huang-shan
Huangshan-NW. county
(Anhui-SE.)
79-AAA-dee
gui-chi
Guichi-S. county
(Anhui-SE.)
79-AAA-df
wu-zhou
part of wu-S.
China (Zhejiang)
79-AAA-dfa
lanxi
Lanxi
(Zhejiang-C.)
79-AAA-dfb
jinhua
Jinhua
(Zhejiang-C.)
79-AAA-dfc
pujiang
Pujiang
(Zhejiang-C.)
79-AAA-dfd
yiwu
Yiwu
(Zhejiang-C.)
79-AAA-dfe
dongyang
Dongyang
(Zhejiang-C.)
79-AAA-dff
pan'an
Pan'an
(Zhejiang-C.)
79-AAA-dfg
wuyi-shui
Wuyi-shui river
(Zhejiang-C.)
79-AAA-dfh
niutou-shan
Niutou-shan highlands
(Zhejiang-C.)
79-AAA-dg
tai-zhou
part of wu-S. Zhejiang coast
China (Zhejiang)
79-AAA-dga
xian-ju
Yong'an-xi river: Xianju
(Zhejiang-S.)
79-AAA-dgb
tian-tai
Shifeng-shi river: Tiantai
(Zhejiang-S.)
79-AAA-dgc
san-men
Sanmen
(Zhejiang-S.)
79-AAA-dgd
lin-hai
Linhai
(Zhejiang-S.)
79-AAA-dge
huang-yan
Huangyan
(Zhejiang-S.)
79-AAA-dgf
jiao-jiang
Jiaojiang
(Zhejiang-S.)
79-AAA-dgg
wen-ling
Wenling
(Zhejiang-S.)
79-AAA-dgh
yu-huan
Yuhuan
(Zhejiang-S.)
79-AAA-dgi
tai-zhou+ ou-jiang
"mixed insular" wu Tai-zhou+ Ou-jiang offshore isles: Pishan+
Dalushan islands Taizhou+ Xiadachen islands Zhujia-jian island
Shengsi-quindao islands
(Zhejiang-S.)
79-AAA-d
Wu
79-AAA-da
hui-hua
79-AAA-daa
jing-zhan
79-AAA-dab
79-AAA-dac
7
4
6
5
6
6
page 562
The Linguasphere Register
1999 / 2000 edition
79-AAA-dh
qing-jiang+ ou-jiang
part of wu-S. transition < [79=] Min-bei Zhejiang-S. coast & islands
China (Zhejiang)
79-AAA-dha
qingjiang
Qingjiang
(Zhejiang-S.)
79-AAA-dhb
yueqing
Yueqing
(Zhejiang-S.)
79-AAA-dhc
yong-jia
Nan-xi river: Yongjia
(Zhejiang-S.)
79-AAA-dhd
wenzhou
Wenzhou
(Zhejiang-S.)
79-AAA-dhe
wencheng
Wencheng
(Zhejiang-S.)
79-AAA-dhf
pingyang-2
Pingyang
(Zhejiang-S.)
79-AAA-dhg
pumen
Pumen
(Zhejiang-S.)
79-AAA-dhh
ou-jiang
Ou-jiang offshore isles Luxi-dao island Damen-dao island Niyushan-W. island Dongtou-shan-W. island Beiji-shan island
(Zhejiang-S.)
79-AAA-di
chu-qu
part of wu-S. transition < [79=] Min-bei
China (Fujian; Jiangxi)
79-AAA-dia
long-qu
long-qu "rural" Majin-xi river (Kaihua)  Changshan-gang river
Xin-jiang upper river Qu-jiang middle river Jiangshan-gang river
Wuxi-gang river Zhengzhuang mountains Songxin-xi river
Longquan-xi upper river Baishan-zu-W. mountains Qingyuan
Pucheng
(Fujian-SW.)
79-AAA-dib
long-qu-U.
long-qu "urban", "taihu-ised" chuqu Quzhou city Shangrao city
(Jiangxi-E.)
79-AAA-dic
chu-zhou
Xao-xi river Xuanping Da-xi river (Lishui-Qingtian) Longquanxi lower river Xiao-xi river Baishan-zu-E. mountains Taishun
(Fujian-SW.)
79-AAA-e
Xiang
xiang
Hunanese
China (Hunan; Guangxi)
7
79-AAA-ea
hsiang
China (Hunan; Guangxi)
7
79-AAA-eaa
chang-yi
Zi-shui lower river (Yiyang) Xiang-jiang lower east river
(Changsha) Xiang-jiang middle east river (Xiangtan+ Zhuzhou)
Xiang-jiang upper east river (Hengyang) Hongjiang
(Hunan)
79-AAA-eab
lou-shao
xiang-C., 'old' xiang Shuangfeng+ Loudi Zi-shui upper river
Fuyi-shui river as far as Ziyuan  Xiang-jiang upper west river
(Guanzhou) Guan-jiang river (Wenshi)
(Hunan)
79-AAA-eac
ji-xu
xiang-NW. Yuanling Xupu+ Shenxi Jishou
(Guangxi-NE.)
79-AAA-f
Gan
79-AAA-fa
gan
79-AAA-faa
6
6
China (Anhui; Jiangxi; Fujian;
Hunan; Hubei)
7
kan
China (Anhui; Jiangxi; Fujian;
Hunan; Hubei)
7
huai-ye
shanbei Dabie-shan-S. mountains Yuexi+ Yuantan Gaohebu
"South" Qian-shui river Wan-shui river Chang-he lower river
(Huanggang+ Taihu)  Chang-he upper river (Longwan+ Hetupu)
Lake district (Long+ Daguan+ Po+ Wuchang-hu) Chang-jiang rightbank Yinjiahui+ Dongzhi+ Zhaotan environs
(Anhui-SE.)
79-AAA-fab
ying-yi
Chang-jiang right-bank (Langxigang+ Pengze)  Chang-jiang lower
river Le'an-jiang lower river Xin-jiang river
(Jiangxi-NE.)
79-AAA-fac
fu-guang
Fu-he basin (Fuzhou+ Nanfeng) Taining
(Jiangxi-E.; Fujian-E.)
79-AAA-fad
chang-jing
Nanchang Yongxiu Xiu-shui river Pingjiang highlands between
Mufu & Jiuling-shan mountains
(Jiangxi-N.; Hunan-E.)
79-AAA-fae
da-tong
Yangxin Xianning Puqi
(Hubei-S.; Hunan-NE.)
79-AAA-faf
yi-liu
Gan-jiang middle river Pingxiang+ Yichun Jin-jiang river
(Jiangxi-W.)
79-AAA-fag
ji-cha
Gan-jiang+ He-shui upper basin Chaling
79-AAA-fah
lei-zi
Lei-shui river Chongling-shui river
79-AAA-fai
dong-sui
79-AAA-g
Hakka+ Ting-Zhou
kejia+ ding-zhou
China (Mainland; Taiwan);
Malaysia; Singapore; Indonesia
7
79-AAA-ga
hakka
hokka, kejia, ke, kek, kechia
China (Jiangxi; Fujian-W.;
Guangdong-E.)
7
79-AAA-gaa
hakka-F.
"literary" hakka Meixian model: Chinese script; also Latin script
China…
79-AAA-gab
tong-gu
Jiuling-shan mountains (enclave)
(Jiangxi; Hunan-E.)
79-AAA-gac
yu-gui
Wugong-shan-C. mountains Luoxiao-shan mountains Dayuling
mountains Zhang-shui river Shangyou-shui river Sui-jiang
river Gan-jiang upper river Ping+ Mei+ Tao-jiang lower basin
(Jiangxi; Hunan-E.)
79-AAA-gad
ning-long
Ningdu+ Shicheng highlands: Gu+ Ping+ Mei+ Qin-jiang upper
rivers Huichang+ Ruijin highlands: Gong+ Mian-shui rivers Lianjiang river Dingnan+ Xunwu-shui rivers Tao-jiang upper river
Jiulian-shan-E. mountains
(Jiangxi-SE.)
79-AAA-gae
yue-bei
Wu-shui+ Zhen-shui rivers Lian-jiang upper river Wengjiang
river Jiulian-shan-W. mountains
(Guangdong)
79-AAA-gaf
shao-nan
part of yue-tai Zhen-shui lower river Bei-jiang valley Lian-jiang
lower river
(Guangdong)
79-AAA-gag
xinhui-N.
part of yue-tai Xinfeng-shui river
(Guangdong)
79-AAA-gah
yue-zhong
Dingnan-shui river Dong-jiang river
(Guangdong)
79-AAA-gai
hui-zhou
huizhou-hakka Huizhou city
(Guangdong)
79-AAA-gaj
bendi
hui-zhou "transitional" Huizhou city transition < [79=] Yue-C.
(Cantonese)
(Guangdong)
79-AAA-gak
xinhui-S.
part of yue-tai Xijiang river Hakka coast (Daya+ Honghai-wan
bays) Lianhua-shan-S. mountains
(Guangdong)
(Hunan-SE.)
(Hunan-W. enclave)
7= SINO-INDIAN phylosector
Observatoire Linguistique
Linguasphere Observatory
page 563
79-AAA-gal
xing-hua
xingning, wuhua, part of yue-tai Lianhua-shan-N. mountains
Xingning-jiang (Xingning) river Mei-jiang upper river (Wuhua
upstream) Zijin hills Han-jiang upper river
(Guangdong)
79-AAA-gam
jia-ying
meixian, meixien, meihsien, meishan, hakka "standard", part of yue-tai
Meixian city
(Guangdong)
79-AAA-gan
hakka-SW.
hakka "southwest enclaves", including jiulong (at Kowloon) He-jiang
river Kowloon "New Territories" Mong-cai>W. (Vietnam frontier)
(Guangxi; Guangdong); Vietnam
adjacent
79-AAA-gao
hakka-NW.
Tongjiang+ Bazhong Dianjiang>W. Tuo+ Min+ upper rivers
Fu-jiang Yalong-jiang valley Xichang>E.
(Sichuan)
79-AAA-gap
hakka-taiwan
taiwan "insular" hakka, tao-yuan, "insular" yue-tai Taiwan island:
Xinzhu+ Miaoli Nanzi-Xi middle river Taiwan-SW. foothills
China-Taiwan
79-AAA-gaq
hakka-hainan
hainan "insular" hakka Hainan island: Limuling foothills Nandujiang middle river
(Hainan)
79-AAA-gar
hakka-'émigré'
79-AAA-gb
ting-zhou
79-AAA-gba
ming-xi
79-AAA-gbb
jiulong-xi
Jiulong-xi upper river
(Fujian)
79-AAA-gbc
huo-xi
Huo-xi upper river
(Fujian)
79-AAA-gbd
han-jiang
Han-jiang upper basin
(Fujian)
79-AAA-gbe
boping-ling
Boping-ling-W. highlands
(Fujian)
79-AAA-gbf
she-hua
¶variety of Hakka spoken by She community (former speakers of [48=]
She)
(Fujian; Guangdong)
79-AAA-gbg
sanrao*
"undetermined" hakka
(Fujian; Guangdong boundary)
79-AAA-gbh
pitou+ hepo*
"undetermined" hakka Lianhua-shan mountains south-slope
(Guangdong-SE.)
79-AAA-h
"inland" min, part of min-NE.
China (Fujian)
6
79-AAA-ha
Min-bei+ Min-zhong
min-bei
#min-bei =«north min» Jian-xi basin between Shan-mo & Donggonshan mountains
China (Fujian-N.)
6
79-AAA-haa
jianyang+ huangkeng
Jianyang+ Huangkeng valley
(Fujian-N.)
79-AAA-hab
chongyang-xi
Chongyang-xi river
(Fujian-N.)
79-AAA-hac
nanpu-xi
Nanpu-xi river
(Fujian-N.)
79-AAA-had
song-xi
Dong-xi, Song-xi river
(Fujian-N.)
79-AAA-hae
zhenghe
Zhenghe
(Fujian-N.)
79-AAA-haf
jian-xi
Jian-xi river
(Fujian-N.)
79-AAA-hag
jin-xi
Jin-xi lower river
(Fujian-N.)
79-AAA-hah
min-jiang
Min-jiang upper river
(Fujian-N.)
79-AAA-hb
min-zhong
Sha-xi river
China (Fujian-C.)
79-AAA-hba
shaxian
Shaxian
(Fujian-C.)
79-AAA-hbb
sanming
Sanming
(Fujian-C.)
79-AAA-hbc
yong'an
Yong'an
(Fujian-C.)
79-AAA-i
Min-dong+ Pu-xian
"coastal" min, part of min-NE.
China; China-Taiwan; Malaysia;
Singapore; Indonesia; Philippines;
Brunei.
7
79-AAA-ia
man-hua
"border" min-N.
China (Zhejiang extreme south)
5
79-AAA-iaa
qingcao'ai-W.
Qingcao'ai-W. mountain
(Zhejiang-S.)
79-AAA-iab
qingcao'ai-E.
Qingcao'ai-E. mountain
(Zhejiang-S.)
79-AAA-iac
sixitou
Sixitou-S.
(Zhejiang-S.)
79-AAA-iad
yishan
Yishan coast
(Zhejiang-S.)
79-AAA-ib
min-dong-N.
fu-ning #min-dong(-N.) =(north)«east Min» Chang-xi+ Mu-shui basin
& adjacent China Sea coast
China (Fujian)
79-AAA-iba
shouning
Shouning
(Fujian-NE.)
79-AAA-ibb
zhouning
Zhouning
(Fujian-NE.)
79-AAA-ibc
fu'an
Fu'an
(Fujian-NE.)
79-AAA-ibd
zherong
Zherong
(Fujian-NE.)
79-AAA-ibe
xiapu
Xiapu
(Fujian-NE.)
79-AAA-ibf
fuding
Fuding
(Fujian-NE.)
79-AAA-ic
min-dong-S.
hou-guan, "wider" fuzhou, "wider" foochow", "foochaw" min #min-dong
(-S.) = (south)«east Min» Min-jiang lower basin & adjacent Taiwan
Strait coast
China (Fujian)
79-AAA-ica
pingnan
Pingnan
(Fujian-E.)
79-AAA-icb
ningde
Ningde
(Fujian-E.)
Malaysia; Singapore; Indonesia;
India (Calcutta); Australia
(Darwin); Samoa; French
Polynesia (Tahiti); USA (Hawaii);
Panama; Jamaica; Trinidad;
Surinam; Guyana; French Guiana;
South Africa; Mozambique;
Mauritius; Seychelles
tingchow, minxi-hakka, hakka-E. transition < [79=] Min-bei
China (Fujian; also Guangdong)
(Fujian)
5
5
6
6
page 564
The Linguasphere Register
1999 / 2000 edition
79-AAA-icc
luoyuan
Luoyuan
(Fujian-E.)
79-AAA-icd
lianjiang-N.
Lianjiang (Fujian)
(Fujian-E.)
79-AAA-ice
fuzhou
Fuzhou, "Foochow'" city
(Fujian-E.)
79-AAA-icf
minhou
Minhou
(Fujian-E.)
79-AAA-icg
minqing
Minqing
(Fujian-E.)
79-AAA-ich
gutian
Gutian
(Fujian-E.)
79-AAA-ici
youxi
Youxi
(Fujian-E.)
79-AAA-icj
daiyun-shan
Daiyun-Shan mountains
(Fujian-E.)
79-AAA-ick
yongtai
Yongtai
(Fujian-E.)
79-AAA-icl
changle
Changle
(Fujian-E.)
79-AAA-icm
fuqing
Fuqing
(Fujian-E.)
79-AAA-icn
pingtan
Pingtan, Haitan islands
(Fujian-E.)
79-AAA-ico
matsu
ma-zuMatsu islands
(Fujian-E.)
79-AAA-id
pu-xian
hinghua-min, xinghua-min Mulan-xi basin & adjacent Taiwan Strait
coast
China (Fujian)
79-AAA-ida
xianyou
Xianyou, 'Hsienyu'
(Fujian-E.)
79-AAA-idb
putian
Putian
(Fujian-E.)
79-AAA-idc
pinghai-wan
Pinghai-wan bay: Nanri+ Meizhou-dao offshore islands
(Fujian-E.)
79-AAA-j
Min-nan
Fujianese, min-S., "fukkienese", "fukienese" #min-nan =«south Min»
Fujian coast Guangdong coast Taiwan island
China (Zhejiang; Fujian;
Guangdong); China-Taiwan
79-AAA-ja
datian-min
datian Xinqiao-he+ Jun-xi headwaters
(Fujian-C.)
79-AAA-jaa
datian
Datian
(Fujian-C.)
79-AAA-jab
wenjiangban
Wenjiangban
(Fujian-C.)
79-AAA-jb
quan-zhang-N.
quan-zhang "outliers", "outlying" min
China (Zhejiang; Fujian)
79-AAA-jba
cangnan+ qianqi
Cangnan Qianqi
(Zhejiang; Fujian border)
79-AAA-jbb
quan-zhang-NE.
Fujian-NE. coast
(Fujian-NE.)
79-AAA-jc
dehua min, dazi-xi Dazi-xi headwaters, Dehua
China (Fujian)
79-AAA-jd
quan-zhang-CN.
quan-zhang-CE.
quanzhou min Dong+ Xi-xi basin & adjacent Taiwan Strait coast
China (Fujian)
79-AAA-jda
hui'an
Hui'an
(Fujian-SE.)
79-AAA-jdb
quanzhou
Quanzhou
(Fujian-SE.)
79-AAA-jdc
jinjiang
Jinjiang
(Fujian-SE.)
79-AAA-jdd
nan'an
Nan'an
(Fujian-SE.)
79-AAA-jde
anxi
Anxi
(Fujian-SE.)
79-AAA-jdf
xi-xi
Xi-xi upper river
(Fujian-SE.)
79-AAA-je
quan-zhang-C.
amoy-min
China (Fujian); also migration by
sea
79-AAA-jea
jinmen-dao
Jinmen-tao, Chinmen-tao, Quemoy island
(Fujian-SE.)
79-AAA-jeb
xiamen
Xiamen, Amoy city prestige idiom
(Fujian-SE.)
79-AAA-jec
longhai
Longhai
(Fujian-SE.)
79-AAA-jed
zhangzhou
Zhangzhou
(Fujian-SE.)
79-AAA-jee
pinghe
Pinghe
(Fujian-SE.)
79-AAA-jef
nanjing
Nanjing
(Fujian-SE.)
79-AAA-jeg
changtai
Changtai
(Fujian-SE.)
79-AAA-jeh
hua'an
Hua'an
(Fujian-SE.)
79-AAA-jei
zhangping
Zhangping
(Fujian-SE.)
79-AAA-jej
longyan
Longyan
(Fujian-SE.)
79-AAA-jek
min-nan-'émigré'*
; relationships with other metropolitan idioms of Min-nan to be
established, including convergence with [79=] Quan-zhang-Taiwan
and [79=] Chao-shan
migration> Thailand; Laos; Burma;
Singapore; Malaysia (Mainland;
Sabah); Indonesia (Sumatra;
Kalimantan; Bali; Flores; Sumba;
Timor-W.; Sulawesi); Philippines;
Japan (Osaka city)
79-AAA-jf
quan-zhang-CS.
yunxiao min Hutou+ Zhao'an-xi rivers
China (Fujian)
79-AAA-jfa
zhangpu
Zhangpu
(Fujian-S.)
79-AAA-jfb
yunxiao
Yunxiao
(Fujian-S.)
79-AAA-jfc
dongshan
Dongshan
(Fujian-S.)
79-AAA-jfd
zhao'an
Zhao'an
(Fujian-S.)
79-AAA-jg
quan-zhang-penghu
part of "insular" quan-zhang, pescadores min P'enghu-liedao,
Pescadores archipelago
China (Fujian)
79-AAA-jh
quan-zhang-taiwan
taiwanese, part of "insular" quan-zhang, taiwan min
China-Taiwan
79-AAA-jha
tai-bei
t'aipei "urban", tai-bei "urban" Taibei, T'aipei
(Taiwan)
79-AAA-jhb
tan-shui
t'aipei "rural", tai-bei "rural" Taipei periphery, Tan-shui estuary &
environs
(Taiwan)
79-AAA-jhc
jilong
Keelong
(Taiwan)
79-AAA-jhd
yilan
Ilan
(Taiwan)
6
7
7
7
7
7= SINO-INDIAN phylosector
Observatoire Linguistique
Linguasphere Observatory
Taichung
page 565
79-AAA-jhe
taizhong
79-AAA-jhf
nantou
(Taiwan)
79-AAA-jhg
yunlin
79-AAA-jhh
jiayi
79-AAA-jhi
tainan
79-AAA-jhj
gaoxiong
79-AAA-jhk
pingdong
79-AAA-jhl
taidong
Taitung
(Taiwan)
79-AAA-jhm
hualian
Hualien
(Taiwan)
79-AAA-jhn
chunyang-shanmo
Chunyang-shanmo mountains
(Taiwan)
79-AAA-ji
chao-shan
swatoese, chao-zhou, teo-chiu, tiu-chiu, teo-chow, techu, tae-ciw,
"swatow" min, Han delta & adjacent coastal plain between Lianhuashan mountains & China Sea coast
China (Guangdong)
79-AAA-jia
nan'ao
Nan'ao-dao island
(Guangdong-NE.)
79-AAA-jib
raoping
Raoping
(Guangdong-NE.)
79-AAA-jic
chaozhou
Chaozhou, Teochiu city
(Guangdong-NE.)
79-AAA-jid
jieyang
Jieyang
(Guangdong-NE.)
79-AAA-jie
chenghai
Chenghai
(Guangdong-NE.)
79-AAA-jif
shantou
Shantou, "Swatow" city
(Guangdong-NE.)
79-AAA-jig
chaoyang
Chaoyang
(Guangdong-NE.)
79-AAA-jih
puning
Puning
(Guangdong-NE.)
79-AAA-jii
huilai
Huilai
(Guangdong-NE.)
79-AAA-jij
lufeng
Lufeng
(Guangdong-NE.)
79-AAA-jik
haifeng
Haifeng
(Guangdong-NE.)
79-AAA-jj
lei-zhou
lei-zhou min Leizhou-bandao peninsula & adjacent coast
China (Guangdong)
79-AAA-jja
haikang
leizhou "standard" Leichang township
(Guangdong-SW.)
79-AAA-jjb
longmen
Longmen
(Guangdong-SW.)
79-AAA-jjc
dongli
Dongli
(Guangdong-SW.)
79-AAA-jjd
xuwen
Xuwen
(Guangdong-SW.)
79-AAA-jje
wushi
Wushi
(Guangdong-SW.)
79-AAA-jjf
jianghong
Jianghong
(Guangdong-SW.)
79-AAA-jjg
beipo
Beipo
(Guangdong-SW.)
79-AAA-jjh
suixi
Suixi
(Guangdong-SW.)
79-AAA-jji
dong-shan
Dong-shan island
(Guangdong-SW.)
79-AAA-jjj
naozhou
Naozhou-dao island
(Guangdong-SW.)
79-AAA-jjk
dianbai
Shuidong coastal enclave
(Guangdong-SW.)
79-AAA-k
Hainanese, hainan min, qiongwen-hua, wen-chang Hainan island
China (Guangdong)
79-AAA-ka
Qiong-wen
changgan
"hainanese"-W.
China (Guangdong: Hainan)
79-AAA-kaa
danxian
Danxian-S. highlands
(Guangdong: Hainan)
79-AAA-kab
changjiang
Dongfang Changjiang
(Guangdong: Hainan)
79-AAA-kb
yaxian
"hainanese"-SW.
China (Guangdong: Hainan)
79-AAA-kba
yinggeha
Yinggeha
(Guangdong: Hainan)
79-AAA-kbb
yachengzhen
Yachengzhen
(Guangdong: Hainan)
79-AAA-kbc
yaxian-A.
Yaxian, Sanya
(Guangdong: Hainan)
79-AAA-kc
wanning
"hainanese"-SE.
China (Guangdong: Hainan)
79-AAA-kca
lingshui
Lingshui
(Guangdong: Hainan)
79-AAA-kcb
wanning-A.
Wanning
(Guangdong: Hainan)
79-AAA-kd
wenchang
wenshang, "hainanese"-NE.
China (Guangdong)
79-AAA-kda
qionghai
Qionghai
(Guangdong: Hainan)
79-AAA-kdb
wenchang-A.
Wenchang
(Guangdong: Hainan)
79-AAA-ke
fu-cheng
"hainanese"-N.
China (Guangdong)
79-AAA-kea
tunchang
Tunchang
(Guangdong: Hainan)
79-AAA-keb
chengmai
Chengmai
(Guangdong: Hainan)
79-AAA-kec
ding'an
Ding'an
(Guangdong: Hainan)
79-AAA-ked
haikou
Haikou, Hoihow city
(Guangdong: Hainan)
79-AAA-l
Min-"Transitional"
China (Fujian)
5
79-AAA-la
Shao-jiang
shao-jiang
min+ gan+ hakka transitional Wui-shanmo-C. mountains Futon-xi
basin Jin-xi middle river
China (Fujian)
5
79-AAA-laa
guangze
Guangze
(Fujian-NW.)
79-AAA-lab
shaowu
Shaowu
(Fujian-NW.)
79-AAA-lac
jiangle
Jiangle
(Fujian-NW.)
79-AAA-lad
shunchang
Shunchang
(Fujian-NW.)
(Taiwan)
(Taiwan)
Chiayi
(Taiwan)
(Taiwan)
Kaohsiung
(Taiwan)
(Taiwan)
7
6
page 566
The Linguasphere Register
1999 / 2000 edition
79-AAA-m
Yue net
"tai-ised chinese", part of "wider" yue
China-S. (Guangdong; Hong Kong,
Macau; Guangxi); migration>
{Pacific; Indian Ocean; Australasia;
Americas; Africa; Europe}
7
79-AAA-ma
yue-C.
guang-fou, guangzhou-hai, "wider cantonese", "china-S. counterstream
chinese" Pearl river estuary & delta (Guangzhou, Canton; HongKong; Macau) & hinterland; Xi+ Bei-jiang lower basin Chinese
script; Latin script
China-S.; migration> Malaysia;
Singapore; Indonesia
7
79-AAA-maa
yue-F.
"formal cantonese", "cultivated cantonese" Sanyi model
China-S.…
79-AAA-mab
guang-zhou
"canton urban chinese" Guangzhou, Canton city
(Guangzhou)
79-AAA-mac
xiang-gang
heung-gong, "hong-kong cantonese" Hong-Kong, Heung-Gong
Kau-loong, Kowloon
(Hong-Kong)
79-AAA-mad
aomen
"macao cantonese" Ou-moon, Aomen, Macau, Macao city
(Macau)
79-AAA-mae
san-yi
sham-yap, nanhai+ shunte Pearl River west-bank: Foshan+ Panyu+
Shunde
(Guangdong)
79-AAA-maf
shi-qi
sek-kei, shi-ch'i Pearl River west-bank: Zhongshan
(Guangdong)
79-AAA-mag
dong-guan
tung-kwoon, tung-kuan, tung-kun, Pearl River east-bank: Dongguan
(Guangdong)
79-AAA-mah
shen-zhen
sham-chan Pearl River east-bank
(Guangdong)
79-AAA-mai
jiu-long
Pearl River east-bank: Kau-loong, Jiulong, Kowloon & hinterland,
"New Territories"
(Guangdong)
79-AAA-maj
dahao
Pearl River estuary: Dahao-dao island
(Guangdong)
79-AAA-mak
xi-jiang-NE.
sai-gong, "up-river cantonese"-W. Xi-jiang river & tributaries:
Gaoming Zhaoqing Xinxing Yunfu Wuzhou enclave
(Guangdong)
79-AAA-mal
bei-jiang
bak-gong, "up-river cantonese"-N. Bei-jiang river & tributaries:
Sanshui Fogang Shitan Hanguang enclave Yingde enclave
Qujiang enclave Shaoguan enclave Lechang enclave
(Guangdong)
79-AAA-mam
liuxi-he
"up-river cantonese" Liuxi-he basin: Hua-xian Conghua Liangkou
(Guangdong)
79-AAA-man
zeng-jiang
"up-river cantonese"-E. Zeng-jiang: Zengcheng Longmen
(Guangdong)
79-AAA-mao
cantonese-'émigré'*
provisional listing
Australia; Vietnam; Malaysia
(Peninsula); Japan (Kobe,
Yokohama); Réunion; Madagascar;
Guam; Nauru; Vanuatu; Fiji; Papua
New Guinea; Australia; New
Zealand / Aotearoa; Canada
(British Colombia; Alberta); USA
(Hawaii; California; Washington;
Texas; New England); Mexico;
Cuba; Guatemala; Costa Rica;
Panama; Colombia; Peru;
Venezuela; South Africa;
Mozambique; England (London);
Netherlands; France; Portugal
79-AAA-mb
si-yi
szui, sze-yap, sei-yap = «four towns», taishan+ xinhui+ kaiping+
enping, part of "peripheral" yue Tan-jiang basin & adjacent coast
China (Guangdong)
79-AAA-mba
jiangmen
transition < [79=] Yue-C. Heshan+ Jiangmen+ Doumen
(Guangdong)
79-AAA-mbb
xinhui
Xinhui, Hsinhui
(Guangdong)
79-AAA-mbc
taishan
Taishan, Hoisan
(Guangdong)
79-AAA-mbd
kaiping
Kaiping
(Guangdong)
79-AAA-mbe
enping
Enping
(Guangdong)
79-AAA-mbf
dasha
Dasha
(Guangdong)
79-AAA-mbg
shenjing+ chixi
Shenjing+ Chixi coast
(Guangdong)
79-AAA-mbh
shangchuan+ xiachuan
Shangchuan+ Xiachuan-dao islands
(Guangdong)
79-AAA-mc
gao-yang
kao-lei, part of "peripheral" yue Moyang+ Jian-jiang basins
China (Guangdong)
79-AAA-mca
dongping
Dongping coast
(Guangdong)
79-AAA-mcb
zhapa
Zhapa peninsula
(Guangdong)
79-AAA-mcc
zhigong
Zhigong
(Guangdong)
79-AAA-mcd
yangjiang
Moyang-jiang lower river: Yangjiang
(Guangdong)
79-AAA-mce
yangchun
Moyang-jiang upper river: Yangchun
(Guangdong)
79-AAA-mcf
sanjia
Sanjia mountains & hinterland
(Guangdong)
79-AAA-mcg
xinyi
Jian-jiang upper river: Xinyi
(Guangdong)
79-AAA-mch
gaozhou
Jian-jiang middle river: Gaozhou
(Guangdong)
79-AAA-mci
maoming
Maoming
(Guangdong)
79-AAA-mcj
wuchuan
Jian-jiang lower river
(Guangdong)
79-AAA-mck
huazhou
Huazhou
(Guangdong)
79-AAA-mcl
baoxu
Baoxu
(Guangdong)
79-AAA-mcm
lianjiang-S.
Lianjiang (Guangdong)
(Guangdong)
79-AAA-mcn
bohe
Bohe coastal enclave
(Guangdong)
79-AAA-mco
zhanjiang+ chikan
Zhanjiang+ Chikan coastal enclave
(Guangdong)
79-AAA-mcp
leizhou-NW.
part of gaoyang minority: Leizhou-bandao-NW. peninsula
(Guangdong)
79-AAA-mcq
leizhou-S.
part of gaoyang minority: Leizhou-bandao-S. peninsula
(Guangdong)
79-AAA-mcr
anpu
Anpu coastal enclave
(Guangdong)
6
6
7= SINO-INDIAN phylosector
Observatoire Linguistique
Linguasphere Observatory
page 567
wu- hua
gou-lou
part of "peripheral" yue Jian-jiang estuary, Huangpo
China (Guangdong-SW.)
6
79-AAA-me
part of "peripheral" yue, kuei-nan Sui+ upper Xi+ Xun+ Nanliu-jiang
rivers
China (Guangdong-W.; GuangxiE.)
6
79-AAA-mea
lian-jiang-N.
Lian-jiang upper tributaries
(Guangdong-NW. enclaves)
79-AAA-meb
he-jiang-N.
He-jiang upper river: Shanmatang-ding to Lianshan
(Guangdong; Guangxi; Hunan
meeting-point)
79-AAA-mec
lian-jiang-M.
Lian-jiang middle river: Yangshan Hanguang enclave
(Guangdong)
79-AAA-med
sui-jiang
Sui-jiang river & tributaries: Sihui Guangning Huaiji
(Guangdong)
79-AAA-mee
xi-jiang-SW.
Xi-jiang upper river: Deqing+ Yunan+ Fengkai
(Guangdong)
79-AAA-mef
luoding
Luoding-jiang river
(Guangdong)
79-AAA-meg
he-jiang-M.
He-jiang middle river: Xindu
(Guangxi)
79-AAA-meh
maijang
Gui-jiang lower river: Maijang
(Guangxi)
79-AAA-mei
xun-jiang
Xun-jiang river: Teng-xian
(Guangxi)
79-AAA-mej
cenxi
Yichang-jiang river: Cenxi
(Guangxi)
79-AAA-mek
beiliu
Beiliu-jiang river: Rong-xian+ Beiliu
(Guangxi)
79-AAA-mel
yu-jiang
Yu-jiang lower river
(Guangxi)
79-AAA-mem
nanliu-jiang
Nanliu-jiang upper river: Yulin Bobai
(Guangxi)
79-AAA-mf
qin-lian
part of "peripheral" yue, chien-lien Qinzhou+ Beihai coast &
hinterland
China (Guangxi)
79-AAA-mfa
qinzhou
Qinzhou
(Guangxi-S.)
79-AAA-mfb
beihai
Beihai
(Guangxi-S.)
79-AAA-mfc
lingshan
Lingshan
(Guangxi-S.)
79-AAA-mg
yong-xun
part of "peripheral" yue Yu+ You+ Zuo-jiang basin enclaves
China (Guangxi)
79-AAA-mga
guiping
Guiping enclave
(Guangxi)
79-AAA-mgb
pingguo
Pingguo enclave
(Guangxi)
79-AAA-mgc
zuo-jiang-W.
Zuo-jiang upper river: Daxin enclaves Longzhu enclaves
Pingxiang enclaves
(Guangxi)
79-AAA-n
Zhangzhou+ Mai
zhangzhou-hua
hainan yue, part of "peripheral" yue Hainan island
China (Guangdong)
4
79-AAA-na
dan-zhou Hainan-NW. island
China (Guangdong)
4
79-AAA-naa
dan-zhou
Dan county
(Guangdong: Hainan)
79-AAA-nab
nanluo
Nanluo
(Guangdong: Hainan)
79-AAA-nb
mai-hua
mai fisherfolk Hainan-S. island
China (Guangdong)
79-AAA-nba
sanya
Sanya
(Guangdong: Hainan)
79-AAA-nbb
yinggehai
yinggehai boat-community
(Guangdong: Hainan)
79-AAA-nbc
mai-S.
Hainan-S. offshore-islands
(Guangdong: Hainan)
79-AAA-o
China (Guangxi)
6
79-AAA-oa
Ping-hua
gui-bei
gui-N., part of ping-hua
China (Guangxi)
6
79-AAA-oaa
guilin
Guilin enclave
(Guangxi-NE.)
79-AAA-oab
luoqing-jiang
Luoqing-jiang basin
(Guangxi-NE.)
79-AAA-oac
fu-shui+ li-jiang
Fu-shui+ Li-jiang middle basin
(Guangxi-NE.)
79-AAA-oad
luzhai
Luzhai enclave
(Guangxi-NE.)
79-AAA-oae
yangshi
Yangshup enclave
(Guangxi-NE.)
79-AAA-oaf
he-xian
He-xian enclave
(Guangxi-NE.)
79-AAA-oag
yuantou
Yuantou
(Guangxi-NE.)
79-AAA-oah
siqin-jiang
Siqin-jiang upper river
(Guangxi-NE.)
79-AAA-oai
he-jiang
He-jiang upper river
(Guangxi-NE.)
79-AAA-oaj
xindu
He-jiang middle river
(Guangxi-NE.)
79-AAA-ob
gui-nan
gui-S., part of ping-hua
China (Guangxi)
79-AAA-oba
rong'an
Rong'an
(Guangxi-CW.)
79-AAA-obb
sanfang
Sanfang
(Guangxi-CW.)
79-AAA-obc
rongshui-miao
79-AAA-obd
liucheng
Liucheng
(Guangxi-CW.)
79-AAA-obe
long+ rong-jiang
Long+ Rong-jiang confluence downstream to Liuzhou
(Guangxi-CW.)
79-AAA-obf
long-jiang-NW.
Long-jiang upper river: Yishan to Desheng
(Guangxi-CW.)
79-AAA-obg
hongshui-he
Hongshui-he lower river: Laibin+ Qidong Zouxu
(Guangxi-CW.)
79-AAA-obh
heng-xian
Heng-Xian
(Guangxi-CW.)
79-AAA-obi
nanning
Nanning city
(Guangxi-CW.)
79-AAA-obj
wuming-he
Wuming-he river
(Guangxi-CW.)
79-AAA-obk
you-jiang
You-jiang lower river
(Guangxi-CW.)
79-AAA-obl
zuo-jiang
Zuo-jiang lower river
(Guangxi-CW.)
79-AAA-obm
bachi-jiang
Bachi-jiang river
(Guangxi-CW.)
79-AAA-obn
xiaodong
Xiaodong
(Guangxi-CW.)
79-AAA-obo
ming
enclaves on Ming+ Zuo-jiang rivers
(Guangxi-CW.)
79-AAA-obp
bo'ai-he
You-jiang upper river + Bo'ai-he river: Pinguo to Yunnan boundary
(Guangxi-CW.)
79-AAA-md
(Guangxi-CW.)
6
6
6
page 568
The Linguasphere Register
1999 / 2000 edition
79-AAA-p
Tu-hua-S.*
(undetermined) "south-china chinese" #tu-hua=«local, native speech»
notional outer-language; classification to be revised
China (Guizhou; Hunan; Guangxi;
Guangdong)
6
79-AAA-pa
miao-hanyu-W.
"chinese-speaking miao"-W.
China (Guizhou)
4
79-AAA-paa
pu'an
Pu'an
(Guizhou-W.)
79-AAA-pab
qinglong
Qinglong
(Guizhou-W.)
79-AAA-pb
"chinese-speaking miao"-N.Tianzhu
China (Guizhou-E.)
4
79-AAA-pc
miao-hanyu-N.
miao-hanyu-E.
"chinese-speaking miao"-E.
China (Hunan; Guangxi)
5
79-AAA-pca
suining
Suining
(Hunan-SW.)
79-AAA-pcb
chengbu
Chengbu
(Hunan; Guangxi)
79-AAA-pcc
ziyuan
Ziyuan
(Hunan; Guangxi)
79-AAA-pcd
longsheng
Longsheng
(Guangxi-N.)
79-AAA-pd
xiang-hua
xiang, waxiang-hua Yuanling hinterland
China (Hunan)
79-AAA-pda
you-shui
You-shui middle river
(Hunan-NW.)
79-AAA-pdb
guzhang
Guzhang hills
(Hunan-NW.)
79-AAA-pdc
wu-shui
Wu-shui middle river
(Hunan-NW.)
79-AAA-pdd
yuan-jiang
Yuan-jiang middle river
(Hunan-NW.)
79-AAA-pde
chenxi
Chenxi hills
(Hunan-NW.)
79-AAA-pe
daoxian, part of 'xiangnan tuhua'
(Hunan-S.)
jiangyong, part of 'xiangnan tuhua'
(Hunan-S.)
jiang, part of 'xiangnan tuhua'
(Hunan-S.)
79-AAA-ph
daoxian-hua
jiangyong- hua
jiang-hua
shaozhou-hua
shaozhou
China (Guangdong)
79-AAA-pha
lianxian
Lianxian
(Guangdong-N.)
79-AAA-phb
liannan
Liannan
(Guangdong-N.)
79-AAA-phc
lechang
Lechang
(Guangdong-N.)
79-AAA-phd
ruyuan
Ruyuan
(Guangdong-N.)
79-AAA-phe
qujiang
Qujiang
(Guangdong-N.)
79-AAA-phf
shaoguan
Shaoguan
(Guangdong-N.)
79-AAA-phg
renhua
Renhua
(Guangdong-N.)
79-AAA-phh
nanxiong
Nanxiong
(Guangdong-N.)
79-AAA-pf
79-AAA-pg

5
4
4