Theology of Struggle - Silliman University

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SILLIMAN JOURNAL
Margaret Helen Udarbe-Alvarez, Ph.D., Editor
Gina Fontejon-Bonior, MEd, Associate Editor
Warlito S. Caturay Jr., MA, Associate Editor
Ian Rosales Casocot, BMC, Production Editor
Nenith P. Calibo, Business Manager
EDITORIAL BOARD
Gina Fontejon-Bonior, MA
Earl Jude Paul L. Cleope, Ph.D.
Jose Edwin C. Cubelo, Ph.D.
Roy Olsen D. de Leon, MS
Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, Ph.D.
Enrique G. Oracion, Ph.D.
Betsy Joy B. Tan, Ph.D.
Wilma M. Tejero, MBA
Lorna T. Yso, MLS
OVERSEAS EDITORIAL BOARD
Dennis Patrick McCann, Ph.D.
ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱĴȱǰȱDecatur, Georgia, USA
Ceres E. Pioquinto, Ph.D.
English Lecturer, HMZ Academy/Dialogica Zug, ǰȱ ĵ
Laurie H. Raymundo, Ph.D.
Director, University of Guam Marine Laboratory, ǰȱǰȱ
Lester Edwin J. Ruiz, Ph.D.
Director, Accreditation and Institutional Evaluation,
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ
ȱȱȱǰȱĴǰȱǰȱ
Prof. Gina Fontejon-Bonior,
Volume 51 Number 2 | July to December 2010
Prof. Susan May F. Calumpang, Ph.D.
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Prof. Janet S. Estacion, Ph.D.
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Prof. Gail Tan Ilagan, Ph.D.
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Prof. Dennis Patrick McCann, Ph.D.
ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ
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Decatur, GA, U.S.A.
Prof. Enrique G. Oracion, Ph.D.
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Prof. Gaudelia A. Reyes, Ph.D.
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Prof. Ma. Caridad H. Tarroja, Ph.D.
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Prof. Margaret Helen Udarbe-Alvarez, Ph.D.
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BOARD
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REVIEWERS
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
Volume 51 Number 2 2010
The SILLIMAN JOURNAL is published twice a year under the auspices of Silliman
University, Dumaguete City, Philippines. Entered as second class mail matter at
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Or go to the SILLIMAN JOURNAL website at www.su.edu.ph/sillimanjournal
Cover and book design by Ian Rosales Casocot
Cover painting, “Egghead” by Paul Benzi Florendo, courtesy of the artist.
Printing by SU Printing Press, Dumaguete City
Editorial Notes
Margaret Helen F. Udarbe | 13
Identity As Not–[Im]Possibilities of an
Interreligious Dialogue From the Fringes
Giovanni Maltese | 19
Dynamics of Battered Filipino Women:
Validating a Dynamics of Abuse Model
Alicia F. Estrellado and
Rose Marie Salazar-Clemeña | 44
Therapeutic Adventure Programming
with Mixed Population in the Philippines
Emmanuel V. Hernani | 73
Antioxidant Potential of Selected
Indigenous Fruits Using In Vitro
Lipid Peroxidation Assay
Racquel Tan Chua | 90
The Vertebrate Biodiversity of the
Gigantes and Sicogon Islands,
Iloilo Province, Philippines
Abner A. Bucol, Angel C. Alcala, Leonardo T.
Averia, Ely L. Alcala, and Lirio Cordova | 105
Assessment on the Forest Remnants of
Abner A. Bucol, Edward O. Maningo,
Leonardo T. Averia, Lirio Cordova
and Josie Rodriguez | 132
CONTENTS
THEOLOGICAL FORUM PART II
Theology of Struggle Yesterday, Today
and Tomorrow
169 | Everett Mendoza
Who Would You Invite to your Banquet?
173 | Lester Edwin J. Ruiz
The Gospel According to Lualhati Bautista:
Crying-out, Resisting, Asserting,
and Celebrating
180 | Lizette G. Tapia-Raquel
NOTES
Marx’s Ideas About Freedom:
An Exposition and Commentary
199 | Karl James E. Villarmea
Light on the Mountain
224 | Rowena Tiempo-Torrevillas
“I’m Home”
229 | Rowena Tiempo-Torrevillas
On the Question of Poetry and Rage
234 | J. Neil C. Garcia
FILM REVIEW
Don’t Look Away:
On Brillante Mendoza's Kinatay
243 | Ian Rosales Casocot
NOTICE TO AUTHORS
PUBLICATION GUIDELINES
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SILLIMAN JOURNAL
12
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
JULY TO DECEMBER 2010
VOL. 51 NO.2
13
ȃȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱǲȱ
ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǯȄ
Virginia Woolf
ǻŗşŘşǼ
ȃȱȂȱ ȱȱȱȱ
¢ȱȱȱȱ ǯȄ
Mary Oliver
ǻŗşşŘǼ
EDITORIAL
NOTES
I
welcome all of you to the latest issue of
Silliman Journal, one that is as diverse as it
could possibly get, with contributions from
theology and the humanities, social and natural
sciences, and literature and the arts. The cover
art entitled “Egghead” is by Paul Benzi Sebastian
Florendo who is currently with the Creative
Design Department of Foundation University
in Dumaguete City, Philippines.
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As Not–[Im]Possibilities of an Interreligious
Dialogue from the Fringes” by one of Silliman
VOL. 51 NO. 2
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
EDITORIAL NOTES
14
University’s visiting researchers/lecturers Giovanni Maltese from the
University of Heidelberg, Germany. Gio sets his thesis on a backdrop of
ideas by the philosopher Giorgio Agamben as applied to interreligious
dialogue, but concludes that his “essay does not claim to have any
original solutions, but wishes to be an essay in its most literal sense:
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a fresh naming of the new old problems and which may help us to
describe them, guessing that this might inspire us to “pagtuo, paglaom
ug gugma” [faith, hope, and love].
Maltese’s paper is followed by “Dynamics of Battered Filipino
Women” where psychologists Alicia Estrellado and Rose Marie
Clemeña attempt a validation of an “abuse model” developed in a
previous study published in the Philippine Journal of Psychology in 2009.
The qualitative study of twenty women shows that the model can be
useful for understanding the concerns of women survivors of abuse.
Third, psychologist Emmanuel Hernani describes therapeutic
adventure programming as utilized with a mixed clientele of 302
participants in Cebu City, central Philippines. The program included,
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group discussion, and interviews.
The full-length articles are rounded up by three studies from
the natural sciences. First, Racquel Chua describes the “Antioxidant
Potential of Selected Indigenous Fruits Using In Vitro Lipid Peroxidation
Assay.” Kel studied indigenous fruits grown in the Cordillera region
such as ayosep, bitungol, kalamondin, marble tomato, native lacatan,
native passion fruit, pinit, rattan, tamarillo, and tumok. All the fruits
exhibited greater antioxidant potential than Vitamin E with native
passion fruit and rattan exhibiting the greatest antioxidant potential.
Finally, Abner Bucol and colleagues report on two researches
done at the Gigantes and Sicogon Islands of Iloilo Province, central
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on the areas’ forest resources.
READERS FORUM
This year ’s Readers Forum is a continuation of the Theological
Forum begun in the second issue of SJ 2009, volume 50. In that issue,
Karl Villarmea introduced the Forum’s theme—Theology of Struggle
(ToS)—with discourses by Erme Camba, Revelation Velunta, Eleazar
Fernandez, and Ferdinand Ammang Anno. The current issue includes
the ToS essays of Everett Mendoza, Lester Edwin Ruiz, and Lizette
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
VOL. 51 NO.2
MARGARET UDARBE-ALVAREZ
15
Tapia-Raquel.
NOTES SECTION
We have a bit of a mix in this issue’s Notes Section. First, religious
studies professor Karl Villarmea expounds on Marx’s ideas about
freedom. One reviewer asked us “Is anyone still interested in Marx
and his ideas?” Karl apparently is, and invites our interest in the topic.
The second contribution in the Notes Section is composed of two
brief essays by the writer, resident director of the 2010 National Writers
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on the occasion of the workshop’s opening program, and the other
on the occasion of the closing (at the end of three weeks) of the same
workshop, poignantly titled “I’m Home.”
Finally, J. Neil Garcia begins “On the Question of Poetry and Rage”
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am—as yet—unable to write a poem about this massacre’s unspeakable
and maddeningly complex ‘text’ … but see, this is just me.”
REVIEW SECTION
Our lone contribution to this issue’s Review Section is by Ian Rosales
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written by Armando Lao and directed by Brillante Mendoza. Watching
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dark underbelly” that has “stayed with me with a malevolent power I
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breathing, a haunted voice that plagues the consciousness. It comes and
goes, and when it does descend, it unsettles—as it must.” That kind of
a review urges one to get a copy of the movie, fear notwithstanding.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
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and loyal readers. Special thanks go to the talented Ian Casocot who
not only lays out the SJ and works closely with Silliman Press, but also
invites contributions in various genre and expands our publishing
network. I also wish to thank my friend and colleague Allan Bernardo
for helping us recruit contributions to SJ from interested and interesting
VOL. 51 NO. 2
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
16
scholars outside of Silliman University.
The 1993 Nobel Prize for Literature recipient Toni Morrison has
said: “We die. That may be the meaning of life. But we do language.
That may be the measure of our lives.”
Margaret Helen F. Udarbe
Editor
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
VOL. 51 NO.2
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VOL. 51 NO. 2
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
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SILLIMAN JOURNAL
VOL. 51 NO.2
19
Identity As Not–(Im)Possibilities of an
Interreligious Dialogue From the Fringes:
Exploring Giorgio Agamben
and the Interreligious Dialogue1
Giovanni Maltese
University of Heidelberg
The present essay explores if and how selected political concepts
developed by the philosopher Giorgio Agamben can be applied
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Agambian concepts such as ‘Homo Sacer’ and ‘The Cut of
Apelles’, this paper discusses problems of representation,
identity and inclusion/exclusion, which are structurally inherent
in interreligious dialogues. The essay concludes sketching
the potential of Agamben’s category of ‘messianic-suspended
identity’ in connection with a method of radical historization for the
interreligious dialogue.
KEYWORDS: interreligious dialogue, identity, exclusion, inclusion,
representation, homo sacer, Messianic suspension
(IM)POSSIBILITIES OF
INTERRELIGIOUS DIALOGUE?
ȱȱŘŖŖşȱȱȱȱȱȱ, the Hindu American
Foundationǰȱȱȱȱ ȱĴȱȱȱȱȱ
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ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ Hindu Dharma
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I
1
This paper was presented on 19 January 2010 for the Horace B. Silliman Lecture Series organized by the
Philosophy Department and School of Public Affairs and Governance, Silliman University, Dumaguete
City, Negros Oriental, Philippines. I thank Uli Harlass and the SJ Reviewer for their comments on earlier
drafts of this paper.
VOL. 51 NO. 2
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
20
EXPLORING GIORGIO AGAMBEN
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ǯȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
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ȁȱȂǰȱǯǯǰȱinterreligious exclusionȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ
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ȱ ¢ǯȄȱ Secondlyǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ within one’s
ownȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǻintraȱ ¡Ǽǯȱ Thirdly, the
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ȱȱȱ¡ȱȱǯȱȱȱinterȱ¡ȱ
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ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱ Ȭ¢ǯȱ ȱ all existingŘȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ all existingȱ ȱ
ǵȱȱȱȱWorld Parliament of Religionȱȱȱ
2
Italics are to notify, that this is just a hypothetic sentence; we cannot discuss the epistemology implied
here.
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
VOL. 51 NO.2
G. MALTESE
21
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ȱ ȃ¢ȱ ȱ Ȅȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ¢ȱ ¢ȱ
Ěȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ
ǵȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱęȱȱǰȱȱȱ
ȱȱȬȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȁȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȂǵȱȱȱǰȱȃȱȱ¢Ȅȱȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ Ȭ¡ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ
ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ self-exclusionȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȧ
ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ¢ȱ ǻȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ Ȃȱ ¢Ǽǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ¢Ǳȱ
ȁȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃǰȱ ȱ
intrasubjective exclusionȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱǰȱ ȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ǯ
3
Of course this is a perspective informed by postcolonial studies (see for example Said, 1978; Spivak,
1988; Bhabha, 1994).
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ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǱȱIs interreligious dialogue worth
ȱȱȱǵȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
¢ȱȱ¢ȱǵȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱǵ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ¢ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȁȱ
Ȃȱ ȱ ȁȂȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȁȂȱ ȱ ȁȂȱ
ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȃ£ȱ
ȱ Ȅȱ ǻȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ŗşşŞǼǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ěȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ
ȱ ǯ4ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ǰȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱĜȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ
ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȁ
ȱȂȱȱȁȱ
ȱȱȂǰȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ¢ȱȱ
Ȧ¡ǰȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ
ǯȱȱȱǰȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȂȱ
¢5ȱ ȱ ȁȬȱ ¢Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱ£ȱȱȱȱǯ
*,25*,2$*$0%(1·67+28*+7
AND INTERRELIGIOUS DIALOGUE
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ
ȱ ǰȱ ȱ Homo Sacerǰȱ ȱ Ě¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱǰȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ interǰȱ intraȱ ȱ
subjective ¡ǯ
4
This is especially valid if one considers the transnational aspects of today’s politics, religion and
migration. Netherland-based Filipino Scholar Gemma Cruz-Chia, who has done research on Filipina
Domestic Workers in Hong Kong, can say “that any study of migrants that ignores the role of religion will
most likely be incomplete and skewed”, pointing to Sociologist Timothy Smith’s thesis “that immigration
itself is a ‘theologizing their experience’” (Cruz-Chia, 2007, p. 212).
5
The term category is used here not in the Katnian sense, but synonymous to tool of analysis.
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Homo Sacer and Citation: The Outside That Is Inside,
and the Inclusive Face of Exclusion
ȱ ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ¡ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ £ǯȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȁȂ6ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱ ǯȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǻȱŘŖŖŞǼȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¡ȱȱǯȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȃ£ȱȱ¢ȱȱěȄȱ
ȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¡ȱǻěȱŘŖŖŚǰȱŜŗŘǼǯŝ
Ȃȱȃȱ ȄȱǻȱȱȱŘŖŖřǰȱŘřǼȱ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ Homo Sacerǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ Homo Sacerȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢¢ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱ Ĵȱ ǯȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ęǯȱ ȱ Homo Sacerȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ
ȱ ¢ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Homo Sacerȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ ǰȱȱHomo Sacer
ȱȱȱŞ zoe (zwh.)ȱ ǰȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱbios (bi,oj)ǰȱȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǻȱ
ŗşşŞǼǯȱȱȱǰȱHomo Sacerȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȃȄȱ ǻȱ ŘŖŖśǰȱ ŗřŞěǲȱ ȱ ŘŖŖŚǰȱ ŗŗŝǼȱ ȱ
¡ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Homo Sacer,
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ǯşȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱHomo Sacer
6
Agamben’s distinction between political, religious, cultural and ethnic is not always clear.
7
It is important to note, that a large part of Agamben’s work, especially for example the tetralogy Homo
Sacer genealogical in character. This historical analysis, however, is not that of an Historian, but that of a
Philosopher who seeks to find paradigms for forging new epistemological categories. This is an important
aspect, since Agamben’s work has been vehemently criticized from the historic-methodological point of
view, as can be seen in the reaction to Agamben’s paradigmatic comparison between the rightlessness of
Guantanamo detainees and the lack of rights of the detainees in the Nazi’s concentration camps (Raulff,
2004, pp. 610–615).
8
Technically speaking Homo Sacer could be both, male or female. For reasons of space and clearance,
however, in the whole paper, we will have to avoid the gendered formulation his/her.
9
This paradox is present ab ipsa polysemia adjectivi as sacer, which means both sacred and cursed.
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ȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǻȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
Ǽȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ŗŖȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǯȱ ȱ ȱ
ǰȱȱHomo Sacerȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
¡ȱ £ȱ ȱ ěǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ
ǯŗŗȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ǯ
The Withdrawal of the All, First Glances at the Cut of Apelles and
First Implications for Interreligious and Intrareligious Exclusion
The Withdrawal of the All
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ Ȭ ǰȱ ǯǯǰȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǯǰȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ
ěȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱȬ ȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȬȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻinterȱ ¡Ǽȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǻintraȱ¡Ǽǯ
10
For Agamben, this paradoxical simultaneousness is also displayed in the polysemy of the Italian term
bando (Agamben, 1998).
11
There are two more concepts which exemplify the antinomy of inside/outside-simultanity. Epistemologically speaking, Agamben finds this paradox in the concept of paradigm. Paradigm, from the Greek
“paradigme [… *para–deigmh,] what shows itself beside” (Agamben, 2002), though Agamben’s point
here is more apologetic in nature. Agamben illustrates it with a grammatical paradigm, which is meaning
within a grammar lesson is derived from the fact that it has been emptied. ‘I love you’ as a paradigm of
conjugation (I love you, You love…, He/She/It loves… etc.) is emptied of its original meaning. ‘I love you’
is completely taken out of any context of meaning, stripped off its original meaning. Yet it is able to show
the system of language (grammar) in which ‘I love you’ may be pronounced in a meaningful way. The
paradigm is something that stands outside its context; something that has been excluded from its context,
but is not completely meaningless, since it still belongs to the original context. Otherwise it would not be
possible to use it as example for explaining grammar. Almost the same could be said of the concept of Citation (Agamben, 2005, 138ff). Agamben affirms that the essence and powerful subversiveness of a citation
relies on the fact, that the new meaning performed by it constitutively and simultaneously holds together
the old and the new context of the quote. A citation makes the most sense if one knows the original context
it is taken from. At the same time, this context is crossed out, while the present context is dominant. The
citation, therefore, contains two meanings at the same time, which are mutually constitutive. For ontological implications see also Jacques Derrida’s concept of “sous rature”, (Derrida, 1990, 77ff), and additionally,
in relation to Agamben’s discussion on the “nominal sentence” (Agamben, 2005, 127ff), Judith Butler’s
“performative signifiers” (Butler, 1993, 208ff). Paradigm and Citation, thus, illustrate the outside, that
draws its meaning from the context it has been ‘cut’ or removed from.
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ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ
ȱȱȱȱȂȱ ȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ religion Aȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱreligion Bȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻȂȱŘŖŖŝǰȱŞȮŗŜǼǯŗŘ
¢ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǯȱǰȱȂȂȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
interȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ intraȱ ǰȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĝ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ inter-ȱ ȱ
intraȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ¢ȱ
it.ŗřȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǽǳȱ Ǿȱ Ȅȱ
ǻȱŘŖŖśǰȱśśěǼǰȱȱȱȱȱ£ǯȱȱȱ Ǳȱ
ȱ ȃȄȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯŗŚȱĴȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȃȄȱ ǻȱ ŘŖŖśǰȱ śřěǼǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȃ¢ȱ
ȄȱǻȱŘŖŖśǰȱśśěǼǯȱȱȱ ȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱ
ȁȂȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ǳȱ ȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ǯǯǰȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱǯ
The Cut of Apelles
ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱǯȱǽǳǾȱȱ ȱȱȱęȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǯȱȱǰȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ǰȱ Ĵȱ ȱ
12
And this may be even more the case with regards to different regional contextes, which calls for more
interdisciplinarity between theologians and scholars from religious studies, ethnology, sociology, etc.
13
This is also the Achilles heel of Habermasian approaches to interreligious dialogue, see (Biebricher,
2005, 248; 240–242). For a discussion of the implications for poststructuralist and post-Marxist politics,
see (Laclau, 1996; Laclau, 2007). As already mentioned, examples like the World Parliament of Religions
and their World Ethics seem to be understood by all, but their reasonability applies only to those who share
the same concept of reason and its political agenda. Postcolonial Studies have shown that certain concepts
of ‘reason’ can be Trojan horses of a certain politics, if not of epistemic violence (Spivak, 1988). This must
be honestly said, especially when the material content of the World Ethics is decidedly shared, which is
obviously my own case.
14
Cf. the Aristotelian bonmot, which states that the whole is always more than just the sum of its parts
(Metaphysics, VII, 1041b).
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ȱȱǯȱǻȱŘŖŖśǰȱśŖěǼ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱǰȱȱĴȱ
ȱ ęȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ inęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
deęȱǯ
ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ǻǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ
ǯȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ de factoȱ ȱ
Ȭ¤Ȭȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȂȱěȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǯȱ ȱ ǽǯǯȱ ¢ȱ
Ǿȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱę¢ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ
ǽȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ¢Ǿȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
¢ȱȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱȱęǰȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǯȱǻȱ
ŘŖŖśǰȱŚşěǼ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȬ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ
ȱ¢ŗśǱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ¢ȱěȱȱȱ¢ǯȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱǻ
ȱŘŖŖŞǰȱŘřŚǲȱĴȬĵȱŘŖŖŞǰȱŘřŘǲȱȱ
ŘŖŖşǰȱŞŚǼǯŗŜ
ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱ
ȱ Ȃȱ ǯȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯŗŝȱ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ
15
Though its epistemology is not shared, this expression is borrowed from Amos Yong’s realistic approach,
whose most important feature is a Peircean “contrite fallibilism” (Yong, 2000, p. 100).
16
With regard to newer ecumenical dialogues, see Walter Hollenweger’s critique (for example Hollenweger,
1999) and the special issue in Pneuma, 2008, 30 (2) and Macchia’s Editorial (Macchia, 2008).
17
Our understanding of subjectivation draws on Michel Foucault studies on power (Foucault, 1994a;
Foucault, 1994b). In modern times, man perceives himself as an individual who possesses freedom
and rights. By the setting of rights and privileges and making them personally available, a process of
individualization takes place, which offers the human being the emancipation from object towards subject.
This move, however, from object to subject, puts a yoke on the individual’s neck: he becomes sub-jectus
to a (meta-)system of rights and duties (Agamben, 1998, 119f). Following this concept of subjectivity, the
subject’s presumed freedom and rights is at the price of one’s own subjectivation, in the literal sense of the
latin term sub-jectus i.e. being thrown under (as participium passivum of subjacere).
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ȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱ ȱęȱȱ¢ȱ¡ȱȱ
ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǼ
¢ǰȱȱĴȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱěȱȱȬȱbíosȱ ȱ
ȱȁȂȱ¡ȱȱȱȱHomo Sacerȱȱȱ ȱǰȱȱ
homo sacer suae religionis.ŗŞȱȱȱȱhomo sacer suae religionis’, who
ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱzoèǰȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱȱ
ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ£ȱȱ¡ȱȱȱ
ȱǻǼȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ǻǱȱǼȱǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ intraȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ£ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȬȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱ¡ǰȱȱȱ¢ȱ¡ȱȱȱ
¢ȱǰȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱ Ĵȱ¢ȱȃȱȬȱȱȄȱǻȱŘŖŖşǰȱ
ŘŚśěǼǯȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ǰȱ ǯŗşȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢Ȭ
ȱȱȱȱȁȂȱȱȁȂȱȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱ ȱ Ȧȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ homo sacer suae religionisǯȱ Ȧȱ
ȱȱ¡ȱ¢ǰȱ ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȦȱȱ¡ǰȱȱ ȱ¡ȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ǯŘŖȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ homo sacer suae religionis ȱ
18
In classical Latin sacer stands with the genitivus possessivus, the dativus is used only in pre- and postclassical Latin. Yet it could be constructed also with a dativus commodi, meaning that the homo is sacer from
the point of view of or for his religion, such as in homo pro sua religione sacer. With regard to Latin style,
it should read homo suae religionis sacer or even better homo suae propriae religionis sacer or respectively
homo suae (propriae) religioni sacer. Here, the shortest and simplest variant was preferred. I thank Stefan
Meisters for helping me work this out.
19
Looking at the history of the Christian context, one could argue that one of the major and best
documented schisms, the protestant reformation, (which, all but reformation, ended up in being initially
regarded as religion, and at least confession or denomination), could be negotiated politically only after
the so-called Religionsgespräche. Thus the religious-political Pax Augustana, which celebrated its 450th
birthday recently, is among other factors the outcome of these Religionsgespräche. A central document of
this is the Confessio Augustana (Bornkamm, 1956), which constructs an inclusive protestant meta-identity
at the cost of the so-called Anabaptists and Spiritualists, who were stigmatized and excluded (CA, §§ 5;
9; 16; 17). Another example are the conservative sects within the Catholic church, which are critic of the
Second Vatican Council, and which are now being (re)embraced by the politics of Pope Benedict XIV. Best
known, since some Holocaust-denying expressions by Bishop Richard Williamson (Lipstadt 2010, 571), is
the case of the Society of St. Pius X and the interreligious implications of their opposition to Nostra Aetate
(Beinert, 2009; Bischof, 2009; Hünermann, 2009)
20
See also the discussion on the Agambian notion of ‚paradigm’ and ‚citation’ under 2.1, footnote 11.
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ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢Řŗ
ȱ¢ȱȱ¢ǯŘŘȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¡ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢Ȭȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢Ȭȱ
Ȭȱȱȱ£ǯȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯ
The State of Exception: Declaration of Anomy as Legitimization
RID¶1HZ1RUPDOLW\·
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǻǯǯȱ ȱȁȂǼǰȱȱ
ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻHomo Sacer, zwh.Ǽǰȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ(bi,oj)ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ£ǯȱȂȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱ
¢ǰȱ ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ£ȱȱǰȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱǻěȱŘŖŖŚǰȱŜŖşǼǯȱ
ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ĴȂȱ
ęȱȱ“Ausnahmezustand”ȱǻȱŘŖŖŞǰȱ¢ȱśřǼȱȱ
ȱęȱȱĴȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ£ȱȱ¡
ȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱÇǯȱ
¢ȱȱȱȱ¡¢ǰȱȱ¡ǰȱ ȱȱȱ
¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱǽǯǯǯǾȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱǯȱǽǳǾȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱǻěȱŘŖŖŚǰȱŜŖşǼ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǻȱ ȱ
ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȬǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
21
For the poststructuralist notion of 'hybridity,’ see Bhabha (Bhabha, 1994; Rutherford, 1990). This
genealogical approach, which studies the history of religion with focus on discontinuities rather than on
continuities, and tries to explain consistencies instead of inconsistencies, draws from the works of scholar
of religious studies Michael Bergunder (Bergunder, 2007; Bergunder, 2009a; Bergunder, 2010) and Jörg
Haustein (Haustein, forthcoming). Although their postcolonial approach is informed by a Derridarean
epistemology and opposes Agamben’s metaphysical framework.
22
The Agambian concept of ‘anomy’ as a precondition of normality or, put in another way, normality
as a result of ‘anomy’ means that a new form of norm (i.e. rule or law) is legitimated by a declaration
of lawlessness, thus factual anomy for the greek anomoj. Agamben follows Carl Schmitt’s thesis, which
defines sovereign who decides on the exception. In the next chapter we will discuss the concept of ‘anomy.'
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ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ ¢ǯȱ ȱȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱȱ ȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱ¢ǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǻǯǯȱ ǰȱ Ǽǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ¢ȯ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱ £ǯŘřȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱȱ¢ǰȱǯǯȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ǰȱȱ
ȱȱ¡ȱ ȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱ ǰȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱ ȱȬǯȱȱȱȱȱǽǳǾȱȱȱ¡ȱȬ
¢ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ǽǳȱ Ǿȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ǰȱ ȱ
ȱȱ¡ǰȱȱ¡ȬȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǱȱȱ£ȱȱȱ
ǯȱǻȱŘŖŖśǰȱŗŖŚǼȱ
¢ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ£ǯȱȱȂȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻȱ Ǽȱ
¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱ ȱ¢ȱǻȱȱȱȬ¢Ǽȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱǲȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱĴȱ
ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǯȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ¢ȱ¡ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱȱȱ¡ȱǻ¢ȱȱȱ¡Ǽȱȱȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ǯȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ǰȱ ȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ
¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱǻȱŗşşŞǲȱ
ȱŘŖŖśǰȱŗŖŚěǲȱŗŖŞěǲȱěȱŘŖŖŚǰȱŜŗŗǼǯ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ
£ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ £ǯȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȁȱ Ȃȱ
ȱ ȱ ȁ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ¢Ȃǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȁȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȂǲȱȁȱȂȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃǲȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
23
Such as in the moral panics-campaigns of the Bush-administration, which launched to legitimate an
exceptional treatment for terrorists (and people suspected to be terrorists), such as waterboarding (Zizek, 2007)
and Guantanamo, which is still there, also after President Obama’s promotion to Nobel Peace Prize laureate.
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ȱ ȱ ȁȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢Ȃǯȱ ȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ǰȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ £ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱǯŘŚȱ ǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱ Ȭ
ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ
¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ Řśȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱǻǼǯȱ
ǰȱȱȱȱ ȱǻǼȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ¡ȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱǯȱȱȱǯȱ
ǰȱȱȱȬ
¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǻǼ¢ǰȱ
ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ǽǳǾȱ ǽȱ ǳǾȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
Ȅȱ ǻȱ ŘŖŖŚǰȱ ŜŖşǼǯŘŜȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¡ǰȱ¢ȱȱ¡¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ interȱ ¡ǯȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ȱǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱȱȬ¤Ȭȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱǱȱȱȱȱsubjective exclusion.
Religion Between the Private and the Public
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ
24
We are not evaluating these ‘causes’ here, nor are we analyzing their ideological thrust. On the descriptive
and formal level they are equivalent, in as they can be used to legitimate a state of exception.
25
In terms of abstractions‚ exceptional conditions’ and declared‚ state of exception are very alike, they
differ in range, effectiveness and on the level of representation on which they are uttered.
26
Politically speaking, the danger of the state of exception becoming the normal form of governance, is
certainly one of the motives why some “[l]awyers led by Senate President Jovito Salonga filed five separate
positions, asking the Supreme Court to nullify President Arroyo’s declaration of martial law [state of
exception] in Maguindanao” when she had declared the state of exception in parts of Mindanao, after the
horrible massacre in the Southern Philippines on 24 November 2009. A few days later the “[t]he Ampatuan
clan, … [which was presumably responsible for the massacre], who gave President Macapagal-Arroyo […]
controversial victories in the 2004 and 2007 elections, were labeled rebels” by the same President (Eguerra
et al., 2009).
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ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
Ȃȱ ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱǯŘŝ
ȱȱȱȱȱ Ȭȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ £ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ǻȱ ŘŖŖŞǰȱ ŘŖřǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȃȱ ·ȱ Ȅȱ ǻȱ ȱ ȱ ŘŖŖřǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȃȱ ȱ
ȱ Ȅȱ ǻȱ ŗşşŗǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻ
Ǽȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱ£ȱȱȱȱȱ£ǰȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱǻȱŘŖŖŗǰȱŚŗŞȮŚŗşǼȱǯȱȱǰȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱ
ȱ¢ȱǯȱȱȱ£ǰȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯŘŞȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȃȱ
ȱȱȄȱǻȱȱǰȱȗȱŚǲȱǯȱȱ
ŘŖŖşǼŘş which de-finesȱ ǻǯǯȱ Ǽȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȃȬ
ȄȱȱȱȃȬȄȱǻȱŘŖŖŚǰȱŜŗŘǼǯȱȂȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȃǽǳǾȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ
Ȅȱȱȱȱȱȃȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ¢ǰȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱ
ǰȱǽ Ǿȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ Ȅȱ ǻȱ ŘŖŖŚǰȱ ŜŗŘǲȱ ǯȱȱ ŘŖŖŘǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
27
Due to time constrains, we will have to refrain from elaborating on a definition of religion. Thus, in what
follows, we will ex negativo deal with definitions of religion, which seem to be misleading in the light of the
recent global developments and their relation to the discussion on interreligious dialogue. The notion of
religion implied here tries to avoid both a functional and substantial definition of religion, thus, historizing
and conceptualizing it through a genealogical and discourse-oriented approach (for further readings see
the introductive sections in Kippenberg & von Stuckrad, 2003; or Hock, 2002).
28
The communitarian relations and (identity)political implications of religious individuals, however
understood, therefore, seem to weaken well-intended suggestions of focusing more on “Spirituality as a
chance for intercultural theology” (Giordan, 2008) or interreligious dialogue.
29
It is important to note that Schleiermacher’s concept of “Geselligkeit” and his notion of plural interests
in the context of his Kant-critique also allows an opening towards the public character of religion (Welker,
1999).
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ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ Ȭȯȱ ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ Ȭȯȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ǯřŖȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȁ ¢Ȃȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ Ȧ
ǰȱȦȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ £ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȬȱǯ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ locusȱ ȱ rationaleȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢Ǽȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȁȱ Ȃǰȱ
¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱ
ȱ¢ȱǻȱŘŖŖŝǼǯ
The Messianic, the Cut of Apelles and the Remnant, Katargein,
Astheneia and Being As Not: Instrasubjective Exclusion and
Categories of Identitylessness?
ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱǯȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ
¡ȱ ȱȱȱȱȃȄřŗȱǻȱŘŖŖŚǰȱŗŗŜǼȱȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱȬ¡ǯřŘȱȱ ȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȬ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱ
ȱǯ
30
Schleiermacher’s definition of religion as “feeling of absolute dependence” has been criticized by many
Western thinkers, yet it is irreducible to the present notion of the discourse on religion (Bergunder, 2009b).
31
On subjectivation/desubjectivation see 2.2.2, especially footnote ‚ 17.
32
Non-exclusive identities, in the sense of a non-excluivist position, are, practically speaking, very
common among religious people with academic background or at least enough intercultural experience.
Hence, what is attempted here might seem to be trivial. However, a systematic and/or theoretical reflection
of such an identity position is rarely ventured. An introductory overview of the underlying classification
exclusivist-inclusivist-pluralist can be found in (Yong, 2000, p. 39; Knitter, 2002; Bernhardt, 2005).
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The Messianic, the Remnant and the Cut of Apelles Revisited
ȱ ȱ ȃ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ Ȅȱ ǻȱ
ŘŖŖśǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Romansȱ ȱ
ȱ ȃȱ ȱ ¡Ȅȱ ǻȱ ŘŖŖśǰȱ ŗǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȃȄȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȃĢȄȱǻǼȱȱ ǰȱǰȱǰȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱǻȱŘŖŖśǰȱŗěǲȱşşěǼǯřřȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ Ȭ¢ǯȱ
ȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱ¡ǰȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱ ȱǯȱȱȱǰȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱǯȱȃȱȱȱȱȱ
ǰȱǽǳȱǾȱȱȱǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱęȱǰȱ ȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȬ ȱȱ ȱȱȱ
ȄȱǻȱŘŖŖŚǰȱŗŘŘǼǯȱ
ȱȱȱ ǵȱȂȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
¢ȱǰȱȱĴȱ ȱęȱȱ¢ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǰȱȱ¢ȱȱinęȱȱȱ
ȱȱęȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱ¡ǰȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ǰȱ
Ȃȱȱȱthe Messianicȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ
ęȱȱȱ¢ǯȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ
¡ȱ ȱ ¢ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȁȱ
Ȃȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱǯ
Astheneia and Katargein
ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ Ǳȱ
ȱǻǯǯȱǼȱȱȬ ȱǻǼǯȱ
ǰȱȱ
33
Though for Paul’s Romans the Messianic is constituted by faith in Jesus as Christ/Messiah, the following
transfer of Agamben’s concept does not imply fideistic belief in the Person of Jesus Christ, not even in
terms of historical person. It is sufficient to understand the Messianic as a discursive or theoretical concept
for a chosen self-denial in the context of interreligious dialogue. Christians, who believe in Jesus Christ
could, of course, add to this theoretical aspect a theological rationale for engaging interreligious dialogue
with this attitude and elaborate on the implication of one’s belief in the Word made flesh. Thanks to Markus
Rackow for bringing this objection to my mind.
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ȱ¡ǰȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ
ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǯǯȱ Ǽǯȱ ȱȂȱ
ǰȱ ȱ factumȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ěȱ ȱ
ȱǻǯȱřǱŘŞǼǯřŚȱȱȱȱȱ¢Ȭǰȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ Ě¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ breathlyȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȱ ŘŖŖśǰȱ śŗǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ǳȱ
ȃȱ ȱ Ȅȱ ǻȱ ŘŖŖśǰȱ ŘřǼȯȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǻǼȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ remnantǯȱ ȱ Ȭ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȃȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ȱ
ȱȱ ȱǲȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱǽǳǾȱ
ȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȄȱǻȱŘŖŖśǰȱśŘǼǯȱȱȱ
Ȭ¢ȱȱȱȱȱnonȬ¢ȱǻȱȱ¢Ǽǰȱȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ(avsqenei,a|)ǰȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǻȃ¢ȄȱȱŘŖŖśǰȱşśěǲȱşŝǼǯȱȱ
ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȃȬȄȱǻȱŘŖŖśǰȱşŝǼȱ
ȱǰȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱ
ȱȱǯřśȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱkatargein (*katarge,w)ǰȱ ȱȱȱȱ
ȄȱȱǰȱȱǰȱȱȱȱĜ¢Ȅȱǻȱ
ŘŖŖśǰȱşśǼǯřŜ
ȱ katargeinȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ Ǳȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ
ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱ ȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȁĴȱȂȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȬ¢ȱ(*keno,w)řŝ,
ȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱǻ¢Ǽǯ
34
“There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither bond nor free, there is neither male nor female: for ye
are all one in Christ Jesus”.
35
Radical weakness as characteristic is understood hereas (self-)negation, thus it is not a positive essential.
36
It is this consciously accepted (better: received) lack of power, that distinguishes this concept from
trivializations, such as ‘Why can’t we all just be friends?’
37
I admit, that the concept of kenos is used here, which stems from another Pauline letter, Phil 2:5ff, is
based on a distinction between form and content, which is problematic in the context of poststructuralist
philosophy. It may serve as a ‘Christian metaphor’ for the Agambian talk about adynamia and katargein,
which works with rather tensional than dichotomous abstractions.
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Identity As Not
ȱȱȱȱĚȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱǵȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱAs Not (w`j mh.)ǯȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱĴȱȱȱ¢ȱ
ǰȱȱȱĴȱȂȱ¢ȱǰȱȱȱȱȬȱȱ
Ȃȱ ȱ¢ȃȱǻŗȱŝǱŘşȬřŘǼǱȱǽǳǾȱȱȱǰȱȱ
ȱǰȱȱǽǯǯǾȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǽǳǾȱǰȱǽǯǯǾȱȱ
ȱǽǳǰǾȱȱǽǳǰǾȱ¢ȱǽǳǰǾȱȱǽǳǰǾȱȱǽǳǰǾȱȱ
ȄȱǻȱŘŖŖśǰȱŘřǼǯȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǰȱȱȱremain
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǰȱȱȱȱȱlocusȱȱȱȱȬȱǻǼȱ
ȱȂȱ¢ǰřŞȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ ȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱkairòsȱȱȱ ȱǻȃĵĵȄȱȱŘŖŖśǰȱŗŚřǼǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ
¢ȱ ȱ Ěȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȱ ŘŖŖŚǼȱ ǰȱ
ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȃȱ ěȄȱ ǻȱ ŘŖŖśǰȱ
ŘřǼǯȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ǰȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱěȱ ȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȱ ŘŖŖśǰȱ ŘŚǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȃȱ ȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȄȱǻȱŘŖŖśǰȱŘřǼǯȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱ
Ĵȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ
ǰȱęȱȱȱȃȱǻȱŘŖŖśǰȱŚŗǼǯȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȬ¢ǯ
¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ Ȭ
¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȬȱȱǯȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱǯȱȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱ£ǰȱ
£ȱȱȱȱȱȃȱǽǳȱȱǳǾȱȱ
38
It might be helpful to draw parallels between this concept of non-identity and the ego-lessness suggested
by the Indian scholar of religious studies Vengal Chakkarai (Chakkarai, 1993, pp. 78–82). Yet Agamben’s
notion of remaining seems to be a regulative for not falling into what has been criticized as “internalization
of oppression” (Orevillo-Montenegro, 2006, p. 25) which leads to an oppressive(!) sacrifice attitude.
VOL. 51 NO. 2
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36
ǽǳǾȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǽǯǯǯȱ Ǿȱ ȱ
Ȅȱ ǻȱ ŗşŞŞǰȱ ŘşśǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻȱŘŖŖŗǰȱŘŞşǼǯȱȱȱ
ȱǰȱȱǰȱǰȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱǻȱȱȱ
Ǽǰȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ¢ǯřş
(IM)POSSIBILITIY OF NON-IDENTITY:
TOWARDS AN INTERRELIGIOUS DIALOGUE AS NOT
ȱȱȱȱȱǽǳǾȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱ
Ĵȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȁȱȱȱȱȱȂȱ
ǽǳǾȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǽǳǾȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ
ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǽǳǾȱȱ
ȱȱȂȱȱȂǵȱǻȱŘŖŖŞǼǯ
ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ǰȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȬ Ȭȱ
ȱȱHomo Sacerȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱǰȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȦȬ
¢ǯȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¡ȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ £ȱ
ȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ
ǱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȬȱȬȬȱ ȱ
engaging in interreligious encounter?ȱȱ¢ȱǰȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱ¡ȱȱȱ ¢ǯ
Ex negativo: (Suspended) Identity-As Not and Relativism
ȱ ȱȱas-notȬȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ
ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ As-NotȬȱ ȱ ȱ
39
Jürgen Moltmann’s understanding of a radical self-emptying of the God-man (kenosis), which peaks in
God’s absence at Calvary (Deus absconditus), and culminates in its empty grave (resurrectio), helped me
conceptualize this (Moltmann, 1974). See also 2.5, footnote 37.
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ȱȱȱȱěǰȱȱȱȱȱȱremaining
ȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱȱȱ Ǳȱ
ȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǵȱ ȱ ȱ
ǰȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȁȱȱȱȱȂȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȱ ŘŖŖśǰȱ ŘŜǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱǰȱ
ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȬǯŚŖȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱęȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȂȱ ȱȱ
¢ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ¢ȱ
ȱȱȱȬ¢ȱȱȱȱǯȱ
To Be or Not to Be: Historization as a Move Towards a Selfemptying, De-activating Remnant-identity
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱ
ȱ ǰȱ ǯǯǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ
¢ǰȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ£ǯŚŗȱȱȱ
£ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ¢ǯȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǼȱ ȱ ȱ ǻ¢Ǽȱ
ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǻȱ ŗşŝŝǼǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ
£ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȂȱ¢ȱ
ȱ¡ȱǻȱȱǼǰȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱĴȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ
ȱ ȁȱ ȂŚŘǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ
¡ȱȱȱȱȱȂȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱǻǯǯȱ
¢ǼǰȱȱȱȱȬ¢ȱȱȱǯȱ¢ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȂȱ ȱȱ¢ǰȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱǯȱ
40
Or in the wake of Derrida and Agambian’s notion of the Nominal Sentence: Being a non slave.
41
What follows draws from Michael Bergunder’s formal definition of religion and religious movements,
such as Esotericism (Bergunder, 2010) and Global Pentecostalism (Bergunder, 2007; Bergunder, 2009a).
Operationalizing insights from cultural and postcolonial studies, his work is unique in its attempt to
define the object of research of religious studies without essentialistic criteria and keeping the promise of
thorough methodological transparency.
42
We put the past in inverted comma, since the bringing together of the contingent events that represent
what is called the past is a performative act taking place in the present.
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38
ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ£ȱǻȱǱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǼȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǯȱ ȱ Ȭ¢ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǻȱ
Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ Ǽǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǱȱȱȱȱȱȱȂȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱǰȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǯȱȱȱȱ£ȱ
ȱ ¢ȱȱȱȬȱȱ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȁȂȱȱȱȱȱĴȱȱȱȂȱȁ ȱȂǯȱ
ȱ ¡ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ǳȱ Ȭ
ǻǼȱȱ ȱȬȬǻǼǯŚřȱȱȱȱǰȱ
ȱȱȱ£ǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ
other homines sacri suae religionisȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱ ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
Ȃȱȱȱǰȱȱ¢ȱȱȦȬ¢ǯȱ
(C)losing Remarks
ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
Ĝȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ interreligious, intrareligious,ȱ ȱ intrasubjective exclusionǯȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ěȱ ȱ Ȭ¢ȱ ȱ
ǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱǻǼȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȱ ŘŖŖŝǼǯȱ
ǰȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ£ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ
¢ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
43
Additionally to the Messianic, especially the Pneumatic of Romans (unfortunately omitted by Agamben,
arguably due to his relying on Benjamin) offers prolific avenues of articulation for such an approach from
within a non-non-Christian framework. A promising starting point could be the theologia religionum of
Chinese-American Pentecostal theologian Amos Yong (2000) and its exemplification in his latest book
on interreligious dialogue entitled Hospitality and the Other (Yong 2008). Freed from its legacy to Percian
realism this could offer fruitful venues for our discussion.
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ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǻȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǼ44.
¢ȱȱ¢ȱǱȱȁȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ £ǵȂȯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
Ěȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȯȱȱȱ ȱĴȱ
ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ Ȭ¤Ȭȱ ȁȱ Ěȱ ȱ ěȂ45ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ Ĵǯȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǱȱ
ȱĴȱȱ£ȱěȱȱ ȱ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ
ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȃǰȱȱ
ug gugma…”46
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44
Such as Thomas Biebriecher’s ‘backdoor elitism’ mentioned before (Biebricher 2005, 248; 240-242) or in
the sense of Gayatri Spivak’s self-critical tone in “Can the Subaltern Speak?” (Spivak 1988).
45
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Dynamics of Battered Filipino Women:
Validating a Dynamics of Abuse Model
Alicia F. Estrellado
Rose Marie Salazar-Clemeña
De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines
This study was designed to validate Estrellado and SalazarClemeña’s (2007) Dynamics of Abuse Model. It also aimed to
further explore and analyze dynamics of Filipino battered women.
"RVBMJUBUJWFTUVEZPGCBUUFSFEXPNFOXBTDPOEVDUFEVTJOHJO
depth interview. Participants reported 19 categories of abuse, 20
categories of contributing factors to abuse, 16 categories of effects
of abuse on women’s perception of self, view of the world, sense of
well-being, and interpersonal relationships, and 13 categories of
coping strategies. Responses were coded based on Estrellado and
Salazar-Clemeña’s model. The study demonstrated that Dynamics
of Abuse Model can be useful as a conceptual framework for
understanding concerns of battered women. Implications for
counseling practice and research are discussed.
KEYWORDS: battered Filipino women, model validation, dynamics
of abuse model, forms of abuse, contributing factors, effects of
abuse, coping strategies
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SILLIMAN JOURNAL
VOL. 51 NO.2
A.F. ESTRELLAO & R.M.S. CLEMEÑA
45
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VOL. 51 NO. 2
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DYNAMICS OF BATTERED WOMEN
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ȱřŘǯřȱ¢ǰȱ ȱȱȱȱŘŖȱȱśŝǯȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱşǯŜśȱ¢ǰȱ ȱȱȱȱŘȱȱ
Řśȱ¢ǯȱȱȱŘŖȱǰȱŜśƖȱǻƽŗřǼȱȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱŞǯŝŜȱ¢ǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŗŗǯŘŞȱ ¢ǯȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ ǯȱȱęȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱȱȱ Ȃȱ
ȱ ǻȱ ȱ Ǽȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵǰȱ ȱ
ȱǯ
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Table 1
6RFLR'HPRJUDSKLF3URÀOHRIWKH%DWWHUHG:RPHQ1 Variables
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
Categories
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
F
śśȬśşȱ ȱ
śŖȬśŚȱ ȱ
ŚśȬŚşȱ ȱ
ŚŖȬŚŚȱ ȱ
řśȬřşȱ ȱ
řŖȬřŚȱ ȱ
ŘśȬŘşȱ ȱ
ŘŖȬŘŚȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ŗ
Ŗ
Ř
Ř
Ř
ř
ś
śȱ
ȱĴȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
¢ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ś
Ş
ŝ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
¢ȱǻ¢Ǽȱ
ȱ
ȱ ȱ
ȱěȱ
ȱ ȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱ
¢ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ŝ
Ř
Ř
ŗ
ŗ
ŗ
ŗ
ś
ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ ȱȱ
ŗř
ŝ
ȱȱȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ŗȬśȱ
ŜȬŗŖȱ
ŗŗȬŗśȱ
ŗŜȬŘŖȱ
ŘŗȬŘśȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ŝ
Ś
ś
Ř
Ř
ȱȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ŖȬŘȱ
řȬśȱ
ŜȬŞȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
Ş
ş
ř
ȱ ȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǱȱ
ǽǾȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǲȱ ȱ ǽǾȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯ
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51
INSTRUMENTS
Personal Information Sheet.ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ǳȱ Ȃȱ
ǰȱǰȱȱĴǰȱǰȱȱǰȱ¢ȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱǯ
Interview Guide Questions.ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ǰȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱŗśȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¡ȱ¢ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱĴǰȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ
¢ǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ǰȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ
ěȱȱȱȱĴȱ Ȃȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱ
ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ
ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ
ȱ¢ǯ
PROCEDURE
¢ȱȱ ȱęȦȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱȱęȱȱǻƽŗŗǰȱśśƖǼǰȱ
ȱȱȬȱ£ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȧȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǻƽśǰȱ ŘśƖǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢Ȭȱ
ȱȱȱǻƽŚǰȱŘŖƖǼǰȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ
ȱȱǯ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱěȱȱ ǯȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱę¢ȱȱȱ ȱǯȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡¢ȱ Śśȱ ȱ şŖȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱĜȱ¢ǯȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǯȱ ȱ
ȱ Ȃȱ ǰȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
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ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
Ĵȱ¡ǯ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ
ǻȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ǽȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
¢£ȱȱǯ
ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ Ǳȱ Ǽȱ ȱ ȱ ǻ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ Ǽȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ Ǽȱ ȱ
ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱȱ£ȱȱȱȱ¢ǲȱȱǼȱ¢ȱȱ¡ȱ
ȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ
ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱȱǯ
RESULTS
Forms of Abuse
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ¡ȱ ǰȱ
ȱȱȱǻȱŘǼǯȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱǯ
Physical abuse.ȱȱ¡ǰȱȱĴȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱ
ěȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ ǰȱȱ
ȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱǲȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢¢ȱ ȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱĴȱ ȱȱȱ ǯȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱęǱ
ȱ ȱȱǰȱǰȱȱǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱǯ
¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱ£ǰȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ
ǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǯȱȱ
see these are my scars on my arms from the cuts I would get every time he would have knife in
ǯȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱǲȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǯ
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7DEOH
)RUPVRI$EXVH([SHULHQFHGE\WKH:RPHQ1 Domain
Categories
F
¢ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱȱĴ
ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱǰȱ ǰȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ŗŖ
Ş
Ŝ
ś
Ś
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱĴȱ ȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱǰȱĴȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ
ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȦȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱȱȱĴȱ ȱȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ŗŚ
Ŝ
Ś
ŗ
¢ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
Ȃȱ £ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ¡ȱ ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
Ȧȱęȱȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱ
¡ȱ ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱȦȱ¡ȱ ȱ
ȱ
ȱ¡ȱȱ ȱ
ȱ
¡ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ŘŖ
ś
Ś
Ř
ŗ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
Ş
Ś
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ś
Ř
ŗ
Psychological abuse.ȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱ¢ȱ
ȱǻȱŘǼǰȱ ȱȱĴȱȱ ȱȱȱ
ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
Ȧȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱ Ǳ
ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱ
He often says a lot of things to my face, but what I really could not take was when he told me
ȱ ȱ ǰȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǯȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǯ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȦȂȱ £ȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱ¡ȱ¢ȱȱȱ
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ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǱ
ȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱĴȱǯȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱȱ¢ȱǯ
ȱȱ ȱȂȱ¡ȱȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǯȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱ Ȧ¡ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ¡ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ¡ȱ¢ȱȱǱ
¢ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱǰȱȱęȱǯȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱ£ǯȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ
stomached being subjected to all the disgusting things he does, but I would not allow him to
ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǯ
Economic abuse.ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ
ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱęȱȱ
ȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱǯȱȱ ȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱȱ
ǰȱȱ ȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱǯȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǵȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱ
Ĵǰȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱǰȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱǵȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĚ ȱȱȱ ȱ
ǲȱȱȱȱ¢ǯ
Sexual abuse.ȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ¡¢ȱȱ
¢ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱ¡ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȂȱ
ȱȱ¡ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱǱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱęȱȱěǯȱ
ȱ ȱ
ȱěȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱǰȱȱȱ ȱȱěȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱǯȱȱ ȱ
ȱȱĴȱ¢ȱ ȱȱǯȱ
ȱȱ ȱěȱǻ¡Ǽȱǯȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱęǯ
ȱǰȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱĚȱ
ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ
ȱěȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱǯȱ
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ȱ¡ȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱǯȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱǰȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǯ
Contributing Factors
ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ
¢ȱȱȱ¡ȱ ȱ ȱęȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱǻȱřǼǯȱȱ
Intrapersonal factors.ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ǻȱ řǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ Ȭěǰȱ ¢Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȬęǰȱǰȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱǱ
ȱȱ ȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱĴȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱǲȱȱȱȱęȱǯȱȱȱ ȱǰȱȱ ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ¢ǯ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ Ȭȱ ęȱ ȱ
Ĝȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¡ǯȱ ȱ
ȱȱȂȱȱ Ǳ
ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ǯȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱǯȱȱ ȱ
ǰȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱ ȱ ǯȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȂȱ ȱȱ ǯȱȱ ȱ ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ
ǯ
ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǯȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ
ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ ȱ ȱȱ ǯȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱǯ
Interpersonal factors.ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ Ȭ
ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ǯȱȱǰȱ¢ȱȱǰȱȱǰȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱȱ¡ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ
¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¡ȱȱ¢ȱȱ
ǯȱȱ ȱĴȱȱȱȱ¡ęȱȱ
ęǱ
¢ȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ
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Table 3.
&RQWULEXWLQJ)DFWRUVWR$EXVHRQ:RPHQ
Domains
Categories
F
ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
¢ȱ
ȱȱȱȬęǰȱǰȱȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱȬȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱȱĜȱȱ ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ŗś
Ş
ś
ś
Ř
ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
Family Dynamics
ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱȱ
¢ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȦȱ
ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ŗŝ
ŗř
ŗŚ
ŗ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǻǰȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱę¢Ǽȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȦȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱȱ
¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱȱ
¢ȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ŗŞ
ŗř
ŗř
ŗŘ
Ş
ŝ
ř
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
Socio-cultural Factors
ȱȱȱȱ¡Ȭȱ¡ȱ
ȱȱȱěȱ ȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱȱȱĚȱ
ȱ
ŗŞ
ŗŖ
ś
Ś
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ¢ȱȱȱǯȱȱ ȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱǯȱǰȱȱ ȱȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱȱ¡ȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱ
ȱȱǯȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ
¢ȱȱǯ
ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱ
ȱȱǯȱ¢ȱǰȱȱǰȱȱȱ
ǰȱȱǰȱȱǰȱ¢ȱȱ¢ǰȱ
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Table 4.
3HUFHLYHG(IIHFWVRI$EXVHRQ:RPHQ
Themes
Categories
ȱȱȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱȬȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱ
¡ȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
F
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ŗŞ
Ŝ
Ś
Ś
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱȱǰȱ¢ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ŗŞ
ŗŗ
Ř
ȱȱȬȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱȦĴȱȱ
¡¢ȱ ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱȱ£¢ȱ
ȱ
ȱ¢ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ŗŝ
Ş
ś
Śȱ
Śȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ Ȧȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱ
ȱ
ȱȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ŗŖ
ş
Śȱ
ŗ
ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱȱȱ¡ȱȱ ȱǯȱȱ ȱǱ
ȱǰȱ¢ȱȱǰȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ ǯ
ȱȱȱȱȬȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡Ȭȱ
¡ǯȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ Ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ
ȱĴǯȱȱ
Perceived Effects
ȬȱěȱȱȱǻȱŚǼȱȱȱȱ Ȃȱ
ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ
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ȱǯ
Perception of self.ȱȱȱȱ ȱ¡ȱȱ ȱȱȱ
Ȭȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ
ȱȱ ȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȬ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ
ȱȱȱĴȱ ȱȱȱǱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ
ȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱȱǯ
ȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǯȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ ǰȱȱ
ȱ¢ȱǰȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱǯȱȱǰȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱǰȱȱ
ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
View of the world.ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ
¢ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ǯȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ěȱ ȱ
ȱȱ Ȃȱ ȱȱȱ Ǳ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱǯȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǯ
ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ȱǯȱȱȂȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯ
Sense of wellbeing.ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱěȱ
ȱȱǯȱ ǰȱȱ¡¢ȱǰȱȱȱȱ
£¢ǰȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ
ȱ¢ǰȱ ȱ¡ȱ¢ȱȱǯȱȱěȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
Ǳ
ȱȱȱęǯȱǰȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
¢ȱȱ ȱȱ ¢ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ ȱ
ȱǯ
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Table 5.
&RSLQJ6WUDWHJLHV2I%DWWHUHG:RPHQ
Themes
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
Categories
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
Ȧȱȱ
¢ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
¢ȱȱ ȱ
ȱ
Ȧȱȱ
ȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
F
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ŘŖ
ŗŞ
ŗŜ
Ś
Ś
Ȭȱȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱȱ
ȱ
Ś
Ȭȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ ȱ
ȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱ
¢ȱȱȱȱĴȱ ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ¡Ȭȱěȱ
ȱȱ
ȱȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ŗŞ
ŗř
Ŝ
ś
ś
Ś
Ś
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȂȱǯȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱǰȱ¢ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ£¢ǯ
Interpersonal relationships.ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǯȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ
ȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǱ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǯȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ǯȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱǰȱǰȱ
could I trust?
ȱȱǯȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǯȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ
ȱĴȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯ
Coping Strategies of Battered Women
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȱ śǼȱ ȱ ęȱ
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ȱ ǰȱ ¢ǰȱ ǰȱ Ȭǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ Ȭ
ǯ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ¡ǯȱȱ ȱ ȱȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ǯ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ
Ȭȱȱȱ ȱȱȱĴȱȱȱȱ
ǲȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǯ
ȱ ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǰȱ ǰȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǯȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ¢ȱĜǰȱȱ
ǰȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǱ
ȱ¢ȱȱǯȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ
ȱĴȱ¢ȱ¢ȱǯȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǯ
ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱĴȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱȱ
ȱȱȱęȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ
¡ȱȱěǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ
ǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱĴȱ ǯȱȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱęǱ
ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱ
ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯ
¢ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ
ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ǯȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ ȱȱȱ
ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯ
DISCUSSION
ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ¡ȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱ£ȬÛȂȱǻŘŖŖŝǼȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ
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¢ȱ¡ȱȱ¢£ȱĴȱ Ȃȱ¡ȱȱǰȱ
ȱȱȱǰȱěȱȱǰȱȱȱǯ
Forms of Abuse
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱěȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǰȱ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱĚȱȱǯȱȱęȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱ ȱ £ȬÛȱ ǻŘŖŖŝǼǯȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯ
¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱǰȱȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ£ȬÛȱǻŘŖŖŝǼǰȱȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǯȱ
ȱȱȂȱȱǰȱǰȱȱȱ
ǻȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
Ǽȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȂȱȱȱ¢ȱ
ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ǯȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ¡ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¡ȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱȱ¡ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ
ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱǯȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ Ȃȱ¢ȬȬ¢ȱ
ȱǻǰȱǰȱ ǰȱǭȱǰȱŘŖŖŖǼǯȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱǰȱ ȱę¢ȱȱȱȱǯȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱ ȱǻȱǭȱ£ȬÛǰȱŘŖŖŝǼǯ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȬȱ¡ǯȱȱȱ ęȱ ȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ
¢ȱȱȱȱȱȃȱȄȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱǯȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ £Ȭ
Ûȱ ǻŘŖŖŝǼǯȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
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ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱ
ǯȱȱ¢ȱ¡ȱ ¢ȱȱȱĜȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ǻȱȱǰȱŗşşŚǼǯȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǻȱ
ǭȱ £ȬÛǰȱ ŘŖŖŝǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱ
ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȂȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱ¡ȱ ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱǯ
Contributing Factors
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ
ȱ¢ȱ¢ȱǰȱȱȱȱĴȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱǯȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱ ǰȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ £Ȭ
Ûȱ ǻŘŖŖŝǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱ¢ǯ
ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ǻȱ ǭȱ £ȬÛǰȱ ŘŖŖŝǲȱ ȱ ǰȱ
ŘŖŖŝǲȱȱǭȱǰȱŗşşŘǼǯȱ
ǰȱȱ¡ȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱǻȱǰȱŘŖŖŝǲȱ
ȱǭȱǰȱŗşşŘǼǯ
ȱ¡ȱȱ¡ȱȱěȱ ȱȱȱ
Ȭȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ £ȬÛȂȱ ǻŘŖŖŝǼȱ ¢ǯȱ ȱ ¡ȱ
ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¡ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱ¢ǰȱȱĚȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǻ¡ȱ
ǭȱ £Ȭǰȱ ŘŖŖřǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱǻȱȱǰȱŗşşŚǼǯȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
£ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ tagasaloȱ ǻȱ ȱ Ǽȱ ǻǰȱ ŗşşŖǲȱ ǰȱ
ŗşŞŝǼǯ
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ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȃȱ
ĴǯȄȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱ
¢ȱǰȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¡ȱ
ȱǯȱȱȱěȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
Ĵǯ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱĚȱȱȱȬȱȱȱȱ
ȱǯȱȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ
ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ £ȬÛȱ
ǻŘŖŖŝǼǯȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
¢ȱǯȱ¢ȱ ȱǰȱǰȱǰȱȱ
ȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ
ȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ¢ǲȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ
ǰȱȂ¢ȱȱ ȂȱǻŗşşśǼȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ
ȱĚǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȂȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱǯȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱĴȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱǯ
ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȦȱȱȱ¢ȱǰȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢¢ȱ ȱ
¢¢ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ Ĝȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȂȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȱ ǭȱ ĵǰȱ ŗşŞşǼǯȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱȱǯȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ
ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ ěǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǯȱȱ
VOL. 51 NO. 2
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
64
ȱǰȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ
Ĝȱǯ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱŘŖŖŝȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ£ȬÛǯȱȱ
¢ǰȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ
£ȬÛȱ ǻŘŖŖŝǼȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ǻǯǯǰȱ ȱ Ȭęǰȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ
ȱȱ ȱȬǼȱȱ¡ȱǯȱPagtitiisȱǻȱȦ
Ǽȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȱ Ǽȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȯȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ǻ£ǰȱ ŗşŝŞǼǯȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ Ȭ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱtagasaloȱǻȱȱǲȱǰȱŗşŞŝǼǯȱ
ȱȱ
¢ȱȱȱę¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǰȱ ŗşŞŝǼǯȱ ȱ ǰȱ ¢ǰȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱȱǯ
ȱȬȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱ ǯȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȬ ȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱȱĴȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱǯ
ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭǰȱ ȱ
ȱ¢ȱęȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȯĜȱȱȱȱǯ
ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
Ĝȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱǯ
¢ǰȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱǰȱȱ¡ȱ ¢ȱ
¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱȱȱ
ȱȱǰȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱ
ȱȱǯȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȂȱ
ǯȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱ
¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱǲȱ ǰȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ
Effects of Abuse
ȱȬȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱěȱȱȱȱ
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
VOL. 51 NO.2
65
ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱ
Ȭȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ Ĵȱ Ȃȱ
ȱ ȱ Ȭ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ǻȱ
ĴȱǭȱĴǰȱŘŖŖŖǼǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
£ȱȱȂȱ ȱȱȱ ǯȱȱ ȱȱȱ
¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ǯȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱǰȱȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȱ ǭȱ
Ȃ¢ǰȱ ŗşşŘǼǯȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǰȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱĚȱȱęȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǯȱȱęȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȬȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȱ ǭȱ ǰȱ ŘŖŖŖǼǰȱ ȱ
Ȭǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȬȬ¢ȱȱ
ǻǰȱŘŖŖŘǼǯ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ęȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǯȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱěȱ
Ȃȱȱǯȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱ ǻŘŖŖŖǼǰȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǯ
ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
£ȬÛȱ ǻŘŖŖŝǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭǰȱ ǰȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ Ȧ
Ĵǰȱ¡¢ǰȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱěȱȱȱȱ ǯ
VOL. 51 NO. 2
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
66
ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱěȱȱȱȱ
Ĵȱ Ǳȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ¡ȱ
ǰȱǰȱȱȱȱ£¢ǰȱȱ Ȧȱ
ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱ ěȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ¢ȱǯȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱǯȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱ¡ȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ£¢ǯ
ȱȱ ȱ ȱ¡ȱ¡ȱǰȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ¡ȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱǰȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¡ǯȱ
ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ǯȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ£ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱǻǰȱŗşşŞǼǯ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
Ĵȱȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱǰȱ¢ȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯ
Coping Strategies
£ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ
ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ
¢ǰȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱǯȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱȱǯȱ
ǰȱȱȱ ǰȱȱ ȱǯȱ¢ȱ
ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱ¡ȱ¢ȱȱǻŗşşŝǼǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȂȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱ
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
VOL. 51 NO.2
67
ȱ ȱȱ£ȱȱǰȱǰȱȱȱ
ȱǯȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ǯȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ ȱȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱŗŖȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱĵȱ
ǻŗşşśǼȱǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ǯȱ ǰȱ
ȱǻŗşşŘǼȱȱȱĴȱ ȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱǯȱȱ¢ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ Ȃȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ
ǰȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ ȱȱȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǱȱȱ£ȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȬȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ěǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ
¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻȱǭȱĵǰȱŗşşśǼǯ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱǰȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ
ǻȱǭȱ£ȬÛǰȱŘŖŖŝǼǰȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ęȱ ǰȱ
Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ěǰȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱĴȱ ǯ
Model Validation
ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ£ȬÛȱǻŘŖŖŝǼǯȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱĴȱ ȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȯȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȱ
ȱǼǰȱěȱȱǰȱȱȱǯȱȱ¢ȱ
ǰȱ ǰȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ǻǯǯǰȱȱ ȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱǰȱȱȱȱ£¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ěȱ ȱ Ǽȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
VOL. 51 NO. 2
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¡ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱĴǯ
Implications for Counseling Practice
ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǻȱ ǭȱ £ȬÛǰȱ ŘŖŖŝǼǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱǼȱȱȱ
ȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ ȱȱ
¢ȱ ǰȱ Ǽȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱǰȱȱǼȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ
ǯȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱěȱȱȱ¢ȱ Ȭǯ
ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
Ěȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ ȱĴȱ
¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ
ȱȱĴȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ Ȃȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǯȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ
Ĝȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȬȱǰȱȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǯȱ
ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ǯ
ȱȬȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱȱěȱȱǯȱȱȂȱȱȱǻȱ
ȱ Ǽȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ£ǯ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ǻ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ Ǽȱ ȱ
ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱęǰȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
VOL. 51 NO.2
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ȱȱȱȱǯȱ ǰȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱǯ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ£ǰȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ
ȱěȱȱǯ
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Therapeutic Adventure Programming
with Mixed Population in
Cebu, Philippines
Emmanuel V. Hernani
Cebu Normal University
This paper analyzed the experiences of 302 participants in a brief
therapeutic adventure program sponsored by the social welfare
institution of the Philippines. Participants were children victims of
BCVTFXPNFOJOEJGmDVMUDJSDVNTUBODFTQFSTPOTXJUIEJTBCJMJUZ
ZPVUI JO DPOnJDU XJUI UIF MBX BHFODZ XPSLFST BOE WPMVOUFFST
5IFQSPHSBNJODMVEFESJTLFYFSDJTFTXJUIJOUFSNJUUFOUEFCSJFmOH
In-depth processing using Gestalt Therapy commonly asked
RVFTUJPOTGPDVTFEHSPVQEJTDVTTJPOBOEQPTUBDUJWJUZJOUFSWJFX
concluded the activity. Results showed the clients’ perceived
effectiveness through learning outcomes on personal, relational,
BOE PSHBOJ[BUJPOBM DPNQPOFOUT UFDIOJDBM FUIJDBM BOE DVMUVSBM
JTTVFT TBMJFOU UP FYQFSJFOUJBM BDUJWJUJFT TQFDJmD UP UIF UZQFT PG
clientele.
KEYWORDS: psychology, psychotherapy, counseling, experiential
education, adventure programming, leisure and recreation,
rehabilitation, Philippine psychology
INTRODUCTION
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ǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ
A
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THERAPEUTIC ADVENTURE PROGRAMMING
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ǰȱŘŖŖŗǲȱǰȱŘŖŖŝǲȱ
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ǭȱ ǰȱ ŘŖŖŚǼǲȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǰȱ ŘŖŖŘǼǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ǻǰȱ ŘŖŖŝǼǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǰȱ ŘŖŖřȱ Ǽǰȱ
ȱȬ¢ȱȱǻ ȱǭȱǰȱŘŖŗŖǼǯȱ
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ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
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ǰȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱ
£ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȬ
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¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǻǰȱŗşşşǼǯȱ
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ȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱǰȱȱǰȱȱ¢ȱ
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ǯ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱǻȱǭȱǰȱ
ŘŖŖŘǼǯȱ ȱ ŗŖȬȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
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ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ
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ȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱǰȱȱ ȱ
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ǲȱǽřǾȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱǲȱ
ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱǲȱǽŚǾȱȱ ȱ
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ȱ Ĵǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱǻŚȱǼȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱǻŗŜȱǼǯȱȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱǰȱǰȱ¢ȱȱǰȱȱ
¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǲȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ¢ȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
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¢ȱěǯȱ
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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȬ
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ǰȱ ǰȱǰȱȱȱȱǻǼȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ
ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱǲȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱǯ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ
ȱ ǲȱ ȱ ȱ ǲȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ
ǲȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱǯ
Research Respondents
ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ǲȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ǳȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȬ
ȱǯȱȱřŖŘȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ Ǳȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǻƽŗşŘǼǰȱ ¢ȱ
ȱ ǻƽŞŗǼǰȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ǻƽřşǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ
ǰȱȱȱȱęȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱ
ȱĚȱ ȱȱ ȱǻǼȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǻƽȱŚŘǼǲȱȱ ȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻƽŜŖǼǲȱ ȱ ȱ Ĝȱ ȱ ǻƽřŖǼǲȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻƽŜŖǼǯȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱęǲȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱǰȱȱȱǯȱ
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ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ Ĵȱ ǰȱ
ȱ Ĝǰȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ
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£ǯȱ
ȱ ȱȱ£ȱȱ ȱȱȱǰȱ
ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĝȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ Ȭȱ ¢ȱ
ǰȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ Ȭȱ ǰȱ ȱ
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ȱ ȱ Ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ěȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ
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Ĵȱǰȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ Ȭȱ
¢ȱ ǰȱ Ĵȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǯȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱǯ
ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ
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¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ
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ȱȱǻǼȱ ȱěȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ǲȱ
ȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱǲȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ
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ȱěȱǻǼȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱȱĚȱ ȱȱ ǯȱȱ
The Program Design
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¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
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ǯȱ
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ǯȱȱ ȱ ęǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱǰȱȱȱǰȱȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ
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ȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱǯȱ
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ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǯȱ
Research instruments
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ȱ ȱ£ȱȱȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ǳȱ ǽǾȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
¡ǵȱǽǾȱ ȱȱ¢ȱǵȱǽǾȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱ
¢ȱ¢ȱ¡Ȧȱȱǵȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ Ȭ
Ě ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ Ȃȱ Ȭǰȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ
¢ȱǯȱȱ
Research procedure
ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱ¢ǯȱȱ¢ȱȱǰȱȱȱ
ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ
ȱȱȱȬǰȱȱȱǰȱǰȱ
ȱȱ ǯȱ
ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ěȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǱȱ
ȱȱȱǰȱęȱȱǰȱȱ
ȱȱǯȱȱěȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ęǰȱ ¡ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ
VOL. 51 NO. 2
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
80
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱ
¢ȱȱȱ¢ǯ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȂȱ¡ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ Ȭȱ ¡ǰȱ ȱ ȱ
¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĚ ȱǯȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱǯȱ
Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ Ȭ¢£ȱ ȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ
ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȬȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱǰȱȱǰȱȱ Ĵȱǰȱ
ȱ ǯ
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱȱȱǰȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ
¢ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ǯȱ ǰȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĝ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱ£ǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱǰȱěȱĜȱȱȱȬȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ
ȱ ȱ £ȱ ¡ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱǰȱȃȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ǰȱȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱ Ȅǯȱ
ȱȱǰȱȱȱěȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱęȱǯȱę¢ǰȱȱȱȱ
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
VOL. 51 NO.2
E.V. HERNANI
81
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ęȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
Ǳȱ ¢ȱ ěȂȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
£ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǲȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
£ȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱĴȱȱȱȱǲȱȱ
Ȃȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ
ǰȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ
¡ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ¢ȱ ȱ Ȭǯȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱĴȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱěȱȱ
ȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱǯȱǰȱȱȱȱȱěȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱěȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱǯȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ǲȱ ȱ
ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱǰȱěǰȱȱǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ęǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ
ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ǻǰȱ ŘŖŖŗǲȱ ȱ ȱ ǯǰȱ ŘŖŖŗǲȱ ǰȱ ŘŖŖŗǲȱ ǰȱ ŘŖŖśǼǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ǻǰȱ ŘŖŖśǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱǰȱǰȱǰȱǰȱȬȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ
Ȃȱ¡ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱěȱ ȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱ
ěǯȱ¢ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ¡ȱ¢ȱȱ
ǰȱ¢ȱěȱ ȱȱ¡ȯȱ
ȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ
¢ǰȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱ
ȱ¢ǰȱ ǰȱȱǯȱȬ ȱȱȱȱȱ
¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱ ęǯȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱěȱȱȱ ȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱ
VOL. 51 NO. 2
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
82
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ
ȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱǯȱ¢ǰȱȱȱ¢ǰȱ
¢ȱěȂȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱęȱȱȱ ȱ¢ǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȱ ǭȱ ǰȱ
ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ŗşŞŜǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ
£ȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ ȱ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ
ǰȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ
ȱȱǯȱȱǰȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ
¢ȱěȱȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ě¢ǲȱ ǰȱ
ȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱĴȱȱǯȱȱȂȱ
ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ
ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱȱȱěȱǯȱǰȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱ ǯȱ
¢ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ǰȱ
¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ¢ȱęǯȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱěȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱǯȱȱ ȱȱęȱȱȱȱ¡ȱ
ȱǰȱ ȱ£ȱȱȱȱ ǰȱȱ ȱȱ
ǰȱ Ě ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
VOL. 51 NO.2
E.V. HERNANI
83
£ȱȱȱǯȱȱǰȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ
ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ
ȱȱȱ¡ǯ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ǯȱ ȱ ǻŘŖŖśǼǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ Ĝ¢ȱ ǰȱ ęȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ęȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ǻǰȱŘŖŖŗǼǯȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ǯȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŘŖȱ ȱ ǯȱȱ ¢ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ
ǯȱ¢ǰȱ¢ȱěȱȱȱǰȱǰȱ
ȱĴȱȱę¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱ
ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
¢ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ¢ǰȱ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¡ǰȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ěȱ
ȱȱȱȱǰȱȬǰȱȱęȱȱ
¢ȱȱěȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ¡ǲȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱĴ¢ȱ
ěȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱǰȱȱ¡ȱȱ
ǰȱ ¢ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ¢ȱǲȱǰȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱęȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǯȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱěȱȱȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱǯ
ȱěȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱęȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱǰȱȱ ȱǰȱ
ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱ
VOL. 51 NO. 2
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
84
ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱěǰȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱǼǯȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ǯȱȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěǰȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱȱȱȱ¡ǰȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ
ǰȱȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱ ȱȯ
¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ
ǰȱȱȱȱȂȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ
ȱȱǯȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱǰȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱǰȱ
ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǰȱȱȱ ȱȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ Ȃȱȱȱ
ȱǰȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱǯ
ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȬǯȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ¡ǯȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱ¡ȱ¢ȱȱǯȱ ȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱȂȱǰȱȱȂȱȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ǰȱ ȱ
ȱ ǰȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȬȱȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĝ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱǰȱǰȱȬǰȱȱȬȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǯ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȱ ȱ Ǽȱ
ȱȱǯȱȱȱǻŗşŝŝǼȱȱȱȱȱ
¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱǻȱȱǼǰȱǰȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ŗŘȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĝȱ
ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȯĴȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ
ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
VOL. 51 NO.2
E.V. HERNANI
85
ȱǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ¢ȱǯȱȱ¢ȱȱȱęȱȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȬǯȱȱȱ
¢ȱȱǰȱȃȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱ
ȱȱǯȄ
ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱĴǯȱȱȱ
ȱĴȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ
ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱěȱȱȱǯȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ
ȱȱȱǯȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ǯȱ
ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ǯȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱǲȱǰȱȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ
ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱȱȱ
ȱ¡ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱǯȱĴ¢ǰȱȱȱ
¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǲȱǰȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ
¡ȱ ȱȱȬȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȂȱȱ ǯ
ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱȱ¢ǰȱȱěȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
VOL. 51 NO. 2
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
86
ȱ ¢ȱ ěǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ǰȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ¡¢ȱ
ȱ ¡ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱȱǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ǯȱ
ǲȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ¢ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǯȱ ȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ěǯȱ
ǰȱȱȱȯ¢ȱȱ¢ȬȬȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ěǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ěǯȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
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90
Antioxidant Potential of
Selected Indigenous Fruits
Using In Vitro Lipid Peroxidation Assay
3BDRVFM5BO$IVB
Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences,
Saint Louis University, Baguio City
This study was primarily concerned in determining the antioxidant
potential of the edible parts of selected indigenous fruits grown
in the Cordillera region namely ayosep (Vaccinium angustifolium),
bitungol ()ODFRXUWLDLQGLFD), kalamondin (Citrofortunella microcarpa),
marble tomato (Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium), native lacatan (0XVD
paradisiaca), native passion fruit (3DVVLÁRUDHGXOLV), pinit (Rubus
copelandii), rattan (Calamus mollis), tamarillo (Cyphomandra
betacea) and tumok (0XVDWURJORG\WDUXP) as compared to Vitamin
E. Antioxidant potential of the extracts was tested and measured
using In Vitro Lipid Peroxidation Assay as indicated by absorbance
value in mAU and % Lipid Peroxidation Inhibition. Based on this
test, all the fruits exhibited greater antioxidant potential than Vitamin
E. Native passion fruit and rattan exhibited the greatest antioxidant
potential and therefore, ranked 1.
KEYWORDS: absorbance value, antioxidant potential, indigenous
fruits, In Vitro Lipid Peroxidation Assay, natural antioxidants
INTRODUCTION
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ŗşşřǼǯȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱ
ǻ¢ȱ ǭȱ ǰȱ ŘŖŖŗǲȱ ǰȱ ŘŖŖŗǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¡ȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ
T
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
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ȱȱǻ
ȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŖŘǲȱȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŖŖǲȱȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŖŘǼǯȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ
ǻȱǭȱǰȱŘŖŖŘǲȱȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŖřǼǯȱȱȱȱ¡ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱǰȱǰȱ
ǰȱ ȱ ǻȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ŘŖŖşǼǰȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ
ǰȱ ȱ ǻȱ ȱ ǰȱ ŘŖŗŗǼǰȱ ¢ȱ
ǻȃ¢ǰȄȱ ǯǯǼǰȱ ȱ ǻȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ
ŘŖŖŝǼǰȱ ȱ ǻȃǰȄȱ ǯǯǼǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȃǰȄȱ ǯǯǼȱ
ȱ ǯȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǯȱ
ǰȱ ęȱ ȱ ¢¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ǻVaccinium angustifoliumǼǰȱ
ȱ ǻFlacourtia indicaǼǰȱ ȱ ǻȱ Ǽǰȱ
ȱ ȱ ǻ¢ȱ Ǽǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǻMusa
Ǽǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻĚȱ ȱ Ǽǰȱ ȱ ǻRubus
Ǽǰȱ Ĵȱ ǻȱ Ǽǰȱ ȱ ǻ¢ȱ Ǽȱ
ȱȱǻMusa troglodytarumǼȱȱȱȱǯȱ
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Phytochemical Screening of Fruits
ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǰȱǰȱǰȱ
ǰȱ ¢ǰȱ Ěǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ
ę¢ȱȱǻȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŖŚǼǯȱȱȱȱȱ
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ȱǲȱǰȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ǯȱ
VOL. 51 NO. 2
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
IN VITRO PEROXIDATION ASSAY
92
Preparation of Fruit Extracts and Control
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ǻ¢ ȱȱŗŗŖşŜǼȱȱŗȱȱȱ ȱęȱȱęȱȱǻǯŗǰȱ
ȱǯǼǯȱȱȱ ȱȬ¡ȱȱŘŖȱȱȱȱ
ȱęǯȱȱ¡ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
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Ǽȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ŞŖȱ ǚȱ ǻĴ ǰȱ ŘŖŖŜǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱIn vitroȱȱ¡ȱ¢ǯȱȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ
ǻŘŖŖȱǼȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱȱ
Preparation of Homogenate
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ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ
¢ǯȱȱǰȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱŖǯşƖȱ
ȱȱǻǼȱȱȱȱȱǻǼȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
£ȱȱȱȱȱŗŖȱƖȱ ȦȱȱŗǯŗśƖȱȱȱ
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ȱ ȱȱȱřǰȱŖŖŖȱȱȱŗŖȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ǯ
In Vitro Inhibition of Lipid Peroxidation
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ŘŖŗŖǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢Ǳȱ ȱ ȱ ǻŗŖŖȱ
Ǽȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¡ȱ ȱŖǯśȱȱ
ȱȱǯȱȱ¡ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ
ȱǻŗŖŖȱǼȱȱŗŖƖȱȱȱǻřǼǯȱ ȱȱǻŗŖŖȱǼȱȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ŘŖŖȱ ȱ ΅ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǼȱ
ǰȱŖǯśȱȱȱȱŘȱȱřȱȱ ȱȱȱ
ȱȱǻȱǼȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ
ȱŖǯśȱȱȱȱȱŘȱȱǻŗŖŖȱǼȱŗŖƖȱȱȱ
¢ǯȱȱ¡ȱ ȱȱȱřŝȱǯȱȱȱŘŖȱȱȱȱ
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
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ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱŘȱȱȱȱȱŖǯŘśȱ¢ȱ
ȱǻ
ǼȱȱŗśƖȱȱǰȱŖǯřŞȱƖȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ŖǯŖśȱ Ɩȱ ¢ȱ ¢¡¢ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱŞŖȱǯȱȱȱŗśȱǯȱ¡ȱ ȱȱȱŚǰŖŖŖȱȱ
ȱ śȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ
ǻǼȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱśśŖȱǻǼȱȱśřŘȱǯȱȱȱƖȱȱȱ
ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ Ǳȱ Ɩȱ ȱ ƽȱ ǽǻȱ Ȯȱ ȱ ǼȦȱ
ȱǾȱ¡ȱŗŖŖȱ ǱȱȬȱȱȱȱȱǲȱȱȮȱ
ȱȱȱ¡ȱȱǻȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŖŜǲȱȱȱǯǰȱ
ŘŖŖŞǲȱȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŖŜǼǯ
Statistical Analysis
ȱȱIn vitroȱȱ¡ȱ¢ȱȱęȱȱ ȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱ ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱǻǼǯȱȱ
ŖǯŖśȱȱȱęȱ ȱȱȱȱȱęȱ ȱ
ȱǯȱȱȱ ȱȱěȱǰȱȱ ȱȱǰȱ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
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Phytochemical Constituents of the Fruits
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ǯȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱΆȱȱȱȱǰȱ
ȱȬȱȱěȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱǰȱ
ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱȱȱǻ ȱǭȱǰȱŘŖŖŖǲȱǰȱŘŖŖŜǼǯȱ
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VOL. 51 NO. 2
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Ƹȱ
Ȭȱ
Ƹȱ
Ȭȱ
Ȭȱ
Ȭȱ
Ȭȱ
Ȭȱ
Ȭȱ
Ȭȱ
Ƹȱ
Ȭȱ
Ƹȱ
Ȭȱ
Ȭȱ
Ȭȱ
Ȭȱ
Ȭȱ
Ȭȱ
Ȭȱ
T
Ȭȱ
Ƹȱ
Ƹȱ
Ȭȱ
Ȭȱ
Ȭȱ
Ƹȱ
Ȭȱ
Ȭȱ
Ƹȱ
Ȭȱ
Ƹȱ
Ƹȱ
Ȭȱ
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Ȭȱ
Ƹȱ
Ȭȱ
Ȭȱ
Ƹȱ
F
Ȭ
Ȭ
Ȭ
Ȭ
Ȭ
Ȭ
Ȭ
Ȭ
Ȭ
Ȭ
Ȭ
Ȭ
Ȭ
Ȭ
Ȭ
Ȭ
Ȭ
Ȭ
Ȭ
Ȭ
C
LEGEND:ȱȮȱǲȱȮȱǲȱȮȱǲȱȮȱǲȱȬȱ¢ǲȱȮȱǲȱȮȱǲȱȱȮȱ¢Ȭ
ȱ¢ȱǻƸȱǰȱȬȱǼ
Fruit Species
Family
3K\WRFKHPLFDO$QDO\VLV'DWDRIWKH)UXLW([WUDFWV
Table 1.
94
VOL. 51 NO.2
R.T. CHUA
95
ȱǻǰȱŘŖŖřǼǯȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱ
ȱǯȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱĴȱȱǯȱȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱ
ǻ¢ǰȱ ŘŖŖśǼǯȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱȱ¡ȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
£ȱȱǰȱȱ¡¢ȱȱȱ¡ȱ
ǻȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŖśǼǯȱȱȱȱȱȱěǰȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȱ ǭȱ ǰȱ ŘŖŖŝǲȱ
ȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŖŚǲȱ£ȱǭȱǰȱŘŖŖŚǼǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ
ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǻȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŖŜǲȱĴǰȱŘŖŖŖǼǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȬ
Ě¢ǰȱȬǰȱȬȱȱȱ¢ȱ
ǻ¢ǰȱŗşŞŜǲȱ
ǰȱŗşŞřǲȱȱǭȱǰȱŘŖŖŘǼǯȱȱȱ
¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱǰȱȱ¡ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǯȱ
Antioxidant Potential of the Fruits
ȱȱȱȱȱƖȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱęȱȱǻȱŘǼȱ ȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ
¢ȱȱȱ¡ȱǻȱǭȱǰȱŗşşşǼǯȱȱȱȱ
ȱ Ɩȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱŖǯŞřşŜȱȱŖǯşŜşȱǯȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻŖǯŖşŚŘǼǰȱ ȱ ȱ Ɩȱ ȱ
¡ȱ ȱ ǻşŖǯřƖǼȱ ȱ ¢ȱ Ĵȱ ǻŖǯŗśŖǼȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ǻŖǯŘŘśǼǯȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǻŖǯŜřşŜǼȱȱ ȱƖȱ
ȱ¡ȱȱǻřŚƖǼȱȱȱǰȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ
ȱǰȱȱǻŖǯśŚŝŚǼȱȱȱǻŖǯŚŜŜŝǼǯȱȱ
VOL. 51 NO. 2
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
96
7DEOH
0HDQ$EVRUEDQFH9DOXHVP$8DQGRI/LSLG3HUR[LGDWLRQ,QKLELWLRQ
/3,RIWKH)UXLW([WUDFWVDQG&RQWUROV
ȱ ȱ ¢£ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱǰȱ¢ȱȱȱǻǼǯȱ
Table 3.
$129$ IRU WKH7HVW RI 6LJQLÀFDQFH RI$EVRUEDQFH 9DOXHV %HWZHHQ
)UXLWVDQG&RQWURO
Sources of
Variations
Sum of
Squares
ȱȱ
ȱȱ
ŚǯŖŞŚşȱ
ȱȱȱŗŗȱ
ŖǯŖřŚŘřȱ ȱȱȱŚŞȱ
Total
4.1191
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
DF
Mean Square F-value
Tabular
Value
Interpretation
ȱȱȱŖǯřŝŗŚȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱśŘŖǯŜŞŚȱȱȱȱȱȱŗǯşşŚŜȱȱȱȱȱȱę
ȱŖǯŖŖŖŝŗřȱ ȱȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
VOL. 51 NO.2
R.T. CHUA
97
ȱȱǻȱřǼȱ ȱȱȱȱȬȱȱśŘŖǯŜŞŚȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱŗǯşşŚŜȱ¢ȱęȱěǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱěȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱęȱǰȱȱ Ȭȱǰȱȱ¢ȱ
ǰȱ ȱ¢ǯȱ
Table 4.
0XOWLSOH &RPSDULVRQ 7HVW RI WKH $EVRUEDQFH 9DOXHV RI )UXLWV DQG
&RQWUROV8VLQJ7XNH\PHWKRG
NOTE:+RQHVWO\6LJQLÀFDQW'LͿHUHQFH+6'
>0HDQGLͿHUHQFH0'!+6'YDOXHVLJQLÀFDQW0'+6'YDOXHQRWVLJQLÀFDQW@
LEGEND: Rattan (R), Tamarillo (T), Pinit (I), Passion (P), Ayosep (A), Bitungol (B),
Tumok (U), Lacatan (L), Kalamondin (K), Marble Tomato (M), Ferric chloride (F), and
Vitamin E (E)
Mean difference is significant
Controls
Mean difference is not significant
Fruit samples
VOL. 51 NO. 2
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98
ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǻȱŚǼǰȱȱȱȱěȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱŖǯŖśŞŘǰȱȱȱ
ȱȱěȱȱęǯȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱę¢ȱěȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ěȱ ȱ ȱ ęǯȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱěȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱěȱȱęǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱ
ȱǯȱȱ ȱǰȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱǻȱśǼȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱǯ
Table 5.
$QWLR[LGDQW3RWHQWLDO5DQNLQJRIWKH)UXLWV
LEGEND: A—Alkaloids; S—Steroids; P—Saponins; O—Polyphenols; T—Tannins; and F—Flavonoids (+
positive, - negative)
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
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99
ȱȱȱȱĴȱȱȱȱŗǯȱȱȱȱ
¢ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ¢ǯȱ
ǰȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱĴǯȱ
ȱȱ¡ȱ¡ȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ in vitroȱ ȱ
¡ǯȱ
ȱȱȬȱǻŗşşşǼȱȱȱěȱ¡ȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱěȱȱȱ
ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȬȱǯȱȱ¡ȱ
ȱȱǰȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱ¡ȱȱ¢¡ǯȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ¡£ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡¢ǯȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻŘŖŖŘǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ǻŘŖŖŚǼǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱ¡ȱ¡ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ
Ĵȱȱȱęȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱěǯȱ
ȱȱȱ
¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ǻĚǰȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ Ěǰȱ
ǰȱ ǯǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱ ¢ȱ ǻǰȱ ǰȱ ǭȱ ǰȱ ŘŖŖŚǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ǯȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱĴǰȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻǰȱŘŖŖŘǼǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱǻǼȱǻȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŖŜǼǯȱ
ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¡ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ěȱ
ȱȱȱ¡ȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱȱ
¡ȱ ȱ ¢¡¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ
ǻǰȱ ǰȱ ǭȱ ǰȱ ŘŖŖŖǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱĚȱȱȱȱȱ
¡ȱ ȱ ǻ££ȱ ǭȱ ǰȱ ŘŖŖŖǼǯȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ
¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱ¡ȱǯȱȱ
VOL. 51 NO. 2
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
100
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¡ȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱǻŘŖŖŚǼǰȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ
¢ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱǯȱȱȱ
ǻǼȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ǯȱȱǰȱ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ěǯȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ Ěȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱ Ěȱ ȱ ȱ £¢ȱ ǻȱ ǭȱ ǰȱ ŘŖŖśǼǯȱ ȱ
ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ǻȱ ȱ ǯǰȱ ŘŖŖŗǲȱ ȱ ǭȱ ǰȱ ŘŖŖŖǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ǻĴ ǰȱ ŘŖŖŜǼǯǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱȱȱȱ¡¢ȱȱȱȱȱ
ǻǰȱǰȱǭȱǰȱŘŖŖśǼǯȱ
CONCLUSION
ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǰȱǰȱ
ǰȱ ¢ǰȱ Ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¡ȱȱȱȱȱǻŘŖŖȱǼǯȱȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱŘŖŖȱȱŚŖŖȱǯȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ
ǻĚǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ǯȱ ȱ
ȱǻǼǰȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ ȱ¡ȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǼǯȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻĴǼǰȱ ȱ ǻ¢Ǽǰȱ ȱ
ǻǼǰȱĚȱǻȱȱǼǰȱȱǻǼǰȱȱ
ȱǻǼȱ¡ȱȱ¡ȱȱin vitro. The
¡ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱę¢ȱ
ěȱ¡ȱ ȱĴȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ǯ
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ȱȱ ȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
Ǳȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ¢ȱǰȱȱ¢ǰȱȱǯȱǯȱǰȱ
ȱǰȱǯȱǯȱȱǰȱǯȱǯȱ¢ǰȱǯȱǯȱǰȱǯȱǯȱ ǰȱȱ
ǯȱǯȱǰȱǯȱǯȱ¡ǰȱȱǯȱǯȱ¢ǰȱǯȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱǭȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱǯȱǰȱǯȱǯȱǰȱȬȱ¢ȱȱȱ
ǯȱ
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Pietta, P. (2000). Flavonoids as antioxidants. -RXUQDORI1DWXUDO3URGXFWV, 10351042.
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&RPSOHPHQWDU\DQG$OWHUQDWLYH0HGLFLQH, 1472-6882.
Svilaas, A., Sakhi, A., Andersen, L., Svilaas, T., Strom, E., Jacobs, D., Ose, L. &
Blomhoff, R. (2004). Intakes of antioxidants in coffee, wine, and vegetables are
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-DQXDU\IURPKWWSZZZGLHWDU\ÀEHUIRRGFRPIUXLWVYHJHWDEOHVJXDYD
IUXLWEHQHÀWVSKS
Vaya, J., & Aviram, M. (2001). 1XWULWLRQDO DQWLR[LGDQWV 0HFKDQLVPV RI DFWLRQ
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QHWZRUN$QRYHUYLHZ. &XUUHQW3KDUPDFHXWLFDO'HVFULSWLRQ, 1677-1694.
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The Vertebrate Biodiversity of the
Abner A. Bucol
Ely L. Alcala
Leonardo T. Averia
Silliman University Angelo King Center for Research
and Environmental Management Dumaguete City, Philippines
Lirio Cordova
Panay Rural Organizing For Social Reform,
Estancia, Iloilo Province, Philippines
The biodiversity of the Gigantes and Sicogon Islands and
associated islets are presented and discussed based on a study
conducted from December 2009 to May 2010. Pertinent data on the
biophysical conditions of caves in the Gigantes are also presented.
Observations on the biology of the Critically Endangered Gigante
Limestone Frog (3ODW\PDQWLV LQVXODWXV) and the Endangered
Gigante Narrow-disked Gecko (*HNNRJLJDQWH) such as population
density, behaviour, and reproductive biology are also presented.
Threats to the biodiversity of these islands are discussed with
corresponding recommendations. A preliminary discussion on the
zoogeography of the two islands is also provided.
KEYWORDS: biodiversity, Gigantes Islands, Panay Island,
zoogeography
INTRODUCTION
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŗŝȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻ
¢ȱ ǭȱ
ǰȱ ŗşşŞǲȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ǭȱ Ȭǰȱ ŘŖŖŘǲȱ ȱ
ǭȱ ǰȱ ŘŖŖşǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȇȱ ȱ Řśȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ¡ȱǻ¢ȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŖŖǼǯȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ
ěȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱǻŗşŝŖǰȱŗşŝŞǰȱ
T
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VERTEBRATE DIVERSITY OF GIGANTES AND SICOGON
ŗşŞŖǼǰȱ ȱȱȱǻŘŖŖŖǼǰȱȱȱǯȱǻŘŖŖŖǼǰȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ǻŘŖŖśǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱǻŗşřŞǼȱȱȱȱȱǻŗşŜşǼǯȱ
ǰȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱ¢ǯ
Description of the Study Area
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ǰȱȱǰȱȱȱǻȱŗǼǯȱȱ
ȱȱǻŚŞŗȱǲȱȱŜǰŖşŜǼȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱȱǻȱŘǼȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȬȱǻLeucaena
ǼǯȱȱȱȱȱĚȱȱ¡ȱ¢ȱȱȱǯȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱęȱȱȱȱ
ȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻȱ¢Ǽȱ
ȱ ȱ ǯȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǯǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
Ǽȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ Ǳȱ
ȱǻŘȱǲȱȱśȮŗŖǼȱȱŗśȱ¢ȱŘŖŗŖǲȱȱȱ
ǻŗŖȱǲȱȱȱǯȱśǼȱȱȱ¢ȱǻǯȱŝȮŞȱǼȱȱ
ŗŜȱ¢ȱŘŖŗŖǲȱȱȱǻśȮŜȱǲȱȱȱǯȱŗśǼȱȱ
ŗśȬŗŜȱ¢ȱŘŖŗŖǯ
ȱ ȱ ǻśşşȱ ǲȱ ȱ ŜǰşŗşǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
)LJXUH A map showing the three islands covered by the study (Gigante Norte, Gigante Sur,
and Sicogon).
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A.A. BUCOL, E.L. ALCALA, L.T. AVERIA, & L. CORDOVA
107
)LJXUH View of a typical karst landscape in Gigante Sur.
)LJXUH A non-karst forestland on Sicogon Island (viewed from the eastern side).
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ȱ ȱ ȱ Ǳȱ ŗŜȬŘŗȱ ȱ ŘŖŖşǲȱ ŘŗȬŘŚȱ ¢ȱ ŘŖŗŖǲȱ
ŗȱ ȱ ŘŖŗŖǲȱ ȱ ŗřȬŗŜȱ ¢ȱ ŘŖŗŖǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱǻǀȱ ŗȱ Ǽȱ
ȱȱǻǀȱŗȱǼǰȱȱȱŖǯŝȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱǻǯȱŗǯśȱǲȱȱȱ
ǯȱŗŖǼȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǻŘȱǲȱȱǯȱśǰȱȱ Ǽȱ ȱ
ȱȱŗŝȱ¢ȱŘŖŗŖǯ
ȱȱȱȱȬȱǯȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱ
ǻȱ£ǰȱǰȱǭȱǰȱŗşŞŖǼǯȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǻȱřŖŖȱǼǯȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱǻȱřǼȱȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱǻǼȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱǯȱȱ
ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱŗřȬŗşȱȱŘŖŖşǰȱŗřȬŘŖȱ¢ȱŘŖŗŖǰȱ
ŘŗȬŘŞȱ¢ȱŘŖŗŖǰȱŗŚȱȱŘŖŗŖǰȱȱŗśȱ¢ȱŘŖŗŖǯȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱǰȱĴȱȱ ȱ
¡ȱȱȱǯ
ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ ¢ȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ
ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ǻȱ ŗŖƼśŖǰȱ ȱ ŞƼŘřǰȱ ŗŖƼŜŖǼȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱǯȱǻŘŖŖŖǼǯȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻ ǯǯǼȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱǻǯ¢¡ǯǼȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ
ǯȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ
ǻȱȱȱǼȱȱȱȱǻ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱȱǼǯȱęȱȱȱǻŜƼŚȱȱŜƼŗŘǼȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ
ŘŖŖşǯȱȱ ǰȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ
ȱ Ĝȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȬȱȱȱȱ
ǯȱȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ě¢ ¢ȱ ȱ £ȱ ǯȱ ȱ
ęȱ ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱǻ
¢ȱ
ȱǯǰȱŗşşŞǲȱȱǭȱǰȱŘŖŗŖǼǯȱȱ
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
VOL. 51 NO.2
109
ȱ ȱ ǻȱ ȱ Ǽȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻŘŖŖśǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȬȱĚǯȱȱęȱ ȱȱ
ȱȱ ȱ ȱ ǻŗşşŞǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ ǻŗşŝŞǰȱ
ŗşŞŖǼȱȱȱǻŗşŞŜǼȱȱǯ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢Ȭȱ ęȱ ǰȱ ȱ
¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱĴȱȱȱȱ
ǻȱ ǭȱǰȱ ŘŖŖśǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ŗřȬŘŗȱ ŘŖŖşǰȱ ¢ȱ ŗřȬŘŗȱ ŘŖŗŖǰȱ ¢ȱ Řŗȱ Ȭȱ Ŗŗǰȱ
ŘŖŗŖȱȱ¢ȱŗśȱŘŖŗŖǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ŗŝȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ǳȱ
ŗřǰȱŗŚǰȱŗśǰȱŗŞȱȱŗşȱȱŘŖŖşȱȱŗřȱ¢ȱŘŖŗŖǯȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ¢ȱǻ
ǼȱȱǻǁŞŖƖǼǰȱȱȱ ȱǰȱ
ȱ
ȱĚȱȱȱŝśƖȱȱ ȱȱȱȬȱ
ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱ£ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǯȱŗǯŖȱȱŜǯśȱ ȱȱ
ŘǯŖȱȱřśǯŖȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ
ǻǀŗśŖȱ ȱ ȱ Ǽǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯ
ȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱǯȱȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱěȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯ
RESULTS
Climatic and Biophysical Conditions of the Study Area
ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ£ȱȱ¢ȱǰȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ǻǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǲȱ ¢ȱ
¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱȱ
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ȱȱȱ¢ȱǻȱŘŖŖşȱȱȱŘŖŗŖǼȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ Ûȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǼȱ ȱ ǻȱ ȱ ǯǰȱ
ŘŖŗŖǼǯȱȱȱǯȱǻŘŖŗŖǼȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǻȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ Ǽȱ ȱ ěȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ
ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻśǯŘȬřřǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱŘŖŖşȱȱȱŘŖŗŖǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ǻǼȱȱȱǻ ǯĴȦȦ ǯǯǯȦ
ȏȦȏǯǯǛ¢ȏȱ
ǼȱǰȱȱȱȱȱǻǼȱȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱȱȱŘŜȬřŗǚǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱŘŖŗŖǯȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱřŗǚȱȱřŖǚȱ¢ȱ
ȱ ŘŖŗŖǰȱ ȱ ŘşȬřŖǚȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Řǰȱ ŘŖŗŖǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱ ȱŘŜȬřŖǚȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ŘŖŗŖǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻŘŖȱ
¢ȱ ŘŖŗŖǼǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ řŘǚȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱǰȱȱǯȱȱȱȱǻŘŖŖśǼȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱŘśȬřŗǚȱȱŘŖŖŚȱȱŘŖŖśǯ
Air temperature readings in caves
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȱ ŗǼȱ ȱ ȱ
ŘŜȬŘŞǚȱ ǻŘŝǯŚŚƹŖǯŘŖȱ ǯǯǼȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǻȱ
¢Ǽȱ ȱ ȱ ŝśȬşŘƖȱ ǻŞŝǯŚŚƹŗǯŖŞȱ ǯǯǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ
ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ŘśȬŘŞǚȱ ǻŘŜǯśƹŖǯŘŗȱ ǯǯǼǰȱ ȱ
¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ
Herpetofauna
ȱ ȱ ȱ ŚŚȱ ȱ ȱ ŗŗȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ȱǰȱŘŚȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ
¢ȱǻȱŘǼǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱǯȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱǻřŖǼǰȱ ȱ¢ȱȱǻŘŜǼǰȱȱȱȱ
ǻŗśǼǯȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǻPlatymantis insulatusǼȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ǻGekko
giganteǼǯȱȱȱȱȱȱŗŝȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ
ǯȱȱ ȱŗřȱ ȱȱ¢ȱGekko giganteǯȱȱȱȱ
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ǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ
ȱȱǰȱȱǯȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱ
ęȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱŘŖŖŖǰȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱ
Biological observations on the Gigante Endemic Herpetofauna
Gigante Limestone Forest-Frog Platymantis insulatus Brown &
Alcala (Figure 4)
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱǻPlatymantis insulatusǼȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱěȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ
)LJXUH The Gigante endemic frog 3ODW\PDQWLVLQVXODWXV.
)LJXUH 3ODW\PDQWLVLQVXODWXV congregating in a hole (left) during an ENSO Event but left the
same hole (right) during the onset of /D1LxD.
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Population density vs. physical conditions
ȱ ȱ ŘŖŖşȬŘŖŗŖȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǯȱ
insulatusȱ ȱȱȱśȬŜǯŝȱȦŗŖŖŘƹŖǯŚŞȬŖǯŜŝȱǯǯȱǻśŖȬ
ŜŝȱȱȱǼȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ŗřȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŗŜȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ŗǯŖȬŚǯřŖȱ
ȦŗŖŖŘƹȱ ŖǯřřȬŗǯŞŜȱ ǯǯȱ ǻŗŖŖȬŚřŖȱ ȱ ȱ Ǽǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ äȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻŘŖŖśǼǯȱ ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŚŖŖȬŜřŞȱ ȱ ȱ
ǰȱȱȱŗŖŖŖȱȱȱȱȱȱ
¢ȱȱȱŘŖŖŚȬŘŖŖśǯ
ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱǯȱ¡ȱȱȱ
ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ
ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱ ǻȱ ŗǼǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ Ȭȱ ǯȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ
ǻǯǯȱ ȱ Ǽǯȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǼȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ŘŖŗŖȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǯȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ
ȱǯȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱŗǯȱȱ
Observed congregations
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŗŞȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ǻȱ śǼȱ ȱ ǯȱ ŗśȱ ¡ȱ ŗŖȱ ȱ ŗśȱ ¢ȱ ŘŖŗŖǰȱ ȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ŘŝȮŘŞǚȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ŝŖȮŞŖƖǯȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǯȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȬȱ ȱȱKaloula
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǯǯǰȱ ȱ Ǽȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱ¢ȱǰȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
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ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ
¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱȱȱ
Observations on reproductive behavior
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ŘŖŗŖǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŘŘȱ ȱ ŘŚȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǻȱ ŚŜȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ǽǯȱȱ śŖƖȱ ǻŗŗȮ
ŗŘȱǼȱȱ¢ ȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱŘǯŖȱ
ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȱ ¢ȱ Ȭ¢Ǽȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱPlatymantis.
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȬȱ ȱ ȱ Ǽȱ ȱ ŗřȱ
ȱŘŖŖşǯȱȱ ȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱǻ ȱ
Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ŗŖǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
Ěǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ
ȱǻŘŖŖśǼȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱǯȱ
ǰȱȱȱǯȱȱ¢ȱȱȬȱȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ¡ȱ¢ȱȱȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯ
Observed escape response
ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
Ěǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱǯȱǰȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ǯȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ
¢ȱǻȱȱȱȱȱǼǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻǯǯǰȱǰȱŗşŜŘǲȱȱǭȱ
ǰȱŗşŞŘǼǯ
VOL. 51 NO. 2
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)LJXUH The Gigante Narrow-disked Gecko *HNNRJLJDQWH.
Gigante Narrow-disked Gecko Gekko gigante Brown & Alcala
(Figure 6)
¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȬȱ
ǻǯȱǼȱǯȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĜȱȱ
ǰȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŘŘȱ
ǯȱ ȱ ŗŜȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŗŜȱ ȱ ŘŖŖşȱ
ǻȱ ŚǼǯȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȱ ŗŘȯŗśȱ ȱ Ǽȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
¢ȱ¢ȱǲȱȱ¡ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱ
ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ěǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱȱ ȱ Gekko
giganteȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱat
ȱȱȱ ȱǯ
Avifauna
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱŞŝȱ
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
VOL. 51 NO.2
115
ȱǻȱŚǼǯȱȱȱřřȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱŚŘȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ŗŘȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻŚŘȱ
ȱȱȱȱŗŘȱȱȱǼȱȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱǯȱǻŘŖŖŖǼȱ ȱȱ¢ȱřśȱȱȱȱȱȱŘŞȱ
ȱȱǯȱ
ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ǻŘŖŖŖǼȱ ǯȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ
ǻ¡ȱ Ǽǰȱ ȱ ¢¢ȱ ȱ ǻȱ
maculatusǼǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǻ¢ȱ ęǼǰȱ Ȭ
ȱȱǻ¢ȱ¢Ǽǰȱȱ¢ȱȱǻMotacilla
cinereaǼǯȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱ
¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯ
ȱǰȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱǯȱǻŘŖŖŖǼȱ ȱȱ
ǰȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱǻŚȱ¢Ǽȱȱȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱǻȱǼǰȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǻȱǰȱŘŖŖŞǼǰȱ
¢ȱȱȱȱȱǯ
Mammals
ȱ ȱ ȱ ŗŚȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ
ȱ ȱ ŗŗȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȱ śǼǯȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱĴȱ¡ȱǻřŞȱȱȬĴȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱŘŗȱȱȱȱȱǼǯȱȱ
ǰȱęȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ¢ȱǻȱŗȱȱŗŘȱȱȱǼǯȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȬȱȱ
Macaca fascicularisȱȱȱȱȱȱǻǰȱȱǰȱ
ȱȱǼǯȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱěȱ ȱȱǯȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱęȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯ
ȱȱȱĜ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȬ¢ȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ǻ alfrediǼȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ǻSus cebifronsǼǯȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ
¢ȱǻǰȱŘŖŗŖǼǯȱȱ
VOL. 51 NO. 2
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DISCUSSION
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱȬȱȱǻ
¢ǰȱŗşŞŜǼǯȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȬȱ ȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ǻ ȱǭȱǰȱŘŖŖŖǼǰȱ ȱȱĴȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱŗŘŖȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǻ
¢ǰȱŗşŞŜǼǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ǻŘŖŖŖǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǻƽHemidactylusǼȱ¢,
ȱ¢, Rhinella marinaȱǻ¢ȱBufo marinusǼȱȱKaloula
conjunctaǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ
ȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
¢ȱȱȱ ǯȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǻȱǭȱǰȱŘŖŖśǼǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱǻ ȱǭȱǰȱ
ŗşŞŘǼǰȱ ǯȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȱ ȱ ǯǰȱ ŘŖŖşǼǰȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱǻȱȱǯȱŘŖŖŝǼȱȱǯȱȱȱ£ȱǻȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŗŖǼȱȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱGekko ernstkelleriȱȱ ȱ¢ȱǻȱ
ȱǯǰȱŘŖŖŜǼǰȱȱǯȱȱȱ£ȱǻȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŗŖǼǯ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻŗşŝŞǼȱ ȱ ŗřȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Laticauda colubrinaȱ ȱ ǯȱ ,
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱ¢Ȭ¢ǰȱǰȱȱ¢ȱǯȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱ ȱLaticaudaȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȂȱ
ȱȱǻȱȱǯǰȱȱǼǯȱLaticaudaȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ǻPlotosus
ǯǼȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡¢ȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǯȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ǻȱ ȱ ȱ ǯǰȱ ȱ Ǽǰȱ
ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǻŗşŝŞǼȱȱȱǰȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
VOL. 51 NO.2
117
Threats to the biodiversity of the Gigantes and Sicogon
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ȱǯȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱĴȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱǰȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱ ȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȬȱǻǯȱǼȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ Ĵȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ
ę¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ȱ
ǯ
ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ǻȱ ǯǼȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ Ȭ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ Ě¢ȱ ¡ȱ ǻȱ
ȱȱǯȱ¢Ǽȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ
ȱ¢ǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǻȱǼȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǰȱ¢ȱȱȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȬȬȱ ȱ ǻkainginǼȱ ȱ
ȱǯȱ
ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱGekkoȱȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȃȱ ¢Ȅȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱGekko
geckoȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȬȱȃ¢ȱȱȄȱȱ
Gekkoǰȱȱȱ ȱȱȱřŖŖȱȱǯȱ¢ǰȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Gekkoȱ ǻȱ Gekko
giganteǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȱ Ǽȱ ȱ ȱ
ǰȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ ȱȱȱ£ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱȱřŖŖȱǻǯȱǰȱǯȱǯǼǯȱȱȱ
CONCLUSION
AND RECOMMENDATIONS
ȱȱȱȱę¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
VOL. 51 NO. 2
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ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ
Ĵȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ Ǳ
Ȋȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ǯ
Ȋȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǼȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ
ǰȱȱǯȱ
Ȋȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯ
Ȋȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ Ȧ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱǯ
ǰȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȦȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ
area.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻǼȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱěȱȱȱǯǰȱ¢ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ
¢ȱĜȱȱǰȱǰȱǰȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǼȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ
ȱ ȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ
¢ǰȱ ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱǯȱȱȱȱSJȱ ȱȱȱ
ȱȱǯȱ
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
VOL. 51 NO.2
119
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Elfes, C.T., Livingstone, S.R., Lane, A., Lukoschek, V., Sanders, K., Courtney, A.J.,
Gatus, J.L., Guinea, M., Lobo, A.S., Milton, D., Murphy, J.C., Rasmussen, A.,
Read, M., White, M-D., Sanciangco, J., Alcala, A., Cogger, H.,, Heatwole, H.,
Karns, D., Seminoff, J.A., Voris, H., & Carpenter, K. (in manuscript). Fascinating
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Ferner, J.W., R.M., Brown, Sison, R.V. & Kennedy, R.S. (2000). The amphibians and
reptiles of Panay Island, Philippines. $VLDWLF+HUSHWRORJLFDO5HVHDUFK: 1-37.
Hall, R.F. (2001). SE Asian Plate Techtonics 55-0Ma. Available online: http://www.
gl.rhul.ac.uk/seasia/welcome.html.
Heaney, L.R. (1986). Biogeography of mammals in SE Asia: Estimates of rates of
colonization, extinction, and speciation. %LRORJLFDO-RXUQDORIWKH/LQQHDQ6RFLHW\
, 127–165.
Heaney, L.R. & Regalado, J.C. (1998). 9DQLVKLQJ WUHDVXUHV RI WKH 3KLOLSSLQH UDLQ
forest. Chicago, IL: The Field Museum.
Heaney, L.R., Balete, D.S., Dolar, M.L., Alcala, A.C., Dans, A.T.L., Gonzales, P.C.,
Ingle, N.R., Lepiten, M.V., Oliver, W.L.R., Ong, P.S., Rickart, E.A., Tabaranza,
B.R. Jr., & Utzurrum, R.C.B. (1998) A synopsis of the mammalian fauna of the
Philippine Islands. )LHOGLDQD=RRORJ\:1-61.
IUCN (2010). IUCN red list of threatened species. Version 2010.4. Retrieved from
www.iucnredlist.org.
Kennedy, R.S., Gonzales, P.C., Dickinson, E.C., Miranda, H.C. Jr., & Fisher, T. H.
(2000). $JXLGHWRWKHELUGVRIWKH3KLOLSSLQHV. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Linkem, C.W., Siler, C.D., Diesmos, A.C., & Brown, R.M. (2010). A new species of
Gekko (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from central Luzon Island, Philippines. =RRWD[D
: 37–94.
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Myers, N.A., Mittermeier, R.A., Mittermeier, C.G., da Fonseca, G.A.B., & Kent, J.
(2000). Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. 1DWXUH: 853-858.
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FRQVHUYDWLRQ SULRULWLHV$ VHFRQG LWHUDWLRQ RI WKH 1DWLRQDO %LRGLYHUVLW\ 6WUDWHJ\
DQG $FWLRQ 3ODQ. Quezon City: DENR–PAWB, Conservation International
Philippines, Biodiversity Conservation Program UP Center for Integrative and
Development Studies and Foundation for the Philippine Environment.
Rabor, D.S. (1938). The avifauna of the Gigante Islands. 3KLOLSSLQH -RXUQDO RI
6FLHQFH: 267-274.
Rosler, H., Siler, C.D., Brown, R.M., Demegillo, A.D. & Gaulke, M. (2006) Gekko
ernstkelleri sp. N.—a new gekkonid lizard from Panay Island, Philippines.
6DODPDQGUD(4): 193–206.
Sedlock, J.L. & Ingle, N. (2010). &DYHEDWVRIWKH3KLOLSSLQHV. Retrieved from www.
seabcru.org.
Siler, C.D., Alcala, A.C., Diesmos, A.C., & Brown, R.M. (2009). A new species of
limestone-forest frog, genus Platymantis (Amphibia: Anura: Ceratobatrachidae)
from eastern Samar Island, Philippines. +HUSHWRORJLFD(1): 92–104.
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Platymantis (Amphibia: Anura: Ranidae) from Panay Island, Philippines.
+HUSHWRORJLFD(3): 351-364.
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VOL. 51 NO. 2
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
Date
ŗřȬȬŖşȱ
ŗřȬȬŖşȱ
ŗřȬȬŖşȱ
ŗŚȬȬŖşȱ
ŗŜȬȬŗŖȱ
ŗŜȬȬŗŖȱ
ŗŚȬȬŖşȱ
ŗśȬȬŖşȱ
ŗŞȬȬŖşȱ
ŗŞȬȬŖşȱ
ŗŞȬȬŖşȱ
ŗŞȬȬŖşȱ
ŗŞȬȬŖşȱ
ŗşȬȬŖşȱ
ŗşȬȬŖşȱ
ŗřȬȬŗŖȱ
ŗřȬȬŗŖȱ
ŗřȬȬŗŖȱ
Site
Ȭȱȱŗȱȱ
ȬȱȱŘȱȱ
Ȭȱȱřȱȱ
ȱȱ
ȱȱ
ȱȱ
ȱȱ
ȱȱ
ȱȱŗȱ
ȱȱŘȱ
Ȭȱȱ
ȱȱ
Ȭȱȱ
ȱȱ
Ȭȱȱ
ȱȱŗȱ
ȱȱŘȱ
ȱȱřȱ
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
ŘŞǯŖȱ
ŘŜǯŖȱ
ŘŞǯŖȱ
ŘŞǯŖȱ
ŘŞǯŖȱ
ŘŞǯŖȱ
ŘŞǯŖȱ
ŘŜǯŖȱ
ŘŞǯŖȱ
ŘŝǯŖȱ
ŘŞǯŖȱ
ŘŞǯŖȱ
ŘŝǯŖȱ
ŘŜǯŖȱ
ŘŝǯŖȱ
ŘŞǯŖȱ
ŘŞǯŖȱ
ŘŞǯŖȱ
Ambient
Temp. (°C)
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
Cave Entrance
Şŝȱ
şŘȱ
Şŝȱ
Şŝȱ
ŞŘȱ
ŞŘȱ
ŞŘȱ
şŘȱ
Şŝȱ
şŗǯśȱ
Şŝȱ
Şŝȱ
şŗǯśȱ
şŘȱ
ŝśȱ
Şŝȱ
Şŝȱ
Şŝȱ
RH
(%)
řȱ
řȱ
řȱ
Řȱ
ŗȱ
Śȱ
Řȱ
Śȱ
Řȱ
Řȱ
Řȱ
Řȱ
Řȱ
Řȱ
Řȱ
Řȱ
Řȱ
Řȱ
No. of
Plots
ȱ
ŖǯŜŝƹŖǯŜŝȱ
ŖǯŜŝƹŖǯŜŝȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ŘǯŝśƹŖǯŚŞȱ
ȱ
ŖǯśŖƹŖǯśŖȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
Mean Density
(ind./100m2±S.E.)
ŘŝǯŖȱ
ŘŜǯŖȱ
ŘŝǯŖȱ
ŘŞǯŖȱ
ŘŞǯŖȱ
ŘŞǯŖȱ
ŘŞǯŖȱ
ŘŜǯŖȱ
ŘŜǯŖȱ
ŘŜǯŖȱ
ŘŝǯŖȱ
ŘŞǯŖȱ
ŘŝǯŖȱ
ŘśǯŖȱ
ŘŝǯŖȱ
ŘŝǯŖȱ
ŘŝǯŖȱ
ŘŝǯŖȱ
Ambient
Temp. (°C)
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
Cave Interior
şŗǯśȱ
şŘȱ
şŗǯśȱ
Şŝȱ
ŞŘȱ
ŞŘȱ
ŝśȱ
şŘȱ
şŘȱ
şŘȱ
şŘȱ
Şŝȱ
şŗǯśȱ
şŘȱ
şřȱ
şřȱ
şřȱ
şřȱ
RH
(%)
3RSXODWLRQGHQVLWLHVRI3ODW\PDQWLVLQVXODWXVGXULQJDQ(162HYHQWLQ
Table 1.
řȱ
řȱ
Řȱ
řȱ
ŗȱ
ŗŖȱ
řȱ
ŗȱ
řȱ
Řȱ
Śȱ
Řȱ
ŗȱ
Śȱ
Řȱ
Řȱ
Řȱ
ŗȱ
No. of
Plots
ŘǯŖƹŖǯśŞ
řǯŜŝƹŗǯŘŖ
ŘǯŖ
ŗǯŜŝƹŖǯřř

ŚǯřŖƹŗǯŞŜ
ŗǯŖƹŖǯśŝ

ŘǯřŞƹŖǯŞŞ
ŗǯśƹŖǯś

řǯśƹŖǯśŖ

řǯŖ
Mean Density
(ind./100m2±S.E.)
122
VOL. 51 NO.2
VOL. 51 NO. 2
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
¢ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱȱ
ȱ
Family
Platymantis insulatusȱ
Platymantis dorsalisȱ
Platymantis corrugatusȱ
Fejervarya cancrivoraȱ
¢ȱ¢¡ȱȱ
Limnonectes visayanusȱ
Occidozyga laevisȱ ȱ
Kaloula conjunctaȱ ȱ
Rhinella marinaȱ ȱ
Hemidactylus frenatusȱ
¢ȱ¢ȱ
Gehyra mutilataȱ ȱ
Gekko giganteȱ
ȱ
Gekko mindorensisȱ ȱȱ
Gekko geckoȱ
ȱ
¢ȱȱȱ
¢¢ȱȱ
¢¢ȱȱ
Emoia atrocostataȱ ȱ
Brachymeles talinisȱȱ
Species
ǰȱǰȱȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ǰȱŘǰȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ǰȱŘǰȱȱ
ǰȱŘǰȱǰȱǰȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ǰȱŘǰȱȱ
ǰȱŘǰȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
Gigante Norte
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ǰȱŘǰȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ǰȱŘǰȱȱ
ǰȱŘǰȱǰȱǰȱȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ
ǰȱŘǰȱȱ
ǰȱŘǰȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱǰȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ǰȱŗǰȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ǰȱŗǰȱȱ
ǰȱŗȱ ȱ
ǰȱ
ȱ
ȱ
Site
Gigante Sur
/LVWRIDPSKLELDQVDQGUHSWLOHVNQRZQIURP*LJDQWHVDQG6LFRJRQ,VODQGV
7DEOH
ȱ
Continued in the next page...
ǰȱŘǰȱ
ǰȱŘǰȱ
ǰȱŘǰȱ
ǰȱŘǰȱ
ǰȱŘǰȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱǰȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
Sicogon
123
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
ȱ
¢ȱȱ
Acrochordidae
ȱ
ȱ
Family
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ
Mabuya multicarinata
borealisȱȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ
grandisȱȱȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱȱ
Laticauda colubrinaȱ
Laticauda laticaudataȱ
Laticauda semifasciata
¢ȱ
¢ȱ¢
¢ȱ
¢ȱȱ ȱ
¢ȱ
ȱȱ
Astrotia stokesii
ȱ
¢ȱȱ
Acrochordus granulatus
Species
ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
ǰȱřȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ǰřǰȱȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ǰȱřǰȱȱ
Gigante Norte
ǰȱȱ ȱ
ǰřȱ ȱ
ǰȱřǰȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ǰȱȱ ȱ
ǰȱȱ ȱ
DM
DM
DM
DM
DM
DM
DM
DM
DM
ǰřǰȱȱȱȱ
ǰȱřǰȱȱ
Site
Gigante Sur
7DEOH&RQWLQXHG
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
řǰȱ
ř
ǰȱřǰȱ
Sicogon
124
VOL. 51 NO.2
VOL. 51 NO. 2
ȱ
Number of Species = 44
ȱȱ ȱ
ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ
¢ȱȱ
¢ȱȱȱ
ȱęȱ
ȱȱ
Species
15
ǰȱȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
Gigante Norte
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
30
ǰȱȱ
ǰȱȱ
ǰȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
26
ȱ
ȱ
Sicogon
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
Site
Gigante Sur
NOTE:ȱǻǼȬȱ¢ǲȱǻǼȬȱǻŗşŞŜǼǲȱǻŗǼȬ ȱǭȱȱǻŗşŝŖǼǲȱǻŘǼȬ ȱǭȱȱǻŗşŝŞǼǲȱǻřǼȬ ȱǭȱȱǻŗşŞŖǼǲȱǻǼȬ
ȱǻŗşşŘǼǲȱǻǼȬȱȱǯȱǻŘŖŖŖǼǲȱǻǼȬȱǭȱȱǻŗşŝŞǼǲȱŘŚȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯ
Families = 11
Boidae
ȱ
Family
7DEOH&RQWLQXHG
125
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
Ŗȱ
Ŗȱ
Řȱ
ŘŘȱ
Śȱ
ŗśȱ
ŝȱ
ŗśȱ
Ŝȱ
Řȱ
ŗȱ
Ŝȱ
Gigante Sur
Ȭȱȱŗȱ
ȱ
ȬȱȱŘȱ
ȱ
Ȭȱȱřȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱǻȱȱřȱǼȱ
ȬȱȱǻȱǼȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
Gigante Norte
ȱȱŗȱ ȱ
ȱȱŘȱ ȱ
Ȭȱȱȱ
ȱȱ
ȱȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
Ȭȱȱ
ŗŜȱ
Řȱ
śȱ
Śȱ
Counts
Site
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ Ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǲȱ
ȱ¢ȱ
ȱǲȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱřȬŗŘȱ
ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
¢ȱǲȱ ȱȱȱ
ȱǲȱȦȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱǲȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
¢ȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱǲȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ
ǯȱȱȱȱȱ
Remarks
&RXQWVRI*HNNRJLJDQWHLQFDYHKDELWDWVRIWKH*LJDQWHV
Table 3.
126
VOL. 51 NO.2
Status*
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
Species
ȱȱ ȱ
ȱȱ ȱ
Ixobrychus sinensisȱ
ȱ
Ixobrychus cinnamomeusȱ
Nycticorax caledonicusȱ ȱ
Butorides striataȱ
ȱ
Ardeola ǯȱ ȱ
ȱ
Bubulcus ibisȱ
ȱ
Ĵȱȱ
ȱ
Ĵȱ£Ĵȱ
ȱ
Fregata minorȱ
ȱ
Haliastur indusȱ
ȱ
Haliaeetus leucogasterȱ ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
Gallirallus torquatusȱ
ȱ
Porzana cinereaȱ
ȱ
¡ȱȱ
ȱ
Turnix suscitatorȱ
ȱ
Glareola maldivarumȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱ
Pluvialis fulvaȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
Gallinago ǯȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
Tringa glareolaȱ
ȱ
ȱ¢ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ ȱ
English Name
ȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱĴȱ
ȱ
ȱĴȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ
Ȭȱ
ȱ
Ĵȱȱ
ȱ
ęȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ
Ĵȱȱȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
¢ȱȱ
ȱ
ȬȱȬȱ
ȱȬȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱ
ȱ
Ȭ ȱȱ ȱ
Ȭȱȱ ȱ
ȱĴȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
Ȭ ȱȱ
ȱ
ęȱȱȱ ȱ
Ĵȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ ȱ
¢ȬȱĴȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱȱ
ȱȱ
ȱȱ
ȱȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱȱ
ȱȱ
ȱȱ
ȱȱ
ȱȱ
ȱȱ
ȱȱ
ȱȱ
VOL. 51 NO. 2
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
Kennedy
et al. (2000)
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
Gigantes
&KHFNOLVWRIELUGVSHFLHVNQRZQIURPWKH*LJDQWHVDQG6LFRJRQ,VODQGV
Table 4.
ȱ
ǰȱȱ
ǰȱȱ
ǰȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ǰȱȱ
ǰȱȱ
ǰȱȱ
ǰȱȱ
ǰȱȱ
ǰȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ǰȱȱ
ǰȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ǰȱȱ
ǰȱȱ
ǰȱȱ
ǰȱȱ
ǰȱȱ
ǰȱȱ
ǰȱȱ
ǰȱȱ
This study
ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
Kennedy
et al. (2000)
Sicogon
ǰȱ
ǰȱ
ǰȱ
This study
127
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
Species
Sterna bergiiȱ
ȱ
Sterna albifronsȱ
ȱ
ȱ¢ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ ȱ
ȱȱ ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
Treron vernansȱ
ȱ
Ducula bicolorȱ
ȱ
Hierococcyx fugaxȱ
ȱ
¢¢ȱȱ ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
¢ȱȱȱ
ȱ
¡ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱȱȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱȱ ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
Eurystomus orientalisȱ ȱ
Halcyon coromandaȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱĴȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ ȱ
Ĵȱȱ
ȱ
English Name
ȱȱȱ
ȱ
Ĵȱȱ ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱ
Ĵȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
Ȭȱȱȱ
ȱȬȱ ȱ
Ȃȱ
Ȭȱ
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ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱ ȱ
¢ȱ ȱ
ȱ
¢¢ȱ ȱ
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ȱ
Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ ȱ
ȱ
¢ȱęȱ
ȱ
ȱęȱ ȱ
ȱęȱ ȱ
ȱ¢¢ȱȱȱ
ȱĴȱ
ȱ
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
Status*
ȱȱ
ȱȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱȱ
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ȱ
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ȱȱ
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ȱȱ
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ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ
Kennedy
et al. (2000)
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
Gigantes
Table 4. (Continued...)
ǰȱȱ
ȱ
ǰȱȱ
ǰȱȱ
ǰȱȱ
ǰȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ǰȱȱ
ǰȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ǰȱȱ
ǰȱȱ
ǰȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ǰȱȱ
ȱ
ǰȱȱ
ǰȱȱ
ȱ
ǰȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
This study
ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
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ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
Kennedy
et al. (2000)
Sicogon
ǰȱ
ǰȱ
ǰȱ
ǰȱ
ǰȱ
ǰȱ
ǰȱ
This study
128
VOL. 51 NO.2
VOL. 51 NO. 2
Ȭȱ¢ȱȱ
Ȭȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ
ȱ
ęȱ ȱ
ȱ
ȱ ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
Ȭȱȱ ȱ
Ȭȱ ȱ
ȱ
¢Ȭȱ¢ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
Ȭȱȱȱ
Ȭȱȱȱ
Ȭȱȱ ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
Ȭȱȱ ȱ
¢ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱȱȱ
ȱȬȱ
ȱ
Ȭȱ¢ȱ
¢¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
English Name
¢ȱȱ
Artamus leucorynchusȱ
Hirundo rusticaȱ
Hirundo tahiticaȱ
Hirundo striolataȱ
Lalage nigraȱȱ
Lanius cristatusȱ
Oriolus chinensisȱ
ȱ¢ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱȱ
¢ȱ¢ȱ
ȱ¡ȱ
Pycnonotus goiavier
¡ȱȱ
¢¢ȱ£ȱ
Megalurus timoriensisȱ
ȱȱ
¢ȱȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ¢ȱ
ȱȱ
¢ȱȱ
Monticola solitariusȱ
¢ȱęȱ
ȱ¢ȱ
Species
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
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ȱ
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ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
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ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
Status*
ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ
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ȱȱ
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ȱȱ
ȱȱ
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ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
Kennedy
et al. (2000)
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
Gigantes
ǰȱȱ
ȱ
ǰȱȱ
ȱ
ǰȱȱ
ȱ
ǰȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ǰȱȱ
ȱ
ǰȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ǰȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ǰȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
This study
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
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ȱ
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ǰȱ
ȱ
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ȱ
ȱ
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ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ǰȱ
This study
ȱ
ȱ
Kennedy
et al. (2000)
Sicogon
129
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
35
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
Kennedy
et al. (2000)
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
Gigantes
NOTE:ȱȬȱǲȱȬǲȱȬǲȱȬ ȱǲȱǻȘǼȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǯȱǻŘŖŖŖǼ
Total Number of Species = 87
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
¢ȱȱ
Passer montanusȱ
Lonchura malaccaȱ
ȱĚȱ
Motacilla cinereaȱ
Anthus richardi ȱ
Ȭȱȱ ȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱ
Ȭȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
¢ȱȱ
ȱ
Ȃȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
Status*
Species
English Name
72
ȱ
ǰȱȱ
ȱ
ǰȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
This study
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
29
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
Kennedy
et al. (2000)
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
Sicogon
33
This study
130
VOL. 51 NO.2
VOL. 51 NO. 2
Non-volant mammals
ȱǻǼȱȱ
ȱǻȱȱǼȱ ȱ
ȱǻ Ǽȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ǻȱȱȱǼȱ ȱ
ȱ
ǻ
ȱȱȱǼȱ
Volant mammals
ȱ ȱ
ȱǻȱǼȱȱ ȱ
Family
ȱ
ȱ
Murina cyclotisȱ ȱ
ȱȱ ȱ
Number of Species = 14
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ ȱ
ȱȱ
Macaca fascicularisȱȱ
Ĵȱ£ȱ ȱ
Suncus murinusȱ ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
Saccolaimus saccolaimusȱ
ȱ¢ȱ
ȱȱ ȱ
Ĵȱ¡ȱ
Macroglossus minimusȱ
Ptenochirus jagori
¢ȱ¢ȱ
Species
8
Řȱ
ŗǻřǼȱ
řǻŘǼȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ŗȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ǻŗǼȱ
ȱ
ǻřŞǼȱ
ǻŗǼȱ
ȱ
ǻřǼȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
North Gigante
14
řȱ
řȱ
Řȱ
řȱ
ǻřǼȱ
ŗȱ
ŗŘȱ
ŗǻŗǼȱ
ȱ
ǻŘŗǼȱ
ǻŗǼȱ
ǻŗǼȱ
ǻŚǼȱ
5
ŗŖ
Ś
Ř
ǻřǼ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
řŖ
ŗś
Sicogon
ȱ
ȱ
Gigante Sur
A list of mammals observed in the Gigantes and Sicogon during the survey.
Table 5.
131
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
132
Assessment of the Forest Remnants
of Gigantes and Sicogon Islands,
Iloilo province, Philippines
Abner A. Bucol
and Environmental Management
Edward O. Maningo
Forestry Department, College of Agriculture and Forestry,
Negros Oriental State University, Dumaguete City, Philippines
Leonardo T. Averia
and Environmental Management
Lirio Cordova
PROGRESO, Inc.
Estancia, Iloilo City, Iloilo, Philippines
Josie Rodriguez
Forestry Department, College of Agriculture and Forestry,
Negros Oriental State University, Dumaguete City, Philippines
This paper presents the status of forest vegetation in the Gigantes
and Sicogon islands, in Carles, Iloilo province, off northeastern
Panay Island, Philippines. Sampling of trees was based on 27 main
plots (400m2 each) while saplings and undergrowth species were
sampled within 27 sub-plots (200m2) and 108 smaller sub-plots
(1m2 each), respectively. A total of 88 species of forest plants
CFMPOHJOHUPHFOFSBBOE'BNJMJFTIBWFCFFOJEFOUJmFEJO
the 27 sampling plots. Sicogon Island has about 571.2 ha (50.29%
of the total land area) of relatively intact forest while Gigante Sur
and Gigante Norte have 283 ha (47.11%) and 92.73 ha (19.25%)
of karst forest, respectively. The forest cover in the three islands
has been altered due to farming and charcoal production. The
impact of such activities may affect the fauna endemic to these
small islands. Protection of the remaining forests on these islands
is also recommended.
KEYWORDS: forest, vegetation, karst, Gigantes, Sicogon, Iloilo
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
VOL. 51 NO.2
A.A. BUCOL, E.O MANINGO, L.T. AVERIA, L. CORDOVA, ET AL.
133
INTRODUCTION
ȱȱǰȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱǻ ȱȱřƖȱȱȱ
ȱȱǼȱȱȱȱȱȱȱŗǯŚƖȱȱŗşşŖȱȱŘŖŖŖȱȱ
ǻǰȱǰȱǭȱǰȱŘŖŖŜǼȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻ
¢ȱ ǭȱ
ǰȱŗşşŞǼǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǻȱȱ
ǯǰȱŘŖŖŜǼǯȱ
ȱ ȱ £ȱ ǻȱ Ǽȱ Ě¢ȱ £ȱ ȱ Ěȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǻȱ ǭȱ ǰȱ ŘŖŖŞǲȱ ǰȱ ŘŖŖŜǲȱ
ǰȱŘŖŖŖǲȱǰȱŘŖŖŘǰȱŘŖŖŚǰȱŘŖŖśǲȱǰȱŘŖŖŘǼȱȱȱ
ǻ
ȱȱǯǰȱŗşşşǼǯȱ
ȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻȱȱȱ
ǯǰȱŘŖŖŜǼǯȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǯ
I
Brief description of the study areas
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱŗŖŖȱ
ǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ǻŗŗǯśŞŞŜǚǰȱ ŗŘřǯřřŜřǚǼȱ ǻȱ ŗǼȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱȱȱȱǻȱŘǼȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȃȬ
ȄȱǻȱǼǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ
ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ęǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱǯ
ȱ ȱ ǻŗŗǯŜŘŚŜǚǰȱ ŗŘřǯřŚŞşǚǼȱ ǻȱ ŗǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
Ŗǯşȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱǯȱȱ
ȱȱǻŗŗǯŚŚśŞǚǰȱŗŘřǯŘŜŘśǚǼȱǻȱŗǼȱȱȱşǯśȱȱ
ȱȱȱ ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻǼȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ
ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȬȱǻȱǼǯȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱŘŞŘȱȱǻȱřǼȱ
VOL. 51 NO. 2
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
134
FOREST REMNANTS OF GIGANTES AND SICOGON
)LJXUH A map showing the location of the three islands covered by the study (Gigante Norte,
Gigante Sur, and Sicogon).
Ȭȱ ȱ ǻȬǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱǯȱŖŚȱȱȱȱŘŚǰȱŘŖŖŞǯȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǻǼǰȱȱȱ
¢ǰȱȱȱǯȱŖśǰȱȱȱŗşŞşǯȱȱ ȱȱȱ
ȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȬȬȱȱǻȱŚǼǯȱȱ
ǰȱȱĴȱȱȱǻȱśǼȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱǰȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȦȱǯ
Data gathering
ȱ ȱ ǻȱ Ǽȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǰȱ
ȱǰȱȱȱǼȱ ȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ǻǼȱ ȱ ¢ȱ țȱ ȱ
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
VOL. 51 NO.2
135
)LJXUH View of a typical karst forest landscape in Gigante Sur.
)LJXUH A view of the Sicogon Forest/Tree Park (viewed from the eastern side).
VOL. 51 NO. 2
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
136
)LJXUH Deforested side of Sicogon Island (viewed from the southwestern side).
)LJXUH Illegally cut trees in the timberland of Sicogon Island, Carles, Iloilo.
ŗǯŞǯŖȬȱ ǻǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱ ǻȱ ȱ ¢Ǽȱ ȱ ǻțȬŝŜŖǼȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ǻȱ Ǽȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱŗśȱȱŘŚǰȱŘŖŗŖǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ŘŖȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ŘŖȱ ȱ ǻȱ Ǽǰȱ ŘŖŖȬŘśŖȱ
ǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
VOL. 51 NO.2
137
ȱǯȱȱȱȱŘŝȱȱȱ ȱ¢ǰȱŗśȱȱȱȱŜȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ
ȱŗŖȱȱ¡ȱŘŖȱȱȬȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱŗȱ¡ȱŗȱȬȱ ȱȱȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱǻȱȱǼǯȱȱǰȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŘŞŘȬȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȬȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱǯȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǻǯǯȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱǼȱȱ ȱȱ ȱǱȱȱ
ȱȱȱǻ
Ǽȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ǳȱ ȱ
ǻȱȱȱŘȦǼȱƽȱŖǯŖŖŖŖŝŞśŚȱ¡ȱ
Řǯȱȱȱ
ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ǻŘŖŖŚǼǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ ǯȱ ǻŘŖŖŜǼǰȱ ǰȱ ¢ǰȱ ǭȱ ȱ
ǻŗşşşǼȱ ȱ ȱ ǻŘŖŖŖǼȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
£ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ęȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱśŝŗǯŘȱȱǻśŖǯŘşƖȱȱȱȱȱǼȱȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ŘŞřȱ ȱ ǻŚŝǯŗŗƖǼȱ ȱ şŘǯŝřȱ ȱ ǻŗşǯŘśƖǼȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ
ǻȱ ŗǼǯȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱ¡ȱȱȱ¢ǯȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱȱȱǯȱ
ǻŘŖŖŜǼȱȱȱřŗśǯŘȱȱǻŘşǯŗŘƖǼȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ
ǰȱȱ¢ȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŞŞȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ŝŝȱ
ȱȱřŖȱȱǻȱŜǰȱȱŘȬŚǼȱȱȱęȱȱȱ
Řŝȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȱ ȱ ȱ ¢Ǽȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŘȬŚǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ
ǻŗŖȱǼǰȱȱȱȱ ȱŝȱȱǰȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱŜȱǰȱĴȱȱ¢ȱ ȱśȱȱǯȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱŚȱȱȱ ȱȱ
VOL. 51 NO. 2
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138
ȱȱȱ¢ȱŗȬřȱȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǯȱǻŘŖŖŜǼȱ
¢ȱ ȱřŗŞȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱǯȱȱ
ěȱȱȱĴȱȱȱ ȱǱȱǽŗǾȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱÛȱȱȱǻǼȱȱǻȱ
ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ŘŖŗŖǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǯǯȱ ȱ Ǽȱ ȱ ȱ
ǲȱǽŘǾȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǲȱȱ
ǽřǾȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱęǯ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻȱŘȬŚǼǰȱȱȱśŖŚǯřŜȱŘȦ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱŞśǯşŝȱŘȦȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ŞǯŖŗȱ ŘȦȱ ȱ ŗŜǯŘşȱ ŘȦǰȱ
¢ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĴȱ ȱȱǻŜŜŖǯŞŞȱ
ŘȦȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŗśŜǯŘŖȱ ŘȦȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ǽǰȱ
ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ
Table 1.
Land area and forest coverage in the study sites.
Island
Total Land Area*
(ha)
ȱ ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱȱ
ŗǰŗřśǯŝŖȱ ȱ
ŚŞŗǯŝŖȱ ȱ
ŜŖŖǯŝŖȱ ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
Total Forest Cover
(ha)
(%)
śŝŗǯŘŖȱ ȱ
şŘǯŝřȱ ȱ
ŘŞřǯŖŖȱ ȱ
śŖǯŘş
ŗşǯŘś
Śŝǯŗŗ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
Ș¡ȱȱȱ
ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱǻƽŗśǼȱ ȱŜŖśƹşřǯŝȱǯǯȱǯȦ
ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱǻƽŜǼȱ ȱśŗŜƹŘşǯřȱǯǯȱǯȦȱȱȱ
ȱȱǻƽŜǼȱ ȱ¢ȱŘśŚǯŘƹŞřȱǯǯȱǯȦȱǻȱŝǼǯȱȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻŗǰŘŗŜǯŜŝƹŜŜǯśŖȱ
ǯǯȱ ǯȦǼȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǻŞşŜǯŜŝƹŗŘřǯŘşȱ ǯǯȱ ǯȦǼǰȱ ȱ
ȱȱǻśřřǯřřƹŗşŝǯśŖȱǯǯȱǯȦǼǰȱȱȱǯȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ǻȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ǽǰȱ
ȱȱŗŘȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱǻƽŜŖǼȱȱŞǯŝŘƹŘǯřśȱ
ǯǯȱǯȦŘȱ ȱ¢ȱŗǯŚŘƹŖǯŞȱǯǯȱǯȦŘȱȱȱȱȱǻƽŘŚǼȱ
ȱŖǯşŘƹŖǯřŜȱǯǯȱǯȦŘȱȱȱȱǻƽŘŚǼȱǽȱŞǾǯ
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
VOL. 51 NO.2
139
)LJXUH1XPEHURIVSHFLHVDQGJHQHUDRIWKH)DPLOLHVRISODQWVLGHQWLÀHGLQWKHSORWV
(400m2) during the survey (all sites combined).
)LJXUH Mean density (ind./ha±S.E.) of forest trees and saplings in the three Islands.
(N=15 in Sicogon; 6 in Gigante Sur; 6 in Gigante Norte).
VOL. 51 NO. 2
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140
)LJXUH . Mean density (ind./m2±S.E.) of undergrowth plants in the three Islands. (N=60 in
Sicogon; 24 in Gigante Sur; 24 in Gigante Norte).
)LJXUH Mean tree diameter at breast-height or DBH (cm ± S.E.) in the three Islands
(N=440 in Sicogon; 124 in Gigante Sur; 61 in Gigante Norte).
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
VOL. 51 NO.2
VOL. 51 NO. 2
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
Alangium meyeriȱ ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ Ardisia squamulosa ȱ
ȱ
Parishia oblongifoliaȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ
Polyscias nodosaȱ ȱ
ȱ
Teijsmanniodendron ahernianumȱ
ȱ
Radermachera sibuyanensisȱ ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱȱȱ
ȱ
ȱĚȱȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ Terminalia foetidissimaȱ
ȱ
ȱȱȱȱ
ȱ
ȱShorea contorta ȱ ȱ
ȱ
Shorea negrosensis ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ
Bridelia glauca ȱ ȱ
ȱ
Glochidion camiguinense
Macaranga tanariusȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ęȱȱ
ȱ
Ĵȱȱ
¡¢ȱȱȱȱ
ȱ
¡¢ȱȱȱȱ
ȱ
Garcinia binucaoȱ ȱ
ȱ
ȱ ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
Species
Family
Site
ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ
ȱȱ
¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ
ȱ
ȱ ȱ
Ȭȱ
¢ȱ ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱȱ
¢ȱ ȱ
ȱ
Ȭȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ ȱ
Local name
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
List of tree species and their corresponding basal area in the three islands.
7DEOH
ŘǯŘŝş
ŗŞǯřřş
ŗşǯŖşŜ
ŚǯŖśŘ
şǯşŘŚ
ŘŗǯŗŚŚ
ŗřǯŝşŗ
ŗŚǯřşş
ŗśǯŗŚř
ŗǯŚŞş
śǯŗŚŜ
ŖǯŝŝŜ
ŖǯŜŜŘ
ŞǯŖŚş
ŖǯŚśş
řǯŜŖŘ
ŝǯŝŚŘ
ŘǯŗŗŞ
ŖǯŞřŗ
ŗŖǯŗŘŜ
ŗŚǯŞŘŜ
Total Basal Area (m2/ha)
141
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
ȱ
Lauraceae
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
¢ȱ
ȱ
ęȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
Moraceae
Family
Site
Local name
ȱ ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ ȱ
ȱ
ȱ ȱ
ȱ
ȱ ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
Ȭȱ
ȱ
Ȭȱ ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
ȦȱȬȱ
Ȭȱ ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
Ȭȱ ȱ
Species
¡ȱĚȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ
Litsea balusanensis ȱ
ȱ
¢ȱ£ȱ
ȱ
Dysoxylum sibuyanenseȱ
ȱ
ȱȱȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱ
¢ȱȱȱ
ȱ
Palaquium obovatumȱ
ȱ
ęȱȱ
ȱ
ęȱȱ
ȱ
ęȱȱ
ȱ
ęȱȱ
ȱ
ęȱȱ
ȱ
ęȱȱ
ȱ
ęȱȱ
ȱ
ęȱȱ
ȱȱ
ęȱȱ
ȱȱ
ęȱȱ
ȱȱ
ęȱȱ
ȱ
ęȱȱ
ȱ
7DEOH&RQWLQXHG
Śşǯŗśŗ
ŖǯŚśş
ŘǯŚŘŘ
ŖǯŘşŚ
ŗǯŞŗ
ŘǯŘŗ
ŖǯŚśş
ŜǯŚŘŚ
śǯřśŝ
ŝǯŜşŜ
ŘǯŞŝŘ
ŗŚǯŘŝŝ
ŗŗǯřřŜ
ŖǯřŝŘ
ŝŚǯŝŚŝ
ŗśǯśśŝ
ŗǯŖřŚ
ŗǯŖřŚ
ŗǯŖřŚ
ŚǯśşŚ
ŗŚǯśŝŝ
142
VOL. 51 NO.2
VOL. 51 NO. 2
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱȱ
No. of Families = 17
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
Family
Site
Mangifera indica ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱ
ȱȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱ
No. of Species = 57
ęȱȱ
ęȱȱ
ęȱȱ
ęȱȱ
ęȱȱ
ęȱȱ
ęȱȱ
ęȱȱ
ęȱȱ
ęȱȱ
ęȱȱ
ęȱȱ
ęȱȱ
ęȱȱ
Species
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
Sub-total = 504.361
ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ ȱ
ȱ
¢ ȱ
ȱ
ȱ ȱ
ȱ
Ȭȱ
ȱ
Ȭȱ
ȱ
ȱ ȱ
ȱ
Ȭȱȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ ȱ
Ȧȱȱ
ȦȱȬȱȱ
ȬȱȬȱȬȱ ȱ
Local name
7DEOH&RQWLQXHG
ŖǯśŞŝ
ŖǯŝŞŞ
ŖǯŗŗŜ
ŖǯřŝŞ
ŗŜǯřŖŚ
ŗřǯŞşŞ
śǯŗşś
ŝǯŝŝŚ
śǯśŜŚ
Śŝǯŝşŗ
ŗǯŖřŚ
ŖǯśśŜ
ŖǯŘşŚ
ŗǯŞŗ
ŖǯśśŜ
ŞǯŗŜŚ
ŖǯśśŜ
řǯŗśŜ
143
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SILLIMAN JOURNAL
ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
No. of Species = 14
¡ȱĚȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱȱȱ
Samanea saman ȱ ȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱ
Psidium guajava ȱȱ ȱ
ęȱȱ
Gmelina arboreaȱȱ ȱ
Species
ȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱ Bridelia glauca ȱ ȱ
ȱ
¡ȱĚȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ
Lauraceae
ȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱȱȱ
No. of Families = 8
Moraceae
¢ȱ
ęȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ
Family
Site
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ ȱ
¢ȱ ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ
ȱ
Ȭȱ ȱ
Sub-total = 8.006
ȱ
ȱ ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
Ȭȱ ȱ
¢ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ
¢ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ
ȱȱ
Local name
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
7DEOH&RQWLQXHG
ŖǯŖřŗ
ŖǯřŜŘ
řǯŝŗŗ
ŖǯŖŚŞ
ŖǯŖŝş
ŜǯşŘŘ
ŖǯŚŘ
Ŗǯŗşŗ
ŖǯşŚŘ
řǯŖŖŘ
ŖǯŖřŝ
ŖǯŖŘ
ŗǯŖŗś
ŖǯřŗŚ
ŖǯŖşŚ
ŖǯŘŘŝ
ŖǯŖŚŘ
ŖǯŖŗ
ŗǯřŝŜ
144
VOL. 51 NO.2
VOL. 51 NO. 2
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
Site
¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ
ȱ
ęȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
Moraceae
Family
No. of Species = 16
Total
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
528.662
Sub-total = 16.295
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ ȱ
¢ȱȱ
Ȭȱȱ
ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱ
Syzygium cuminiȱȱ ȱ
¢ȱǯȱ
ȱ
¢¢ȱȱȱ
ęȱȱ
Gmelina arborea ȱ ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
Local name
Species
7DEOH&RQWLQXHG
ŖǯŖŘř
ŖǯŗŜş
ŖǯřŜŘ
ŖǯŖŚŞ
ŖǯşŞŝ
ŗǯŜŚŗ
Ŗǯřśş
145
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SILLIMAN JOURNAL
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
Species
ȱ
Ardisia squamulosa ȱ
ȱ
Dracontomelon edule ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ęȱȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ
Gnetum gnemonȱ ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
¢ȱ
Fimbristylis junciformis ȱ ȱ
ȱShorea contorta ȱ ȱ
ȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱ
Glochidion camiguinenseȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱ
Ormosia calavensisȱȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ęȱȱ
ȱ
Family
Site
ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ ȱ
Ȭȱ ȱ
¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ ȱ
ȱ
Ȭȱ
¢ȱ
ȱȱ
¢ȱ ȱ
ȱ
Ȭȱ
ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ
Local name
List of saplings and their corresponding basal area in the three islands.
Table 3.
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ŗǯŚŝř
ŗŖǯŜśŜ
ŖǯśŜŗ
ŖǯśŜŗ
ŖǯŖřŝ
řǯŘŜŗ
ŘǯřŘŝ
ŖǯŞŖş
ŖǯŜŞ
ŗǯŞŗş
ŜǯşŖŞ
śǯřŖş
ŖǯŘř
ŗǯŘŞŘ
Ŗǯřřŗ
ŖǯŜŘř
ŖǯŝŝŘ
ŖǯŖşŚ
ŖǯŖřŝ
ŗŖǯŗŘŞ
146
VOL. 51 NO.2
VOL. 51 NO. 2
Ĵȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ
Lauraceae
Moraceae
¢ȱ
¢ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ęȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
Family
Site
ȱ ȱ
ȱ
ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ ȱ
¢ȱ
¢Ȭ¢ȱ
ȱȱ ȱ
¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ
ȱ
¢ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
Ȭȱ
Ȭȱ
ȱ
ȱ
¢ȱ¢ȱȱ
¡¢ȱȱȱȱ
¡¢ȱȱȱȱ
Litsea balusanensisȱ
ȱȱȱȱ
¢ȱȱȱ
ȱȱ
ęȱȱ
¢ȱǯȱ
ȱ
Zanthoxylum rhetsa ȱ
Guioa koelreuteria ȱȱ
Solanum verbascifoliumȱ
ȱ£ȱȱ
ȱ
ęȱȱ
ęȱȱ
ęȱȱ
ęȱȱ
ęȱȱ
ęȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
Local name
Species
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ŖǯŗśŜ
řǯřŝŘ
Ŗǯřřŗ
Ŗǯŗŗş
Ŗǯřřŗ
ŗǯŞŘŚ
ŖǯŜśś
ŖǯśŖŗ
ŖǯŖŞř
ŖǯŖŖş
ŖǯŖśŝ
ŖǯŚşŞ
ŖǯśŜŗ
ŖǯŖŖş
ŖǯŗŚŝ
Ŗǯŗŝŝ
ŖǯŖřŝ
ŖǯŗŚŝ
ŖǯŜŗŜ
ŗǯŚŞş
147
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱȱ
No. of Species = 56
ęȱȱ
ęȱȱ
ęȱȱ
ęȱȱ
ęȱȱ
ęȱȱ
ęȱȱ
ęȱȱ
ęȱȱ
ęȱȱ
ęȱȱ
ęȱȱ
ęȱȱ
ęȱȱ
ęȱȱ
ęȱȱ
Species
ȱȱ Mangifera indica ȱ ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
Family
Site
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ ȱ
Sub-total = 85.967
ȱ
¢ ȱ
ȱ
Ȭȱȱ
ȱ
¢ȱȱ
ȱ
Ȭȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ
ȱ
ȱ ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȦȱȬȱ
ȱ ȱ
ȱ
ȱ ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
ȬȱȬȱȬȱ ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
Local name
ŖǯřśŚ
ŖǯŘř
ŖǯŘř
Řǯřŝŗ
ŚǯŘřś
ŖǯŗŞŚ
ŚǯřŖŝ
ŘǯŖŞŜ
ŘǯřŗŜ
řǯŖŞř
řǯŖśŗ
Ŗǯřřŗ
ŗǯŚŘŘ
ŘǯŖŜś
Ŗǯřřŗ
ŖǯŜŘś
ŖǯŖŞř
148
VOL. 51 NO.2
VOL. 51 NO. 2
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ ȱ
ȱȱ
Moraceae
ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
Lauraceae
ȱȱ
Family
Site
ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
¢ȱ ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ
ȱ
Ȭȱ ȱ
¢ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ
¢ȱȱȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱ
ęȱȱȱ
¡ȱĚȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱȱȱ
Samanea saman ȱ ȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱ
Psidium guajava ȱ ȱ
¢ȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
Local name
Species
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ŗǯśŚś
ŖǯřśŚ
ŖǯŞŜś
ŖǯŘśś
ŖǯşşŘ
ŖǯŜŞŗ
ŖǯśŞŗ
ŖǯŗŘŞ
ŖǯřśŚ
ŖǯŘŘŝ
ŗŖǯŖşś
ŗřǯŝřŞ
ŖǯŘŘŝ
ŖǯřśŚ
ŗǯŘŜŘ
ŘǯşŚş
ŖǯŗŘŞ
ŖǯŗŘŞ
śǯŘŞŞ
śŞřǯŝŞŚ
149
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
No. of Species = 29
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ
Ȭȱ ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ ȱ
¢ȱ ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
Sub-total = 660.883
ȱ
ȱ
Ȭȱ
ȱ ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ ȱ
¢ȱȱ
ȱ
¢ȱȱȱ
¢¢ȱȱȱ
ęȱȱ
ęȱȱ
ęȱȱ
Gmelina arboreaȱ ȱ
Premna odorataȱ ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
Local name
Species
ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ Mangifera indica ȱ ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ęȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱĚȱȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ Macaranga tanarius ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
¡ȱĚȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱ
Lauraceae
ȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ęȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
Family
Site
ŖǯřşŚ
ŖǯŚŝ
ŖǯŖşŞ
ŖǯŖşŞ
ŖǯŖşŞ
ŖǯŚŚŞ
Ŗǯřś
ŖǯŖşŞ
ŖǯŚŝ
Ŗǯřŗŝ
ŘşǯŞŖŘ
ŖǯŗśŜ
ŗǯŖşŘ
ŖǯŚŞŘ
ŖǯŜŗ
ŖǯŘŘŝ
řǯŚŞŞ
Ŗǯŝřŝ
150
VOL. 51 NO.2
VOL. 51 NO. 2
ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ęȱ
ȱȱ
¢ȱ
ȱȱ ȱ
Moraceae
Family
Site
No. of Species = 21
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
Total = 903.053
Sub-total = 156.203
ȱ
Ȭȱ ȱ
¢ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ
ȱ
¢ȱ ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
Ȭȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ ȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱȱȱ
Samanea saman ȱ ȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱ¡ȱ
ȱ
Psidium guajava ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱ ȱ
¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ
ęȱȱ
Gmelina arborea ȱ ȱ
Premna odorata ȱ ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
Local name
Species
Ŗǯřś
Řǯŗş
ŖǯŚŚŞ
Ŗǯşşś
Ŗǯŗŝś
ŖǯŘŝř
ŗřŞǯŝŞŗ
ŞǯşŗŚ
Ŗǯŗŝś
ŗǯŖŗŝ
ŖǯŖŚŚ
151
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
Species
ȱ
Ardisia squamulosaȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
Gnetum gnemon
ȱ
ȱȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
¢ȱ
Fimbristylis junciformisȱ
ȱ
ȱShorea contortaȱ ȱ
ȱ
ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱ
ȱ Bridelia glaucaȱ ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
Ormosia calavensis
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ęȱȱ
ȱ
ȱǻęǼȱ ęȱȱ
ȱ Flagellaria indicaȱ ȱ
ȱ
Ĵȱ
¡¢ȱȱ
ȱ
Family
Site
List of undergrowth species in the three islands.
Table 4.
Ȭ

¢

Bago

Ȭ
¢
ȱ

Bahai
Narra

Local name
152
VOL. 51 NO.2
VOL. 51 NO. 2
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
Site
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ęȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ ȱ
¢ȱ
¢ȱ
Lauraceae
Moraceae
Family
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ

Lauat

¢

ȱ
¢
¢

Ȭ
Ȭ

Ȭ
Litsea balusanensis
ȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱ
Ficus baleteȱ
ȱ
¢ȱȱ
Syzygium costulatumȱ
ȱȱ
¢ȱǯȱ
ȱ
¢ȱȱ
ȱǯȱ
ȱ
Zanthoxylum rhetsaȱ
Guioa koelreuteriaȱ ȱ
Palaquium obovatumȱ
Solanum mauritianumȱ
ęȱȱ
ęȱȱ
ęȱȱ
ęȱȱ
ęȱȱ
ȱ
Local name
Species
153
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
Family
Site
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
ęȱȱ
ęȱȱ
ęȱȱ
ęȱȱ
ęȱȱ
ęȱȱ
ęȱȱ
ęȱȱ
ęȱȱ
ęȱȱ
ęȱȱ
ęȱȱ
ęȱȱ
ęȱȱ
ęȱȱ
ęȱȱ
ęȱȱ
ęȱȱ
ęȱȱ
ęȱȱ
Species
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ

Ȭ
¢

Ȭ
ȦȱȬ
¢
Ȭ

ȬȬȬ
Local name
154
VOL. 51 NO.2
VOL. 51 NO. 2
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ ȱ
ęȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
No. of Families = 4
ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
Family
Site
No. of Species = 7
ęȱȱ
ȱȱ
¢ȱȱ ȱ
ęȱȱ
ęȱȱ
ęȱȱ
ęȱȱ
No. of Species = 68
ęȱȱ
ęȱȱ
ęȱȱ
ęȱȱ
ęȱȱ
ęȱȱ
ęȱȱ
ęȱȱ
Species
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ

Ȭ

Ȭ
Ȭ
¢
ę

Ȭ
¢

ȦȱȬȱ
Ȭ
Local name
155
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
Moraceae
ȱ ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ęȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
Family
Site
Ȭ
Ȭ
¢

ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
No. of Species = 19

Bogo
¢

Ȭ

ȱȱ ȱ
ȱȱ ȱ
ȱĚ
ȱȱȱ
ęȱȱ
¡ȱĚȱ ȱ
ȱ¢ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ¢ȱ
ȱ¡ȱ
ȱ
¢ȱǯȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
ęȱȱ
ęȱȱ
ęȱȱ
ęȱȱ
ęȱȱ
Gmelina arboreaȱ ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
Local name
Species
156
VOL. 51 NO.2
157
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻ
Ǽȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǻřŘǯŚŚƹŘǯśŝȱ Ǽȱ ǽƽŜŗǾǰȱ ŘśǯŖŞƹŗǯŘşȱ ǯǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻƽŗŘŚǼǰȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ŗŜǯŗşƹŖǯŚŝȱ ǯǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻƽŚŚŖǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ
ǻŘŖŖŜǼȱȱŗśȱȱŚśȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱǻȱśǼǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱǻȱǼǰȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȬȱȱȱȱǻ¢ȱȱ
ǯǰȱ ŘŖŖŖǼǯȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǯȱ ǻŘŖŖŜǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻAceros waldeniǼǰȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǻ¢ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ǻRusa alfrediǼ ȱ
¢ȱ¢ȱȱSus cebifronsǼȱȱȬȱȱǯȱȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȬȱǯȱȱ
ȱȱȱǻȱşŗŚŝǼȱǻȱŗŘǼȱȱȱ
ȱ¢ȱȬȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱȱǻ ȱŗŖȱǼȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȃȬȄȱ ǻǯȱ Ǽȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱȱę ȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱǰȱ¢ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ
ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ¡ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱǯȱ
CONCLUSION
AND RECOMMENDATIONS
¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ
¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ
ȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱ
ǯȱȱǰȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǯǯȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ
VOL. 51 NO. 2
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
158
ȱȱǼȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱěȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱ ȱȱǯȱ
ȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
Platymantis insulatusȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ Gekko
giganteȱǻ ȱǭȱǰȱŘŖŖŖǲȱȱǭȱǰȱŘŖŖśǼǯȱ
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱǯȱȱěȱȱȱȱǰȱǯȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱǻȱǼȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱę ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱǰȱ
ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯ
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Kennedy, R.S., Gonzales, P.C., Dickinson, E.C., Miranda, Jr., H.C., & Fisher, T.H.
(2000). $JXLGHWRWKHELUGVRIWKH3KLOLSSLQHV. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Langenberger, G., Martin, K., & Sauerborn, J. (2006). Vascular plant species inventory
of a Philippine lowland rain forest and its conservation value. %LRGLYHUVLW\ DQG
&RQVHUYDWLRQ, 1271-1301.
Madulid, D. A. (2000). $SLFWRULDOF\FORSHGLDRI3KLOLSSLQHRUQDPHQWDOSODQWV (2nd ed.).
Makati City: Bookmark.
Madulid, D.A. (2002). 9HJHWDWLRQVWXG\RIWKHIRUHVWVLQ1RUWKZHVW3DQD\3KLOLSSLQHV
A summary. Manila: Philippine National Museum.
Pedregosa, M., Paguntalan, L.M., Jakosalem, P.G., Lilio, E., Rico, E., de Ablan,D.J.,
Lorica, M.R., Lastica, E., & Enricoso, F. (2006). An assessment of the native
ÁRUD DQG IDXQD RI 6LFRJRQ ,VODQG 3DQD\ 3KLOLSSLQHV $ FRQVROLGDWHG UHSRUW
Unpublished report to the Fauna & Flora International.
Yumul, Jr., G.P., C.B. Dimalanta, C.B., Servando, N.T., & Hilario, F.D. (2010). The
2009-2010 El Niño Southern Oscillation in the context of climate uncertainty: The
Philippine Setting. 3KLOLSSLQH-RXUQDORI6FLHQFH(1), 119-126.
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THEOLOGICAL
FORUM
PART 2
VOL. 51 NO. 2
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
162
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
VOL. 51 NO.2
163
Theology of Struggle
Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow
Everett Mendoza
A THEOLOGY BORNE OF STRUGGLE
ȱ ȱ ȃ¢ȱ ȱ Ȅȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱȱȱĚȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȬ
ŝŖȱȱȱȬŞŖǯȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ǻǯǯǰȱǯȱȱǼȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ¢ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ Ȧ ǰȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ
ȱ£ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǰȱǯȱȱ
ǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǯȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ¢ǯȱ ¢ȱ
ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
T
VOL. 51 NO. 2
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
164 THEOLOGY OF STRUGGLE YESTERDAY, TODAY, AND TOMORROW
ǯȱ¢Ȃȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ
¢¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ£ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǯȱ ȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȂȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ
ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ
ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ
¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱ
ęȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ
ȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ firstlyǰȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ£ȱǯȱȂȱȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ
£ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
Ȃȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ
ȱȱȱǯȱȱ
ȱȱsecond ǰȱȂȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱǯȱǰȱȱ
ȱęȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ£ȱǯȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ
Ȭǯȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱ
ǯȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǲȱ ȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ǻȱ ĚǷǼȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ę¢ȱ ȱ
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
VOL. 51 NO.2
E. MENDOZA
165
¡ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ
Thirdlyǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ
¡ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱȱ
Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱȱ¢ǯȱ
ȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǽŗǾȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȬ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǰȱ ǽŘǾȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȬȬȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱǽřǾȱȱ¡ȱȱȱ
ǰȱǰȱ¢ȱȱǲȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ǲȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱǲȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱǲȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ
A THEOLOGY SURVIVING THE STRUGGLE
ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǰȱȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ £ȯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ £ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱ¡ǯȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ
VOL. 51 NO. 2
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȬȬ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ
ȱĚȱ ȱę¢ȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱĴȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
¡ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĚȱ ȱȱȱ
ȱȱǯȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ one,
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱěȱȱĚ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ¢ǰȱȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ
ȱ¢¢ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ǯȱ
ȱ¢ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȂȱ
¢ȱ ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȬ
ȱ¢ȱ£ȱȱȱě¢ȱȱ ȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ ȱ£ȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱ
Twoǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢Ȃȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ
ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱĴȱȱ ǯȱȱ
ȱȱȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȯȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȯ ȱȱȱȱ
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
VOL. 51 NO.2
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ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȃ¢Ȅȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ¢ǰȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ¢ǯȱȱ
Threeǰȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱǯȱȱȱ¢ȯȱȱȱȯȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ěȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ
ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱǰȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱ
ȱ ¢ǰȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱȱěȱ ȱȃ¢ȱ Ȅȱȱȃȱ Ȅȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ Ȭ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱǰȱȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǰȱȱȱęȱȱȱ ǯȱȱȱȱ
THEOLOGY AND STRUGGLE:
THE SECOND TIME AROUND
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ
ȱȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ £ȱ and
£ǯȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱǻȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢Ǽǯȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱȱȱȱěȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱȱȱǯȱȱ ȱȱȱǵȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱǵ
VOL. 51 NO. 2
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
ŗǯ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ofȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ andǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǰȱ¢ȱofȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ
ǰȱbothǰȱȱȱǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ¢ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱęȱȱ¢¡ȱ
that the two, theologyȱȱstruggleǰȱęȱȱǯȱȱȱ
¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ǰȱ ȱ
¢ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǰȱǰȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ£ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ¢ǰȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱǯ
ȱ ȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ¢¢ȱȱĴȱȱȱǱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȂȱȱǻǼȱ¡ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȂȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ
¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǼȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
VOL. 51 NO.2
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ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ǰȱȱȱ
ȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱěǯȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȂȱȱǰȱǰȱȱȱ
ǯȱȱ¡ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱęȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ¢ǯȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ¢ǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ Ǳȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱȱ¢ǯȱȱǰȱǰȱĜȱȱȱ
ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ £ǰȱ
ǰȱȱȱȱǯȱ¢ȱ¡ȱȱȱȂȱ
¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ£ȱ¢ȱȱ
ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ
Řǯ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¡ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ ȱěȱ
ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱěȱȱęȱȱȱĚȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ
¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ victimsȱ ȱ collateral damagesȱ ȱ Ěȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȯȱ Ȭȱ
masaǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ěǯȱ ȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱĜȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱǯȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȂȱȱǻȱȱ¢ȱǼȱ
VOL. 51 NO. 2
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ via crucisȱ ȱ via dolorosaǯȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȂȱǰȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱ ǯȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ £ȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱĚ ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱĴȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱ
ȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ǰȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱěȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȂȱ
ȱȱȱȱǯ
řǯ
ȱȱȬȱǰȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȂȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ęȱ ȱ ȱ
Ȭȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱ ǯȱ¢Ȃȱ¢ȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǯȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ęȱȱȱ
Ȃȱǯȱȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
VOL. 51 NO.2
E. MENDOZA
171
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĜȱǻ ȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱǼǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȯȱ
ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ
¢Ȭȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱ ȱ¡ȱ
ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱǵȱȱȱȱ
¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȯ
ȱȂȱȱȱȱ ȱǰȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȯȱ krisisȱ ǻȱ
Ǽȯȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǯ
ȱȱ ȱȱȬȬȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ
¢ȱȱȱǯȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱȱȱǰȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱěȱȱęȱȱȱȱ
ǯȱȱǰȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ
CONCLUSION
ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ
ȱȱ ǰȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱ
¢ȱȱ¢ȱęȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱę¢ȱȱȱǯȱ
ǰȱȱȱ
ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ
ęȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ
¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱęǯȱȱȱǰȱ¢ȱȱ
ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ
VOL. 51 NO. 2
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
ȱȱȯȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ
ǯȱȱ
ǯȱĴȱ£ǰȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ
¢ȱ¢ȱǰȱȱ¢ǰȱǯ
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
VOL. 51 NO.2
173
Who Would You Invite to Your Banquet?
ϐ
the “Theology of Struggle”
Lester Edwin J. Ruiz
INTRODUCTION
ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ŘśŖȱǰȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱ
ǰȱȱǰȱȱ¢Ȭȱ¢ȱ
ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ
ǰȱȱȱǯ
I
THE HEART OF STRUGGLE—FULLNESS OF LIFE
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ
ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȃǯȄȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ȃȄȱ ȱ ȱ ǲȱ ȱ ȱ
ǯȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȃȱȱȱǯȄȱȱȱǰȱȱǰȱȱȃȱ
ȱ ǰȄȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȃǰȱǰȱȱ¢ǯȄȱȱȱȱȱȃȄȯȱ
ȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȂȱ¡ȱȯȂȱ
VOL. 51 NO. 2
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
WHO WOULD YOU INVITE TO YOUR BANQUET?
174
ǯȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ǰȱȱȱȱȱȃȄȱǻȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ǽȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ
ǰȱȱȱȱȱǯ
ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ £ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȂȱȱȱ
ȱǯ
BANQUETS ARE CRITICAL PART OF CULTURE
AND THE BUILDING OF COMMUNITY
ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ
ȱ ȯȱ ȯȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȃȬ
ǯȄȱȱȱȱ¡ǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȃȱ ȄǱȱ ǰȱ
ǰȱ ȱ ǲȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȯȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȃȄȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȃǯȄ
IMAGES OF BANQUETS IN THE BIBLE
ȱȱǰȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ
ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱǯ
The Banquet of King Xerxes
ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ǻǼȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱŗǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱǱ
ŗȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ǰȱȱ¡ȱ ȱȱȱ
ŗŘŝȱȱȱȱȱȱǳȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ
ǰȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǳȱ
ŚȱǽȱǾȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȇȱǰȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǳȱ
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
VOL. 51 NO.2
L.E.J. RUIZ
175
Ŝȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ ȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢¢ǰȱǰȱȬȬȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱǯȱ
ŝȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȇȱ¢ǳȱ
ŗŖȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ
ǳȱȱǳȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ
ȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱǯȱ
ŗŘȱ ǳȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱǯȱ
ŗřȱ ǽȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡Ǿȱ ȱ ȃǳ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǵȈȱǽǾȱȈȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ¡ǳȈȱ
ŗŜȱ ǽȱ ȱ Ǿȱ Ȉȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
¡ǳȱ
ŗŞȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ
ȱȱȇȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȇȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ǯȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ
ŗşȱȈǳȱȱǽȱǾȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱ¡ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱȱǯȱǽȱǾȱ
ŘŖȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȈȱǳȱ
ǽǾȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǯȄ
ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱǯȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ ȱ
ȱǰȱȱȱǯ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȃȄȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȯȱ ȱ
ȯȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǵȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȃȄȱ ȱ
ǵȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȃȱȄǵ
VOL. 51 NO. 2
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
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The Banquet of Queen Vashti
ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱ ¢ȱȱ¡ȱȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȂȱǱ
ȃşȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ
¡ǯȄ
ȱȱȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱ¢Ȭȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ
ȱȱȂȱǯȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ
¡ȯȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱǯ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȃȄȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ¡ǰȱ
ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ £ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǰȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȯȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱǳȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǵ
The Banquet on the Mountainside
ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȃȱȱȱȱǯȄȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ¢Ǳ
Śȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱǯ
śȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱ
ǰȱȈȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱǵȈȱ
ŝȱȱ ȱǰȱȈȱȇȱ ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱǷȈȱ
Şȱȱȱȱǰȱ ǰȱȱȇȱǰȱȱǰȱ
şȱȈ
ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ
¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ǳǵȈȱ
ŗŗȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱ
ŗŘȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȈȱȱȱ
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
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ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ ǯȈȱ
ŗřȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱǯȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱǰȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ
¢ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ
¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱǰȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱȂȱ
ǯȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ
ȱȱǰȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ ¢ȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ ȱ ȱǯ
The Eucharistic Meal
¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȂȱǱ
Řŗȱȱ ȱ¢ȱ ȱǰȱǽǾȱǰȱȈȱȱ¢ȱȱǰȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ
¢ȱǯȈȱ
ŘŘȱ¢ǳȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȈ¢ȱȱǰȱǵȈȱ
ŘřȱȱǰȱȈȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱ
¢ȱǳȱ
Řśȱȱǰȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱǰȱǰȱȈ¢ȱȱǰȱǵȈȱȱ
ǰȱȈǰȱȱȱ¢ǯȈȱ
ŘŜȱȱ¢ȱ ȱǰȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱǰȱ¢ǰȱȈȱȱǲȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ǯȈȱ
Řŝȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ¢ǰȱȈȱȱ
ǰȱȱȱ¢ǯȱ
ŘŞȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱǯȱ
Řşȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȇȱǯȈȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǯȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǯȱ ǰȱ
VOL. 51 NO. 2
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ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯ
ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǰȱǰȱȱȯȱȯȱǰȱȱ ȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱ
ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȯȱ ȯ
ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȃȱȱǯȄ
WHAT KIND OF BANQUET WILL YOU HAVE?
WHO WILL YOU INVITE TO YOUR BANQUET?
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǲȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȃȱ¢ǯȄ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ǽǰȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱȱ¡ȱȯ ȱ¢ȱȱǰȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǵ
ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ¡ȱ
ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ
ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ
ȱ ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱǵ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱǰȱ¢ȱ
ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǵȱ
ȱ ȱ ¡ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱ
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
VOL. 51 NO.2
L.E.J. RUIZ
179
ǰȱȱ£ǰȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȃ¢ȱ Ȅǵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǵȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱ ǵ
ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȂȱǰȱ ȱ¢ȱ
ȱ ȯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǵȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ǵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǵȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ
ȱȱȱǵȱȱ ȱ ȱȱǵȱȱȱ ȱǰȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǵȱ
ȱȂȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǵ
ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱǰȱȱ
ȯȱ ȱȱȱǰȱȱǰȱ
ȱȱȱȱȯ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱǵȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǵȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ǵȱ
¢ȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǵȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǵȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǵȱ ¢ȱ ǵȱ ¢ȱ
ǵ
¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱǯȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱǰȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱ¢¢ǰȱ
¢ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȯ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȃȱȄȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȂȱǰȱ
ȱȱȂȱȱȱȱ¡ȱǯ
¢ȱ¢Ƿ
ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ
ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱǰȱ¢ǰȱǯ
VOL. 51 NO. 2
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
180
The Gospel According to
Lualhati Bautista:
Crying-out, Resisting, Asserting ,
and Celebrating1
-J[FUUF(5BQJB3BRVFM
ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǰȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȇȱǰȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ǯȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ¢ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱ ȇȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ
ǰȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȬǰȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ¢ǯȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ
ȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱĴȱ
ȇȱǯ
ȱȱ ǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ
¡ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǰȱThe
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ǳȱ ¢Ȭǰȱ ǰȱǰȱ
ȱ Řǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ęǰȱ ȱ
¢ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
M
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
VOL. 51 NO.2
L.G. TAPIA-RAQUEL
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ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱȱęȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱǯȱǰȱ ȇȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȇȱ
ǯȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱǰȱDekada '70řȱȱǰȱǯǯǯȱȱ 4,
5ȱȱ6ȱȱȱȱ¡ǯȱǰȱȱȱȱǰȱ
ȱȱȱȱ ȇȱ¢ȱȱ£ȱȱ
ȯ¢Ȭǰȱǰȱǰȱȱǯȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǯȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱ ȱ¢ȱ ȱǯȱȱ ȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱ
¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱǯȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱĴȱȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ¢ȱĴȱȱ¢ȱǰȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱǰȱȱȱǯ
ȱ ¢ȱ ęȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ŝȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱ¡ǯȱȱ¢ȱęȱȱȱĴȱ
ȱȱĴ ȱŘŘǱŘřȬřřǯȱȱȱ¡ǰȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱĴȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ǰȱȃȱȱǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱǵȄȱȱ ȱȱȱ
ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱȱ ǯȱȱ ȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ
ȱǯȱǰȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ ȱȱ
ȱȱ ȱ¢ǯȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ
ǯȱ
The Woman with Seven Husbands
ȃȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǯȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǯ
ȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱĴǯ
ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǯ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱǵ
ȱȱȱȱǯ
ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǵȱȱȱȱȱ
Ƿȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱǷ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯ
ȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȄ
VOL. 51 NO. 2
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO LUALHATI BAUTISTA
182
ȱȱȱȱȱȱěȱȱǯ
ȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǯ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱǯ
ǰȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱ¢ȱȇȱȱȱȱǯ
ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȇȱǯ
ȱȱȱ ȱȱǯ
¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ¢ǯ
¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱęȱ ȱǯ
ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǯ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǯ
¢ȱǰȱ¢ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱ ¢ǯ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǯ
ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱǯ
ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǯ
ȱȱȱȇȇȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ǯ
ȱȱȱȱ ǯ
ȱ ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱǯ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǯ
¢ȱȱȱȱȮȱȱǷ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱǵ
¢ȱǰȱ ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǵ
¢ȱ ȱȱ¢ǯ
ȱȱȱ ǯ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱǵ
ȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱ¢ȱȱǰȱǯ
ȱȱȱȱȱǯ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰ
ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǯ
ȱ ȇȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ Ĵ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȬȱȱ ȱ¢ȱ¢ǰȱȃȱȱ
ȱȱǵȄȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȇȱ
ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱ¡ȱȱ¢ȱǯȱȱȱȱȇȇȱȱ
ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
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ȱ ȇȇȱ ȱ ȱ ȇǯȇȱ ȱ ȇȇȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȇǰȱ
ȱȱȇȱȱ¡ǯȱȱȇȇȱǰȱǰȱȱ
ȱȱȱ¡ǯȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ
ǰȱȱȱ¡ǯȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȇȇȱȱȱȇȱǯȱ
ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ǳȱ
ǰȱ¡ǰȱǰȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȃȱ¡ȱĚȱȱȱȱȱǯȄȱȱ
¢ǰȱ ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ĴǯȄȱ ǰȱ
ȱȱȱǯȱȱ£ȱȱ¡ȱȱǰȱȱȱ
ȱȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱǰȱǰȱȱǯȱ
ȱęȱȱȱȱȬȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȇȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱ¡ǲȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ¢ǲȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȬȱȱȬ Ĵȱȱ
ȱǯȱȱ¡ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ
ȱȱǱ
Ȋȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǵȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱǵȱ
Ȋȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ȱ
¢ȱȱȱǵȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȇȇȱȱ ȱ¢ȱ
ǵ
Ȋȱ ȱ ȱ ȇȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǵȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱȱȱȱȱǵȱ
Ȋȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱǵ
ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ£ȱȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱȱ¡ǯȱȱȱȱȱ¢Ȭȱȱǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȇȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱęȱȱȱěȱȱ
ęȱ ȱȱǯȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ȇȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱǯȱȱȱ ¢ȱȇȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱ
ȱ£ȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱǯ
VOL. 51 NO. 2
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ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ Ǳȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ
ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǯȱ ȇȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǰȱ
ȱȱȱěȱȱȱ
ȱǰȱ¢ȱȱȱȇȱǯȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱȱǯ
ȱȱȱPossessing the Secret of JoyǰȱȱŞȱȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ
ǰȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱȱȇȱǯǯǯ
ȱȇȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǯǯǯ
ȱȱȱǯǯǯȱȱȱȱȱȱǯǯǯ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯǯǯ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱĚ¢ǯǯǯ
ȱȱȱǯǯǯȱ
ȱȱȱ ǯǯǯ
ȱȱȱȱȇȱ¡ǯǯǯȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǯǯǯȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱǯǯ
ȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱǯǯǯȱ
ȱȱȱǵ
ȱ ȱ ȇȱ ǰȱ ȇȱ ¡¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ
ǰȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱ ȱȱǯȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ǰȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱǯȱȱǰȱȃȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȄȱ
ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ǯȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱǰȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ
¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ
ęȱȱ¢ǯ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ
ǰȱȱȱȱȱǯ
ȱȱęȱȱȱȇȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ěȱ ȱ ¢ǯȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Řřǰȱ
ŗŞşŜǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ
¢ȱ
¢ȱ ǰȱ ȃȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ĴǯȄȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǰȱȃȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱǰȱȱǯȱȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǰȱ
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
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ȱȱȱȱȱǯȄ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĴȱ ȇȱ
ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȇȱ ¡ǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȇȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȇȱ¡ȱȱ¢ǯ
ȱȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ ȱǰȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱşǯȱǰȱȱȱȇȱǰȱDekada 70ǰȱȱȱ
ȃȱ ȇȱ ǰȄȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǯȱȱȱȱȱěȱ ¢ǯǯǯȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǱȱȱ¢ȱǰȱȱ
¢ȱ¢ǰȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ
¢ȱ ȇȱȱǯŗŖ
ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ǰȱ
ȱǰ
ǯǯǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȇȱȱȱȱ¢Ƿȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȇȱ¢ǯǯǯǯȱȱȇ¢ǰȱȱ¢ȱ¢ǰȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱǯȱȱȱǯ
ȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱȱȱ ȯȱǷȯȱȱȱ
ȇ¢ȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȇ¢ȱȱǵȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ǰȱȱȱȇ¢Ǳȱ¢ȱȱȱȇ¢ȱ¢ǯŗŗ
ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ǯǯǯǯȱ
ȃȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ƿȱ ȱ
ȱǱȱȱȱȱȇǷŗŘ
ȱȱȱȱ¢ǯǯǯ
ǯǯǯȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȇ¢ȱ¢ȱȱǷȱȱȱȱ
ȇ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱȇǷȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ¢ǰȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱǰȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱȇǵ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱȇȱȱȱȱǰȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ¢ǯȱȬȱǯǯǯ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯŗř
ȇȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȯ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǯȱȱȱǰȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ
VOL. 51 NO. 2
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ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ
ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
¢ȱ¢ȱȱ£ȱȱǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ
¡ȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱ
ǰȱȱǰȱȃ ǰȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱęȱǯȄȱȱ ȱȱ
Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱȱěȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱ¢ȱȱȱęȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ǯȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱĴȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱ
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VOL. 51 NO.2
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ȱȱȱȱĴĚ¢ǯȱȱ ȱ ǰȱȃȱȱ ȱȱĚ¢ȱ
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ȱȱȱǵ
VOL. 51 NO. 2
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Ǳȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȇ¢ǯ
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Ǳȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ¢ȱȱ ȱ
¢Ƿȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱ¢ǰȱȱ¢ǰȱǰȱ Ƿȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱ¢Ƿȱ
ǱȱǯǯǯȱȱȱǷȱȱȱ¢ȱĴǷȱȱȱȱǯǯǯȱȱȱȱ
ȱǵȱǯǯǯȱȱȱ¢ȱǯȱȱȱȱǵȱȱȱȱǵǯǯǯ
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ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢Ȭ¢ȱȱȱ
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Ǳȱȱǯǯǯ
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ȱȱǷȱ ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱǰȱȱ
ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱǯȄŗş
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
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¢ǯȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǷ
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ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ
ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ
¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǯȱǰȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱǰȱ
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ȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱ ǯȱȱ
ȱǰȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱ¡ǰȱ ȱ ȱȱDekada 70ȱęȱȱ
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ȱĚȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȬȬ
ȱ¢ǯȱ
ȱȇ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ
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ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱǯǯǯ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱ ȱ
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ȱȱȱȱȱ¡¢ǯȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǯȱȱǰȱǯǯǯȱȇȱȱ , Lea
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ě¢Ǳȱ
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ě¢Ǳȱȱ ȱǵ
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Ƿȱȱǰȱǯǯǯȱȱ¢ȱǷŘŘ
ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ě¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ
VOL. 51 NO. 2
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ȱȱ¢ǯȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱě¢ȱ
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ǰȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱ¡ȱǯȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱǯ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱȱȱǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱ
ȃȄȱǱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱȱǲȱ ȱȱ¡ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ
ǯȱȱȱȱǰȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȬĜȱǯȱȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ Ȭǰȱ Ȭ
ȱȱȬ ȱȱ¡ȱȱǯ
ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ£ȱ
ȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȇȱǯ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ
ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱȂ¡ȱȂǱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱThe Parables According
to ǰȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ, ȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱȱȱǯȱPeanutsȱȱȱȱǰȱǯȱȱȱȱȇȱ
ȱǰȱȱStar WarsȱȱThe MatrixȱȱȬęȱǯȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǯȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯ
¢ȱȱȱȱȇȱǰȱ¢ȱDekada
70ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ǯǯǯȱ ȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ȇȱ ǰȇȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ¡ȱȱȇȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ¢ǰȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ ȇȱǰȱ
ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱĜȱȱ¢ȱȱǰȱ
ȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ
ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯ
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
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ENDNOTES
1
This paper is based on an oral presentation delivered during a forum on the Theology of
Struggle sponsored by Silliman Divinity School, Silliman University, Dumaguete, Philippines.
It is excerpted from the unpublished Master of Theology thesis of the author for the Southeast
Asia Graduate School of Theology.
2
She writes in the vernacular, in a style all her own, pouring out words that women have always
wanted to say but do not. She is the most read Filipino novelist. Both novels referred to in this
paper have movie versions which are also critically-acclaimed.
3
Bautista, L. (1988). Dekada '70. Manila: Cacho Publishing House.
4
Bautista, L. (1988). Bata, bata ... Pa'no ka ginawa. Manila: Carmelo & Bauermann Printing
Corp.
5
Esther is the main character in the Book of Esther in the Old Testament.
6
Ruth is the Moabite woman who is the central character in the Book of Ruth in the Old
Testament.
7
Velunta is the first Filipino to present a paper in the Society of Biblical Literature. He has
earned degrees from Union Theological Seminary in the Philippines and Princeton and
Vanderbilt in the U.S. He is a professor in Biblical Studies at Union Theological Seminary,
Philippines.
8
Alice Walker is the author of the Pulitzer Prize-winning novel The Color Purple. She has
written extensively on race and gender issues. Some of her other works are The Temple of My
Familiar and Possessing the Secret of Joy.
9
Pinkola-Estes, C. (1992). Women who run with wolves. UK: Rider.
10
“There are so many important things in a man's life: his work, ambition, his hunger for power
and influence. For women, it is enough that they have a husband and children.”
11
“Women are never content with just being wives and mothers all their lives! You just teach
us that...You think that just because you are happy, we should be happy, too. Sometimes I ask
myself why I had to be born, when everything that I do is for others, for you!.. When I am not
you! I am me! Why do I have to live my life for you, when you live your life for yourself. If I can
only turn back the hands of time, I should have said to you—you can have yours for yourself.”
12
Julian: Be careful with the tone of your voice when you speak to me, Amanda. I think you are
forgetting that I am the man of the house!
13
Amanda: [Thinking to herself] Such arrogance, just because he's a man...he thinks he's the
boss. And just because I am a woman, I am his slave...He actually thinks he's my boss and I
am his slave. But no matter how furious I am about this, it is the sad reality. I am just someone
who gets him coffee. I give him massages.... I am like a live-in maid. For the first time in twenty
years, I wanted to regret that I am just the mother of his children and nothing more.
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14
Naomi:
No husband, no heir.
Landless and hopeless.
What is the meaning of marriage for women
Grasping a knife by its blade, gasping for life
Why is fate so cruel to women?
For a handful of grain to be picked, she gives her body in exchange
Boaz was a rich and honorable man
Who scattered grain to lure a bird to his trap
Ruth:
Is your kindness to me an expression of your deep love?
Is it through God's blessing that you open yourself to me?
I offered myself, my body, my soul
So I can touch the hope and life that eludes me.
15
“I want to have sex... When a woman says she wants to have sex, does that mean she is a loose
woman? I wish that when people make love, they touch each other's souls. For all the times that
Raffy made love to me, and for all the times Ding had sex with me, not once did they touch my
soul. Because if they did, they would have seen that in the deepest part of me—I am a mother!
They are sons-of-bitches, Johnny! I am not a bad woman! I am not a bad mother!
16
Narrator 1:
We are invited and enticed to seek greener pastures
To leave our homeland where we were conceived and born
But Orpah is one who hears the call of home
Even in uncertainty, they are her people, her land.
Narrator 2:
Those who are worthy to call themselves servants of God and the people must be able to
pronounce and live out this decision.
Who else will embrace the children of our people?
Who else will defend the land of our people?
The land that was cleared by those who came before us.
The land we must pass on to those who will come after us.
Blood and sweat were offered by those who first tilled it.
To honor the giver, the Creator of all.
Despite the uncertainty in the land we call 'home,'
There is a commitment to defend the land for all.
For therein lies the right to continuity and survival,
In land lies the hope and life of a people.
Orpah:
I have returned because I have seen,
bitterness and cruelty in a land not my own.
I have longed to return to all I have left behind
To embrace loved ones and friends, nowhereelse I can find
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195
I have returned to commit to my people
To face challenges, to face—even despair
To face our tomorrows—together
To struggle and defend life and land forever.
17
Am I not the father and mother here? You may no even realize it, but I am the mother and
father here...You may feel angry towards me now but you should be proud that I am fulfilling
the two roles for you. You may think that what I am doing is wrong but most of what I do for
you is right. I am not a bad mother and I am not a bad father! Those bastard fathers of yours,
you live even without them, right? You are alive... and I am here for you!
18
Paulus, T. (1972). Hope for the flowers. New Jersey: Paulist Press.
19
Julian: You are always out visiting Jules. You are forgetting your other children. You act as if
you don't have other children.
Amanda: I go to Jules because I am able to open up to him.
Julian: What is it that you need to open up to him? Do you have any complaints about me? Do
you have any complaints about your other children? Just say it. What is your problem? What
is it that you want?
Amanda: I want to be separated from you.
Julian: My God, Amanda! What has happened to you?
Amanda: Nothing. I've been wanting to tell you this for a long time.
Julian: Come on, Amanda! You don't mean it. When a woman wants to be separated from her
husband, she does not tell him! She just leaves!
Amanda: When a woman leaves without telling her husband, she does not really want a
separation! She just wants her husband to ask why, go after her, ask her to come home! She just
wants her husband's attention!
Julian: You did it!...You got my attention!..You even shocked me!...What do you really want?
Your birthday is coming up soon. Do you want to have a party? Do you want jewelry?... If you
want to say anything to me, just say it without acting like a petulant child! Son of a bitch!
Amanda: The problem with you is you think you can buy everything with money. But you
can't even understand me because all of my life, all I have been is a mother. I'm not even a
good mother. I know. I can sense your disappointment. What now, Julian? Why don't you
tell me directly that I don't love my children equally, and that I love my eldest son more, so
that I can tell you to your face that—that is not true! It is not true! / I just thought my eldest
son needed me more. But you don't understand. In our life as husband and wife, you always
need to scrutinize whether what I am doing is right or wrong. Whether I am living up to your
standards! Whether my actions or words are acceptable to you!
Julian: Wait a second...
Amanda: Wait a second, too! I am done doing that, Julian. You can just stop being proud of
me! I am so tired of that. What I want to do, for myself, for a change, is be proud of myself!
20
At first, her touch made me feel uncomfortable. I discovered that I am not used to the touch
of other women. Perhaps because there are no women in my life. Perhaps because society
frowns down on two women holding each other's hands... / I cried over the tenderness of
Evelyn's voice, her concern... and she felt my pain, and she embraced me, and I cried on her
shoulder. I was crying and she was crying, we were not speaking but we understood each other.
We are both women, and we are both mothers.
21
Raffy: Don't you have any regrets, Lea? [Pertaining to her failed relationship with Ding]
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Lei: I did not just have sex with him. I loved him. Just like you. I really loved you, Raffy. From
the different parts of my being I will love again, with the different faces of their being. Don't
look at me that way. I am just being true to myself. I do what is true to me and I embrace
everything that comes with it. I am not always happy but I am not always sad either.
22
Lea: Raf, are you happy?
Raffy: Sometimes.
Lea: Can you love me for one more day? We may never see each other again...Can I have one
more day with you?
Raffy: What will we do?
Lea: Whatever! We can go to the places we used to visit. Let's eat ricecake, drink Coke! Tell
each other stories, tell jokes to each other! Share each other's dreams! Come on, Raf...let's be
crazy for a moment!
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NOTES
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Marx’s Ideas About Freedom:
An Exposition and Commentary
Karl James E. Villarmea
Institute of Religious Studies, Silliman University
Long embedded in the history and tradition of democracy, the
idea of freedom has played a conspicuous role, particularly, in
modern human history. In the case of the rise of liberal democracy
in the 20th century, the idea of freedom shaped up nationalist
discourse and empowered dissident movements in Asia, Africa,
and Latin America. It has also penetrated in the consciousness and
inspired liberationist movements in non-western Eastern Europe,
Soviet Union and China. The student movements that swept the
XPSMEJOUIFMBUFTXFSFJOQBSUBMTPTQBSLFECZUIFRVFTUGPS
freedom. Indeed one could argue with David Harvey that freedom
is fundamental and a central value of human civilization.
What is of import and relevant in contemporary public
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appropriation from different sectors of the society, may it be cultural,
political, economic or even military, as in the case of former US
1SFTJEFOU(FPSHF8#VTI5IVTUIFSFBSFGVOEBNFOUBMRVFTUJPOT
that could be asked: What is freedom? Whose freedom? To whose
end does freedom serve?
This paper attempts to contribute to this discussion, with the
intent to view the subject matter differently. In this project, I intend
to offer a Marxian perspective. Although I will largely elucidate and
comment on Marx’s ideas about freedom, the larger intent of the
project is to contribute to the discussion and to offer ways in which
to think and enact freedom for contemporary times.
INTRODUCTION
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢Ǳȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ǯȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱ¡ȱ¡Ȃȱȱȱǯȱ¢ȱȱ
T
VOL. 51 NO. 2
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MARX'S IDEAS ABOUT FREEDOM
200
ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ £ǯȱ ȱ
ȱ ǵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǵȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱǵȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǵȱ
¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱ
¡ȱȱȱȱ¡Ȃȱ¢ȱȱȱ
¢ǯȱ ȱ Ěȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ěȱ ȱ
¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱ ¢ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ǳȱ ǽŗǾȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱ¡Ȃȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ŗǲȱǽŘǾȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱ ȱȱ¡ǯȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ
¢ȱȱȱ¡Ȃȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǻȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǼȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱǻȱȱȱȱȱ¡ǼǯŘ The
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǰȱȱǰȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ¢ǰȱěȱ ȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȱ ȱ
Ǽȱ ȱ ¢ȱ Ȃȱ ǻȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱǼȱȱȱȱȱȱĜȱ
¢Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ŘŖŗŖȱ ǯȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȃȱ¢ȱ¢ęȱȱȱ
ȱ¢ȱǯȄř
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ǯȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢¢ǯȱȱȱȱȱǱȱȃȱ ȱȱȱȱ
ȱ¡ȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱęȱ¢ȱȱȱ
ǲȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȄ4
¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ
ǯ5ȱȱȱǰȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ
ŗǯȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǲȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ
ǯ6
Řǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
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201
ȱǰȱȱ¡ǰȱȱȱǯ
řǯȱ ȱȱȱȱǲȱȱȱ ȱȱ¡ȱǯȱȱ
Relation to nature
ȱ ȱ ¡ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ £ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǯȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱǲȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ
ȱȱǰȱ¡ȱǱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȂȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ǯŝ
ȱ¡ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȄŞǲȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ¡ǰȱ¡ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱ
ȱǯȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǲȱ
ȱȱǱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȃȱ¡ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȁ¢ȱ
ȱǯȄş
ȱ¡ǰȱȱȱǻȱȱȱǼȱȱ£ȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȂȱȱ
ȱȯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ęȱȱȱȱ ǯȄŗŖ
Ȃȱ ¡ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¡ȱ ȱǯȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȃinorganic bodyȯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǽŗǾȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ǽŘǾȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ¢ǯȄŗŗȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ǯȄŗŘȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱǯŗřȱȱǰȱǰȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǰȱ
ȱȱȱȂȱȱ¢ǯŗŚ
ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱ
ȱȱȱǰȱǰȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȃěǰȱ
VOL. 51 NO. 2
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202
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȄŗśȱ ȱ ¡ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱǲȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ěǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǯȱ
ǰȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱǯŗŜȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ
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ȱȱȱȱȱǯ
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ȱ ¡ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ǽĴ Ǿǰȱ ȱ
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ǯȄŗŝȱȱȱěȱȱǯȱ
ȱȱȱěȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ¢Ǳȱ
ȱȱȱobjective worldȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱ Ȭȱȱǰȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱǯǯǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
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ǯȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱȱ
ȱȬ¢ǰȱ ȱȱȱ¢ǯȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ǰȱ ȱȱ
¢ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǰȱȱ ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ¢ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱǯŗŞ
ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǯȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ The German Ideologyǲȱ ǰȱ ¡ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱǱȱȱȱȱȱ
ǻȃȱ Ȭ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
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ǯȱ
ȱ¡ǰȱȱĴǰȱ ǰȱȱȱĴȱȱȱǲȱ
ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ǰȱȱǰȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ
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203
ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ǲȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ǰȱ ȱ ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȄŘŖȯ
ȱ ęȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ¡ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱ ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȄŘŗȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǯŘŘ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǯȱȱȱǰȱȃȱȱ¢ȱǰȱȱȱǻRuheǼȱ
ȱ ǰȱ ȱ¡ȱȱȱȱǰȱ¢ȱǰȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȄŘřȱ ȱ ¡ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
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¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ǯȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ
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ǰȱǰȱȱ¡ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱęȱȱȱǯȱ
A social being
ȱȱ¡ǰȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǲȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¡ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱĜȱȱȱȱȱȃȱȱȱȱȱ
ǯȄŘŚȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǱ
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the humanȱȱȱȱ¡ȱ¢ȱȱsocialȱǲȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱ
ȱȱȱȱbond with manȯȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȂȱ¡ȱ
ȱȯȱȱȬȱȱȱȱ ǲȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱ
foundationȱȱȱ ȱhuman existenceǯȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱnaturalȱ¡ȱ
ȱȱhumanȱ¡ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱǯŘś
ȱȱęǰȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¡ǰȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ǲȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ¢ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǯ
ȱ The Grundrisseǰȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȃȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ŘŜǲȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
Ȭȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¡ǰȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ĚǯŘŝȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǯ
ȱ¡ȱǰȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ Ǳȱ ęǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ
Ȭǯȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ¢ǲȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
Ȭȱǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱȱǯȱ
ȱ Ǳ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ
ǽǲȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ǿǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ
ǰȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǻȱȱȱȱ
ȱ¡Ǽȱǰȱ ǰȱȱȱǰȱȱǯȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ
ęȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯŘŞ
ȱTheses on Feuerbachǰȱ¡ȱȱȱȱĴȱ¢Ǳȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȃȱȱȱȱǯȄŘşȱȱ¡ǰȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱȃȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ
ȱ ǰȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȄřŖ
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
VOL. 51 NO.2
K.J.E. VILLARMEA
205
ȱ ¡ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ
¢ȱȱȱȱǯ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ¡ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱ ǯȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ęȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȃȱ ȱ ǰȄȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȃȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱȱȱȱȱǰȄřŗȱȱȱȱȱ
ǯȱȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȯȃjust as
¢ȱȱȱman as manǰȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱǯȄřŘ
ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ǯȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȬȱǯ
ȱǰȱ¡ȱȱǰȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ǯȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǯȱȱ ȱȱȱǰȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ȱ£ȱȱȂȱȱȱȱȱ
ǯȱ¢ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ
ǰȱ ȱ ¡ǰȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ǳȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱęǰȱȬ ȱǲȱǰȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱǯřř
Man as an Estranged Species
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȱ ȱ Ǽȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȱ Ǽǰȱ
¡Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱǰȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ǯȱ¢ȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȬȱǲȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭǲȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ
ǯ
ȱ Ǳȱ ¡Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
Division of Laborǰȱȱȱěȱȱȱȱȱȱ
VOL. 51 NO. 2
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
206
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡Ȃȱ ¢ǯřŚȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱ¡Ȃȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
¢ǯȱȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ¡ǰȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȃȱǰȱ¢ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱ ǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ
ȱȱ ȱ ǯȄřśȱȱȱȱȱȱȃȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ
ȱǰȱȱȱǯȄřŜ
ǰȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ȱǯȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱ¡ǰȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǲȱȱǰȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǱȱȱȱȱ
ȱǯȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȃȱ
ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȄřŝ
ȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱǯȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱ ǯȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȃ ȱȱȱ
¢ȱȱ¢ȱ ȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȂȱ
ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱǰȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȄřŞ
ȱ ¡ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȃǰȱ ȱ by natureȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǯȄřş
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡Ȃȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱ
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
VOL. 51 NO.2
K.J.E. VILLARMEA
207
ȱ¡ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ
THE SPHERE OF HUMAN EXISTENCE:
0$5;·632/,7,&$/3+,/2623+<
ȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ¡Ȃȱȱȱȱ
ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ£ǯ
ȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ¡ȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱȱ¡ǲȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱĴȱȱȱ ȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ
¢ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱǯ
¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȃȱ
¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȅǲȱ ǰȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȃȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǯȄŚŖ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¡ǯȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¡ȱȱȱ£ȱȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢¢ȱ¡ȱȱȱȱ
ȱǯȱȱȱȱ
¡ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ £ǯȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱǯȱȃȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱȱǰȱȱȱ
Ȃȱ ǲȱǰȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ
ȱ¢ǯȄŚŗ
ȱěȱȱǯŚŘȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǯȱ
ǰȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¡ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ¢Ȭȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱǯȱǰȱ
ǯȱȱȯȱȱęȱȱȯ ȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ ǰȱȱ
¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ǯŚřȱǰȱȱęȱ ¢ȱȱ
¡ǰȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ
VOL. 51 NO. 2
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
208
ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȬ¥Ȭȱȱȱȱȱȱ
Ȭȱȱȱ¡ȱǯȱ
ȱȱȱĚ¢ȱȱȱ¢ǯȱȱ¡ǰȱȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱȂȱǰȱȱȃȱȱȱȱȱȱ
¢ǯȄ44ȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰ45
ȱǰȱȱȱȱ£ȱȱȱȱǯ46
ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ¢Śŝȱ ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ǯȄŚŞȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ¡ǯȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǯȱ¡ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȃȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱǯȄŚşȱȱȱ ǰȱȱǰȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ
ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȯȱǰȱȱǯȱ
ǰȱ ȱ ¡ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ǲȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ
¢ȱȱȱ¢ǲȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯ
ȱ The Grundrisseǰȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱȱȃȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǰȱȱ¡ȱ
¢Ȅǲȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǲȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǰȱȱǰȱȱ
ȱȱȱǰȱȱǰȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǯȱ
ȱ¢ǰȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǲȱ ȱ ǰȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ǰȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱȱǯśŖȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǲȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱ
ȱǰȱȱǰȱȱȃȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȬǯȄśŗ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ǲȱ
ȱȱ¡ȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯśŘ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ǳȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ £ȱ Ȃȱ
¡ȱȱȱ¢ǵȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱ
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
VOL. 51 NO.2
K.J.E. VILLARMEA
209
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱȱȱ ǯȄśřȱȱ¡ǰȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱȱǰȱȱ
ǰȱȱȱȬǯȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱ¢ǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱǲȱȱȃ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ
ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǯȄ54ȱȱȱ
ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱęǰȱǰȱ
ȱȱȱĚȱǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ¢ǰȱǰȱȱ¢ǯȱǰȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱ
ȱȱȱȃȱȄȯȱȱȱǯ55
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
¡ǯȱ
ǰȱ¡ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȃȱȱȱȱȱ
£ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȄ56
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡Ȃȱȱ
ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ£ǰȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ£ȱȱ
ȱȱǯȱ
0$5;·6,'($6$%287)5(('20
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱǯȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱ¡ȱ¢ȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǯśŝȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¡Ȃȱ¢ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯ
Is freedom a freedom from estrangement?
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱȱȱ ǰȱ¡ȱ ǰȱȱ¡ǰȱȱȱ
ȱěȱ¡Ǳȱęȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ǲȱ ȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
VOL. 51 NO. 2
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
210
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱȱǰȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȃĚȱ
ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǯȄśŞȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ
ȱȱ ȱȂȱȱȱǰȱȃȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
Ĵȱ ¢ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȄśş
ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ¡ȱ ǰȱ ȱ Ě¢ǰȱ ¡ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ Ǳȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȄŜŖǲȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ
ǯȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ
¢ȱǰȱ ȱȱ ¢ȱ¡ȱȱǰȱ ȱȱǰȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱ
ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ
ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¡¢ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱȱ ǯȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ¡ǰȱȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ¢ǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱǱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
¡Ȃȱȱȱǵȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ£ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱ ȱ¡ȱ£ȱȱ
ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ǵ
ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȃȄȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ human freedom that
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡Ȃȱ ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¡ȱȱȱ ǲȱȱǰȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱ
ȱȱȱ ǰȱȱ£ȱȱȱǰȱȱ¡ȱȱěȱ
ȱȱȱȬǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱęȱ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱǲȱȱȱȱǯ
ȱ ¡Ȃȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱȱȱǰȱ¢ǰȱȱȱ
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
VOL. 51 NO.2
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ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǵȱȱȱȱ ǰȱȱ
ȱȱ¢ǯȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȬǯŜŗ
¢ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ
ȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱȱȱȱǲȱȱȱȱȱě¢ǰȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ
ȃȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȄŜŘȱǰȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱĜȱ
ȱȱĴȱȱȱǱȱȱȱȱȱǯ
ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
¡Ȃȱ¢ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĜȱ
ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¡Ȃȱȱ
ȱǰȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ
¡ȱ ǯȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ǰȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡Ȃȱ¢ǯȱ
ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ
Freedom constitutes the structure of human life
ȱ ¡Ȃȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȬǰȱȱǰȱ¢ȱęȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȬǯȱ
ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱǰȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱǰȱ
ȱȱȱȱȬȱȬ¥Ȭȱȱȱǯȱȱ ǰȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱǯȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ǰȱǰȱǯȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ȱ
ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱȱǯȱ
¡ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ ȱǰȱȱ
VOL. 51 NO. 2
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¡ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ěǯȱ ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ
¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȃȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱǯȄŜřȱȱǰȱȱȱǲȱȱȱ ȱȱǯ
ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱǯȱȱ
¡ǰȱȱȱȱȁȱȱȂȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ¡ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱ
ȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱǻȱǰȱȱȱǼǯȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱȬ ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ¢ǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǰȱȱ
he is required toǯȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱǱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǲȱ
ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǰȱȱȱȱǯ
ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǲȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ¡ǰȱ
ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ǻǯǯǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǲȱȱȱestrangedȱȱ
Ǽǯȱȱ ȱ¡Ȃȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱǰȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǲȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ěȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡Ȃȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȬǯȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȬȱȱ
ȱȱǲȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǯ64ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱǯ
ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǰȱ¢ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱǰȱ ǰȱȱĜȱ
ȱ£ȱȱȱ¡ȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱǯȱǰȱȱȱȱǱȱHow does such freedom manifest
itself in concrete social relations?
ȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱ¡ǰȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
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ǯȱȱǰȱǰȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ
¢Ǳȱęǰȱȱȱȱǰȱȱǰȱȱǯ65
ȱOn the Jewish Questionǰȱ¡ȱȱȱȬȱ
ȱȱȱȬ¥Ȭȱǯȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ
ǰȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǯ66
ȱ¡ǰȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭǯȱ ȱ
ȱȱǰȱǰȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȃȱȱ
ȱȱrelations between man and manǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ
of man from manǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱǰȱ ȱȱǯȄŜŝ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǲȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱǰȱȱ
ȱȱȱǱȱWhat characterizes such relation?
ȱȱ¢ǰȱ¢ȱȱȃȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ǰȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱęȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȄŜŞ
ǰȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ
ǰȱȱȱ¢ȱȱęȱȱȱǯȱ
ǰȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȬ
ǯȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǵ
ȱ¡ǰȱȱȃ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ǯȄŜşȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ
ȱȱǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱǻȱȱȱǰȱ
ȱ¢ȱ Ǽȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯŝŖȱ¢ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ
ǰȱ¡ȱȱǰȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ
ȯȱ ¡ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǲȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǯŝŗȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ
ȱǰȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǲȱȱǰȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱǯ
VOL. 51 NO. 2
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¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǲȱȱǰȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ£ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱ¢ȱȱȱ
ȱȱȬ£ǰȱȱǰȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȬȱ
ȱ ǯȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǰȱ Ȭ£ȱ
ȱ ¢Ǽȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯŝŘȱ ȱ
ǰȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ ǲȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȁȱȂȱȱȱȱȱȁȂǯȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱǲȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱǯ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱǰȱȱǰȱ ȱȱǰȱȱ
ȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ¡ǰȱȱȱȱ
£ȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱȃ ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ
ȱ¢¢ȱǰȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ
a ȬǯȄŝř
ȱǰȱȱȱ ǰȱȱ¡ȱȱ¡ȱȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ£ȱȱȱȱȱ
ǯȱȬ£ȱȱȱ£ȱȱȱ ȱǯȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǯȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱǰȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱrealizationǰȱȱǰȱȱȱ ȱǯŝŚ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǲȱ ȱ ǰȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ£ǯȱǰȱȱȱǰȱȱ
ȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱǻȱȱȱȱȱǼȱȱȱ
ȱ¡ȱȱȱȱǻȱȱȱȱǼǯȱǰȱ
ȱȱ£ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǰȱȱǰȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȬȱȱȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȬǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ǰȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ
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¢ȱ ǻǯǯǰȱ ȱ ȱ Ǽǲȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȬȱȱȱȬǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ
ȱȂȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱǰȱȱȱȱǱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱ
ȱȱȱǯȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¡¢ȱȱȱ
¢Ȭȱęȱȱǰŝśȱȱǰȱȱȱǰȱȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǲȱ
ȱthe exercise of human creativityȱȱȱȱ ǯŝŜ
ȱȱȯ¢ȯȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱ
ȱ ¡Ȃȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ǽŗǾȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
¢ȱȱȱ£ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ
ȱ¢ǰȱȱ¢ǰȱȱ¢ȱȱǲȱ
ǽŘǾȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǰȱȱȱ£ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǲȱ ǽřǾȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ £ȱ ǻȱ
Ǽȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ǲȱ ǽŚǾȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱȱȱȱȱ£ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ¢ǯȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡Ȃȱ¢ǯ
FREEDOM AND PHILIPPINE DEMOCRACY:
A BRIEF REFLECTION
ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ Ěȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ ǲȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǻȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢Ǽǯȱ
ȱȱ ȱ ȱęȱȱȱȱȱȬ
ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱ ȱȱ
deconstructionȱȱȱ ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ
ȱ ǰȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱ
ǯȱȱ
ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǻǼȱȱ¡ȱ
ȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱ
VOL. 51 NO. 2
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ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ Ěȯ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ¢Ȃǯȱ
¢ȱĴȱȱȱȱȱ¡ǯȱ
ȱȱ ȱ¢ȱǰȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱǰȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ǻȱ Ǽȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱĚȯȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱ
ȱ¢ǯȱȱ¡ȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱ£ǰȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱ ȱ¢ȱ
ȱȱȂȱȱǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ǯȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¡ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱǻȱȱȱȱȱǼȱȱȱȱȱ
ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
£ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǯȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¡ȱȱȱ£ȱȂȱ¢ȱȱȱȂȱ
ȱȱ¡ǯȱȱ
¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ¡Ȃȱȱȱȱȱȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ¢ǯȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱ¡ǲȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱ£ȯȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǰȱ
ȱȱȱȱ ¢ǰȱȱȱ¢ǯŝŝ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
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ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ȱǻȱǷǼȱȱȱĚǯȱȱȱǰȱȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
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END NOTES
1
Throughout this paper, I use the generic “man” rather than a more inclusive alternative.
Because this study is devoted to engaging Marx’s ideas, use of the inclusive pronoun would
misleadingly create an impression that Marx held more gender-sensitive views about women
than he actually did.
2
Here I follow the argument made by Ding Xueliang on Marx’s theory on man’s full
development. See his A Survey of Marx’s Theory on Marx’s Full Development, ed. Institute of
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Marxism-Leninism-Mao Zedong Thought (Beijing: Chinese Academy of Social Sciences,
1983). In this paper, I utilize his theory in order to suggest that Marx’s critique and study of
capitalism is due to his primary concern on the estrangement and deprivation of man to fully
become and realize his potentials—in short, I am employing a more humanist reading of Marx.
3
Giorgio Agamben, Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life. Trans. Daniel Heller-Roazen
(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998), 12. Present-day democracy is, according to
Agamben, “at the very moment in which it seemed to have finally triumphed over adversaries
and reached its greatest heights, proved itself incapable of saving zoe, to whose happiness it had
dedicated all its efforts, from unprecedented ruin” (10). Responding thus to what he believes
as “bloody mystification of the new planetary order,” he writes, “it became clear that one
cannot…accept as a guarantee any of the notions that the social sciences (from jurisprudence
to anthropology) thought they had defined or presupposed as evident, and that many of these
notions demanded—in the urgency of catastrophe—to be revised without reserve” (12). By
examining, and thereafter using Marx’s idea of freedom, I hope to illustrate that modern
capitalist-democratic notion of freedom actually helps in the ruin of zoe.
4
Paul Heyer, Nature, Human Nature, and Society: Marx, Darwin, Biology, and the Human
Sciences (Westport, Connecticut; London, England: Greenwood Press, 1982), 71.
5
In general, Marx’s understanding of man could be classified both as philosophical and
biological; the philosophic and biological nature, however, are finely intertwined and fully
interdependent that is almost impossible to argue one over the other. For a more biologicallyoriented discussion of man, see, for example, Paul Heyer, Nature, Human Nature, and Society:
Marx, Darwin, Biology, and the Human Sciences (Westport, Connecticut; London, England:
Greenwood Press, 1982). For a philosophical discussion of man, see, for example, Joseph Bien,
History, Revolution and Human Nature: Marx’s Philosophical Anthropology (Amsterdam: B.R.
Gruner Publishing Co., 1984).
6
Here I agree that generally speaking “Marx takes in his analyses man as a natural-biological
being as a datum and he is not concerned with the process of anthropogenesis leading to
the formation of homo sapiens as a biological species.” See George Markus, Marxism and
Anthropology: The concept of ‘human essence’ in the philosophy of Marx. Trans. E. de Laczay and
G. Markus (Netherlands: Van Gorcum Assen, 1978), 3.
7
Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 in Robert Tucker, ed., Marx-Engels Reader,
2nd ed. (New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company, 1978), 75. The Reader is used throughout;
title and page numbers are cited accordingly.
8
Ibid., 114.
9
Heyer, 83.
10
Economic and Philosophic Manuscripst of 1844, 115.
11
Ibid., 75.
12
Heyer, 77.
13
In Economic and Philosophic Manuscript of 1844, Marx illustrates more clearly how man is in
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relation to nature. For example, “A being which does not have its nature outside itself is not a
natural being, and plays no part in the system of nature. A being which has no object outside
itself is not an objective being. A being which is not itself an object for some third being has
no being for its objects; i.e., it is not objectively related. Its be-ing is not objective” (116; bold
italics mine).
14
It is not immediately clear, however at this juncture, if, for Marx, man is at once both part
and not part of nature as such.
15
Economic and Philosophic Manuscripst of 1844, 115.
16
See, for example, his Theses on Feuerbach. Man has indeed the capacity to change his
circumstances; in Marx’s theory, there are varying degrees of capacity of/in man in each
historical epoch. Under the capitalist system, for example, he does not have the capacity to
change his relation to the means of production; but certainly, he has the capacity to survive in
such circumstances.
17
Heyer, 80.
18
Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844, 76.
19
Ibid., 76.
20
Ibid., 75.
21
The German Ideology, 150.
22
As Walliman points out, Marx does not claim that his method and conceptuality is new;
in fact, Marx acknowledges that as early as Aristotle, such understanding of man (that is in
relation to animals) is already recognized. See Isidor Walliman, Estragement: Marx’s Conception
of Human Nature and the Division of Labor (Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1981).
23
Wallliman, 13.
24
Ibid., 16.
25
26
The Grundrisse, 262.
27
For Marx, the chief means of this individuation [Vereinzelung] happens where production
and exchange (of commodities) takes place. Thus he argues: “[Exchange] makes the herd-like
existence superfluous and dissolves it.” Ibid., 263.
28
Markus, 16.
29
Thesis on Feuerbach VI, 145.
30
Markus, 23.
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31
32
33
Walliman, for example, argues this same thesis by suggesting that Marx was against the
utility of theory by Jeremy Bentham; “Against Jeremy Bentham, Marx argues…that general
human nature cannot be defined from the utility theory, since what is useful is historically
relative and general human nature is in no way relative” (14).
34
In this paper, I adopt the term estrangement rather alienation. For an insightful treatment
on this topic, see Isidor Wallimann, Estrangement: Marx’s Conception of Human Nature and
the Division of Labor. Foreword by Gunter W. Remmling (Westport, Connecticut; London,
England: Greenwood Press, 1983).
35
Walliman, 147. Here he suggests that estrangement is qualitative and not a quantitative
phenomenon. Man is either estranged or not. The basis for such a claim should only be based
on man’s relation to his labor power and the product of his labor. Thus he writes: “the only
society Marx advocated was one free from estrangement—free from any domination of man
by man” (154).
36
Walliman, 165.
37
Ibid., 149-50.
38
Ibid., 32.
39
Ibid., 31.
40
Ibid., 149.
41
Tucker, xxiv. See also Marx’s Contribution to the Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right. This
paper, however, does not proceed to discuss the significance and implication of this difference.
What is raised here is only to suggest the place of the civil society in Marx’s political philosophy,
especially its relation to his understanding of man.
42
Thus it is here that the influence of Hegel must be taken into consideration and how Marx
transforms Hegelian philosophy into a materialist philosophy is significant.
43
Here we could also invoke the influence of Aristotle. However, it must be clearly delineated
that for Marx, man is first a species-being—as opposed to a political being (Aristotle)—who
enters and interacts with other species as a producer of his own subsistence.
44
45
For further discussion on how Marx elaborates and uses such theoretical framework to
criticize other thinkers that uses ‘old Hegelian junk’ i.e., M. Proudhon, see Society and Economy
in History.
46
In the political state, he is a citizen. Man is distinct from citizen; for Marx, man is a member
of the civil society. For more discussion on this distinction, see On the Jewish Question, 41-44.
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47
Bürgeliche Gesellschaft can also mean “bourgeois society.” See The German Ideology. In The
Grundrisse, Marx defines bourgeois society as “the most developed and the most complex
historic organization of production”
48
49
On the Jewish Question, 34.
50
Marx traces this historical development particularly in later works, i.e., The Grundrisse, Das
Capital.
51
Manifesto of the Communist Party, footnote.
52
Such claim (the existence of class), Marx claims, is his own; something that which is new that
he proves. See his Class Struggle and Mode of Production.
53
54
Ibid., 43.
55
See On the Jewish Question.
56
Tucker, xxiv. And as Tucker suggests, the life of man and his condition in the civil society
becomes the fundamental basis for his theoretical investigation and construction.
57
The structure of his discussion of these themes, I suggest, are implicitly dialectical, e.g. in
anthropology: natural vs. social, and in political philosophy: state vs. civil. But it remains
to be seen, however, if this is true to his notions of freedom, given the way in which I have
structured this discussion. Provisionally, however, I suggest that freedom is also dialectical
in character, that is, it could be expressed in, e.g. universal and particular. The former is what
Marx is advocating for.
58
Kolakowski, 86.
59
Ibid.
60
Ibid. 100.
61
As Marx writes in Alienation and Social Classes: “The possessing class and the proletarian
class represent one and the same human self-alienation. But the former feels satisfied and
affirmed in this self-alienation, experiences the alienation as a sign of its own power, and
possesses in it the appearance of a human existence. The latter, however, feels destroyed in
this alienation, seeing in its own impotence and the reality of an inhuman existence” (bold
emphasis mine) (133).
62
Walliman, 112.
63
Tucker, xxiv.
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64
Here man is understood more in light of the developmental theory of man, that is, in light of
the historical and material conditions—thus as opposed to the more utopian idea of man (that
is, there is a “lost” nature of man that needs to be recovered). Man’s natural character while
it essentially remains, changes and develops as it copes with the changing environment, both
historically and physically. As such, his potentials and capacities as a species-being not only
adopts and but also expand and develop in order to survive and support its subsistence. See
Ding Xueliang’s A Survey of Marx’s Theory on Marx’s Full Development.
65
This proposition could also be read in Walliman’s Estrangement: Marx’s Conception of Human
Nature and the Division of Labor. I employ such structure in order to offer a kind of dialectical
discussion over the subject matter—which I believe is a properly Marxian strategy.
66
The right of private property (its origin and development) is an important and related theme;
in this paper, however, I will limit my interpretation to the nature of the relation of man in the
civil society. An exploration of Marx’s view of human rights must be reserved for a later study.
67
68
69
On the Jewish Question, 42 (italics mine).
Ibid., 42.
Ibid., 43.
70
Such effectively made them exposed and predisposed to the force and violence of law. Thus,
for Marx, security is the “supreme social concept of civil society” (On the Jewish Question, 43).
71
By its very nature, wage labour, for Marx, dehumanizes man.
72
A judicial force maintains the relation of men. In Marx’s schema, this is a political apparatus
meant to protect the order of civil society. Such is why, for him, state is an outgrowth of civil
society—contrary to Hegel. The political state is only a by-product of the structure of civil
society; thus, it serves to only protect and promote vested interests within the civil structure.
73
74
Placed within the trajectory of his theory, this claim clarifies the historic tasks of the
proletariats to bring about the dialectical consciousness that liberate humanity from inhuman
living conditions. See also his Alienation and Social Classes.
75
For example, based on Marx’s theory of estrangement or the psychoanalytical and
philosophical account.
76
It is for this reason that for Marx, workers are still able to organize themselves despite or
in spite of the ‘absence’ of freedom under the capitalist society. And they are able to imagine
or think about, i.e., a different kind of society (and this is, for Marx, the exercise of human
creativity).
This view, however, because of the limitation of this study, must still be further examined
and elaborated; there are, at least, two identifiable dimensions in light of this discussion:
one, how Marx understands consciousness, and two, what and how the notion of freedom is
understood in the communist state (i.e., is it still a creative expression?)
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77
A point also convincingly pointed out by Nobel-prize economist Amartya Sen: the more we
create freedom, the more development is made possible. See Amartya Sen, Development as
Freedom (New York, NY: Anchor Books, 1999).
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Agamben, G. (1998). Homo Sacer: Sovereign power and bare life. (D. Heller-Roazen,
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division of labor. Westport, CN; London, England: Greenwood.
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Light on the Mountain*
Rowena Tiempo-Torrevillas
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* Opening talk for the Silliman University National Writers Workshop, May 2010
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LIGHT ON THE MOUNTAIN
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ǰȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǯ
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ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢Ȃȱ ǰȱ ȱ ŗśȱ Ȃȱ ǻǼȱ ȱ
ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ
Ȃȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱǰȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱǯȱȱǰȱ Ȃȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ
ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȯȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ ȯȱȱȱȱȱȱǯǯǯ ǰȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱǯȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱǰȱ¢ȱ
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
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ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ǯȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ
Ȃȱ ȱǯ
ȱȱ ȱȱ¡ȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱęȱȱȱȱ
ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȯȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȯȱȱ¢ȱǯȱ
ȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱǰȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ Mountain Sacraments ǯǯǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ
ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱĴȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǲȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱȱǱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱǻȱ ȱȱ
¢ȱȱȱǰȱǯǼ
ȱȱǰȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱ
ȱȱȱǰȱ¢ȱ¡ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ
Ĵȱ ȱ ȱȱǯȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱĚ ȱ
ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱĚǰȱȱ ȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱ
¢ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȃȱ ǰȱ ȱ ǯǯǯȄȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
¢ȱȱǰȱ“Paghilum!”ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱĚȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱĴ¢ǰȱȬȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ĴȂȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ Ěȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱǯǯǯȱȱȱǯ
ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȃȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱ¢ǰȄȱȱȱ¢ǯȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯǯǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ Ȃȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ǰȱ ȱȱȱȱǯ
ȱȱǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱȱȱǰȱȂȱȱ
ȱ ȱ¢ȱĴȱȂȱ¢ȱǰȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ǯǯǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱ ȱ ǯ
Ȃȱȱȱ¡ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱ¢ȱ ǰȱ
ȱȱȱ¢Ȃȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
Ȃȱ ȱ ȯǰȱǰȱȱǯǯǯȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱ¢ǰȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǯ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǰȱȱȱȱ ȱǰȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱǯ
VOL. 51 NO. 2
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LIGHT ON THE MOUNTAIN
ȃȂȱȱǰȱ ǰȄȱ¢Ȃȱȱǯȱȱ ȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǰȱ ȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯ
ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱÛǰȱȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱȱȂȱȱȱǯȱ¢ȱǰȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱÛȱ
ȱȱěȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ
ȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǯǯǯȱȱ ȱȱȱ
ȱ¢ȱȂȱȱǯ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯǯǯ
ȱȃȱȱȱȦȱȱȱȱ ǯȄȱȱ
ȱȂȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱĴȱ ǰȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȃ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǵȄǱȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱ¡ȱȱ ǰȱ ȱęȱ¢ȱ
ȱǰȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ
¢ȱǰȱȱȱȯȱȱȱǯȱ
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
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“I’m Home”*
Rowena Tiempo-Torrevillas
ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȂȱȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ȱǰȱ ȱȱȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ Ĵǰȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱ
ęȱǯȱȱ
ǰȱ ǯȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȯȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǰȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱǰȱȱ¢ȱǰȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȂȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱ¢ǰȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱĴȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
¢ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱĴȯ ȱǯ
¢ȱŗşŚŜǰȱȱȂȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱ
¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ
Ĵȱǰȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱęȱ
T
* Closing Talk and Dedication Ceremony for the 49th Silliman University National Writers Workshop at
the Writers Village in Camp Lookout, Valencia, Negros Oriental, 21 May 2010
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ȱȬȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ
Ȃȱǯ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȯȱ
ȱȱȯȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱǯȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȬǱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱěȱ
ȱǰȱȱ¢ȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱǯǯȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ǲȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱǯ
ȱ ŗşŜŘǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ
ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ ȱǰȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ ǰȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ǰȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ǳȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ
¢£ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱǯ
ȱȱ¢ǰȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ
ȱ ȱ ǲȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱǰȱ ĵǰȱ¢ǯ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǰȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱ¡ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ¢ȱǰȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ
ȱ¢ȱÛȬ¢ǯȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
¡ȱȱȱȱŗşşŖȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǰȱ¢ȱȱǽǾȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ
¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ Ĵ¢ǯȱ
ȱÛǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǯ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǯȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ
Ȃȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ǯ
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
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Ȃȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ
ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ Ûȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱȱǯȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǰȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ǯȱ ȱ ǯȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱȬȱȱǰȱȱȱ¢ȱ£ȱȱȱ
ǰȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ£ǯ
ȱ¢ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ Śşȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ£ȱȱȱȱŗŖŖŗȱ
ȱ ǯǯǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱěȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ¢ȱȱÛǰȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱ
ȱȱȱěȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ¢ȱȱ
ǰȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱřȱęĴȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱȱȱȱ ǯ
¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱǯ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ
Ûȱȱȱǯ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǰȱǯȱ
Ûȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǲȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ǯ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ûȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱ¢ǰȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱ
ǯȱȱ¢Ȃȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱ¢ȱȱ ¢ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǯ
ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ǲȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱȱĴȱ ȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ
VOL. 51 NO. 2
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ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱǰȱȱȱȬ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱ¢¢ȱ
ȱȱȱǰȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱěȱȱthe Weekly
Sillimanian.
ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱęȱȱ¢Ȭ
ȱȱȃȄȱ ȱȱ ȱ¢ȱǯȱȱȱ ȱȱ
ȱĴȱȱthe Weekly Sillimanianǰȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ¢ǯ
ǰȱȱȱ¡ȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱ¡ȱȬ
Ǳȱȃȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱǯȱǽȱȱȱȱ
ȁȱ£ȂǾǯȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǯȄ
ǻȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱĴȱĴǱȱcǯǼ
ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ Ǳȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ¢ȱ
¢ȱȱȱȱ ǯ
ȃȱȱǰȄȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǰȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱǯ
¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ
¢ȂȱǰȱȂȱȱȱȱ ȱǻ¢ȱǼȱȱ¢ǰȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯ
¢Ȭ¡ȱ¢ȱǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱǰȱ
ȱĴȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ
ȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
Ĵǰȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ Ĵȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ
ȱȱȱ Ĵȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ
¢ȱȱ ǯȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǰȱȱǰȱȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱǰȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȂȱ ȱ
ȱȱǯ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ǰȱȂȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ
ȱǰȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ
ȬȬȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
Ĵȱȱȱȱȱ
ǯȱȱȱǰȱȂȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ
ȱǰȱI’m home!
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
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ȇȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȃ Ȅȯ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢Ȃȱ
ȱȱǯ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ Ǳȱ ǯ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ Ȃȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǯǯǯ ȱ ȱȱȱǯ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢Ǳȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
Ĵȱ ȱ¢ȱǰȱȱȱ ǯ
ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ
ȱ¢ǰȱȱ ȱȱȱęȱ ȱȱęȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ
ǯ
ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱǯ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ
ȱ¢Ȃȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱǯǯǯȱǰȱ
ǰȱǰȱ¢ȱȯ ȱȱȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱ
ǰȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ¢Ǳȱȱȱ¢ȱȬȱ¢ȱĴȱǰȱ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱǰȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱǰȱ
ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱěȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǯǯǯ
ȱȱǰȱ ȱǰȱȱǰȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱǰȱ
ǰȱȱȱȱǰȱI’m home!
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On the Question of
Poetry and Rage
J. Neil C. Garcia
ȱ £Ȃȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱȱ¡ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ
ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱǻȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱ¢Ǽȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȃȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ǰȄȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǲȱ
ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ȱ
¢ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱ¡ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ěǰȱȱ¢ȱǯȱ
ȱȱěǰȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ¡ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ Ĝȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱǯȱȱę¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱ
ǰȱǰȱȱȃ¢ȱȄȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȬ¢ȱǰȱȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ
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SILLIMAN JOURNAL
VOL. 51 NO.2
J.N.C. GARCIA
235
ȱ ȃȄȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǲȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȯ ȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱ
ȱ£ȯ¢ȱȱȱǼǯ
ȱ¢ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ
¢Ȭȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱǰȱ¢ȱ ǰȱȱ
¢ȱȱǱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱǻ ǼȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȂȱǰȱȱ
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ȱ¢ǰȱ ȱ¢ȱęȯ¢ȱ¢ȱȱǻȱȱȱȱ
Ǽǯȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȃȱ¢Ȅȱȱȱȱ
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ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱěȱ
ȱȃ¢Ȅȱȱȱȱȱȱǲȱȱȱ¢ǰȱ
ȃ¢¢ȄȱȂȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ
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ȱȱȱ£ȱȱȃ£Ȅȱȯ ȱȱȱ
¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǰȱ¡ǰȱȱĜȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱǯȱ
ȱȱȱȃ Ȅȱ¢ȱȱȱǰȱȱ¢ȱ ǰȱȃ Ȅȱ
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ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȬǰȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ
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ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ
¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱǰȱȱȱȱ£ȱȱ
ǰȱȱ£ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȃ¢ǰȄȱȱȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¡ǰȱȱǰȱ
ǰȱĚȱȱȱ¢ȯȱȱ¢ǰȱȱ
ȯ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱ¡ǯȱ
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VOL. 51 NO. 2
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
236
ON THE QUESTION OF POETRY AND RAGE
ȃ¢Ȅȱȱ¢ȱȱǯȱȱ¡ǰȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ
Ȭȱȱ ¢Ǳȱ¢ȱǻȬȱȱȬ Ǽǰȱ
ǰȱǰȱǰȱ¢ǰȱǰȱȱȱȬ ȱcaritela,
ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȬěǯȱĚĴȱȱȱ
¢ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȃȄȯȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȯȱȱȱ Ĵȱ¢ȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
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¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȃȄȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ
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¢ȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱĴȱȃ¡ȱ¢ǰȄȱȱ
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¢£ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
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ȱ ȃȱ ȱ ȄǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
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¢ȱǰȱȬǰȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱ
¢ȱ ȯȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱȱǯȱȱȱ ȱȱȯ ȱȱȱ¢ǰȱ
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SILLIMAN JOURNAL
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J.N.C. GARCIA
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ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱǰȱȱ
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ȯȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȯȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
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¢ȱǼȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ
ǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱěȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱ£ȱ
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ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ě¢ȱ ǻȱ ȃ¢ǼȄȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
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ȱǻȱȱǰȱȱtunay na lalakiǼȱȱ¡ǰȱȱ
VOL. 51 NO. 2
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ON THE QUESTION OF POETRY AND RAGE
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the baklaȂȱě¢ȱȱȱȱȱ¡ǰȱȱȱlalakiȂȱ
¢ȱȱȱȱȱ¡ǯȱ
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ȱȱ¡ȱǰȱ ȱęȱȱȱȱȱ
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ȱ ȱ ǻ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ Ǳȱ ǰȱ ¢ǰȱ bakla, tomboyǼǯȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
£ǰȱ ǰȱ Ȧȱ ȃ¢£Ȅȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
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ȱȱǰȱȱ£ȱȱȱ¡¢ȱě¢ȱ
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ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȃǯȄȱǰȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱǰȱ¢ ¢ǵǼ
Ĝȱȱȱ¢ȱǰȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱęȱ¢ȱȱ¡ȱ
ȱȃȄȱ ȱȱȱȃȄȱȱ
ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱ
ȱ Ȧȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ¢ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱęǰȱ¢ǰȱǰȱ
ǯȱǻȱ¢ȱǰȱ¢ȱȱǰȱ¢ȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱ
¢ȱȱęȯȱȯȱȱ ȱ ȱȱ¡ȱȱȱ
ǰȱȱ¢ȱȱ¡£ȱȱȱ ǯǼȱ
ȱǰȱȱǱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȂȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ęȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
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ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱę¢ȱȱȱ ȱ
ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĝȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱ ȃȄȯȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ £ȱ
Ȧȱ ¡£ȯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ¢ȱ
ȱȱ¡ȱȱ¡ǯȱȱȱ ǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱǰȱȱȱ¢ȱȱěȱȱȱȱ
ǲȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ǰȱȱȱȃȄȱȱ¢ȱȱ¡ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ
ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱǯ
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
VOL. 51 NO.2
J.N.C. GARCIA
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ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ¡¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȃ¢ǰȄȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǵȱ
Ǳȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȂȱȱ
ȱ ǵȱ ȱ Ǳȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ¢ȱęȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱǵȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ǵȱ ȱ ęǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱ
¡¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ £ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ
¢ȱȱǵȱǯȱǯ
ȱȱȱǰȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱ
ȱȱȱ Ǳȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱęȱȱȯȱ¢ȯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ
ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¡ȱ ȃ¡Ȅǯǯǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȦȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ęǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ¡ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ
ȯȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱ
¢ȱȱȱȱǱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱǯ
VOL. 51 NO. 2
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SILLIMAN JOURNAL
VOL. 51 NO.2
241
REVIEW
VOL. 51 NO. 2
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242
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
VOL. 51 NO.2
243
Coco Martin as a corrupted cop drawn into the nightmarish world of Mendoza's .LQDWD\
Don't Look Away
Review By Ian Rosales Casocot
Kinatay
Directed by Brillante Mendoza
Written by Armando Lao
With Coco Martin, Maria Isabel Lopez, and Julio Diaz.
Swift Productions and Centerstage Production, Philippines.
2009. 105 minutes.
ǳȱǽǾȱęȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱ£ȱ
ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱȱ ȱȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǰȱ ȱǰȱ ȱ
ǰȱ ȱǰȱ ȱǰȱȱęȱȱǯ
Joseph Campbell
Myths to Live By
VOL. 51 NO. 2
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DON'T LOOK AWAY: ON MENDOZA'S KINATAY
ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ£ȂȱKinatayȱǽThe Execution of PǰȱŘŖŖşǾǰȱȱ¢ȱ
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¢ȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȂȱ¡¢ȱ
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ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ¢ǯȱ
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¡ǰȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱ¢ǯȱȱǰȱȃȱȱȱtocilogǰȱȱȱĴȱȱȱ ǯȄ
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£Ȃȱęȱ ȱȱǰȱȱěȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ
ȱȱǻ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱ£Ǽǰȱęȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱĴȱǰȱ
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¢ȱȱȱkarinderiaǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ¢ȱ¢ǰȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱǰȱ“Isang
ǯǯǯȄȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱ¢Ǳȱȃȱȱǰȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ǯȄȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
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ȱǰȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱęǰȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ǰȱ ȱȱǯȱ¢ȱ ¢Ȭȱȱǰȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻȱǼǰȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱǰȱȱȯȱ¢ȱȯ
ȱ ȱȱȱȱǯ
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ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱěǰȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱ ȱȱǯȱȱĵȬ
ȱęȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱ£ȂȱShoah
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ȱȱ ȱǯȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ
ĴȱȱȱȱĴȱǲȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǰȱ¢ȱȂȱ¢ȱȱ
¢¢ǰȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱ
ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ¢ǯ
ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
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ȱ¢ȱǰȄȱȱȃȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȄȱ¢ȱ¢ȱ
ȱȱ£ȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȯȱ¢ȱȱȱ
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ȱȯ¢ȱ¡ȱȱȱǰȱȱ¢ȱǯȱȱ
¢ȱȱȱ ȱǯȱȱȱȃȄȱȱǯ
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ȱȱȱȱȱ·ȱę¡ǰȱȱ¢ȱǰȱ
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ȱȱȱȱ¡ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ
ȱ ȱǯȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱ¡ǯȱȱȱȱȱ
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ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱǯ
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ȱȱĴȱǯȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ
ǵȱȂȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǰȱȱ
ȱ¢ǰȱȱǯȱȱȱǵȱȂȱȱ¢ǰȱȬ
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ǰȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǯȱǻȱȱǰȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ£Ȃȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ȱǯǼȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱ Ȭǵȱȱȱȱȱ
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ȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱ ȱ¢ǰȱȱȱǰȱȱ
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ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǯȱȱ
Ȃȱȱȱȱ ȱȱęȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱ ǯȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱǰȱ¢ ¢ǰȱ
ȱȱȂȱȱǯ
ȱ ǰȱ ǯȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱ trueȱ Ěȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ǯȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¡ȯȯȱ ¢ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱǯȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ
ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯ
¢ǰȱȬȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¡Ȭ¢ȱȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȯȱȱȱĴȱ¢ȱ ȱ
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ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ǰȱǯȱǰȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ
¢ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ
ȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ǰȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȬǰȱȱǯȱ
ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱěǰȱ¢ȱȱ
¢ǰȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ǯ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Kinatayǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱęȱ ȱ ȱȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱǯȱȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱěȱĴȱȱǰȱȱ
ȱȱȱǱȱȃȱŖǰŖǰȱŖǰȱ
Ŗȱ Ŗȱ ȱ ŖǯȄȱ ǻȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱǯǼȱȱȱ¢ȱǯȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱǰȱ
ęȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȃȱȱ¢ǯȄȱȱȱǰȱȱ
¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱęǰȱȱ
ȱȱǰȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǯȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ
ȱĴǰȱ¢ȱ ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱĚȱȱ
Ȃȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǯȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȂȱ
ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ǯȱȂȱȱȱ
ȯȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯ
ȱȂȱȱ ¢ǯ
ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǯȱȱȱǰȱ
ȱ¢ȱǰȱȱȱȱǯȱȂȱȱȱ ¢ǯ
ȱȱȱȱęǰȱǰȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱȱ¢ǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱǱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ
and New LiteraturesǰȱȱOld Movies and Other Stories.
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SILLIMAN JOURNAL
VOL. 51 NO.2

Theology of Struggle - Silliman University

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