ELECTRICAL SAFETY PRACTICES BY TENAGA

Transcription

ELECTRICAL SAFETY PRACTICES BY TENAGA NASIONAL BERHAD,
DISTRIBUTION (MAINTENANCE) JOHORE BAHRU
EMAMUL EMBIA BIN NAZARUDIN
A report submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for award of the degree of
Bachelor of Electrical Engineering
Faculty of Electrical Engineering
University Teknologi Malaysia
MAY 2009
iii
To my beloved father and mother
Nazarudin bin Mohd Hashim
and
Saadah Bt Abd Majid
All my friend in SEE
For their encouragement
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the name of Allah, the Most Beneficent and the Most Merciful. It is deepest
sense gratitude of the Almighty that gives me strength and ability to complete this final
project report.
First of all, I would like to wish a million thanks to my respectful supervisor,
Kapten (B) Alias Bin Warjan for his time, ideas, supports and advices throughout this
project. Without his support this final project report may not come to fruition.
Finally, I am glad to thank to my entire friend in 4SEE who helped me directly or
indirectly, for the kindness guidance, advices and effort to guide me through this my
project. It really exposes me to work hard and be more independent for the real working
environment especially in final year project.
v
ABSTRAK
Kajian ini adalah untuk mengkaji isu-isu mengenai dasar keselamatan elektrik
dan sistem peraturan yang diamalkan di Tenaga Nasional Berhad Johor Bahru Bahagian
Pengagihan (Selenggaraan). Kajian ini melibatkan tiga kategori pekerjaan iaitu pekerja
bawahan, pagawai keselamatan dan pengurus keselamatan. Keselamatan elektrik bukan
sekadar bahaya percikan arka. Oleh yang demikian, keselamatan elektrik perlu
pendekatan yang lebih holistik yang merangkumi semua aspek keselamatan elektrik.
Kajian ini juga dapat mengenalpasti kelemahan dalam keselamatan elektrik yang
diamalkan dengan menggunakan kaedah lawatan ke tapak kerja yang terlibat dalam
kajian ini dan perlu diberikan penekanan yang mendalam serta pendekatan yang sebaik
mungkin bagi menangani kemalangan daripada berlaku. Tetapi terdapat juga parameter
yang tidak dapat dikawal seperti kilat. Walau bagaimanapun, fenomena ini amat sukar
untuk dikaji. Kajian ini diakhiri dengan analisis yang didapati dari laporan kemalangan
serta menyarankan elemen baru bagi melindungi pekerja-pekerja di tapak kerja dari
terlibat dengan sebarang kemalangan elektrik.
.
vi
ABSTRACT
This research explored the issue of electrical safety and the regulatory inspection
system currently practiced in Tanaga Nasional Berhad Johore Bahru, Distribution
(Maintenance). Electrical safety is more than just the arc flash hazard. This research
involves three categories that are employees, safety supervisor, and the safety officer.
Therefore, electrical safety needs to a good approach that includes all elements of
electrical safety. This research attempts to identify the loopholes in electrical safety by
surveying and visit working sites and then to focus attention on the items that need to be
addressed to create an approach to electrical safety. There are also uncontrolled
parameters such as lightning. Unfortunately the study on these parameters is difficult.
This project concludes with analysis by accident reporting and identified the new
technology methods to prevent them from injury.
vii
CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1
TITLE
PAGE
TITLE
i
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
iv
ABSTRAK
v
ABSTRACT
vi
CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
x
LIST OF FIGURES
xii
LIST OF ABBREAVITIONS AND SYMBOLS
xiv
LIST OF APPENDICES
xv
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Introduction
1
1.2
Problem Statement
2
1.2.1
Electricity Is Dangerous (High Voltage)
2
1.2.2
Overhead Power Line Hazards
3
1.2.3
Electrical Shock
3
1.3
Objective
3
1.4
Scope of Project
3
1.5
Background of Distribution Division
4
1.5.1
Substation Maintenance Unit
5
1.5.2
Low Voltage Overhead Lines Unit (SAVR)
9
viii
2
3
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Introduction
17
2.2
Duty and Responsibility
18
2.1.1
Safety Officer’s Responsibility
18
2.1.2
Safety Supervisor’s Responsibility
19
2.1.3
Worker’s Responsibility
19
2.1.4
Safety Management
20
2.2
Safety Policy
20
2.3
Safety Committee
21
2.4
Safety Precaution
23
2.4.1
Working Site Condition
24
2.4.2
Store
24
2.5
Personal Protective Equipment
24
2.5.1
Safety Helmet
24
2.5.2
Ear Muffler
25
2.5.3
Early Safety Precaution
25
2.5.4
Safety Training and Program
25
2.5.5
Audit, Inspection and Safety Assessment
25
2.5.6
Law and Act Enforcement
26
METHODOLOGY
3.1
Introduction
27
3.2
Literature Review
27
3.3
Site Visiting
28
3.3.1
Interview
28
3.3.2
Questionnaire
28
3.3.3
Data Analysis
28
ix
4
5
DETAILS OF RESEARCH
4.1
Introduction
32
4.2
Safety Elements
33
4.2.1
Safety Policy
33
4.2.2
Safety Committee
33
4.2.3
Safety Precaution
34
4.2.4
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
34
4.2.5
Safety Promotion
35
4.2.6
Safety Programs and Training
35
4.3
Conclusion
36
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
5.1
Introduction
37
5.2
Questionnaire
37
5.3
Research Results
38
5.3.1
Safety Policy
38
5.3.2
Safety Committee
40
5.3.3
Safety Precaution
41
5.3.4
42
5.3.5
Safety Promotion
43
5.3.6
44
5.4
Discussion
45
5.4.1
Safety Policy
46
5.4.1
Safety Committee
47
5.4.1
Safety Precaution
48
x
5.4.1
49
5.4.1
Safety Promotion
50
5.4.1
51
5.5
Conclusion
53
6
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
6.1
Conclusion
54
6.2
Recommendation
55
REFFERENCE
57
APPENDIX A
58
APPENDIX B
59
xi
LIST OF TABLES
NO. TABLE
TITLE
PAGE
Table 1.1
Area of Distribution Division
4
Table 1.2
Standard lengths for ABC Overhead Cable
9
Table 1.3
Size of pole and Number of circuit and Size
10
Table 5.1
Results on Safety Policy
39
Table 5.2
Results on Safety Committee
40
Table 5.3
Results on Safety Precaution
42
Table 5.4
Results on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
44
Table 5.5
Results on Safety Promotion
46
Table 5.6
Results on Safety Programs and Training
47
xii
LIST OF FIGURES
NO. FIGURE
TITLE
PAGE
Figure 1.1
Indoor Substation
6
Figure 1.2
Schematic Diagram of Substation
7
Figure 1.3
ABC Overhead Cable
10
Figure 1.4
Dead End Clamp
12
Figure 1.5
Insulation Piercing Connector
13
Figure 1.6
Black Box
14
Figure 1.7
Overhead line
17
Figure 5.1
Percentage of Safety Policy
48
Figure 5.2
Percentage of Safety Committee
49
Figure 5.3
Percentage of Safety Precaution
50
Figure 5.4
Percentage of Personal Protective Equipment
51
Figure 5.5
Percentage of Safety Promotion
52
Figure 5.6
Percentages of Safety Programs and Training
53
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Introduction
Electricity is essential to modern life, both at home and on the job. Some
employees, engineers, electricians, electronic technicians, and power line workers, work
with electricity directly. Others, such as office workers and sales people, work with it
indirectly. Perhaps because it has become such a familiar part of our daily life, many of
us do not give much thought to how much our work depends on a reliable source of
electricity. More importantly, we tend to overlook the hazards electricity poses and fail
to treat it with the respect it deserves.
Electrical accidents are the 4th leading cause of death and are disproportionately
fatal compared with most other types of accidents. [1] It can be argued that every
electrical accident is a potential fatality except for some unexpected set of circumstances
that combine to prevent the victim’s death.
2
1.2
Problem Statement
The government had played their role to ensure that the workers work in a safe
and healthy environment. Even though action had been taken, still there are accidents on
the working sites being reported. Therefore, this research is conducted to study the types
of accidents the causes of accidents, and to study about safety practices focusing on
Tenaga Nasional Berhad, Distribution, (maintenance) sites area Johor Bahru. Even
though this research is conducted, but still there are imperfections in practicing safety
practices.
According to Analisa Statistik Kemalangan Elektrik 2002-2006, by Suhanjaya
Tenaga electrical accidents in Johore Bahru is 7.9%, [2] compared to other states as the
higher percent of electrical accident is Kedah with 17.6%. Tenaga Nasional Berhad is
concern about this percentage amount because safety elements at the working site are
always been discussed. Therefore, a safety research has to be done to reduce electrical
accidents.
3
1.2.1
Electricity Is Dangerous (High Voltage)
High voltage, (HV) sometimes can lead to additional injuries. HV also can cause
violent muscular contractions. If even the electrical current is too small to cause injury,
the reaction to the shock may cause you to collapse, resulting in bruises, broken bones,
or even death.
1.2.2
Overhead Power Line Hazards
Overhead power lines are not insulated. More than half of all electrocutions are
caused by direct worker contact with energized power lines. Due to such incidents, all
linemen now wear special rubber gloves that protect them up to 34,500 volts.
1.2.3
Electrical Shock
When electrical current passes through body, current will pass in a variety of
situations. Whenever two wires are at different voltages, current will pass between them
if they are connected. Your body can connect the wires if you touch both of them at the
same time. Current will pass through your body. If you are in contact with a live wire or
any live component of an energized device, and also in contact with any grounded
objects, you will receive a shock.
4
Your risk of receiving a shock is greater if you stand in a puddle of water. Wet
clothing, high humidity, and perspiration also increase your chances of being
electrocuted. Of course, there is always a chance of electrocution, even in dry
conditions.
1.3
Objective
The objectives of this project are as follow:
i.
To determine the disadvantages of their safety practices.
ii.
To compare the practices with Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994.
1.4
Scope of Project
The scopes of this project are:
i.
Occupational Safety And Health Act 1994
ii.
Tenaga Nasional Berhad Distribution (Maintenance)
 Substation
 Overhead (SAVR)
5
1.5
Background of Distribution Division
Distribution Division supplies electricity in strict accordance with the provisions
of the Electricity Supply Act 1990, the Licensee Supply Regulations 1990 and the
Electricity Regulations 1994 (and all amendments thereto). Distribution division is
divided into 2 main regional operation areas where operational efficiency is further
enhanced through the creation of 2 main regional areas, headed by the respective Senior
General Managers which covers:
Area
States
Region 1
Selangor,Wilayah Persekutuan, Putrajaya/Cyberjaya,
Region 2
Negeri Sembilan, Melaka and Johor
Perlis, Kedah, Pulau Pinang, Perak,
Pahang, Terengganu and Kelantan
Table 1.1: Area of Distribution Division
The States are comprised of main jurisdiction areas under the care of Area
Managers. Some areas have smaller jurisdictions area and are manage by the branch
manager. All district offices (area or branches) have one or more Kedai Tenaga under
their jurisdiction.
Kedai Tenaga provides functions pertaining to Application for Supply, Billing &
Collection, Upgrading of Services and other consumer related activities. The technical
aspects of the operations of the areas include planning, designing, construction, and
system operation and maintenance that deliver supply to the consumer.
The support departments at the headquarters include Finance, Engineering,
Human Resource Management, Materials Resource Management, Strategic Management
and Organizational Development and Consumer Services and Marketing.
6
1.5.1
Substation Maintenance Unit
Substation is the place to control the electric supplier which it came by TNB
Transmission to get this supplier the customer. Mean the substation is the place to divide
the big amount supplier to the small voltage. This substation has many types which each
of that have their own power to divide to the customer.
There are four types of substation which they are indoor substation, outdoor
substation, compact substation and pole mounted substation. Each of these things has
their own power to control and divide to the customer.
i.
Indoor substation
All strategic substations in the zone that is plan for SCADA automation system
(e.g. Industrial, house area) must use indoor substation design. The rationale is that in
future they could house all the electronics equipments to be use for monitoring and
control purpose.
7
Figure 1.1: Indoor Substation
ii.
Compact substation
Increase the energy consumption in residential and commercial area often
necessitates installation of additional substation. This type of substation is use as to
reduce the LV line load and to cater for additional load in the vicinity when land is not
easily available.
iii.
Pole mounted substation
Rural supply projects are always designed based on the least cost method. This is
due to low load density thus the use of small but many number of transformers are
encourage to supply costumers which are generally well spread out. It can be fastest
solution to solve system overload.
8
The distribution system of TNB usually started from the Pencawang Masuk Utama
(PMU). It will flows to the main switch station (SSU) which control the switch of the
substation. The substation will distribute the power to the consumer. Sometimes the
PMU will supply directly to the substation to supply the power.
The system at the substation is started from switch gear (SG) to the transformer,
follows by link, feeder pillar and direct to the consumer. The figure 4 below shown the
schematic diagram of the substation.
SWITCH GEAR
CB
CB
CB
CB
CABLE HV
Tx
CABLE LV
LINK
R
OUTGOING
Y
B
OUTGOING
INGOING
N
R
1600A
Y
B
N
LVDB
200A
(max)
Figure 1.2: Schematic Diagram of Substation
1000A
800A
9
There are 3 types of switch gear (SG) in TNB system. There is OLU/HF
(Oil link Unit), VCB (Vacuum circuit breaker) and RMU (Ring main unit). The type of
RMU consists of F&G, M&G, Arms ABB and GR1. Each SG use different type of cable
and fuse rating depends on the transformer use. For the transformer, it uses the step
down medium voltage to low voltage to enable supply to be given to the low voltage
consumers. The low voltage of the transformer must be 433V. To control the high
voltage to get 433V, the tap changer is used. For the protection, the fuse and the earth
fault indicator is used. The earth fault indicator will detect and the fuse will break when
there is a breakdown and it will cover the other accessories to be breakdown.
The maintenance of the substation is involve certain work such as change the oil
of transformer, make clear around of outside substation like cut the grass and cleaning
the drain. The work is done by the contractor and be supervise by the substation
supervisor. However before the work be done the TNB must sent a notice to the
consumer and decide the correct OFF point for shutdown purposes to avoid other
consumer become blackout.
1.5.2
Low Voltage Overhead Lines Unit (SAVR)
In this section low voltage overhead lines is mean of supplying electricity to
consumers at 415V for 3 phase supply and 240V for single supply. Planning for low
voltage overhead lines has to adopt the concept of integrated planning where various
issues such as operational, construction and materials will have to be given due
consideration.
10
Besides that, this unit also has done several works such as construction of
overhead lines, installation of 5’ way mains, installation of loop in services, final
inspection and realignment poles and commissioning.
Before installing the ABC overhead cable, the pre-stressed span concrete poles
should be used to support the overhead cables. There are various lengths of poles to be
used. The poles is depends on the size of the cable and the purpose of use. The standard
lengths are:
Pole length
Cable size
9 meter
3 x 185mm + 16mm + 120mm and
7.5 meter
1
x 95mm + 16mm + 70mm
2
(for overhead mains)
3 x 16mm + 25mm and 1 x 16mm +25mm (for services)
Table 1.2: Standard lengths for ABC Overhead Cable
Figure 1.3: ABC Overhead Cable
11
The maximum length span between poles and the maximum number of circuit
per pole must be considered. The maximum length span between poles must not exceed
50 meter. It is suitable for all sizes of cables. The number of circuit per pole is depends
on the type of pole be used. The pre-stressed span concrete poles currently have an
ultimate bending moment of 3.1 ton/meter.
Pole size
No. Of circuit and size
9.0 meter
1 circuit of 3 x 185mm + 16mm + 120mm plus 1 circuit of
3 x 95mm + 16mm + 70mm or 3 circuits of 3 x 95mm + 16mm + 70mm
7.5 meter
4 circuits of 3 x 16mm + 25mm
Table 1.3: Size of pole and Number of circuit and Size
The depth of planting the poles also must be considered. The poles are usually
planted at a depth of 1.5 meters which may be increased of the ground is not firm. For
the 1.5 meter depth is use for all type and size of poles. The depth of 1.2 meter is only
use for the span concrete poles of 7.5 meter.
In open space such as at the paddy field, wind stay may be used to counter act
additional wind load. The next step of construction of overhead lines is installing the
stays. The ground is assumed to be firm in computing the working load of stay. If the
ground is in soft condition, the additional of stay is needed. The stay wire used shall be
of the grade 700 and size 7/3.25mm. There are various types of stay such as
i.
Single stay
ii.
Double stay
iii.
Flying stay
iv.
Out rigged stay
v.
Strut pole
12
The stay accessories use in installing the stay is:
i.
Stay wire
ii.
Bow and thimble
iii.
Thimble
iv.
Stay plate
v.
Stay rod
The last action on the construction overhead cable is installing the ABC overhead
cable at the span. The standard LV Arial Bundle cables are divided into two sizes. For
the main line the size is 3 x 185mm + 16mm + 120mm and 3 x 95mm + 16mm + 70mm.
The cables are supplied with a street lighting conductor of 16mm. For the service line,
the size is 3 x 16mm + 25mm and 1 x 16mm +25mm. The other accessories use in
installing the ABC cable is:
i.
Universal hook
These are used to support the Insulated Suspension Clamp and Dead and Clamp.
The same fitting is also used in the 11kV and 33kV Aerial Bundle Cable.
ii.
Insulated suspension clamp
This clamp is used to suspend the aerial cable in straight line and slight angle
poles.
iii.
Dead end clamp
This camp is used to support the cables at terminal, section and acute angle poles
(where the angle of deviation is more than 30 degrees). There are 3 sizes of dead
and clamp which are 20mmp, 70mmp and 120mmp.
13
Figure 1.4: Dead End Clamp
iv.
Insulation piercing connector
This connector is used to provide electrical connection between the main and teeoff conductors. The contact plate is supplied with teeth which will pierce through
the conductor insulation to establish good electrical contact between the
conductors without the need to remove the insulator.
Figure 1.5: Insulation Piercing Connector
14
v.
End cap
The end cap is used to cover the expose terminals of the insulated conductors
which are not contained within any connectors.
vi.
Cable straps
Cable straps are used to tie the phase conductors to the neutral wire at places
where the bundle had been unwound for the installation of accessories.
vii.
Black box
Black box is used to control the overhead line. It means that it is work as switch.
The maintenance will be easier to repair the overhead cable with this black box.
This is because, when there is a breakdown they doesn`t have to switch off at
main switch.
Figure 1.6: Black Box
viii.
Lighting arrestor
The lighting arrestor is important in installing the overhead cable. It is use to
protect and prevent the overhead lines from lightning.
15
ix.
Street lighting fitting
Street lighting fitting shall be connected to the street light wire via an insulated
piercing connector.
The maintenance of LV aerial cables must be done at least once a year. There are
several condition attention should be paid during the inspection. The conditions are as
follow:
i.
Insulation of the conductors for cut or burn marks
ii.
Connectors and terminations for any sign of heating.
iii.
Branches or other cables hanging on the cables.
iv.
Trees that lean dangerously toward the line.
Besides, the polyethylene insulation can be repair by tapping high quality plastic
insulation tape around the defective insulation. To install the aerial cables, the voltage
drop also must be considered. The permissible % voltage drop for LV overhead is 5%
inclusive of service lines (0.5%). The formula below is used to get the % of voltage drop
for the lines.
% voltage drop (3Ø) =
Where:
I
= current in line
R
= resistance of line
X
= reactance of line
Cos θ = power factor
VL
= line voltage
16
The last but not least the clearance and crossing of the aerial cable at the span
also have to be considered. The minimum height from the ground of any line conductor
or auxiliary earth wires in still air at temperature of 60°C (140°F) shall not be less than:
i.
Over roads (5.49 m)
ii.
Open lands with no roads (5.18 m)
iii.
Positions inaccessible to traffic (4.57 m)
For the clearances from building, there is no line conductor unless effectively
insulated, shall come within 2.1 meter horizontal or 2.7 meter vertically or any building
other than a substation. Only insulated conductors may be terminated on building and
the height shall not be less than 2.7 meter from ground level.
There is several height of crossing to be determined. The crossing over the
telecommunication line is not less than 30° for the angle crossing and minimum
clearance is 610mm (phase line) and 305 (neutral line). For the crossing high voltage
overhead lines, it is usually uses the underground cable. When crossing any railway
lines, permission must be obtained first from the KTMB and line to cross the railway
perpendicularly. The tree and branches within 300mm of aerial cables and all danger
trees further than this distance must be cut and clear.
17
Figure 1.7: Overhead line
18
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Introduction
Proper precautions protect employees from the dangers of the accidental or
unexpected startup of electrical equipment and are required for general industry by
OSHA Standard 1910.333, Selection and Use of Work Practices.[1] These procedures
ensure that electrical equipment is reenergized before it is repaired or inspected and
protects employees against electrical burn or shock.
The first step before beginning any inspection or repair job is to turn the current
off at the switch box and padlock the switch in the off position. Only qualified
electricians who have been trained in with safety procedures should maintain electrical
equipment. One individual can be issued to each maintenance worker authorized to lock
out and tag the equipment. Only authorized workers should be permitted to remove it.
19
2.2
Duty and Responsibility
It is every individual’s responsibility to make sure that every worker at the
working site is safe. The employer and employees have to perform their own duty and
responsibility.
Safety Officer’s Responsibility
2.1.1
The safety officer function is to develop and recommend measures for assuring
personnel safety, and to monitor and/or anticipate hazardous and unsafe situations. Only
one SO will be assigned for each incident. Safety officer’s responsibility is to give
advice and ideas to the management on [5]:
i.
Identify and cause correction of occupational safety and health hazards.
ii.
Continuously monitor workers for exposure to safety or health hazardous
conditions.
iii.
Alter, suspend, evacuate or terminate activities that may pose immanent safety
or health danger to the workers.
iv.
Take appropriate action to mitigate or eliminate unsafe condition, operation,
or hazard.
v.
Provide training and safety and health information.
vi.
Perform assessment of engineering controls and PPE.
vii.
Comply with OSHA Standards.
viii.
Document both safe and unsafe acts, corrective actions taken on the scene,
accidents or injuries, and ways to improve safety on future incidents.
ix.
Participate in planning meetings.
x.
Identify hazardous situations associated with the incident.
20
Other than that safety officer is responsible to execute safety inspections to make
sure all work comply the safety regulation. Safety officer has to do an analysis about
anything that can harm the workers and accidents that may occur. Safety officer has to
take action and come with suggestions to avoid accidents. Other than that, safety officer
plays a role as a leader in a safety organization. Safety officer has to made a safety
operation report every month. [5]
2.1.2
Safety Supervisor’s Responsibility
Safety supervisor is responsible to help safety officer manage the employees so
that they (employees) are complying safety regulations. Other than that, safety
supervisor has to investigate if there is an accident occurs. Safety supervisor has to make
a report for action to be taken. Other than that, safety supervisor have to file all the
reports and safety records after handling safety inspections instructed by safety officer.
2.1.3
Worker’s Responsibility
According to section 24, Part IV OSHA, there are several list of responsibility or
obligatory for workers that have been stated.
i. Give attention about health and safety for self or that may affect others.
ii. Cooperate with employer and other workers.
21
iii. Wear and use the personal protective equipments all the time provided by the
employer.
iv. Follow the instructions about safety and health.
Employee that failed to follow the instructions will be fined or imprison as
mentioned in Section 24 (2), Part IV OSHA:
“A person who intentionally, recklessly or negligently interferes with or misuses
anything provided or done in the interests of safety, health and welfare in pursuance of
this Act shall be guilty of an offence and shall, on conviction, be liable to a fine not
exceeding twenty thousand ringgit or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding two
years or to both”. [5]
2.1.4
Safety Management
Accident ratio at working site can be reduced if the safety management is
successful and functional. It is important to have a good management and planning to
increase effectiveness in safety management. There are several elements in an excellent
management in the working site. The elements are:
22
2.2
Safety Policy
“Except in such cases as may be prescribed, it shall be the duty of every
employer and every self-employed person to prepare and as often as may be appropriate
revise a written statement of his general policy with respect to the safety and health at
work of his employees and the organization and arrangements for the time being in force
for carrying out that policy, and to bring the statement and any revision of it to the
notice of all of his employees”. [5]
According from Section 16, Part IV OSHA 1994, every employer has to prepare
an appropriate safety and health policy for the employees. The policy is to make sure
that every employee not exposed to any health and safety risk.
The policy should be written in language that the employee can understand and
should be displayed at strategic places in the workplace for example the main entrance.
The safety policy must have: [7]
i.
Duty and responsibility of every individual to reduce risk of accidents at the
working site.
ii.
Safety objective that the employees and employers have to obey.
iii.
The formation of safety committee and the working site’s condition.
iv.
The preparation of personal protective equipment.
v.
Safety training and program for all employer and employee.
23
2.3
Safety Committee
Every employer has to form a safety committee in their company. According to
Occupational Safety and Health 1994, Part VII, Section 30 (1):
Every employer shall establish a safety and health committee at the place of
work in accordance with this section if:
(a) there are forty or more persons employed at the place of work; or
(b) the Director General directs the establishment of such a committee at the
place of work.
This section requires employers with 40 or more persons employed at the
workplace to establish a safety and health committee. The employer may also be
required to establish the safety and health committee if directed by the Director General.
[5]
Safety committee member consist of [8]:
i.
Representative from the management and the employees.
ii.
A representative of employees, whether appointed amongst the employees or
the employees safety association as to make sure every problem is taken into
serious consideration.
iii.
Specialist in their own field such as safety officer, medical officer, and safety
supervisor.
iv.
Contractor representative.
v.
Secretary to write down all meeting minutes whenever a meeting is being
held.
24
The functions of safety committee are [9]:
i.
Make inspections at least once in three month.
ii.
Assisting in the development of safety and health rules and safe system of
work and reviewing the effectiveness of safety and health programs.
iii.
To conduct investigation on any matters on safety or health and to bring it to
the attention of the employers.
iv.
To carry out studies on the trends of accidents, near-miss accidents,
dangerous occurrences, occupational poisoning and diseases this occurs at the
place of work.
v.
To inspect the place of workplace at least once in every three months.
vi.
To discuss the observations during the inspection of the place of work and
make recommendations to the employer on the remedial measures to be taken
on matters that could affect the person at the place of work.
vii.
Report to the employer of any unsafe or unhealthy condition or practices at
the place of work with recommendations for remedial action.
viii.
To review the safety and health policies at the place of work and make
recommendations to the employer for any revision of such policies.
ix.
To assist the employer in any competition in connection with safety and
health, to conduct talks on safety and health and any other activity this is held
to promote a safe conduct of work at the place of work.
x.
To form a sub-committee to assist the committee in the performance of its
function.
xi.
The committee must meet as often as may be necessary commensurate with
the risks faced at the place of work and the nature of work but shall meet at
least once in three months.
xii.
The committee must invite any person who is involved in or has knowledge
of any accidents, near-miss accidents, dangerous occurrences, occupational
poisoning and disease occurred at workplace to attend any meeting to discuss
it. They may also invite any person to any of its meeting to discuss any
matters pertaining to occupational safety and health.
25
2.4
Safety Precaution
Accidents at the working site can be avoid if the safety precaution is being
practice before, after and when the work is done. It is a must for the employer to practice
safety precautions. Safety and health of the worker is important because it gives an
effect to productivity, and also relationship between the workers.
There are many safety precautions that can be practice by the employer to make
sure that their workers are in good hand. Some of the safety precaution can be practice
by the employer at the working site are:
2.4.1
Working Site Condition
The management and the workers have to make sure their working site condition
is clean from anything that can interrupt the working process. Sometimes, neglecting this
small matter will get them injured, such as slip or step on a sharp object.
2.4.2
Store
After all the equipments and tools are used, it must be placed to a proper place. It
is because to find things easier. Other than that, the employer can check whether the
tools are functional or not.
26
2.5
Dangerous accidents at the working site may affect an individual body. For that,
the employees have to wear personal protective equipment or body protection to reduce
the danger. Some of the personal protective equipments are:
2.5.1
Safety Helmet
The employees who involve in the working site have to wear safety helmet.
Safety helmet is designed in two parts. The outer layer of the safety helmet is made by
strong and hard thermosetting plastics. The inner part is from flexible skull cap that can
resize by the users.
This safety helmet is designed to reduce impact effects from falling object. There
are types of colors of safety helmets. For an example white helmet is for the
professionals and the rest is yellow.
2.5.2
Ear Muffler
The function of is important when the employee is expose to high frequency.
There are types of ear muffler depends on their working situation. An employee has to
wear ear muffler to protect their ears as high frequency may give serious effects. Most
27
common ear mufflers used are cotton balls, Swedish Wool, Ear Plug, Molded Ear Caps,
and Earmuffs. [12]
2.5.3
Early Safety Precaution
To prevent accidents from happen, precaution steps have to be taken. Some of
the safety precautions are: [7]
2.5.4
Safety Training and Program
The employer has to make sure that the employees attend a safety program
before they enter the working site. This safety programs and training is to let the
employees gain some information about the safety of working site and let them know
about the rules and regulation regarding to the working site.
2.5.5
Audit, Inspection and Safety Assessment
Safety audit and assessment is a normal safety and health procedure to be
practice in the working site. This procedure is to see how far the employees practice the
safety and health act. Employers also can see what the weakness of the program is, as
28
the inspection covers all the working operation. The results of inspection then will be
compared to standards.
Some safety elements in the safety inspection are safety policy, working
procedure, working site condition, and how the employees practice safety regulations.
Types of safety inspections are [7]:
i.
Daily inspection
ii.
Weekly inspection
iii.
Monthly inspection
2.5.6
Law and Act Enforcement
To show how serious the government about worker’s safety and health, number
of act has been made to specify the responsibility of every individual in this industries.
Some acts for safety and health aspect are [13]:
i.
Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994
ii.
Factories and Machinery Regulations 1967
iii.
Employees Social Security Act 1969
iv.
Workmen's Compensation Act 1952
29
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1
Introduction
To accomplish the research objectives, the methods to gain information and data
are literature review and questionnaire on Tenaga Nasional Berhad. The purpose of this
literature review is to know what are the elements involve with the employee’s safety
and health. To get data and information about the employees in safety and health
aspects, questionnaire method is used.
3.2
Literature Review
Literature review is usually based on thesis, journal, seminar repot, papers,
reviewing books, and pamphlet from safety and health agency (government). All this
30
information gained from the library, Perpustakaan Sultanah Zanariah, and also site
visiting.
3.3
Site Visiting
Site of this research is Tenaga Nasional Berhad Johore Bahru. Data and
information gained from site visiting is divided into two methods:
3.3.1
Interview
The objective of this interview is to gain information about safety organization,
safety policy, and everything about their safety practices and their practice. This method
is practiced by interviewing direct and indirect officer.
3.3.2
Questionnaire
The employees from Tenega Nasional Berhad, Maintenance contains of 40
workers. Questionnaire was distributed only among 30 workers. By this method,
information and data about their safety and health practices can be analyze. The
questionnaire is in terms of structure.
31
3.3.3
Data Analysis
The data gained from the interview and questionnaire then will be analyze by
using mode value where the percentage of response will be count in a table.
3.4
Conclusion
There are several types of methods that are literature review, site visiting
interview and questionnaire to accomplish this research. After questionnaires have been
distributed among the employees while visiting and doing interview at Tenaga Nasional
Berhad, the results from the respondents are compared with the literature review. From
the comparisons, the safety practices by the employees are identified as satisfied or
unsatisfied.
32
CHAPTER 4
DETAILS OF RESEARCH
4.1
Introduction
From the previous chapter, it has been specified what are the methods used to
gain the results from employees of Tenaga Nasional Berhad. To realize those methods, a
questionnaire with specific questions has to be done. This chapter shows the details of
the questionnaire according to the safety elements.
The questionnaires were distributed among 30 employees of Distribution
(Maintenance) section. The questionnaires are divided into five elements that are safety
policy, safety committee, safety precaution, personal protective equipment (PPE), safety
programs and training. A new element was added with those five elements that is safety
promotion.
33
4.2
Safety Elements
There are several elements to reduce the rate of accidents at the working site. The
six elements need to be follow are:
4.2.1
Safety Policy
A safety policy is made to make sure that every employee not exposed to any
health and safety risk. The questions of safety policy element are:
i.
Level of your understanding on the safety policy that your company
practices.
ii.
Duty and responsibility of every individual in your company policy have
been specified
iii.
Safety practices level in the policy
iv.
Statement of personal protective equipment for the workers according to
their field in the policy
4.2.2
Safety Committee
Some of the function of safety committee are make inspections, meetings and
handle a safety training .The questions of safety committee element are:
34
4.2.3
i.
Daily, weekly, and monthly safety inspection on site
ii.
Discussion and meeting held every week and whenever needed
iii.
Planning and conducting safety programs for workers
iv.
Give explanation and education to their workers
Safety Precaution
To prevent accidents at the working site, safety precautions have to be taken
before after and while the working operation. The questions of safety precaution element
are:
i.
Applying the most important safety practices among the employees
ii.
The management have identified the risk that will probably be exposed to
the employee while they are working
4.2.4
iii.
Working environments are fine to work with
iv.
Employees wear proper outfit while they are in the working area
v.
Signboards at working site are well prepared
Personal protective equipment can protect the employees from an accident. It
also can reduce the amount of injury if an accident happens. The questions of safety
personal protective equipment are:
i.
ii.
The employer provides and ensure that each worker uses the appropriate
personal protective equipment
The management have identified the risk that will probably be exposed to
the employees while they are working
35
iii.
iv.
4.2.5
The management has provided fire extinguisher at the working site
The equipments and tools are in good condition
Before entering the working site, a worker has to attend a safety training and
safety program. This is to ensure that the worker is understood about the rules at the
working site. The questions of safety programs and training equipment are:
4.2.6
i.
Your satisfactory level for the safety program organized
ii.
Briefing within employees before start working
iii.
Exposure to the danger in every work process
iv.
Motivate the employees before and during the work
Safety Promotion
Safety promotion is a new element added to this research. By doing safety
promotion, the worker is motivated to increase their level of safety practices. The
questions of safety programs and training equipment are:
i.
Provide safety scheme award for employee that practice safety practice
ii.
Organize monthly or weekly safety program
iii.
Enforcement of safety campaign, poster and seminar
iv.
Give bonus and incentive to the employees
36
4.3
Conclusion
From this research, there six elements to be followed to make sure that safety
practices are being practiced. There are safety policy, safety committee, safety
precaution, personal protective equipment (PPE), safety programs and training and
safety promotion. From the six elements, the questionnaires were distributed among
Tenaga Nasional Berhad and the results are shown in the next chapter.
37
CHAPTER 5
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
5.1
Introduction
To produce a good research, collecting and analyzing data is an important
element. This is because the data gained from the research will determine whether the
objective of this project is accomplished or not. Method of collecting data has been told
clearly in the previous chapter.
5.2
Questionnaire
The questions have been asked in the questionnaire are based on the elements of
safety and how the employees practice it in Tenaga Nasional Berhad. These are the
contents of the questionnaire:
38
5.3
i.
Safety Policy
ii.
Safety committee
iii.
Safety precaution
iv.
Safety promotion
v.
Safety programs and safety practice
vi.
Tools and equipments
Research Results
The results gained from the research with Tenaga Nasional Berhad respondents
will be shown in this part. It is divided into six elements that are safety policy, safety
committee, safety precaution, safety promotion, safety programs, tools and equipments.
5.3.1
Safety Policy
According to table 5.1, about 3.33% of the result quite unsatisfied about their
level of understanding on the safety policy that their company practices. About 33.33%
from the respondents satisfied with the level of policy. Then, 46.55% of respondents
quite satisfied, and 16.67% of the respondents very satisfied with their level of
understanding about their safety policy.
For the second question, 6.67% of the respondents quite unsatisfied regarding to
their duty and responsibility in their company’s policy. Then, 23.33% of the respondents
satisfied, 46.55% quite unsatisfied, and 23.33% of the respondents very unsatisfied with
the specification of their duty and responsibility in the safety policy.
39
The percentage result of question 3, there are 13.33% of the respondents quite
unsatisfied with the safety practices level in the company. Then, 36.67% of the
respondents satisfied, 36.67% quite satisfied, and 13.33% of the respondents are very
satisfied with the safety practices level in the company.
Question number four is about statement of personal protective equipment, PPE
for the workers according to their field in the policy. About 10.00% of the respondents
quite unsatisfied with their PPE, 36.67% of the respondents satisfied, 40.00% quite
satisfied and 13.33% very unsatisfied with their personal protective equipments.
Table 5.1: Results on Safety Policy
FREQUENT ANALYSIS
Level of your understanding on
1
2
3
4
5
0
1
10
14
5
0.00
3.33
33.33
46.55
16.67
0
2
7
14
7
0.00
6.67
23.33
46.55
23.33
0
4
11
11
4
0.00
13.33
36.67
36.67
13.33
0
3
11
12
4
0.00
10.00
36.67
40.00
13.33
MODE
1 the safety policy that your
company practices
Duty and responsibility of every
2 individual in your company policy
have been specified
3 Safety practices level in the policy
Statement of personal protective
4
4.0
equipment for the workers
according to their field in the
policy
* From scale 1 to 5; 1 = Very unsatisfied, 5 = Very satisfied, ⁭ = Percentage
4.0
3.5
4.0
40
5.3.2
Safety Committee
From table 5.2, about 26.67% of the result quite unsatisfied about daily, weekly,
and monthly safety inspection on site. 6.67% of the respondents very unsatisfied and
about 36.67% from the respondents satisfied. Then, 26.67% of respondents quite
satisfied, and 3.33% of the respondents very satisfied with daily, weekly, and monthly
safety inspection on site.
Second question, 13.33% of the respondents quite unsatisfied regarding to
discussion and meeting held every week and whenever needed. Then, 36.67% of the
respondents satisfied, 36.67% quite unsatisfied, and 10.00% of the respondents very
unsatisfied with discussion and meeting held every week and whenever needed.
For the percentage result of question three, there are 16.67% of the respondents
quite unsatisfied with the explanation and education to the workers. Then, 36.67% of the
satisfied with the explanation and education to the workers.
Question number four is about planning and conducting safety programs for
workers. About 16.67% of the respondents quite unsatisfied with their PPE, 23.33% of
the respondents satisfied, 36.67% quite satisfied and 13.33% very unsatisfied with the
planning and conducting safety programs for workers.
41
Table 5.2: Results on Safety Committee
FREQUENT ANALYSIS
MODE
1
2
3
1
2
3
4
5
2
8
11
8
1
6.67
26.67
36.67
26.67
3.33
1
4
11
11
3
every week and whenever needed
3.33
13.33
36.67
36.67
10.00
Give explanation and education to
1
5
11
10
3
3.33
16.67
36.67
30.00
10.00
3
5
7
11
4
10.00
16.67
23.33
36.67
13.33
Daily, weekly, and monthly safety
inspection on site.
Discussion and meeting held
their workers
Planning and conducting safety
4 programs for workers
3.0
3.5
3.0
4.0
5.3.3
Safety Precaution
From table 5.3, about 10.00% of the result quite unsatisfied about applying the
most important safety practices among the employees. About 23.33% from the
respondents satisfied. Then, 50.00% of respondents quite satisfied, and 16.67% of the
respondents very satisfied with applying the most important safety practices among the
employees
For the second question13.33% of the respondents quite unsatisfied regarding to
working environments are fine to work with. Then, 23.33% of the respondents satisfied,
46.67% quite unsatisfied, and 16.67% of the respondents very unsatisfied with the
working environments are fine to work with.
42
According to the percentage result of question 3, there are 6.67% of the
respondents quite unsatisfied about management have identified the risk that will
probably be exposed to the employee while they are working. Then, 36.67% of the
satisfied about the management have identified the risk that will probably be exposed to
the employee while they are working.
Question number four is about signboards at working site are well prepared.
About 3.33% of the respondents quite unsatisfied, 30.00% of the respondents satisfied,
50.00% quite satisfied and 16.67% very unsatisfied with signboards at working site are
well prepared.
Table 5.3: Results on Safety Precaution
FREQUENT ANALYSIS
MODE
Applying the most important
1
2
3
4
5
0
3
7
15
5
1 safety practices among the
employees
2
Working environments are fine to
work with
The management have identified
3
4.0
0.00
10.00
23.33
50.00
16.66
0
4
7
14
5
0.00
13.33
23.33
46.67
16.67
0
2
11
13
4
the risk that will probably be
exposed to the employee while
4.0
4.0
0.00
6.67
36.67
43.33
13.33
0
1
9
15
5
0.00
3.33
30.00
50.00
16.67
they are working
4
Signboards at working site are
well prepared
4.0
* From scale 1 to 5; 1 = Very unsatisfied, 5 = Very satisfied, ⁭ = Percentage %
43
5.3.4
Table 5.4 shows about 6.67% of the result quite unsatisfied about the employer
provides and ensure that each worker uses the appropriate personal protective
equipment. About 26.67% from the respondents satisfied with the level of policy. Then,
43.33% of respondents quite satisfied, and 23.33% of the respondents very satisfied with
the employer provides and ensure that each worker uses the appropriate personal
protective equipment.
From the second question, 3.33% of the respondents quite unsatisfied regarding
to the management have identified the risk that will probably be exposed to the
employees while they are working. Then, 36.67% of the respondents satisfied, 40.00%
quite unsatisfied, and 20.00% of the respondents very unsatisfied with the management
have identified the risk that will probably be exposed to the employees while they are
working.
unsatisfied with the management has provided fire extinguisher at the working site.
Then, 36.67% of the respondents satisfied, 36.67% quite satisfied, and 13.33% of the
management has provided fire extinguisher at the working site.
Question number four is about the equipments and tools are in good condition.
About 6.67% of the respondents quite unsatisfied about the equipments and tools,
40.00% of the respondents satisfied, 33.33% quite satisfied and 20.00% very unsatisfied
with the equipments and tools are in good condition.
44
Table 5.4: Results on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
FREQUENT ANALYSIS
MODE
The employer provides and ensure
1
1
2
3
4
5
0
2
8
13
7
0.00
6.67
26.67
43.33
23.33
0
1
11
12
6
0.00
3.33
36.67
40.00
20.00
0
4
12
9
5
that each worker uses the
appropriate personal protective
4.0
equipment
The management have identified
2
the risk that will probably be
exposed to the employees while
4.0
they are working
The management has provided
3 fire extinguisher at the working
site.
4
The equipments and tools are in
good condition
3.0
0.00
13.33
40.00
30.00
16.67
0
2
12
10
6
0.00
6.67
40.00
33.33
20.00
4.0
5.3.5
Safety Promotion
According to table 5.5, about 3.33% of the result quite unsatisfied about safety
scheme award for employee that practice safety practice. About 36.67% from the
respondents satisfied with the level of policy. Then, 23.33% of respondents quite
satisfied, and 16.67% of the respondents very satisfied with safety scheme award for
employee that practice safety practice.
enforcement of safety campaign, poster and seminar. Then, 30.00% of the respondents
45
enforcement of safety campaign, poster and seminar.
unsatisfied with monthly or weekly safety program. Then, 36.67% of the respondents
satisfied, 33.33% quite satisfied, and 16.67% of the respondents are very satisfied with
monthly or weekly safety program.
Question number four is about give bonus and incentive to the employees. About
10.00% of the respondents quite unsatisfied, 33.33% of the respondents satisfied,
36.67% quite satisfied and 20.00% very unsatisfied with give bonus and incentive to the
employees
Table 5.5: Results on Safety Promotion
FREQUENT ANALYSIS
MODE
Provide safety scheme award for
1
2
3
4
5
1
6
11
7
5
3.33
20.00
36,67
23.33
16.67
0
4
9
11
5
0.00
13.33
30.00
36.67
16.67
0
4
11
10
5
0.00
13.33
36.67
33.33
16.67
0
3
10
11
6
0.00
10.00
33.33
36.67
20.00
1 employee that practice safety
practice.
2
Enforcement of safety campaign,
poster and seminar.
Organize monthly or weekly
3
4
safety program
Give bonus and incentive to the
employees
3.0
4.0
3.0
4.0
46
5.3.6
According to table 5.6, about 13.33% of the result quite unsatisfied about
satisfactory level for the safety program organized. About 40.00% from the respondents
satisfied with the level of policy. Then, 33.33% of respondents quite satisfied, and
13.33% of the respondents very satisfied with satisfactory level for the safety program
organized.
exposure to the danger in every work process. Then, 40.00% of the respondents
the exposure to the danger in every work process.
unsatisfied with briefing within employees before start working. Then, 33.33% of the
satisfied with briefing within employees before start working.
Question number four is about motivating the employees before and during the
work. About 16.67% of the respondents quite unsatisfied, 30.00% of the respondents
satisfied, 36.67% quite satisfied and 16.67% very unsatisfied to motivate the employees
before and during the work,
47
Table 5.6: Results on Safety Programs and Training
FREQUENT ANALYSIS
MODE
1
2
3
4
5
0
4
12
10
4
1 Your satisfactory level for the
safety program organized.
2
Exposure to the danger in every
work process
3.0
0.00
13.33
40.00
33.33
13.33
0
6
12
9
3
0.00
20.00
40.00
30.00
10.00
0
4
10
11
5
0.00
13.33
33.33
36.66
16.67
0
5
9
11
5
0.00
16.67
30.00
36.67
16.67
3 Briefing within employees before
start working
4
Motivate the employees before
and during the work
3.0
4.0
4.0
5.4 Discussion
In this part, results gained by questionnaires are being discussed in every element of
safety and health.
5.4.1
Safety Policy
From the table 5.1, the average mode value for safety policy’s understanding is
3.875. This means that the level of understanding about their safety policy is quite high.
All workers know about their about their responsibility. TNB seriously look at their
worker’s safety as they always give safety training. The management also supplies
personal protective equipment for the workers according to their field in the policy.
48
Figure 5.1: Percentage of Safety Policy
16.67%
13.33%
13.33%
23.33%
Very
Satisfied
36.67%
40%
46.55%
46.55%
Result
Percentage
Satisfied
36.67%
33.33%
23.33%
3.33%
6.67%
1
2
Quite
Satisfied
36.67%
Quite
Unsatisfied
Very
Unsatisfied
13.33%
10%
3
4
Questions on Safety Policy
5.4.2
Safety Committee
From the table 5.2, the average mode value for safety committee is 3.250. This
means that monthly safety inspections are intermediate by the safety officers. Discussion
and meeting about the workers safety should be more held to overcome the problems
faced by the workers. The workers should get more educations about safety practices to
improve their knowledge. The management also has to plan and conduct safety
programs for workers as the median value is just moderate.
49
Figure 5.2: Percentage of Safety Committee
3.33%
10%
10%
13.33%
26.67%
36.67%
Very
Satisfied
Quite
Satisfied
30%
36.67%
Satisfied
36.67%
Result
Percentage
36.67%
36.67%
23.33%
Quite
Unsatisfied
Very
Unsatisfied
26.67%
16.67%
13.33%
16.67%
6.67%
3.33%
3.33%
1
2
3
10%
4
Questions on Safety Committee
5.4.2
Safety Precaution
From Table 5.3, the average mode value for safety precaution from the
questionnaire is 4.000. Most of the employees apply the most important safety practices
such as organize their equipments in proper place. The employee’s site’s environments
are fine to work with as the results is high, that can prevent them from potential hazards.
The management has well identified the risk that will probably be exposed to the
employee while they are working. Signboards at working site are well prepared by the
management as the result is high.
50
Figure 5.3: Percentage of Safety Precaution
Very Satisfied
16.66%
16.67%
13.33%
16.67%
20%
Quite Satisfied
50%
46.67%
43.33%
50%
36.67%
Satisfied
Quite
Unsatisfied
Result
Percentage
Very Unsatisfied
23.33%
23.33%
36.67%
36.67%
30%
10%
0%
13.33%
0%
6.67%
0%
3.33%
0%
6.67%
0%
1
2
3
4
5
Questions on Safety Precaution
5.4.4
From Table 5.4, the average mode value for safety personal protective equipment
in the questionnaire is 3.750. The employer provides and ensures that each worker uses
the appropriate personal protective equipment. The management has identified the risk
that will probably be exposed to the employees while they are working. The
management has provided fire extinguisher at the working site. The equipments and
tools are in good condition
51
Figure 5.4: Percentage of Personal Protective Equipment
20%
23.33%
16.67%
30%
40%
43.33%
20%
13.33%
33.33%
33.33%
Result
Percentage
6.67%
0%
1
Quite
Unsatisfied
Very
Unsatisfied
40%
26.67%
Quite
Satisfied
Satisfied
33.33%
40%
Very
Satisfied
36.67%
20%
0%
0
13.33%
0%
6.67%
0%
0%
2
3
4
5
Questions on Personal Protective Equipment
5.4.3
Safety Promotion
From Table 5.6 shows that the median value for safety promotion from the
questionnaire is 3.500. TNB workers are agreed to provide safety scheme award for
employee that practice safety practice, so they are more motivated while working. The
management should enforce more on safety campaign, poster and seminar as the results
of the research is high. Monthly or weekly safety program should be held to make sure
the employees are more alert.
52
Figure 5.5: Percentage of Safety Promotion
16.67%
16.67%
36.67%
Result
Percentage
16.67%
20%
Quite
Satisfied
33.33%
36.67%
23.33%
30%
36.67%
13.33%
0%
13.33%
0%
33.33%
20%
1
5.4.6
Satisfied
Quite
Unsatisfied
0%
3.33%
Very
Satisfied
2
3
Questions on Safety Promotion
Very
Unsatisfied
10%
0%
4
Table 5.6 shows that the average mode value for safety programs and training
from the questionnaire is 3.500. The employee’s satisfactory level for the safety program
organized is only moderate. The management should improve their program's quality.
The employers have exposed the danger in every work process, but the exposure is not
enough to the employees. Briefing within employees before start working is strongly
agreed as the results of the questionnaire. Motivate the employees before and during the
work is strongly agreed by the employees to help them understand what their actual
problem is.
53
Figure 5.6: Percentage of Safety Programs and Training
13.33%
10%
16.67%
16.67%
Very
Satisfied
Quite
Satisfied
30%
33.33%
36.66%
36.67%
Satisfied
Result
Percentage
Quite
Unsatisfied
40.00%
40%
13.33%
0%
1
20%
0%
33.33%
30%
13.33%
0%
16.67%
Very
Unsatisfied
0%
2
3
4
Questions on Safety Programs and Training
5.5 Conclusion
From overall of the results, the level of the safety practices is in satisfied level. This
is due to the median value that is around 3.000 to 4.000. This results show that Tenaga
Nasional Berhad is concern about their safety practices.
54
CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
6.1
Conclusion
According to literature review and research by doing questionnaire and interview
session, it can be concluded that the objectives of this research have been specified.
Some of them are:
i.
There are types of accidents and hazards that often happen in the working site
such as electric shocks, burns and slip. Accidents do not only happen to TNB
employees but also involving public. The factors of accidents are tools
conditions, the workers physical conditions, whether, lack of information,
and there are not much supervisory at the working site.
ii.
Various kinds of advantages and disadvantages of Tenaga Nasional Berhad
safety practices are justified during the research. One of the advantages is the
tools used by the worker are always in good condition. This helps the worker
55
to prevent them from electrical accident. Then, one of the advantages, the
officers always brief to their workers about the dangerous in the working site
before they start working.
iii.
Objectives of this research are accomplished where TNB employees have
fulfilled all the elements of Safety and Health Act. There are many safety
elements can be practice as to make sure that the employees are safe at the
working site. Some of the elements are safety policy, safety committee,
safety precaution, safety programs and training. Although the elements have
been practiced by TNB quite for a long time, but still there are weakness to
accomplish this safety aspects. The management has to improve their
weakness to reduce number of accidents happen in TNB working site
especially accidents that can cause to death.
6.2
Recommendation
Safety of TNB employees is an important thing and should get more attention by
the employer. The employer should be responsible to make sure their employees are safe
while they are working at site. There are some suggestions that may be useful to rise up
safety and health practice by the employees. The suggestions are:
i.
Promote more electrical safety practices.
ii.
Give more safety training and skill to operate electrical tools and
machines.
iii.
Avoid the workers from overwork to prevent stress while they are
working.
iv.
The management should often check their workers condition at the
working site at least once in a month, but from Occupational Safety and
56
Health 1994, Part VII Section 31, safety committee have to inspect at
least once in three month.
v.
Aim for ISO 18001 in order to increase the integration of quality,
environmental, and occupational health and safety management systems
by organizations
57
REFERENCES
1
U.S. Department of Labor Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(2002) “Controlling Electrical Hazard”.
2
Suruhanjaya Tenaga (2006) “Analisa Kemalangan Elektrik di Malaysia Bagi
Tahun 2002 hingga 2006”.
3
NIOSH-TNB Safety Passport, 2007.
4
Tenaga Nasional Electrical Safety Regulation, Distribution, July 1996.
5
Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994.
6
Rahinah Bte Abd Rahman (2006) “Electrical Safety Training Aid”.
7
Gayle Woodside and Dianna Kocurek (1997). “Environmental, Safety, And
Health Engineering” 605 Third Avenue: New York.
8
Mohd Alias B. Yusuf (2002) “Amalan Keselamatan Yang Baik Di Tapak
Binaan” UTM.
9
Badrie Abdullah (1995) “Safety at Work A Hanbook to the Occupational Safety
& Health Act 1994” Aliran Pusaka Sdn. Bhd: Kuala Lumpur.
58
APPENDIX A
SITE VISITING AT TENAGA NASIONAL BERHAD JOHORE BAHRU
Figure A: Cable Jointing
Figure C: Cutout at PMU
Figure B: Cable Clamping
Figure D: Circuit Breaker (Substation)
APPENDIX B
ELECTRICAL SAFETY PRACTICES BY TNB DISTRIBUTION QUESTIONNAIRE
This questionnaire is to study about electrical safety on current practices by Tenaga
Nasional Berhad, Distribution focusing in maintenance. Be assured that all the
information given would be treated as confidential. Please answer the following
question truthfully. Thank you for your co-operation.
From scale 1 to 5; 1 = very unsatisfied, 5 = very satisfied; circle the following
answer:
(A) Safety Policy
1 Level of your understanding on the safety policy that your
company practices
1 2 3 4 5
2 Duty and responsibility of every individual in your company policy
have been specified
1 2 3 4 5
3 Safety practices level in the policy
1 2 3 4 5
4 Statement of personal protective equipment for the workers
according to their field in the policy
1 2 3 4 5
(B) Safety Committee
1 Daily, weekly, and monthly safety inspection on site
1 2 3 4 5
2 Discussion and meeting held every week and whenever needed
1 2 3 4 5
3 Planning and conducting safety programs for workers
1 2 3 4 5
4 Give explanation and education to their workers
1 2 3 4 5
(C) Safety Precaution
1 Applying the most important safety practices among the employees
1 2 3 4 5
2 The management have identified the risk that will probably be
exposed to the employee while they are working
1 2 3 4 5
3 Working environments are fine to work with
1 2 3 4 5
4 Employees wear proper outfit while they are in the working area
1 2 3 4 5
5 Signboards at working site are well prepared
1 2 3 4 5
(D) Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
1 The employer provides and ensure that each worker uses the
appropriate personal protective equipment
1 2 3 4 5
2 The management have identified the risk that will probably be
exposed to the employees while they are working
1 2 3 4 5
3 The management has provided fire extinguisher at the working site
1 2 3 4 5
4 The equipments and tools are in good condition
1 2 3 4 5
(E) Safety Promotion
1 Provide safety scheme award for employee that practice safety
practice
1 2 3 4 5
2 Organize monthly or weekly safety program
1 2 3 4 5
3 Enforcement of safety campaign, poster and seminar
1 2 3 4 5
4 Give bonus and incentive to the employees
1 2 3 4 5
(E) Safety Programs And Training
1 Your satisfactory level for the safety program organized
1 2 3 4 5
2 Briefing within employees before start working
3 Exposure to the danger in every work process
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
4 Motivate the employees before and during the work
1 2 3 4 5

ELECTRICAL SAFETY PRACTICES BY TENAGA

Transcription

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