sakonferencio krebuli _saboloo varianti

Transcription

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti
paata guguSvilis ekonomikis instituti
IVANE JAVAKHISHVILI TBILISI STATE UNIVERSITY
PAATA GUGUSHVILI INSTITUTE OF ECONOMICS
paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis
daarsebi
daarsebis
bis dRisadmi miZRvnili
miZRvnili saerTaSoriso
samecnierosamecniero-praqtikuli konferenciis
masa
masale
salebis
lebis krebuli
ekonomikis aqtualuri problemebi
globalizaciis pirobebSi
Proceedings of Materials of International Scientific-Practical Conference
Dedicated to the Foundation of
Paata Gugushvili Institute of Economics
ACTUAL ECONOMIC PROBLEMS
UNDER GLOBALIZATION
Tbilisi
TBILISI
3
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti
paata guguSvilis ekonomikis instituti
IVANE JAVAKHISHVILI TBILISI STATE UNIVERSITY
PAATA GUGUSHVILI INSTITUTE OF ECONOMICS
mxardamWeri organizaciebi:
ilias saxelmwifo universitetis biznesis fakulteti
guram TavarTqilaZis saswavlo universiteti
ak. wereTlis quTaisis saxelmwifo universiteti
SUPPORTING ORGANIZATIONS:
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS OF ILIA STATE UNIVERSITY
GURAM TAVARTKILADZE TEACHING UNIVERSITY
AKAKI TSERETELI KUTAISI STATE UNIVERSITY
paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis daarsebi
daarsebis
bis dRisadmi miZRvnili
saerTaSoriso samecnierosamecniero-praqtikuli konferenciis
masa
masale
salebis
lebis krebuli
ekonomikis aqtualuri problemebi
globalizaciis pirobebSi
(21(21-22 oqtomberi, 2011)
Proceedings of Materials of International Scientific-Practical Conference
Dedicated to the Foundation of Paata Gugushvili Institute of Economics
ACTUAL ECONOMIC PROBLEMS
UNDER GLOBALIZATION
(21-22 October, 2011)
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis
paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis gamomcemlobaP
PUBLISHING HOUSE OF PAATA GUGUSHVILI INSTITUTE
OF ECONOMICS OF IVANE JAVAKHISHVILI TBILISI STATE UNIVERSITY
Tbilisi
Tbilisi Tbilisi 2011
U
4
UDC (uak)
uak) 061.62:33(479.22)(063)
p – 323
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis paata
guguSvilis ekonomikis institutSi 2011 wels gamarTul saerTaSoriso samecsamecnieroniero-praqtikul konfe
konferen
ferenciaze
renciaze wak
wakiTxuli moxsenebebis masalebi
Materials of reports made at the international scientific-practical conference held at Paata
Gugushvili Institute of Economics of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University in 2011
samecnierosamecniero-saredaqcio kolegia: r. abesaZe (mTavari
(mTavari redaqtori), n. arevaZe, T.
arnaniaarnania-kepulaZe, l. belinskaia, n. bibilaSvili
bibilaSvili (pasuxis
(pasuxismgebeli
xismgebeli mdivani), m.
gonaSvili, l. daTunaS
daTunaSvili,
naSvili, g. erqomaiSvili, e. kakulia, g. kasnauskiene, m.
kvaracxelia, a. kredisovi, a. kurataS
kurataSvili,
taSvili, T. laza
lazaraSvili,
zaraSvili, i. naTe
naTelauri,
Telauri, s.
pavliaSvili, s. particki, vl. papava, g. papava, a. silagaZe, d. soloRaSvili, n.
xaduri, m. xuskivaZe, l. CageliSvili, l. Ciqava, T. CxeiZe
Scientific-editorial Board: R. Abesadze (Editor-in-Chief), N. Arevadze, T. Arnania-Kepuladze,
L. Belinskaja, N. Bibilashvili (Executive Secretary), L. Chagelishvili, L. Chikava, T. Chkheidze,
L. Datunashvili, G. Erkomaishvili, M. Gonashvili, E. Kakulia, N. Kakulia, G. Kasnauskiene, N.
Khaduri, M. Khuskivadze, A. Kredisov, A. Kuratashvili, M. Kvaratskhelia, T. Lazarashvili, I.
Natelauri, S. Partycki, G. Papava, V. Papava, S. Pavliashvili, A. Silagadze, D. Sologashvili
recenzentebi:
recenzentebi: emd v. burduli
emd v. berulava
Reviewers: Doc. of Econ. V. Burduli
Doc. of Econ. V. Berulava
konferenciis saorganizacio jgufi: T. gogoxia (xelmZRvaneli),
(xelmZRvaneli), n. kedia, e.
jabanaSvili
Organizing Group of the Conference: T. Gogokhia (Head), N. Kedia, E. Jabanashvili
© ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis ppaata
aata guguSguguSvilis ekonomikis institutis gamomcemlobaP
© PUBLISHING HOUSE OF PAATA GUGUSHVILI INSTITUTE
OF ECONOMICS OF IVANE JAVAKHISHVILI TBILISI STATE UNIVERSITY
2011
ISBN 978-9941-9168-2-3
5
plenaruli sxdoma
ramaz abesaZe
maRali teqnologiebi da ekonomikuri ganviTareba
maRali teqnologiebi (hi-tech) dReisaTvis gamoiyeneba adamianis saqmianobis
yvela sferoSi. gansakuTrebul cvlilebebs iwvevs maTi gamoyeneba ekonomikaSi,
cvlis ra misi ganviTarebis tendenciebs rogorc lokaluri, ise globaluri masStabiT. igi mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs erovnuli ekonomikis adgils msoflio ekonomikaSi, zrdis ra qveynis konkurentunarianobasa da keTildReobis dones.
maT safuZvelze, warmoebis organizaciis srulyofis, saqonlisa da momsaxurebis axal saxeobaTa Seqmnis Sedegad, mcirdeba transaqciuri da transformaciuli
danaxarjebi, izrdeba resursebis racionaluri gamoyenebis SesaZleblobebi. icvleba
warmoebis organizaciis formebi da meTodebi da, rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, adamianis adgili da roli rogorc warmoebaSi, ise yofacxovrebaSi. icvleba TviT sazogadoobis organizaciis arsi, formebi da meTodebi. amaSi arc araferia gasakviri.
Tu gadavavlebT Tvals kacobriobis istorias, sazogadoebis progresi, misi gadasvla axal TvisobriobaSi yovelTvis dakavSirebuli iyo axali teqnologiebis danergvasTan warmoebaSi da adamianTa saqmianobis sxva sferoSi, vinaidan teqnologiebi
da ideologia aucileblad SesabamisobaSi unda iqnes moyvanili [3; gv. 7].
umaRlesi teqnologiebi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mTavari faqtoria, vinaidan
igi iwvevs ekonomikuri sistemis yvela elementis ganviTarebasa da srulyofas.
umaRlesi teqnologiebi ZiriTadad Sesabamis literaturaSi ganimarteba rogorc sul ufro axali da progresuli teqnologiebi Tanamedrove etapze.
migvaCnia, rom maRali teqnologiebis aRniSnuli ganmarteba dasazustebelia,
vinaidan zogierTi teqnologia, SesaZlebelia, axali da progresuli iyos, magram
igi ar TamaSobdes mniSvnelovan rols qveynis (miTumetes msoflio masStabiT), upirveles yovlisa, misi ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi. magaliTad, davuSvaT, aRmoCenili iqna
puris warmoebis axali, ufro progresuli teqnologia an Seiqmna axali saxeobis
tansacmeli. rasakvirvelia, orive SemTxvevaSi saqme gveqneba axal da progresul
teqnologiebTan, magram ara maRal teqnologiebTan, radganac isini ver Seitanen
raime SesamCnev wvlils sazogadoebis ganviTarebaSi. amdenad, umaRlesi teqnologiebi SesaZlebelia ganimartos Semdegnairad:
maRali teqnologiebi warmoadgens sul ufro axal da progresul teqnoloteqnologiebs, romelTa gamoyeneba mimdinare etapze aCqarebs sazogadoebis, upirvelesyov
upirvelesyovli
yovlilisa, ekonomikuri
ekonomikuri GganviTarebis Pprocess.
maRali teqnologiebi, bunebrivia, garkveuli drois Semdeg (da es dro TandaTan mcirdeba) kargaven TavianT mniSvnelobas da adgils uTmoben axal maRal teqnologiebs.
Tanamedrove etapze umaRlesi teqnologiebis dargebidan gamoiyofa eleqtr
eleqtrotronika, gansakuTrebiT ki misi qvedargi _ mikroeleqtronika.
mikroeleqtronika swored eleqtronikis ganviTarebam gaxada SesaZlebeli Seqmniliyo gamoTvliTi teqnika, sainformacio-sazomi
sistemebi, integraluri sqemebi, cifruli integraluri mikrosqemebi, mikroprocesorebi, rezistorebi, kondensatorebi, diodebi, tranzistorebi, radio, televizori,
robotebi, kompiuteri da a.S., romelTa gamoyenebis gareSe Tanamedrove etapze ver
iarsebebda ekonomikis verc erTi dargi da adamianTa saqmianobis verc erTi sfero,
ris gareSec warmoudgeneli iqneboda informaciis mopovebis gadamuSavebis, gadacemisa da gamoyenebis Tanamedrove done.
6
maRal teqnologiebs miekuTvneba aseve xelovnuri inteleqti anu iseTi manqanebis Seqmna, romelsac gaaCnia cocxali organizmis (maT Soris adamianis) niSnebi
(msjeloba, aRqma, moZraoba da a. S.). dReisaTvis saubari SeiZleba iyos ara mxolod
xelovnur inteleqtze, aramed “moazrovne” manqanebze, romelTac aqvT adamianis tvinis msgavsad “moazrovne” mowyobilobebi. saubaria xelovnur gonze. Tumca, miuxedavad imisa, rom moazrovne manqana an manqanaTa jgufi miuaxlovdeba da bevr SenTxvevaSi gadaaWarbebs kidevac mas, ra gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis manqanac (an manqanaTa
sistema) ar unda Seiqmnas, igi mainc iqneba adamianis xelSi igive iaraRi, rogoric,
davuSvaT, saWrisi an nebismieri saxva iaraRi.
maRali teqnologiebis dargad iTvleba agreTve bioteqnologia (romelic
Ta(
visTavad efuZneba genetikas, mikrobiologias, molekuluri da ujredul biologias,
nanoobioqimias, embriologias da a. S.), kompiuteruli programuli uzrunvelyofa, nan
teqnologiebi, robototeqnika, telekomunikaciebi,
telekomunikaciebi, saaviaciosaaviacio-kosmosuri teqnologieteqnologiebi, fotonika, atomuri fizika.
maRali teqnologiebis Seqmnisa da gamoyenebis mixedviT, bunebrivia, qveynebi
mniSvnelovad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan. am mxriv mowinave poziciebi ganviTareganviTarebul qveynebs uWiravT, gansakuTrebiT
gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeva evropa. 2011 wels frangulma skolam
Insead-ma gamoaqveyna yovelwliuri moxseneba _ “inovaciis globaluri indeqsi”, romelic moicavs 125 qveyanas, romlebzedac modis msoflio mosaxleobis 93,2% da
msoflio mTliani Sida produqtis 98,0%.1
Ppirveli oci adgili aRniSnuli indeqsis mixedviT ganawilebulia Semdegnairad: Sveicaria, Svecia, singapuri, honkongi, fineTi, dania, aSS, kanada, niderlandebi,
didi britaneTi, islandia, Ggermania, irlandia, israeli, axali zelandia, korea,
luqsemburgi, norvegia, avstria, iaponia.
rogorc vxedavT, pirvel oceulSi verc erTi postkomunisturi qveyana ver
moxvda. SedarebiT mowinave poziciebi ukaviaT: estoneTs (23), ungreTs (25), CexeTs (27),
slovenias (30). sxva postkomunistur qveynebze ki adgilebi Semdegnairad ganawilda:
latvia (36), slovakeTi (37), moldova (39), litva (40), bulgateTi (42), poloneTi (43),
xorvatia (44), rumineTi (50), ruseTi (56), ukraina (60), makedonia (67), monRoleTi (68),
somxeTi (69), saqarTvelo (73), albaneTi (80) yazaxeTi (84), yirgizeTi (85), Aazerbaijani
(88).2
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom 2007 wels aRniSnul reitingSi saqarTvelo 93e adgilze iyo, dRevandeli maCvenebliT mdgomareoba gaumjobesebulia. Cvens qveyanaSi damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg axali teqnologiebis, maT Soris maRali teqnologiebis danergva, Tumca neli tempebiT, magram mainc mimdinareobda da axlac
mimdinareobs. ufro mniSvnelovani naklovanebebia sakuTar bazaze axali teqnologiebisa da produqciis axali saxeobebis Seqmnis mimarTulebiT.
Tanamedrove etapze maRali teqnologiebis yvelaze progresuli saxeobaa informaciuli da telekomunikaciuri teqnologiebi. igi ganapirobebs ekonomikaSi axali
struqturis Camoyalibebas, romelic moicavs ekonomikuri da socialuri saqmianobis
TiTqmis yvela sferos. am procesebTan dakavSirebiT ekonomikur literaturaSi farTod gamoiyeneba cnebebi: „informaciuli ekonomika“ (information economy) da „qseluri
ekonomika“ (network economy).
1
2
http://www.globalinnovationindex.org/gii/
http://www.globalinnovationindex.org/gii/main/fullreport/index.html
7
qselis cneba pirvelad sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa sferoSi gamoyenebuli iqna sociologiaSi meoce saukunis bolos. Berkovicas, s. vasermanis, b. belmanis, d.
noukis, p. marsdenis, l. frimanis da sxvaTa naSromebSi.
evropis komisiis mier momzadebul moxsenebaSi 1997 wels ¬qseluri ekonomika
ganimarteba rogorc garemo, romelSic nebismier kompanias da individs, romelic imyofeba ekonomikuri sistemis nebismier wertilSi, internet-teqnologiebis meSveobiT
SeuZliaT iolad da minimaluri danaxarjebiT kontaqti daamyaron sxva kompaniasTan
an individTan erToblivi samuSaos ganxorcielebasTan, vaWrobasTan, ideebisa da
”noy-hay“-s gacvlasTan dakavSirebiT an ubralod piradi siamovnebisaTvis3 . igi xorcieldeba eleqtronuli qselebis meSveobiT. qseluri ekonomikis safuZvelia qseluri organizaciebi. qseluri saqoneli Cveulebrivi saqonelisagan gansxvavdeba imiT,
rom misi gamoyenebis raodenobis zrda iwvevs misi sargeblianobis zrdas. magaliTad,
Tu satelefono qselSi CaerTveba mxolod erTi momxmarebeli, misTvis telefonis
sargeblianoba nulis tolia. telefonis sargeblianoba izrdeba qselSi meti da meti abonentis CarTviT. aseve, niSandoblivia is, rom rac ufro metia qselSi telefonebis raodenoba, miT ufro iafia telefonis dadgmis Rirebuleba. amas gviCvenebs
internetis magaliTic. maSasadame, qselur ekonomikaSi qseluri saqonlis moculobis
zrda iwvevs misi sargeblianobis zrdas da qseluri saqonelis fasis Semcirebas.
informaciuli sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis koncefciis Seqmna ganapiroba kompleqsuri avtomatizaciisa da kompiuterizaciis ganviTarebam, informaciis industriis, komunikaciur gamoTvliTi qselebis, monacemTa erovnuli da saerTaSoriso
bazebis Seqmnam. gansakuTrebeli yuradReba am problematikas mieqca XX saukunis 70–
iani wlebidan d. belis [1], e. masudas [2], e. tofleris, r. driukeris SromebSi.
qseluri ekonomikis arsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom tradiciuli ekonomikis
struqturebi unda gardaiqmnas qselur struqturebad informaciul–telekomunikaciuri garemos ganviTarebis gziT. qseluri organizacia socialur-ekonomikuri procesebis ganviTarebis bunebrivi moTxovnaa. marTvis procesebis ganxorcielebas xels
uSlis SezRuduli informaciuli uzrunvelyofa Sesabamisi infrastruqturis ganuviTareblobis gamo. es xSirad iwvevs ekonomikis subieqtebs Soris urTierTkavSiris
koordinaciis darRvevas, rac krizisebis safuZveli xdeba.
marTvis qseluri meTodi arsebiTad gansxvavdeba amJamad arsebuli ierarqiuli
da sabazro meTodebisagan. es gansxvaveba ZiriTadad mdgomareobs SemdegSi [4; 5; 6]:
• komunikaciis axali eleqtronuli saSualebebis danergva saSualebas mogvcems ekonomikur agentTa Soris damyardes mravalferovani da mravaldoniani kavSirebi;
• qselur ekonomikaSi monawileobis faseuloba izrdeba maTSi monawileTa zrdis
dros, rac iwvevs masSi axali da axali wevrebis Cabmas;
• qseluri ekonomikisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia mcire mudmivi danaxarjebi da araarsebiTi zRvruli danaxarjebi;
• qselur ekonomikaSi warmoebuli produqciis sargeblianoba izrdeba, xolo fasi ki
mcirdeba, masSi monawile pirTa zrdasTan erTad;
• qselur ekonomikas axasiaTebs swrafi saxecvlilebis unari;
• qselur ekonomikaSi monawileebisaTvis sasargebloa saerTo interesebis dacva
• qselur ekonomikas axasiaTebs TviTorganizaciisa da TviTganaxlebis didi unari.
Cven ver gaviziarebT im mosazrebas, rom qseluri ekonomikisaTvis adgili ar
aqvs klebadi sargeblianobis kanons, vinaidan qselur ekonomikaSic calkeuli momxmareblisaTvis (davuSvaT satelefono qselis abonentisaTvis) momsaxurebis zrda mis
3
www.iis.ru/glossariy/indeqxhtml.
8
sargeblianobas amcirebs (yoveli Semdegi telefonis dadgmis sargeblianoba mcirdeba).
organizaciis qseluri meTodebi Soreuli warsulidan iRebs saTaves. dReisaTvis siaxles warmoadgens ara TviT qseluri meTodi, aramed misi gamoyenebis SesaZleblobaTa zrda Tanamedrove informaciuli da telesakomunikacio (maRali) teqnologiaTa gamoyenebiT.
saqarTveloSi informaciuli da telesakomunikacio teqnologiaTa gamoyenebis mimarTulebiT garkveuli Zvrebi SeiniSneba: mimdinareobs telesakomunikacio da
korporaciuli informaciuli sistemebis ganviTareba, izrdeba msoflio Ria qselebis abonentTa raodenoba, Zlierdeba qveynis telefonizacia, swrafad izrdeba mobiluri telefonebis moxmareba da sxv. informatizaciis done gansakuTrebiT didia
saxelmwifo da sabanko seqtorSi. viTardeba qseluri marketingi da a. S. saerTod,
unda iTqvas, rom saqarTveloSi informaciuli teqnologiebis ganviTarebis done dabalia da am mxriv mniSvnelovani RonisZiebebia gasatarebeli. Cven, bunebrivia, ar
dagvWirdeba is dro, rac ganviTarebul qveynebs dasWirda informatizaciis maRali
donis misaRwevad, vinaidan SegviZlia pirdapir gadmoviRoT msoflio gamocdileba.
magram, amave dros, axali teqnologiebis gadmoReba adekvaturi bazisis arsebobis
gareSe SeuZlebelia. aucilebelia Seiqmnas Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi baza, mozidul
iqnes investiciebi, Camoyalibdes Sesabamisi bizneskultura (codna, azrovnebis xasiaTi, gamocdileba, mentaliteti, gamocdileba) da a.S.
yvelaze umTavresi ki isaa, rom qseluri ekonomikis ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebelia ekonomikis ganviTarebis Sesabamisi done, amitom gezi aRebuli unda iqnes ekonomikur ganviTarebasTan erTad informaciuli teqnologiebis danergvasa da gamoyenebaze.
Cven gvaqvsQ garkveuli upiratesobebi: qveynis masStabebi pataraa da amitom mis
gajereba maRali teqnologiebiT SedarebiT mcire droSia SesaZlebeli; Cvens qveyanas did daxmarebas uweven ganviTarebuli qveynebi.
B
bolo periodSi qveyanis instituciebSi momxdari dadebiTi cvlilebebi iZlevian imis karg SesaZleblobas, rom maRali teqnologiebis danergva CvenT daCqardes.
maRal teqnologiebTan dakavSirebiT sabolood unda aRiniSnos, rom dReisTvis ganviTarebul qveynebSi, Cveni azriT, “informatizaciis epoqa (Thinking Technosphere)”
damTavrda da daiwyo “moazrovne teqnosferos epoqa”. M teqnosfero, rogorc cnobilia, warmoadgens termins aRsawerad Tanamedrove civilizaciisa, romelic xasiaTdeba teqnologiisa da mecnieruli meTodebis FfarTo gamoyenebiT sinamdvilis gardasaqmnelad da romelic warmoadgens sazogadoebis ganviTarebis mTavar faqtors. Tanamedrove etapze teqnosferoSi gmTavar rols asruleben informaciul–telekomunikaciuri teqnologiebi, moazrovne teqnosferos dros mTavari roli maTTan erTad
daekisrebaT moazrone teqnologiebs. moazrovne teqnosfero isargeblebs gacilebiT
didi SesaZleblobebiT, vidre calkeuli inteleqtualuri Tu moazrovne manqana. vinaidan igi iqneba aseTi manqanebis mowesrigebuli erTianoba saerTo xelovnuri gonis
garSemo. aseT pirobebSi mniSvnelovnad Seicvleba adamianTa mdgomareoba. maT ukve
yoveldRiur cxobrebaSi saqme eqnebaT moazrovne xelovnur inteleqtualur manqanebTan, romelTac SeeZlebaT saubari garkveul Temaze da gadawyvetilebebis miReba
situaciidan gamomdinare. Zireulad Seicvleba warmoebis organizaciisa da saxelmwifo marTvis formebi da a. S. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Camoyalibdeba sruliad axali
sazogadoeba, sruliad axali ekonomikuri sistemiT.
9
gamoyenebuli literatura
1. siWinava d., nakaSiZe g. internetis, xelovnuri gonisa da adamianTa sazogadoebis
axal epoqaSi gadasvlis Sesaxeb. J.: “ekonomika da biznesi”, 2011, № 1.
2. Bell D. The social framework of the information society. In M. Dertouzas & J. Moses (Eds), Cambridge: MIT
Press, 1976.
3. Лестер Туроу. Будущее Капитализма. «Сибирский хронограф», 1999
4. Masuda Y. The information society as post industrial society. Washington, DC: The Worrld Future Society,
1988.
5. Kevin
Kelly,
New
Rules
for
the
new
Economy,
WIRED
September,
1997,
http://www.wired.com/wired/0.09/newrules.html Bradford De Long , Michael Froomkin, The Next Economy.
April 1997, http://www.law.miami.edu/~froomkin/articles/newecon.htm
Abesadze Ramaz
HIGH TECHNOLOGIES AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
SUMMARY
High technologies are more new and progressive technologies, the use of which at current stage accelerates the process of economic development of society, first of all.
High technologies is main factor of economic development because they provide the development and
improvement of all elements of economic system.
After the independence of Georgia the implementation of new technologies including high technologies
occurred but very slowly and are still occuring.
The distinct displacements are marked towards this directions by using informational and telecommunicational technologies in Georgia. The development of telecommunicational and corporational informational
systems is going on.
The quantity of the subscribers of the world open networks is increasing, the telephonization of the
country, is strengthening the using of mobile phones is growing fast, etc. The level of informatization is particulary big in the state and banksectors; is developing network marketing etc; but generally it must be said
that the level of the development of inpormational technologies is low in Georgia and important measures are
to be realized by this side. It is natural that it won’t take us the time as it took in the developed countries, to
gain the high level of information. As we are able to imitate the experience directly. But still the imitation of
the new technologies in not impossible without the existence of the adequate basis. It’s necessary to create the
knowledge of corresponding businessculture,the character of thinking, experience, mentality, etc.
In connection with high technologies it should be noted that at present in developed countries “informational epoch” has been finished and has begun “thinking technosphere”.
At current stage the main role in technosphere plays informational-telecommunicational technologies, in
“thinking technosphere” in addition to the first the main role plays thinking technologies.
Thinking technosphere will have much more possibilities in comparison with intellectual or thinking machine, as it will be the regulated unity in common artificial mentality. In such a situation will significantly be
changed the conditions of people; in their usual life they will thinking artificial intellectual mashines able to
speak on definite issues and to take decisions according to situation, will thoroughly be changed the forms of
production organization and state management.
10
Larisa Belinskaja
Alessandro Gorgoglione
THE RISK MANAGEMENT AND OCCUPATIONAL FRAUD
1. The Risk Management and Fraud
Risk management is a process that aims to help organizations understand, evaluate, and take action on
all their risks. A private-sector organization will need to identify and evaluate the trade-off between risk and
expected return and to choose the course of action that will help it to maximize its value. Common forms of risk
management include taking out insurance against possible losses, loss control, risk retention and the use such
risk finance like derivatives to hedge against changes in interest rates, exchange rates, or other economic variables.
Fraud represent lost for all society, from economical point of view but also as a brake for new development. Corporate fraud are arguably the greatest unmanaged commercial risks of the day. Many companies managers would argue that it is taking in serious consideration and effectively many companies spent many resources to implement it with corporate governance and control framework, despite this many report show that
frauds and scandals like Enron and Worldcom in USA and Parmalat in Italy (10 Euro billion black hole) are just
as prevalent now as they were twenty years ago. A way of making money is to stop to lose it and the risk management play more and more important role in all the companies.
The term “occupational fraud” may be defined as: “The use of one’s occupation for personal enrichment
through the deliberate misuse or misapplication of the employing organization’s resources or assets (Association
of Certified Fraud Examiner, 2008).
This definition is very broad, encompassing a wide range of misconduct by all the actors that work in
the private business, from the front to the bottom line, in all the position, less or more important. Occupational
fraud schemes can be as simple as pilferage of company supplies or as complex as sophisticated financial
statement frauds.
Occupational fraud and abuse is a significant problem faced by organizations of all types, sizes, locations, and industries. Unfortunately, it is also a problem that will not be easily solved.
Corruption, asset misappropriation and fraudulent statements are the three primary category of occupational fraud and abuse.
2. Fraud compositions
From 1996 the Association Certified Fraud Examiner (ACFE) are providing usefull and trustworthy information about occupational fraud.
ACFE estimated that U.S. Organizations lose 7% of their annual revenues to fraud, this estimate is
based solely on the opinion of CFEs. This data is also confirmed by other studies that estimated the general organization lost in 3%-5%. The availability, reliability and the year by years update of this value and investigation let us choose the ACFE Report as the guideline for this paper. The most high value 7% is possible to
attribute to the higher knowledge of the topic by this association of fraud examiner and also to the their continuing investigation of the topic. Anyway is possible to say, that also a 3% of revenue lost for one company is a
critical lost that can represent a high problem, if avoided it could represent better the real value of the companies
through the reflected value of its stock.
In the ACFE study, occupational fraud schemes tend to be extremely costly, the median loss was
$175,000 and more than one-quarter of the fraud involved losses of at least $1 million. The typical fraud is
usually caught at least two years from the time it began.
The fraud schemes suggested by ACFE is focused on 11 distinct categories of occupational fraud. The
most common fraud schemes were corruption, which occurred in 27% of all cases, followed by fraudulent billing schemes which occurred in 24% of cases. Despite this, the most costly fraud category is represented by financial statement fraud category with a median loss of $2 million (Association of Certified Fraud Examiner,
2008).
11
Which are the sector that are most commonly victimized by fraud? Using the secondary data from the
ACFE report, is possible to say that the banking and financial services (15% of cases), government (12% of cases) and healthcare (8% of cases) are the preferred victim of fraudster. Among industries with at least 50 cases of
fraud, the largest median losses occurred in manufacturing ($440,000), banking ($250,000) and insurance
($216,000). Another relevant fact is the small businesses (organization with fewer than 100 employees) vulnerability to the occupational fraud, with the median loss of $200,000 and the check tampering and fraudulent billing schemes as dominant schemes as a confirming of the data from the previous study provided by ACFE. Specially in this case we can link the fraud with the lack of adequate internal control as for example internal audit,
fraud examination department, employee support program and fraud training for managers. An important data is
given by who usually is committing the occupational fraud; Occupational fraudster are usually first time offender (only 7% in this data had prior convictions) and often they are committed by persons in the accounting department 29% of cases and by executives and upper management in 18% of cases. While the cost of fraud
committed by other employees, those committed by executive are usually particularly costly, resulting in a median loss of $853,000 (Association of Certified Fraud Examiner, 2008).
Asset misappropriation schemes are frauds in which the perpetrator steals or misuses an organization’s
resources. Common examples of asset misappropriation include false invoicing, payroll fraud, and skimming.
Asset misappropriation are the most commonly reported fraud but they are also the least costly, in average
$150,000.
In the context of occupational fraud, corruption refers to schemes in which fraudsters use their influence in business transactions in a way that violates their duty to their employers in order to obtain a
benefit for themselves or someone else. For example, employees might receive or offer bribes, extort funds from
third parties, or engage in conflicts of interest. Corruption fraud are not so high reported but are in the half, between asset misappropriation and fraudulent statements and with a median loss of $375,000.
The third category of occupational fraud, financial statement fraud, involves the intentional misstatement or omission of material information from the organization’s financial reports; these are the cases of
“cooking the books” that often make front page headlines. Fraudulent statements are the least commonly reported but they caused considerably more damage than frauds in the other two categories with a median loss of
$2,000,000 (Association of Certified Fraud Examiner, 2008).
2.2. Duration of fraud schemes
One way occupational frauds differ from other forms of theft is that they are generally ongoing crimes
that can last for months or even years before they are detected. This is one aspect of these crimes that makes it
so difficult to precisely measure the true costs of fraud at any given time, an organization may be the victim of
fraud but yet be completely unaware of that fact.
The ACFE report study illustrates this problem by showing how long occupational fraud schemes tend
to last before they are discovered, and is possible to observe it in figure 2.2.1.
Figure 2.2.1. Duration of fraud schemes
Median duration of fraud based on schemes type
Median mounths to detection
30
30
30
26
25
24
24
24
24
22
25
21
17
20
15
10
5
0
Fraud. Fin. Stat.
Payroll
Check tampering
Cash Larcency
Corruption
Billing
Skimming
Non-Cash
Expense Reimb. Register Disbursement
Cash on Hand
Schem e type
Median months to detection
Source: Composed by authors using Association of Certified Fraud Examiner, 2008 REPORT TO THE
NATION on occupational fraud & abuse.
12
2.3. Detection of fraud schemes
How are the fraud schemes discovered, detected? Is possible to have a classification of six different
methods: tip, by accident, internal audit, internal controls, external audit and fraud schemes notified by police.
The percentage of fraud discoveries attributed to tips from employees, costumers, vendors and other sources is
relevant and accounts for 46,8%. Is important to notice that this results was achieved by risk management fraud
techniques, that allow employees, costumers, vendors and other sources to inform the risk management or internal audit department of the possible fraud. Another interesting data is the less relevant detection value of the
internal audit when the fraud is perpetrated by owners and executives, the value of fraud detected in those cases
by the internal audit were 12,4%, about 7% less than when the fraud is committed by others employees with less
power in the organization; in contrast, external audit detected a greater percentage of cases involving top-level
perpetrator, underlining the importance of independent assessment and external accountability. Going deeper on
the external audit detection method, is possible to observe that this method is significantly increasing the efficacy of fraud detection specially when large fraud are perpetrated, this happen because usually large fraud are
committed by top-managers and executive that know very well the internal control and the internal audit procedure.
3. Risk management strategies
The most important task for all the companies would be first of all to set up the tone of the organization
itself, to establish the company code of conduct and a fraud and corruption policy endorsed by the board of directors. In successive table we are going to propose the current and desired fraud and corruption risk management strategies.
Table 3.1. Current and desired fraud and corruption risk management strategies
Element
Tone at the top
Understand the risk
Reduce the risk
Monitor and detect red flag
Manage incident
Enhance resistance
Typical governance
Desired strategy
- focus on corporate - set the tone from the top down
governance
with a code of conduct and a
- based on historical loss fraud and corruption policy
figure
- main focus on audit to
ensure that all the
control are in place
- generic fraud risk
analysis
- a detailed understanding of the
potential methods of fraud and
corruption by job function,
including executive directors and
senior managers
- implementation of - implement preventive controls
controls
to
reduce for specific methods of fraud and
generic fraud risk
corruptions
- factoring fraud and corruption
risk effect into strategic business
decisions
- detection in specific
areas such as credit card
or cheque fraud, but not
across the organisation
- training of all staff to identify
early warnings signs (red flags)
- a pro-active detection strategy
for specific methods of fraud and
corruption
- a reactive response to - a response plan incident
individual incidents of management team
fraud and corruption
- awareness of key issues in
managing investigations
- map the process and - measure the resistance of the
measure the effectiveness organisation to fraudulent and
of individual controls: corrupt individuals
ignores the human factor
Source: Composed by authors used Nigel Iyer, Martin Samociuk, Fraud and Corruption prevention and
detection, Gower Publishing Limited, Aldershot, 2006.
13
4. The Explore of the European situation
While in the U.S. the ACFE is reporting huge and complete investigation, the same is not possible to
say about Europe. Using this guideline for risk management in fraud and corruption, we created a questionnaire
for our research, the questionnaire was based on a web interface, and all the data was stored in a database for be
analysed later. The scope of the questionnaire is to discover if the risk management of fraud and corruption is
take into consideration by European companies and how is it implemented; therefore is important that the questionnaire have been read by top-level management, possibly by the risk management division.
The best result would be to have a good view of the small and medium enterprises based in western European countries , as France, England, Germany, Italy, Sweden, Denmark. The research can come up against
with serious problems related by the unavailability of the companies to answer the questionnaire. The questionnaire gradually investigated if the companies have fraud and corruption risk management plan, if the companies
have had previous problem linked with the investigation problem and in this case to have a detailed view of it.
In case the receiver of questionnaire would answer that the company never had those kind of problems, the
questionnaire will continue asking which measure the company adopted. The next step was the analysis of all
the date fulfilled and to trace a view of the actual European situations about the topic.
4.1 The brief survey of the questionnaire and the use of Google Spreadsheet
Our statistic population in this case was represented by the small and medium enterprises in Italy,
France, Germany, Sweden and Denmark. For small we intent enterprises with fewer than 50 employees, and
medium those with fewer than 250.
It was created the follow account in Google: riskmanagement.research, the questionnaire internet address
was:
http://spreadsheets.google.com/viewform?formkey=dE5nVTVYUUpaRzVyWWw5NXJNNDZsbkE6MA
The questionnaire was sent to 300 companies chosen through local chamber of commerce in Germany,
Italy, France, Sweden and Denmark for have an European view of the topic, important if we think about the different business culture and ethic that is present in different part of Europe. The questionnaire was sent to 300
companies but only 143 answered to the questionnaire, the selection of this sample was random generated
among the enterprises but in proportion with the amount of the population of those countries. As first result we
had 47,66% of answer, an important result.
The 143 answer were respectively:
•
17 answers by companies from 1 to 10 employee that is 12% of the total amount.
•
•
The Italian companies were particularly present in the micro-size companies, a pure characteristic of the
Italian business environment. German companies are most of all present in the small and medium size company,
while Swedish and Danish company have a high presence in the small size companies. The company dimension
of course could play an important role in fraud risk management, if from one side the micro and dimension
could be under a better control by the managers, the usually limited amount of investment that those micro and
small companies could invest in risk management compare with medium size companies can expose more to the
risk micro and small companies.
With the question „Has your company a risk management specialist or department?“
we can clarify if the company have already a specialist or not. The answer were respectively:
•
Yes 88
•
No 55
Probably most of all the micro dimension companies (from 1 to 10 employee) and anyway a huge part
of the small dimension companies answered to this question, probably have a risk management plan but not a
specialist only for risk management or a department due the dimension of the company and their organization.
Another explanation can be gave by the use for example of external audit and services that those companies can
buy in outsourcing, by specialist or companies that offer risk management services.
14
The question “Is fraud prevention implemented by your company specialist?”
was intended for both companies that answered positive or negative in the previous question (Has your
company a risk management specialist or a department?), because also if the answer in the previous question
was not, anyway the company can take advantage of outsourcing risk management specialist or firms and anyway in those cases, the question have the meaning of investigate if fraud prevention is implemented in risk management specialist plan/work.
The answer were respectively:
•
Yes 97
•
No 46
In this case we can observe that only French and Italian company of our sample answered NO
respectively for 43% and 46%, while German, Swedish and Danish company answered NO for considerable
lower level, respectively 22%, 15% and 14%. The management culture and the company dimension could be
factor that influence those values. This value are not so different from the answer to the second question (Has
your company a risk management specialist or department?) where having a look to the answer NO of the
French and Italian answers the percentage is not so different by the results.
The question “Has your company been affected by fraud in last three years?”
is important for have a view of the companies that were participating the questionnaire and important
for know if the company experienced already at least one fraud case in the last three years. The answer had
three options, yes, no and I don't know, the last one because the risk management specialist or who was answering the questionnaire could be a new employee and maybe couldn't know oldest data about the company.
The answers where respectively:
•
Yes 80
•
No 42
•
I don't know 21
This question show that 56% of the companies interviewed experienced a fraud in the last 3 years and
only 29% were not experienced. A 15% of the answers were (I don't know) mark that a part of the interviewed
had no idea if the companies experienced a fraud in the recent past. This answer can be as well interpret as a
sign that who answered the questionnaire was a new employee, but as well can be interpreted as a fraud case not
detected.
In general is possible to say that 44% of the total answer had no a single fraud detection case in last
three years or it was not detected. With a deeper analysis is possible to compare the results of the previous
question (Is fraud prevention implemented by your company specialist?) with the results of the question (Has
your company been affected by fraud in last three years?) and is possible to notice that French and Italian companies have the lowest score in implementation of fraud prevention techniques and suffered the highest score of
fraud detected in last three years.
The fifth question “If you were affected by fraud, how was it discovered?” was not required to
answer to all, but just to whom had experienced a fraud in the previous question. In this case the defined answer
were six and it was possible to check also all the six box, basically it was a multiple choice answer.
The answer show that fraud where discovered mostly by tip and by accident, the fraud control were in
second place, but anyway are considerable, specially internal control methods, external audit and internal audit.
An important consideration is to give to the fraud notified by police with 7,56% of the cases. Anyway with a
more deep analysis is possible to suppose that frauds were affecting the companies, but the active fraud prevention control (where, by active we intend control based on risk management planning) were not able to find out
frauds, fortunately they were discovered by tip and by accident.
The question number five of the questionnaire gave important results, specially if compare with the results of the ACFE Report 2008. The graph 4.1..1 is showing the different value of detection of fraud scheme in
this case between the ACFE data and the research data.
15
Figure 4.1.1. Detection of fraud scheme for ACFE and the research data
Detection of fraud scheme for ACFE and the research data
23,30%
Internal Control
Type of detection
External A udit
Notifield by Police
15,13%
9,10%
17,29%
3,20%
7,56%
46,20%
Tip
25,40%
20,00%
22,70%
By A ccident
Internal A udit
0,00%
11,89%
10,00%
19,40%
20,00%
30,00%
40,00%
50,00%
Percent of cases
Researh data
A CFE data
Source: Composed by authors used Association of Certified Fraud Examiner, 2008 REPORT TO THE
NATION on occupational fraud & abuse and Respondent’s answer to Questionnaire.
The Figure 4.1.1. shows important differences by the ACFE data and the research data, while the type
of detection of fraud scheme is quite similar for the type “By accident”for the other type of fraud scheme detection the differences are more marked and this is true for the category Tip, Notified by Police, External audit,
internal audit and internal control. The research shows that the detection value of fraud scheme through external
audit, notification by police and detection of fraud by accident are higher for the data collected by the research,
while the detection value of fraud through internal control, by tip and internal audit are higher for the ACFE
data.
Considering only internal control, external audit and internal audit as more stable risk management
techniques and indicator of a good risk management practice for a company, is possible to notice that only the
external audit value are more high for the research data in the sample investigated while internal control and
internal audit have a higher value for the ACFE data.
The question “Do you think your company need a specialist in fraud prevention?” want to
investigate if risk management fraud prevention was considered an important aspect by the risk management
department or fraud prevention specialist. The answer were really interesting:
•
Yes 36 answers
•
Yes, but it would be too expensive 79 answers
•
No 28 answers
As we can see by the answer, 25% of the answers were positive, sign that the fraud prevention specialist
is seen as an important and necessary figure in the company, unfortunately 55% of the answers were positive
but the company consider a fraud prevention specialist an expensive resource. Basically is possible to assume
that there are not enough fraud specialist and their service is too expensive or just the company have no idea of
the benefit that a fraud specialist can give. A 20% of the answers were negative, most of the negative answer
were given by French and Italian companies probably due of their limited dimension in term of employees.
The possible answers to question „Are you using some of the following anti-fraud control in your
company?” were the most commons anti-fraud control and of course the possible answers were all available as
multiple choice, because usually companies use more than one anti-fraud control. The spreading of answers
show that the most used Anti-Fraud control is represented by the code of conduct with 83,21% of the choice by
all the respondent of the questionnaire; The code of conduct is a general company guideline for all the
employees, it explain to the employees and all the stakeholder the companies intention and behaviour; Another
16
Anti-Fraud control that is widely used by the respondent is represented by the external audit of financial
statement with a 74,82% of the answers, this indicate that the companies often use an outsourcing service for the
audit of financial statement in most cases compulsory by law requirement. The third most used Anti-Fraud
control in act by companies is represented by the Management certification of the financial statement, this is too
a compulsory law requirement in many countries. External audit of ICOFR, Internal audit / FE department and
Independent audit committee are generally used by companies but in a medium case, the value is respectively
51,74%, 46.85% and 42,65%.With a lower percentage we find all the others Anti-Fraud control: Fraud training
for Managers/Executives 37,06%, Employees support programs 35,66%, Management review of internal control
32,16%, Anti-Fraud policy 28,67%, Surprise Audit 26,57%, Hotline 23,07%, Fraud training for employees
22,37%, Reward for whistle-blowers 9,09% and finally Job rotation / Mandatory vacation 4,19%.
The questionnaire intend to investigate also which are the fraud risk management methods in use allowing the respondent with a huge choice, exactly 15 available answers. An interesting analysis is to compare those
answer with the data of the ACFE report 2008, and those data represent the fraud control implemented by the
victim organization at the time the fraud occurred. The figure 3.2.7.1 allow to notice the differences collected by
the ACFE data and the research data collected in five European countries (Germany, France, Italy, Sweden and
Denmark).
Figure 4.1.2. ACFE and Research data fraud risk management methods and control in use
ACFE and research data fraud risk management methods and control in use
External audit of f in. Stat.
Code of conduct
Internal Audit / FE depatment
External audit of ICOFR
Employees support programs
35,66%
Anti-fraud control
Management certif ication of F/S
Independent audit committee
Hotline
23,07%
Manager review s of IC
Fraud training f or man./exec.
Fraud training f or employees
22,37%
Surprise Audit
Rew ards f or Whistle-blow ers
51,60%
60,13%
49,90%
42,65%
43,50%
41,40%
32,16%
41,30%
37,06%
38,60%
36,20%
28,67%
25,50%
26,57%
Anti-Fraud policy
Job rotation / Mandatory vacation
69,60%
74,82%
61,50%
83,21%
55,80%
46,85%
53,60%
51,74%
52,90%
12,30%
4,19%
5,40%
9,09%
0,00% 10,00% 20,00% 30,00% 40,00% 50,00% 60,00% 70,00% 80,00% 90,00%
Percent of cases
Research data
ACFE data
The analysis of the data show mainly that most of the anti fraud control have a quite similar use in the
companies, only in five cases is possible to notice a more deep gap between the research and ACFE data. This is
true for the Code of conduct, with a quite important gap in favour of the research data and other four anti fraud
17
control this time with a higher value in favour of the ACFE data, those are: employees support programs, hotline, fraud training for employees and job rotation / mandatory rotation.
An important implication of this data is that job rotation / mandatory vacation, hotline and Employees
support programs with surprise audit are the anti-fraud controls that more than all the others when implemented
are considerable reducing the fraud risk of companies. The research data, show the significant low value of implementation of those anti fraud control in companies.
An implementation of those anti fraud control could enrich the companies added value, fraud training
for employees, job rotation, fraud training for manager and executive are all part of a risk management good
practice that is letting the companies grow and add value itself but also to the employees, stakeholder, shareholder and clients.
As last question “Do you plan to improve the anti-fraud control in your organisation?”of the research it was necessary and interesting to have a view from the risk management specialist or fraud specialist
about the possibility to improve the Anti-fraud control in the company. With big surprise the answers were 92
No and 51 Yes, respectively 64% no and just 36% yes.It seems that at the moment the priority of the investment
for the companies that participate to the research are not going to the Fraud prevention. Probably in this recession moment all the companies management are more focused on other priorities and Fraud prevention control
is left behind.
Interesting to notice that French and Italian company answered positively while German, Swedish and
Danish companies answered negatively. Is possible to argue that French and Italian company from one side
were affected highly than the others respondent by fraud and from another side they have less fraud risk management methods in use compare with German, Swedish and Danish companies, this could mean that German,
Swedish and Danish company are already using a quite developed fraud risk management methods and plan and
at the moment those respondent don't see a good reason for improve their anti-fraud control.
To sum up, risk management and fraud prevention is still not considered important by managers, the actual focus of the companies is just on the revenue and turnover, the stock option and price for managers are
based only on those two variable, is still not see as an added value the possibility to reduce the lost caused by
fraud. This research gave another important result, the so different management style in Europe. While Denmark
and Sweden showed good performance in fraud risk management, countries like Italy and France didn't show an
enough efficient use of fraud risk management practice. Germany management is quite focused on this topic and
is more near to the Swedish and Danish standard of fraud risk management To invest in fraud risk management
is absolutely important for European countries for be competitive. Another important results is that frauds are
more often discovered by tip and by accident then by external audit a quite expensive control compared with
hotline, fraud training for employees and employee support programs.
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Tracy L. Coenen, Essentials of corporate frauds, John Wiley & sons Inc., Hoboken New Jersey. 2008
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Jeff Hunter, Anwar Shah, (12/2000)Anti-corruption Policies and Programs: A framework for Evaluation,World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 2501
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Belinskaja Larisa
Gorgoglione Alessandro
THE RISK MANAGEMENT AND OCCUPATIONAL FRAUD
SUMMARY
European countries have not detailed data about frauds and frauds risk control in use and when data are
available they are poor, there is a lack of knowledge also. Frauds represent lost for all society, with their distortion of the market.
The aim of the paper is to examine how occupational fraud are influencing the private businesses and
how the companies try to deal with it and what they could do for minimising the risk that can afflict the business
organizations. Another task of the paper is to clarify which anti-fraud control could be implemented in a normal
risk management plan and which anti-fraud controls are actually undervalued but could give good results. The
research object is represented by the investigation of the European fraud risk management practice. The research
use an analytical approach and use primary and secondary data.
giorgi berulava
gardamavali ekonomikis mqone qveynebis ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis instituciuri aspeqtebis Sesaxeb
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galiTad, yofili sabWoTa kavSiris mbrZaneblur-gegmiuri ekonomikuri sistemis gamarTulad koordinirebuli moqmedebis uzrunvelmyof ZiriTad institutebs uflebamosilebis darRvevaze pasuxismgeblobis SiSi da saxelmwifo aparatis mier ekonomikis marTvisTvis saWiro administrirebis SesaZleblobebi Seadgenda. amgvari, SiSze
dafuZnebuli sistemisa da, masTan erTad, saxelmwifo aparatis administraciuli da
dagegmvis SesaZleblobebis daqveiTebam (ekonomikis gafarToebisa da urTierTobebis
garTulebis Sedegad) pirvel etapze sagegmo sistemis funqcionirebis darRveva, xolo Semdgom misi stagnacia gamoiwvia, rac sabolood sistemis daSliT dasrulda.
am konteqstSi unda gacnobierdes, rom sabazro ekonomika warmoadgens urTierTdakavSirebuli da erTmaneTis mxardamWeri institutebis rTul sistemas, romelic xangrZlivi drois manZilze yalibdeboda. evoluciis procesSi, ekonomikur
subieqtebs Soris urTierTobebis garTulebasTan erTad, aseve gaizarda sabazro
garemos sirTulis xarisxic da warmoiSva axali institutebi, romlebic SesaZlebels xdidnen sabazro meqanizmebis efeqtianad funqcionirebas. kerZod, sabazro ekonomikis moqmedeba didad aris damokidebuli masze, Tu ramdenad efeqtianad SeuZlia
mas sainformacio xasiaTis problemebze reagireba, korporatiul marTvasTan, sakontraqto garigebebis Sesrulebis samarTlebliv uzrunvelyofasa da qonebriv uflebebTan dakavSirebuli sirTuleebis CaTvliT. ganviTarebuli sabazro ekonomikis
qveynebSi am problemebis gadaWraSi mniSvnelovan rols Sesabamisi oficialuri (kanonebi, normatiuli aqtebi, aRmasrulebeli organoebi da a.S.) da araformaluri (socialuri normebi da organizaciuli kapitali) institutebi asruleben [7]. es institutebi uzrunvelyofen bazris efeqtur funqcionirebas informaciis asimetriulobis Sedegad warmoqmnil problemebTan dakavSirebuli garigebebis xarjebis Semcirebis gziT. Tavis mxriv, es astimulirebs investiciebs, xels uwyobs ekonomikuri subieqtebis samewarmeo aqtivobas, inovaciebs da maTi saqmianobis produqtiulobis
zrdas.
gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebSi gamoyenebuli transformaciis strategia,
romelic akademiur literaturaSi “vaSingtonis konsensusis” saxeliT aris cnobili,
dafuZnebulia sabazro sistemis da misi komponentebis neoklasikuri Teoriidan dasesxebul aRqmaze [3]. sawyis etapze es strategia gulisxmobda sabazro ekonomikis
mxolod ori sakvanZo komponentis _ kerZo mesakuTreTa klasis (privatizaciis gziT)
da konkurenciis (safaso meqanizmebis, vaWrobisa da fasebis liberalizaciis meSveobiT) formirebas, xolo damatebiTi sabazro institutebis (qonebrivi uflebebis samarTleblivi amoqmedebis, korporatiul marTvasa da sakontraqto urTierTobebTan
dakavSirebuli problemebis regulirebis, sabankroto meqanizmebis da sxva institutebi) Seqmnas Semdgom etapze iTvaliswinebda. saqme isaa, rom es strategia SemuSavebuli iyo ganviTarebad qveynebSi arsebuli sakmaod gansxvavebuli pirobebisTvis,
romlebSic kapitalisturi ekonomikisTvis damaxasiaTebeli institutebis umravlesoba met-naklebad ukve arsebobda. aseTi midgomis gamoyenebam gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebisTvis, sadac sabazro institutebis umravlesoba dafuZnebuli ar iyo, ver
gamoiwvia sasurveli Sedegis miReba, rac racionaluri sabazro meqanizmebis SeqmnaSi
unda yofiliyo gamoxatuli.
transformaciis strategiis SemmuSaveblebis mier sabazro ekonomikis sistemis
bunebis mcdarma gaazrebam gamoiwvia ZiriTadi sabazro institutebis deficiti da
ganapiroba iseTi ekonomikuri sistemebis Seqmna, romlebic ar waagavdnen da arc
SeiZleba damsgavsebodnen ganviTarebuli qveynebis sabazro sistemas [1,2]. kerZod,
iseT gardamaval ekonomikebSi, sadac konkurenciis safaso meqanizmebi ar iyo mxardaWerili ekonomikuri subieqtebis produqtiuli da inovaciuri qcevis xelSemwyobi
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institutebiT, warmoqmnili sistemuri vakuumi oportunistuli qcevis mainicirebeli
araformaluri institutebiT Seivso. arasruli an usistemo transformaciis Sedegad
Seqmnili garemo, ekonomikuri subieqtebis produqtiuli saqmianobebis mxardaWeris
nacvlad, xels uwyobda “rentaze orientirebul” mimarTulebebs da biznesis warmoebis “mtacebluri” saSualebebis gamoyenebas. es moicavs zogierTi biznesis gavlenas
saxelmwifo politikaze, samarTlebliv aqtebze, normebsa da regulirebis principebze, upiratesi pirobebis Seqmnis mizniT. magaliTad, gardamaval ekonomikebSi moqmed gavlenian firmebs, romlebic axorcieleben “mtaceblur” politikas, SeuZliaT
miiRon upiratesobebi subsidiebis, sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis an eleqtroenergiis da
sxva gamoyenebuli resursebis gadasaxadebisgan gaTavisuflebis, konkurentebisTvis
bazarze Sesvlis dabrkolebebis Seqmnis da sxva msgavsi xerxebiT. biznesis warmoebis aseTma praqtikam, romelic akademiur literaturaSi “saxelmwifos datyvevebis”
saxeliT moixsenieba, uaryofiTad imoqmeda sabazro meqanizmebis funqcionirebis
efeqtianobaze da, mTlianobaSi, calkeuli qveynebis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis perspeqtivebze. [6].
Sterni da stiglici sustad funqcionirebad instituciur mowyobas ganmartaven, rogorc garemos sadac “...cvlilebis akrZalva biurokratiuli moTxovnebiT aris
ganpirobebuli an sadac moqmedebs “yaCaRuri kapitalizmi”, romelSic korufcia da
siyalbe dominirebs” [5, gv. 20]. “yaCaRuri kapitalizmis” pirobebSi, mewarmeebi Tavs
ikaveben gamoiyenon TavianTi SezRuduli moculobis resursebi restruqturizaciis,
inovaciuri procesebis xelSewyobis an Sromis nayofierebis zrdis mimarTulebiT
da, sanacvlod, iyeneben maT xelisuflebis Tanamdebobis pirebis mosaqrTamad, TavianTi arakonkurentunariani biznesebi rom gadaarCinon. aseTi moqmedebis Sedegad
sawarmoebi araTanabar pirobebSi arian Cayenebuli. Seqmnil viTarebaSi, konkurentunariani sawarmoebic ki xdebian iZulebuli, meti resursebi mimarTon “rentaze Ziebis”
mimarTulebiT, sawarmo procesebis gaumjobesebis nacvlad.
amdenad, gadasvlis procesis warmatebis ganmsazRvrel ZiriTad amocanas saTanado instituciuri mowyobis uzrunvelyofa warmoadgens. transformirebis strategia, romelic Caurevlobis (laissez-faire) daSvebazea dafuZnebuli, gulisxmobda, rom
instituciuri mowyobis uzrunvelyofa, saxelmwifos nacvlad, sabazro ZalebiT unda
momxdariyo, Tumca sinamdvileSi es ase ar aris. rogorc ukve iyo aRniSnuli, Semavsebeli sabazro institutebis mzadyofnis uzrunvelyofaSi mniSvnelovan rols
swored saxelmwifo TamaSobs. amitom, sabazro ekonomikis sistemuri xasiaTis arasworad gaazrebasTan erTad, ekonomikuri transformaciis warumateblobis aranakleb
mniSvnelovan mizezs am procesSi saxelmwifos rolis daknineba warmoadgenda.
nebismier SemTxvevaSi, saxelmwifos rolis xazgasmisas, Cven ar vgulisxmobT
mis zomebs an Tundac siZlieres. rogorc zogierTi gardamavali ekonomikis qveynis
gamocdileba miuTiTebs, ekonomikuri ganviTareba SeiZleba Seferxdes rogorc sust,
aseve Zlier qveynebSi [4]. aqedan gamomdinare, Zalze saWiroa ara marto saxelmwifo
Zalauflebis gazrda, aramed ufro xelisuflebis efeqtiani restruqturizeba da
saxelmwifo politikis xarisxis gaumjobeseba. efeqturi restruqturizeba unda
uzrunvelyofdes saxelmwifos TavSekavebas Warbi da gadamanawilebeli regulirebisa da qonebriv uflebebSi Carevisgan (qonebrivi uflebebis an gadasaxadebisa da maregulirebeli normebis pirdapiri gauqmebis, araefeqtiani dargebis dacvis, gaurkveveli sabiujeto SezRudvebis dawesebis da sxva saxiT).
amgvari restruqturizebis ZiriTad elementebs qmnis saTanadod dafuZnebuli
qmediTi da damoukidebeli samarTleblivi sistema da mwyobri samarTleblivi garemo, romelSic qonebrivi da sakontraqto uflebebi daculi da amoqmedebadia. aq
21
Zalze mniSvnelovania yuradRebis gamaxvileba qonebrivi uflebebis samarTleblivad
ganxorcielebis farTo sazogadoebisTvis xelmisawvdomobaze. magaliTisTvis, saxelmwifom SesaZloa uzrunvelyos amgvari daculoba mxolod sazogadoebis viwro
wrisTvis, romelic “elitis” saxeliT aris cnobili. Tumca, es niSnavs, rom investirebis SesaZleblobebis mqone uamravi, elitis miRma darCenili ekonomikuri subieqti
ver SeZlebs aRniSnuli SesaZleblobebis warmatebiT gamoyenebas. gamarTulad dadgenili qonebrivi uflebebis ararseboba xels uSlis ekonomikuri subieqtebis sainvesticio da inovaciuri saqmianobebis waxalisebas da uamrav adamians ar aZlevs saSualebas, miiRos sabazro ekonomikiT ganpirobebuli bevri sikeTe. Tavis mxriv, es
SeuZlebels xdis ekonomikis mdgrad zrdas da ganviTarebas. gardamavali qveynebis
gamocdileba uCvenebs, rom saxelmwifos unari, uzrunvelyos kanonis winaSe Tanasworoba da Tanabar pirobebSi Caayenos sazogadoebaSi moqmedi yvela ekonomikuri
subieqti, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis kuTxiT warmatebuli da warumatebeli qveynebis
ZiriTad ganmasxvavebel faqtorebs warmoadgens.
amitom, Tanabari SesaZleblobebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT, sasamarTlo sistema
unda iyos ara marto efeqturi (swrafqmedebis, xarjebis, samarTlianobis da xelmisawvdomobis kuTxiT), aramed aseve _ damoukidebeli aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisgan. igi unda uzrunvelyofdes aRmasrulebeli Stos TviTneburi gadawyvetilebebis
SezRudvas da dabalansebas da aiZulebdes mas kanonis dacvas. es uaRresad didi gamowvevaa, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT gardamavali qveynebis komunistur memkvidreobas, rodesac amgvari damoukidebeli sasamarTlo xelisuflebis arseboba warmoudgeneli
iyo. Tumca, gadasvlis procesis warmatebis garantireba da gardamaval fazaSi myofi
qveynebis mdgradi zrdisa da ganviTarebis gzaze dayeneba, gadaudeblad aucilebels
xdis saTanado sakanonmdeblo da sasamarTlo institutebis Camoyalibebas.
Sejamebis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom bazris qmediTi funqcionireba SesaZlebelia mxolod qonebrivi uflebebis, sakontraqto pirobebis Sesrulebis, sesxebis
dabrunebisadmi pasuxismgebluri damokidebulebisa da garigebebis xarjebis Semcirebis uzrunvelmyofi da sawarmoo faqtorebis racionalurobis amaRlebis xelSemwyobi qmediTi institutebis arsebobis pirobebSi. mxolod aseT viTarebaSi miiReben
ekonomikuri subieqtebi inovaciebis ganxorcielebisTvis saWiro SesaZleblobas da
stimulebs, rac ekonomikis mdgradi ganviTarebis winapirobebs warmoadgens. dasavleTis qveynebis keTildReobas gansazRvravs saTanado instituciuri garemos arseboba, romelic moicavs racionalur bazrebs, stabilur politikur struqturebs,
mkafiod gansazRvrul da amoqmedebad qonebriv uflebebs da kontraqtebis Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofisTvis saWiro xarjebis simcires (Cveulebriv, sakanonmdeblo normebis gamoyenebis gziT). aseT garemoSi xdeba firmebis mxridan resursebis racionaluri gamoyenebis, faqtorebis zrdisa da inovaciuri midgomebis xelSewyoba da stimulireba.
Ggamoyenebuli literatura
1.
2.
3.
North Douglass C. “Institutions”, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 5, Issue 1 (Winter), 1991,
pp.97-112..
North Douglass C. Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
North, Douglass C. The Contribution of the New Institutional Economics to an Understanding of the
Transition Problem. WIDER Annual Lectures 1. Helsinki: United Nations University World Institute for
Development Economics Research. March 21, 1997.
22
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Rapaczynski A. “The Role of the State and the Market in Establishing Property Rights”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 10., N2 (Spring), 1996, pp. 87-103. 25
Stern, Nicholas “A Strategy for Development,” ABCDE Keynote Address, Washington, DC, World
Bank, (May); 35, 2001.
World Bank. Anticorruption in Transition: A Contribution to the Policy Debate. The World Bank, Washington, D.C; 40, 2000.
World Bank. World Development Report 2002: Building Institutions for Markets. The World Bank,
Washington DC. 41, 2001.
World Bank. Transition – The First Ten Years: Analysis and Lessons for Eastern Europe and the Former
Soviet Union, World Bank, Washington, DC. 42, 2002.
Berulava George
ON THE INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
PROBLEMS IN TRANSITION ECONOMIES
SUMMARY
Market is able to function efficiently only with the presence of viable institutions guaranteeing property
rights, honoring of contracts and payment of credits, lowering of transaction costs and facilitating increase of the
effectiveness of the market of production factors. Only under such conditions economic agents receive the possibility and stimuli for innovation, thus creating preconditions for steady economic growth. Western countries
prosper because they provide institutional environment, comprised from efficient markets, stable political structures, well-specified and enforced property rights, low-cost enforcement of contracts (typically through the rule
of law), in which resources are allocated efficiently, factor accumulation and innovative behavior on the side of
firms are facilitated and stimulated.
Бурдули Вахтанг
ВЗАИМОСВЯЗЬ РАЗВИТИЯ ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ УКЛАДОВ
И ТРАНСФОРМАЦИИ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИХ СИСТЕМ
Развитие технологической структуры экономики (а более точно – технологического уклада)
тесно взаимоувязано с развитием организационных и институциональных форм ведения бизнеса и
механизмов государственного регулирования экономического развития. При исследовании этой взаимозависимости необходимо исходить из того, что процессы, происходящие в современной глобализирующейся экономике с достаточной степенью достоверности можно объяснить на основе взаимодополнения (синтеза) реалистических положений как старых, так и сравнительно новых экономических
теорий, что фактически обосновывается, например, в монографии В. Папавы [2, с. 10-17]. Взаимосвязь и
взаимозависимость развития совокупности технологий и обеспечивающей институционально-организационной экономической надстройки помогают осмыслить соответствующие разработки некоторых
классиков экономической науки, в особенности, в области институциональной и эволюционной
экономики [15; 6; 19; 10; 4].
В разное время, в особенности в последний период, было опубликовано много научных работ,
объясняющих те или иные аспекты этой взаимозависимости, например [5; 7; 9; 11; 17; 21]. В частности,
представляет интерес подход [21], в котором, в контексте дихотомии Т. Веблена – К. Эйрса между
индустрией (системой технологий) и бизнесом, во-первых, показывается, что технологии обладают
собственным набором институциональных взаимоотношений и структур, во-вторых, институты
рассматриваются как социальные технологии, в третьих, указывается, что развитие технологий «требует
23
участия множества взаимодополняющих и взаимозависимых субъектов, включая наряду с бизнесорганизациями и государственные образовательные центры, научно-исследовательские институты,
технические общества, профсоюзы и др.». Естественно, что в систему институтов, помимо социальных,
входят и бизнес-технологии, и технологии государственного и глобального регулирования, а
реализуются они через конкретные организации (корпорации, различные формы малого и среднего
бизнеса, системы государственного и глобального регулирования и т. д.) и взаимоотношения между
ними. Организации в состав институтов включал и сам автор термина «институционализм» У.
Гамильтон, который под институтами понимал обычаи, корпорации, профсоюзы, государство и т.д. [6].
В нашей работе [3], при классификации институтов и характеристике их взаимосвязи со
структурой производства, доказывалась необходимость включения организаций в систему институтов,
так как их структура и установки также меняются (с учетом определенного временного лага) под
воздействием развития технологий и характерных для них формальных и неформальных институций.
Поэтому институты необходимо рассматривать в расширенном смысле как институции, организации,
связанные с ними нормы, правила и процедуры, формирующие регулятивные механизмы трансакций их
агентов [18]. Компромиссная технологическая интерпретация институтов позволяет развить их
понимание «не столько как «ограничений» поведения, сколько как определенных эффективных способов деятельности» [9, с. 22], а «формирование целостной теории экономического развития и кризисов
предполагает синтез институциональной и технологической парадигм на основе признания ключевой
роли институтов в прогрессе трансформационных и трансакционных технологий» [22, с. 28], на что и
мы указывали в своих работах [1, с. 273; 3]. С учетом вышеизложенных соображений ниже рассмотрена
взаимосвязь между развитием технологической структуры экономики и системообразующих
институционально-организационных структур производства и его государственного и глобального
регулирования в рамках циклов экономической конъюнктуры.
В теории [16; 17] технико-экономическое развитие представляется как процесс последовательного замещения крупных комплексов технологически сопряженных производств и показывается,
как в процессе воздействия длинных волн экономической конъюнктуры [19] изменяется структура
технологического уклада, изменяются институциональные и организационные формы его рыночной и
государственной координации и регулирования, зарождаются комплексы производств нового технологического уклада в недрах доминирующего в определенный период уклада и как этот уклад постепенно
трансформируется в последующий, более развитый, технологический уклад с соответствующей
инфраструктурой рыночной координации и государственного (и межгосударственного) регулирования.
Согласно указанной концепции [16; 17], начиная с промышленной революции в Англии по
настоящее время последовательно сменилось пять технологических укладов, а в настоящее время в
недрах пятого технологического уклада зарождается шестой, причем жизненные циклы технологических укладов по мере ускорения НТП и уменьшения длительности научно-производственных
циклов постепенно сокращаются. В каждом технологическом укладе выделяются ключевые факторы
технологического уклада, отрасли, формирующие его ядро и совокупность несущих отраслей;
установлен также период доминирования технологического уклада. Так, ключевым фактором 4-го
технологического уклада (1930-1970 гг.) являлись двигатель внутреннего сгорания и нефтехимия, а
ядром – автомобиле-, тракторостроение, цветная металлургия, производство товаров длительного
пользования, синтетические материалы, органическая химия, производство и переработка нефти. В то
же время формировалось ядро нового (5-го) технологического уклада. В 5-ом технологическом укладе
(1970-2010 гг.) ключевым фактором являлись микроэлектронные компоненты, ядром – электронная
промышленность, вычислительная, оптико-волоконная техника, программное обеспечение, телекоммуникации, роботостроение, производство и переработка газа, информационные услуги.
В каждом укладе выделяются несущие отрасли технологического уклада. По нашему мнению,
несущими отраслями являются почти все существующие отрасли как реального, так и финансового и
других секторов экономики, т. к. под влиянием научно-технического прогресса (в большей или меньшей
мере с участием в их технологиях продукта ключевого фактора и ядра) происходит их постоянное
24
развитие, в результате чего меняются пропорции отраслевой структуры экономики (по объему
производства, численности занятых и т.д.) в соответствии со спецификой каждого технологического
уклада.
В этой связи необходимо заметить, что нельзя недооценивать роль некоторых традиционных
видов деятельности, имеющих основополагающее значение в любом технологическом укладе, так что
необходимо и их включать в структуру несущих отраслей более новых технологических укладов [14],
несмотря на то, что возможности технологического развития некоторых из них, например, текстильной
и пищевой промышленностей, в определенной степени достигли насыщения и инвестиции в
инновационное технологическое перевооружение в этих отраслях ниже, чем в отраслях, образующих
ядро технологического уклада и в большинстве несущих отраслей. Нельзя преувеличивать и роль
некоторых новых, отчасти «виртуальных» отраслей, перенасыщенность которыми проявляется на
нисходящей волне жизненного цикла технологического уклада. В то же время, необходимо отметить,
что в процессе развития технологического уклада рынок капиталов не может точно обозначить
необходимые объемы производства той или иной развивающейся отрасли, в процессе НТП происходят
не только переливы капитала в новые отрасли, но и высвобождение занятых из сферы материального и
других секторов производства, а также возникает необходимость их привлечения в новые, обеспечивающие функционирование производства на новой стадии технологического развития, отрасли, т.е.
происходит перераспределение занятых, обеспечение высвобождающихся работников работой в новых
отраслях деятельности.
Таким образом, место как традиционных (старых), так и новых отраслей определяется в
процессе развития технологического уклада, а избыточность тех или иных технологий выявляется лишь
на нисходящей волне циклов (в особенности длинноволновых). экономической конъюнктуры. Издержки
развития технологических укладов неизбежны, их снижению может способствовать только соответствующая продуманная политика государственного регулирования (а ныне – и регулирования со стороны
глобальных и региональных межгосударственных организаций) рынка.
С развитием технологических укладов происходит и изменение институциональных и организационных форм производства, определяемых в основном имманентными свойствами технологического уклада, причем имеет место и отраслевая специфика изменений, более отчетливо проявляющаяся в
разрезе крупных секторов производства. Так, в процессе развития 5-го технологического уклада в
промышленности большое развитие получили сетевые формы организации производства. Фордистский
(пирамидальный) метод управления и организации производства в определенной мере уступает место
сетевому принципу [12, 13], образуются вертикально и горизонтально (в разрезе регионов) организованные кластеры, изменяются принципы взаимодействия крупных, средних и мелких предприятий,
форм конкуренции предприятий, которые приобретают все более глобальный характер.
Развитию технологических укладов сопутствует и изменение институционально-организационных форм рыночной координации и государственного и глобального регулирования экономики. Многие
из этих форм развиваются под воздействием особенностей формирующихся технологических укладов и
их необходимо отнести к системе имманентных факторов, характеризующих технологический уклад.
Однако некоторые формируются под воздействием политических факторов, доминирующих в обществе
взглядов на координацию экономического развития и других субъективных по отношению к имманентным требованиям развития технологических укладов факторов. Рассматрим этот процесс в следующем разрезе: режимы государственного регулирования в странах-лидерах; международные режимы
регулирования; основные экономические институты; организация инновационной активности в странахлидерах [16]. Придерживаясь этой систематизации перечислим основные характеристики указанных
параметров в рамках 5-го технологическиго уклада.
В условиях развития 5-го технологического уклада происходила замена кейнсианских методов
регулирования неолиберальными методами, произошло значительное уменьшение интенсивности
государственного регулирования, в том числе, в регулировании финансовых рынков и рынков капитала.
В какой-то степени произошло ослабление профсоюзного движения (конечно эту тенденцию
25
необходимо остановить), что, связано, в частности, с упомянутым выше снижением роли фордистских
методов регулирования и организации производства в пользу сетевых. Возросла государственная
поддержка малого и среднего бизнеса. Меры господдержки экономики и социальной сферы (последнее
поддерживает спрос) значительно увеличились во время кризиса. Они носят временный характер, хотя
не исключена возможность пролонгирования действия некоторых, введенных во время кризиса,
налогово-бюджетных и финансово-кредитных методов регулирования.
В международных режимах регулирования возросла роль региональных межстрановых органов
регулирования (в особенности в ЕС) и глобальных экономических организаций (МВФ, ГАТТ-ВТО и
др.). Среди основных экономических институтов: еще более активизировалась роль крупных национальных и транснациональных корпораций, обладающих современными технологиями, но при этом сильно
возросла роль аутсортинга, что инициировало становление множества средних и мелких предприятий
внутри развитых стран и развитие производства в ряде развивающихся стран, в том числе в НИС. В
области информационных технологий произошла международная интеграция мелких и средних фирм.
Все это способствовало развитию сетевых методов организации и управления.
В области организации инноваций: происходило развитие инновационных и промышленноинновационных зон; усилилась государственная поддержка новых технологий; развились формы
сотрудничества университетов и научных институтов с производством; появились новые режимы
собственности для интеллектуального, в частности, программного, продукта и биотехнологий; в США и
некоторых других странах, а в последнее время и в Китае, развился инновационный венчурный бизнес.
В настоящее время 5-ый технологический уклад в развитых странах находится в конце периода
нисходящей волны большого цикла экономической конъюнктуры о чем, в частности, свидетельствуют
так или иначе проявлявшиеся кризисы конца 90-ых годов ХХ века (финансовый кризис, начало ИТ
кризиса) и первого десятилетия ХХI века – ИТ кризис, энергоэкологический, продовольственный и,
наконец, самый серьезный, финансово-экономический, который, несмотря на принятые меры государственного регулирования обладает определенным шлейфом во временном аспекте. Это очевидно, в
частности, из низких темпов роста ВВП развитых стран, высоких уровней безработицы во многих
странах.
Факт развития технологических укладов в рамках длинных и других волн экономической
конъюнктуры потверждают и обвалы стоимости имущества новых ведущих отраслей в рамках длинных
и других волн экономической конъюнктуры на фондовых рынках. Так, в ходе кризиса 2000-2001 гг.
рыночная стоимость компаний «новой экономики» значительно снизилась (такие ситуации возникновения, по современной терминологии, «пузырей» в процессе перегрева, а затем ухудшения конъюнктуры в новых отраслях, происходили и в более ранних технологических укладах). Однако компании ИТ
сектора во время недавнего кризиса в большинстве своем выжили и продолжают успешно работать,
несмотря на то, что их фондовая стоимость резко сократилась. Природа «ползучего» продовольственного кризиса 2005-2008 гг., когда в мире неуклонно повышались цены на продовольствие, также связана
с условиями развития 5-го технологического уклада и зарождением в его недрах производств нового 6го технологического уклада. Уроки этого кризиса также указывают на то, насколько важно правильно
определить роль традиционных отраслей, в данном случае сельского хозяйства, в современном технологическом укладе.
Одной из главных причин, послуживших толчком начала кризиса 2008 г. был коллосальный
«перегрев» в сфере новых «технологий» финансового рынка, а именно – рынке деривативов, что свидетельствует об отрыве «виртуальной» части финансового сектора от реальной экономики, операций по
кредитованию и финансированию спроса и производства. Но, к сожалению это повлияло и на возможности «реального» финансового сектора финансировать материальное производство и потребительский
спрос, что послужило поводом для помощи государств этой части финансового сектора. Трудности,
возникшие в секторе материального производства и услуг в развитых странах из-за отставания и
углубления несоответствия структуры технологического уклада потребностям рынка, на этот раз в
определенной мере были сглажены происходившем в последнее время увеличением спроса в раз26
вивающихся странах, переносом инвестиций в виде технологий в развивающиеся страны, где насыщенность рынка современными технологиями была ниже (хотя и там в период кризиса наблюдался спад
производства). Т. е. фактор глобализации в определенной мере сгладил глубину кризиса и современный
кризис на стадии нисходящей волны большого цикла конъюнктуры 5-го технологического уклада не
повлек за собой таких серьезных последствий как кризис 1929-1933 гг. Однако его проявления еще не
закончились. Для ускорения преодоления его воздействия на экономику государства и общество должны
ориентировать институционально-организационные формы координации и регулирования на ускоренное развитие как традиционных, так и новых отраслей соответственно требованиям 6-го технологического уклада в области модернизации традиционных и других несущих отраслей и развитию новых,
ключевых и составляющих ядро ключевого уклада отраслей.
Даже зная, какие новые перспективные технологии зародились в недрах 5-го доминирующего
пока технологического уклада, трудно с большой достоверностью определить технологии ключевого
фактора нового технологического уклада. Предположения о содержании ключевых технологий высказываются в разных публикациях. По видимому ключевыми технологиями, в той или иной мере оказывающими влияние на характер технологий всех без исключения отраслей, будут когнитивные
(познавательные), нано-, био- и инфармационно-коммуникационные технологии, экологически чистые
источники энергии (основанные на использовании возобновляемых ресурсов), возможно, электросиловые двигатели (если удастся создать малогабаритные достаточно емкие аккумуляторы или батареи),
новые экологически в достаточной степени чистые технологии утилизации и промышленной переработки отходов и др. В ядре представляются отрасли, основанные на этих технологиях, продукция
которых будет использоваться в качестве сырья или технологий в других отраслях.
Рассмотрим теперь возможные направления развития институционально-организационных форм
координации и регулирования экономики.
В области государственной координации и регулирования выявилась, в особенности, в условиях
последних кризисов, неэффективность неолиберального механизма регулирования. Для нейтрализации
кризисных процессов, возникших в ходе последнего финансового и экономического кризиса в большинстве стран стали применять как методы прямого финансирования производств кризисных секторов
и отраслей экономики, а также – дополнительных вложений в социальную сферу (временно), так и
дополнительные косвенные методы налогового и финансово-кредитного регулирования. Очевидно, что
некоторые государства в определенной мере пересмотрят подходы к государственному регулированию
(что, однако, в некоторых сферах ограничивается установками ВТО и других международных организаций). Существуют реактивные и проактивные системы государственного регулирования [20]. Реактивное регулирование начинается тогда, когда негативные явления в экономике уже произошли. Так
поступили в большинстве стран в процессе наступившего в 2008 г. кризиса. Проактивное регулирование
предусматривает упреждающие меры, с целью недопущения или сглаживания проявления кризисных
или других негативных явлений в экономике. Такое регулирование широко использовалось в Европейских странах, в особенности в рамках всех разновидностей континентальной модели, в период
доминирования кейнсианской модели регулирования, затем интенсивность проактивного регулирования
постепенно спала, однако и по сей день применяется в некоторых странах, что позволило им смягчить
проявления кризиса, однако полностью сделать это нигде не удалось. Представляется, что, учитывая
учащающуюся частоту кризисов и опыт современного, самого глубокого со времен Великой депрессии
кризиса, во многих странах несколько усилят режим постоянного проактивного регулирования.
В области развития международных режимов регулирования очевидно, что кроме ЕС возрастет
роль других крупных региональных организаций. Предположительны и некоторые изменения в
установках ВТО, на основе переговоров и установления консенсуса между развитыми, развивающимися
и остальными странами.
Каковы должны быть установки малой страны, в частности, Грузии, находящейся в периоде
посткоммунистической трансформации экономики, в области освоения технологий и приведения
отраслевой структуры экономики в состояние, удовлетворяющее требованиям современного техноло27
гического уклада? На наш взгляд, во-первых, в структуре экономики необходимо восстановить роль
некоторых традиционных отраслей на основе применения в них современных технологий [14]. Вовторых, осуществить диверсификацию производства на базе средних и малых предприятий, основанных
на новых, широко используемых технологиях 5-го технологического уклада. В третьих, активизировать
усилия по выстраиванию современной национальной инновационной системы за счет поддержки
государством местной науки, инновационного бизнеса и формулирования приоритетных технологических программ. Такое развитие должно быть обеспечено на основе дальнейшего совершенствования
механизмов координации и регулирования экономики с учетом тенденций, происходящих в сиcтемах
регулирования развитых и наиболее успешных развивающихся стран и с принятием в учет предписаний
международных органов регулирования.
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структурных
изменений
в
мировой
экономике.
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Ю.
Глазьев.
www.spkurdyumov.narod.ru/glaziev/htm
Глазьев С. Мировой экономический кризис как процесс смены технологических укладов. –
Вопросы экономики, 2009, №3.
Иншаков О. В. Институция и институт: проблемы категориальной дифференциации и
интеграции. – Экономическая наука современной России, 2010, №3.
Кондратьев Н. Д. Большие циклы конъюнктуры и теория предвидения. Н. Д. Кондратьев.
Избранные труды. М.: Экономика, 2002.
Кузин Д. Промышленная политика развитых стран: цели, инструменты, оценки. – Вопросы
экономики, 1993, №9.
Сизякина М. С. Взаимосвязь технологического и институционального развития экономики. –
Экономический вестник Ростовского государственного университета. – 2008, т. 6, №4, ч. 4.
Фролов Д. Теория кризисов после кризиса: технологии versus институты. – Вопросы экономики,
2011, №7.
Burduli Vakhtang
INTERDEPENDENCE BETWEEN THE DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGICAL
STRUCTURE OF ECONOMY AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
SUMMARY
The article shows that the development of technological structures with the proper forms of institutional
and production organization of economy and with the proper systems of market coordination and State regulation is proceeding within the frame of development of cycles of economic conjecture. The character of development of technological structures and the proper institutional and organization forms of coordination and regulation at last period is analysed. The necessity of strengthening of proactive forms of coordination and regulation with the purpose of averting or relaxation of intensity of economic crisises is substantiated.
simon gelaSvili
lokaluri ekonomikuri krizisebis statistikuri
prognozirebis meTodebis sistema
ekonomikuri krizisi nebismieri qveynisTvis metad arasasurveli ,,daupatiJebeli stumaria“, romelsac, samwuxarod, ukve versad daemalebi. Tanamedrove prognostikas Tu ar ZaluZs winaswar ganWvritos is, Tu rodis mova daupatiJebeli stumari
ama Tu im ojaxSi, samagierod, mas SeuZlia met-naklebi sizustiT gansazRvros, Tu
rodis ,,mova“ ekonomikuri krizisi qveyanaSi da ra simZimiT daawveba igi mosaxleobas. yovelive es moiTxovs zogadad prognostikis da, kerZod, statistikuri prognozirebis meTodologiis codnas.
calkeuli ekonomikuri procesebis prognozirebis sakmarisad didi gamocdilebaa ganviTarebul qveynebSi‚ magram arc erT qveyanaSi jer ar arsebobs ekonomikuri
krizisebis statistikuri prognozirebis erTiani meTodologiuri sistema. aseTi sistema gulisxmobs ara mxolod statistikuri‚ aramed sxva meTodebisa da xerxebis erTobliobas‚ romelTa gamoyeneba ekonomikuri krizisebis, da saerTod ekonomikuri da
socialuri procesebis, prognozirebaSi mizanSewonili da aucilebelia. es erT-erTi
mTavari da, amasTanave, mudmivi problemaa rogorc Teoriuli‚ ise praqtikuli Tval29
sazrisiT. misi gadaWra did moTxovnebs uyenebs mecnierebis mraval mimarTulebas da
maT Soris statistikur prognozirebas. am SemTxvevaSi es moTxovnebi or ZiriTad
aspeqts moicavs: Teoriul-meTodologiurs da gamoyenebiTs. pirveli niSnavs imas‚
rom statistikuri prognozirebis Teoriisa da meTodologiis ganviTareba da srulyofa ar warmoadgens mecnierebis mxolod erTi dargis (vTqvaT‚ statistikis) amocanas. igi multimecnieruli problemaa da misi gadaWra uzrunvelyofili unda iyos
mecnierebis sxvadasxva dargis ganviTarebis Sedegad. meore mimarTuleba gulisxmobs
statistikuri prognozirebis Teoriuli da praqtikuli kvlevis Sedegebis gamoyenebas mecnierebis sxva dargebis mier.
statistikuri prognozireba umetesad emyareba kvlevis obieqtis ganviTarebis
ZiriTad kanonzomierebebsa da tendenciebs. maTi gamovlena ki ZiriTadad statistikuri meTodebisa da xerxebis saSualebiT xorcieldeba. prognostikis TeoriaSi jer
kidev ar arsebobs mkacri mecnieruli klasifikacia rogorc TviT prognozebis‚ ise
maTi SemuSavebis meTodebisa da xerxebis mixedviT. Tumca specialur literaturaSi
mravladaa mocemuli aseTi klasifikaciebi4. yvela maTgani erTmaneTisagan ZiriTadad
imiT gansxvavdeba‚ Tu ra arsebiTi (an araarsebiTi) niSania aRebuli dajgufebis
safuZvlad. aq ganvixilavT statistikuri prognozirebis meTodebis sam did jgufs _
determinirebul‚ stoqastur da Sereul meTodebs. aseTi klasifikaciac, garkveuli
azriT, pirobiTia‚ radgan zogierT konkretul SemTxvevaSi romelime determinirebuli meTodi SeiZleba miekuTvnos stoqasturs da aseve SeiZleba moxdes piriqiT. ra
Tqma unda‚ statistikuri prognozirebis meTodebis klasifikacia gansxvavdeba prognostikis zogadmeTodologiuri klasifikaciisagan.
determinirebuli meTodebidan zogadad ganvixilavT statistikuri dajgufebis,
saSualo sidideTa, saindeqso da aproqsimaciis meTods. socialur-ekonomikuri procesebis analizsa da prognozirebaSi statistikuri dajgufebis meTodi pirvelad gamoiyena ingliselma statistikosma jon grauntma (1620-1674) Tavis fundamentur naSromSi „bunebrivi da politikuri dakvirvebebi mokvdaobis cxrilebze”‚ romelic gamoqveynda 1662 wels. am meTodis saSualebiT man statistikuri monacemebis erTobliobidan gamoacalkeva erTgvarovani jgufebi‚ Semdeg moaxdina maTi Sedareba da
amis safuZvelze Camoayaliba maTi cvlilebis zogierTi prognozi.
1696 wels ingliselma statistikosma gregor kingma (1648-1712) imdroindeli
inglisis mosaxleoba 26 sazogadoebriv jgufad dayo da TiToeuli jgufis mixedviT
gamoTvala saSualo Semosavlebi da xarjebi. Semdeg ki Seadgina Semosavlebisa da
xarjebis krebsiTi balansi da aCvena misi cvlilebis zogierTi tendencia perspeqtivaSi, anu prognozuli Sefasebani.
statistikuri dajgufebis meTodma Tavisi ganviTareba pova belgieli mecnieris adolf ketles (1796-1874) naSromebSi. man gamoiyena dajgufebis sxvadasxva saxe
da amis safuZvelze Seadgina statistikuri kombinaciuri cxrilebi‚ romlebSic mocemulia adamianis saSualo wonis da simaRlis damokidebuleba sqesze‚ asakze da saqmianobis sferoze. man gaanaeila agreTve danaSaulTa ricxvi sqesis‚ asakisa da ganaTlebis donis mixedviT. yovelive aman mas saSualeba misca, Seeqmna moZRvreba
saSualo adamianis Sesaxeb da ganesazRvra sxvadasxva prognozuli maCveneblebi.
Cveni azriT‚ adolf ketle unda CaiTvalos Tanamedrove mravalganzomilebiani daj4
Armstrong, J. Scott. Principles of Forecasting: A Handbook for Researchers and Practitioners. MA: Kluwer Academic
Publishers, 2001, 19; Makridakis, S., Wheelwright, S. C. and McGee, V. E. Forecasting: Methods and Applications. 4nd
ed. NY: John Wiley & Sons, 1993, 27; Wilson, J. H., Keating, B. Business Forecasting. – Boston, 2009, 48; Симчера В.
М. Методы экономико-математического моделирования. М. 1989, с. 36; Тихомиров Н. П., Попов В. А. Методы
социально-экономического прогнозирования. – М. 1993, с. 33. Weber, K. Wirtschaftsprognostik. – München, 1990, S.
5.
30
gufebis Teoriis fuZemdeblad‚ radgan am sakiTxSi man bevrad gauswro Tavisi drois
mecnierebas.
statistikur prognozirebaSi determinirebuli meTodebidan farTod gamoiyeneba saSualo sidideTa meTodi. istoriulad, es meTodi sistematizebuli saxiT pirvelad gamoiyena ingliselma ekonomistma uiliam petim (1623-1687) Tavis naSromSi „politikuri ariTmetika”. gansakuTrebiT farToa ganzogadebuli saSualo maCveneblebis
gamoyenebis sfero. mravali socialur-ekonomikuri movlenis prognozebis gaangariSebisas saSualo sidideTa meTodis gamoyeneba SedarebiT martivia da, imavdroulad,
miRebuli prognozuli maCveneblebi realuria. es Seexeba gansakuTrebiT iseTi obieqtebis prognozirebas‚ romelTa cvlileba drois xangrZlivi periodis manZilze xasiTdeba nulovani‚ Tanabrad progresuli an Tanabrad regresuli tendenciebiT5.
statistikuri prognozirebis determinirebuli meTodebidan SedarebiT rTulia aproqsimaciis meTodi‚ romlis gamoyenebac me-19 saukunis bolodan daiwyo. igi
gulisxmobs SedarebiT ufro rTuli maTematikuri formulebis da gamoTvlebis Secvlas martiviT‚ ris Sedegadac miRebuli maCveneblebis sidideebi miaxloebuli iqneba erTmaneTTan an erTmaneTis toli iqneba.
stoqasturi meTodebi prognozirebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani instrumentia da
sakmarisad did jgufs Seadgens. maTi simravle ZiriTadad maTematikuri mecnierebis
„damsaxurebaa”‚ Tumca naklebmniSvnelovani adgili arc statistikur meTodebs ukavia. stoqasturi meTodebidan aq zogadad ganvixilavT korelaciur da regresiul
meTodebs‚ mTavari komponentebis meTods‚ dinamikis mwkrivebis stoqastur modelirebas‚ statistikuri hipoTezebis Semowmebis meTods‚ optimizaciis meTodebs da robastul meTodebs.
korelaciuri da regresiuli analizi farTod gamoiyeneba ara mxolod prognozirebaSi‚ ramed mraval sxva sferoSi. am sakiTxebis sistematizebuli kvlevis Sedegebi pirvelad 1889 wels gamoaqveyna ingliselma statistikosma f. galtonma (18221911) Tavis naSromSi ”bunebrivi memkvidreobiToba”. aman saSualeba misca aseve
inglisel statistikos k. irsons, SeemuSavebina cnobili korelaciis koeficienti‚
rac ganaxorciela 1897 wels. korelacia warmoadgens or an met SemTxveviT sidideebs Soris kavSirs da igi SeiZleba gamoisaxos cvladi sidideebis variaciis xarisxiT. regresiis dros ki mocemul maCvenebelTa erTobliobaSi romelime SemTxveviTi cvladis mniSvneloba damokidebulia sxva cvladebis mniSvnelobebze. ramdenadac socialur-ekonomikuri prognozireba umetesad emyareba statistikuri dakvirvebis Sedegebs‚ amdenad, korelaciur da regresiul analizs masSi didi adgili ukavia.
amJamad msoflioSi farTod gamoiyeneba bevri iseTi wrfivi da arawrfivi regresiuli saprognozo modeli, rogoricaa: ARMA da ARIMA, aseve ARCH, GARCH, EGARCH,
HARCH da sxva analogiuri jgufis modelebi. aseve gamoCnda axali saprognozo modelebi kompiuterebis gamoyenebiT FORECAST-X, BAYSEA, SEAGIV da sxv6.
socialur-ekonomikuri prognozirebis Tanamedrove Teoriasa da praqtikaSi
farTod gamoiyeneba dinamikis mwkrivebis stoqasturi modelireba. es SesaZlebeli
gaxda mas Semdeg‚ rodesac mecnierebaSi aRiares is faqti‚ rom mraval socialurekonomikur movlenas da process stoqasturi xasiaTi aqvs. dinamikis mwkrivebis stoqasturi modeli pirvelad SeimuSava ingliselma mecnierma jorj iulma (1871-1951).
Tumca stoqasturi procesebis Teoriis erT-erT fuZemdeblad iTvleba rusi statistikosi e. slucki (1880-1948). man 1927 wels daamtkica‚ rom droiT mwkrivebSi perioduli rxevebi aucilebeli ar aris mxolod cikluri xasiaTis faqtorebiT gamowveu5
6
Wilson, J. H., Keating, B. Business Forecasting. – Boston, 2009, p. 85.
Weber, K. Wirtschaftsprognostik. – München, 1990, S. 246.
31
li iyos. cikluri rxevebi SeiZleba gamoiwvios agreTve korelaciur kavSirSi myofma
SemTxveviTma sidideebmac. aseTi mwkrivebis ganmeorebiTi mosworebiT mcirdeba SemTxveviTi sidideebis zemoqmedebis efeqti da ZiriTadi tendenciis (trendis) amsaxveli
mrudi TandaTanobiT uaxlovdeba wrfes. Tanamedrove pirobebSi stoqasturi analizis farglebSi Seqmnilia aseve e.w. martingalebis Teoria‚ raSic didi wvlili miuZRviT cnobil mecnierebs: k. itos‚ d. dubas‚ r. kalmans‚ r. biusis‚ i. gixmans‚ a. skoroxods‚ r. lipcers‚ a. Siriaevs da sxvebs.
prognozirebaSi TiTqmis yovelTvis aucilebelia statistikuri Sefasebis meTodis gamoyeneba‚ rac, sxva amocanebTan erTad, saSualebas iZleva Semowmdes prognozuli hipoTezebis vargisianoba. statistikuri Sefasebis meTodi SeimuSava k. pirsonma‚ romlis saSualebiTac SesaZlebelia, miaxloebiT ganisazRvros SemTxveviT sidideTa ganawilebis ucnobi parametrebi mocemuli SerCeviTi empiriuli monacemebiT.
Semdgom es meTodi ganaviTara r. fiSerma‚ romelmac 1925 wels Camoayaliba Sefasebis
efeqtianobisa da optimaluri Sefasebis cnebebi. igi, 1913 wlidan dawyebuli, intensiurad ikvlevda SerCeviTi sidideebisa da statistikuri ganawilebis problemebs da
did warmatebebsac miaRwia. sakmarisia aRiniSnos Tundac sayovelTaod cnobili
fiSeris F -kriteriumi‚ romelic farTod gamoiyeneba prognostikaSi.
Tanamedrove pirobebSi statistikuri prognozirebis gamoyenebis sazRvrebi
Zlier gafarTovda da moicavs ara mxolod ekonomikas an socialur sferos‚ aramed
iseT aratradiciul dargebs (prognozirebis TvalsazrisiT)‚ rogoricaa kosmosi‚ medicina‚ ekologia‚ biologia‚ teqnikisa da teqnologiebis mravali dargi da a.S. amasTanave‚ mecnierul-teqnikuri progresis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove done bevrad ufro
mkacr moTxovnebs uyenebs statistikur prognozirebas da saerTod prognostikas‚
vidre es iyo Tundac 20 wlis winaT. ra Tqma unda‚ es moTxovnebi sxvadasxva qveynisaTvis gansxvavebulia da Seesabameba maTi ganviTarebis dones. yovelive es imis
zogadad aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens‚ rom mudmivad viTardebodes statistikuri
prognozireba saerTod da kerZod ki _ misi meTodologiuri aparati. swored am mizans emsaxureba Cven mier SemuSavebuli zogierTi axali meTodologiuri midgoma‚
romelic scildeba statistikuri prognozirebis masStabebs da igi ganixileba
mTlianad prognostikis sazRvrebSi. erT-erTi maTganis (romelic Cven SevimuSaveT
1998 wels) zogadi interpretacia aseTia: nebismieri socialur-ekonomikuri procesis
prognozuli maCveneblebis gansazRvrisas unda gamoviyenoT minimum ori meTodi‚ magaliTad, eqstrapolacia da eqspertuli Sefaseba‚ an erTi da imave meTodis ori modifikacia (magaliTad‚ erTfaqtoriani da mravalfaqtoriani eqstrapolacia). pirveli
meTodis gamoyenebiT miRebuli prognozuli maCveneblebi aRvniSnoT
xolo meore meTodis saSualebiT miRebuli maCveneblebi ki _
y ′1 , y ′2 , y 3′ ,..., y ′n ,
y ′1′, y 2′′ , y 3′′,..., y n′′ . amis
Semdeg unda ganisazRvros maTi Sesabamisi saSualo mniSvnelobebi yvela maCveneblis
mixedviT‚ romlebsac mieniWeba saboloo prognozis statusi7. maSasadame‚
′
″
′
″
′
″
′
″
y3 + y3
yn + yn
y1 + y1
y2 + y2
, yˆ 3 =
yˆ1 =
, yˆ 2 =
‚..., yˆ n =
.
2
2
2
2
zogadad es Semdegi formuliT gamoisaxeba:
yˆ i =
′
″
yi + yi
, sadac
2
7
i = 1‚2‚3‚...‚n.
Gelaschwili, S. Anwendung der Spieltheorie in der Prognostizierung von Marktprozessen. – Universitet Potsdam, 1999, S.
10.
32
ganxiluli meTodi emyareba prognozirebis meTodis SerCevis erTdroulad or
midgomas: diferencirebuls da kombinirebuls. am SemTxvevaSi pirveli niSnavs imas‚
rom Sesaswavli obieqtis prognozuli maCveneblebis ganisazRvreba ara nebismieri
subieqturad SerCeuli meTodis gamoyenebiT‚ aramed saTanado Tvisebrivi da raodenobrivi analizis Sedegad SerCeuli meTodiT‚ romelic uzrunvelyofs realuri Sedegebis miRebas. am wesiT moxdeba prognozirebis meore meTodis SerCevac. Tumca, Cveni azriT‚ erT-erTi meTodi yovelTvis SeiZleba iyos eqspertuli Sefaseba. kombinirebuli midgomisas ki ori an meti sxvadasxva meTodis gamoyenebiT miRebuli prognozebis safuZvelze miiReba axali prognozuli maCveneblebi. maSasadame‚ ganxiluli
midgomis gamoyenebisas ganisazRvreba prognozirebis sami varianti: pirveli meTodiT‚
meore meTodiT da mesame meTodiT (anu maTi saSualo mniSvnelobebi). am midgomas
SeiZleba ewodos mravalsafexuriani prognozireba (igi gansxvavdeba mravalvariantuli prognozirebisagan‚ rac gulisxmobs erTi da imave meTodis gamoyenebiT prognozebis sxvadasxva variantebis gaangariSebas. aseve gansxvavdeba specialur literaturaSi cnobili e.w. optimisturi da pesimisturi prognozebisagan)8.
Gelashvili Simon
STATISTICAL FORECASTING METHODOLOGY SYSTEM
OF LOCAL ECONOMIC CRISES
SUMMARY
Developed countries have gathered big enough experience of economic process forecasting, but there is
no country that has the statistical forecasting methodology system for economic crises. This is the constant
problem of methodological, as well as practical perspective. Modern forecasting has an ability to define the beginning of the crises in a country with approximate accuracy. Highly stated requires the knowledge in forecasting, especially, general statistical forecasting methodology.
Statistical forecasting of local economic crises means development of statistical forecasting for a single
country. In this case, necessary feature is that every country has different endogenous and exogenous factors,
which causes creation of adequate forecasting models.
According to the author, it is recommended to use two approaches while choosing the methods of statistical forecasting of local economic crisis. These are differentiated and combined approaches. In this case, three
methods of forecasting are defined: one method, the second method and the third – their average mean. These
methods may be called as multilevel forecasting, that is different from known optimistic and pessimistic forecasting highlighted in a specialized literature.
Zafirova Tzveta
ALTERNATIVES FOR THE SMALL FAMILY BUSINESS IN BULGARIA
IN THE CONDITIONS OF ECONOMICAL CRISIS AND GLOBALIZATION
Introduction
On the basis of different kinds of research the specialized literature defines the notion “family business”
as that whose property is more than 50% of people from one and the same family, people – who have blood re-
8
Götze, W. Grafische und empirische Techniken des Business-Forecasting. München, Wien: Oldenbourg, 2000, S. 6.
33
lation or marital relation9. The practice shows that management of family business is in most of the cases realized by the members of the family that is the main owner.
Many publications give special importance to the increase of family firms as a result of micro economical conditions, such as recession and the big unemployment. Other researches by studying the market potentialities in the different stages of business development, are trying to characterize the specific peculiarities of family
firms managed by their owners, the motivation of their development and the factors for surviving in the competitive struggle by starting a new business, developing the existing one or stimulation the access to resources.
In historical aspect that company type has more different position towards society – they are more personally engaged with the employees and their families with customers and partners, young people in the process
of their education, the region, in which their main office is. Family companies are more flexible and quick in
making decisions in conditions of crisis. They do not operate with somebody else’s money and they have an
extremely steady and thorough attitude towards business in all its aspects. Their social responsibility, the innovation in the product program and the open attitude to the people lead to reputation of success. These companies
are also preferred as partners in business and as an employer by the employees because their management possesses transparency and personal responsibility.
Small and medium enterprises (SME) in Bulgaria, which are approximately 95 % of all companies,
orientate more and more to the family business. The reasons for this are the financial-economical crisis and globalization including integration in EU as well as the consequences of these. The huge part of them is family
companies.
The strong competition of European goods and services gives rise to problems in the development and
prosperity of family business. The competitiveness in comparison with quickly invading foreign companies decreases more and more as a result of high prices and the low quality of supplied products and services.
The purpose of this publication is to investigate some of the chances for survival of SME in Bulgaria in
the present stage of its economy development.
Role of Family Business in Bulgarian Economy
In the USA there exist 24 millions firms which are managed as family business. This comprises 90 % of
American economy. The last survey of the Journal of Finance10 shows that the family companies are much better run, 6 % more profitable and 10 % more evaluated than non family companies. According to a survey of
Raymond Family Business Institute the income of family firms from 1997 up to now has grown with 50 % in
spite of recession. For these reasons the Institute makes the conclusion that family firms are not influenced by
recession in practice and they are immunized against it.
According to data of EUROSTAT, Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) in the countries of EU are
about 23 millions. This is 99 % of European economy. The increasing part of family business in economical
infrastructure of EC because of the huge increase of self-employed people and of microbusiness (business that is
of less than 10 people) initiates some interesting problems for its survival in economical crises.
Family company owners all over the world are confident in their future, but many of them do not do
enough to prepare for it. In a survey led among more than 1 600 managers of family businesses in 35 countries
by PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) a surprisingly great number of family firms show development in demand
for their products and services in the last year (a small growth of 32 %, considerable growth: 16 %). 34 % mark
a decrease in demand. 60 % have the intention to extend their business during the following 12 months and 56
% have positive attitude for the way of their market development in the following year. In addition 95 % of the
survey participants are to some extent very confident in the effective competition of their firms with the leaders
in their market sector segment.
There is not an official statistics of family business in Bulgaria. Very often it is considered as a part of
small business. But the practice shows that there are also big family firms. It is a pity that the lack of systema9
Astrachan, J. Strategy in Family Business: Toward a multidimensional research agenda // Journal of Family Business
Strategy, 2010, N1, pp.6-14
10
Todorov, О. The successfully is family business// Theme, N 29, 2011
34
tized information is an obstacle for identification of that structure unit in Bulgarian economy. Although it is not
paid a proper attention to family business, it takes a considerable share in the economy of the country.
During the crisis 2009 an increase of new company registration is observed mainly family firms. A big
part of them are owned by dismissal workers and administrative personnel who seek for a new chance. The
capital reduction for registration of limited liability company (according to the new normative legislation)
helped general partners to accept such a juridical status. A tendency to mergers and acquisitions is observed. It
is because many of the firms can`t stand the competition and the economical crisis which leads to strategic
choice of enlargement.
In parallel with that the foreign companies in Bulgaria are more competitive than Bulgarian ones. The
big hypermarkets of world-famous trademarks offer products at much lower prices at the market. The consumer
requirements of goods and service quality grow bigger and it orientate them to foreign imported ones offered at
our market. In addition globalization led to the development of electronic trade which made the access to highquality goods easier. The EC requirements for safety, hygiene and high quality of production and trade made
many enterprises increase strongly their costs or stop working. This led to failure of many companies including
the SME.
Bulgarian family firms whose owners are members of the Association of family business realized 1 billion levas turnover in 2009. They have given work to 10 thousand people. That gives priority to the problem of
their management during crises. The family business had been developing before the appearance of the crisis. It
was the time of the dynamic market. But now new strategic managerial decisions have to be found. Firstly they
should be connected with the survival of these firms and secondly with their development. At the time of continuous bankruptcy of companies in the various branches of economy, the alternatives for development of Bulgarian family companies are not many.
Alternatives for Survival and Development at times of crises
In the period of economical crisis as is the case in Bulgaria different programs of EU gave possibilities
for starting and developing of small family businesses. The European Commission applies a number of measures in the field of policies specially worked out in support of SME in Europe. They are directed to laying conditions for stimulating the creation and prosperity of the small firms, including the family ones.
Financing of family firms in Bulgaria is also improved. The Bulgarian Bank for Development has a credit line for that purpose. The credit could be up to 1 million Euros for up to 10 years. Subject to investment
could be: purchase and building of industrial buildings, hotels, offices, healthcare centers, etc.; fitting up hotels,
offices, etc.; purchase of machines, equipment, technological and office equipment, transport means and so on.
Purchase of intangible assets such as licenses, patents, turnover capital as a part of investment capital.
European investment programs give possibility to the companies that have a clear vision for their future
target position and development conception, to realize the necessary investments for their advancement. The
financial support is offered in different forms such as: granting donations, non-interest financing, low interest
loans, guarantees, financial instruments, free of charge programs and services for business support, free consultant services for development of innovative ideas and indirect support for internalization of the small business.
In the period 2007-2013 small family firms in Bulgaria could take advantage of the financial resources
from the new /the so-called/ operative programs, financed by the structural funds of EU. For SME these are the
programs called: “Development of human resources”. Especially for the family firms a subprogram is provided
“Innovations and entrepreneurship”.
Naturally, projects for applying for those programs should be worked out. This situation brought about a
serious problem for some small family firms.
On the basis of international experience in the field of family business and the specific conditions for its
functioning in Bulgaria, we are able to represent the following main possibilities of its development.
Under the conditions of economical crisis agribusiness has its own place because the impoverished population needs food on the first place. Despite the high requirement of EU regarding all food products, integration
in EU gives chances for getting into new markets. The traditional Bulgarian dairy products, vegetables, fruits,
35
meat and others are appreciated and demanded on the world market. At the same time there is also a large demand for some foods which are not very popular in Bulgarian cuisine, but they are demanded abroad and have a
guaranteed market. Bulgarian agribusiness is starting to orientate towards them.
Bulgarian export of medicinal plants puts her on the forth place in the world. The Bulgarian herbs are
among the richest in biologically active substances and due to that reason they find a very big application in the
production of tea, medicines, cosmetic products, spices, etc. the competition in this field is very strong – Poland,
Czech Republic, Romania, Chile, China, Argentina and other countries are our strong competitors. In Bulgaria
more than 96 % of the herb productions are in the private sector and these are mainly family businesses.
The production and sales of Bulgarian mushrooms are of interest too. Mushrooms are demanded at the
world markets due to their taste qualities. Bulgaria has already had set up traditions in this direction and some
family firms have a significant export when having a good marketing policy.
Fish and fish products are a part of those Bulgarian products which are sought out at the foreign markets. There are very small private fishing firms, which can take part in the export. The black caviar is extremely
sought out at the European market and its quotas for export continuously go up. For these reasons the Danube is
planted with sturgeon fishes. The rapanas export is undoubtedly an effective activity that deserves businessmen’s attention.
Milk, meat and their products are also welcome in the EU countries and can’t satisfy the quotas given.
At better hygiene and covering the European standards (HACCP, GPP, ISO, etc.) which are higher in this field
the sales of that produce will have success not only in EU.
There is a considerable interest of the foreign consumers, especially from the EU in the goat milk and
cheese. It is known that that milk is the only substitute of mother’s milk and the allergic can eat only food produced by it. In addition, these products are recommended and are very healthy for the diet nutrition. It is not accidentally that in France they produce more than 130 kinds of goat cheese. Another peculiarity is that in EU they
prefer mainly the soft goat cheese, as contrasted with the Arabic countries where they prefer only the hard
cheese. According to information from the Milk Producers’ Association there are around 1 million goats in Bulgaria which is a good potential for development of its derivative products, extremely sought out and appreciated
at West European markets and other countries. In other words, the production of goat milk and cheese is unoccupied market gap in expectation for farmers of enterprise.
A similar interest is observed in buffalo breeding as well. There is demand for such cheese in West Europe especially in the last years because it is scientifically proved that buffalos do not suffer from “mad cow”
disease. Buffalo milk is very healthy too. Its butter content is about 10-11 % but it is more easily assimilated
from the organism than the other kinds of milk. Besides that its price is twice as bigger than in West Europe in
comparison with Bulgaria. Here there are about 7 000 buffalos in 31 firms. It is prevailingly a family business,
which has a great potential for development in case a good marketing is provided.
Lamb and mutton meet and sheep’s milk are also welcome abroad, but the conditions in Bulgaria do not
stimulate their production. The reasons for that situation are connected with buyers who pay for it as much as
for cow’s products. It is necessary for the family business in this field to merge and to seek for direct contacts
with buyers from other countries in case of good hygiene of production and high quality of the supplied products.
Special interest is shown also in other kinds of meat, sub-products and eggs. The foreign market is open
for rabbit meat as an alternative of veal. It is a pity that we don’t have a licensed slaughterhouse satisfying EU
conditions. For satisfying that demand we started creating rabbit firms in the Pleven, Lovech and Kurdjali region in Bulgaria.
Quail’s eggs contain useful substances and vitamins equal to 4 hen’s eggs and they are without cholesterol. That priority makes them preferred at West European markets. That is why more and more producers have
an interest in that production. At the moment there are 250 firms for quails in Bulgaria which show an interest in
that business.
Goose liver as a delicacy product is well-known in the cuisine of many countries. That made the creation of some farms for their breeding, including geese from France.
36
Other rear animals such as snails, mussels, frogs, are well received at the world markets too. Clams
need special firms such as those in the village of Dulboka, the region of Kavarna, Varna, Byala and near the village of Bulgarevo, Dobrich region, in the North Black sea region. Regarding the snails, more and more producers start showing an interest in them and found small firms for their breeding in their yards, for example in
Vratsa an Vidin and some other regions in our country. A national snail breeding cluster has been found. The
problem with gathering frogs is complex because of the drought which reduced to minimum the water in the
rivers.
Bee keeping agriculture is another branch and it can have success with the sales of its products abroad.
Honey, pollen and bee milk are on demand due to the fact that they are in most places ecologically pure. Besides
that its variety is big – acacia, lime, multi flowers, forest, sunflower, pine. And the price at the world markets
satisfies our producers from the family business.
Many of the foreign countries are traditional markets for a number of fresh and preserved Bulgarian
fruits and vegetables despite the protection measures. The defined export quotas in this direction are not carried
out yearly. Only the quotas for frozen peas, fresh and preserved cherries and walnuts are fulfilled totally. The
quotas of apples, pears, quinces, apricots, desert grapes, tomatoes, potatoes, strawberries, peaches and nectars
are not used fully. Naturally, the subsidized agricultural production of the other countries has a lower price and
it makes it competitive. But our fruits and vegetables and the products of manufacturing industry have better
taste qualities and they satisfy the European standards they will be welcome at the West European markets.
Serious possibility for our small firms business is the development of biological agriculture, which is
well known in Switzerland, Holland, Germany11 and other countries and is used for production of biological
products. We have already had some similar small farms here and they have a biological production certificate.
In this way we can compete successfully the foreign products, because our produce hasn’t got an analogue in
taste qualities. For that purpose following special requirements is needed. Soils are tested for heavy metals and
other harmful admixtures, because it is essential for the Earth to be clean. The usage of pesti is forbidden. Only
the manual cultivation with natural fertilizers is allowed.
During the last years fruits and vegetables not typical for the Bulgarian cuisine are grown – asparaguses,
broccoli, Brussels sprout, kiwi, etc. Asparaguses are already planted in the region of Sapareva banya. In this
direction the production of other similar fruits and vegetables could develop. Their advantage is that they can
more easily find market gaps abroad since their cost value in Bulgaria is lower. There is already an obvious interest from foreign firms in joint venture for example the “Danube farms” Svishtov produces asparaguses with
materials by the client for an Irish firm in Blagoevgrad region they produce kiwi, in Razgrad region – broccoli
and so on.
The Bulgarian wines are popular with their qualities. They were produced only by wine producers not
long ago. Boutique wineries have been founded for several years as a result of family traditions and business.
Some of them have already won prizes at world wine fairs with new Bulgarian sorts of grapes as “Pinot Noir”
and “Syrah” as well as with traditional and unknown for the foreign market as Gumza, Mavrood, Shevka, etc.
A great interest at the World Market during the last years has the production of forage “sorgho”. It is
especially effective at drought which is observed recently. Up to that moment it is experimented only in the village of Marikonstantinovo, Turgovishte region, but now many producers are interested in it.
Tourism and the businesses, connected to it strengthen their position in our economy. This is one of
most reliable alternatives for the small family business in Bulgaria. Many small firms are founded in that branch
on the basis of the family tourism. The local base is filled by personal contact with foreign firms and individuals. But the competition here is big and in spite of the beautiful nature and comparatively reasonable prices, the
quality of the offered tourist services makes them insufficiently competitive at the international market. Due to
that reason it is necessary to be found other forms in this direction where Bulgarian family firms can find its
place. More and more different forms of alternative tourism are drawing attention. There are very kind condi11
Papazov, E., Mihaylova, L. Terms and conditions for innovative management of family farms: the experience of the
German state of North Rhine – Westphalia. In: Models of business management in terms of the dynamic environment,
“Primax”, Rousse, 2009
37
tions – rural and agricultural, tourism, recreation, sport-entertaining, fair, congress, hunting and yacht, ethnographic, historical, religious and ecotourism, etc. in this direction there have been created some preconditions
and combined with the natural resources they could search coming out at the world’s markets.
Making luxury in village houses in the mountains will lead many tourists into places where there are no
activities developed and will provide good income for the local population. Good examples in this respect exist
in Momchilovtsi, Shiroka luka, Elena, Zheravna, etc. rural and agritourism have good preconditions for development here, but they require higher investments. They could come from foreign firm which can provide
clients.
Good traditions exist in hunting, too. The former hunting farms have a very well formed system and
way of organizing the hunting. They possess the hunting specialists wanted. These former forestry boards and
other similar structures, most of which are already private family firms, coned become centers for hunting tourism and source of very high income if a good marketing is provided.
The good conditions for recreation and sport, offered by some hotels, combined with the sea, mountain,
mineral springs and mild climate give chances to more sporting businessmen to develop sport and recreation
tourism. More frequent event is the preparation of different national teams and famous sport players in Bulgaria.
That kind of business could turn into a very good source for income, if the necessary luxurious conditions are to
be created.
The mentioned and other forms of alternative tourism could be developed not only independently but
also in combination or as an addition to the sea and mountain tourism. They could become a good basis for profitable business for small family firms. It could develop with higher rates at integration in EU when all limitation
in case of travelling will be dropped off. In this case many tour operators’ firms come into being and they offer
different West European destinations which are more and more preferred by the Bulgarian citizens as a form of
tourism.
The small trade family firms suffered greatly in the last years, the reason for this is not the economic
crisis, but globalization. Penetration of big hypermarket chain stores as METRO, Kaufland, BILLA, Carrefour
and other, as well as the big Malls in the cities with the low prices of their goods made the small family firms
uncompetitive at the Bulgarian market. Only some small family firms in the small towns, distant from the big
trade centers survived. But they can’t stay long on the market because of the low paying capacity of their clients
in these regions of the country. Only the small family firms occupied with e-business got some developments. It
is as a result of the lower prices of Internet trade.
The economical crisis has had its strongest negative reflection upon the construction and sales of real
estates. Many building companies failed and others chose mergers. Considerable part of them is family businesses. The great demand for houses by foreigners as a result of the low percent interest loans from their banks
stopped. The World financial-economical crisis made them start selling their properties in Bulgaria. The construction companies which remained on the market, orientated with priority to building of hypermarkets; facility
management serving already built buildings, designing and improvement of buildings which are financed to a
big extent by EU programs.
The world crisis led to failure many family businesses in Bulgaria that are connected with production.
Many enterprises were closed. Some growths of production and sales in that period have only the textile firms.
That could be explained with the fact that our sewing industry has traditions in the sales for West Europe, USA,
Canada, etc. the production with materials from the buyer guarantees high quality, low cost and provides good
markets for it. Many similar centers were founded in the traditional sewing regions – around Ruse, Gabrovo,
Haskovo, Varna, Kazanluk and other. A big part of them are small family businesses and they succeed to survive mainly for world trade brands.
New and interesting forms of internationalization of business which has great possibilities and strengthens its positions in our country are the so called “clusters”. These are groups of companies working in geographical proximity and in one branch, binding their activities to cooperate and complement one another. The
purpose is a bigger effectiveness, an increase of competitiveness and outlets on foreign markets. In this net firms
participating in the vertical integration are included – suppliers of raw materials, producers of packages, etc.
38
clusters around the world include also scientific-research activity, business and consulting services. Three big
clusters, an object to special investigation are created in Bulgaria12:
•
In the region of Razlog – woodworking and furniture enterprises.
•
In Russe - textile and store clothes firms.
•
In Plovdiv – canning factories.
Similar clusters are established in other regions, especially where there is no occupation for the local
population. The local traditions of production should be used as a basis for directing towards some business. For
example, the region of Peshtera – for shoes production, of Sliven – for carpets, the Elena Balkans mountain - for
agriculture, the Haskovo - for sewing services, Troyan – for furniture, Gabrovo – for textile.
In the last years where a big part of business in Bulgaria meets difficulties, some small family firms invested in renewing sources of energy – solar parks and wind generators. Since “the green energy” is the energy
of the future, the entrepreneurs decided to take risks in that field. It is stimulated by the EU, too.
In addition to the traditional branches in business which give us some small place on the world markets,
some family firms start creating high technologies, including information technologies. Their potential is developing more and more in the last years. Interests in their activities are shown by some foreign companies or their
agencies in Bulgaria. The penetration in these businesses could find new chances for a successful future in front
of Bulgarian family business.
In the sphere of services the small family firms succeeded to survive in spite the decrease of sales. This
is due to the fact that their personnel are small in number and the costs are low. These are shoes, accounting,
marketing, advertising and health services, and education, looking after children, etc. many of them are supported by the EU by financing different programs. This gives them the possibility to receive orders which helps
them function in the period of crisis and some of them even develop.
Conclusion
As a summary of the investigation it could be mentioned that the Bulgarian small family firms have a
lot of possibilities to survive and develop in integration in EU. Their advantages in this direction are connected
with comparatively cheap labor, the Bulgarian membership in EU, the strategic geographical position of the
country – its nearness to West Europe and its position as an entrance gate to the Balkan countries and the Near
East, good quality and traditions in some productions, presence of many raw materials, micro economic stability
of the country.
Naturally, it is difficult to describe all the possibilities, which could be used by the small family firms in
the period of financial-economical crisis and globalization in order to make their business profitable. The natural
conditions, the flora and fauna, the cultural and historic in heritage, the traditions in different activities and so on
are a good basis for their future development. Every entrepreneur, according to their situation, knowledge and
skills should find the best possibilities for their own business under the strong competition of West European
goods and services.
Tzveta Zafirova
ALTERNATIVES FOR THE SMALL FAMILY BUSINESS IN BULGARIA
IN THE CONDITIONS OF ECONOMICAL CRISIS AND GLOBALIZATION
SUMMARY
The Bulgarian family business takes a considerable place in the economy of the country. Now it has new
challenges in front of it. Globalization and the world economical crisis exercise a very strong influence on the
small family firms. The strong competition of European goods and services gives rise to problems in the devel12
Papazov, E., Cluster-based strategies for regional and cross-border economic development. In: Proceedings of
International Scientific Conference: Cross Border Cooperation and Entrepreneurship Development in Border Regions 02-04.07.2008, BAMDE, Varna, 2008
39
opment and prosperity of family business. The competitiveness in comparison with quickly invading foreign
companies decreases more and more as a result of high prices and the low quality of supplied products and services. That is why the family business should try to find possibilities for survival in this situation.
The purpose of this publication is to investigate some of the chances for survival of SME in Bulgaria in
the present stage of its economy development.
Teimuraz kandelaki
satyeo mmarTvelobis erovnuli modeli da misi adgili
satyeo kanonmdeblobaSi
kanonmdeblobaSi
satyeo meurneobis marTvis sistema sabWoTa periodSi ar iyo efeqtiani. amas
mowmobs Tundac uwyveti gardaqmnebi, romlebic xorcieldeba CvenTan am sistemaSi.
Tumca, aseve unda iTqvas, rom reformebis dasawyisSi dargis marTvis arsebuli meqanizmi arsebiTi cvlilebebis gareSe iqna gadatanili sabazro pirobebSi da Sesabamisad arasrulyofilad muSaobda.
gardamavali periodis erovnuli satyeo modelis SemuSavebisas, sistemis warmomqmnel faqtorebad gvevlineba:
• erovnuli tradiciebi;
• Semosavlianoba tyis resursebidan.
tyis marTvis sistemaSi SeiZleba gamoiyos Semdegi ZiriTadi elementebi: fundamenturi, ucvleli, tradiciaSi Semosuli, landSaftiT warmoSobili da cvladi,
romlebic damokidebulia mimdinare ekonomikur situaciaze, resursebis Semosavlianobaze.13
saqarTveloSi tyis marTvis modelis fundamenturi elementebia (davasaxelebT
mxolod mTavars, mecnieruli simkacrisa da gadmocemis sisrulis gareSe):
• tyis resursebze sakuTrebis sxvadasxva formebis arseboba;
• saerTo-erovnuli da regionuli interesebis balansi (uflebamosilebaTa delegireba);
• saxelmwifo satyeo samsaxuri;
• tyeebis dayofa kategoriebad daculobisa da moTxovnadobis xarisxis mixedviT;
• tyis marTvis Taviseburebebi tyedeficitur da Warbtyian raionebSi;
• tyeebiT sargeblobis organizebis alternatiuli formebi (satyeo nakveTebis
grZelvadiani arenda konkursiT, xe-tyis Wris Catarebis uflebis gayidva auqcionebze);
• tyis gadasazidi gzebis mSeneblobis dagegmarebis, dafinansebisa da organizebis alternatiuli sqemebi;
• tyeebis aRwarmoebisa da dacvis organizebis alternatiuli formebi (moarendeebis xelSekrulebiT, fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebi konkursis mixedviT);
• satyeo reglamenti, rogorc administraciuli zemoqmedebis instrumenti;
• resursebis ekonomikuri Sefaseba;
• resursebis safasuri, rogorc maTi rentuli Rirebulebis nawili;
• satyeo Semosavali, rogorc tyeebis aRwarmoebis intensifikaciis sazomi;
13
Почников С. В. Экономические основы устойчивого лесопользования, Санкт-Петербург: Профикс, 2007, с. 95.
40
•
satyeo biujeti, rogorc satyeo meurneobis efeqtianobis gansazRvris instrumenti;
• sazogadoebrivi kontroli satyeo meurneobis dafinansebasa da efeqtianobaze;
• satyeo dagegmareba, rogorc mdgradi tyeTsargeblobis, regionuli satyeo resursebis efeqtiani aTvisebis, mrewvelobis garantirebuli sanedleulo uzrunvelyofis instrumenti;
• satyeo politika, rogorc saxelmwifoze erovnuli satyeo resursebis efeqtiani aTvisebisa da aRwarmoebis movaleobaTa dakisrebis instrumenti.
tyis marTvis modelis cvladi elementebia:
• uflebamosilebis delegirebis xarisxi;
• satyeo Semosavlis ganawileba saxelmwifo, regionul da municipalur biujetebs Soris;
• tyeebis aRwarmoebisa da dacvis dafinansebis, tyis gadasazidi gzebis mSeneblobis valdebulebaTa gadanawileba mosargebleebs, saxelmwifo, regionul da
municipalur biujetebs Soris;
• tyeebiT sargeblobis, aRwarmoebisa da dacvis organizebis formebi.
tyis marTvis modelis cvladi elementebi SeiZleba gansxvavdebodnen subieqtebis mixedviT satyeo resursebze regionuli moTxovnidan gamomdinare.
satyeo meurneobis marTvis sistemis SemuSavebisas aseve gasaTvaliswinebelia
Semdegi faqtorebi:
1. meti demokratia _ tyis resursebidan maRali Semosavlianoba (uflebamosilebisa
da satyeo Semosavlebis meti nawili gadaicema adgilebze, tyeebis aRwarmoebis movaleoba ekisreba moarendeebs, centri axorcielebs mecnierul da meTodur uzrunvelyofasa da kontrols, subieqtebi damoukideblad iReben gadawyvetilebebs da asruleben maT);
2. meti centralizacia _ dabali Semosavlianoba (saxelmwifo centris dominanti
roli gadawyvetilebaTa miRebasa da dafinansebaSi).
aucilebelia avamaRloT tyis marTvis kultura (mecnieruli done, profesiuli
kadrebi), romelic CvenTan bolo xanebSi ki ar matulobda, piriqiT, ganuwyvetliv
qveiTdeboda.
tyis marTvis erovnuli modelis SemuSavebas win unda uswrebdes regionuli
satyeo gegmebi da demokratiuli gziT SemuSavebuli erovnuli satyeo politika.
satyeo politikisa da mis safuZvelSi Cadebuli tyis marTvis erovnuli modelis realizeba xdeba satyeo kanonmdeblobis mixedviT. satyeo kanonmdeblobis mTavar samarTlebriv dokuments warmoadgens satyeo kodeqsi, romelic saqarTveloSi
miRebuli iqna 1999 wels. am periodidan xdeboda misi ZiriTadi debulebebis sistematuri cvlileba saTanado sajaroobis gareSe. amJamad es procesi grZeldeba da gansaxilvelad gamotanilia satyeo kanonis (Tumca “tyis kodeqsis” Secvla “tyis kanoniT” aramizanSewonilia) proeqtis axali versia, romlis miReba arsebuli saxiT,
Cveni azriT, kargis momtani ar iqneba da ai, ratom!
damoukideblobis miRebis Semdeg saqarTveloSi axali satyeo kodeqsi14 ZalaSi
Sevida 1999 wlis 12 ivniss. is iSva mwvave ganxilvebis pirobebSi. erT mxares idgnen
liberali ekologebi da ekonomistebi. maT realurad upirispirdeboda ori Zala _
14
saqarTvelos kanoni. saqarTvelos tyis kodeqsi. Tbilisi: 1999 wlis 22 ivnisi (qarTuli da inglisuri versiebi)
41
satyeo meurneobis specialistebi da satyeo-samrewvelo firmebis `top-menejerebi~.
Tumca diskusia ver Sedga: mxareebs ar esmodaT erTmaneTis, laparakobdnen sxvadasxva enaze. Mmagram miRebulma kodeqsma arsebiTad Secvala tyis marTvis sistema. masSi
realizebulia mTavari liberaluri idea _ saxelmwifos roli tyeebis gamoyenebaSi,
aRwarmoebasa da dacvaSi minimizebulia, tyis resursebis xelmisawvdomoba gamartivebulia da Tanabari gaxda maTi damuSavebis SesaZlebloba yvela msurvelisaTvis.
yvelaferze pasuxismgebloba - moraluric da materialuric _ ZiriTadad bizness
ekisreba.
axal kanonSi mizanSewonilia asaxul iqnes Semdegi midgomebi:
1. Warbi centralizacia da biurokratizacia (axali kanonis apologetebi ki
mas Tvlian tyis marTvis uprecedento demokratizaciis fenomenad). ufrosebi wyveten
_ umcrosebi asruleben. yvela wessa da normativs mkacrad karnaxobs centri, TiTqmis mTeli satyeo Semosavali miaqvs centrs. aseTi demokratiis dros vis unda mohkiTxon moqalaqeebma tyeebis efeqtiani gamoyenebis, maTi ekologiuri potencialis
SenarCunebis Sesaxeb? gaurkvevelia dafinansebis safuZvlebic. aseTi centralizaciis
dros ar gamoiyeneba regulirebis ekonomikuri meqanizmebi.
2. iniciativis nakleboba.
nakleboba iblokeba adgilobrivi iniciativa. yvela gadawyvetileba erTmniSvnelovania: tyeebis aRwarmoebasa da dacvas atareben saarendo tyis
farTobebze mxolod mosargebleebi sakuTari xarjiT, saxazino (ara saijaro) tyeebSi _ aravin. swori iqneboda, centrs mxolod rekomendaciebi mieca, xolo adgilebze
damoukideblad gadaewyvitaT, Tu ra aris ukeTesi.
3. utopiuroba. eWvgareSea, utopiurs SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT axali sistemis arsebiTad sakvanZo elementebi: tyis sazidi gzebis mSenebloba mTlianad biznesis saxsrebiT, sabazro konkurenciis ararseboba saxazino tyeebSi satyeo-sameurneo samuSaoebis SesrulebisaTvis, tyeebis aRwarmoebisa da dacvis yvela samuSaos Sesruleba
moarendeTa mier.
4. damowmebiTi xasiaTi.
xasiaTi kanonSi saTanadod ar aris asaxuli auqcionebis Catarebis wesi, xolo satyeo resursis erTeulis Rirebulebis dasabuTebis wesi, arendis pirobebi, satyeo teritoriuli gegmisa da tyeebis aTvisebis proeqtis Sinaarsi
kanonqvemdebare aqtebiT ganisazRvreba. im mokle droSi, rac eTmoba kanonqvemdebare
aqtebis SemuSavebas, SeuZlebelia maTi srulyofili saxiT Camoyalibeba. amasTan,
kanonis gamoSveba mza kanonqvemdebare aqtebis gareSe, sul mcire, ucnaurobaa.
5. mkacri akrZalva mmarTvelobiTi da sameurneo funqciebis SeTavsebaze. satyeo-sameurneo operaciebis efeqtianoba vlindeba ara maSinve, aramed garkveuli
drois Semdeg. magaliTad, tyis kulturebis Seqmnis warmatebulobaze msjeloba
SeiZleba 10-15 weliwadSi axalgazrda xeebis varjebis Sekvris mixedviT. amitom satyeo meurneobaSi problema aris ara SemsruleblebisaTvis samarTliani gasamrjelos gadaxdaSi, aramed grZelvadiani miznebis miRwevis efeqtian motivaciaSi. amitomac tradiciad damkvidrda, rom garants warmoadgens ganaTlebuli profesionali
metyeve, romelic tyes emsaxureba mowodebiT, TavSekavebulia korporaciuli pasuxismgeblobiT, romelic mimarTavs mis sulier mzeras momavlisaken15. sabWoTa periodSi metyeve datvirTuli iyo “sakuTari” saxsrebis mobilizebiT. tyisa da mamulis
samsaxuris maRali miswrafebebi ramdenadme Seirya, Tumca bolomde Ziri ar hqonda
gamoTxrili. axla “naban wyals bavSvsac ayoleben~. metyeveebi tyeSi aRar darCnen.
maTi adgili daikaves “reinjerebma”, anu biurokratiuli uflebamosilebis mqone
tyis mcvelebma. bevria iseTi sfero, sadac kargi instruqciebis pirobebSi biurokra15
T.kandelaki. gzas acdenili satyeo reformebi. gaz. `rezonansi~ 08.10.2010
42
ti Seucvlelia, metad sasargeblo da efeqtiania. Tumca aseT sferoebs ver mivakuTvnebT satyeo meurneobas.
6. naTeli ar aris, vin afinansebs da agebs tyis gadasazid gzebs. tyis gadasazidi gzebis mSenebloba gansazRvruli aris rogorc sainvesticio saqmianoba. Dasazustebelia, Tu saidan moxdeba am investiciebis mozidva. gaurkveveli rCeba, vin
agegmarebs da afinansebs tyis gadasazidi gzebis mSeneblobas. moarende valdebulia
Seadginos Tavisi satyeo nakveTis aTvisebis proeqti. am proeqtSi aucileblad igegmeba satyeo infrastruqtura. ese igi, gzebi unda aaSenos saxelmwifom. moarende gegmavs _ saxelmwifo afinansebs. gana es absurdi ar aris? da saerTod, ra azri aqvs
aseT proeqts arendis grZelvadiani xelSekrulebis dadebis Semdeg? aTvisebis yvela
sakiTxi unda gadawydes konkursis Catarebisas satyeo reglamentisa da regionuli
satyeo gegmis safuZvelze, sxvagvarad risTvisRaa saWiro es satyeo gegma.
7. arenda _ auqcionis gziT. mdgradi tyiTsargeblobis unari dRes (grZelvadiani sargeblobis ufleba) fasdeba resursSi maqsimaluri fasis gadaxdis unariT.
cnobili ar aris, aseT auqcionze ra gaiyideba da ra Seisiyideba. xe-tyis resursi
konkretuli ramaa, is xasiaTdeba misi faseulobis ganmsazRvrel maCvenebelTa mkacri
sistemiT. safasuri amoReba xorcieldeba yovelwliurad _ sistematurad cvalebadobs faseulobac (Tundac imitom, rom icvleba tyekafebis ganlageba). imisaTvis, rom
tyiTsargebloba iyos racionaluri, tyis damamzadeblis finansuri mdgomareoba ki
myari, saWiroa, rom safasuri Seesabamebodes faseulobas. garda amisa, icvleba gareSe pirobebic _ mrgvali xe-tyis fasebi da warmoebis faqtorebi. gaurkvevelia,
amoRebis romeli moculobisTvis xdeba safasuris gadaxda _ faqtobrivisaTvis Tu
saangariSosaTvis. es ki principuli sakiTxia. gamodis, rom moarendesaTvis momgebiania (zogjer ki gamouvalia) airCios ukeTesi, uaxloesi, daarRvios reglamenti (dRes
viarseboT _ da mere vnaxoT). auqcionebi da grZelvadiani arenda tyis marTvisTvisaTvis SeuTavsebadi ekonomikuri meqanizmebia.
8. deklaracia _ fiqcia Tu gaugebroba? sargeblobis nebadarTviTi principi
TiTqosda Canacvlebulia gancxadebiTiT. deklarireba (gancxadeba) mosargebles
SeuZlia, rodesac aqvs satyeo teritoriis aTvisebis damtkicebuli (eqspertizagavlili) proeqti. proeqtSi miTiTebuli unda iyos aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi Tu ra, rodis da sad unda moiWras. es raRa Tavisuflebaa? warmovidginoT suraTi _ fermeri
bazarSi Camovida xorcis gasayidad. dado najaxi, gamarTa saswori, Camokida “praisi”
da eubneba mozRvavebul myidvelebs: Tqven TviTon SearCieT, moWeriT, awoneT, daiangariSeT da fuli CadeT ai am kolofSio. saeWvoa, dRis bolos es kolofi aivsos.
saxelmwifo analogiurad xom ar eqceva Tavis tyis resursebs?
9. direqtiuli dafinanseba. SenarCunebulia Zveli sistema, romelic Camoyalibda jer kidev sabWoTa periodSi. regionebi xelgaSverilia, centri ki mowyaled
urigebs saxsrebs. obieqturi kriteriumebi ar aris, tyeTmomwyobis masalebi, romlebzedac xdeba damowmeba, ar Seicavs erTmniSvnelovan pasuxebs. vis rogor gamouva.
finansTa saministro aseT viTarebaze reagirebas ar axdens.
gana ucnauri ar aris, rom kontroli saxsrebis sagnobriv xarjavze uwindeburad ekisreba dargobriv uwyebas (imas, vinc xarjavs) da ara finansurs (imas, vinc
ixdis)? magram aris kidev mTavari sakiTxi: gasakontroleblad unda vicodeT satyeosameurneo RonisZiebebis ekonomikuri efeqtianobis gansazRvra. xolo aseTi sakiTxi
arc ki dasmula.
axali wesi moiTxovs, rom moarende:
1) merqnis safasurs ixdides moWramde;
2) aRwarmoebis yvela samuSaos atarebdes sakuTari xarjiT;
43
3) tyis dacvis samuSaoebs atarebdes sakuTari xarjiT.
arsebiTad, esaa sammagi dabegvra. amiT moxdeba bunebrivi resursebis safasuris
sabWoTa koncefciis gacocxleba. maSin zogierTi mecnieri gamosavals xedavda imaSi,
rom bunebrivi resursebis Rirebuleba Seiqmnas ori sididis SejamebiT: sargeblobis
safasuriT (amJamad _ arendis xelSekrulebis dadebis uflebis safasuriT), romelic
diferencirebulia resursebis xarisxisa da ganlagebis mixedviT, aseve maTi aRwarmoebis xarjiT. Tavisi sruli Teoriuli ususurobis gamo praqtikaSi is arasodes
gamoyenebula. sabazro ekonomikaSi aseTi sqema SesaZlebelia, oRond erTi arsebiTi
pirobiT: tyis merqnis resursebis maRali rentuli Rirebulebis
(rac aRemateba
tyeebis aRwarmoebisa da dacvis xarjebs) nawili rCeba mosargebles, da is masze dakisrebul satyeo-sameurneo samuSaoebs awarmoebs “sakuTari xarjiT”, xolo naSTi,
rentuli gadasaxadis saxiT, romelsac SeiZleba agreTve vuwodoT saijaro gadasaxadi, amoiReba biujetSi sazogadoebrivi saWiroebebisaTvis.
dRes saqarTveloSi tyisgadamamuSavebel raionTa umetesobaSi fasebi mrgval
xe-tyeSi ara marto ver iZleva mwarmoebelTa rentul Semosavals, aramed verc ki
faravs merqnis damzadebis normalur fasebs. ZiriTadi fondebis ganaxleba xdeba
nela, aigeba ZiriTadad droebiTi tyis gadasazidi gzebi, muSebis xelfasi naklebia
mrewvelobaSi saSualo xelfasTan SedarebiT.
Tanamedrove pirobebSi kanonSi Cadebuli sistema gamoiwvevs ekonomikurad
xelmisawvdomi resursebis Semcirebas. amis Sedegi ki iqneba tyis damamzadebelTa finansuri mdgomareobis gauareseba, gakotrebebi, merqnis damzadebis moculobaTa Semcireba, satyeo reglamentis darRveva da a.S.
10. qvearenda. igi gamogonilia imisaTvis, rom gaizardos konkurencia auqcionebze da amiT moimatos biujetis Semosavlebma. Tumca, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, auqcionebi da grZelvadiani arenda SeuTavsebadi meqanizmebia. qvearenda SeiZleba iyos
sargeblobis efeqtiani forma, Tuki generaluri moarende aris gadamamuSavebeli simZlavreebis mqone kompania. aseTi daTqmiT es SeiZleba iyos norma.
11. korufciuloba. moxeleTa korumpirebuloba aris sakuTrebis “veluri” privatizaciis Sedegi. TiToeuli ase msjelobs: imaTTvis Tu SeiZleba, CemTvis ratom
ara? mdidrebisTvis warTmeva niSnavs sakuTaris dabrunebas, inerciiT ki yvelasgan
xdeba es. biujetiT mxolod zarmaci Tu ar sargeblobs. movaleobis, Rirsebis, samarTlianobis cnebebi gaufasurda. yvelas surs “kargi cxovreba”, axalgazrdobidanve miCveulia eswrafvodes “warmatebas”, es ki mxolod fulia _ warmatebis sxva
obieqturi sazomi “demokratiul” sazogadoebaSi ar arsebobs, sxvanairad diqtaturaa. cnobili germaneli filosofosis o. Spengleris, kulturologiuri kvlevis
“evropis daisis” avtoris TqmiT, “demokratia fulis Zalauflebaa”. korufciasTan
deklarirebuli brZola Sedegs ar iZleva da verc mogvcems, sanam ar aRdgeba socialuri samarTlianoba.
xelisufleba darwmunebulia, rom man gadadga gabeduli nabiji tyis damzadebis investiciuri mimzidvelobis gasazrdelad, tyeebis arendiT gacemidan sabiujeto
Semosavlebis mosamateblad. es gabeduloba emyareba dasavleTis qveynebis dadebiT
gamocdilebas: ZiriTadi argumentia _ viswavloT imaTgan, visi cxovrebis donec Cvensaze ganuzomlad maRalia. yvelaferze mzadaa magaliTebi, xSirad zedapiruli. ramdenjer gameorebula es Cvens istoriaSi, ramdenjer uTqvamT liberalebisaTvis, rom
“ar SeiZleba ase brmad gadmoviRoT nasesxebi dasavluri mowyoba, unda gvqondes
gambedaoba viaroT Cveni qarTuli gziT”.
satyeo meurneoba daSlilia, biznesi ver viTardeba.
44
mrewvelebma unda gaacnobieron sakuTari WeSmariti interesebi da aqtiurad
ibrZolon misTvis. pirveli rigSi unda ganisazRvros: arendis pirobebi, resursebis
safasuris gansazRvrisa da gadaxdevinebis wesi, tyis gadasazidi gzebis agebis, tyeebis aRwarmoebisa da dacvis dafinansebis wesi, regionuli satransporto infrastruqturis ganviTareba, satyeo dagegmareba da satyeo politika.
sanam ar Seicvleba erovnuli Semosavlis ganawilebis sistema, daculi ar iqneba sakuTari mwarmoeblebis (da ara nedleuliTa da importuli saqonliT movaWreebis) interesebi, ar Seicvleba privatizebis arsebuli sistema, ar gveqneba efeqtiani ekonomikuri zrda. Sesabamisad, satyeo resursebis rentuli Rirebuleba darCeba dabali _ satyeo seqtoris sainvesticio mimzidvelobasa da seriozul ganviTarebaze laparakic ki zedmetia.
satyeo kanonmdeblobaze unda gagrZeldes muSaoba, is ar unda gadaidos, Tumca arc unda avCqardeT gadawyvetilebebSi. jer unda moxdes SeTanxmeba. SevTanxmdeT
saqarTveloSi tyis marTvis sayovelTaod aRiarebul modelze, romlisaganac jer
kidev Sorsaa amJamad ganxilvis procesSi arsebuli kanoni ~tyis Sesaxeb.~ maTi ZiriTadi postulatebi ver uzrunvelyofs saqarTvelos tyis resursebis mdgrad ganviTarebas da ver gaxdeba tyis marTvis modelis safuZveli. xolo ekologiuri da ekonomikuri mimarTulebiT mas SeuZlia moitanos aunazRaurebadi ziani, romlis gamosworebas ara erTi Taoba dasWirdeba.
Kandelaki Teimuraz
NATIONAL FOREST MANAGEMENT MODEL AND ITS PLACE IN FOREST LEGISLATION
SUMMARY
This article is about establishment of National Forest Management Model and in this regard there are
some critical comments on the proposed forest draft project, which isn’t approved and is under the way of
discussion. In addition to this there is some information about the following factors, such as resources’ high and
law income, intensive centralization, arenda mechanism etc. In brief: in this article you can find some useful
information about priority directions of improving Forest Managen.
Kasnauskienė Gindra
Buzytė Lina
ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF WORKER’S REMITTANCES FLOWS
Remittances have become a force with a growing significance in the global economy. These private transfers of money sent by emigrants to their relatives left in their home country are usually periodic, nonmarket and
unrequited. Despite the fact that emigrants remit only a few hundred dollars at a time, these add up to huge and
constantly growing annual amount (Chami et al, 2008). These flows have unique characteristics that imply the
possibility of strong effects on economics. This study analyzes the economies of Lithuania and Poland in terms
of economic growth in relation to remitted cash flows. Lithuania is characterized as the country with large
amounts of emigration. Since 1990 more than 600 thousand people have left the country. However, this research
intends to prove that emigration may not only have negative aspects, such as depopulation or decreasing labor
force, but can also endow remittances, where the receiving country’s welfare increases in terms of remitted
money. It is analyzed whether the effect on economic development caused by remittances is greater in Lithuania
because this country receives bigger remittances-to-GDP rate compared to Poland.
45
To begin with, the International Organization for Migration states that the quality of remittances data is
not satisfactory and the description of remittances is still a subject for discussions (IOM, 2010). Since the quality of the data is increasing slowly, it is difficult to adequately compare data over the years (Eurostat, 2007).
Compilers of statistics, tracking the amount of remitted cash flows, gather their data from the formal Remittance
Service Providers (banks, credit unions, and wire-transfer services). However, a set of informal modes of transferring funds and sending money do exist, yet remain unmonitored.
Remittances can be measured as a sum of three components: worker’s remittances, employee compensation and migrant’s transfers. Though scientists believe that the most proper way to measure it is to use only
worker’s remittances (Chami et al, 2008). Also, analyzing the EU countries as Lithuania and Poland it is acceptable to include employee compensation as well.
What is more, remittances have attracted the interest of researchers because of its extraordinary characteristics and potential impact the economic development. Remittances are constantly growing cash flows that are
usually sent to developing countries (Chami, 2008). The basic reasons to remit are altruism, when money is sent
to facilitate the consumption of remittances receiving part, and self- interest exchange, when the remitter expects some services or goods in return (Aggarwal, Horowitz, 2002). However, despite the intentions of the remitter, eventually only the remittances receiving part has the right to choose where to use money. In addition,
these transfers are distinct from those of direct foreign investments (FDI) or private capital. In both Lithuania
and Poland remittances–to–GDP ratio for almost the whole period was lower than the FDI–to–GDP and private
capital flows–to–GDP ratios, yet it was constantly growing (see Figures 1 and 2). Remittances are less dependent on the global economic situation and this implies the continuous growth of remittances without significant
downturns (Maimbo, Ratha, 2005).
Figure 1. Remittances and other financial flows to Lithuania, 1994–2009.
(In percent of GDP)
Source: World Bank Data (2011), authors` calculations.
A descent of all observed cash flows can be seen in 2008. Though remittances–to–GDP ratio falls
slightly, the FDI–to–GDP and private capital flows–to–GDP ratios experience a sudden downturn. During this
period remittances make a larger share of GDP than private capital flows in both countries. In 2009, the FDI–to–
GDP and private capital flows–to–GDP ratios are on a quick rise in Poland while remittances–to–GDP is still
decreasing. But in Lithuania, the FDI–to–GDP continues to fall dramatically and remittances–to–GDP again
grows steadily. So, in 2009 FDI make only 0.62 percent share of GDP, while remittances accounted for even a
3.14 percent share of GDP in Lithuania. All in all, remittances are relatively more stable than other inflows to
Lithuania and Poland. However, in both countries remittances are smaller than FDI and private capital flows.
46
Figure 2. Remittances and other financial flows to Poland, 1994–2009.
(In percent of GDP)
Source: World Bank data (2011); authors` calculations.
Moreover, remittances may have both advantages and drawbacks. First of all, it can reduce poverty, increase consumption and investments in a receiving country. Remittances can reduce the risk of income shocks
and make it possible to exchange working hours into time for education. However, remittances can cause some
negative effects, such as the Dutch disease or a country’s dependence on remittances (Barajas, 2010).
Concerning, empirical tests, the World Bank and IMF have executed ample scientific research and works
about remittances. However, there is no common, globally accepted model to test its impact on economic development. The GDP per capita growth is usually used as a dependent variable in panel regression, where the independent variables are chosen freely according to theories of scientists (Barajas et al, 2009).
As renowned scientists, supported by the World Bank or the IMF, are analyzing effects of remittances using vast samples of countries and extensive periods of time to construct the panel regressions, this study takes a
slightly different strategy to analyze the relation between economic growth and remitted cash flows. It is widely
known that remittances are sent mostly to poor developing countries with a purpose to compensate consumption
(Chami et al, 2008). On the other hand, there exists an assumption, that remittances can have a positive effect on
economic growth only if invested (Ratha, 2006). So, in this study two European Union (EU) members, Lithuania and Poland, are analyzed because the poverty level in EU is not as low compared to developing countries
(World Bank, 2011) and there is a possibility that more remitted money can be invested instead of being used
for consumption. Despite the fact that these countries have great differences in size and economic development,
they both are among the top countries which receive the biggest amounts of remittances. In 2009 Lithuania had
one of the greatest remittances–to–GDP ratios in the EU – 3.14 percent, while Poland received only 1.8 percent.
However, Poland with its US$8.13 billion was the twelfth largest receiver in the world in terms of the biggest
absolute amounts of remittances.
What is more, Lithuania and Poland have different structure of remittances. It is interesting that in
Lithuania it is dominated by worker’s remittances with 84 percent and only 16 percent left to employee compensation, whereas in Poland employee compensation makes an astounding 56.6 percent share of total remittances.
Analyzing Lithuanian and Polish economies in respect of remittances GDP per capita growth rate is chosen as a dependent variable and is meant to represent economic growth. GDP per capita is chosen in order to
eliminate the size differences between countries. The main independent variable, which may have an impact on
economic growth and is analyzed in this study, is remittances–to–GDP ratio. The ratio describes the significance
of remittances to the particular economies better than absolute numbers.
Other independent variables are added referring to the Solow Growth Model (Solow 1956). The model
uses two important production inputs: labor as well as capital and combines them with knowledge to produce
47
output. Solow analyzed a closed economy, however, the present global world entails cash flows also from foreign countries: FDI–to–GDP, private capital flows–to–GDP. Moreover, the earliest study of this kind, by
Chami, Fullenkamp, and Jahjah (2003), showed that, whereas domestic investment and private capital flows
were positively related to growth, the remittances–to–GDP either was not statistically significant or was negatively related to growth (Barajas 2009). However, domestic investment is not included in this research, on the
grounds that it might be driven by remittances. What is more, the second important input for production is labor,
so labor force growth is included into the set of control variables in this model. In addition, economists refer to
the knowledge about putting inputs together as technology. The progression of technology is hardly measured,
so in this study knowledge and education expressed by percentage of tertiary school enrolment that will represent the factor of technology. Moreover, annual inflation is included as a controlled variable, because a moderate level of inflation can increase investment in an economy leading to faster economic growth or at least higher
steady state level of income. This is due to the fact that inflation lowers the return on monetary assets relative to
real assets, such as physical capital.
To construct the econometric model a forward selection of variables is used. Then, the variables are
sorted by looking at the value of the correlation coefficients and this shows the order in which they enter the
model. Also, the marginal contribution of variables is calculated and estimated its significance. Before each
variable is added, it is checked for autocorrelation and quasi-multicollinearity of first and higher order.
The hypothesis states that the effect on economic development caused by remittances is greater in Lithuania because this country receives bigger flows of remittances-to- GDP compared with Poland.
The results show that the models of both countries are explained well with the chosen variables, because
the determination coefficients are high: 0.56 in Lithuanian model and even 0.79 in Polish model. In both models
FDI–to–GDP is positively related to GDP per capita growth rate. However, private capital flows–to–GDP has a
negative impact on the dependent variable. In Poland, the annual inflation has a positive effect on economic
growth, whereas in Lithuania it impacts the growth negatively. Also, in the Lithuanian model the percentage of
tertiary school enrolment is negatively related to economic growth (see Table).
Table
Regression explaining GDP per capita growth
POLAND
LITHUANIA
Variable
Coefficients
t Stat
Coefficients
t Stat
Intercept
0.65
0.4
25.09
2.44
FDI–to–GDP (%)
0.95
2.59
3.19
4.43
Annual inflation (%)
0.13
2.53
–0.40
–3.33
Private capital flows–to–
GDP (%)
–0.22
–1.05
–3.80
–4.37
Percentage of tertiary
school enrolment (%)
–*
–*
–0.17
–1.09
Remittances–to–GDP (%)
0.31
0.44
–2.40
–1.38
Note: *- the variable can not be included.
Source: Authors` calculations.
In both cases the marginal contribution of remittances–to–GDP ratio is not statistically significant in the
model. Though, in Lithuania, this variable is negatively correlated and in Poland positively correlated to GDP
per capita growth rate. These differences may occur because of different factors that are driving remittances in
these countries. The basic reasons to remit are altruism and self- interest exchange. “If remittances are more
compensatory in nature (i.e. if they are sent for altruistic reasons in order to help family in the home country),
they should be negatively correlated with the home country GDP, or countercyclical. In contrast, if they are
profit- driven, they should be positively correlated with GDP or procyclical” (Giuliano, Ruiz- Arranz, 2006, 15).
So, it might be that not remittances cause economic changes, but economic situation drives remittances. In addi48
tion, the results can differ in both countries because of distinct structure of remittances. Employee compensation
has a weak correlation with worker`s remittances and its effects are more similar to FDI or private capital flows
(Chami, 2008). In Poland this component has the biggest part in remittances, so it may explain the positive correlation of economic growth and remittances there. Therefore, in Lithuania the biggest share of remittances is
taken by worker`s remittances which are rather altruistic and intended to spend for consumption than for investment. This may cause the negative correlation between GDP per capita growth rate and remittances–to–
GDP. There is also a possibility that Poland is able to use remittances more efficiently than Lithuania.
To sum up, remittances are private transfers with a growing global importance. Their unique characteristics imply the possibility of strong effects on economics. However the measurement of these cash flows and statistical data is not appropriate as of today. The remittances may have both advantages and disadvantages for the
economies. The results of this study show that in both countries (Lithuania and Poland) remittances are not statistically significant in the model that explains economic growth. Despite the fact that in Lithuania remittances
have negative impact on GDP per capita growth, in Poland they influence it positively. These differences may
occur because of different structure of remittances, disparity of remittances driving factors as well as inequality
in efficiency of using these cash flows. In addition, the hypothesis is rejected, because research shows that the
ratio of remittances to GDP has no positive effect on greater impact on remittances. However, still there is a
need to improve the data of remittances to be able to control these quickly growing cash flows. Also, the main
challenge for policymakers is to design policies that would promote remittances and increase their benefits
while mitigating negative side effects.
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Gindra Kasnauskienė
Lina Buzytė
ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF WORKER’S REMITTANCES FLOWS
SUMMARY
Remittance inflows have increased significantly in many countries over past decades. The large and relatively sustained volume of these financial transfers raises a number of important questions about their possible
effect on economic development. This paper aims to examine the impacts of remittances on economic growth,
using data sets of Lithuania and Poland, and applying multiple regression analysis method to them during the
period 1994-2009. Furthermore, it summarizes key conclusions and provides set of policy recommendations
regarding the adjusting policy means to these flows.
Кредисов А.
Кредисов В.
ВЗАИМОСВЯЗЬ РАЗВИТИЯ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ ТЕОРИИ
И МЕНЕДЖМЕНТА
Принято считать, что экономическая теория является наукой общественной, имеющей собственные позитивные и нормативные измерения. Но даже последние – это большей частью макроэкономические нормативы, определяемые политикой государства, прогнозом его развития. Поиск объективных
законов, закономерностей поступательного движения общества был и остается предметом этой науки;
никакие экономикс или микроэкономика не могут этого изменить, как и объекта экономической науки –
общества, обеспечения его существования и прогресса.
А.Смит, Д.Рикардо, К.Маркс, Дж.Милль, А.Маршалл, Т.Веблен, Дж.Кейнс – это далеко не все
имена прославленных основоположников экономической теории, которая выработала методологические посылки не только содержательного анализа реальной хозяйственной действительности, но и
связанной с ней логики возможных практических операций или поступков хозяйствующего субъекта.
Экономический детерминизм, причинно-следственные зависимости, принципы рациональной человеческой деятельности, естественное равновесие и саморегулирование общественных процессов, которые
только дополняются государственно-регуляторными инструментами, - таковы начала, определяющие
развитие экономической теории с конца ХVIII ст. Эти же методологические подходы в конечном счете
повлияли на становление управленческой мысли. Ее признанные авторитеты – Ф.Тейлор, Г.Эмерсон,
М.Вебер, А.Файоль, Г.Ганнт, А.Богданов и другие – многое брали у представителей экономической
теории, утверждая новую научную дисциплину – менеджмент.
Мы разделяем распространенное мнение, что менеджмент имеет отношение не только к
общественным, но и к естественным наукам. В этом его особенность. Менеджмент как наука изучает
отношения между человеком и вещью, предметом труда, средством труда. Объектом, в отличие от
экономической теории, служит хозяйствующий субъект любого уровня, конечная цель которого – не
просто эффективная деятельность, но максимально возможный денежный доход (прибыль).
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Из сказанного понятно, что появление менеджмента не может предшествовать экономической
теории. Менеджмент отражает ее историческое развитие, хотя и сам воздействует на ход последнего.
Став частью этой теории тогда, когда товар и деньги обрели определяющую общественную форму, он
вошел в теорию в качестве составляющей и вместе с тем, благодаря этому, существует самостоятельно.
Следовательно, вполне естественно, что менеджмент, сначала существовавший только как
реальная практика управления, определенное его искусство, на этапе абстрагированного познания начал
развиваться под влиянием экономической теории, отражая результаты ее исследований и проблемы.
Так, школа научного менеджмента отразила достижения экономической теории в части разделения
труда, признания того, что техника, НТП способствуют увеличению количества продуктов труда и в то
же время уменьшению стоимости, а значит, и цены каждой их единицы. Это приводит к улучшению
жизни всех – и собственников капитала, и тех, у кого его нет. Нужно рационально использовать капитал,
труд, землю как факторы производства на каждом рабочем месте. Однако эта школа («тейлоризм») не
только доказала, что можно управлять «научно», но и вскоре продемонстрировала свою принципиальную ограниченность.
Следующий важный шаг в развитии управленческой мысли, тесно связанный с предыдущим,
был сделан административной школой менеджмента. Эта школа унаследовала достижения экономической теории в области исследований концентрации и централизации капитала, укрупнения производства,
которое требует планирования, распоряжения, координации, контроля, то есть организации в широком
понимании этого слова не только на отдельно взятом рабочем месте, но и на предприятии в целом.
Несколько ранее А.Маршалл выдвинул идею о том, что организация работы на предприятии – это такой
же фактор производства, как и земля, труд, капитал. Ученый стал основателем позитивной (чистой) и
нормативной (прикладной) науки (economics). Избегая анализа острых проблем партийной борьбы,
внутренней и внешней политики [1], экономикс имеет своим главным стержнем практическое
применение результатов, полученных в ходе теоретических исследований в экономике. Как видим,
влияние последних на менеджмент не вызывает сомнений и в контексте достижений этой школы.
Теория человеческих отношений как школа в менеджменте базируется на исследованиях,
связанных с пониманием негомогенности факторов производства, в частности, того, что труд (человек) в
условиях НТП намного важнее, чем другие факторы. Теория социальных процессов, разработанная
основателем институционализма Т.Вебленом, поставила в центр общественных наук идеи развития и
деятельности человека. В противовес классической школе политической экономии, которая денежный
интерес признала равнозначным экономическому интересу и тем самым вывела человеческую личность
из экономического анализа, институционалисты поставили человека в центр последнего. Предметом
экономической науки, писал Т.Веблен, является изучение поведения человека в его отношении к
материальным средствам существования и такая наука по необходимости есть исследование живой
истории материальной цивилизации [2].
Количественная школа, которая пока остается последней в концептуальной наработке
менеджмента как науки, поставила принятие управленческих решений в непосредственную зависимость
от достижений информатики. Именно американский экономист Герберт А.Саймон, лауреат Нобелевской
премии 1978 г., стал использовать в этих целях компьютер, когда информатика только начинала свое
существование. По его мнению, принять правильные решения невозможно без владения информацией,
которая является основой анализа умственных процессов, а чтобы моделировать рациональное
мышление, требуются электронно-вычислительные машины. При этом отрицалось предположение
представителей классической школы экономической теории об «экономическом человеке», который
будто бы рационален в попытках оптимизировать выполнение решений. Человек в реальных административных ситуациях только «сориентирован на рациональность», то есть стремится к ней в пределах
возможного, иначе говоря, как правило, ищет удовлетворительное, но не обязательно оптимальное
решение [3].
Итак, экономическая теория обосновала если не новую концепцию менеджмента, то, во всяком
случае, новую его методологию анализа, которая получила название «ситуативный подход». С 60-х
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годов ХХ ст. последний остается важнейшим научным результатом в области менеджмента, который в
той или иной степени определяет тенденции развития современного менеджмента.
Коротко эти тенденции, на наш взгляд, таковы.
Во-первых, будет наблюдаться определенный возврат к прошлому, то есть осознание роли
эффективного использования материальной, технической базы современного производства и услуг. Но
если с конца ХVIII ст. до 1-й половины ХХ ст. технологии различных видов производства рассматривались как независимые, присущие только той или иной отрасли промышленности, то в наши дни
такое представление абсолютно безосновательно. Современный менеджмент должен исходить из того,
что главное влияние на отдельные компании и на всю отрасль осуществляют те технологии, которые
находятся вне ее пределов. Следовательно, в настоящее время менеджмент должен учитывать, что
технологии различных отраслей промышленности развивается не параллельно, не обособленно, - они
пересекаются и взаимно дополняют друг друга. Соответственно и политика менеджмента не может
строиться на неизменной технологии.
Во-вторых, усилится внимание к организационной культуре, а также к разнообразным формам
демократизации, участию рядовых работников в прибылях и осуществлении управленческих функций.
В-третьих, количественно и качественно станет более значительной социальная составляющая
менеджмента, возрастет его совместная с бизнесом социальная ответственность. Вместе с тем, заметное
уменьшение занятости в бизнесе трудоспособного населения, что связано с постепенным вхождением
стран мира в эпоху постиндустриального развития, приведет не только к окончательному признанию
необходимости менеджмента в госсекторе, науке, образовании, медицине, но и к повышению его
социальной ответственности в «некоммерческих» сферах деятельности.
И, наконец, четвертая тенденция связана с глобализацией экономики, с ускорением интернационализации производства и, соответственно, распределением, обменом, потреблением товаров и услуг.
Следует учитывать, что новый этап интернационализации хозяйственной жизни отмечен внедрением
информационно-коммуникационных технологий. Как следствие, рациональный менеджмент начал
уступать место менеджменту на основе информатики. В отличие от традиционно жесткой функциональной специализации, организационное устройство кампаний в условиях глобализации, возможно, получит форму матрицы, поскольку ни одно важное решение не будет принято, если оно не предусмотрит
интеграции и координации целого ряда функций. В результате усиления демократизации каждая
компания будет, ориентировочно, иметь вдвое меньшее количество уровней менеджмента, чем сегодня.
Названные тенденции вполне коррелируют с изменениями, происходящими в экономической
теории. Это непосредственно касается методологического обновления исходных позиций анализа
экономических процессов современной жизни, в частности, со своеобразной, по нашему мнению,
реабилитацией политической экономии. Существующая взаимосвязь институтов государственной власти и бизнеса (экономики) существенно усложнилась с началом глобализации мирового рынка. Еще
более усложнили эту взаимосвязь распад командно-административной социалистической системы
хозяйствования, а затем трансформационные процессы в странах, ставших на путь независимого
развития и построения рыночной экономики. В этих условиях политические решения не просто
воздействуют на экономические системы и соответствующие идеологии, а находятся в эпицентре
безостановочного развертывания процессов и отношений между бизнесом и властью. Менеджеры,
особенно международные бизнес-менеджеры, должны научиться предвидеть возможные события и
явления, решать задачи со многими неизвестными и не оказываться беспомощными в неожиданных
обстоятельствах. В свою очередь, это требует качественно новых их черт.
Эти черты детерминируются технологическими и экологическими условиями деятельности
организации, экономической, политической, социальной идеологиями, соответствующими общественными институтами, отношениями с многочисленными участниками социально-экономических процессов в жизни страны (собственниками, поставщиками, покупателями, конкурентами, сотрудниками
СМИ и пр.). Однако, как и в доглобализационный период, важнейшим результатом работы менеджера
должно быть то, что называется производительностью. Именно на это обратил внимание американский
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ученый-менеджер П.Друкер. Он подчеркнул, что если в ХХ ст. уникальным достижением менеджмента
было повышение в 50 раз производительности физического труда, то для ХХI ст. главным станет
производительность труда умственного [4]. Здесь, на наш взгляд, опять-таки экономическая теория
должна сыграть решающую роль в выяснении различий между обоими видами труда и выработке
соответствующих подходов к управлению повышением их производительности.
Д.Рикардо, Ж.-Б.Сэй, другие последователи теории трудовой стоимости рассматривали
физический труд как затратный производственный фактор. Отсюда и все представители школы
научного менеджмента главным принципом управленческой деятельности считали контроль за этим
фактором и сведение его к минимуму. Экономическая теория постиндустриального периода в развитии
общества рассматривает человека, особенно человека умственного труда, который становится доминирующим фактором производства, как носителя особого капитала – знаний. Общеизвестно, что
капитал нужно расходовать таким образом, чтобы он не уменьшался, а непрерывно возрастал. Из этих
теоретических постулатов вытекает главная обязанность менеджмента, а в конечном счете и самая
ценная черта менеджера ХХI ст.- не просто обеспечить эффективность труда человека, но постоянно
обогащать его как носителя интеллектуального капитала.
С этим связаны требования современного менеджмента к повышению производительности
труда, почти полностью противоположные прежним. И хотя Украину, точно так же как и другие
государства бывшего СССР, еще нельзя считать страной постиндустриального развития, эти требования
полностью касаются тех сфер ее экономики, где доля умственного труда является решающей (инновационные производства, наука, образование, медицина). Перечислим эти требования: ответственность
самого работника за производительность своего труда, а потому максимальная его независимость;
органическое единство труда с непрерывной инновационной деятельностью; постоянное пополнение
багажа знаний, то есть «учеба в течение всей жизни»; измерение производительности умственного труда
не столько количеством, сколько качеством конечного результата.
Таким образом, со времени своего рождения как науки менеджмент развивается в тесной связи с
наукой экономической. Для экономической теории эта взаимосвязь ценна тем, что менеджмент
включает элементы естественных наук в предмет своего анализа. Так теория воплощается в реальной
практике производства. С другой стороны, именно экономическая наука в своем политико-экономическом аспекте существенно воздействует на менеджмент, дает возможность не только определить
его тенденции в перспективе, но и выкристаллизовать черты менеджера, без которых ускорение
общественного прогресса не будет достаточным.
1. Маршалл А. Принципы экономической науки. В 3т. Т.1 , М., «Прогресс», 1993, с. 27.
2. Veblen Т. The Place of Science in Modern Civilization. New York,1919, p.241. Цит. по изданию:
Селигмен Б. Основные течения современной экономической мысли. М., 1968, с. 62.
3. Massiе J. L., Douglas J. Managing. А Contemporary Introduction. Prentice Hall. Englewood Cliffs, New
Jersey, 1992, p.36.
4. Друкер П. Ф. Задачи менеджмента в ХХI веке. М.-СПб.-К., 2000, с.181.
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Кураташвли Альфред
ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКИЕ ОСНОВЫ ВОЗНИКНОВЕНИЯ И ПРЕОДОЛЕНИЯ
СОВРЕМЕННОГО МИРОВОГО ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОГО КРИЗИСА
Раскрытие теоретических основ возникновения современного Мирового экономического кризиса, а также исследование основ преодоления этого кризиса, имеет принципиальное значение для
эффективного функционирования общества, государства и человечества в целом.
Мировой экономический кризис начала XXI века, по моему глубокому убеждению, является
качественно новым кризисом – притом является Всеобщим кризисом капитализма, и, прежде всего,
кризисом развитого капитализма.
Специфическая особенность данного кризиса заключается в том, что он является результатом
кризиса в мозгах – в сознании – тех ученых, на результаты исследований которых опирались в процессе
управления обществом и государством лидеры (и вообще власти) ведущих капиталистических стран
мира в преддверии этого кризиса.
Исходя из вышеотмеченного, глубинные причины возникновения Мирового экономического
кризиса в начале XXI века, так же как и причины возникновения любого другого мирового экономического кризиса ошибочно искать лишь в самой экономике.
Отмеченное убеждение обосновывается мной тем, что, во-первых, экономикой управляет не
сама экономика, а управляет ею политика, в виду чего непосредственно определяющие причины
возникновения Мирового экономического кризиса в начале XXI века необходимо искать, прежде всего,
в политическом менеджменте.
Притом здесь и далее политический менеджмент мной рассматривается как политическое
управление – как государственное управление, в отличие от некоторых других интерпретации
политического менеджмента, которые мне представляются устаревшими взглядами в понимании
менеджмента, и которые будут рассмотрены мной отдельно.
И, во-вторых, для эффективного управления экономикой и всеми другими сферами общественной жизни, политический менеджмент должен основываться на соответствующие научно-теоретические идеи, способствующие указывать и освещать путь практике [1], ибо говоря словами Леонардо
да Винчи, «Теория – полководец, практика – солдаты» [2, с.53].
Следовательно, наиболее глубинные причины возникновения мирового экономического кризиса
необходимо искать в тех «научных» идеях, на которые основывался и возможно в основном еще
основывается политический менеджмент ведущих капиталистических стран мира, и в которых начался
мировой экономический кризис в начале XXI века.
Хотя, это вовсе не означает, что будто бы нигде в мире нет ученых, на основании идей которых
можно было бы эффективно управлять обществом, государством и человечеством в целом.
Однако, во-первых, обычно лидеры государств, как мне представляется, нередко основываются
в своей деятельности не на самые прогрессивные научные идеи, имеющиеся в мире, а на идеи своих как
бы «придворных» ученых, наподобие того, как у царей в прошлые века существовали придворные
поэты, артисты и т.д., занимающиеся их развлечением. Но ведь научная деятельность – это принципиально иной феномен, с принципиально иными целями и задачами.
Притом свои как бы «придворные» ученые лидерам ведущих капиталистических стран мира,
видимо, кажутся самыми сильными – самыми большими мыслителями, что, мягко говоря, не всегда
может соответствовать действительности, и что вовсе не удивительно, ибо порой, к сожалению, даже
лауреаты Нобелевской премии не предлагают всемирно значимые идеи.
И, во-вторых, речь здесь идет лишь о том, что лидеры ведущих капиталистических стран мира в
процессе управления обществом и государством, как показывают результаты их деятельности,
проявившиеся, к примеру, в возникновении мирового экономического кризиса в начале XXI века,
основывались на те будто бы «прогрессивные» «научные» идей, которые способствовали возникновению этого кризиса, либо они (лидеры государств) не основывались на научные идеи вообще(?!).
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А точнее, лидеры ведущих капиталистических стран мира, видимо, руководствовались (и
возможно кое-кто из них и ныне еще руководствуется) традиционным «букетом» критериев, свойственных капитализму: господство самоцели средств – господство денег, прибыли, капитала, господство
и регулирующая роль свободного рынка в обществе и в государстве(?!).
Однако спрашивается: если не требуется регулирование и управление обществом и государством, то тогда для чего существует государственная власть?! Не для того ли, чтобы способствовать
слепому функционированию общества и государства?! И не для того ли, чтобы в этих условиях способствовать обогащению отдельных лиц за счет экономического геноцида и экономического изнасилования
народа?!
Ведь наличие вышеотмеченных критериев, свойственных капитализму, может подтвердить
любой человек, который прожил в одном из развитых капиталистических государств мира хотя бы
всего несколько дней.
В связи с регулирующей ролью свободного рынка в обществе и в государстве, на мой взгляд,
важно привести здесь слова всемирно известного американского ученого-экономиста Джона Кеннета
Гэлбрейта, который еще в 1990 году писал, что «Капитализм не мог бы выжить в своей изначальной
или чистой форме, но под нажимом он смог приспособиться» [3].
Далее Джон Кеннет Гэлбрейт писал: «…Кто говорит…о возвращении к свободному рынку
времен Смита, неправы настолько, что их точка зрения может быть сочтена психическим отклонением
клинического характера. Это то явление, которого у нас на Западе нет, которое мы не стали бы терпеть,
и которое не смогло бы выжить. Наша жизнь смягчается и защищается правительством; для
восточноевропейцев капитализм в его чистом виде был бы так же неприемлем, как он был бы
неприемлем для нас» [3].
Таким образом, несмотря на безусловную важность использования рыночных отношений для
эффективного функционирования общественно-государственной системы, приведенные выше слова
Джона Кеннета Гэлбрейта еще раз подтверждают неприемлемость господства свободного рынка времен
Адама Смита в современном развитом, или даже развивающемся, обществе и государстве.
Необходимо здесь особо отметить, что в отличие от капитализма, в Истинно человеческом
обществе и государстве – в обществе и государстве, служащем (призванным служить) интересам
каждого человека, должны господствовать не рынок, не деньги, не прибыль, не капитал, а интересы
народа.
Управлять же общественно-государственной системой в условиях Истинно человеческого
общества и государства – должен социально нацеленный интеллект, а не рынок.
Важно обратить здесь особое внимание на то, что ведь нынешний мировой экономический
кризис начался в самой развитой и могущественной капиталистической стране – в Соединенных Штатах
Америки, что заслуживает специального научного анализа.
Притом, причины мирового экономического кризиса, как уже отмечалось, необходимо искать,
прежде всего, в «научных» идеях апологетов капитализма, которые, видимо, так зациклились на
апологетике капиталистического строя, что капитализм им представляется, чуть ли ни раем, тогда как
нередко они даже не понимают при этом истинной сущности капитализма.
Особенно удивителен тот факт, что апологетам капиталистического строя, капитализм кажется
даже демократией – властью народа(?!).
Вместе с тем, во-первых, так называемая «демократия» представляет собой явную утопию, ибо
«демократия» – власть народа – вообще не осуществима ни в одной общественно-государственной
системе [4], ввиду чего «демократия» – это термин, который может использоваться лишь для демагогического одурманивания народа, путем «убеждения» людей в том, будто бы народ сам властвует в
обществе и в государстве – будто бы весь народ управляет обществом и государством(?!).
Удивительно, но факт(?!).
И, во-вторых, капитализм – это не власть народа, это не так называемая «демократия», а власть
денег – власть капитала над народом.
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Если же в общественно-государственной системе не имеет место господство денег, господство
капитала над народом, то тогда, как неоднократно отмечалось мной и ранее, это уже не капитализм, а
потому данный политический строй должен носить другое название [4, с.276].
Таким образом, создается впечатление, что апологеты капиталистического строя видят в
капитализме будущее(?!).
Более того, в капитализме они видят счастливое будущее человечества(?!), тогда как в
действительности истинный капитализм – это лишь уродливое прошлое, которому всегда сопутствовали: господство денег, господство капитала над народом, порабощение людей, экономические кризисы
и т.д.
Притом необходимо особо отметить, что пока будет существовать капитализм – будут существовать и экономические кризисы, ибо экономические кризисы – это хроническая болезнь и вечный
спутник капитализма.
Таким образом, в результате научного анализа, который был проведен мной для того, чтобы
поставить диагноз глубинных причин возникновения Мирового экономического кризиса начала XXI
века, я пришел к следующему логическому выводу:
Мировой экономический кризис начала XXI века является наглядным показателем существования серьезных недостатков и просчетов в политическом менеджменте, прежде всего, ведущих
капиталистических государств мира, т.е. государств, которые во многом определяют как политический,
так и экономический климат в мире.
Нынешний Мировой экономический кризис, который фактический представляет собой Всеобщий кризис капитализма, и который в условиях глобализации затрагивает в той или иной степени все
государства мира, является именно результатом недостатков и просчетов в политическом менеджменте
ведущих капиталистических государств.
Хотя необходимо отметить, что в результате просчетов в политическом менеджменте,
отмеченный кризис, как известно, начал проявляться в финансово-экономической сфере развитых
капиталистических государств, и, в частности, в финансово-экономической сферы Соединенных
Штатов Америки.
Вместе с тем, считаю принципиально важным особо отметить, что этот кризис начался в
политическом менеджменте США.
Следовательно, Мировому экономическому кризису начала XXI века, по моему глубокому
убеждению,
предшествовал кризис в политическом менеджменте развитых капиталистических
государств мира.
Притом, Мировой экономический кризис вызван кризисом в политическом менеджменте
развитых капиталистических государств мира потому, что не только экономика вообще, которая немыслима без рыночных отношений, без обмена продуктов труда и т.д., но даже так называемая рыночная
экономика, в которой регулирующую роль в основном играют рыночные механизмы, все-таки
управляется – должна управляться – политикой.
Поэтому и ответственность за Мировой экономический кризис лежит, прежде всего, на
политическом менеджменте этих государств, т.е. на лидеров государств, осуществляющих – призванных
осуществлять – политический менеджмент.
Возникает вопрос: в чем же главные причины кризиса в самом политическом менеджменте
развитых капиталистических государств мира?
Наиболее глубинные причины кризиса в политическом менеджменте, по моему глубокому
убеждению, как уже отмечалось, следует искать, прежде всего, в кризисе сознания тех ученых, на
результаты исследований которых опирались и возможно еще опираются в процессе управления
обществом и государством лидеры (и вообще власти) ведущих капиталистических стран мира.
В связи с имеющимся вышеотмеченным кризисом в сфере общественных наук, считаю необходимым учесть, что образование, знание фактов – это еще не наука, ибо «Суфлер, – как справедливо
пишет известный болгарский ученый, дважды доктор наук Стефан Робев, – лучше всех знает роли в
56
пьесе, но это еще не искусство. Ученый должен проделывать путь там, где еще никто не проходил» [5,
с.154]. Далее он пишет: «Ученый будь он со степенью или без, ценится единственно по творческой
работе, которую выполняет, а не по административно узаконенному месту, которое занимает» [5, с.154].
Не могу не привести здесь также высказанную мной ранее мысль о том, что «Так же, как
человекообразная обезьяна – не является человеком, ученообразный человек – не является ученым» [6,
с.70].
И еще. Одной из важнейших причин кризиса в политическом менеджменте, а, следовательно,
одной из важнейших причин возникновения экономических и политических кризисов в мире является,
мягко говоря, неопределенность и, в большинстве случаев, ошибочность в решении проблемы
политической ориентации общества и государства, что (т.е. отмеченная неопределенность и ошибочность) опять-таки связана с устоявшимися ошибочными взглядами в сфере общественных наук.
Такое состояние дела, видимо, вызвано ошибочным, но утвердившимся в капиталистическом
мире взглядом, согласно которому будто бы будущее принадлежит капитализму(?!), тогда как в
действительности капитализм находится не впереди, а сзади(?!).
Кроме того, одной из главных – принципиально важных – причин кризиса в политическом
менеджменте является отсутствие политической и юридической ответственности должностных лиц за
результаты их деятельности, которая была бы сбалансирована с их правами, что требует неотлагательного внедрения в жизнь соответствующих политико-правовых механизмов на основе созданной
мной Теории сбалансированности прав и ответственности должностных лиц [1;7].
Считаю необходимым особо обратить внимание также на чрезмерно важную – философскую,
методологическую – причину возникновения мирового экономического кризиса начала XXI века,
определяющую и концентрированно выражающую многие другие причины его возникновения.
Этой причиной является ошибочный, по моему глубокому убеждению, методологический подход, как в науке, так и в политике, связанный с целевой направленностью функционирования общества
и государства, и называемый мной философией средств – философией экономической самоцели средств,
теория которой была создана и опубликована мной ранее [4;8].
В связи с исследованием теоретических основ возникновения и преодоления современного
мирового экономического кризиса, заслуживает серьезного внимания тот факт, что в общественных
науках, к сожалению, не существует истинных критериев предварительной оценки прогрессивности
научных идей, а потому настоящие ученые нередко находятся в тени, тогда как «серые» представители
сферы науки, которые лишь пересказывают чужие, притом отсталые от требований жизни, идеи,
могут быть объявлены чуть ли не гениями(?!).
И эта проблема – проблема «серости» в науке – одна из главных проблем, существующих в
общественных науках в современном мире и вызывающих глобальные кризисные явления.
Именно проблемами в общественных науках вызваны возникновение мирового экономического
кризиса в начале XXI века и другие глобальные кризисные явления.
С полной уверенностью можно утверждать, что если бы ведущие ученые развитых капиталистических государств мира давали соответствующие научные рекомендации лидерам своих государств, и
если бы лидеры ведущих капиталистических государств мира не основывались на ошибочные взгляды
представителей науки своих государств, то возникновение глобального кризиса в начале XXI века не
должно было иметь место.
Из отмеченного выше логически следует, что любой глобальный социальный кризис является
непосредственным результатом кризиса в политическом менеджменте, основанном на ошибочных
теоретических взглядах, либо основанном на непонимании или игнорировании прогрессивных
теоретических идей.
Таким образом, одной из главных проблем возникновения мирового экономического кризиса
начала XXI века, по моему глубокому убеждению, является то, что лидеры развитых капиталистических
государств мира в своей деятельности основывались не на прогрессивные научные идеи, а основывались
они на идеи, способные лишь тормозить развитие общества, государства и человечества в целом.
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Следовательно, среди проблем, непосредственно способствующих возникновению мировых
экономических кризисов, на передний план выдвигается проблема компетентности тех лидеров
государств, по вине (по некомпетентности и т.д.) которых возник, в частности, мировой экономический
кризис в начале XXI века.
Вместе с тем, проблема компетентности очень остро стоит не только в сфере политического
менеджмента, но и в сфере науки и, в частности, в сфере общественных наук, непосредственно связанных с решением проблем разработки путей и механизмов эффективного функционирования общества,
государства и человечества в целом.
Исходя из вышеотмеченного, важнейшей задачей общественных наук во всем мире является
внедрение принципиально новых путей и механизмов преодоления проблем научного творчества,
которые мной давно разработаны и неоднократно опубликованы [9], ибо без творческого развития науки
эффективное функционирование общества, государства и человечества в целом не представляется
возможным.
Вместе с тем, новые научные идеи всегда наталкиваются на большие препятствия.
И это не удивительно, ибо «Общеизвестно, – как я отмечал еще в 1984 году, – что новое в науке и в жизни вообще всегда с трудом, с борьбой пробивало себе дорогу. В этой связи образно и весьма
интересно писал Людвиг Бёрне: «После того, как Пифагор открыл свою теорему, он принес в жертву сто
волов. С тех пор крупный рогатый скот трепещет всякий раз, когда открывается новая истина…» » [10,
с.59].
А значит, «Крупный Рогатый Скот» всегда всячески препятствует научному творчеству, тогда
как без творческого развития науки немыслимо и неосуществимо эффективное функционирование
общества, государства и человечества в целом.
Таким образом, Мировой экономический кризис начала XXI века еще раз подтверждает, что
решение проблем научного творчества является глобальной – международной, всемирной – проблемой,
ибо эффективное функционирование государств и благосостояние народов во много зависит, прежде
всего, от творческого развития науки – как от идейно-теоретической основы социально-экономического
прогресса.
Именно на основе творческих – истинно научных идей должны быть решены проблемы политического менеджмента, а, соответственно, должны быть решены проблемы преодоления и предотвращения мировых экономических кризисов, так же как и проблемы социально-экономического прогресса вообще.
Притом, как в научных исследованиях, так и в практике управления обществом, государством и
человечеством в целом, необходимо учитывать, что пока будет существовать капитализм – всегда будут
существовать и экономические кризисы – как вечный спутник капитализма.
Что касается проблемы внедрения качественно новых путей и механизмов преодоления проблем
научного творчества [11], то среди предложенных мной ранее соответствующих путей и механизмов,
считаю принципиально важным обратить внимание на необходимость внедрения – осуществления на
практике – предложенного мной проведения Чемпионата мира среди ученых по научному творчеству в
области общественных наук, что обусловлено особой значимостью данной области наук в эффективном функционировании общества, государства и человечества в целом, а также необходимостью
предотвращения мировых экономических кризисов и других глобальных негативных явлений впредь.
Необходимо при этом внедрение механизма, согласно которому ученые должны будут соревноваться лишь по результатам своего собственного научного творчества, лишь своей научной новизной
– созданными ими новыми всемирно значимыми научными теориями, научными направлениями и т.д. в
данной области наук, а не заученными ими знаниями, не количеством прочитанных ими книг, не своими
научными и прочими титулами, не полученными ими премиями и наградами, не количеством опубликованных ими трудов даже в самых престижных изданиях и журналах и т.д.
Заслуживает особо быть отмеченным, что победитель чемпионата мира по научному творчеству
в области общественных наук, по моему глубокому убеждению, должен получить звание Абсолютного
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чемпиона мира в области общественных наук, Большую золотую медаль Абсолютного чемпиона мира
и премию в размере не меньше Нобелевской премии, и даже в несколько раз больше.
Неужели, например, победа теннисиста на кортах, где спортсмен получает миллионы долларов
США, значимее, чем создание ученым теоретических основ эффективного функционирования общества,
государства и человечества в целом?!
Данное предложение по поводу размера премии, которая должна быть вручена Абсолютному
Чемпиону мира по научному творчеству области общественных наук, обусловлено тем, что победа в
чемпионате мира в данной области наук должна быть намного весомее по своей всемирной значимости,
чем получение Нобелевской премии в одной из областей общественных наук, например, в области
экономики.
Тем более, что победа в чемпионате мира по научному творчеству в области общественных наук
– это должна быть победа одновременно в области философии (социальная философия), в области
политико-экономической науки (за создание новых политико-экономических теорий, а не за научные
разработки в области макроэкономики, микроэкономики и т.д.), в области юридической науки (теория
государства и права, конституционное право), в области политической науки (теория политики), в
области теории государственного управления (политический менеджмент).
Следовательно, кто не является автором своих собственных – принципиально новых творческих
идей, кто не является создателем новых всемирно значимых научных теорий и т.д. – во всех вышеперечисленных областях общественных наук, тот не должен иметь право участвовать в Чемпионате мира
по научному творчеству в области общественных наук.
И вообще, как я не раз отмечал ранее: «У кого нет своих собственных, способствующих
прогрессу науки и общества, идей – тому нечего делать в науке» [9, с.12].
Касаясь вопроса очередности проведения чемпионатов мира по научному творчеству в области общественных наук, необходимо учесть, с одной стороны, сложности в организации проведения этих
чемпионатов, прежде всего, с точки зрения подбора финалистов чемпионата, и, с другой стороны,
сложности, которые связаны с рождением новых всемирно значимых идей – принципиально новых
научных теорий и т.д. во всех вышеперечисленных областях общественных наук.
С учетом отмеченных сложностей, видимо, наиболее целесообразно проводить чемпионаты
мира по научному творчеству в области общественных наук в четыре года один раз.
Что касается финансирования чемпионата мира по научному творчеству в области общественных наук, то оно должно осуществляться за счет всех государств, претендующих на наличие у них
науки, или хотя бы желающих иметь и развивать науку.
С целью организации проведения отмеченных чемпионатов мира можно было бы, например,
создать всемирную федерацию научного творчества в области общественных наук, наподобие
всемирных федераций, имеющихся в спорте.
Вместе с тем, по моему глубокому убеждению, для объективного и результативного проведения
чемпионата мира считаю необходимым, чтобы Жюри чемпионата мира состоял из лидеров ведущих
стран мира, в частности, из лидеров Большой Двадцатки, с правом решающего голоса при оценке
результатов, а также с участием лидеров всех других государств мира по их желанию.
В связи с этим, считаю также необходимым учесть, что недопустимо участие в чемпионате мира
в качестве членов Жюри – даже всемирно известных по своим номинальным данным представителей
науки, ибо, во-первых, им еще самим надо доказать, что они действительно являются учеными, т.е.
творцами новых всемирно значимых идей – новых научных теории и т.д., и, во-вторых, их оценка, к
сожалению, с огромной долей вероятности будет субъективна.
И еще. С учетом того, что я являюсь автором, инициатором и создателем механизма проведения
чемпионата мира по научному творчеству в области общественных наук, считаю целесообразным и
обоснованным предоставить мне возможность организовать первый чемпионат мира при финансовой и
иной поддержке, прежде всего, лидеров ведущих государств мира, а также дать мне возможность
59
участвовать прямо в финале (т.е. без участия в предварительном подборе) этого чемпионата в качестве
претендента на звание Чемпиона мира по научному творчеству в области общественных наук.
Что касается подбора других кандидатов, то для этого в каждом государстве должны быть
выработаны соответствующие механизмы по усмотрению руководителей этих государств, но с
обязательным соблюдением предложенных мной критериев оценки творческой деятельности ученых.
Затем желательно провести подбор кандидатов, т.е. следующий тур – на уровне континентов, а в конце
уже провести финал Чемпионата мира.
Исходя из чрезвычайной актуальности и принципиальной значимости проведения Чемпиона
мира по научному творчеству в области общественных наук, считаю необходимым еще раз подчеркнуть, что практическая реализация данного предложения – является необходимой предпосылкой
эффективного функционирования общества, государства и человечества в целом.
Таким образом, господствующий во всем мире прагматизм вовсе не оправдывает отказ от
научного творческого в области общественных наук, а даже наоборот.
Следовательно, с учетом особой важности стимулирования создания новых научных теорий
вообще, и, в частности, в области общественных наук, а также с учетом значимости практической
реализации уже созданных, но пока еще не реализуемых, теоретических основ эффективного функционирования общества, государства и человечества в целом, считаю необходимым и неотложным
проведение предложенного мной выше Чемпионата мира по научному творчеству в области общественных наук.
Тем более, что сама идея проведения отмеченного Чемпионата мира, по моему глубокому
убеждению, является всемирно значимым научным открытием, которая по своей принципиальной
значимости ценнее многих других всемирно значимых открытий.
Притом, данное открытие является всемирно значимым научным открытием в области создания
научных основ эффективного политического менеджмента науки вообще, и, в частности, в области
создания научных основ максимально эффективного политического менеджмента в области общественных наук.
Вместе с тем, создание научных основ эффективного политического менеджмента в сфере науки
подразумевает не непосредственное политическое управление наукой, а создание со стороны государственных властей, с одной стороны, максимально возможных –оптимальных – условий для свободного научного творчества, и, с другой стороны, обеспечение максимально благоприятных условий для
соответствующей оценки всемирно значимых результатов истинно творческой деятельности ученых.
Без практической реализации предложенных мной здесь и ранее – революционных путей и
механизмов преодоления проблем научного творчества, реальный духовный и социально-экономический прогресс общества, государства и человечества в целом не представляется возможным.
Исходя из всего вышеизложенного, логически следует, что решение проблем политического
менеджмента на основе творческого развития общественных наук – необходимое условие преодоления и
предотвращения глобальных кризисов.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Кураташвили Альфред А. Философско-правовые основы политического менеджмента. Управленческое право и определяющий теоретический базис правовой системы истинно человеческого
общества и социально-экономического прогресса (монография на грузинском, английском и
русском языках). Тбилиси: Международное издательство «Прогресс», 2003.
См. Голованов Я. К. Этюды об ученых. 3-е издание, дополненное. Москва: «Молодая гвардия»,
1983.
Гелбрейт Дж. К. Почему правые не правы. Газета «Известия», 1 февраля 1990.
Кураташвили Альфред А. Философия социальной цели. Принципиально новое научное направление – исходная теоретическая основа формирования и функционирования истинно человеческого
60
общества и государства (монография на грузинском, английском и русском языках). Тбилиси:
Международное издательство «Прогресс», 2003.
5.
Робев Стефан. Цена открытия. Журнал «ЭКО» Сибирского отделения АН СССР, 1983, № 10.
6.
Кураташвили Альфред А. Глубинные проблемы общественных наук в свете мирового экономического кризиса начала XXI века. Материалы Международной научной конференции: «Актуальные
проблемы общественных наук» (21-22.12.2009). Тбилиси: Международное издательство «Прогресс», 2009.
7.
Кураташвили Альфред А. Теория сбалансированности прав и ответственности должностных лиц.
Принципиально новое научное направление – необходимая научная основа защиты интересов человека и социально-экономического прогресса (монография на грузинском, английском и русском
языках). Тбилиси: Международное издательство «Прогресс», 2003.
8.
Кураташвили Альфред А. Философия цели – альтернатива философии средств (монография на
грузинском и русском языках). Тбилиси: «Мецниереба» , 1997.
9.
Кураташвили Альфред А. Проблемы научного творчества (Размышления по кардинальным
проблемам творческого развития общественных наук). Материалы научной конференции: «Наука и
общество» (13-14 декабря 1984 г.). Тбилиси: «Мецниереба», 1984.
10. Кураташвили Альфред А. Некоторые размышления по проблемам социально-экономической
науки. Материалы научной конференции: «Наука и общество» (13-14 декабря 1984 г.). Тбилиси:
«Мецниереба», 1984.
11. Кураташвили Альфред А. Революционные пути и механизмы преодоления проблем научного
творчества. Материалы Международной научной конференции: «Актуальные проблемы научного
творчества» (11-12 .03.2009). Тбилиси: Международное издательство «Прогресс», 2009.
Kuratashvili Alfred
THEORETICAL BASES OF OCCURRENCE AND OVERCOMING
MODERN WORLD ECONOMIC CRISIS
SUMMARY
In scientific work are investigated theoretical bases of occurrence and overcoming a world economic
crisis at the beginning of the XXI-st century.
The special attention is given to the decision of problems of political management on the basis of creative development of social studies – as to a necessary condition of overcoming and prevention of global crises.
Agnieszka Mozyro
ENTERPRENEURSHIP IN NETWORK ECONOMY
Introduction
In contemporary economic system, the main part of company value are non tangible resources, for
example management skills of the management team, knowledge and competence of employees, contacts to coworkers and business partners, the ability to conclude and maintain beneficial strategic alliances that would
support work by usage of new information technologies. They apply to many fields of company’s activity: both
internal (human resources and IT management) and external ones (customer or supplier relationship building
and management).
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The focus of the present elaboration is the phenomenon of `networking` and virtualisation of companies.
These two aspects of economic activity determine market value of a firm and are the source of its competitive
advantage, hence considering the matter seems to be very relevant.
New economy as a Factor Supporting Network-Centric Companies
The term `new economy` emerged in the social sciences not long ago and has not been unambigously
defined yet, however it is gaining more and more on popularity. The phenomenon has not taken its final shape
yet; moreover, it is doubtful whether if will ever do, since it is continous innovation which is the most
characteristic attribute of new economy. This new term has not only its supporters but also negationists who
claim that using it is an abuse as there are no symptoms yet that would change fundamental economic rules [19].
Obviously, there can be no question that in recent years many changes have occured in different areas: in
enterpreneurship, management, economy or in marketing. They are caused by spread and development in IT.
New economy is said to be a synonim for electronic economy. Informatisation, globalisation, network
connectivity of everything and everyone, customers’ independence and key role of knowledge – these are the
most obvious features of this new trend in world economy. The main channel and foundation of new economy is
(tele)informatic technology. It is commonly known that business actors have been making use of it for a long
time. However, so far, IT has just helped to improve already existing procedures. Just including them into
integrated global network has created a new quality [20]. The largest corporations have been acting in
international environment for a long period of time. At the present time, lower and lower cost of the Internet
infrastructure enables even smallest companies to perform such operations in a flash. Yet not long ago entire
information was flowing the same channels and with the same speed as its material carriers were doing. The
process was quite slow and was realised in linear way. At present, Internet-based network is making information
separate from its carriers and be able to flow in all directions with so huge speed that it is, let us be allowed to
use this word, omnipresent. That all enables us to make use of information availability for business purpose in a
new wider manner. Moreover, one can notice here some kind of spatial independence the aim of which is to free
decisions and actions from geographical limitations [12, p. 200].
Undoubtly, one of the main aspects of the social life is economy, while communication is absolutely a
necessary factor for a society to arise. That’s why changes in used communication (and information) carriers
cause advances in civilisation. `The electronic media are leading us towards a global village, where everyone is
a neighbour of everyone and where we can communicate with each other interactively` [20]. New economy is
therefore a discipline which makes an attempt to research and describe these aspects of living in a global,
interactive village that refer to economic activity.
The ground for economic development is access to information and knowledge what the information
means. In new economy, conditions for shared usage of information during producing goods and delivering
services are created so that all citizens are able to make use of IT in their occupational activity. In current
economic reality, production and distribution of goods are dominated by information processing devices. IT not
only helps to obtain knowledge that is necessary to achieve desired goals, it also makes it possible to implement
this knowledge in practice. The economic value in a company is built on the basis of innovativeness and
productivity that are shaped, in turn, by usage of knowledge and information in the economic activity [12, p.
199].
While C. Shapiro and Hal R. Varian were researching factors determining success or failure in the
circumstances of new economy, they described game rules in information market (who is winning and who is
loosing in the conditions of network economy). It is particularly important to know how to ’pack’ information
with services and products that would increase its value and to understand how information becomes a product
and increases in value. Enterpreneurs ought to also consider how to sell similar news at different prices, how to
earn on implementing next versions of IT products, as well as how to protect their intelectual property against
piracy. New solutions that would support separation business rivals from customers and placing a strong brand
into virtual world cannot be neglected, either [s. 14].
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New economy is analyzing new market environment where information and know-how become, thanks
to IT, the main factor supporting development and changes in enterpreneurship and the main criterium that
determines business success or failure of individuals, companies, regions and states. At the moment, the most
important element of the game is the Internet because it gives customers, firms and business partners new
chances to cooperate. As a result, new contacts or exchange networks can be built. However, merely investing
in new nodes or Internet domains is not going to bring profit in form of effectivity increase, new savings, larger
income and so on. It is the quality and joint effort of minds, intensivity, multitude and diversity of contacts and
use of interactive medias which may just bear desired fruit.
Forms of Companies’ Cooperation within a Network
Development of information technology, increased pace of change in market environment which
implies higher level of uncertainity in economic activity have seriously challenged companies in their
everyday’s activity. The need for larger flexibility and effectivity forced them to look for a new management
style and a new form of relations between organisation members, as well as between cooperating companies. A
new organisational form has emerged – so called network. In opposition to the old approach which considers deand centralisation to be the main factor to remember of while setting up a company, network lays particular
emphasis on internal relations and connections to another economic subjects. The aim of a network is to figure
out new ways how its own parts/nodes should function. Compared to another structure types, network is, to a
larger extent, based on transparency and fluency [8, p. 91]. It underlies the need for thinking a network to be not
a set of mutually crossing links that are connected into one entity but it should rather be defined more abstractly,
as a set of points in communication structure [10, p. 186].
Keeping the above opinion in mind, one needs to consider the term `network’ in the light of different
approach. The sociological point of view is based on the belief that each company is rooted in some social
structure that is primary in relation to it. It is this structure that determines company-environment relations.
Such approach is represented by L. Araujo and C. Brito who described network as ìnteractions field created by
separate but inter- dependent participants where interest unifying process has been taking institutional
(collective actors/subjects) or non-institutional form (ad hoc network). This process is overlapping the existing
order of economic exchange relations’ [1]. Presented understanding of a network accentuates the social context
of economic activity. Companies can use social capital as the source of competitive advantage that would be
based on unique resources.
The behavioral school defines network as a pattern of social relations determined by individuals, their
status, group and organisational affiliation. In the strategic approach, network is thought to be a long-term and
purpose-oriented link of separate commercial organisations that enables them to gain and keep the competitive
advantage. Another way of describing the mentioned term (through the prism of its flexibility and adaptational
capability) assumes that networks arise in the conditions of uncertainity, while hierarchical structure is
depreciating because of new difficulties, and organisational interactions start to proceed horizontally by taking
shape of wide-range consultations [10, p. 187].
In the terms of its architecture, network consists of millions nodes and thousands autonomous computer
subnetworks that can be connected to each other in unlimited number of ways and pass electronic
communication by. The most important is that network cannot be controlled from any center point. In practice,
the most obvious advantages of a network are decentralisation and lack of hierarchical structure in the
organisation [11, p. 269-270].
The term `network enterprise` was formed by Manuel Castells. He defined it as òrganisational structure
focused on economic projects that are realised by cooperating divisions from different firms. They create
networks while working on any new project. Configuration of a network is changed each time when new
enterprise/project is started` [5, p.80]. Emerging a network-centric enterprise is the result of combining various
strategies for including network into company’s organisational model. These strategies needed to be formed due
to internal decentralisation of large corporations. Another reason for establishing a network-centric enterprise
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was enhancing of cooperation between small and medium companies. Finally, arising of this phenomenon was
influenced by unifying networks of small/medium firms and divisions of big corporations, as well as strategic
alliances between large companies and their support networks [6, p. 166-169]. All these trends have transformed
company management into a variable network of connections where cooperation and competition depend on
time, place, process and product.
The term ‘network-centric organisation’ is very wide. It covers strategic alliances, supply chains, virtual
and extended enterprise. It is to notice that the above mentioned terms are supposed to have the same features,
and management styles corresponding to each of them are based on similar principles, i.e. partnership that
implies high level of loyality and trust, which enables firms to form shared purpose; conscious virtualisation of
activity; informational transparency of partners; innovativeness based on skill and competence division [18, p.
161].
It is sure that networks contibute to maintaining competitive advantage of companies by granting them
access to key resources (information), thanks to which firms can adapt to changes in their environment. Unique,
difficult-to-imitate structure of organisational linkings can be the reason for company’s continous competitive
advantage, as well as its source. Difficulties when trying to imitate the structure are usually caused by the form
of connections itself; they are often based on mutual trust and profits drawn by the subjects involved.
Virtual Structures of Network-Centric Organisations
New technologies and use of the Internet create new interaction field for customers, firms and business
partners. Making an attempt to define the term `virtual organisation` is a logical consequence of virtual space
development and coming such phenomena like virtual shops, virtual services or electronic money into being. W.
Bielecki wrote `virtual organisation is a temporary network of independent companies that was created
intentionally, using Internet-type computer network, in order to realise specific undertakings by collaborative
taking advantage of skill typical for each firm. The network is geographically wide and uses modern
(tele)information technology to improve cooperation` [2, p. 34].
Another important feature of virtual organisation is asynchronic, irregular, spontaneous and projectrelated knowlegde building in relations between different partners. Built are `knowledge islands` the aim of
which is to make the participants’ relationships closer and to form short-term strategies. Such beings vanish
quite quickly and are, in practise, difficult to detect [13, p. 53]. Knowledge management in Internet-based
network is the main factor enabling virtual organisation to survive, to develop and, above all, to preserve its
organisational identity among numerous other social-economic subjects. Therefore, at the present time, the
way to economic success seems to be proper usage of modern computer-related technology supported with
skills, experience and, first of all, knowledge of company’s employees.
Knowledge management requires support by new technologies and modern computer management
supplying systems, thanks to which there is improvement in the quality of information flow inside a firm and
between a company and its environment. Availability of systems that speed up seeking necessary information
out facilitates newcomers to familiarize themselves with company’s organisational culture and employed
procedures. Special team work software increases effectivity in project-related groups. Gathering data on past
events can help the staff to assess current projects and to understand reasons for its success or failure [9, p. 249].
Computer systems grant us quick access to information and, most importantly, to its perfect analysis. Without
these processes, there is no chance to manage a prospering company in today’s reality.
The biggest challenge for effective usage of knowledge seems to be its diffusion, often identified with
its sharing. It is commonly acknowledged that value of knowledge is directly proportional to the extent of
intensity of its use. Such increase in intensity can take place if and only if information is available to possibly
wide circle of coworkers. However, it refers not to all knowledge branches but in particular to technological,
product- and market-related or operational knowledge [15, p.196]. Additionally, use of advanced information
technology opens new field for effective knowledge diffusion process.
64
At the present time, it is justified to use the term `virtual enterprise` - i.e. economic activity performed
in cyberspace. All enterpreneurs, whose ambition is to play significant role in the global Internet-based society,
will need to have a command of acting in this environment. There are two aspects of virtual enterpreneurship.
The first one is to know already existing and developing cyberspace and to be able to act there. The second one
is to adapt people’s mentality to the conditions of virtual reality that is thought by many managers, on the one
hand, to be a menace for their traditional business, on the other hand to be a great chance in case one knows how
to profit from it [3, p. 154]. However, to come into being in cyberspace, we need to know it well, to understand
the clue of virtual enterpreneurship and not to miss development chances created.
It is remarkable that complete exploitation of virtual enterpreneurship potential (`networking’,
flexibility, key competence) is possible only if companies have already been familiar to each other and have
already been cooperating – in other words, they need to have some social capital, i.e. they need to enjoy mutual
confidence.
With regard to these principles for efficient functioning of virtual organisation, some threads should also
be mentioned. One of the most characteristic features of virtual organisation is flexibility which involves
incorporating rapid adaptational amendments, breaking existing ties and establishing new ones. It implies that
virtual organisation members are exposed to instability what may lead to problems with interpersonal
relationships building and to lack of trust [7, p. 180]. Temporariness of contracts concluded can make members
of the organisation believe that they are not obliged to full loyality and frankness. To eliminate this risk and to
arouse feeling of stability can legal regulations be implemented. Hence, in the contemporary world it is hard to
imagine a serious long-distance business without appropiate agreements [16, p. 60].
There is no doubt that taking chances created by network brings more profit than loss in organisation’s
activity. In this development stage one can already recognize some types of virtual organisations, like home
offices, dispositional work agencies, business parks or cybercorporations. The companies, which can take full
advantage of opportunities created by a computer network (in particular, accessing to and processing
information are meant), will achieve a new dimension of competitive advantage in the market. The main benefit
from use of teleinformatic networks is so far unimaginable speed of closing transactions. Geographical distance
between economic subjects does not matter any more. Thanks to computer networks, many tasks can be
performed by teams from different companies without establishing new subjects. These are organisational
subjects having an unstable construction. They can vanish just after performing a task. The possibility to form
task groups very quickly regardless of members’ localisation enables enterpreneurs to react on rapid market
changes almost immediately. It is also very important that the cost of using the world-wide network is the same
as the one of a local network.
Internet-based network may influence setting up new companies or enhance innovativeness of existing
ones. Network is an inexhaustible reservoir for information that is very useful when starting and managing new
firm. Sometimes, finding a gap in the market and winning competitive advantage by an enterpreneur depend just
on his ability to get the necessary information. Network may also influence attitude and motivation of
candidates for enterpreneurs, support their efforts to fulfill their plans, suggest proven procedures or give pieces
of advice. The Internet is an effcient tool for promoting goods, gaining new sales channels and providing
customers with material or inmaterial products directly. The Internet enables companies to shape/maintain
corporate and product image; it creates new chances for shaping modern-type and long-lasting relationships to
customers, too. As a result, individualisation of the products according to customers’ needs is significantly
facilitated [17, p. 83-84].
At present, rapidly developing information and communications technology, as well as increasing in
value cooperation between firms cause that managing internal processes in the company is not enough to be able
to compete for new customers. One needs to look for chances by building up and managing joint actions
together with partners from the network [4, p. 70-76]. However, the aim of management should be not only to
meet customers demands but also to help partners to achieve their goals.
65
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Agnieszka Mozyro
ENTERPRENEURSHIP IN NETWORK ECONOMY
SUMMARY
Issues covered in this elaboration and their analysis prove that the matter of enterpreneurship in new
economy is quite new and complex. In its context do numerous questions occur, exhaustive answering of which
needs in-depth research. Presented reflections should make us consider factors of entrepreneurship as a part of
configuration of structural variables that are forming companies’ behaviour in business. This article was devoted
66
to analysis of how entrepreneurs profit from chances created by network-centric subjects, from virtualization
and from knowledge management style in the conditions of new economy.
As research conducted in this article showed, networking is a very important field of companies’ activity. In the era of new economy, in the conditions of sudden technological, economic, social and political changes
it is impossible to manage a company in a traditional and evolutionary way. New business models need to be
implemented rapidly and in quantitative way. At the present time, companies more and more frequently develop
by building various network-centric configurations, i.e. different types of cooperative connections. Firms are
nowadays much more eager to make use of any cooperation forms and include them into own strategies. Innovative potential of network-centric enterprises is maintained thanks to continuous configuration of their internal
resources which takes place while many projects are realized paralelly. Virtualization of entrepreneurship is one
of pivotal conditions for the company to survive and develop, especially during current deepening crisis, when
more and more companies are going bankrupt, unemployment rate is increasing and more and more people worry about their future. All these circumstances cause that firms diversify their activity and make it more flexible.
New solutions in the field of communication, production and organizing are searched for. As a result of these
processes, the pace of knowledge building in researched companies has risen. It also requires mutual stimulation
of creative processes, implementation and diffusion of resources and flexibility in organization’s activity in
network-centric environment. It seems correct that capital in the form of money is being forced out by capital in
the form of knowledge that is becoming a ‘legal tender’.
Recapitulating: the above description of the theoretical approaches has proved that the issue is multifaceted and that there are many meanings for terms corresponding to non-tangible resources of companies. They
are not always clear and some criteria for distuinguishing them sometimes overlap one another. That is why the
presentation of specialist literature and some sorting out reflections on theoretical and empirical meaning of
terms used in contemporary entrepreneurship theory seem to be particularly useful.
solomon pavliaSvili
inflaciis Taviseburebani da TargeTireba
postkrizisul saqarTveloSi
saqarTveloSi
saqarTveloSi bolo 15 wlis manZilze Tanmimdevrulad mimdinareobs sabanko
sistemis saimedobis amaRlebisa da ganmtkicebis procesi. kerZod, meanabreTa da
depozitorTa interesebis, agreTve sabanko sistemis riskisgan dacvis mizniT, erovnulma bankma samoqmedod SemoiRo komerciuli bankebis saqmianobis kontrolis sistema ekonomikuri normativebis, limitebisa da koeficientebis meSveobiT. sabanko
zedamxedvelobis sistemis daxvewasTan da srulyofasTan erTad, sabanko sistema
maqsimalurad gaiwminda susti, araqmedunariani bankebisgan da 2000 wlis bolosTvis
bankebis raodenobam mxolod 33 Seadgina, 1995 wels arsebuli 229 bankis nacvlad.
2009 weli saqarTvelos fulad-sakredito da savaluto politikis ganxorcielebaSi mniSvnelovani iyo imiT, rom saqarTvelos erovnuli banki gadavida
monetaruli politikis axal reJimze – inflaciis TargeTirebaze. zogadi ganmartebiT, inflaciis TargeTireba (ingl. Target _ mizani) – saxelmwifo xelisuflebis
organos mier miRebuli RonisZiebebis kompleqsia qveyanaSi inflaciis doneze kontrolis mizniT. igi moicavs ramdenime safexurs: garkveul periodSi (Cveulebriv,
weliwadi) inflaciis miznobrivi maCveneblis dadgena, inflaciis doneze kontrolisaTvis Sesabamisi monetaruli instrumentebis SerCeva, am monetaruli instrumentebis gamoyeneba mimdinare saWiroebis mixedviT, saangariSo wlis bolos inflaciis
donis Sedareba dagegmil miznobriv maCvenebelTan da gatarebuli monetaruli politikis efeqtianobis analizi. yvela qveyanaSi, sadac ki inflaciis TargeTireba xdeba,
67
misi ganxorcielebis mTavari berketi umTavresad saprocento ganakveTis (refinansirebis ganakveTis) gamoyenebaa.
ama Tu im formiT inflaciis TargeTireba oficialurad mraval qveyanaSi iqna
miRebuli, maT Soris did britaneTSi, SveciaSi, islandiaSi, norvegiaSi, CexeTSi,
slovakeTSi, poloneTSi, ungreTSi, rumineTSi, braziliaSi, CileSi, peruSi, meqsikaSi,
israelSi, avstraliaSi da sxva. inflaciis TargeTirebasTan miaxloebul sistemas
iyenebs evropis centraluri banki.
rogorc aRiniSna, inflaciis TargeTirebis arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom qveynis ganviTarebis garkveuli periodisaTvis cxaddeba inflaciis mkafio miznobrivi
maCvenebeli, romelic ekonomikisaTvis sasurveli inflaciis done unda iyos. zogierT SemTxvevaSi aseve ganisazRvreba misgan dasaSvebi gadaxris farglebi.
2009 wels, rodesac saqarTveloSi iqna SemoRebuli inflaciis TargeTirebis
sistema, erovnulma bankma gansazRvra inflaciis miznobrivi maCvenebeli – samomxmareblo fasebis saSualo wliuri zrda 9%-is doneze da misgan dasaSvebi gadaxris
sazRvrebi +/– 2%-is farglebSi. Tu inflaciis saprognozo maCvenebeli miznobrivTan
SedarebiT ufro maRali iqneba, erovnuli banki gaamkacrebs monetarul politikas
saprocento ganakveTis aweviT, da, piriqiT, im SemTxvevaSi Tu saprognozo maCvenebeli dabali iqneba miznobriv monacemTan SedarebiT, erovnuli banki Searbilebs mas
saprocento ganakveTis daweviT.
saerTod, inflaciis TargeTirebis dros monetaruli politikis mTavar instruments warmoadgens moklevadiani saprocento ganakveTi. saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi
es instrumentia erTkviriani refinansirebis ganakveTi. moklevadiani fuladi bazris
ganakveTis cvlileba saboloo jamSi gadaecema sabanko sesxebis ganakveTs. sabanko
sesxebis procentis zrda amcirebs erTobliv moTxovnas, xolo procentis Semcireba
piriqiT – stimuls aZlevs mas. magram, imis gamo, rom laris fuladi bazari saqarTveloSi jer kidev ar aris sakmarisad ganviTarebuli, dabalia saprocento ganakveTis gadacemis meqanizmis efeqtianoba. amitom, saqarTvelos erovnuli banki, wina
wlebis msgavsad, 2009 welsac mimarTavda monetaruli politikis ganxorcielebas
monetaruli agregatebis raodenobrivi regulirebis gziT. aseT SemTxvevaSi, saoperacio orientirad gamoiyeneboda sarezervo fuli, Sualedur orientirad ki farTo
fulisM2 agregati16.
iseve, rogorc wina wlebSi, 2010 wels saqarTveloSi fulad-sakredito da
savaluto politika xorcieldeboda saqarTvelos parlamentis dadgenilebis _
saSualovadian periodSi fulad-sakredito da savaluto politikis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebis Sesabamisad. aRniSnuli politikis ZiriTad amocanas warmoadgens qveyanaSi fasebis stabilurobis uzrunvelyofa – saSualovadiani periodisaTvis (2010–
2012 wlebi) inflaciis miznobrivi maCvenebeli gansazRvruli iyo 6%-is doneze. aseve,
qveyanaSi mdgradi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mizniT, saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis
winaSe dasaxuli iyo finansuri sistemis stabilurobisa da gamWvirvalobis amocana.
2010 wels, wina wlis msgavsad, saqarTveloSi monetaruli politikis ganxorcieleba eyrdnoboda inflaciis TargeTirebas, rodesac ganisazRvreba ekonomikisaTvis sasurveli inflaciis miznobrivi maCvenebeli. “inflaciasTan brZolis mizniT
erovnuli bankis monetaruli politika, ZiriTadad fulis miwodebasa da kreditis
moculobaze zemoqmedebiT gamoixata“17.
2010 wlis pirvel naxevarSi saqarTveloSi wliuri inflacia miznobrivi maCveneblis farglebSi iyo. magram, cudi klimaturi pirobebis Sedegad mousavlianobis
16
17
saqarTvelos erovnuli banki. wliuri angariSi. 2009, gv. 59.
rozeta asaTiani, saqarTvelos ekonomika. Tbilisi, 2009. gv. 164.
68
gamo, 2010 wlis Sua xanebidan samomxmareblo produqciis fasebi mniSvnelovnad
gaizarda ara marto saqarTveloSi, aramed mTlianad regionSi. Tumca, saqarTveloSi
samomxmareblo fasebze am periodSi gansakuTrebiT imoqmeda msoflio bazarze sursaTsa (pirvel rigSi marcvleulze) da navTobproduqtebze fasebis mkveTrma zrdam.
imis gamo, rom saqarTvelos samomxmareblo kalaTaSi mniSvnelovani adgili sursaTs
ukavia, romelSic maRalia importirebuli produqciis wili, sursaTze msoflio
fasebis zrda sagrZnoblad aisaxa inflaciis maCvenebelze saqarTveloSi. kerZod, Tu
2010 wlis ivnisSi wliuri inflaciis done mxolod 3.7% iyo, wlis bolosaTvis man
11.2% Seadgina, romelSic 9.5 procentuli punqti sursaTis gaZvirebaze modioda.
rogorc Cans, 2010 wels saqarTveloSi samomxmareblo fasebis zrda ZiriTadad
egzogenuri faqtorebiT iyo gamowveuli, rac, rasakvirvelia, ar ukavSirdeboda monetarul politikas. saerTod, yvela qveyanaSi, rogorc wesi, centraluri bankebi
aseT Sokze reagirebas ar axdenen, radgan inflaciis Semcirebis socialuri xarji
metia mis sargebelze. miuxedavad imisa, rom 2010 wels saqarTveloSi inflaciaze
umTavresad egzogenurma pirobebma iqonia gavlena, maRali inflacia, pirvel rigSi
sursaTze fasebis mateba, zrdis mosaxleobaSi inflaciur molodins da man
SeiZleba inflaciuri zewola gamoiwvios.
2010 wels monetaruli politikis ZiriTadi prioriteti saqarTveloSi (iseve,
rogorc mraval ganviTarebul qveyanaSi) iyo monetaruli politikis gadacemis efeqtianobis amaRleba, risTvisac mniSvnelovania laris safinanso bazrebis ganviTareba.
am mizniT, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba daeTmo fuladi bazrebis likvidurobis zrdas
da grZelvadian saprocento ganakveTebs. ganviTarebuli qveynebisagan gansxvavebiT,
sadac prioriteti arsebulis aRdgena iyo, saqarTveloSi Zalisxmeva mimarTuli iyo
fuladi bazris Seqmnaze.
2010 wels saqarTveloSi mniSvnelovani RonisZiebebi gaatara erovnulma bankma
monetaruli politikis efeqtianobis amaRlebis mizniT, maT Soris: gaizarda laris
sarezervo moTxovnebi, amoqmedda erTdRiani mudmivmoqmedi instrumentebi, gafarTovda monetaruli operaciebisaTvis gamoyenebadi giraos baza, SemoRebul iqna mudmivmoqmedi refinansirebis sesxi da sxva. gatarebuli reformebis Sedegad, stabiluri
gaxda moklevadiani saprocento ganakveTebi, bankebma Seamcires Warbi rezervebi,
gaizarda lariT ekonomikis dakrediteba, ramac xeli Seuwyo qveynis ekonomikis
zrdas, Semcirda grZelvadiani da moklevadiani fasiani qaRaldebis saprocento ganakveTebs Soris sxvaoba, rac amcirebs mTavrobis xarjebs deficitis dafinansebisaTvis da zrdis laris xelmisawvdomobas.
2010 wels saqarTveloSi savaluto politika xorcieldeboda marTvadi mcuravi gacvliTi kursis reJimiT. aRniSnul periodSi erovnuli bankis savaluto
intervenciebis mizani iyo gacvliTi kursis mkveTri ryevebis Tavidan acileba da ara
kursis trendis Secvla an konkretuli sakurso Tanafardobis Camoyalibeba. 2010
wels laris gacvliTi kursis saSualo sididem aSS dolaris mimarT 1.7846 lari
Seadgina.
2010 weli mniSvnelovani iyo saqarTvelosaTvis mTliani saerTaSoriso rezervebis mxriv, romlis moculobam wlis bolosaTvis 2,264 miliard aSS dolars
miaRwia, rac yvelaze maRali maCvenebeli iyo ganvlil wlebTan SedarebiT. 2010 wels
saerTaSoriso rezervebis odenoba Sesabamisi iyo qveynis finansuri stabilurobisaTvis. rogorc cnobilia, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis SefasebiT, saerTaSoriso rezervebis done mdgradia Tu misi Sefardeba Tviur importTan 3-ze metia, maSin, rodesac 2010 wlis bolosaTvis saqarTveloSi es maCvenebeli 4.9 iyo.
69
wina wlebTan SedarebiT mniSvnelovnad gajansaRda qveynis safinanso seqtori.
kerZod, 2010 wlis ganmavlobaSi sabanko seqtoris sakredito portfeli 21%-iT
gaizarda da mTliani Sida produqtis mimarT 30% Seadgina. wlis bolosaTvis bankebis aqtivebma mTlianad 10.6 miliard lars miaRwia, anu mTlian Sida produqtTan
misi Tanafardobis maCvenebeli 51%-s gautolda.
saerTaSoriso gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT, 2010 wels saqarTvelos erovnulma bankma aqtiurad ganaxorciela mTeli rigi sazedamxedvelo cvlilebebi qveyanaSi finansuri stabilurobis ganmtkicebisaTvis. am mimarTulebiT erovnulma
bankma gaaZliera sabanko seqtoris mikroprudenciuli da makroprudenciuli zedamxedveloba. mniSvnelovania saqarTvelos sabanko seqtorSi ucxoeli investorebis
monawileoba da maTi wilis zrda, rac xels uwyobs mdgradi da konkurentuli adgilobrivi bazris Camoyalibebas.
saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis mier 2009 wlidan aqtiurad xorcieldeba
zedamxedveloba sadazRvevo bazarze, sadac, 2010 wlis mdgomareobiT, 16 sadazRvevo
kompania saqmianobda. am mizniT Catarda mTeli rigi mniSvnelovani samuSaoebi,
romelTagan aRsaniSnavia normatiuli bazis srulyofa.
saqarTveloSi samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsma 2011 wlis aprilis mdgomareobiT sagangaSo dones miaRwia _ saSualo wliurma inflaciam 13.4% Seadgina. pirvel
rigSi mosaxleobisaTvis yvelaze mZimea is, rom fasebi gaizarda sasursaTo produqciaze 28%-iT, purze fasma moimata daaxloebiT 25.8%-iT, mcenareul zeTsa da cximebze _ 34.5%-iT, kartofilze – 30-35%-iT, xaxvze TiTqmis 50%-iT, rZis produqtebze
_ 15-20%-iT. asevea navTobproduqtebi, romlis fasic yoveldRiurad imatebs. transportze fasma moimata 8%-iT gasul welTan SedarebiT.
Tumca, mimdinare wlis aprilis Semdgom momdevno periodSi saqarTveloSi aRiniSna samomxmareblo fasebis mniSvnelovani kleba, kerZod ivlisSi, ivnisTan SedarebiT, saqarTveloSi deflaciis donem 1.6 procenti Seadgina.
2011 wlis ivlisSi, ivnisTan SedarebiT, fasebi Semcirda samomxmareblo kalaTis mTel rig sasaqonlo jgufebze, gansakuTrebiT ki sursaTsa da ualkoholo sasmelebze. fasebis kleba aseve aRiniSna kavSirgabmulobaze, tansacmelsa da fexsacmelze, dasveneba-garTobasa da kulturaze da sxva. amave periodSi fasebma ZiriTadad
moimata transportze, SedarebiT naklebad – ganaTlebaze, sastumroebze, kafeebsa da
restornebze, sxvadasxva saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze.
2011 wlis ivlisSi, wina wlis ivlisTan SedarebiT, saqarTveloSi inflaciis
done 8.5 procentiT ganisazRvra, anu 2010 wlis oqtombris Semdeg pirvelad
dafiqsirda wliuri inflaciis erTniSna maCvenebeli. aRniSnul periodSi (2011 wlis
ivlisi wina wlis ivlisTan SedarebiT) inflaciis maCvenebelze ZiriTadi gavlena
iqonia fasebis matebam sursaTsa da ualkoholo sasmelebze da transportze, agreTve sastumroebze, kafeebsa da restornebze, alkoholur sasmelebze, Tambaqoze da
samomxmareblo kalaTis sxva jgufebze. amave dros, fasebi mniSvnelovnad Semcirda
kavSirgabmulobaze, aseve ganaTlebaze, avejze, saojaxo nivTebsa da saxlis movlaSekeTebaze. samomxmareblo kalaTis sasaqonlo poziciebisaTvis xvedriTi wonebi yalibdeba Sinameurneobebis kvlevis safuZvelze. aqedan gamomdinare, mniSvnelovan sakiTxs warmoadgens Tu ramdenad momcvelia samomxmareblo xarjebis struqtura, romelic warmodgenilia saqonlis da momsaxurebis xvedriTi wonebis saxiT saqarTvelos samomxmareblo kalaTaSi. Cveni azriT, gadasaxedia samomxmareblo kalaTis
struqtura mosaxleobisaTvis SedarebiT araarsebiTi sasaqonlo poziciebis xarjze
im mizniT, rom gaizardos sursaTis pirveladi moxmarebis sagnebisa da aucilebeli
momsaxurebis xvedriTi wona. amasTan, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT rom mosaxleobis didi
70
nawilisaTvis samomxmareblo fasebSi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania nomenklaturis
sakmaod mcire jgufi (umTavresad sursaTi da energomatareblebi), mizanSewonilia
e.w. aqtiuri samomxmareblo kalaTis dagegmva, rogorc es bevr, maT Soris ganviTarebul qveynebSi xdeba. es ki xels Seuwyobs qveyanaSi arsebuli socialuri viTarebis obieqtur asaxvas, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, sazogadoebaSi undoblobas aqvs
adgili inflaciis maCveneblisadmi.
grafiki 118:
yovlad gaugebaria, roca bareli navTobi msoflio bazarze TiTqmis 150
dolaridan 50 dolaramde daeca, fasebis kleba mxolod minimaluri iyo, xolo roca
msoflioSi fasis zrdis tendenciaa, saqarTveloSic mniSvnelovnad izrdeba. rac
yvelaze savalaloa, medikamentebic mniSvnelovnad gaZvirda, romlis gamomwvev
mizezebze araerTxel Tqmula, rom es aris proteqcionistuli monopoliebis brali,
rodesac samedicino bazari Caketili ciklia, dawyebuli samedicino preparatebis
warmoebidan, realizaciis, samedicino momsaxurebis qselis da sadazRvevo kompaniebis CaTvliT. amitom, pirvel rigSi, garkveuli seqtorebis demonopolizaciaa saWiro,
raTa fasebi daregulirdes da mosaxleoba ar aRmoCndes `SeTqmulebis~ msxverpli.
es yvelaferi im fonze, rodesac saqarTvelos mTliani Sida produqti erT sulze
mxolod 2629 dolaria, romelic msoflio donis saSualo maCvenebels TiTqmis 3-jer
CamorCeba. mdgomareobas isic amZimebs, rom Semosavlebis diferenciaciis koeficienti
Seadgens 16/1, maSin, rodesac ukrainaSi aris 6/1, estoneTSi 10/1, xolo ruseTSi 11/119.
cxrili 120:
samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi (inflacia)
2005
2006
2007
2008
2008
saSualo wliuri
saSualo wliurTan
wina
wlis
dekemberi wina wlis dekemberTan
2009
2010
108.2
109.2
109.2
110.0
101.7
107.1
106.2
108.8
111.0
105.5
103.0
111.2
18
wyaro: www.geostat.ge/cms
r. asaTiani. `socialuri diferenciaciis modelebi da saqarTvelo~, J. `socialuri
ekonomika“, #2. Tbilisi, 2010. gv. 10.
20 wyaro: www.geostat.ge
19
71
wliuri inflaciis done
6.2
8.8
11.0
5.5
3.0
11.2
2010 wels saqarTveloSi wliuri inflaciis donem 11.2% Seadgina, romelSic
sursaTisa da ualkoholo sasmelebis wvlili 9.5% iyo. rogorc monacemebidan Cans,
bolo 6 wlis ganmavlobaSi saqarTveloSi inflaciis zrdis tempi iseTi maRali ar
yofila, rogorc dResdReobiT aRiniSneba, miuxedavad imisa, rom 2006-2008 wlebSi
sainvesticio “bumi” iyo qveyanaSi. marto am sami wlis ganmavlobaSi saqarTveloSi 4.8
miliardi aSS dolaris investicia Semovida. dRevandeli inflaciis aseTi sagangaSo
mdgomareoba gamowveulia rogorc gare, ise Sida faqtorebiT. gare faqtorebidan
mniSvnelovania navTobze msoflio fasis mkveTri zrda, romelic 2010 wlis bolosa
da 2011 wlis dasawyisSi barel navTobze 50-60 dolaridan 110 dolaramde gaizarda.
amis mizezia ara marto msoflio krizisis Semdgomi ekonomikis gamococxleba, aramed CrdiloeT afrikis qveynebSi revoluciebi da samoqalaqo omebi. aseve, ganviTarebulma qveynebma daiwyes sakuTari navTobis rezervebis Sevseba, rac pirdapir
aisaxa mis fasze. eqspertebis SefasebebiT, 1 milioni bareli navTobis gazrda iwvevs
bareli navTobis daaxloebiT 7-8 dolariT gazrdas.
gaeros sursaTisa da soflis meurneobis organizaciis (FAO) monacemebiT, 2011
wels msoflios 50 milioni tona xorblis deficiti eqneba. amas emateba isic, rom
gasuli wlis seqtembris TveSi ruseTma saerTod akrZala qveynidan xorblis eqsporti da xaxvis eqsporti aikrZala indoeTidan. cnobisaTvis, ruseTidan yovelwliurad
daaxloebiT 12-15 milioni tona xorblis eqsporti xorcieldeboda. aRsaniSnavia, rom
arc erT did saxelmwifos am sakiTxze aranairi pretenzia ar gamouTqvams. maSin,
roca ruseTi Zlier aris dainteresebuli vaWrobis msoflio organizaciaSi gawevrianebiT, aseT “egoistur” nabijebs aRar unda dgamdes. amas daemata wyaldidoba avstraliaSi, bunebrivi kataklizmebi braziliasa da argentinaSi. fasebze garkveulad
imoqmeda gasul wels CineTSi miRebulma kanonma xelfasis minimumis zrdasTan
dakavSirebiT, romelic 140 dolaramde gaizarda. es Seexo daaxloebiT 500 milionze
met adamians. aman momentalurad gazarda fasebi CineTSi warmoebul pirveladi
moxmarebis sagnebze, tansacmelze, fexsacmelze, bambeulsa da sxva produqtze.
amave organizaciis informaciiT, 2010 wlis bolosaTvis sursaTze msoflio
fasebis indeqsma 2007-2008 wlebis sasursaTo krizisis Semdeg yvelaze maRal niSnuls miaRwia. kerZod, 2010 wlis dekembris mdgomareobiT, sursaTze fasebis done
1.0%-iT gaizarda 2008 wlis ivnisTan SedarebiT, rodesac dafiqsirda sursaTze fasebis maqsimaluri maCvenebeli.
cxrili 2.21
calkeuli sasursaTo kategoriebis msoflio fasebis dinamika
20082008-2010 wlebis dekemberSi
2010 weli 2009 welTan
2010 weli 2008 welTan
procentuli cvlileba
procentuli cvlileba
24.60%
49.80%
dasaxeleba
mTliani sursaTi
21
gaeros sursaTisa da soflis meurneobis saerTaSoriso organizaciis (FAO), 2010
wlis moxseneba.
72
xorci
18.40%
16.70%
rZis nawarmi
-3.40%
46.70%
marcvleuli
38.80%
36.30%
zeTi
55.30%
108.10%
Saqari
19.30%
139.00%
aRniSnuli organizaciis Tanaxmad, 2010 wlis dekemberSi, 2009 wlis dekemberTan SedarebiT, sursaTze msoflio fasebma 24.6%-iT moimata, xolo 2008 wlis dekemberTan SedarebiT ufro metad – 49.8%-iT. sursaTis calkeuli saxeobebis mixedviT, 2010 wlis dekemberSi, wina wlis dekemberTan SedarebiT, fasebis yvelaze maRali
zrda aRiniSna zeTze (55.3%-iT), marcvleulze (38.8%-iT), Saqarze (19.3%-iT) da xorcze
(18.4%-iT).
kidev ufro moimata msoflio fasebma sursaTze 2010 wlis dekemberSi 2008
wlis dekemberTan SedarebiT, gansakuTrebiT ki: Saqarze (139.0%-iT), zeTze (108.1%-iT)
da rZis nawarmze (46.7%-iT). am periodSi msoflio bazarze mTlianad sursaTi 49.8%iT gaZvirda.
2010 wels msoflio bazarze fasebis Tavdapirveli zrda dafiqsirda marcvleul kulturebze, gansakuTrebiT, xorbalze. marcvleuli kulturebis mosavlianobis Semcirebaze mniSvnelovani zegavlena moaxdina araxelsayrelma bunebrivma pirobebma, ris Sedegadac 2010 wels marcvleulis warmoeba 2.1%-iT Semcirda wina wlis
donesTan SedarebiT. 2010 wels msoflio sasursaTo kalaTis fasebis matebis erTerTi mTavari mizezi Saqaric gaxda, romlis fasma bolo 30 wlis manZilze maqsimums
miaRwia. SedarebiT Sekavebuli iyo xorcze msoflio fasebis zrda, maSin, rodesac
rZis produqtebidan gansakuTrebiT karaqi gaZvirda. wina wlebTan SedarebiT, 2010
wels msoflio bazarze aRiniSna Tevzze fasis mkveTri zrda. mousavlianobis gamo
2010 wels aseve gaZvirda yava, kakao da sxva sasursaTo saqoneli.
msoflio bazarze sasursaTo produqciis Rirebulebis zrdaze 2010 wels
mniSvnelovani zegavlena moaxdina agreTve energomatareblebze fasebis momatebam,
radgan transportirebis xarjebi, sasoflo-sameurneo teqnikis sawvavTan erTad, sasursaTo produqciis RirebulebaSi mniSvnelovan komponents warmoadgens.
msoflio bazarze sursaTze fasebis matebis garda, mxedvelobaSi misaRebia is
garemoebac, rom saqarTveloSi samomxmareblo kalaTaSi maRalia sursaTis xvedriTi
wili (40%-ze meti). amitom igi orientirebulia ZiriTadad sasursaTo saqonelze,
romelSic mniSvnelovani adgili improtirebul produqcias ukavia. 2010 wlis meore
naxevridan saqarTveloSi fasebi gaizarda amave sasaqonlo jgufebze, romelic msoflios sxva qveynebSic met-naklebad gaZvirda. magram, imis gamo, rom ganviTarebul
qveynebSi samomxmareblo kalaTis Semadgenloba gansxvavebulia (sasursaTo saqonels
am qveynebis samomxmareblo kalaTaSi saqarTvelosTan SedarebiT gacilebiT naklebi
xvedriTi wili ukavia), amitom, cxadia, sursaTze msoflio fasebis zrda gansxvavebulad aisaxeba inflaciis maCveneblebze am qveynebSi da saqarTveloSi.
rac Seexeba saqarTveloSi 2010 wlis bolosa da 2011 wlis dasawyisSi inflaciis gamomwvev Sida faqtorebs, pirvel rigSi aRsaniSnavia, rom samomxmareblo
bazris 70-80% importzea damokidebuli. “saqarTvelos aqvs iseTi uaryofiTi saldo
da iseTi ekonomikuri damokidebuleba importze, rom verc erTi poziciiT mis
sasargeblod ver ganviTardeba inflaciis Sedegebis gamoyeneba. Tu fasebi izrdeba
imaze, rasac yidulob, izrdeba imazec, rasac yidi. magram qveyana Tu mxolod
73
yidulobs, bunebrivia, fasebis mateba masze mxolod uaryofiTad moqmedebs da
dadebiTi misTvis araferia”22.
amitom, yvelaze mniSvnelovani unda iyos saxelmwifo biujetidan adgilobrivi
warmoebis, pirvel rigSi ki soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis mxardaWera. qveynis ekonomikis “lokomotivis” roli turizmma ki ara, soflis meurneobam unda Seasrulos.
agraruli seqtorisaTvis gamoyofili 150 milioni lari TavisTavad kargia, magram es
panacea ar aris. soflis meurneobaSi ganxorcielebuli ekonomikuri politika unda
iyos mTlianad qveynis makroekonomikuri politikis Semadgeneli nawili. saxelmwifom unda Seqmnas makro da mikroekonomikuri piroba soflis meurneobis stabiluri da Seuferxebeli ganviTarebisaTvis. “problematuria isic, rom soflis meurneobis seqtorSi ver Camoyalibda Zlieri fermeruli meurneobebi, ver amoqmedda
sadazRvevo meqanizmebi, aSkarad arasakmarisia ucxouri investiciebis Semodineba,
TiTqmis SeuZlebelia grZelvadiani, dabalprocentiani kreditebis mozidva...”23.
soflis meurneoba swored is mimarTulebaa, sadac unda iqnes gamoyenebuli
kreatiuli, maRalteqnologiuri da sxva, ganviTarebul qveynebSi ukve aprobirebuli
meTodebi. am mxriv kargi magaliTia TurqeTi da israeli. soflis meurneoba, rogorc
dargi, ra Tqma unda, investorebisaTvis naklebad mimzidvelia imitom, rom maTTvis
maRalmomgebiani mxolod komunikaciebi da energosferoa. magram, iseTi saxelmwifoebrivi mxardaWera unda gaewios soflis meurneobas, rom yvela fermers, glexs
gauCndes am sferoSi CarTvis survili. magaliTad iseTi qveynebi, rogoric aris belgia, norvegia, avstria, kanada, aSS da sxvebi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, biujetidan pirdapir
afinanseben soflis meurneobas, Tan sakmaod mniSnelovnad. evrokavSirma marto 2008
wels 60 miliardi dolari gamoyo soflis meurneobis mxardasaWerad. rogor SeiZleba iseT qveyanas, rogoric saqarTveloa, importis saxiT Semohqondes xaxvi, pomidori, badrijani, kartofili da sxva agraruli produqcia. `mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba damokidebulia mTel rig struqturul reformebze: kreditebis gacema Teslis
da warmoebis saSualebebis SesaZenad... warmoebis, miwodebisa da gasaRebis organizaciebis Seqmna, Senaxvis pirobebis gaumjobeseba, produqciis realizaciisaTvis (marketingi) xelSewyoba~24. rogorc aRiniSna, dReis mdgomareobiT, veranair kritikas ver
uZlebs samedicino, farmacevtuli, sadazRvevo, navTobis seqtorSi Seqmnili mdgomareoba.
qveyanaSi ucxouri investiciebis didi odenobiT Semosvla iwvevs erovnuli
valutis kursis gamyarebas. xolo im SemTxvevaSi, roca mTavroba icavs valutis
kurss gamyarebisgan, es xels uwyobs inflaciuri potencialis warmoqmnas. Semosuli
kapitalis ganeitralebis mizniT erovnuli bankebi mimarTaven Ria bazris sxvadasxva
operaciebs. aseTi SeiZleba iyos, magaliTad, saxelmwifo fasiani qaRaldebi (saxazino valdebulebebis gayidva), romelic amcirebs safinanso likvidurobas. miuxedavad
imisa, rom 2004-2010 wlebSi saqarTveloSi Semovida 6 miliard dolarze meti investicia, erovnulma bankma SeZlo Tavidan aecilebina laris kursis mkveTri ryevebi.
laris kursis gamyarebam, rac dRes saxezea, ekonomikuri Teoriis TvalsazrisiT, grZelvadian periodSi importirebul saqonelze fasebis kleba unda gamoiw22
m. jibuti. inflaciisa da umuSevrobis urTierTobis paradoqsi saqarTveloSi. ekonomikuri
politika da biznes procesebis marTva. saerTaSoriso, samecniero-praqtikuli konferencia.
Tbilisi, 2011, gv. 29.
23 a. silagaZe. saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis perspeqtivebis Sesaxeb. ekonomikuri politika da biznes procesebis marTva. saerTaSoriso, samecniero-praqtikuli konferencia.
Tbilisi, 2011, gv. 19.
24 r. gvelesiani, i. gogoriSvili. `soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis strategiebi~. ekonomikuri
politika (wigni II), Tbilisi, 2009, gv. 221
74
vios. sinamdvileSi amis msgavsi araferi xdeba. 2010 wlis zafxulSi, rodesac lari
dolaris mimarT 4%-iT gaufasurda, importiorebma male moaxdines reagireba _
rogorc navTobi, aseve medikamentebi 10-12%-iT gaaZvires. “saxelmwifom unda Seqmnas
iseTi kanonebi, romlebic minimumamde daiyvans monopoliur mdgomareobas bazris ama
Tu im segmentSi. saqarTveloSi ki, nebismier sasaqonlo jgufze arsebobs monopolia,
yovel SemTxvevaSi, aSkara oligopolia. rodesac ramdenime moTamaSe inawilebs bazris ama Tu im segments, Semdgom isini SeTanxmebulad aweseben fasebs da axal
moTamaSes bazarze Sesvla ar SeuZlia. swored amitomac ar mcirdeba fasebi laris
gamyarebisas25”.
kvlav dabalia komerciuli bankebis mier gacemuli grZelvadiani sesxebis
moculoba. moklevadian sesxebze ki procentebi Zalze maRalia, romlebic maRal
riskTan aris dakavSirebuli. Tumca, sakredito ganakveTebi TandaTan SedarebiT
mainc mcirdeba gazrdili konkurenciisa da ucxouri kapitalis Semodinebis gamo,
romlebic ZiriTadad evropisa da evraziis bankebisa da saerTaSoriso organizaciebis meSveobiT Semodis. kreditebis nakleboba ki pirdapiraa dakavSirebuli bankebis uunarobasTan, gazardos depozitebi masze arcTu dabali saprocento ganakveTebis miuxedavad. saqarTveloSi bankebis saprocento ganakveTebTan dakavSirebiT
metad saintereso ram xdeba, romelic aranair ekonomikur logikas ar eqvemdebareba.
maSinac ki, roca gasuli 5-6 wlis ganmavlobaSi inflaciis zrdis tempebi SedarebiT
stabiluri iyo da igi 6-7%-s Seadgenda, bankebs saprocento ganakveTebi ar SeumcirebiaT, da axla, roca inflaciis zrdis wliuri tempi 13%-s gadascda, sakredito
ganakveTebi ucvleli darCa.
Cveni azriT, aucileblad unda gagrZeldes mkacri fulad-sakredito politika, Zviri fulis politika, fulis miwodeba ganxorcieldes ekonomikuri zrdis
tempebis gaTvaliswinebiT. qveynis xelisufleba mkafiod unda acnobierebdes, rom
inflacia ekonomikas aunazRaurebel zians ayenebs, rom monetaruli da fiskaluri
eqspansiiT SeuZlebelia ekonomikis realuri seqtoris ganviTarebis stimulireba26.
aucilebelia maqsimalurad SeizRudos mTavrobis emisiuri dakrediteba. ganxorcieldes biujetis deficitis minimizacia. saWiroa erovnuli bankis sarezervo
moTxovnebis maRali donis SenarCuneba. savaluto politika unda eyrdnobodes Tavisuflad mcuravi kursis reJims, romelic qveynis garedan Semosuli savaluto nakadebis Sesabamisad gansazRvravs laris gacvliTi kursis wonasworul dinamikas da
Seasustebs sagareo Sokebis ekonomikis realur seqtorze gavlenas. erovnulma bankma
unda ganaxorcielos mkacri monitoringi komerciuli bankebis mier sakredito da
sainvesticio saqmianobis ganxorcielebaze. xSirad bankebi ZiriTadad dakavebulebi
arian sainvesticio saqmianobiT, uSualod ipoTekuri kreditebis gacemaze, xolo zogierTi banki lamis samSeneblo kompaniad gadaiqca. erovnuli bankis saqmianoba
maqsimalurad orientirebuli unda iyos komerciuli bankebis saprocento ganakveTis
Semcirebaze. dReisaTvis komerciuli bankebis refinansireba ZiriTadad kerZo
bankebis mogebis zrdas emsaxureba, romelic zog SemTxvevaSi saxifaToc aris. kargad gvaxsovs is `Savi paraskevi~, ramac kinaRam mTlianad daangria sabanko sistema.
aucilebelia aseve gaizardos komerciuli bankebis mier sawarmoebis dakreditebis
done grZelvadian periodSi. xSirad, arsebuli maRali ganakveTebi bankebis kreditebis naklebobaze da maT Soris konkurenciis uqonlobaze miuTiTebs. kreditebis
25
l. papava. ratom ubrundeba lari vardebis revoluciamdeli periodis niSnuls da
ratom aris gardauvali misi Seuqcevadi devalvacia. wyaro: http://tbiliselebi.ge/?mas_id=4233
26 i. mesxia. monetaruli politikis axali strategia: inflaciuri TargeTireba. ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis aqtualuri problemebi YTanamedrove etapze. Tbilisi. 2008, gv. 17.
75
nakleboba pirdapir aris dakavSirebuli bankebis uunarobasTan, gazardon depozitebi, rac jer kidev sazogadoebis garkveuli undoblobis Sedegia.
P
Pavliashvili Solomon
INFLATION PECULIARITIES AND TARGET IN
POST-CRISIS GEORGIA
SUMMARY
The article deals with the Inflation peculiarities and target in post – crisis Georgia. The consecutive
process of increasing reliability and consolidation of banking system in Georgia in the past 15 years. The article also deals with the internal and external factors causing the growth of consumer price. The author describes
the meaning of inflation target determined by the National Bank. National Bank's monetary policy has been positively estimated according to the stability of Lari rate.
In the article there are given author’s recommendations how to prevent high rates of inflation.
giorgi papava
ekonomikis sabazro teqnologiis normaluri
morfologiisaTvis
rac ufro metad ganxorcieldeba sabazro ekonomikis garemoSi drois periodebis mixedviT arsebuli da warmoqmnadi ekonomikuri realobebis (maT Soris negatiuri qcevebis gamomricxavi ekonomikuri aqciebis, reaqciebisa da situaciebis) Tvisebebis (mag., damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis, bunebis, Taviseburebebis, unarianobisa da SesaZleblobebis) analizis safuZvelze maTi morfologiurad mizanSewonili SeuRlebadobisa da Tavsebadobis migneba, SerCeva da gamoyeneba, miT ufro maRalukugebianomaRalukugebianobaze iqneba orientirebuli am proces-operaciebis socialrad jansaRi ekonomikuri
efeqtianoba. amgvaria ekonomikis morfologiis formirebis maorganizebeli funqcia.
amiT igi arsebiTad gansxvavdeba bunebis qmnilebis TviTorganizebadi morfolo
morfologii
fologiigii
sagan.
sagan
bunebam Seqmna adamianis sxeulis morfologiuri aRna
aRnago
nagoba
goba,
ba adamianebi ki Tavisi qcevebiT unda ayalibebdnen da warmarTavdnen ekonomikis morfologiur aRnagobas. amis gaTvaliswineba moiTxovs adamianebis mierve ganxorcielebul drois periodebis mixedviT uwyvetad moqmedi da warmoqmnadi ekonomikuri realo
realobebis
lobebis morfomorfologiu
logiurad
giurad maRalukugebian mizanmimarTul SeuRlebebs ekonomikis sabazro teqnologiis welSi gamarTuli funqcionirebisaTvis. ekonomikur raobaTa urTierTisadmi
ufro Tavsebadi SeuRleba, maTi saTanado ganlagebiT rac SeiZleba efeqtiani mdgomareobis mimgnebi poziciiT, iwvevs mizandasaxuli mimarTulebiT da odenobiT ekonomikur ingredientTa maRalukugebian kavSirurTierTobebs. amaSia ekonomikuri raobebis SeTanwyobiTi SeuRlebis morfologia. amitom, unda gvaxosvdes Semdegi:
1) morfologia ar unda avurioT formalizmSi. ukanaskneli xom Sinaarsisagan
mowyvetiT garegnuli formis SenarCunebas niSnavs, romelic azianebs nebismier saq76
mianobas. ekonomikuri realobebis, maT Soris negatiuri qcevebis gamomricxavi ekonomikuri aqciebis, reaqciebisa da situaciebis morfologiurad mizanSewonili Tavsebadoba ki warmoadgens maTi Sinaarsis gamomxatveli formebis urTierTSeTavsebas
sasurveli socialurad jansaRi maRalukugebi
maRalukugebia
biani Sedegis misaRwevad. ekonomikaSi
stiqiurad SemoWrili morfologiurad Cveni miznebisadmi araTavsebadi realobebis
dakanoneba warmoadgens ekonomikur paralogizms27. saWiroa am realobebis Seswavla,
gaanalizeba da morfologiuri daxvewa, romelic an gaaumjobesebs maTi SeuRlebis
meqanizms maRalukugebiani urTierTTavsebadobis mizandasaxulobiT, an mTlianad gamoricxavs maT, Tu isini amkvidreben ekonomikuri ukugebebis uxilav Semcirebas an
saerTod ugulvebelyofen ukugebebis maqsimumis miRwevis aucileblobas;
2) iracionaluroba damaxasiaTebelia „jumlisaTvis“28, racionaluroba
racionaluroba ki –
29
„sistemisaTvis“ . amis gauTvaliswinebloba ekonomikaSi iwvevs ekonomikuri paralogizmebiT daavadebas. ukanaskneli ekonomikaSi jumlur Semadgenlebs amkvidrebs
(miuxedavad amisa, ratomRac am „jumls“ mainc „sistemas“ uwodeben);
3) morfologiuri midgomis mizanmimarTuli gamoyeneba droTa ganmav
ganmavlo
mavlobaSi
lobaSi
jansaRi kapitalisturi ekonomikis iracionalurobis sagrZnobi odenobiT gamoricxgamoricxvis damakvalianebeli gaxdeba. igi gardaqmnis am ukanasknels ufro racionalur warmonaqmnad, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebeli gaxdeba sistemuri wyobis dadebiTi Tvisebebis damkvidreba da jumluri wyobis uaryofiTi Tvisebebis gamoricxva.
ekonomikis sabazro teqnologiis siRrmiseuli gamokvlevis Sedegad mignebul
iqna ekonomikuri realobebis, maT Soris negatiuri qcevebis gamomricxavi ekonomikuri aqciebis, reaqciebisa da situaciebis mizanmimarTuli morfologiurad urTierTTavsebadi socialurad jansaRi mTlianobiTi wyoba, e.i. sistema, raTa sabazro ekonomika gagveTavisuflebina mozRvavebuli jumluri (usistemo) minarevebisagan da
amiT mogvexdina misi normalizacia.
unda aRvniSnoT rom, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mocemuli qveynis ekonomikaSi finansebis ganawilebiTi dakvalianeba ganxorcieldeba myidvelTa Soris konkurenciis
konkurenciis
dominirebiT gamyidvelTa Soris konkurenciaze,
konkurenciaze maSin Tavs iCens fuladi erTeulebis inflacia. im SemTxvevaSi ki, rodesac gamyidvelTa Soris konkurencia dominirebs myidvelTa Soris konkurenciaze,
konkurenciaze maSin fuladi erTeulebis kursi daiwyebs gamyarebas, rac gaaTavisuflebs qveynis ekonomikas inflaciis safrTxisagan, e.i. ekonomikur kriziss mocemul qveyanaSi niadagi gamoecleba. am garemoebis yuradRebis gareSe datoveba warmoqmnis da gaaZlierebs fuladi erTeulebis inflaciis process
da amiT ekonomikuri krizisis aRmocenebasa da gaZlierebas.
amitom, arsebiTi mniSvneloba unda mivaniWoT qveynis fuladi fondis am TvalTvalsazrisiT racionalur dakvalianebas,
dakvalianebas Tu gvinda bedis anabara ar mivagdoT finansuri Tanxebis iracionaluri ganawileba da moZraobac ki. igi xom mocemul qveyanaSi
mosaxleobis ekonomikurad Rarib nawils zrdis mosaxleobis saSualo fenis Semcirebis xarjze. es ki nacvlad demokratiisa mocemul qveyanaSi daamkvidrebs plutoplutokratias,
kratias e.i. politikur wyobilebas, romlis drosac saxelmwifos marTavs Rrmad
27
paralogizmi – uneblie mcdari logikiT Semcdar daskvnebze gasvla.
jumluri warmonaqmni (jumli) – mTlianobis, erTianobis ganuyoflobis gamomricxavi
raoba,
raoba romelic ar qmnis erTian mTels da warmoadgens raime elementebis an raime sistemebis
meqanikurad Tavmoyril grovas morfologiuri ganuyoflobis Tvisebis warmoqmnis gareSe.
29
mTlianobiTi warmonaqmni (sistema) – miznobrivad dakvalianebuli erTmaneTTan kanonzomierad dakavSirebuli nawilebisagan, elementebisagan morfologiurad Sedgenili organizebuli, mowesrigebuli ganuyofeli raoba, romelic ayalibebs erTian mTels, erTianobas,
mTlianobas.
28
77
dafaruli negatiuri qcevebiT Tanamdebobis gamomyenebeli, pirad gamdidrebaze dauokebeli wyurviliT orientirebuli mcirericxovani jgufi.
amave dros, unda vicodeT da gvaxsovdes, rom ekonomikis sabazro teqnologiis
Camoyalibeba normalizebul sistemad qmnis da amkvidrebs demokratiis ganuxreli
wyobis niadags. ukanasknels SeuZlia gamoricxos ekonomikuri krizisebis gamaubedurebeli Sedegebis gamomwvevi plutokratia
plutokratia.
kratia qveynis damoukideblobisa da demokratiulobis mzid ekonomikaSi socialurad jansaR da morfologiurad mizandasaxul
moazrovne profesionalis Wkuis gamomyenebeli inteleqtis nakleboba gamoricxavs
demokratiuli wesrigis damyarebas mocemul qveyanaSi, ramac, SesaZloa, plutokraplutokratiac ki gaasaRos demokratiad. saWiroa am safrTxis Tavidan aSoreba ekonomikis sabazro teqnologiis normalizebuli funqcionirebis damkvidrebiT qveyanaSi. unda
gvaxsovdes, rom namdvili demokratia moiTxovs ekonomikis sabazro teqnologiis
socialurad welSi gamarTuli, morfologiurad mizanmimarTuli ukugebiani funqcionirebis politikas.
aRsaniSnavia, rom amJamad “ekonomiksi”, rogorc saswavlo disciplina, azrovnebs mxolod ekonomikuri kategoriebiT, e.i. zogadi cnebebiT, romlebic moicaven
calkeuli – kerZo raobebidan ganzogadebiT gamoyofil saerTo niSan-Tvisebebs, konkretul pirobebSi mimdinare maTi formirebis proces-operaciaTa siRrmiseuli xedvis gareSe. amis gamo “ekonomiqsi” “autizmiTaa” daavadebuli, rac moaswavebs konkretuli samoqmedo arealisagan ganzogadebiT izolirebuli xedviT daavadebul azrovnebas. maSin, rodesac ekonomikisadmi morfologiuri midgoma unda uzrunvelyofdes
konkretul ekonomikur qcevaTa Sinagan da garegan urTierTkavSirebiT gamoxatul
aRnagobebs da isic cvlilebebis urTierTganpirobebulobaSi sabazro ekonomikis
efeqtian (ukugebian) funqcionirebaTa dakvalianebisaTvis.
ekonomikaSi efeqtian (ukugebian) morfologiur kavSirebs uzrunvelyofs ekonomikis sabazro teqnologiis formirebis proces-operaciebis raobaTa mizanSewonili urTierTobebiT dakvalianebuli warmoqmnadi ekonomikuri sistemebi. amitom,
“ekonomiksma”, rogorc saswavlo disciplinam, unda moicvas ekonomikis sabazro teqnologiis normaluri formirebis arealis Tvisebrivi Secnobis meTodologia, raTa
praqtikaSi dakvaliandes efeqtiani (ukugebamzidi) azrovneba sistemuri midgomis
parametrebiT. unda viTvaliswinebdeT, rom ekonomikur raobaTa qcevebi moZraobaSi
myofi proces-operaciebiT ayalibebs ekonomikis sabazro teqnologias. ar unda gvizidavdes am garemoebis mxedvelobis miRma datoveba, vinaidan igi ugulvebelyofs
ekonomikur raobaTa realuri proces-operaciebis formireba-mimdinareobis siRrmiseuli Wvretis mzid azrovnebas.
mxolod imis analizi, rac zedapirze
zedapirze moCans da vafiqsirebT, rogorc lologikur cnebebs, mxolod ganzogadebul kategoriebze dayrdnobiT gamoricxavs
ekonomikis sabazro teqnologiis funqcionirebis siRrmiseuli Wvretis unars.
amitom, daSvebebi da zogad frazeologiuri motivirebebi gverds uvlis ekonomikis
sabazro teqnologiis, rogorc realurad funqcionirebadi raobis bunebrivi qcevebis analitikur Secnobas. am garemoebam ki “ekonomiksi”, rogorc mecniereba da saswavlo disciplina gaxada “autizmiT” daavadebuli. amgvari TvalTaxedviT agebuli
“ekonomiksi” realurad moqmed sabazro teqnologiis mzidi ekonomikisagan mowyvetili aRmoCnda. igi mas aranormalizebul funqcias aniWebs da negatiur movlenebs
ukeTebs vualirebas. amiT igi asrulebs niRabis funqcias aranormalizebuli sabazro ekonomikis xarvezebis miCqmalviT.
amrigad, “ekonomiksis” logika mowyvetili aRmoCnda ekonomikis sabazro teqnologiis morfologiurad dakvalianebuli mecnieruli azrovnebisagan. ekonomikis sa78
bazro teqnologiaSi mTavaria ekonomikaSi mivagnoT ukugebian qcevebs, raTa saTanadoT davakvalianoT isini. es qceva xom iwvevs sxva saxis miRebas, sxva raobad gardaqmnas, raimesadmi damokidebulebis Secvlas, welSi gamarTuli efeqtiani gzis
mignebis unaris gamomJRavnebas ukugebiani pozitiuri qcevebis morfologiuri xedviT
da isic qcevebis formaTa SeuRlebaSi SemadgenlobaTa mizandasaxuli maRalukugebiani Sedegebis misaRwevad.
ekonomikur raobaTa moqmedebebi (qcevebi) erTmaneTTan mimarTebaSi miznobrivad
sruli unaklo TavsebadobiT unda iyos orientirebuli ekonomikuri ukugebis maqsimizaciaze da urTierTmimarTebaSi ar unda aRmoCndes stiqiuri SeuTavsebadobiT ekonomikuri zianis momtani. amiT moxdeba am raobaTagan sistemis Sekvra da am gziT ekonomikis sabazro teqnologiis uparalogizmo, e.i. unaklo SeuRleba. es ukanaskneli
ki warmoqmnis ekonomikur raobaTa sistemas da gamoricxavs jumlur (usistemo) midgomebs (nair-nair ingredientTa meqanikur Tavmoyras sistemuri kavSirebis gareSe).
ekonomikis sabazro teqnologiis morfologiuri xedvisadmi gverdis avlam
gamoiwvia ekonomikis ingredientTa (SemadgenelTa) organuli erTianobis gamomricxavi, jumluri wyoba, maSin rodesac `problemebis kvlevis efeqtiani meTodologia
sistemuri midgomis msgavsia. proble
problemis
lemis formulireba moiTxovs mis morfolo
morfologiur,
logiur,
funqcionalur da informaciul aRweras
aRweras“
weras 30. am viTarebis vualirebiT ratomRac
cdiloben gaxadon raime ara mTlad naTeli da mas uwodes ekonomikuri sistema. aq
xom daSvebulia sagrZnobi uzustobebi, vinaidan nair-nair SemadgenelTa meqanikuri
grova Tu urevia mocemul ekonomikur raobaSi, maSin igi ver iqneba ganuyofeli
mTlianoba (e.i. sistema).
ekonomikuri sistema unda gamoricxavdes jumlur minarevebs. amis gareSe igi
sistemis Tvisebebis gamomricxavi aRmoCndeba. ratomRac am garemoebas ar aqcevs yuradRebas da arc iTvaliswinebs amJamad arsebuli saswavlo disciplina “ekonomiksi”.
igi gverds uvlis ekonomikuri raobis morfologiur, funqcionalur da informaciul wyobas ekonomikuri sistemis CamoyalibebaSi. “ekonomiksi” ekonomikis morfologiurad normalizebuli sabazro ekonomikis xedvas unda eyrdnobodes. amis gareSe
igi isev da isev aRmoCndeba mowyvetili ekonomikur realobas, moeqceva ra formaluri midgomebis tyveobaSi da darCeba “autizmiT” daavadebul jumlur mdgomareobaSi.
qveynis sabazro ekonomika rom funqcionirebdes rogorc sistema da ara jumli (konglomerati), saWiroa igi Tavisufali iyos mTlianobis damrRvevi faqtorebis
iracionaluri wyobiT funqcionirebisa da yoveli Semadgenlis TavaSvebuli wewvaglejisagan, raTa ekonomikuri subieqti yovelgvari CarCoebis (SezRudvebis) gareSe,
sxvadasxva “xrikebis” gamoyenebiT TavaSvebulad ar marTavdes sakuTar ekonomikur
obieqtebs, raTa misi interesebi daayenos saxelmwifo interesebze maRla, da piriqiT,
saxelmwifo interesebi ar unda moiTxovdes biznesis keTebis jansaRi procesis
xelyofas. es imas niSnavs, rom biznesmogebis zrda unda iwvevdes samuSao adgilebis
gamravlebas, raTa niadagi Seuqmnas mosaxleobis mudmiv dasaqmebulobas.
saWiroa demosos interesebis damcveli ekonomikuri politika. igi ver auvlis
gverds ekonomikis sabazro teqnologias. piriqiT, igi unda eyrdnobodes ukanasknels, rom imoqmedos welSi gamarTuli normaluri funqcionirebiT demosis cxovrebis gasaumjobeseblad, sadac unda dominirebdes mosaxleobis saSualo fenis da
ara plutokratebis interesebi, sadac Tavs iCens miznobrivad gamarTlebuli mor30
Дружинин В.В., Конторов Д.С. Проблемы системологии. Москва, «Сов. Радио», 1976 (gv. 73, qarTulad
Targmani da xazgasma Cvenia – g.p.).
79
fologiuri TavsebadobebiT ekonomikis Semadgenlebi unaklo sistemis CamoyalibebaSi. amis gareSe SeuZlebeli gaxdeba ekonomikis socialurad jansaRi funqcionirebaTa da ekonomikur ukugebebaTa damakvalianebeli welSi gamarTuli racionaluri
morfologiuri wyobis mzidi sistemis warmoqmna.
mocemuli qveynis mosaxleobis saSualo fenis siZliere plutokratiis uarmyofia da es unda Sediodes saxelmwifos ekonomikuri siZlieris formirebaSi. amgvari
unda iyos demokratiis normalur funqcionirebaTa moTxovnebi, romlebic gamoricxavs fsevdodemokratiis minarevebs, uqnarobas, muqTaxorobas, mimtaceblobas, mimTviseblobas, araprofesionalTa Tanamdebobriv TviTnebobas, dovlaTis Seqmnis dakvalianebaSi Rvawlisa da daxarjuli Sromis obieqtur SefasebaTa gverdis avlas,
gaumarTleblad gaberil xelfasebs da xelfasebis xelovnuri gaberviT Semosavlebis daumsaxurebeli nawilis mimTviseblobas. ekonomikis sabazro teqnologiis unarCvevebi unda iyos orientirebuli da dakvalianebuli ekonomikur raobaTa morfologiuri wyobiT. amis mxedvelobis miRma datoveba moaswavebs ekonomikuri azrovnebis
„autizmiT“ daavadebas.
unda aRvniSnoT, rom „mecniereba rTuli sistemebis Sesaxeb daucxromlad viTardeba, amis Sesaxeb SegviZlia vimsjeloT ara marto da ara imdenad publikaciebis
matebis mixedviT, ramdenadac ZiriTadad sistemuri midgomis konkretuli dadebiTi
Sedegebis mixedviT teqnikis, biologiis, ekonomikis,
ekonomikis, sociologiis sferoSi“31. azrovnebis aramarTebuli dakvalianeba Tavs iCens maSin, rodesac ama Tu im realobis
Tvisebrivi Secnoba (aRqma) xorcieldeba calmxrivad da isic zedapirulad, rac
gamoricxavs saerTod raobaTa arsis uSecdomo xedvas. asea ekonomikaSic. amgvari
qcevebisagan arsebiTad gansxvavebul ukugebian sistemur midgomas eyrdnoba Cven mier
gamoqveynebuli monografiebi: „Sereuli sabazro ekonomikis32 realobebis TvisebaTa
Secnobis meTodologia da paralogizmebi“ (gamocemulia rusul enaze 2009 wels, q.
stokholmSi – am monografiisaTvis avtors mieniWa akademikos paata guguSvilis
saxelobiTi samecniero premiis laureatoba) da „ekonomikis sabazro teqnologia“
(gamocemulia qarTul enaze 2011 wels, q. TbilisSi). pirveli wigni warmoadgens
meoris dasayrdens.
ekonomikuri realobebis TvisebaTa Secnobis Cven mier SemoTavazebuli meTodologia, exeba igi ekonomikuri erTeulis, TviT regionis Tu qveynis ekonomikas,
orientirebulia drois mocemul periodSi realuri ekonomikuri sinamdvilis
sinamdvilis dawdawvrilebiT aRqmaze. misi gamoyenebiT miiRweva ekonomikur realobaTa maRalukugebiani
morfologiuri Tavsebadobebis SesaZleblobaTa unaklo xedva. garda amisa, am
meTodologiis daniSnulebas drois yovel periodSi ekonomikuri paralogizmebis
warmoqmnisagan Tavis daRweva, raTa ekonomikis yvela doneze gamoiricxos mcdari
sammarTvelo gadawyvetilebebis miReba.
„mraval mecniers miaCnia, rom ekonomiksi imdenad abstraqtulia, imdenad
mowyvetilia realobas, rom mas ar SeuZlia adekvaturad asaxos es ukanaskneli.
ukanaskneli.
31
Дружинин В.В., Конторов Д.С. Проблемы системологии. Москва, «Сов. Радио», 1976 (gv. 3, qarTulad
Targmani da xazgasma Cvenia – g.p.).
32
normalizebuli Sereuli sabazro
ekonomika
warmoadgens kerZo
ekonomikuri
erTeulebis da
saxelmwifos ekonomikuri qcevebis erTmaneTis mimarT xelSemwyob
racionalur naerTs, romelic gaTavisuflebulia ekonomikuri SeuTavseblobebisagan da
amkvidrebs ekonomikis “polifoniur” funqcionirebas periodantul-genetikuri midgomiT,
sadac ukugebamzidi ekonomikuri maCveneblebis analiziT (wiladebis saxiT warmodgenili
ukugebiTi ekonomikuri raobebis genetikuri wyobiT) xorcieldeba drois periodebis mixedviT
ekonomikuri realobebis TvisebaTa garkveva da maTi efeqtiani TanawyobiT morfologiuri
dakvalianeba.
80
sinamdvilis fragmentuli asaxva warmoadgens ama Tu im samecniero disciplinis
ganviTarebis aucilebel etaps. magram aSkaraa, rom amgvari meTodis meSveobiT rearealobis asaxvis SesaZleblobebi SezRudulia, ekonomikur mecnierebaSi ki –
sadReisod ukve amowurulia. ekonomikuri Teoriis Semdgomi ganviTareba moiTxovs
principulad sxva midgomebs
midgomebs“
omebs 33. Cven mier warmodgenil naSromebSi asaxuli saTanado
midgomebisa da meTodebis safuZvliani aTviseba da praqtikaSi danergva SesaZlebels
xdis, rom adekvaturad vupasuxoT ekonomikuri Teoriis Semdgomi ganviTarebis zemoT
aRniSnul moTxovnas.
es SesaZlebeli gaxda ekonomikis maRalukugebiani funqcionirebis rezervebis
(SesaZleblobebis) gamovlenisa da gamoyenebis gazomvis Cven mier uzustesi meTodologiis SeqmniT. am ukanasknelis saTanado kompiuteruli programis saxiT warmodgena misi praqtikuli gamoyenebis farTo masStabiT Seuferxeblad gavrcelebis
SesaZleblobas iZleva. amave dros, igi SesaZlebels gaxdis sabazro ekonomikaSi
finansebis moZraobis normalizaciasac ki. aRniSnuli monografiebi warmoadgens
samecniero fundamentur gamokvlevebs efeqtiani sabazro ekonomikis34 Secnobisa da
gamoyenebis meTodologiis dargSi.
saTanado uaxlesi azrovnebiT warmodgenili zemoT aRniSnuli monogra
monografiebi
rafiebi
saxelm
xelmwifo
gankuTvnilia mewarmeebis, biznesmenebis, menejerebis, finansistebis, sa
xelmwifo
moxeleebis, magistrantebisa da doqtorantebis normalur
normalur saqmianoba
saqmianobaTa
baTa ukugebaze
orientirebuli, ekonomikis normali
normalize
lizebul
zebul sabazro teqnologiaSi warmatebuli
funqcionirebis dakvalianebi
dakvalianebisaTvis.
bisaTvis. isini dagvexmareba Tavi davaR
davaRwioT
vaRwioT ekonomikis
sabazro teqnolo
teqnologi
logia
giaSi „autizmiT“, anu samoqmedo arealisgan izolirebuli
izolirebuli xedviT
daavadebul, misamarTdakargul azrovnebas da amiT gavxdeT
gavxdeT orientirebuli praqpraq
tikis maRalukugebiani
socialurad jansaRi funqcioni
funqcioninimaRalukugebiani morfologiurad Tavsebadi socialurad
rebis maqsimaluri SesaZleblobebis gamoyenebaze.
miT umetes, rom ekonomikis saerTaSoriso saswavlo praqtikaSi axali codnis
safuZvelze saswavlo programis Secvlis gadaudebeli saWiroeba gaCnda. saxeldobr,
2000 wlis 17 ivniss frangi studentebis mier miRebul peticiaSi, mimarTuli ekonomikuri profilis profesorebisadmi, naTqvamia Semdegi: „Cven gvesmis, rom Cveni profesura TviT ganicdis gansazRvrul SezRudvebs. miT umetes, rom Cven movuwodebT
yvelas, vinc ki iziarebs Cven moTxovnebs da visac surs cvlilebebi. Tu seriozuli
swavloben
loben
reformebi male ar daiwyeba, didia imis riski, rom studentebi, romlebic swav
ekonomikss da romelTa raodenobac ukve mcirdeba, masobrivad miatoveben
miatoveben
mecnierebis am dargs, ara imitom rom isini dakargaven interess, aramed imitom rom
isini mowyve
mowyveti
diskusiebisagan. Cven
yvetili
tili arian Tanamedrove samyaros realobisa da diskusiebisagan.
meti aRar gvinda,
gvinda, rom Tavs gvaxvevden autizmiT daavadebul mecnierebas. Cven ar
moviTxovT arafers SeuZlebels, aramed mxolod imas, rom Warbobdes saRi azri.
amitom, Cven vimedovnebT, rom male gagvigeben~35. „frangi studentebis moZraoba
internetis wyalobiT swrafad gavrcelda mTel msoflioSi. maT mxari dauWires
kembrijis aspirantebma, romlebmac agreTve gamoaqveynes TavianTi peticia 2001 wels
(xeli moaweres 800-ze metma studentma). am moZraobas mxari dauWires profesorebmac
(daaxloebiT 147 xelmoweriT, maT Soris metad saxelganTqmuli frangi ekonomistebi:
33
Леиашвили П. Экономическая деятельность: телеологический анализ. Тбилиси, Издательство «Сиахле»,
2011 (gv. 5-6, qarTulad Targmani da xazgasma Cvenia – g.p.).
34
efeqtiani sabazro ekonomika – sabazro Tavisuflebisa da saxelmwifoebrivi regulirebis racionaluri SeuRlebis ekonomikuri sistema.
35
Леиашвили П. Экономическая деятельность: телеологический анализ. Тбилиси, Издательство «Сиахле», 2011
(gv. 183, qarTulad Targmani da xazgasma Cvenia – g.p.).
81
robert boieri, andra orleani, miSel aglieta, Jan-pol fitousi da daniel koxeni).
maTi peticiebi mTavrdeba erovnuli konferenciis mowvevis mowodebiT, romelic
gaxsnis saqveyno debatebs. 2001 wlis agvistoSi msoflios 17 qveynis studentebi
Seikribnen kanzas sitiSi da gamoaqveynes TavianTi peticia, 2003 wlis martSi ki
sakuTari peticia gamoaqveynes harvardis ekonomiksis studentebma. es moZraoba sul
ufro da ufro farTo gasaqans iRebs“36.
Papava George
CONCERNING THE NORMAL MORPHOLOGY OF THE MARKET
TECHNOLOGY OF AN ECONOMY
SUMMARY
On the basis of qualitative analysis it should be found and used the possibilities of morphologically
rational joining and combining of economic realia (including economic actions, reactions and situations
excluding negative behaviors of economic entities) forming according to time periods under the conditions of a
market economy. As result, the socially sound economic effectiveness of these processes and operations will be
oriented to the highest level of a return.
This is the organizing function of the morphology of an economy.
vladimer papava
monetaruli politikis zegavlena
nekroekonomikaze
ekonomikur zrdaze inflaciis an eqsportze erovnuli valutis devalvaciis
zegavlenis sakiTxi, rogorc zogadad, ise postkomunisturi transformaciis pirobebSi, araerTi met-naklebad mniSvnelovani gamokvlevis sagans warmoadgens.
rogorc cnobilia, zomieri inflacia xels uwyobs ekonomikur zrdas, radgan
mewarme dainteresebulia, rac SeiZleba swrafad daasrulos warmoebrivi cikli, rom
droze miiRos mogeba da misi nawili (Tu srulad ara) kvlav Cados warmoebaSi, yoveli warmoebrivi ciklis Sedegad miRebuli amonagebi inflaciam rom ar gaaufasuros.
aqedan gamomdinare keTdeba daskvna, rom zomieri inflacia ekonomikuri zrdis
mastimulirebelia.
meore aranakleb mniSvnelovani magaliTia erovnuli valutis devalvaciiT
eqsportis stimulireba, radgan erovnuli valutis gaiafeba ucxour valutasTan
SedarebiT aSkarad xelsayrelia eqsportisaTvis da imavdroulad aZvirebs imports.
bunebrivia, Sesabamisi rekomendacia, romelic am msjelobis safuZvelze keTdeba,
aris is, rom mizanSewonilia erovnuli valutis TandaTanobiTi devalvacia, raTa
amiT eqsportis stimulirebas Seewyos xeli.
radgan inflaciac da erovnuli valutis gacvliTi kursis devalvaciac brunvaSi fulis masis zrdiT miiRweva, amitom ekonomistebi da politikosebi mizanSewonilad miiCneven liberalur fulad-sakredito politikas, romlis saboloo miznad
ekonomikis stimulirebaa CaTvlili. swored am debulebaze dayrdnobiT, postkomunisturi qveynebis ekonomistTa da maTi mxardaWeriT, politikosTa erT-erT aqtualur
sadiskusio Temas centraluri bankis mier gatarebuli fulad-sakredito politika
warmoadgens. kerZod, kritikis obieqti xdeba mkacri fulad-sakredito politika,
36
iqve, gv. 183-184.
82
romelic Sesabamisi erovnuli valutis gacvliTi kursis stabilurobasa da inflaciis dabal tempebs uzrunvelyofs. kritikosebi Tvlian, rom swored amgvari fuladsakredito politikaa qveynis saeqsporto potencialis amaRlebisa da ekonomikuri
zrdis ufro maRali tempebis miRwevis umTavresi Semaferxebeli mizezi; aqedan gamomdinare, erovnuli valutis devalvaciasa da inflaciis SedarebiT maRal tempebs
moiTxoven, risTvisac fulis emisiis tempebis daCqarebas ganxorcielebas uWeren
mxars.
cnobilia, rom iseTi fenomeni, rogoricaa nekroekonomika, romelic saqonlis
iseT bazars qmnis, romelSic moTxovna ar arsebobs, postkomunisturi qveynebisTvisaa
damaxasiaTebeli. am ti pis bazrisaTvis ekonomikis monetaruli stimulirebis ganxiluli meqanizmebi ubralod uZluria.
pirveli kiTxva, rasac pasuxi unda gaeces, aris is, inflaciis donis zrdis
pirobebSi nekroekonomikis sawarmoebi marTla SeZleben Tu ara warmoebis ganviTarebas, xolo meore ki is, Tu nekroekonomikis didi masStabebis pirobebSi misi inflaciuri stimulireba ramdenad karg Sedegebs moitans.
daviwyoT imiT, Tu ramdenadaa nekroekonomikuri sawarmoebi mzad, SedarebiT
maRali inflaciis pirobebSi ganaviTaron warmoeba. samwuxarod, pasuxi uaryofiTia.
kerZod, komunisturi epoqis droindel sawarmoTa umravlesobaSi moZvelebuli teqnika-teqnologiaa, ris safuZvelzec SeuZlebelia konkurentunariani (maRalxarisxiani
da dabaldanaxarjiani) produqciis warmoeba. aqedan gamomdinare, ekonomikis realur
seqtorSi seriozuli investiciebis ganxorcielebisa da axali (an ganaxlebuli) bazrebis moZiebis gareSe (rasac aseve dro sWirdeba) am sawarmoTa perspeqtiulobaze
fiqric ki praqtikulad gamoricxulia.
qveynis warmoebrivi potencialis amaRlebis mniSvnelovan gzas ucxouri investiciebi warmoadgens, romelTa masobrivi Semosvlac ekonomikis realur seqtorSi,
rogorc amas saerTaSoriso gamocdileba mowmobs, droSi erTob gaWianurebulia:
sawyis etapze postkomunistur qveynebSi ZiriTadad spekulaciuri kapitali Semodis,
romelic umTavresad uZravi qonebis seqtorSi iyris Tavs. saerTaSoriso gamocdilebis Tanaxmad, stabilizaciis (politikuri da aucileblad makroekonomikuri) miRwevidan ekonomikis realur seqtorSi ucxouri investiciebis mniSvnelovani nakadebis
Semosvlamde droiTi lagi aranakleb sami welia.
inflaciis tempebis zrda ucxoeli partniorebis TvalSi, Zalze didi albaTobiT, aRqmuli iqneba, rogorc makroekonomikuri stabilizaciis kursidan gadaxveva,
rac, Tavis mxriv, ucxouri investiciebis mozidvas kvlav gadaavadebs. maSasadame, inflaciis zrda nekroekonomikis pirobebSi warmoebis ganviTarebas araTu xels
Seuwyobs, aramed, im mwiri resursebis (romlebic SeiZleba warmoebaSi investiciebis
gansaxorcieleblad arsebobdes) zrdis realur SesaZleblobebsac ki arasavaWro
operaciebisaTvis xelmiuwvdomels gaxdis.
es daskvna savsebiT sakmarisia im azris ukusagdebad, romlis Tanaxmad, TiTqosda inflaciis stimulireba nekroekonomikis mqone qveynebSi warmoebis ganviTarebas uwyobdes xels.
zustad igive suraTi iqmneba erovnuli valutis devalvaciis xelSewyobiT,
radgan nekroekonomikur sawarmoebs miT ufro ar SeswevT unari, saeqsporto produqcia gamouSvan.
sakiTxis analizis kompleqsuroba moiTxovs, rom calke yuradReba daeTmos
sakiTxs, Tu inflaciisa da erovnuli valutis devalvaciis stimulirebas ekonomikis
sxvadasxva sferoSi ra SesaZlo Sedegebi mohyveba.
83
postkomunisturi qveynebis umravlesobisaTvis sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis
sawyisi etapi, arcTu iSviaTad, maRali inflaciiTa da erovnuli valutis swrafi da
arsebiTi devalvaciiT xasiaTdeboda. marTalia, amis Semdeg inicirebulma mkacrma
fulad-sakredito politikam saSualeba misca am qveynebs, inflaciac moeTokaT da
devalvaciac gaekontrolebinaT, magram, miuxedavad amisa, uaxloesi warsulis
xsenebuli savalalo movlenebi mosaxleobis mexsierebaSi jer kidev cocxalia, rac
erovnuli valutis mimarT ndobis saboloo da sayovelTao damkvidrebas uSlis
xels.
aseT pirobebSi, inflaciis tempebis gazrda da erovnuli valutis devalvaciis
stimulireba mosaxleobaSi erovnuli valutis, rogorc dagrovebis saSualebisadmi,
isedac sust stimulebs kidev ufro Seasustebs.
inflaciis donis amaRlebisa da erovnuli valutis devalvaciis xelSewyobis
SemTxvevaSi socialur sferoSi kidev ufro mZime suraTi Seiqmneba. inflaciis
pirobebSi mosaxleobis cxovrebis done, sxva Tanabar pirobebSi, aucileblad qveiTdeba. es procesi naklebad mtkivneulia im qveynebisaTvis, sadac minimaluri anazRaureba saarsebo minimums sul cota erTnaxevarjer an orjer mainc aRemateba. magram,
roca minimaluri anazRaureba saarsebo minimumis mxolod nawils Seadgens, inflaciis tempis zrda mosaxleobis yvelaze ufro SeWirvebul kategorias udides dartymas miayenebs. Tanac erovnuli valutis devalvacia uSualod aZvirebs importirebul
samomxmareblo produqcias, rac mosaxleobis socialur mdgomareobaze aseve uaryofiTad aisaxeba.
aranaklebi mniSvneloba aqvs Semdegi garemoebis gaTvaliswinebasac: erovnuli
valutis devalvacia sabaJo Semosavlebs gazrdis, magram, imavdroulad, sagareo
valis momsaxurebas gaaZvirebs. es ki Zalze mniSvnelovani garemoebaa im qveynebisaTvis, romlebsac didi odenobiT aqvT sagareo vali.
maSasadame, nekroekonomikis met-naklebad farTo masStabebis pirobebSi brunvaSi fulis masis zrdiT inflaciisa da erovnuli valutis devalvaciis stimulireba sulac ar aris ekonomikuri zrdisa da saeqsporto potencialis gafarToebis
gamomwvevi. Tumca, qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Semaferxebeli ki SeiZleba aRmoCndes.
Papava Vladimer
IMPACT OF THE MONETARY POLICY ON NECROECONOMY
SUMMARY
The issue of inflation’s impact on economic growth – both in general context and, specifically, in that of
post-Communist transformation, has been a subject of numerous studies. One of the most common themes that
has often been subject to debate among the economist and political circles is the restrictive monetary policy pursued by the central bank, which is the key to both the stability of the exchange rate of national currency, and a
low inflation rate. Critics argue that such a monetary policy is a main obstacle that prevents the country from
achieving greater economic growth and, therefore, insist that the government should increase money supply and,
thereby, allow devaluation of currency and a higher inflation rate.
The most of enterprises in post-Communist countries that come from the Communist epoch own outdated equipment and technologies which can not produce competitive (high-quality and low-cost) goods. In other words, the shares of “necroeconomy” in the overall national economy of many post-Communist countries are
still very high. Foreign investments represent one of the most effective factors of improving these countries
manufacturing potential. From the standpoint of foreign partners, growing inflation rate is very likely to be interpreted as a deviation from the stabilization course, in which case the flow of foreign investments into econo84
my will be delayed for indefinite time. This means that under the conditions of higher inflation rate, nor the
third source of production enhancing investments will be available. The same situation will be resulted in a case
of devaluation of the national currency because of existing of the necroeconomy.
Partycki Slawomir
Filipek Kamil
VIRTUAL MONEY AND THE GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISIS
The history of money has its beginning, but we have strong evidence there might be no end. Looking
back at the history of money, we can identify the stages in its evolutionary development. Money has often
changed the form. Its content has reflected the relativity closely related to the processes of socio-economic
change and development. Money has been also associated with the essence of human activity and participated in
every phenomenon characterizing human life in all its diversity and richness. Hope, fear, concern, economic
passion are examples of feelings integrally connected with money. People were never able to separate its internal experience from money invention. Nowadays it is difficult to identify the domain of human activity free
from money impact.
Money affects all forms of humanity, becoming an inseparable attribute of the nature of modern life. It
creates certain dispositions to respond to the signal, which carries itself. Scientific debates focused on sources of
semantic meaning of money point out the inevitability of its use in social life. Money created its own system of
meanings. It is often perceive as universal instrument of social communication similar to human speech.
Sociological interpretation of the nature of money is deeply connected with the sphere of medium (N.
Luhmann). As a medium it enables multi-channel social communication. Money is the source of signal which is
transmitted to the environment in the communication process. Medial sphere of money is noticeable in various
spheres of human life. Expressiveness characteristic for that medium, has become one of the indicators of the
development of the modern world. It has a pervasive, complex, multi-threaded, and above all spontaneous nature.
The birth of the Internet and the rise of global communications network accelerated the network money
growth. The network money is often defined as a value recorded on remote electronic device e.g. credit card
with chip and pin (CNP)37. In physical sense, it is kind of an electric impulse informing users about the state of
their accounts. On the long way from the natural currency, money has change into non-material sequence of bits
accessible over the Internet. Abstract nature of the modern money has affected the contexts of its usage. Money
has become decentralized phenomenon freed from the state authority. In the contemporary world, sphere of
money is regulated by the civil law and its origins are derived from bilateral agreement between a bank and its
customers.
Finances and transformations of the network economy
Networking is closely related to the development of communication technologies. Spider web called the
Internet has become the focal of economic, political, social and cultural processes. The expansion of the Internet, referred to the Internet Galaxy38, is often perceived as a main source of transformations in all spheres of
social life. The technological determinism formulated on the IT basis shapes the various aspects of the modern
society. The technological revolution triggered by the development of information technology, telecommunications, nanotechnology, biotechnology has become a cornerstone of the modern society and network economy. It
should be noted that this new form serves as a platform for a new social relations in a global scale. The network
society is a direct result of the needs of economy for management flexibility, for globalization of trade and capi37
38
Is chip and PIN safe?, http://www.thisismoney.co.uk/money/experts/article-1584786/Is-chip-and-PIN-safe.html
M. Castells, The Internet Galaxy, Oxford University, Press 2002.
85
tal, and for social development based on individual freedom and open communication39. The ICT technologies
have enabled the intensification of links and flows of capital, goods, ideas, changing social and economic relations. They became a source of a civilizational leap ignoring some of its developmental stages. It proved that
linear development distinctive for modernisation may be replaced by leap development. The historical shift towards ICT makes the idea of self-sufficiency and state sovereignty obsolete. ICT became a source of complex
structures based on the idea of diffusion and feedback.
Modern economics is described by networking. National economy, understood in the terms of industrial
society, ceased to be a unit of economic activity. Taking the form of a network economy goes far beyond the
state borders, adopting the dimension of the global economy. The production and processing of information and
knowledge has become the distinctive feature of economic and social development. They became a source of
innovations composing a new economic reality. "Washington Consensus" imposed by neoliberal doctrine has
become a kind of ideological framework for the global capitalistic development and formation of network structures. It leads to the introduction of homogenous regulatory standards of life and consumption. The rules of the
new economy developed by the "Washington Consensus", refer to the following assumptions: strengthening of
the competitive advantage, focusing on utilitarian benefits, liberation of the market, individualism and deregulation. The global network is made of the international political actors such as: the G8 and G20 summits, the
Bildeberg Group, the World Bank, International Monetary Fund etc. The modern national economic systems are
part of policy networks. They are integrated with societies through intergovernmental and international networks.
The philosophy of networks based on the principle of openness enables the free movement of economic
goods and limits the regulatory actions of the states. The principle of deregulation has become the crucial value
of free market economy and its overuse is often defined as the source of present world crisis. J. Stiglitz emphasizes that "the failure of regulation in the last quarter requires explanation"40. He links this process with "political influence of privileged interest groups"41. We can make up this idea with common practice of circumvention
of existing financial regulations imposed by bureaucratic apparatus on business. Deepening blur of the line between ownership and management coupled with limitation of judicial supervision of the state favoured the managers who are taking a lead.
An important phenomenon in the network economy is the growing autonomy of the financial sector,
which plays a crucial role in the development of globalization. Institutional capitalism is based on activity of
financial market actors, such as: central banks, commercial banks, mortgage banks, investment banks and funds,
insurance companies, leasing companies, financial brokers, money transfer companies etc. This complex picture
is enriched by intermediary institutions e.g. stock-exchanges, commodity exchanges, credit rating agencies
(CRA), audit and consulting companies. All those actors are intertwined into the network of reciprocal relations
shaping the geometry of contemporary market. J. Stiglitz noted that “financial companies started to perceive the
business as a goal in itself, emphasizing its magnitude and rentability”42. The innovative character of these companies came down to “invention of a new subjects generating huge profits for companies representing the Wall
Street”43, what led “banks to focus mainly on fees and commissions and in some cases on circumvention of existing financial regulations”44. Financial market analyst J. Bogle in these kind of activities finds “a sharp dichotomy between values created by innovation for financial institution and values produced for clients of this institution”45. He notes that “financial institutions act in line with the rule, which is totally opposite to the Okham
doctrine. They operates under the pressure of strong incentives to choose complex and costly solutions over
easy and cheap outcomes”46. Financial institution build up in that way a kind of “food chain” for different actors
39
Ibid., p. 2.
J. Stiglitz, Freefall: America, Free Markets, and the Sinking of the World Economy, W. W. Norton, 2010, p. 14.
41
Ibid.
42
Ibid., p. 42.
43
Ibid., p 16.
44
Ibid., p. 15.
45
J. Bogle, Enough : True Measures of Money, Business, and Life, John Wiley & Sons, 2008, p. 78.
46
Ibid.
40
86
of financial market. Its worth to mention, that costs of financial intermediation are limiting the profits of investors.
The financial sector plays a key role in today's global economy. It caused dichotomization of the market
for: a) a real entity b) and the entity affected by virtualization of economic processes. The first form refers to
employees working in real world. Their assessments are based on profit criteria. The financial actions of the
economic actor embracing his assets depend on real economic situation. Return on investment (ROI) into assets
is shaped by market mechanism.
Market of expectations characteristic for the financial sector is driven by the logic based on utilitarian
goals mixed with common optimism of managers, financial analysts and experts. “Bankers were too optimistic.
But they were pressured to be like that”47. Inherent feature of this optimism is lack of transparency. Stiglitz
points out that "transparency is a synonym of information"48. He goes further and says “lack of transparency
means cheating (…) U.S. Banks were deeply involved in cheating: they were removing risk from balances in
order to hide the scale of risk. It was common practice”49.
It should be noted that "stock companies have internal ethic codes, which are published primarily for the
50
public." As J. Bogle notes "on paper, these companies comply with the ambitious ideals."51 The reality is different, because in many cases we meet with disregard for the imposed standards. J. Stiglitz stresses that "markets are not able to ensure a sufficient level of transparency. Therefore the government must intervene and keep
the unity of information."52 Indeed, previous practices on the market of expectations have led banks from "market valuation to valuation based on hopes"53.
Under these conditions the driving force behind market activity is often speculation, usually appealing
to greed, hope, but also fear, which causes the creation of emotional states spread out from optimism, in case of
profit growth, to extreme pessimism when there is fall in shares. Another phenomenon is called "herd mentality"54, which is the result of acting according to similar model described above. As J. Stiglitz points out, when a
problem arises, it leads to accumulating them at a geometrical rate55. J. Boyle defines term speculation as "the
activity of predicting the psyche by the market"56. In the speculative activities is no place for altruism, empathy,
a sense of common good or justice. Only profit counts. This leads to trade shares, and the expectations are, that
they will grow more than prices of other shares. Speculation is based on the actions taking into account mainly
the psychological aspects. At the end of this thread I would like to draw attention to the scale of trade shares,
which currently on an annual basis reach to almost 300%. Large part in this have speculative capital.
The genesis of the financial crisis in the network of global relationships
The turning point in the development of the financial crisis came with the collapse of one of the oldest
and most renowned investment banks Lehman Brothers. Symbolically, this meant a shift from hidden to visible
phase, covering today the whole world. It also meant that certain negative phenomena in the sphere of financial
operations can not be hidden and the world learned that is in a state of crisis.
The crisis of the new generation, which we have now, is specifically associated with the genesis of the
new network society, promoting "informational capitalism, based on productivity induced with innovation, and
global competitiveness in the wealth production and its selective appropriation"57.
Network World, whose one of the constitute factors is a financial market, has exceeded the spaces designated by ideology, as well as the boundaries of national economies. Privileged place, reserved in recent dec47
J. Stiglitz, Freewall, op. cit., p. 185.
Ibid., p. 182.
49
Ibid., p. 183.
50
J. Boyle, Enough, op. cit., p. 156.
51
J. Stiglitz, Freewall, op. cit., p. 183.
52
Ibid.
53
Ibid., p. 184.
54
Ibid., p. 175.
55
Ibid., p. 176.
56
J. Boyle, Enough, op. cit., p. 55.
57
M. Castells, End of Millennium, The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture Vol. III, Blackwell, 2000, p. 339.
48
87
ades for the ideology, is now taken by the information, or its transformed aspects, which take the form of
knowledge. The economy in the interactive network is based on information and knowledge, as well as communication technology that enables multi-penetrating connections. The global relational economy operates in systems, relationships and feedbacks between the economy, society, culture and politics. It involves different actors, starting from large international corporations and ending in local or individual businesses. Dynamization of
the network is stimulated by the flows, including financial resources, and by the progressive space-time virtualization. Virtual reality, which bonds a network, is characterized by increasing openness. In practice openness
creates opportunities for new forms of action and eliminates the boundaries between what is real and unreal.
The global financial market is the first phenomenon based on the possibilities of action enabled by the
network structure. Financial flows taking place on the network canvas became a "zero system" of modern capitalism. Virtual money and electronic marketplace are the synonyms of any investment funds at any time and
place.
With the development of technologies enabling the construction of network structures, financial markets are the subject of integration and are taking the dimension of a single network operating around the globe.
The scale of market integration caused, that in the depositors’ eyes it is potentially a source of higher profits. It
kindles the imagination of many investors and becomes a source of specific social pressure to the financial markets. Global financial network has created a spectacular area of mergers and acquisitions in the financial sector,
which affects their efficiency. Creation of constantly expanding financial capital groups was the result of scale
advantage on the one side, and on the other the result of access and the node hierarchy in network structures.
Node location determines its future capabilities of creating relationships and its attractive position in the network hierarchy.
Network revolution changed the way of leading financial business. Virtual space, built on its basis, has
been recognized as an important platform for economic exchange, which in practice means, that the dematerialization is acquiring signs of the common economic and social facts. Virtual - means simulation of the physical
structures, not existing in the material form. In fact, it can be specified as unreal, illusory, but making the impression of the real. At the same time it undergoes constant transformation that matches the market requirements.
Virtuality, being a network result, is a source of growing risk, which creates new challenges for risk
management in financial institutions. Relational network economy generates new layers of uncertainty, which
impede assess, planning and implementation. In network case we are dealing with a specific relationship of uncertainty and risk, which are difficult to interpret unambiguously through the use of unilateral economic calculation. Network world is guided by its own logic, its own rhythm, which is determined by various turbulences and
concentrations.
The scale of uncertainty and risk in the network interferes with a sense of orientation in space-time. In
fact, it is a source of pervasive confusion, which naturally prefers gambling strategy, as it is commonly used in
today's financial market, what will naturally prefer short-term action. Network, expanding freedom area, at the
same time is producing new layers of uncertainty stretched over the globe. Living and acting in conditions of
uncertainty becomes a feature of modern existence of different actors. Under these conditions, their decisions
are determined by many unknowns, combined with the risk pressure. In operations on financial instruments often the determinant is not to minimise risk, but consciously make a game with capital in high risk conditions.
Network transformation, inscribed in political, financial, military, cultural, social networks, leads to a
change in the nature of state structures. Modern state adopts network structure and due to that fact it operates in
system of many different decision-making centres determining many standards of rationality, replacing hierarchical order with horizontal and at the same time blurring its current homogeneous functional - organizational
structure. Under these conditions, key role plays a control, in its essence replacing the traditional sense of power
- the control of the self-regulatory processes in different turbulent environments. Control allows many possible
variants of the trajectory of the action, rejecting the logic to absolutize the selected one. To the trajectory of the
action you can assign a different course, specifying the probability of its occurrence. The transformation from
the hard drive control, implemented in a monocentric system, to a philosophy of self-regulation is not a simple
88
process. This requires changes not only at different levels of governance, it is also closely associated with selforganization of society, with creation of the rank-and-file network of non-governmental organizations, which
are adopting some of the functions of state power.
The crisis appears on the scene
The International Monetary Fund defines financial crisis as a state, in which a substantial financial investment group has assets with a market value lower than the liabilities. This causes a shift in their portfolios,
the collapse of financial institutions and government intervention. Its key aspect is the lack of stability of the
international finance system, which takes a form of global dimension and the relational network. The current
financial crisis shows that internalized stream flow of capital is a source of global instability, therefore indicates
the scale of high financial and economic interdependence in today's networked world.
Genesis of the financial crisis must be sought in the intersected interaction of many factors. J. Stiglitz
notes that "market subjected to deregulation, which wallows in cash and low interest rates, the global speculative bubble in real estate, the cosmic quantities of subprimes merged into a toxic mixture. Then added the
budget and trade deficits in the U.S. and parallel progressive accumulation of China's huge financial reserves
and lack of balance in the global economy"58. New banking (Basel regulations) accepts the reduced levels of
risk control, which allowed providing loans to entities with lower credit worthiness. To these crisis factors must
be added propagation of consumption ideology. Consumption seen in the economic aspect on a level of the network society adopts a cultural dimension. It is seen as a kind of communication, ensuring the participation of
the actor in the entirety of social phenomena, and allows creating networks with other actors, building a shared
world. Permit to this world are often the loans. It is estimated that American society is characterized by negative
saving, so life on credit has become a dominant strategy.
An important role was played by the so-called financial flows. To the essence of the crisis was inscribed the practice of mortgages conversion, characterized by low liquidity, to liquid and mobile bonds. Actions taken to improve the liquidity of capital flows contributed to the development of non-banking sector,
which in its functioning did not comply with existing, already loosen, legal - economic norms. The mechanism
of liquefying capital flows has opened the space for the flow of "toxic papers" and then had bearing on the dynamics of the financial crisis. Its role had also a modern securitization that has found widespread use in the financial market. Securitization allowed removal of credit obligations from the bank books and their transfer to
insurance institutions. This caused the dispersion of credit risk, and on the other hand was a source of minimizing precautionary standards in banks. In its essence, the mechanism was to replace high-risk loans with securities with the lowest possible risk.
Rupture of "credit bubble" in 2008 caused panic on the world stock exchanges, and that meant step back
in the value of shares. This was accompanied by the phenomenon of excess liquidity in the U.S. market, which
one attempted to regulate with the increase in interest rates. This caused an increase in mortgage servicing costs,
the decline in property prices and lower demand for real estate. Massive insolvency of borrowers launched auction procedures; there were losses on the barriers, forcing banks to build cash reserves. After all it led to a reduction of liquidity in the banking market. At the same time interbank flows market collapsed, because banks did
not know the level of contamination with toxic assets of other banks and refused to grant them loans. Financial
tsunami with speed of the network spread to other countries, in which the wave has not been stopped, despite
multiple attempts. Indeed crisis takes new forms, which means rebuilding of the economic and sociological
theories that describe the modern world.
Silagadze Avtandil
58
J. Stiglitz, Freefall, op. cit., p. 1.
89
ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES IN POST-SOVIET GEORGIA
World financial crisis slowed the pace of economical growth in Georgia and decreased quantity of direct foreign investments, while inflation rate, foreign debts, negative balance of trading, unemployment level,
number of people living below poverty level increased sharply. Such situation was caused not only by world
financial crisis and outcomes of war against Russia, but also by in-state conditions. Afterwards, the situation
was partially balanced mainly by foreign grants. In such terms it is difficult to talk about stable economic development without activating rich reserves of the country. State economic policy should be radically changed and
pro-national industry support should be activated. Rich potential in national industry and agriculture is still unused, while import rate have been increasing constantly.
Government should support tourism development, but tourism must not be the only sphere of government’s attention. According to official statistical data, number of tourists in Georgia exceeded 2 millions, and
the number is expected be more than 3 millions this year. Unfortunately, official statistics do not show how
these data are calculated. Neither gross domestic product nor state budget revenue are useful for confirmation of
these numbers. As known, in case of periodically emerging financial crisis, tourists flow will be decreased and if
the country does not have an alternative, it will fall into permanent crisis as in some EU countries.
Georgia’s economics can not revive without development of real sector – agriculture and industry.
Georgia has the biggest underground water resources in Europe, but we practically fail to use it nevertheless
problems in water-supply sector. Europe suffers from potable water deficit and the problem will deepen more in
the future. We have an unique chance to provide Europe with potable water. Water-pipe should be constructed
for this purpose that will gain enormous benefit and besides, such construction will have greatest political
meaning for Georgia.
Georgia’s economics’, including agricultural and food industry, potential is very important if managed
correctly, and for this purpose our government should implement a long-term social-economic development
program, which has been worked out only in nongovernmental level (S. Tvalchrelidze, A. Silagadze, G. Keshelashvili, D. Gegia. Program of Social-Economic Development of Georgia, 2011-2030. Editor – V. Papava,
member-correspondent of the Academy. Tbilisi, Nekeri Publishing House 2011).
Goals of state policy for Georgia’s economic development and measures to be taken should be defined
as follow:
- The Parliament of Georgia should establish “Fund for Economic Development” for the period of 6
years. The fund can accumulate USD 350-360 mln equivalent in GEL annually. The fund should allocate longterm credits, based on tenders, to companies registered in Georgia in amount of USD 350-360 mln equivalent
in GEL annually with not more than 4 % interest rate (at least with the same terms that foreign companies have
in Georgia). For this purpose, USD 2.1-2.2 billion will be needed.
- Public registry for exporting Georgian produce should be established, which will pay attention to
exporting products such as ecologically clean meat and meat products, milk and dairy products, nuts, greens,
honey and fruit (juices, jams).
- Fund for Economic Development should allocate credits for companies that as a result of exploitation of national natural recourses will create export competitive produce, agricultural produce, lumber, light industry (silk, wool) processing capacities, micro-engines and mini-tractors, turbines for small power stations,
capacities of generations of “green energetic”, farms, agricultural service enterprises.
In general, in case of realization of worked-out recommendations, it will be possible to reach middleEuropean indices of GDP per person, employment level and inflation rate.
Silagadze Avtandil
ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES IN POST-SOVIET GEORGIA
SUMMARY
90
Economic Perspectives in Post-Soviet Georgia briefly discusses problems in Georgian economics
in the light of world financial crisis and offers relevant recommendations for the recovery of the situation. The
author reckons that a real sector (agriculture and industry) based on the utilization of national resources shall be
developed by the government (based on long-term social-economic program) that will result in reaching middleEuropean indices of GDP per person, employment level and inflation rate.
Shengelia Teimuraz
THE ROLE OF GLOBALIZATION IN DEVELOPMENT OF
INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS
INTRODUCTION
One of the hot issues discussed at various academic forums is the subject of globalization and its overall impact on the economy and social development of the world. Globalization in a literary sense is the tool of
globalizing, transformation of some things or phenomena into global ones. Generally, it is considered a holistic
process in which the people from different regions of the world are unified into a single society and function
together. This process on the whole is a combination of economic, technological, socio-cultural and political
forces (Croucher, 2004). The importance of globalization in ushering socio-economic development is realized
specially since last three decades when electronic media converted the world in a global village (Modelski,
1972). In recent times the globalization is coincided with the economic concept where the integration of national
economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and
the spread of technology has taken place (Bhagwati, 2010). As a result the issue of its expanded dimensions has
created a very immense revolution in the human life. Therefore, the concept of globalization has got a very important place in academic circles of economic and social researches (Krasner, 2008). A serious attempt has been
made to interpret all of its impacts from all sides and corners. The most important point of the impact of globalization is the socio-economic relations of the various stakeholders. The socio-economic development of any
country depends on such relations. During the history of human being, societies have been dealing with each
other in different ways and have formed all kind of relations. As per compatibility of the globalization the social
and economic relations have been conformed. The need is profoundly felt in the developing countries of the
world.
DEFINITION OF GLOBALIZATION
Globalization has been defined in various ways and with different approaches. For example: Globalization as an idea, globalization as a pattern or project, globalization as a process of human being's history, globalization as a probable future, globalization as a situation, and finally, globalization as a trend (Nahavandian,
2007). There is not one and single definition about the term of globalization. Everyone has seen it in his/her
point of view. Therefore, there are different opinions about it (Salimi, 2005). Different writers have different
views regarding the definition of globalization. The most important explanation about the concept has been presented by Jan Aart Scholte (2000:15-17). Jan has given five definitions of globalization in the literature. His
points are quite relevant to the issue of globalization. The points are as under:
1. Globalization as Internationalization. In this part of the study the globalization is simply conceived
the global international relations between different nations and the countries. The point leads to the concept of
the development of exchange and the greater dependency on each other. Here economy is taken as exchange of
commodities from one border to the next. As a result the globe becomes a village where business takes place at
a quite ease (Hirst and Thompson, 1996).
2. Globalization as Liberalization. In this part of the study the ‘globalization’ is regarded above than the
borders where restrictions are removed with the purpose of creating borderless economy (Scholte 2000: 16). The
researchers who have much sported the idea of doing with the regulatory business restrictions have included in
this type of caption.
91
3. Globalization as Universalization. In this section of the concept globalization is considered for
granted as a worldwide phenomenon where the transfer of commodities and knowledge is spread in all corners
of the world
4. Globalization as Westernization or Modernization. At this point 'globalization' has been considered
as a transformation of the cultural values cross the borders. As a result powerful cultures are supposed to imbibe
the weaker. The system has threatened the various existent cultures present in various parts of the world.
5. Globalization as Deterritorialization At this juncture 'globalization' leads to the concept of the reshaping the notion of border, territory, or a country where the movement is free of all the restrictions without
any hindrance (Held, McGrew, Goldblatt, Perraton, 1999). As stated above there are various approaches and
definitions of globalization. My understanding of globalization is well-matched to the last definition in which
‘Globalization’ is as a trend and process of the far past and is continued to the present time and will be continued in the future as well. All along this process every phenomena and social problems of human beings are being changed from the individual, racial, local and national into global ones. In this course of action the human
being lives are more associated and dependent on each other. Consequently, instead of racial, local, and national
different societies, there will be conformed a single and united global society.
All the people in this global society have memberships and have a dependency and concern toward it
(Ohmae, 1990a). As a result, with mutual aid and partnership they try to do away with their desires and the difficulties of global society which can be removed (Keohane & Nye, 1977). With the definition presented here,
the specific changes will appear in the globalization processes. They are as under:
• The elimination of the borders which disconnect the societies of the human beings,
• Vanishing away of racial, local and national issues and substitute of these with the faithfulness to global
issues instead,
• The manifestation of global citizenship in place of national citizenship,
• The alliance of all human beings in societies jointly and the extension of communication and the get in
touch with among these societies,
• The configuration of global cultural and the encouragement of common values acceptedby all the universal people,
• Reduction of racial, local and national institutions on account of the significance of all the global and
transnational organizations and institutions,
• The development of international general laws and the empowerment of global organizations,
• Manifestation of global phenomena and concerns. These changes are not restricted to particular areas
such as political or economical ones.
• However, it touches all the fields of human being's life. Therefore, due to the globalization practice, it
contains all the human being life dimensions and causes their transform and changes.
Social scientists, whose domain is to analyze the social life, do so at two levels. They are: interpersonal or microsocial level and the group or macrosocial level. On the microsocial level they focus on the way individuals relate to one another based on the position that each holds in relation to the other. In this part of the system the socio-economic development takes place at national level. The players of this game are people within a
territorial boundary of the country. They usually have the same cultural background and competition is open to
all at the national level. On the macrosocial level, social scientists examine the relationships between and
among groups or nations with multi-cultural opportunities and cultural backgrounds. They focus on the values
and rules of behaviour that emerge when people live in various parts of the globe. In this category the concept of
socio-economic development emerges at the global level. The competitors are countries and different nations.
Powerful nations try to usurp the economic resources and control the weaker. As a result, the economic disparities are vehemently found among the developed and the developing world. When the social life is observed then
it has been noted that it takes place within a system, although the system is not rapidly apparent. The social system is an abstraction, a model that illustrates how social relationships work together. Every group, whether it
consists of two people or many millions of people, is basically a social system. As is characteristic of systems,
each part is connected to, and depends on, every other part. It follows that the way each individual in a group
92
influences every other individual in the group. This interconnectedness and interdependence eventually result in
shared patterns of behaviour that members come to expect of each other. Knowing what is expected of oneself,
and what one can expect of others, makes life much easier and work much more efficient. The orderly and fairly
predictable patterns of interaction that emerge in a social system give that social system structure and organization. Social structure and social organization are terms that refer to the network of organized relationships
among the component parts of a social system. They are the patterned and recurring ways in which individuals
and groups interact.
Human beings are living in diverse and a variety of groups. Nevertheless, according to sociability of
human beings, it is essential to maintain relation with others. This kind of need has caused the relation not to be
confined to the people and individuals who are living beside each other in a human group, but also they attempt
to relate with the other individuals and the people who live in other groups. Such human groups in far past of
the time were as the very small communities like tribes. Their relations appeared as the relations of intertribal.
But in the modern time the human groups were conformed as the national units. During this period the relations
between the national units caused the appearance of the international relations (Kaplan,1962).
To sustain life, people need a consistent supply of food, sufficient shelter, and clothing forprotection
from the external elements. These goods are scarce and require combined efforts to obtain. The institution of the
economy consists of the patterns of behaviour that revolve around obtaining the scarce resources necessary for
survival. Essentially, societal members must decide what to produce, how to distribute and exchange what is
produced, and in what manner to consume it.
To determine the impacts of globalization on the socio-economic development, a careful survey the
five determiner indexes of the international system needs to be conducted. With dueattention to what was
brought up as the globalization, the intensive impacts of globalization on these five factors can be foreseen and
predicted. Thus, the process of globalization causes the changes. The changes which globalization causes are
such as:
1. With regard to the process of globalization the international players will change. During the previous centuries the states were the only players at first, and then they became the most important international
players. In the process of globalization the new players are being activated. In a few cases they replace the
states, or the international non-governmental organizations and global organization that usually can disregard
the states (Berton, 1999, Chap.9). The most visible characters of new players are their collective, multi-national
and global characters. On the contrary, the nation-states emphasized on the national interests of a nation and
they attempted to make individual decisions to pursue their own targets. But the new players pay much attention
to the interests which different nations take advantages of them, and they attempt with cooperation and collectively to pursue their targets (Ohmae, 2002). With activation of new players, the role of states and governmental
players becomes limited (Ohmae, 1999b). The character of new players in the form of collective, multinational
and global forms causes the loss of their validation about their old type of games.
2. The other impact of globalization is changing in structure of international system. Structuration and
create a new structure is one of the most important impact of globalization. Robertson (1992) has argued that we
can not understand globalization, whiteout regard to structuration. Until the globalization period, the power was
centered in specific areas. With the process of globalization the power in the global level went out of the hand of
limited members of the states and was distributed in different centers all over the world. Meanwhile, the concept
of military power was reduced. And the intellectual, cultural and social dimensions and social dimensions of it
were out standing. With these two changes, the situation in which only one or two super powers to exist and the
others have to obey them begins to change. With changing in power concept, the different canon and institutions
of power would be activated and affected. With the distribution of power the superiority and sovereignty would
be removed. And a type of equilibrium of power would be conformed. The result of this situation makes conditions in which cooperation and collective decision making about the issues of human being society and human
being interests would be more important. The situation in which the competitions arelimited and cooperation are
enforced.
93
3. The other impact of globalization is the elimination of limited borders which makes the global
boundaries of international system in all dimensions. Before the twentieth century the borders of international
system was limited and confined to the continents. After the twentieth century gradually the borders of international system changed into global ones and a world system appeared. Wallerstein (1974) has described that the
world is the social system which is made up of various different people with different norms, cultures, and behaviours. As a result the tension, division, and conflict are unavoidable.
4. During the previous years the states and governments mostly with the emphasizing on national
rules and laws could govern their affairs. Before the appearance of the impacts of globalization processes they
emphasized on their national interests. The laws with the aim of acquisition of national interests are collected
and executed. So each country and nation had various laws different from other laws (of other nations) and on
basis of those they could act. The contradiction and conflict in nations, actions were the natural result of doing
according on those different laws.
5. The essence of international system in the past was mostly military, security and political. Because
of its indicators and its military, security and political elements could determine the compatible relations among
the players inside this system. The change which after the globalization process takes place is this that the military, security and political essence of relations among these players fade away. And economical, social and cultural essences conquered their domains. Therefore, one can say that the international system in the process of
globalization finds and gets the economical and socio-cultural essences. In these conditions the economical and
cultural elements and indexes can determine the relations and the appropriateness among the different countries
(Ohmae, 1990a, p. ix).
CONCLUSION
Globalization has many faces. It is the process in which the people from different parts with diversified cultural norms are united into a single entity. Globalization is considered as a driving force to socioeconomic development. The concept of business has been reshaped due to the global village system. The most
important point of the impact of globalization is the socio-economic relations of the various stakeholders. The
socio-economic development of a country much depends on such relations. It has both positive and negative
effects. On one way it has reshaped the world as a global village. On the contrary, it has divided the world into
two categories i.e. developed and underdeveloped world. The weaker is going to be weaker due to limited available resources. The gap between rich and poor is too high due to the pressure of globalization.
REFERENCES
1. T. Shengelia (2010) Global Business. Tbilisi.
2. Berton, Peter (1999) International Negotiation: Actors Structure/Process Values. Palgrave
Macmillan: Hardcover.
3. Bhagwati, Jagdish (2010) In Defense of Globalization. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.
4. Croucher, Sheila L. (2004) Globalization and Belonging: The Politics of Identity a Changing World.
Rowman & Littlefield.
5. Giddens, Anthony (1990) The Consequences of Modernity. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
6. Held, David, McGrew, Anthony, Goldblatt, David, and Perraton, Jonathan (1999) Global Transformations: Politics, Economics and Culture (Stanford: Stanford University Press).
7. Hirst, Paul and G. Thompson (1996) Globalization In Question. Cambridge: Polity Press.
8 . Kaplan, Morton (1962) System and Process in International Politics. New York: Wily.
9. Krasner, S. (2008) Globalization Power and Authority, in American Political Science Association Annual Meeting, San Fransisco, August/September.
10. Modelski, George (1972) Principles of World Politics (New York: Free Press.
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11. Ohmae, K. (2002) Globalization Region and Economics, in Conference for Globalization and Policy
Research; UCLA. January.
12.Ohmae, K. (1999a) The Borderless World. New York: Harper Collins Publisher.
13. Ohmae, K. (1999b) The Rise Of Region State, Foreign Affairs, Spring.
14. Robertson, R. (1992) Globalization Social Theory and Global Culture. London: Sage.
15. Scholte, Jan Aart (2006) Beyond the Buzzword: Towards a Critical Theory of Globalization. London.
Shengelia Teimuraz
THE ROLE OF GLOBALIZATION IN DEVELOPMENT OF
INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS
SUMMARY
Globalization is characterized with multi-faceted aspects. It sometimes helps in social and economic development. On the contrary, it hampers social and economic development on the whole. It increases interdependency; therefore, it is the main cause of changes in the international system. Before the advent of globalization
within the international spectra the personal roles and status were considered important. With its introduction
personal activities, regarding the interdependency between the nations, the collective games have increased.
Therefore, the concepts of social and economic development have totally changed. Those concepts are directly
or indirectly reshaped or sometimes totally converted into the lobbies and whims of internationally controlled
corporations, non-government organizations and global actors. This paper will review the process of globalization and its impact on international business which causes socio-economic development.
leo Ciqava
mravalganzomilebiani siRaribis
siRaribis indeqsi
imis naTelsayofad, qveyanaSi mdidar-SeZlebulebi Warboben Tu Rarib-Ratakni,
angariSoben siRaribis maCveneblebs – mis dones, siRrmesa da simwvaves. siRaribis
done, rogorc wesi, dgindeba mosaxleobis saerTo ricxovnobaSi siRaribis zRvars
miRma myofTa xvedriTi wonis gamoTvliT (gamoxatuli procentebSi). Raribia individi, romlis saSualo wliuri Semosavali naklebia saarsebo minimumze. cxadia, rac
ufro metad CamorCeba mimdinare moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebisTvis gankuTvnili
saSualo wliuri Semosavali Sesabamisi saxelmwifo organoebis mier gansazRvrul
saarsebo minimums, miT ufro Raribia individi, garkveuli jgufi an mTlianad mosaxleoba.
am mxriv msoflios ganviTarebad regionebSi 2010 wlisTvis arsebul viTarebaze garkveul warmodgenas iZleva aseTi monacemebi [1. 161-163]. mosaxleobis saerTo
ricxovnobaSi siRaribis zRvars miRma myofTa xvedriTi wona Seadgens (%-biT): kongos demokratiul respublikaSi 71,3-s, siera-leoneSi – 70,2-s, svazilendSi – 69,2-s,
madagaskarSi – 68,7-s, zambiaSi – 68-s, gvinea-bisauSi – 65,7-s, gambiaSi – 61,3-s. im saxelmwifoTa jgufSi, romelTa mosaxleobis 50-dan 60%-mde imyofeba siRaribis zRvars
miRma, arian warmodgenili: ruanda, lesoto, mozambiki, saqarTvelo, malavi, somxeTi,
tajikeTi, gvatemala, hondurasi da peru.
siRaribis done yvelgan aseTi maRali ar aris. magaliTad, adamianuri potencialis ganviTarebis saSualo donis iseT ganviTarebad qveyanaSic ki, rogoric CineTia, es maCvenebeli 2,8%-s ar aRemateba. ganviTarebad regionebSic arian (Tumca mcire
95
raodenobiT) iseTi qveynebi, romlebSic siRaribis zRvars miRma myofTa xvedriTi
wona TiTqmis nulis tolia.
miuxedavad imisa, rom es maCvenebeli siRaribis mxriv qveyanaSi arsebul mdgomareobas SedarebiT srulad asaxavs, vidre mosaxleobis 1 sulze warmoebuli
mTliani erovnuli produqti, unaklo araa [2. 243-244]. misi susti adgilebi dakavSirebulia ZiriTadad TiToeul qveyanaSi saarsebo minimumis gaangariSebis gansxvavebuli meTodologiisa da meTodikis gamoyenebasTan, romelic statistikis erovnul
samsaxurebs sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr misi koreqtirebis saSualebas aZlevs (mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs cvlilebebi saarsebo minimumis Semadgenel elementebSi, Zvirianis
iafiT, magram dabalxarisxianiT Secvla da a.S., rac sazogadoebis mniSvnelovan nawils siRaribis zRvrisgan xelovnurad Tavis daRwevis SesaZleblobas uqmnis).
am garemoebaTa gamo, es maCvenebeli, gansakuTrebiT saxelmwifoTaSorisi Sesadarisobis TvalsazrisiT, naklebad gamosadegia da adgils uTmobs msoflio bankis
rekomendaciiT SemoTavazebul maCvenebels – qveynis mosaxleobaSi im nawilis xvedriT wonas, romelsac Tavisi saarsebo moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad SeuZlia daxarjos dReSi araumetes 1,25 aSS dolarisa. am mxriv msoflioSi aseTi mdgomareobaa. siRaribis zRvars miRma imyofeba (%-obiT): tanzaniis mosaxleobis 88,5, liberiis – 83,7, burundis – 81,3, ruandas – 76,6, mozambikis – 74,7, malavis – 73,9, gvineis
– 70,1. rac Seexeba qveynebs – madagaskars, nigers, nigerias, zambias, svazilends, centraluri afrikis respublikasa da Cads, maTi mosaxleobis 60-dan 70%-mde imyofeba
siRaribis zRvars miRma. 50-dan 60%-mde xvedriTi woniT aseTive kategorias ganekuTvnebian kongos demokratiuli respublika, burkina-faso, haiti, angola, kongo, sieraleone, uganda da mali [1. 161-163]. cxadia, aris iseTi qveynebic, sadac siRaribis donis es maCvenebeli umniSvneloa.
msoflio masStabiT, ricxovnoba mosaxleobisa, romelsac, Tavisi saarsebo
moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad SeuZlia daxarjos dReSi saSualod araumetes
1,25 aSS dolarisa, dReisTvis (2010) 1,44 mlrd adamians, anu msoflio mosaxleobis
21%-s Seadgens. es ZiriTadad is kontingentia, romelic gamoukveblobiT itanjeba.
rogoria sazogadoebis am nawilis dinamika? rogorc kvlevis safuZvelze dadginda,
xvedriTi wona adamianebisa, romlebic siRaribis gamo naxevrad SimSiloben, 1980
wlis 25%-dan 16%-mde Semcirda 2005 wlisTvis. Tumca, swrafi gamravlebis Sedegad,
aseTi mosaxleobis absoluturi ricxovnoba 1980 wlidan dRemde 850 mln-dan 1 mlrdmde gadidda, romlis 63% cxovrobs aziasa da wynari okeanis regionSi, 26% _ saharidan samxreTiT, afrikis qveynebSi, xolo 1% ganviTarebul qveynebSi [1. 36]. garda
amisa, arsebobisTvis yoveldRiurad saSualod araumetes 2 aSS dolarze meti Tanxis
xarjva SeuZlia da siRaribis zRvarTan axlos imyofeba 2,6 mlrd adamiani, anu
msoflios mosaxleobis 37,7%. ai, ratom ukavia am problemas msoflios yvelaze
mtkivneul globalur problemebs Soris erT-erTi centraluri adgili.
Tanamedrove globalurma finansur-ekonomikurma krizisma mniSvnelovnad daaCqara siRaribis zrdis procesi mTel msoflioSi, rac ZiriTadad umuSevrobis masStabebis gafarToebasTanaa dakavSirebuli. 2010 wlis monacemebiT, umuSevroba, rom
araferi vTqvaT mis masobriv da qronikul xasiaTze ganviTarebad regionebSi, ganviTarebul qveynebSi 9%-s Seadgens, m.S. aSS-Si 10%-s, xolo espaneTSi 20%-s [1. 78], maSin, rodesac misi bunebrivi done 5-6 procentis farglebSia.
umuSevroba da siRaribe tyupiscalebiviTaa, ramdenadac siRaribe umuSevrobis
Tanmdevi (Tanac ucilobeli) procesia. rogorc cnobilia, msoflio finansur krizisTan dakavSirebiT, 34 milionma adamianma dakarga samuSao, ris Sedegadac 64 mln
adamiani aRmoCnda Semosavlis mixedviT siRaribis zRvars miRma. Tu imasac gaviTva96
liswinebT, rom fasebis radikaluri momatebis gamo, arcTu Soreul warsulSi siRaribis zRvars miRma myofTa ricxovnoba TiTqmis 200 mln kaciT gaizarda, dReisTvis siRaribis mware Sedegebs imkis adamianTa friad soliduri raodenoba.
specialstTa SefasebiTi gaTvlebiT, ukanaskneli finansuri krizisis Sedegad,
afrikaSi aranakleb 30-50 aT. bavSvis daRupvaa mosalodneli. 57 ganviTarebad qveyanaSi 1,7 mln mSobiarobaze dakvirvebam cxadyo, rom mTliani Siga produqtis yoveli
1%-iT Semcirebas Tan sdevs Cvil bavSvTa gardacvaleba yovel 10 aT. axalSobilze
74 gogonasa da 15 vaJis odenobiT [1. 80].
dReSi saSualod 1,25 da 2 aSS dolarze aranaklebi Tanxis xarjva ar unda miviCnioT mudmiv (ucvlel) sidideebad. jer erTi imitom, rom adamianTa moTxovnilebebi sistematurad matulobs. da meore, imitom, rom sazogadoebrivi progresis kvalobaze Semosavali izrdeba. ase magaliTad, msoflios 155 qveyanaSi, sadac cxovrobs
msoflios mosaxleobis 95%, mosaxleobis 1 sulze Semosavali gaizarda da dReisTvis igi weliwadSi saSualod 10.760 dolars Seadgens.* es maCvenebeli TiTqmis 1,5-jer
metia, vidre 20 wlis da 2-jer meti, vidre 40 wlis winandeli Sesabamisi maCveneblebi.
calkeul ganviTarebad qveynebSi ekonomikuri zrda kidev ufro STambeWdavia.
magaliTad, 1970-2010 wlebSi Semosavali mosaxleobis erT sulze saSualod gaizarda: CineTSi 4-jer, malaiziasa da tailandSi – 5-jer, xolo bocvanaSi – 9-jer. amis
Sesabamisad, kanonzomieri iqneba momavalSi siRaribis ganmsazRvreli normativebis
Secvlac.
Semosavlis mixedviT gaangariSebul siRaribis maCvenebels, rig sxva xarvezTan
erTad, is naklic axasiaTebs, rom am SemTxvevaSi, erTnairi danaxarjebis pirobebSi,
moTxovnilebaTa radikalurad gansxvavebul sidideebTan gvaqvs saqme. magaliTad, is,
rac danieli moqalaqisTvis saarsebo minimumad iTvleba, nigerielisTvis fufunebad
SeiZleba CaiTvalos, radgan es ukanaskneli, daniaSi mcxovrebTan SedarebiT, 55-jer
nakleb (da mdare xarisxis) produqtebs moixmars [1. 42].
imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom individis siRaribe damokidebulia ara marto Semosavalsa da misi yoveldRiuri xarjvis SesaZleblobaze, aramed maCvenebelTa mTel
gamaze (keTilmowyobili sacxovrebeli farTi, sufTa mtknari wyali, kanalizacia,
samuSao adgiliT arasakmarisi uzrunvelyofa, ganaTlebis xelmiuwvdomloba, dabali
samedicino momsaxureba, arasakmarisi da uxarisxo produqtebiT kveba da sxv.), rekomendebul iqna mravalganzomilebiani (mravalmxrivi) siRaribis indeqsi. 2009 wels meqsika iyo pirveli qveyana, romelmac daiwyo am maCveneblis gamoyeneba, xolo am mimarTulebiT ganviTarebadi regionebis 104 qveyanaSi (sadac cxovrobs 5,2 mlrd adamiani,
anu ganviTarebadi qveynebis mosaxleobis 92%) Catarebuli gamokvlevebis Sedegebi
pirvelad aisaxa 2010 wels adamianiseuli potencialis ganviTarebis (apgi) Taobaze
gaeros programiT momzadebul moxsenebaSi.
mravalganzomilebiani deprivaciis cnebis avtoria p. taunsendi, romelSic igi,
materialur deprivaciasTan (kveba, tansacmeli, xangrZlivi moxmarebis sagnebi, cxovrebis garemo pirobebi da sxv.) erTad, gulisxmobs socialur (ganaTlebis xelmisawvdomoba, dasaqmeba, dasveneba, Tavisufali dro da sxv.) deprivaciasac [3].
apgi-is Taobaze moxsenebis mixedviT, am axali indeqsis arsi mdgomareobs SemdegSi:
*
dolarSi gadayvanili saqarTvelos 2008 wlis Sesabamisi maCvenebeli (4774$ – 4.15) TiTqmis
2,3-jer naklebia amaze, magram es Cven mier gakeTebuli daskvnis arss ar cvlis.
97
1. realuri mdgomareobis ufro srulad asaxvis mizniT, mizanSewonilia mravalganzomilebiani siRaribis done ganisazRvros ara erTi, aramed ramdenime (ufro
zustad, ori nebismieri) maCvenebliT;
2. mravalganzomilebiani siRaribis indeqsis gasaangariSeblad rekomendebul
iqnes Semdegi 10 maCvenebeli: aqtivebi; saxlis iataki (miwisaa Tu xelovnuri); eleqtroba; wyali; tualeti; "WuWyiani" saTbobi (naxSiri, SeSa, navTobi da sxv.); ricxovnoba bavSvebisa, romlebic swavloben; skolaSi swavlis wlebi; bavSvTa mokvdaoba;
kveba;
3. yvela CamoTvlil maCvenebels aqvs Tanabari mniSvneloba [1. 96].
Cveni azriT, mravalganzomilebiani siRaribis indeqsis cneba da misi Sinaarsobrivi datvirTva savsebiT misaRebi da gamarTlebulia, ramdenadac, statistikuri
aRricxvis praqtikaSi dRemde damkvidrebul meTodTan SedarebiT, igi ufro srulyofilia da realuri mdgomareobis ufro srulyofilad asaxvis saSualebasac iZleva. magram mravalganzomilebiani siRaribis `diagnozis~ dasasmelad deprivaciisadmi mxolod ori maCveneblis daqvemdebareba sakmarisad ar migvaCnia.
mravalganzomilebiani siRaribis indeqsis gasaangariSeblad, vfiqrobT, dazustebas saWiroebs iseTi maCveneblebi, rogoricaa: saxlis iataki; tualeti (jobia aRiniSnos `kanalizacia~); `WuWyiani~ saTbobi, ricxovnoba bavSvebisa, romlebic swavloben (jobia: `ricxovnoba saskolo asakis bavSvebisa, romlebic skolaSi ver dadian);
bavSvTa mokvdaoba.
ver gaviziarebT mosazrebas imis Taobaze, rom zemoT CamoTvlil yvela maCvenebels erTnairi mniSvneloba aqvs. Cveni azriT, gamorCeuli mniSvneloba aqvs da
yvela variantSi unda eqvemdebarebodes deprivacias yveldRiurad saSualod 1,25 aSS
dolaramde odenobiT xarjvis maCvenebeli. aseTi daskvnis safuZvels gvaZlevs is,
rom individs Tu Semosavlis problema moxsnili aqvs, sxva masTan dakavSirebuli
problemebis (magaliTad, sacxovrebeli farTis, saTbobis da a.S.) gadaWra SedarebiT
advilad SeuZlia.
amrigad, aRniSnuli mosazrebebidan gamomdinare, individi iTvleba mravalganzomilebian Raribad, Tuki Tavisi saarsebo moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad mas
dReSi 1,25 aSS dolaris metis daxarjva ar SeuZlia da qvemoT CamoTvlili sami aspeqtidan minimum TiTo maCvenebeli mainc saWiroebs deprivacias. es maCveneblebia:
cxovrebis done – a. keTilmowyobili sacxovrisiT uzrunvelyofa;
b. sufTa mtknari wyliT momarageba.
ganaTleba –
a. ganaTlebis xangrZlivoba;
b. ganaTlebis xelmisawvdomoba.
socialuri dacva – a. samuSao adgiliT uzrunvelyofa (umuSevroba);
b. samedicino momsaxureba da kveba.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, 2010 wels msoflios 104 qveyanaSi arsebuli mdgomareobis Seswavlis safuZvelze 2008 wlis monacemebiT Sedgenilma mravalganzomilebiani siRaribis indeqsma pirvelad pova asaxva apgi-is Sesaxeb 2010 wlis moxsenebaSi. gamokvlevis Sedegebis [1. 161-163] mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, mTel msoflioSi
mravalganzomilebiani siRaribis yvelaze maRali indeqsi (0,642) nigers aqvs. Semdeg
modian qveynebi: burkina-faso (0,596), eTiopia (0,582), mali (0,564), burundi (0,530), centr.
afrikis respublika (0,512), gvinea (0,505). SedarebiT mokrZalebuli, magram siRaribis
TvalsazrisiT mainc maRali indeqsi aqvT: siera-leones (0,489), liberias (0,484), mozambiks (0,481), angolas (0,452), ruandas (0,443), madagaskars (0,413), beninsa (0,412) da komoris kunZulebs (0,408). siRaribis 0,005-ze dabali indeqsiT arian warmodgenili: un-
98
greTi, latvia, saqarTvelo, albaneTi, serbeTi, bosnia-hercogovina, yazaxeTi da sxv.
cxadia, arian iseTi saxelmwifoebic, sadac saerTod ar fiqsirdeba es maCvenebeli.
mravalganzomilebiani siRaribis koeficientis mixedviTac (rac gulisxmobs
qveynis mosaxleobis saerTo ricxovnobaSi mravalganzomilebiani Raribebis xvedriT
wonas, nigeri isev pirvel adgilzea (92,7%); mas ramdenadme CamorCebian, magram siRaribis mxriv mainc maRali maCveneblebi aqvT: eTiopias (90%), malis (87,1%), centr. afr.
respublikas (86,4%), burundis (84,5%), liberias (83,9%), burkina-fasos (82,6%), gvineas
(82,4%), siera-leones (81,5%), ruandas (81,4%), mozambiks (79,8%), angolas (77,9%), kongos
demokr. respublikas (73,2%), malavs (72,3%). saSualo sididis, magram soliduri Sinaarsobrivi datvirTvis mqone maCveneblebiT arian warmodgenili: senegali (66,9%),
tanzania (65,3%), nepali (64,7%), zambia (63,7%), nigeria (63,5%), Cadi (62,9%), mavritania
(61,7%), gambia (60,4%). es maCvenebeli 50-dan 60%-mdea 104 Seswavlili qveynidan 11-Si.
2008 wlis monacemebiT, msoflios gamokvleul 104 qveyanaSi dafiqsirebulia
sul 1,75 mlrd mravalganzomilebiani Raribi adamiani. ganviTarebad qveynebSi mcxovrebi mravalganzomilebiani Raribi mosaxleoba regionebis mixedviT asea warmodgenili (%-obiT): samxreT azia 51, afrika saharidan samxreTiT – 28, aRmosavleT azia da
wynari okeanis regioni – 15, laTinuri amerika da karibis auzi – 3, evropa da centr.
azia – 1 [1. 97].
indoeTis 8 StatSi, sadac siRaribis problema iseve mwvavea, rogorc afrikis
26 uRaribes qveyanaSi, cxovrobs 421 mln mravalganzomilebiani Raribi, anu gacilebiT meti, vidre yvela am afrikuli qveynis mosaxleobaa erTad (410 mln) – 1. 99. arabuli qveynebis did nawilSi (m.S. arabTa gaerTianebul emiratebsa da tunisSi) mravalmxrivi siRaribis done 7%-ze dabalia. Tumca aris gamonaklisebic. ase, magaliTad, igi aRwevs eraySi 14%-s, marokoSi – 28-s, jibutSi – 29-s, iemenSi – 50-s, xolo
somalSi – 81%-s [1. 99].
rogorc aRvniSneT, evropasa da centralur aziaSi mravalganzomilebiani siRaribis done umniSvneloa, bevr maTganSi igi nulis tolia. SedarebiT maRal maCveneblad iTvleba 5-dan 7%-mde (azerbaijani, yirgizeTi, TurqeTi, estoneTi), xolo gamonaklisad 17%-mde (tajikeTi _ 1. 99).
qveynebSi, sadac maRalia mravalmxriv RaribTa xvedriTi wona, rogorc wesi,
siRaribis siRrme metia. Tumca aris gamonaklisebic: dabalia mravalganzomilebian
RaribTa xvedriTi wona, magram metia siRaribis siRrme. aseTi Tanafardoba SeimCneva,
magaliTad, vietnamSi, miamasa da filipinebSi. zogierT qveyanaSi (bangladeSi, demokratiuli respublika kongo, kamboja) maRalia mravalganzomilebian RaribTa ricxovnoba, magram dabali – siRaribis siRrme [1. 97].
mosaxleobis siRaribis mxriv arsebuli viTarebis Sesafaseblad orive (Semosavlis deficitiT ganpirobebuli da mravalganzomilebiani siRaribis) maCveneblis
erTdroulad gamoyeneba saSualebas iZleva gavakeToT ramdenime sagulisxmo daskvna:
jer erTi, aqamde praqtikaSi damkvidrebulTan SedarebiT, axali meTodiT gaangariSebuli maCvenebeli gamodis ramdenadme ufro dabali, magram realobasTan gacilebiT
miaxloebuli. es savsebiT naTlad daadastura CineTSi, tanzaniasa da eTiopiaSi Catarebulma eqsperimentma; meore, axali maCveneblis gamoyeneba cxadyofs, rom ar arsebobs pirdapiri da ucilobeli korelaciuri kavSiri siRaribesa da Semosavlis sidides Soris, ramdenadac am ukanasknelis ucvlelobis SemTxvevaSic, sxva faqtorebis (magaliTad, ganaTleba, jandacva, kveba, kanalizacia da sxv.) zemoqmedebiT
SeiZleba mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi ganicados mravalganzomilebiani siRaribis
koeficientma. amiT aixsneba, magaliTad, is faqti, rom nigerSi, yoveldRiurad saSualod 1,25 aSS dolarze meti Tanxis xarjvis SeuZleblobis gamo, siRaribis zRvars
99
miRma imyofeba mosaxleobis 65,9%, xolo mravalganzomilebiani siRaribis koeficienti 92,7%-s Seadgens. amasve adasturebs is, rom yoveldRiurad saSualod 1,25 aSS
dolarze naklebi Tanxis daxarjviT mcxovrebTa ricxovnobas mravalganzomilebian
RaribTa ricxovnoba 21,5%-iT aRemateba; mesame, es maCveneblebi avsebs erTmaneTs, amitom orive maTganis gamoyeneba ufro kargad Seuwyobs xels viTarebis gamosasworeblad qmediT RonisZiebaTa dasaxvas.
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Доклад о развитии человека 2010 года. Реальное богатство народов: пути к развитию
человека. 20-е юбилейное издание. Изд-во «Весь Мир», 2010.
WiTanava n., TakalanZe l. socialuri ekonomika. formireba da ganviTareba, I
nawili, Tbilisi, 2008.
www. wikipedia.ovg.
Tomas de vaali.
vaali saqarTvelos arCevani. momavlis dagegmva gaurkvevlobis
periodSi, karnegis fondi, 2011.
Chikava Leo
MULTIDIMENSIONAL INDEX OF POVERTY
SUMMARY
With current work methodic poverty is measured by the calculating the share of poor people below the
level of living essentials in the whole population and calculating the share of those people who can spend in a
day no more than 1, 25 dollars. As for multidimensional index, it was for the first time in the report of UN in
2010 about the Human Development. This index implies calculating the level of poverty not only by the real
incomes, but also taking into consideration other indicators such as comfort ability of flat, clean water availability, existence of canalization system, providing with working places, level of available medical services, food
quality etc.
Relating to this issues author offers his views and perceptions.
lali CageliSvili
globalizacia da saqarTvelos
geopolitikuri aspeqtebi
globalizaciis bolodroindeli Sedegebi (msoflio eknomikuri da politikuri krizisebi) mwvaved exeba saqarTvelos ara mxolod ekonomikur, aramed geopolitikuri usafrTxoebis sakiTxsac.
axla, rodesac vaanalizebT 2008 wlis agvistos Sedegebs, misi dawyebis mizezebs, vsvamT mraval kiTxvas _ Tu ra? ratom? risTvis? da rogor moxda?. Magram,
upirveles yovlisa, interesis qveS eqceva is sakiTxi, SegveZlo Tu ara mosalodneli
omis Tavidan acileba?
am kiTxvaze calsaxa, da miT umetes WeSmariti, pasuxi ar arsebobs. magram saxelmwifo politikis eqspertebi sakmaod argumentirebul azrs gamoTqvamen aRniSnuli
sakiTxis irgvliv. isini warsuls ufro warmatebuli Suq-CrdilebiT aRweren, vidre
momavals da aRniSnaven, rom konfliqtebi kavkasiaSi or mezobels Soris iseve moulodneli da gauTvaliswinebeli iqneba, rogorc dRevandeli [2].
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saqarTvelos strategiisa da saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa kvlevis fondis
xelmZRvanelis, eqspert a. rondelis azriT, saerTaSoriso asparezze saqarTvelo
meore da mesamexarisxovani moTamaSea da, amdenad, erTpirovnul qmedebebs ver ganaxorcielebs. am mxriv mizanSewonilia viTarebis realisturi Sefaseba da qveynisaTvis
xelsayreli momentis efeqturad gamoyeneba [4].
samwuxarod, roca meore da mesamexarisxovani moTamaSe xar, radikalur qmedebebs marTlac ver ganaxorcieleb. politikuri diplomatia ki imisaTvis arsebobs,
rom moqnili moTamaSe iyo. WadrakSi paikis Wkvianuri svlac SeiZleba gamarjvebiT
damTavrdes.
saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa sistemis mTavar subieqtebad erovnuli saxelmwifoebi rCebian, romelTac TavinTi susti da Zlieri mxareebi gaaCniaT. am subieqtebis mTavar faseulobebs globalur sivrceSi gadarCena warmoadgens da isinic yvelafers akeTeben am miznis misaRwevad. swored am dros Cndeba mkacri da arajansaRi
konkurenciis elementebi, Sejibri qveynebs Soris; gaerTianebebi sxvadasxva blokebad; Ria konfliqtebi da sxv.
Ria politikuri TamaSi msoflio arenaze didi xania dawyebulia. Magram, samwuxarod, msoflio gadanawilebis sakiTxi dRemde ar damTavrebula, ris Sedegebsac
saqarTvelo da mis mdgomareobaSi myofi sxva qveynebic dRemde imkian.
2008 wlis movlenebis gaanalizebam dagvanaxa, rom am omisaTvis mzadeba ruseTis mxridan jer kidev maSin daiwyo, roca saqarTvelom calsaxad da pirdapir ganacxada Tavisi gadawyvetileba dsT-s sivrcidan gamosvlis Taobaze da demokratiis
gzaze reformebis ganxorcielebas Seudga. gardamtexi momenti ki 2008 wlis buqarestis samiti gaxda, sadac Riad iTqva, rom saqarTvelo da ukraina aucileblad gaxdebodnen natos wevri saxelmwifoebi. swored am ganacxadma gaaRiziana ruseTi sabolood da ganizraxa kidec evroatlantikuri integraciis gzidan misi Camocileba.
eduard SevardnaZe, JurnalSi ,,The World In 2009’’ gamoqveynebul statiaSi _ ,,civi
omidan civ omamde?’’ – civi omis safrTxeebad da pirvel niSnebad miiCnevs amerikuli
radarebis ganTavsebas CexeTsa da poloneTSi, rasac ruseTis mxridan myisieri reagireba mohyva. igi safrTxis erT-erT elementad Tvlis ruseTis mxridan saqarTvelos
okupaciasac. miuxedavad imisa, rom am faqtma evropisa da amerikis mxridan saqarTvelos mxardaWera gamoiwvia, saqarTvelos okupacia mainc SesaZlebeli gaxda. msoflio politikis prognozirebisas ki, saqarTvelos yofili prezidenti (1992-2003) aRniSnavs, rom ,,ruseTi marto yvelafers ver gadawyvets da Tanamedrove msoflios
formirebis procesSi aSS-s prezidentis mier arCeul kurss meti wona eqneba’’[3].
es prognozi SevardnaZis subieqturi Sexedulebaa, magram, qveynis usafrTxoebis mizniT, saWiroa TviT qveynis SigniT Seiqmnas stabiluri da gawonasworebuli
politika, raTa demokratiuli meqanizmebiT gadawydes is problemebi, romelic saqarTvelos afxazeTisa da samaCablos saxiT jer kidev aqvs da romlebic Cveni qveynisTvis jer kidev cxel wertilebad rCebian. arada, am problemis mogvarebis gareSe
qveyana jer isev rCeba maRali politikuri riskis qveS. dRes isev dgas DdRis wesrigSi mosalodneli omis problema, radganac gasarkvevia oseTisa da afxazeTis sakiTxi. magram misi mogvareba ufro siRrmiseulia, vidre es garedan Cans.
mTavari mizezi, ris Sedegadac SeiZleba isev dadges politikuri arastabilurobis sakiTxi, energoresursebSia. eqspertebis azriT, 2020-2025 wlisaTvis msoflio
energodeficitis zRvarze aRmoCndeba, am mxriv gansakuTrebiT daucveli am droisaTvis aSS da CineTi iqnebian. ukve dRes, CineTi aSS-s energomoxmarebis kuTxiT pirvelobaSi ecileba, xolo 2020 wlisaTvis didia albaToba imisa, rom is navTobproduqtebis umsxvilesi momxmarebeli gaxdes.
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CineTi da aSS yvelafers akeTeben imisaTvis, rom Tavidan aicilon urTierTdapirispireba energomatareblebis gamo da dairezervon energosabadoebi, energoderefnebi, ris Sedegadac isini sakmaod xangrZlivi periodiT SeZleben sakuTari qveynebis
energomomaragebas.
am mimarTulebiT CineTi aqtiurad muSaobs laTinuri amerikisa da afrikis
kontinentze. rac Seexeba aSS-s, misi mTeli yuradReba jer avRaneTs, eraysa da libiasTan urTierTobebis mogvarebazea gadarTuli. maTi mogvarebis Semdeg ki ar aris
gamoricxuli aSS-s geopolitikuri interesebi gaaqtiurdes saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiaSi. aRniSnulis Tqmis safuZvels gvaZlevs msoflio ekologiuri problemebis
zrdac da bunebrivi resursebis milevadi xasiaTi. amdenad, msoflioSi wamyvani Zalebi yvelafers iRoneben alternatiuli gzebis mosaZebnad da maTze dominantobisaTvis, Tundac es omis safasurad dajdes. am SemTxvevaSic ki dazaralebuli mxolod meore da mesamexarisxovani moTamaSeebi rCebian.
bolodroindeli movlenebis ganviTareba gvafiqrebinebs, rom vaSingtoni ori
mimarTulebiT moqmedebs. amdenad, mas am etapze gansakuTrebuli arCevani ar aqvs da,
rogorc Cans, amierkavkasias uTmobs ruseTs. vaSingtons axla energoproeqtebis ganxorcielebis dawyeba eCqareba. ruseTsa da samxreT kavkasias Soris dapirispireba ki
mxolod xelis SemSleli iqneba misTvis. amdenad, aseTi politikuri xazi am etapze
aSS-saTvis misaRebia.
aRniSnulis naTeli dasturia ekonomikis eqspertis, emzar jgerenaias statia:
,,risTvis iomebs ruseTi da raSi gacvlian saqarTvelos’’[1], sadac is ,,nabuqos’’
proeqtis geopolitikur aspeqtebs ixilavs. avtori aRniSnavs, rom msoflio politika milsadenebTan dakavSirebiT iqmneba. maT Soris maszea damokidebuli saqarTvelos
evrointegracia Tu damoukideblobac. ,,nabuqo’’ saqarTvelosaTvis gadarCenis gzaa,
magram sxvisTvis komerciuli proeqtia. is mxolod politikuri faria da sababi saqarTvelos aneqsiisa erTi mxriv da politikuri zewolisa – meore mxriv.
Tu rogor aagebs axal politikur TamaSs ruseTi samxreTkavkasiis masStabiT
amas momavali gviCvenebs. Tumca, erTi ram cxadia, is yvelafers gaakeTebs, rom erTmaneTs Searigos somxeTi da Aazerbaijani da isini saqarTveloSi sakuTari interesebisaTvis, kerZod ki afxazeTisa da samaCablos sabolood xelSi Casagdebad gamoiyenos. amdenad, sifrTxilea saWiro, rom kidev erT politikur xriks ar wamovegoT, radganac am SemTxvevaSi gamarjvebuli arc erTi mxare ar darCeba (garda ruseTisa).
amdenad, dRes warsulis damnaSaveTa Zebnis dro namdvilad ar aris. saWiroa
Semdgomi movlenebis sworad ganWvreta da swori svlis gakeTeba.
vfiqrobT, ise unda warimarTos Cveni saxemwifos saerTaSoriso politikuri
da eknomikuri urTierTobebi, rom saerTaSoriso organizaciebisa da integraciis
,,sikeTeebiT moxiblulni’’ dakabalebul poziciaSi ar aRmovCndeT.
saqarTveloSi konfliqtebis mogvarebas verc axlo mezobeli da miT umetes,
verc gaero da evrokavSiri SeZleben. gadamwyvet rols aq TviT osebi, afxazebi da
qarTvelebi asruleben. miuxedavad imisa, rom agvistos movlenebma saqarTvelos
erovnuli usafrTxoeba gaarTula, saqarTvelos SeuZlia realisturi strategiis
SemuSavebiT, osebsa da afxazebTan adamianuri urTierTobebis aRdgeniT, ekonomikuri
urTierTobebis gaRrmavebiT, evropuli usafrTxoebis politikis gatarebiT mimzidveli gaxdes maTTvis. erTiani ZalebiT ki isini SeZleben samxreT kavkasiis regionTan
damoukidebeli, keTilmezobluri da demokratiuli saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis
ganxorcielebas, romlis sapasuxo qmedebebSi gaerosac SeuZlia Tavisi wvlilis Setana da ruseTi am urTierTobebSi SesaZloa, moiazrebodes rogorc partniori da
102
ara rogorc ,,okupanti’’. amisaTvis ki vfiqrobT, ar aris saWiro evrointegraciisa da
,,natos’’ wevrobis apelireba xSirad da ise xmamaRla, rom es gamaRizianebeli gaxdes
sxva politikuri moTamaSisaTvis, miT umetes, rom natoSi gawevrianebisaTvis jer
Zalze bevri gvaqvs gasakeTebeli da, meorec, natoSi gawevrianeba xangrZliv procedurul sakiTxebTanacaa dakavSirebuli. amdenad, ukeTesi iqneba Tu Cvens saqmes mSvidad gavakeTebT da, msoflio geopolitikur sivrceSic sakuTar adgils davimkvidrebT rogorc patara, damoukidebeli, partniori saxelmwifo.
sworad gaTvlilma, Wkvianurma politikurma strategiam SeiZleba mTlianad
Secvalos da Semoabrunos ara mxolod regionuli, aramed msoflio politikac.
1. jgerenaia
jgerenaia e. risTvis iomebs ruseTi da raSi gacvlian saqarTvelos. J. saqarTvelos ekonomika, #10, 2008.
2. Lasha Tchantouridze. It does not take a prorhet: WAR AND PEACE IN YHE CAUCASUS; CA&CC
Journal of Social and Political Studies; No 1(55), 2009.
3. Journal - The World in 2009 p. 158.
4. www.ambebi.ge/politika/13-02-2010.
Chagelishvili Lali
GLOBALIZATION AND GEOPOLITICAL ASPECTS OF GEORGIA
SUMMARY
In the article the author discusses global problems connected with geopolitical aspects which have been
very painful for the last two decades in Georgia. On the background of global problems policy of the USA is
analyzed from critical view point which on the one hand has a close touch with geopolitical interests of the
USA and Russia, and on the other hand with south Caucasus and Georgia.
In the end the author gives us her own point of view concerning the solution of geopolitical problems of
South Caucasus and Georgia.
nodar xaduri
konkurenciis SezRudvis makroekonomikuri Sedegebi
Sedegebi
ukanasknel periodSi saqarTveloSi farTo msjelobis sagani gaxda e.w. “antimonopoliuri” regulirebis Tema. miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelos hqonda am mimarTulebiT gamocdileba, 2004 wlidan, ekonomikis liberalizaciis fonze bazris
regulirebis sxva meqanizmebTan erTad es mimarTulebac gauqmda. dReisaTvis ki
evrokavSirTan Rrma da yovlismomcveli Tavisufali vaWrobis xelSekrulebis mosamzadebel etapze, Cveni evropeli partniorebis kategoriuli moTxovniT, dawyebulia
kanonmdeblobis miRebis procedurebi.
rodesac saubari konkurenciis SezRudvas Seexeba, amosavali wertili mudam
bazari, bazarze arsebuli mdgomareoba, momxmarebelTa uflebebi, bazris moTamaSeebisTvis bazarze Sesvlisa da bazridan gasvlis barierebia. iSviaTia konkurenciis
SezRudvis makroekonomikuri Sedegebis kvleva. sabazro Zalauflebis mqone subieqtis mier bazarze sakuTari mdgomareobis borotad gamoyeneba iwvevs fasebis zrdas,
sxva kompaniebis daxurvas, an axlebis gaxsnis SezRudvas da Sesabamisad umuSevrobis
103
zrdas, potenciuri investorebis interesis SezRudvas, potenciuri investiciebis
ganuxorcieleblobas da rogorc Sedegi, ekonomikuri zrdis tempebis Seferxebas.
zogadad bazarze sabazro Zalauflebis mqone subieqtebis arseboba ekonomikaSi sazogadoebis keTildReobas amcirebs.
postkomunisturi transformacia, romelic aRmosavleT evropisa da yofil
ssrk saxelmwifoebSi, aseve CineTsa da sxva aziur qveynebSi bolo 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi metnaklebi warmatebiT mimdinareobs, saqarTvelosTvis gansakuTrebiT rTuli
aRmoCnda. am sirTuleebs isic amZimebda, rom mbrZaneblur-administraciuli ekonomikidan sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis raime unificirebuli recepti ar arsebobda da
ar arsebobs.
Tumca mniSvnelovania is gamocdileba, romelic transformaciis procesSi
dagrovda iseT warmatebul qveynebSi, rogoricaa germania, CineTi, poloneTi, singapuri. warmatebuli qveynebis am CamonaTvalidanac naTlad Cans, rom transformaciis
erTiani gza ar arsebobs da mniSvnelovania, rom saqarTvelom is gza airCios, romelic umoklesi iqneba da naklebi danaxarjebiT sasurvel Sedegamde migviyvans.
reformirebis procesSi Secdomebi, samwuxarod, ara mxolod maTi ganxorcielebis pirvel wlebSi, gamoricxuli ar iyo, Tumca qveyana nela, magram mizanmimarTulad axdenda sabazro institutebis Camoyalibebas. gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebis
Sua periodSi saqarTvelos realurad pirvelad gauCnda ekonomikis regulirebis
iseTi mniSvnelovani institutebi, rogoricaa erovnuli valuta, sagadasaxado sistema, amave periodSi gaCnda antimonopoliuri kanonmdebloba, Seiqmna antimonopoliuri samsaxuri da damoukidebeli maregulirebeli komisiebi. qveyanaSi daiwyo ekonomikuri procesebis marTvis qaosuri sistemidan, romelic ZiriTadad araformalur
institutebs eyrdnoboda da saboloo jamSi korufciul garigebebSi aisaxeboda,
formaluri institutebis Camoyalibeba59.
qveyanaSi Seiqmna nebarTvebis sistema, liberaluri gaxda sagareo vaWroba,
minimalurad Semcirda regulirebadi fasebis raodenoba. realurad, saxelmwifo
sxvadasxva formiT aregulirebda mxolod e.w. “bunebrivi monopoliebis” fasebs.
2004 wlis dasawyisamde saqarTvelo ayalibebda sabazro ekonomikis regulirebis, m.S. antimonopoliuri regulirebis iseT instituciur bazas, romlis msgavsi
iyo evropaSi an aSS-Si. gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqtic, rom saqarTvelos nakisri
aqvs valdebulebebi, sakuTari kanonmdeblobis evrokavSiris kanonmdeblobasTan harmonizaciis Sesaxeb, amdenad, evropuli modelebidan gadaxveva, qveynis miswrafebas,
sakuTari Rirseuli adgili daikavos evropul ojaxSi, seriozuli safrTxis winaSe
ayenebs.
2004 wlidan saqarTveloSi “vardebis revoluciis” Semdgom, ekonomikis reformirebis axali etapi iwyeba. saqarTveloSi radikaluri ekonomikuri (Tumca Znelia am
process ewodos “ekonomikuri”) reformebi daiwyo, rac xSir SemTxvevaSi ubralod
saxelmwifos mxridan regulirebis meqanizmebis gauqmebaSi gamoixateboda.
saqarTvelos saxelmwifom sxva met-naklebad mniSvnelovani regulaciebis gauqmebis paralelurad uari Tqva ganexorcielebina Sromis bazris, konkurenciis SezRudvis, sursaTis uvneblobis da sxva regulaciebze, romelTa gauqmebam an SezRudvam mniSvnelovnad gaauareses ekonomikuri garemo. mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom
es yvelaferi investiciebis mozidvas emsaxureboda da aisaxa saqarTvelos sxvadasxva reitingebis maCvenebelze, samwuxarod arasworia, sinamdvileSi ki am gadawyvetilebaTa nawilma ekonomikis ganviTarebas uamravi problema Seuqmna, romelTa gamos59
Papava V., Khaduri N., On the Shadow Political Economy of the Post-Communist Transformation. An Institutional Analysis. Problems
of Economic Transition, 1997, Vol. 40, No. 6.
104
woreba an ganeitraleba mainc sakmaod rTuli iqneba da droSic seriozulad gaiweleba. saxelmwifom garda regulirebis pirdapiri formebisa, mkveTrad SezRuda
makroekonomikuri regulatorebis funqcionirebac.
Tu saqarTveloSi bolo 7 wlis ganmavlobaSi ganxorcielebuli struqturuli
cvlilebebis analizs CavatarebT, naTlad gamoCndeba, rom aRniSnuli cvlilebebis
mizani ekonomikis sruli deregulirebaa. saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba, miuxedavad
imisa, rom Teoriulad evropul orientacias aRiarebs, absoluturad sapirispiro
institutebs nergavs.
zemoT ukve gvqonda saubari imaze, rom gasuli saukunis bolo aTwleulSi
sabazro ekonomikis regulirebis institutebis Camoyalibeba daiwyo. erT-erTi warmatebuli instituti, romelsac bazris analizi da masze sabazro Zalauflebis
mqone subieqtis gamoCenis SemTxvevaSi misi Zalauflebis an ganeitraleba an imgvar
CarCoebSi moqceva unda moexdina, rom momxmarebelTa da bazris sxva monawileTa
uflebebi ar darRveuliyo60. cxadia, saubari antimonopoliur kanonmdeblobasa da
mis bazaze Seqmnil antimonopoliur samsaxurs Seexeba. unda aRiniSnos, rom antimonopoliuri samsaxuri msoflio bankis, aSS mTavrobis, evropuli saxelmwifoebis
materialuri, meToduri, finansuri daxmarebiT iqmneboda. miuxedavad imisa, rom am
sferoSi saqarTvelos miRwevebiT sakmaod xSirad gviamayia sxvadasxva doneze, es
sulac ar yofila misi gauqmebis xelisSemSleli faqtori61.
“vardebis revoluciis” Semdgom periodSi swored antimonopoliuri samsaxuri
aRmoCnda is pirveli maregulirebli struqtura, romelic gauqmda. gauqmda ara
mxolod samsaxuri, aramed mTeli kanonmdebloba da mis nacvlad Seiqmna “Tavisufali vaWrobisa da konkurenciis kanoni” da Sesabamisi samsaxuri. saintereso isaa,
rom antimonopoliuri samsaxuris gauqmebis mizezad bazarze konkurenciisaTvis xelSewyoba dasaxelda. argumenti ki iyo is, rom monopolia investorisaTvis signalia,
rom dargi momgebiania da isini (investorebi) swored amgvar dargebSi ganaTavseben
investiciebs.
dRes aravin kamaTobs imaze, rom bazari resursebis ganawilebis saukeTeso saSualebaa da rac metad ereva saxelmwifo bazris funqcionirebaSi, miT ufro cudad
anawilebs bazari resursebs da amave dros resursebis nawili korufciul garigebebs xmardeba. amave dros, arc isaa dafaruli, rom bazris funqcionirebas axasiaTebs e.w. “Cavardnebi” da bazari resursebs xSir SemTxvevaSi efeqtianad da, ufro
xSirad ki, samarTlianad ver anawilebs, amitom saxelmwifos mxridan Careva xSirad
gardauvalia.
kamaTi imis Taobaze, zemoT aRniSnuli ori WeSmaritebidan, romeli “WeSmaritebaa” ufro marTebuli, karga xania gascda rogorc samecniero, ise politikuri
kamaTis sferos da xSir SemTxvevaSi ideologiuri safuZvlis gareSe arc ki ganixileba. miuxedavad amisa, realurad arc erT qveyanaSi saxelmwifo, miuxedavad deklarirebuli principebisa, arsad ar ambobs uars bazarze Zalauflebis mqone subieqtebis mimarT garkveuli RonisZiebebis gatarebaze.
miuxedavad aRniSnulisa, saqarTvelos parlamentma gaauqma saqarTvelos antimonopoliuri kanonmdebloba da mis nacvlad, rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, miiRo
60
gogiaSvili S., fetelava s., konkurencia da atimonopoliuri regulireba, Tbilisi, “loi”, 2007.
61
xaduri n. bazris regulirebis meqanizmebis faqtiuri gauqmebiT gamowveuli Sedegebis kvleva, krebulSi ekonomikis maregulirebeli institutebis ganviTareba saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi,
2009.
105
kanoni “Tavisufali vaWrobisa da konkurenciis Sesaxeb”, romelic sul 16 muxlisgan
Sedgeba62.
imis gamo, rom saxelmwifo bazarze araregulirebad sferoebSi ar axorcielebs aranair reagirebas, irRveva momxmareblis uflebebi. sabazro Zalauflebis
mqone subieqtebi arian ekonomikuri saqmianobis bevr sferoSi, magram maTi saqmianoba
aranair reglamentirebas ar eqvemdebareba. samwuxarod, momxmarebelTa uflebebis
dacvaze aseT dargebSi aravinaa pasuxismgebeli.
aseTi sferoebis regulirebis ararseboba sazogadoebriv danaxarjs zrdis da
mosaxleobis cxovrebis dones auaresebs, am mosazrebis iribi dadasturebaa mogebis
moculoba da misi Tanafardoba mTlian Sida produqtTan. 2010 wlis ganmavlobaSi
biujetSi mogebis gadasaxadis saxiT mobilizebuli iyo 576 mln lari, xolo 2011
wels dagegmilia, rom mogebis gadasaxadis saxiT biujetSi 703 mln lari Seva63.
martivi ariTmetikuli gardaqmnebidan gamomdinareobs, rom mimdinare wels saqarTveloSi mTliani mogeba daaxloebiT 4,7 mlrd laria, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom mSp
daaxloebiT 24 mlrd lari iqneba, mogeba misi daaxloebiT 1/5-ia. Tu mSp-dan gamovricxavT ekonomikis im dargebsa da seqtorebSi Seqmnil damatebul Rirebulebas,
romlebic mogebis gadasaxadiT ar ibegreba (magaliTad, soflis meurneoba, saxelmwifo mmarTveloba, sakuTari sacxovrisis gamoyeneba, Sinameurneobis warmoeba sakuTari
moxmarebisaTvis), mxolod 13 mlrd lari rCeba, saidanac Tu 4,7 mlrd lari anu
daaxloebiT 40% mogebaa, amasTan, logikuria, rom aris dargebi, sadac mogeba Zalian
dabalia. gamodis, rom saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi aris dargebi, sadac mogeba 40-50%-s
aRemateba. ekonomikis principebis nebismier Tanamedrove saxelmZRvaneloSi weria da
sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom srulyofili konkurenciis pirobebSi mogeba ar arsebobs, da mogeba yvelaze maRali aris monopoliur bazrebze, sadac momxmarebeli
iZulebulia daeTanxmos sabazro Zalauflebis mqone mimwodeblebis winadadebas da
gacilebiT maRal fasad SeiZinos produqcia64.
makroekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT es iwvevs Semosavlebis koncentracias msxvili biznesis xelSi. saqarTveloSi wlebis mixedviT, msxvil biznesze modis mTeli
gamoSvebis 83-84%, maSin, rodesac msxvil sawarmoebSi dasaqmebulia sul dasaqmebulTa 60%65.
samwuxarod, miRebuli mogebis investireba qveyanaSi ar xdeba, rac amcirebs
potenciur mSp-s, dasaqmebis dones da a.S.
am mosazrebas ramdenime saintereso magaliTic adasturebs. kerZod, saqarTveloSi investirebas apirebda erT-erTi avstriuli kompania, magram es SeuZlebeli
aRmoCnda. am faqtma diplomatiuri skandali gamoiwvia, rodesac imdroindeli premier-ministri imyofeboda avstriaSi, es sakiTxi misi avstriis kanclerTan Sexvedraze
ganxilvis erT-erTi Tema iyo, Tumca verc premier-ministrma SeZlo sakiTxis gadaWra.
Sesabamisad, erTis mxriv Seferxda avstriuli investicia, adgilobriv kompanias saSualeba mieca konkurentis gareSe efunqcionira da saqoneli ufro maRal fasad
gaeyida. momxmarebeli ki wagebuli darCa.
miuxedavad imisa, rom es SemTxvevac kargad asaxavs saxelmwifos mxridan
sabazro Zalauflebis mqone subieqtTa saqmianobis monitoringis aucileblobas,
62
saqarTvelos parlamentSi ukve wardgenilia antimonopoliuri kanonmdeblobis paketi,
romelic antimonopoliuri regulirebis marTalia SezRuduli, magram mainc instrumentebis
aRdgenas iTvaliswinebs.
63
informacia saxelmwifo biujetis Sesaxeb ixileT www.mof.ge.
64 xaduri n., sainvesticio garemos formirebis makroekonomikuri da instituciuri faqtorebi,
Jurn. ekonomika da biznesi, #2, 2011.
65
www.geostat.ge;
106
unda aRiniSnos, rom sabazro Zalauflebis mqone subieqtTa arseboba gamonaklisi
sulac ar aris da aseT sawarmoebs realurad ekonomikis bevr sferoSi SexvdebiT.
saqarTvelos bazari ki imdenad pataraa, rom romelime ucxouri gigantis dainteresebis Sansi sakmaod mcirea, patara sawarmo ki realurad veranair konkurencias ver
gauwevs ukve Camoyalibebul Zlier kompaniebs. Sedegi sabazro Zalauflebis borotad gamoyeneba da momxmarebelTa uflebebis darRvevaa.
Cven zemoT warmatebuli reformebis, warmatebuli transformaciis magaliTebi
davasaxeleT, maT Soris udavod erT-erTi warmatebuli qveyana germaniis federaciuli respublikaa, romelic meore msoflio omSi damarcxebis Semdeg 4 saokupacio
zonad daiyo, romelTagan samSi ekonomikuri reformebis ganxorcielebam aSkara
“germanuli ekonomikuri saswauli” moaxdina. am ekonomikuri saswaulis Sedegebi saxezea 1948 wlidan 2010 wlamde saSualo saaTobrivi xelfasi germaniaSi 65 evrocentidan 15,55 evromde gaizarda, sococxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba gaizarda 13 wliT,
samuSao adgilze ubedur SemTxvevaTa raodenoba Semcirda 60%-iT, kviraSi samuSao
saaTebis raodenoba Semcirda 48,2 saaTidan 38,3 saaTamde, Svebulebebis xangrZlivoba
12 dRidan 30 dRemde gaizarda, 250 grami karaqis SesaZenad saWiro iyo 73 wuTi Sroma,
dRes sakmarisia 5 wuTi, 1 avtomanqanis SesaZenad ki 1472 saaTi muSaobaa sakmarisi,
nacvlad 5136 saaTisa66.
es yvelaferi germanelma xalxma dauRalav SromasTan erTad sworad Catarebuli reformebis gamoc miiRo. miT ufro, rom 20 wlis win germaniis gaerTianebam
Seaferxa zrdis is tempi, radgan aRmosavleT miwebis ganviTarebis CamorCenilobis
dasaZlevad seriozuli investireba ganxorcielda, romelic, cxadia, moaklda dasavleT^germanias da mis kidev ufro metad ganviTarebas.
1948 wels germaniaSi dawyebuli reformebidan erT-erTi mniSvnelovani, fasebisa
da fulis reformasTan erTad swored antikarteluri kanonmdeblobis amoqmedeba
iyo67.
amdenad, miuxedavad saqarTvelos konstituciiT aRiarebuli (saqarTvelos
konstituciis 30-e muxlis meore punqti) valdebulebisa, romlis Tanaxmadac “saxelmwifo valdebulia xeli Seuwyos Tavisufali vaWrobisa da konkurenciis ganviTarebas”, “akrZalulia monopoliuri saqmianoba” da amave dros “momxmarebelTa uflebebi
daculia kanoniT”, saqarTveloSi es sfero absoluturad “liberalizebulia” da
Sesabamisad konstituciis es moTxovna ar sruldeba.
gauqmebuli regulaciis ekonomikuri Sedegis gaTvla sakmaod rTulia, xSirad
SeuZlebelic ki, erTi ki cxadia, rom dRes dRis wesrigSi dadga antimonopoliuri
kanonmdeblobis aRdgenis sakiTxi, rac xels Seuwyobs bazris gajansaRebas, sainvesticio klimatis gaumjobesebas, dasaqmebis zrdas da ekonomikur zrdas.
Khaduri Nodar
MACROECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF THE RESTRICTION
OF COMPETITION
SUMMARY
In recent period the topic of so called “anti-monopolistic” regulation has become a subject for intense
debate in Georgia. Georgia had some experience in this direction, since 2004, in the light of liberalization of
economy this direction along with other mechanisms for market regulation has been abolished. Currently, at the
66
67
wyaro: IW Koln, Federal Statistics Office, Instute for Employment Research.
Эрхард Л., Благосостояние для всех, М.: начала-Пресс, 1991.
107
preparatory stage of broad and all-embracing free trade agreement with the European Union, on the
recommendations of our European partners, the procedures for adopting legislation have been under way.
Abuse of own position in the market by the subjects having market power brings about the rise of prices
and unemployment, restriction of potential investors’ interest, impracticability of investments and deceleration
of economic growth rates. Existence of the subjects in economy having market power in the market reduces
well-being of society.
Forecast of economic consequences of the abolished regulation is rather difficult and frequently even
impossible. One thing is already obvious that at present the question of restoration of anti-monopolistic
legislation is posed on the agenda.
Restoration of anti-monopolistic legislation and regulatory institutions will favour the recovery of
market, improvement of investment climate, increase of employment and economic growth.
108
ekonomikuri Teoriis seqcia
murman kvaracxelia
postkomunisturi epoqis
epoqis Taviseburebani da gardamavali
periodis erovnuli ekonomika
postkomunisturi epoqa Rrma transformaciuli procesebiT xasiaTdeba, რაც
gamoixata ekonomikuri weswyobilebis gardaqmnasa da kapitalizmze anu sabazro urTierTobebze gadasvlaSi. Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom es aris pirobiTi cneba, vinaidan dRevandel epoqaSi ukve naklebad gamoiyeneba cneba “kapitalizmi”, romelic
Seicvala “korporaciuli ekonomikis” cnebiT [1], magram isic unda iTqvas, rom 21-e
saukunemde es cneba aqtiur samecniero brunvaSi iyo da Cven wina epoqaze msjelobisas mas gverds ver avuvliT.
saqarTveloSi kapitalizmi XIX saukunis II naxevarSi Caisaxa. es umTavresad ucxoeTis kapitalis safuZvelze moxda da amitom mTlianad mowyvetili aRmoCnda erovnuli niadagidan. bunebrivia, rom aseT pirobebSi erovnuli interesebis Sesatyvisi
erovnuli ekonomika ver ganviTardeboda. qveynis ekonomikas aseT SemTxvevaSi erovnulis garda, yvelaferi SeiZleba daerqvas. bolosdabolos, ekonomikuri ganviTareba
aseT SemTxvevaSi miiRebs sxva qveynebze damokidebul koloniur xasiaTs, rac bunebrivia, politikuradac didi zianis momtania qveynis samomavlo ganviTarebisaTvis.
Tu analogias da istoriul paralelebs gavavlebT, TiTqmis igive mdgomareobaa
dRevandel postkomunistur saqarTveloSi, roca ilias epoqis msgavsad, kapitalizmi
anu korporaciuli ekonomika ganviTarebis garkveul etapze imyofeba. dResac, samwuxarod, aseTi procesi saqarTveloSi upiratesad ucxo kapitalis safuZvelze viTardeba, rac qveynis damoukidebel ganviTarebas did safrTxes uqmnis. amitomac didi
mniSvneloba aqvs imis gamocdilebis ganzogadebas da saxelmZRvanelod gamoyenebas,
rac XIX saukunis II naxevarsa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi xdeboda. es gamocdileba
ki, pirvel rigSi, dakavSirebulia didi qarTveli moazrovnis ilia WavWavaZis memkvidreobasTan, mis socialur-ekonomikur SexedulebebSi da erovnuli ekonomikis
strategiul mimarTulebaTa gansazRvrasTan.
Cvens literaturaSi damkvidrebuli cneba _ `postkomunisturi epoqa~ pirobiTad migvaCnia, igi mxolod drois aRsaricxavad da dasafiqsireblad aris saWiro.
amiT Cven gamovdivarT ara am sayovelTaod damkvidrebuli cnebis, aramed misi arsis
araswori gagebis winaaRmdeg, rasac xSirad vxvdebiT CveTanac da ucxour literaturaSic. cota Rrmad Tu davukvirdebiT am cnebis mniSvnelobas ara politikuri,
aramed socialur-ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, vnaxavT, rom man pozitiurTan erTad,
bevri gaurkvevlobac mogvitana. amitomaa, rom xalxis farTo socialuri fenebi ase
negatiurad uyureben am axal `postkomunistur epoqas~ da xSirad gaigonebT garkveul monatrebas da TviT nostalgiasac Zveli epoqis mimarT. am fenomenTan dakavSirebiT Cven gvinda xazi gavusvaT postkomunisturi epoqis ekonomikur arssa da mniSvnelobas.
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ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, gansxvavebiT socialur-ekonomikurisa, postkomunisturi epoqa marTlac rom sruliad axali da uaRresad calsaxa progresuli movlenaa. misi es progresuloba, pirvel rigSi, aisaxeba iseTi yofili komunisturi
qveynis magaliTze, rogoric saqarTveloa. yvelafers rom Tavi davaneboT, qveyanam
moipova damoukidebloba, Tumca ki, `Cveni Tavis Cvenad yudnebis~ es didi ocnebac
gauferulda xalxis TvalSi swored zemoaRniSnuli socialur-ekonomikuri problemebis gamo, magram SeuZlebelia ver dainaxo is didi sikeTe, rac Cvens Tvalwin mimdinare ekonomikur procesebs mohyva. es SeiZleba ori sityviT _ TavisuflebiT da
demokratiiT gamoixatos. momavlis TvalsazrisiT ki, swored es aris mTavari, radgan
adamianis emansipacia da misi yovelmxrivi ganviTareba SeuZlebelia moviazroT am
ori umTavresi Rirebulebis gareSe.
saerTod, meTodologiuri TvalsazrisiT, CvenSi gabatonebuli ideologia principulad ewinaaRmdegeba memkvidreobiTobis zogad-sociologiur kanonsac da ubralo logikasac: uaxlesi warsulidan yvelafris uaryofa, maT Soris ki gansakuTrebiT rigi socialuri, kulturuli da ekonomikuri monapovrebisa Tu Rirebulebebis,
ekonomikuri kvlevis mcdari gziT warmarTvaa. aqedan gamomdinare, aseTive mcdaria
praqtikuli daskvnebic.
postkomunistur epoqaze asobiT da aTasobiT statia da monografia aris dawerili da yvela mecnieri ixreba im azrisaken, rom es gardaqmnebi aucilebeli da
gardauvali iyo. aviRoT henri kisinjeris gaxmaurebuli wigni _ `diplomatia~, sadac
XX saukunis bolo sami aTwleuli aris gaanalizebuli _ kursi yovelTvis, Teoriuladac da praqtikul politikaSic, `komunizmis Signidan afeTqebaze~ iyo agebuli [2].
avtori TviTon aris momswre da TviTmxilveli _ arqiteqtori `komunizmis demontaJisa~ da ar SeiZleba ar vendoT mas.
arsebobs idea, rom komunistur sistemaSi myofi xalxebisTvis gacilebiT upriani da momgebiani iqneboda `korvengenciis~ idea, romelic Teoriis avtorebma _
saxarovma, valensma, belma da sxvebma wamoayenes 50-iani wlebidan. am ideis arsi
mdgomareobda kapitalizmisa da komunizmis iseT urTierTdaaxloebasa da korvengireba-SerwymaSi, romelic mTel msoflios erTians gaxdida. samwuxarod, am ideam Semdgomi periodis praqtikul cxovrebaSi asaxva da ganxorcieleba ver hpova.
rogorc cnobilia, omisSemdgomi evropa ixsna ara marto daxmarebebma da amerikelTa armiebma, romlebic iq `dasavleTis faris~ funqciebs asrulebdnen, aramed
TviTon am qveynebis mizanswrafulma politikam, efeqtianad gamoeyenebinaT yvelaferi
es TavianTi erovnuli problemebis gadasawyvetad. amis klasikur magaliTs gvaZlevs
germania. omis Semdgomi germaniis ekonomikuri reforma imis magaliTia, Tu rogor
unda gamoiyvano eri da qveyana sulieri da materialuri krizisidan ganviTarebis
farTo asparezze. aqedan mxolod erTi daskvna SeiZleba gakeTdes: msgavs situaciaSi
moxvedrili qveynisaTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs imas, rom am qveynis SerCeulma
ekonomikurma politikam SeZlos swori strategiis da misi Sesatyvisi taqtikis
SemuSaveba Seqmnil obieqtur viTarebaSi.
imisaTvis, rom Cvenc SevZloT aseTi swori strategiisa da taqtikis SemuSaveba,
Cveni azriT, pirvel rigSi, aucilebelia postkomunisturi periodis im obieqtur
TaviseburebaTa swori gaazreba, romelic uSualod exeba da Tavis gavlenas axdens
gardamavali periodis saqarTvelos saSinao da sagareo ekonomikuri politikis formirebaze.
saqarTvelo msoflio ekonomikaSi sakmaod Rrmad integrirebulia. mas TiTqmis
msoflios 150 met qveyanasTan aq savaWro urTierTobebi da bunebrivia, ver acdeba
aRniSnul tendecias. saqarTveloSi “vardebis revolucis” Semdgom gatarebulma re110
formebma sakmaod daaCqara dadebiTi ekonomikuri Sedegebis miRwevis SesaZleblobani.
samwuxarod, axlad fexze damdgari ekonomikuri reformebi mniSvnelovnad daamZima
ruseT-saqarTvelos 2008 wlis agvistos konfliqtma.
saqarTvelos ekonomikis dRes arsebuli mdgomareoba garkveulwilad msgavsia
30-ian wlebSi didi msoflio krizisis dros bevr qveyanaSi ganviTarebuli krizisuli movlenebisa, magram msoflio integrirebuli daxmarebebis saSualebebiT, saqarTvelo bevrad ufro umtkivneulod gamodis am krizisidan, vidre es maT gareSe iqneboda SesaZlebeli. krizisis erT-erT gamomwvev mizezad mosaxleobis danazogebis
mkveTr zrdasa da misi warmoebis realur seqtorSi investirebas asaxelebdnen, ris
Sedegadac moxmarebis umniSvnelo zrdis fonze mkveTrad izrdeboda warmoebuli
produqciis moculoba. ra Tqma unda, arsebobs Zalian bevri mosazreba krizisTan
dakavSirebiT, magram Cven vfiqrobT, rom dRevandel
viTarebaSi am problemebis dasaZlevad aucilebelia realuri seqtoris amuSaveba da
Sesabamisad yvela sabazro institutis gamarTuli funqcionireba, romelic xels
Seuwyobs arsebuli krizisis umtkivneulod daZlevas saqarTveloSi.
faqtiurad, Cveni didi winaparic – ilia WavWavaZe gveubneboda, rom “....xsna CvenSiao”. marTlac, qarTuli xasiaTis, qarTuli SemarTebis, qarTuli mizanswrafulobisa da siaxlisadmi Semgueblobis udidesi SesaZleblobis Sedegia, rom dRes, aseT
gamZvinvarebul ekonomikursa Tu finansuri krizisis fonze, Cven SedarebiT umtkivneulod vaxerxebT ekonomikis ara marto warmarTvas, aramed mis aRmavlobis gzaze
dayenebasac.
1.Джон Кеннет Гелбрейт. Экономика невинного обмана. М., 2009.
2.Генри Кисинджер. Дипломатия. М., 1997. Стр. 684.
Kvaratskhelia Murman
THE SPECIFICS OF POST-COMMUNIST EPOCH
AND THE PROBLEMS OF TRANSITION
SUMMARY
In this article there is discussed the starting specifics of capitalism in postcomunist epoch in Georgia.
Also there is analнsed its political contents and meaning, its positive and negative role in state building. Here
also is discused the importange of convergations theory which could play the greatest role in harmless passing
on the market system. There is also underlined how great importance it plays for the future development of the
country while making the strategy and tactic of the economic development.
Tamar Atanelishvili
SUPREME ECONOMIC COUNCILS IN GEORGIA
In a number of countries (including United States) a supreme economic council (“The Council”) is
founded at the supreme governor of the state for the purpose of correct analysis and decision-making of socialeconomic problems. The council is quite active authority and it issues recommendations that are taken into account. These councils are staffed with broadly-known professional economists.
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Economic councils in Georgia have a long history. According to State Central Historical Archive of
Georgia (SCHAG Fund 1833; description 1, case 78), Government of Democratic Republic of Georgia discussed and approved project of statute of Supreme Economic Council in September 9, 1920. The project was
submitted to the meeting of founders for further approval. In November 1, 1920 presidium of the meeting approved the project.
According to the project of the statute of Supreme Economic Council, the Council was authorized to
analyze processes taking place in economic and financial sphere of the country. Decision made by the council
was obligatory to fulfill for all governmental agencies (though that meant its functions were the same as those of
the government that would by all means create obstacles); council was staffed with ministers of economic profile, state controller, manager of state bank, etc. Supreme Economic Council failed to function due to wellknown political events in Georgia but it’s a fact that importance of economic council in the development of the
country was well-known in those days.
For the purpose of determination and implementation of strategic course of adaptation of Georgia’s
economics to world economy, enforcement of entire economic policy and support to coordination of activities of
state authorities, under decree (No. 157.04.02) by the President of Georgia, Advisory Economic Council
(http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=) was created at the Apparatus of the president of Georgia in
1996. The Council was chaired by the President himself and the members were the following well-known scientists-economists – D. Iakobidze, I. Meskhia, E. Mekvanbishbili, V. Papava, A. Silagadze, N. Chitanava, etc. The
Council conducted meetings regularly (till 2003) and it served many useful functions, though its decisions were
of advisory character. Afterwards the Council seized functioning.
After the “Rose Revolution”, in 2005 under the decree (No. 15, 14.010 by the President of Georgia economic
council
at
the
President
of
Georgia
(http://matsne.gov.ge/ondex.php?option=com_ldmssearch&view=docView&id=94096) was founded governed
by the President. The Council is aimed at developing proposals and recommendations concerning economic development of the country. Though, as known to us the Council does not conduct meetings, nor its recommendations are publicized.
Thus, we have different experience in functioning Supreme Economic Council: first, the Council did
not operate, second – it did operate and currently, the Council is practically inactive.
Atanelishvili Tamar
SUPREME ECONOMIC COUNCILS IN GEORGIA
SUMMARY
Supreme Economic Councils in Georgia, a thesis by Mrs. Tamar Atanelishvili, Doctor of Economics,
discusses aspects of functioning of “Councils” in the Democratic Republic of Georgia (1918-1921) and in independent Georgia (1996-2003; since 2005). The thesis concludes that in the first period, the Council did not operate, in the second period – it did operate and currently, the Council is practically inactive.
Tamar baCiaSvili
sabazro urTierTobebis ekonomikuri
ekonomikuri da socialuri efeqtianobis SexameSexamebis problema da socialuri faqtori
sabazro urTierTobebis ekonomikuri da socialuri efeqtianobis Sexamebis
aucilebloba Tanamedrove etapze erT-erT mniSvnelovan problemas warmoadgens.
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civilizebuli msoflios ganviTarebaze gavlenas axdens iseTi faqtorebi, rogoricaa:
_ teqnologiuri ganaxlebis gansakuTrebiT maRali tempi;
_ informaciuli teqnologiebis zrda;
_ didi Zvrebi kulturisa da kerZo cxovrebis sferoebSi;
_ industriuli sazogadoebebis globalur kavSirebSi Cabma da gaerTianeba.
mocemuli faqtorebis zemoqmedebiT gamowveuli socialuri cvlilebebi, Cveni
azriT, asaxvas povebs rogorc saxelmwifoebriv, aseve mTlianad sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi.
xazgasasmelia is garemoeba, rom sazogadoebis ZiriTadi strategiuli resursi
kodificirebuli (sistemuri, mowesrigebuli) codna xdeba. umTavresi socialuri
cvlileba ki gamoixateba imiT, rom isini ,,vinc qmnian da avrceleben kodificirebul
codnas – mecnierebi, kompiuteris specialistebi, ekonomistebi da sxvadasxva gvaris
kvalificirebuli specialistebi – wamyvan socialur jgufad gardaiqmnebian da am
saxiT cvlian Zveli sistemis mrewvelebsa da mewarmeebs” [1, gv. 603].
Cven vTvliT, rom swored ekonomikur, politikur da socialur doneze mimdinare cvlilebebma xeli Seuwyes axali standartebis damkvidrebas ekonomikuri da
socialuri efeqtianobis Sexamebis problemasTan dakavSirebiT.
Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi keTildReobisa da Semosavlebis zrdam gamoiwvia
is, rom momxmarebelTa damokidebulebebma, motivebma, molodinebma da a.S., sul ufro
meti roli SeiZina ekonomikuri tendenciebis gansazRvraSi.
mizanSewonilad migvaCnia, aRvniSnoT Semdegi: konkretuli produqciis Seswavlisas ZiriTadad aqcenti keTdeba iseT mniSvnelovan cvladebze, rogoricaa _ fasi da gayidvebis moculoba, magram naklebadaa gaTvaliswinebuli, Tu ra socialuri
faqtorebi ganapirobeben moxmarebis paternebis Camoyalibebas.
ekonomistebis yuradRebis centrSia ekonomikuri gacvla, bazari, ekonomika da
a.S., magram sxva socialuri paradigmebi, romelic aseve mniSvnelovania, analizis
miRma rCeba.
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, Cven vfiqrobT, rom aucilebelia meti yuradReba daeTmos im institucionaluri da kulturaluri parametrebis Seswavlas, romlebic ekonomikuri procesisaTvis erT-erT mTavar socialur faqtors warmoadgens.
ekonomikuri Teoriebis mixedviT, ,,ekonomikur faqtorze gavlenas axdens faqtorebis SezRuduli raodenoba: gemovneba da resursebis simwire; Tu es faqtorebi
cnobilia, principSi, SesaZlebelia qcevis prognozireba. sxva individebis, institucionaluri faqtorebis, jgufebis faqtorebis moqmedeba umniSvneloa” [2, gv.17].
migvaCnia, rom SeuZlebelia mxolod zemoaRniSnuli faqtorebidan gamomdinare
moxdes qcevis prognozireba, vinaidan individis arCevans umetes SemTxvevaSi gansazRvravs is socialuri struqtura, romelSic igi CarTulia.
socialuri zewola, kultura, rolebrivi modelebi, referentuli jgufebi
warmoadgenen im faqtorTa jgufebs, romlebic moqmedeben gadawyvetilebebze.
magaliTad, biznesurTierTobebi SeuZlebelia ganvixiloT mxolod ekonomikuri urTierTobebis konteqstSi, radgan es urTierTobebi dakavSirebulia socialur
urTierTobebTan. personalur urTierTobebze dafuZnebuli kavSirebi biznesSi,
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom erT-erTi gavrcelebuli praqtikaa. aseve gavrcelebulia ndobasTan dakavSirebuli faqtoris gavlena biznesurTierTobebze da a.S.
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, Cven vTvliT, rom ekonomika da saerTod ekonomikuri urTierTobebi CarTulni arian sazogadoebis institucionalur konteqstSi.
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individebi moqmedeben ara mxolod imisTvis, rom moaxdinon Tavisi materialuri interesebis maqsimizacia, aramed ufro metad Tavisi socialuri statusis gansamtkiceblad.
mizanSewonilia aRvniSnoT, rom socialuri faqtori warmoadgens im ZiriTad
birTvs, romlis gareSec SeuZlebelia saxelmwifoebriv, sazogadoebriv da institucionalur doneze movaxdinoT faqtebisa da movlenebis analizi.
amitom aucilebelia institucionaluri da kulturuli parametrebis Seswavla, romlebic ekonomikuri procesisTvis sasicocxlod mniSvnelovan funqciur datvirTvas atarebs. ekonomikur qcevasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi, Cveni azriT, yvela
socialuri qcevis msgavsad mravalganzomilebiania.
sazogadod miCneulia, rom ,,adamianebis bunebrivi miswrafebaa gaiumjobeson
sakuTari ekonomikuri mdgomareoba da Tu am uZlieres stimuls ar SevzRudavT, is
mTel sazogadoebas bunebrivad miiyvans keTildReobamde. TiToeuli adamianis qmedeba mimarTulia mogebis maqsimizaciaze da is am dros sruliadac ar fiqrobs sazogadoebriv interesebze, magram am procesSi adamians ,,uxilavi xeli” warmarTavs im
miznebisken, romlebzedac mas sulac ar ufiqria. amdenad, axorcielebs ra sakuTar
egoistur interess, adamiani ukeTesad emsaxureba sazogadoebis interesebs, vidre im
SemTxvevaSi, es rom cnobier miznad daesaxa” [2, gv.141].
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare migvaCnia, rom ekonomikis maregulirebeli
,,uxilavi xelisadmi” rwmena zedmetad gazviadebulia. SeuZlebelia adamianebi yovelTvis racionalur gadawyvetilebebs iRebdnen da bazrebic da institutebic mxolod
da mxolod TviTregulirebadi institutebi iyos.
ekonomikis racionaluri modeli ar warmoadgens apriors, radgan adamianebi
xSirad araracionalurad iqcevian da, SeiZleba Tamamad iTqvas, rom adamianis gadawyvetilebebis warmarTveli ,,uxilavi xeli” swored rom Cveni iracionaluri bunebaa.
adamianTa motivaciis ZiriTadi impulsebi metwilad momdinareobs qvecnobieri
kognituri akviatebebidan da swored es aris is ,,uxilavi xeli”, Tu aseTi ram marTlac arsebobs.
Cven vTvliT, rom Tu moxdeba adamianTa iracionaluri qcevis ganWvreta da
gaazreba organizaciebis mier, isini advilad SeZleben da iswavlian misi mavne Sedegebis Tavidan acilebasa da dabalansebas.
aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba gavakeToT daskvna, rom racionalur gadawyvetilebebTan erTad arsebobs aseve araracionaluri gadawyvetilebebi da bazris
,,uxilavi xeli” aris swored Cveni iracionaluri buneba.
sabazro urTierTobebis ekonomikuri da socialuri efeqtianobis Sexamebis
problema da socialuri faqtoris gavlenis amaRlebis gzebis Zieba warmoadgens im
ZiriTad dominantur Zalas, romelic warmarTavs Tanamedrove sazogadoebriv da saxelmwifoebriv urTierTobebs, da romlis gareSec SeuZlebelia nebismieri ekonomikuri problemis racionaluri da struqturul-funqcionaluri gaazreba.
1.
2.
berZeniSvili a. politikuri sociologia. Tb., gamomcemloba ,,meridiani”, 2002.
mezvriSvili l. ekonomikuri sociologia. Tbilisi: ,,mecniereba”, 2003.
Bachiashvili Tamar
THE PROBLEM OF COMBINING ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL EFFICIENCY
OF THE MARKET RELATIONS AND THE SOCIAL FACTOR
114
SUMMARY
The scientific article is about the problem of combining economic and social efficiency of the market
relations and the ways of upgrading the influence of the social factor.
The article analyses the institutional context of economic relations and the cultural parameters that have
the vital functional importance for economic process.
Давлашеридзе Ната
НОБЕЛЕВСКИЙ ЛАУРЕАТ ДЖОЗЕФ Е. СТИГЛИЦ О ПРИЧИНАХ И ПУТЯХ
ПРЕОДОЛЕНИЯ ГЛОБАЛЬНОГО ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОГО КРИЗИСА
В условиях глобального экономического кризиса возрастает роль выдающихся представителей
науки, чей авторитет подтвержден присуждением Нобелевской премии.
Именно нобелевские идеи, выдержавшие проверку временем, могут стать тем необходиым
элементом, который будет благоприятствовать принципиальным изменениям тенденций развития
экономики и общества. Формирование рациональной стратегии применения нобелевских идей для
объяснения и прогнозирования последствий происходящих процессов в мировой экономике, безусловно,
является наиболее актуальной задачей современности.
По мнению экономических экспертов и аналитиков к причинам, охватившего почти весь мир
кризиса, можно отнести: кризис капитализма, кризис перепроизводства, загнивание глобальных монополий, исчерпанность мировой валютно-финансовой системы, построенной на ссудном проценте,
цикличный кризис: переход от деловых циклов к циклам пузырей, перенакопление капиталов и
избыточная ликвидность, следствие процесса глобализации и др.
Если обобщить тематику работ, за которые, начиная с 1968 г., была присуждена Нобелевская
премия в области экономики, то и тут весьма существенной (около 30%) окажется доля работ,
посвященных различным аспектам циклических явлений, второй по частоте встречаемости (около 20%)
представляют собой попытки объяснения различных эффектов глобализации мировой экономики, что
также весьма закономерно, учитывая тот факт, что многие отличительные особенности современного
кризиса достаточно тесно связаны с глобализацией, к тому же сама по себе глобализация на
докризисном этапе развития экономики была одной из самых эксплуатируемых тем экономических
исследований.
Примечательно, что подавляющее большинство Нобелевских лауреатов в области экономики,
которые в настоящее время осуществляют активную научную деятельность (Джозеф Е. Стиглиц,
Амартия Сена, Джон Нэш, Джеймс Мирлис, Финн Кидланд, Роберт Джон Ауманн, Пол Кругман,
Эдмунд Фелпс,Кеннет Эрроу и др.), в своих трудах особое внимание уделяют именно проблемам
глобализации, а труд Дж. Стиглица "Making Globalization Work" («Как заставить глобализацию
работать»), опубликованный в 2006 г., признан классической работой в данном направлении.
Дж. Стиглиц (Joseph E. Stiglitz) получил нобелевскую премию в 2001 году за исследования
«рынков с асимметричной информацией» – то есть таких рынков, на которых одни участники обладают
большим объемом информации, чем другие. Его можно считать основателем теории информационной
экономики, включающей в себя изучение проблем сбора, анализа и распространения информации, а
также принятия решений на ее основе. Он объяснил, каким образом менее информированные участники
рынка, в частности, страховые компании, пытаются улучшить свое положение, добывая дополнительные
данные. Стиглицу удалось, в частности, таким образом объяснить феномен долгой безработицы.
Являясь активным критиком либерального свободного рынка, который, по его мнению не может
обеспечить всем равный доступ к информации и, следовательно, ставит участников рынка в неравные
условия, он считал, что переоценка ультралиберальных рецептов должна стать одним из самых важных направлений, которые помогут преодолеть трудности кризисного периода, поскольку в кризисных
условиях дерегулирование, упование на невидимую руку рынка все явственнее демонстрируют свою
несостоятельность. Непростительное безрассудство финансового сектора, которому была предоставлена
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полная свобода действий благодаря бессмысленной политике дерегулирования, было очевидным
фактором ускорения кризиса. Стиглиц считает, что «основной урок кризиса должен звучать так: нерегулируемые рынки, предоставленные сами себе, неэффективны».
Стиглиц остается верен своим идеям и в последней своей статье «Лечение экономики» («To
Cure the Economy»).Рецепт для спасения больной мировой экономики следует непосредственно из
диагноза: бòльшие правительственные расходы, нацеленные на способствование процессу реструктуризации, продвижение экономии энергии и сокращение неравенства, а также реформа глобальной
финансовой системы, которая создает альтернативу наращиванию резервов.
Чтобы понять что необходимо сделать для выхода из кризиса, надо знать
что привело к
кризису, какие у экономики были проблемы до того, как случился кризис, поскольку даже симметрическая политика может иметь асимметричные эффекты. Стиглиц делает несколько основных выводов:
во-первых, Америка и мир стали жертвами своего собственного успеха. Быстрый рост производительности производства опередил рост спроса, что означало, что занятость в промышленности
уменьшилась. Рабочая сила вынуждена была перейти в сферу услуг.Но работники были «пойманы в
ловушку» в сельскохозяйственном секторе: у них не было ресурсов на переезд в город, а их уменьшающиеся доходы так ослабили совокупный спрос, что стремительно выросла городская промышленная
безработица.Для Америки и Европы, потребность рабочей силы переместиться из сферы производства
усугубилась перемещением сравнительных преимуществ: уменьшилось не только глобальное общее
количество промышленных рабочих, но также снизилась доля таких рабочих мест на местах.
Одним из факторов, способствующих второй ключевой проблеме – растущему неравенству
является глобализация . Перемещение дохода от тех, кто потратил бы его, к тем, кто не станет этого
делать, понижает совокупный спрос. К тому же, высокие цены на энергоресурсы переместили покупательную способность от Соединенных Штатов и Европы к экспортерам нефти, которые, признавая
изменчивость цен на энергоресурсы, стали справедливо откладывать большую часть этого дохода.
Третьей причиной, способствующей развитию кризиса, было массивное наращивание
развивающимися рынками золотовалютных резервов. Страны осознали, что без резервов они рисковали
потерять свой экономический суверенитет. Но, в то время как наращивание резервов – в настоящее
время приблизительно составляющих 7,6 триллиона долларов США в зарождающихся и развивающихся
экономиках – защищало их, эти средства превратились в непотраченные деньги. Те страны, которые
накопили большие резервы, смогли лучше пережить экономический кризис, и, таким образом, стимулы
к еще большему накоплению резервов стали еще сильнее.Аналогично, в то время как банкиры
возвратили свои премии, зарплаты работников снижаются и уменьшается количество рабочих часов,
продолжая расширять разрыв в доходах. Кроме того, США не избавились от своей зависимости от
нефти – деньги снова переводятся в страны-экспортеры нефти. И структурное преобразование развитых
экономик, вытекающее из необходимости перемещения рабочей силы из традиционных производственных отраслей, происходит очень медленно.Правительство играет основную роль в финансировании
услуг, которые хотят люди, такие как образование и здравоохранение. И финансирование правительством образования и производственного обучения, в частности, будет играть важную роль в восстановлении конкурентоспособности в Европе и США. Но они выбрали финансовую строгость, то есть то, что
гарантирует медленный переход их экономик.
По мнению Стиглица, главная проблема современной экономической политики в том, что
виновники кризиса сохранили свои посты и продолжают верить в уже провалившиеся модели
управления. Для США, как и для Европы, он предлагает единый рецепт спасения от кризиса: активный
рост инвестиций, а вовсе не режим жесткой экономии. «Потратьте деньги на инвестиции, и эти инвестиции приведут вас к увеличению роста», - отмечал он. Политика экономии, столь популярная сейчас в
странах Европы, так же как и в США, с точки зрения экономиста, напротив, лишь ухудшит ситуацию и
не поможет решению долговых проблем. Рост и еще раз рост - такой рецепт нобелевский лауреат
предлагает не только США, но и Европе. Наиболее сложная задача стоит перед Германией: ей нужно
спасать не только других членов зоны евро, но и саму себя, наращивая рост ВВП. Благодаря подъему
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Германии удастся спасти и периферийные страны. Однако, для таких стран, как Греция, которые не
имеют доступа к финансам на рынках, урезание госрасходов - единственно возможное решение.
Здесь следует также отметить,что одной из причин, по которой кризис застал врасплох многие
государства, является несостоятельность существующих систем статистики. В этой связи, во Франии
была создана Комиссия по измерению экономической эффективности и социального прогресса под
руководством Джозефа Стиглица и с участием также нобелевского лауреата Амартия Сена с целью
реформировать систему национальной статистики и включить в анализ более широкие показатели
благосостояния.. О достижении нижней точки экономического спада и признаках оживления принято
судить по показателям валового внутреннего продукта (ВВП). Однако прирост ВВП часто не сопровождается улучшением занятости, демографических показателей рождаемости и смертности, здоровья
населения, пенсионного обеспечения, повышением жизненного уровня основной массы населения,
снижением инфляции, подъемом культуры, науки, образования и т.д. Между тем состояние именно этих
сторон жизни общества должно служить важнейшим индикатором наличия кризиса или оживления в
экономике.
Результаты исследования Стиглица обозначают три важных вывода. Первый – ВВП не может
быть адекватным измерением благополучия. Тому есть много причин – ВВП высчитывается исходя из
рыночных цен (часто «дутых»), включает в стоимость сектор госуслуг, производительность которого
измеряется затратами (если правительство тратит больше – даже если и неэффективно – продуктивность
растёт), не учитывается истощение природных ресурсов. Всё это значительно завышает стоимость
национального продукта.
Второй вывод Стиглица – национальная статистика должна концентрироваться на доходах
домохозяйств, потреблении и богатстве людей, нежели на подсчёте суммы общего производства. И
третье открытие – отчёт экономистов рисует мрачный прогноз благополучия будущих поколений.
Сегодняшнее население Земли передаст им изношенные природные ресурсы и инфраструктуру, и дети
будущего будут зависеть от того, сколько денег инвестируется сегодня в образование и науку. Поэтому
статистика должна быть коренным образом реформирована, учитывать дополнительные факторы и
уметь прогнозировать будущую стоимость. Итоги работы вылились в 12 рекомендаций, позволяющих
оценивать капитал во всех его измерениях, начиная с анализа потребления домашних хозяйств, их
задолженности по кредитам, качества жизни, способности людей поддерживать свою дееспособность в
течение жизни и заканчивая набором индикаторов, связанных с окружающей средой. Комиссия
предложила использовать для экономических расчетов такие показатели качества жизни как: жилищные
условия, доход, работа, социальное общение, образование, экология, участие в политической жизни и
управлении, здоровье, субъективная оценка благосостояния, безопасность, соотношение рабочего
времени и досуга. В частности эксперты комиссии считают, что индикаторы «качества жизни» должны в
первую очередь давать исчерпывающую информацию о неравенствах. По их мнению, неравенства в
условиях жизни являются неотъемлемой частью оценки «качества жизни». При этом авторы доклада
призывают измерять неравенство на уровне индивидуальном, социально-профессиональной категории, с
учётом половозрастных аспектов, а также неравенства, связанного с проблемой иммиграции. Заслуживает внимания и такой сравнительно новый аспект, как использование наряду с объективными
показателями, субъективных оценок качества жизни. Интересными представляются пожелания использовать медианные показатели, а не среднестатистические, что даёт более правдивую оценку реальности,
а также изучать вопросы использования свободного времени, домашнего труда.
Не смотря на то, что Комиссия не смогла за один год работы разработать чёткую методологию
альтернативного валового продукта, более фокусируясь на недостатках нынешнего,можно надеяться ,
что именно такие идеи будут задавать тон в посткризисном мире и приведут к перезагрузке ценностей .
Это подтверждает и тот факт ,что ОЭСР - Организация экономического сотрудничества и развития
(Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, OECD)– международная экономическая
организация развитых стран, объединяющая на сегодняшний день 34 наиболее развитые страны, ставит
одной из важных задач своей повестки дня «совершенствование измерения благосостояния и прогресса»
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и «достижение высоких жизненных стандартов для всех» и с этой целью собирается ввести некий
общий «индекс благосостояния» населения стран ОЭСР, измеряемый по 10-бальной шкале, на основе
предложенных комиссией одиннадцати критериев.
Исходя из вышеизложенного и извлекая уроки из глобального кризиса, не лишне прислушаться к призывам нобелевских лауреатов переосмыслить некоторые догмы и устоявшиеся представления в экономической теории, использовать их рекомендации, что в значительной степени поможет
преодолеть трудности кризисного периода.
http://www2.gsb.columbia.edu/faculty/jstiglitz/index.cfm
http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/stiglitz143/Russian#comments
http://rx24.ru/news/accidents/287/24370.html
http://www.businessinsider.com/joseph-stiglitz-americas-debt-crisis-2011-8
http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/stiglitz86/Russian
Davlasheridze Nata
THE NOBEL PRIZE WINNER JOSEPH E. STIGLITZ ABOUT THE REASONS
AND OVERCOMING WAYS OF GLOBAL ECONOMIC CRISIS
SUMMARY
Formation of rational strategy of application of the Nobel ideas for an explanation and forecasting of
consequences of occurring processes in world economy, certainly, is the most actual problem of the present. In
this connection the particular interest represents the research of a global economic crisis the reasons of occurrence and a way of an exit from it by Nobel prize winner Joseph E. Stiglitz.
Lyubiceva O. O.
Smyrnov I. G.
Syrovets S.Y.
SOCIAL CHALLENGES OF GLOBALIZATION:
UKRAINIAN CONTEXT
Development of world economy takes place as a result of the economy growing which is often equated
with riches by countries, although in itself the size of natural production resources or increase of GDP does not
yet testify to the real economy growing. In reality society needs socially effective economy growing, that
means such use of natural and production resources, which is accompanied both with the GDP growing, as well
as its effective application (growth of degree of the even distribution of manufactured wealth among the different groups of population, growth of part of GDP which is used to the grant of free services to all members of
society, especially in the spheres of health protection and education; increase of part of GDP which is assigned
for the guard of environment and others like that) (fig.1).
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Fig. 1. Place in the world after the UN index of human potential development and after GDP per
capita (after the purchasing power parity, $) of Central and East Europe countries, 2010
The social measuring of the economy growing, above all things, depends on determination of its primary
objective. To what purpose to give advantage? To growth of property welfare? To the increase of prosperity of
majority of population? To conditioning their social protection? The modern economy growing must be strategically aimed at development of human potential, that is why his efficiency is estimated not only on the indexes
of profits by populations but also after such factors as life-span, percent of literacy among a grown man population, level of mass accessible education and others like that. Consequently, the purpose of development of human civilization is comprehensive development of man, and it follows to consider the economy growth only as
a mean of achievement of this purpose. Although the economy growing, increasing riches of country on the
whole, extends it possibility in relation to the decision of social («human») problems, however accompanied it
not always is progress in the field of human development, rather, opposite, often carried out for deepening of
economic inequality, restriction of democracy, destruction of environment. Such position resulted in a conclusion, that the economy growing unavoidably is not sustainble, that it can not be supported during long time. To
be permanent, the economy growing must be carried out as growth of knowledges and abilities of workers; as
enhancement them the effective use; as a facilitation of terms of creation of own business, finally, by democratization of management at all levels. Lag with the decision of social problems is able sharply to put on the brakes
the economy growing of both separate country and humanity, on the whole. Presently it was not succeeded to
pass not a single country of the world from one-sided economic development with the put on the brakes human
development to the degree, on which human development and economy growing mutually would be instrumental in each other. As braking of human development unavoidable resulted in braking of the economy growing,
such model of development was acknowledged as such which conducts in a deadlock. Presently, in the conditions of globalization of world economy most popular conception of the permanent economy growing is model
of terms, which provide long-term balanced development of economy of both separate countries and the whole
all world. In basis of the socially oriented economy growing there are three principles of social harmony: 1) inter-generation harmony (satisfying the necessities of present generations in order not to harm possibilities of
future generations); 2) inter-group harmony (satisfying the necessities of one social group not to harm possibilities of other); 3) inter-country harmony (satisfying the necessities of population of one country, not to harm possibilities of population of other countries).
Consequently, social problems in the modern world show up all sharper, coming into the notice of researchers of different scientific directions. The geographical investigation of social problems will be useful in
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the successful re-erecting the social sector of Ukraine on market principles, that takes place presently. It, in particular, touches reform of the system of social defense of population (including pension reform), decision of
problems of poverty, re-erecting on market principles the system of health protection, and others like that. Basis
of social sphere of world economy is made by a production, distributing and consumption of social commodities
and services. What commodities do belong to social and how to distinguish them from market ones? How more
effective to distribute social commodities and what role does the state play herein? What social problems of the
modern world are peracute and what are ways of their decision? Answers for these and other questions, related
to the features of social development and realization of effective social policy gives a «public choice» - the
newest scientific and practical direction. A market distributes goods and services which are named private and
are in salesman’s ownership. Unlike it social commodities are in collective (or public) property.
Private markets can not carry out their optimum distributing and consumption as a result of such of two
principal reasons: 1) social commodities are not subject the «rule of exception» (users which did not pay for a
commodity are eliminated from the process of his consumption); 2) social commodities are not subject the «rule
of consumer rivalry» (if one user used a commodity, all other already not able to do it). Social commodities are
divided into three groups: 1) public (given exceptionally by society, for example, national defense and public
safety of the state, public order and its legal proceeding, and others like that); 2) semipublic (can be given both
the state and private sector, for example, educational, medical, cultural and art services and others like that); 3)
commodities of the general use (air, the World ocean, vegetable, animal resources of the world). The value of
the state consists in restrained surplus consumption of the last from the resulted groups of social commodities
and in stimulation of consumption of public and semipublic commodities. Social commodities have not only
national but also international, measuring. For example, international safety is a public commodity, international
education – semipublic, and world natural resources (air, water) are commodities of the general use. Exactly
through such pattern of ownership there were global ecological problems in last case (contamination of atmosphere, violation of ozone layer, global rise in temperature, diminishing of fish resources, and others like that).
Each of three groups of social commodities has a problem of the effective use of resources: public commodities
bring a benefit society on the whole, but their grant is impossible by private sector; semipublic commodities can
be produced and in private sector, but in an insufficient volume; the commodities of general consumption are
consumed surplus, because they are free in fact. In every case the state has for an object to provide and control
the effective use of social resources. In the private sector of world economy people «vote» with their money,
buying necessary commodities. In the state sector decision about a selection and allocation of financial resources on social necessities is taken through a two-stage process: at first the population of country elect parliament, and then it votes for certain social decisions. When choice of electors and actions of electrd persons
will be unsuccessful, it will result in the uneffective use of social resources. By what way does it follow to provide a successful public choice? One of possible variants is the way of achievement of consensus (when all –
«for»). But such method requires a lot of time and efforts for achievement of decision, and also connected with
possibility of blackmail.
Therefore most acceptable in democratic societies is a method of majority (majority rule), after which decision is made by simple (50% voices plus one voice) or qualified majority (2/3 or 3/4 electors). Majority system, when concrete people are elected in separate districts, is oldest of the present electoral systems. Presently
it is used in over 80 countries of the world, including in the USA, France, Great Britain, Canada. Widespread
also is the proportional system on party lists, it is used by near 60 countries of the world.
In relation to Ukraine, in 1998 was inculcated proportionally majority system, motivation to introduction
of which was become by appearance of many political parties which required a proportional representative office in the higher legislative body of the state. Elections in Verkhovna Rada in 2006 and 2010 already were fully
conducted after the proportional system. Select persons (deputies) can be under influence of different circumstances and in this connection to accept uneffective decisions. There are three reasons of such state: 1) a problem
«owner-agent»; 2) an exchange of voices at making decision (logrolling); 3) rule of «middle voice» (median
voter). Problem «owner-agent» consists in that «owner» is people which elects the «agents» - deputies, so that
they have to protect interests of people. But «agent» can have his own interests or protect (to lobby) interests of
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group of support. Exchange (trade) of deputies voices at decisions acception can take place in the opened and
hidden (voting packages) form. Rule «middle voice» consists in that politicians often throw out moderate suggestions, to attract a middle elector which is most mass. These reasons, and also so called. the «paradox of voting» (when each voter is sure that votes correctly, but a collective, general result can be quite opposite) induced
American scientist K.Errou to pull out the theorem of impossibility of existence of the rational and just majority
system of elections.
In opinion of western researchers, there is another sufficient cause of uneffective actions of the state – it is
bureaucracy, or uneffective work of civil servants. Its reasons are in that the last are monopolists in the grant of
certain services; does not get incomes from the activity; try to do more than foreseen, to get the greater financing.
Such measures are offered for the improvement of their activity: private contracts (for example, for cleaning up of streets, collection of wastes, fire prevention, and others like that), competition with private firms (in
education, medicine), decentralization of large departments and others like that.
Uneffective allocation of social resources and commodities in the modern world resulted in the origin of
sharp social problems among which – problem of social defence of population, poverty, health protection, and
others like that. In particular, the problem of social defence of population is related to the necessity of state support of unworking population (unemployed persons, invalids older people and youths).
An important index – coefficient of dependence - is attitude of amount of unworkings population toward
working. They distinguish the coefficient of dependence from age, for children, invalids, unemployed persons
and all unworking. One of peracute social problems of the world is the quick growth of the coefficient of dependence from age (in the USA presently 1:4, in Ukraine 1:1,5) which means the necessity of decision of problem
of the financial providing of growing amount of pensionaries.
The idea of the general pension providing for citizens was first realized by the Chancellor of Germany Otto Bismark in 1889, when in his country the state system of defence of social rights was inculcated: pension on
age and by disability and medical insurance of population. In the Russian empire a pension legislation was accepted by tsar Nicolas I.
After this law pensions were given not only for officers, but also for soldiers (after 25 of service), and also civilians - in a size 50 % of the salary, and on condition of 35 years of experience – 100 %. Main foundation
for this was labour on the state, but «service was required without no remarks». All tsar's pensions were annulled by bolshevics at 1917 and till 1956 no pensions did not exist in the USSR.
Only on July, 14 1956 there was the accepted law «On state pensions», that is 34 years after creation of
the USSR. It was for city inhabitants, and habitants of villages – collective farmers took right for a pension yet
in 8 years later – in 1964, when soviet leader M.S. Khruschov signed the law «On pensions and help to members of collective farms». Up to this time, providing of old collective farmers depended upon agricultural farms
and on their housekeeping.
But humanity so swiftly gets older, that in the near future our Earth will be named the «planet of pensionaries». Accordingly to statistics of WHO mean time of life of men in the developed countries attained in 2010
from 76 in the USA to 79 years in Japan, and women – from 81 year in the USA to 86 years in Japan.
Life-span on a pension makes: for men – from 9 in Japan to 18 years in France, for women – from 15,7 in
Japan to 25,5 years in France. The analysts of WHO provide for, that in 2020 on Earth over 1 milliard of people
will be counted by age over 65 years, that means that there will be every eighth inhabitant of planet in retirement age.
The world found the decision of problem of social defense of pensioners in introduction of the accumulation pension system acording to which the most reliable and substantial method of accumulation of money on
old age is an account in non-state pension fund – in addition to a small state pension.
In the developed countries of the world such system use over 70 % of population providing itself by such
method a pension which makes 80-90 % to the volume of earning. Ukraine today searches transition ways from
solidarity pension system which remained as inheritance from soviet times, to the accumulation system (table.
1).
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A law on pension reform was accepted Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine on July, 8 in 2011. Its substantive
provisions: 1) an increase of retirement age of women is from 55 to 60; 2) increase of insurance experience for
the receipt of minimum pension on 10 years more – to 35 years for men and 25 years for women; 3) limitation
of maximal volume of pension by ten living minimum (presently 7640 UAH); 4) introduction (from 2013) of
the personal accumulation accounts of future pensioners (who will not be 35 years old on that moment), on
which an employer monthly is under an obligation to translate part of extra charges on a pay-envelope (from 2
% in the first year to 7 % beginning from sixth).
Table 1. Life expectancy and pensions in some countries , 2010.
Country
Ukraine
Russia
Poland
Germany
USA
Japan
Cnina
Pension age/Life expectancy
male
female
60/62,79
55/74,75
60/59,80
55/73,17
65/71,3
60/79,8
65/77,82
65/82,44
65/80,93
65/75,92
70/78,96
70/85,72
60/71,3
50/74,8
Pension ($)
Minimal
89
129
235
800
800
500
47
Average
125
244
520
1085
1100
700
90
Another sharp social problem of the world is a problem of poverty. A poor population (that gets profits
below living wage) is in every country. Even in the USA it is 12,3 % of population, thus the quantity of poor in
this country grows and exceeds 36 million, from which 20 millions – whites, 11 millions – black (afroamerican), 5 millions – Spanish-speaking (latinos).
But in percents poor is third of afroamericans, fourth, – latinos, 10 % - white. They distinguish two types
of poverty – regional and personal. For example, in the USA to the poor states belongs six from 50 (part of poverty of population stands for 25-30 %), they are Western Virginia, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana,
New-Mexico.
But poverty in the USA and in developing countries are different things. In the USA 100 % poor families
have gas or electric stove and refrigerator, 85 - coloured television set, 70 – car, 60 – washing-machine, 50 conditioner, 40 - microwave stove. And for the level of poverty (living wage) in the USA is accepted annual
earnings for a city family of four persons in a volume $13 thousands.
For those, who gets less, there are such ways of state help: 1) Program of social help; 2) A law is «On social defence»; 3) A law «On establishment of minimum wage (from 1935) which makes $ 7,5 per hour. (for
comparison: in Ukraine on July 2011 – 6 UAH); 4) as suggestion of scientists is introduction of negative income-tax which determines a state help for poor families after a formula: 0,5 living wage + to 0,5 earnings.
In Ukraine President signed a law on establishment from 2010 of minimum wage (MW) at the level of
living wage (LW). Consequently, if as early as 2007 PM in Ukraine made 430 UAH/month, in 2009 – 701
UAH, in 2010 (December) – 875 UAH, in 2011 (September) – 985 UAH/month.
The same is presently a level of minimum wage. Without regard to the increase of LW in Ukraine for
2007-2011 (September) in 2,3 times, it remains very limited, comparing to volume and structure of LW (or consumer basket) of the developed countries (table. 2).
Table 2. Poverty line standards
№
Standards
1
2
UN standart for third world countries
UN standart for countries of Eastern
Europe and CIS
UN standard for developed countries
USA standard
Officially in Ukraine
3
4
5
1 $*/day
<4,3 $/day
Number of ukrainians under poverty
line
There are no such people in Ukraine
1 % ukrainians
14,7 $/day
1000 $/month
960 UAH.***
80 % ukrainians **
No data
28 % ukrainians
Poverty line
*$ – purchasing power parity **UN data***July 2011.
122
Lately international organizations, in particular UN use a term – synonym of poverty – «social tearing
away». Conception of the «social tearing away» is relatively a new concept. What it means under and what it
gives for understanding of human development scientific researches?
On an end 1980th it became clearly for research workers, that progress of socio-economic development of
humanity can not be measured only by the index of growth of GDP or GNP per one inhabitant. SO additional,
in particular social, indicators were needed. Then the ideology of «human development» was formulated, which
foresaw creation of such socio-economic environment, in which a man is in a position to fully expose his potential.
During next years to this conception various social indicators were added, for example, of poverty, gender equality and others like that. The final addition was exactly «social tearing away» concept, as a result of
which social groups have a limited access to power and state decision - tacking bodies.
Such social groups also are not in a position to use their rights to education, medical and social help, labour employment, to satisfy the cultural, religious and other necessities. To define the degree of «social tearing
away» of housekeepings 18 social descriptions (signs) are usually used, considering that the limit of sharp
«tearing away» is determined at the level of 5 signs, critical «tearing away», – at the level of 7 signs.
To such social indicators belong foremost: a) a presence in the family of member of working age with
low status at the labor market (temporally unemployed persons, free of charge workings family members and
others like that); b) chronic unemployment (over 12 months); c) staying below the poverty line (here can be an
orientation not on a living wage, but on 75 % average family spending); d) impossibility to provide itself a sufficient feed; e) financial difficulty with organization of family rest out of house and visit of relatives; f) impossibility to visit cultural events even one time on a year and others like that.
These social indicators were used for preparation of annual national report about human development
«Ukraine on a way to the social bringing», which was presented by UN Development Program in Ukraine in
July 2011. In a report there were the presented results of research of degree of distribution of the social tearing
phenomenon in Ukrainian society.
Research results showed that only in 8,5 % housekeeping has had no single sign of the social tearing
away. From other site there were found no housekeeping in Ukraine with presence of all 18 signs of the social
tearing (total), maximal signs number – 14-15. But it appeared on the whole, that almost 38 % of Ukrainian
housekeeping are in the state of the sharp social tearing away, from them 17 % - in a critical condition.
Another important social problem of the world is a health protection, expense on which swiftly grows in
all countries. Reasons of it consist in the following: 1) rising price on medical services; 2) aging of population,
which results in volume growth of medicare and medications.
The developed countries of the world send to the sphere of health service from a 7% GDP (Italy, Japan,
Great Britain) to 17,5 % (USA), in Ukraine – 3,5 % ( 2010). In world practice three dominant types (or models)
of medical service organization are applied (fig. 2).
First from them – state medicine (for example, in Great Britain, Sweden, Denmark, Norway) – foresees
the centralized financing of health protection from the state budget. Such system warns uncontrolled growth of
cost of treatment, but simultaneously results in monopolization of medical services sphere, thus negatively influencing on quality of services.
Another type, most widespread in Europe, is mainly medical insurance system. Germany, France, Holland, Austria, Belgium, Switzerland work on such chart, and others like that. This system is based on principles
of solidarity. In its limits financing of health protection sphere carried out from a few sources, including insurance payments of businessmen, workers earnings and money of the state budget.
Finally, the third type is the mainly private system of health protection sphere, that is characteristic for the
USA. True, in none of the developed countries the indicated systems not presented in a clean kind, but in some
states periodically there is a change of priorities and different systems of financing of medicine change each
other.
What system of organization of health protection is better to choose for Ukraine, which declared a course
on reformation of sphere of medical service? American private system of health protection does not suit us, at
123
first because of very expencive servise provided by private doctors (in fact even in the USA 40 million people
actually remain without the proper medicare), and secondly, because of insufficient distribution of private medicine, in particular in small cities and in rural locality.
World models of national health service systems
organization and financing
Mainly
private
USA
Mainly state owned
Great Britain
Mainly insurance
Austria
Denmark
Belgium
Norway
Holland
Sweden
Італія
Germany
France
Switzerland
Russia
Fig. 2. World models of national health service systems organization and financing
As to the state system of health protection with all its attractiveness to support it at level, close to Britannic, our state will not be able in the nearest years. For throughout the year of independence it never financed a
health protection on 100 %, and to hope, what it can happen in the near future, it does not cost. According to
opinion of experts on this stage Ukraine would walk up most the mixed variant – state insurance medicine under
which an employer would provide in an obligatory order for his account the list of medical insurance for the
workers, and the state would finance the necessary level of medical service for citizens, which do not work, and
also other unscreened layers of population (pensioners, poor, students and others like that).
In order to «start» this system, it is necessary to pass an Act about obligatory medical insurance (OMI).
So the world peculiarities of analysis and ways of resolving of social problems, which are noted in this article, one has to take into account in tasks of reformations of social sphere of Ukraine. Such tasks stand today be
on the agenda of acceleration of Ukraine’s socio-economic development and her integration into the European
and world economic and social stuctures.
REFERENCES
1. Географія світового господарства: навч. пос. / За ред. Я.Б. Олійника, І.Г. Смирнова. – К.: Знання,
2011, с. 640.
2. Либанова Э. О новых подходах в определении уровня прогресса / Э.Либанова // Комментарии. - №
27, 2011. – 8 июля. - С. 8.
3. Spencer M. Contemporary Economics. – M. Spencer, O. Amos. – N.Y., 2006, p. 1114.
4. Social Indicators of Development - 2010. – Washington: The World Bank, 2011, p. 398.
5. Under standing the Social Effects of Policy Reform. – Washington: The World Bank, 2008, p. 223.
124
kbilaZe
daviT kbi
laZe
mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis Sefasebis statistikuri
aspeqtebi
msoflioSi cnobili ekonomistebi aRar daoben imis Taobaze, rom droa, ekonomikis ganviTarebisa da socialuri progresis raodenobrivi Sefasebis sistemaSi
meti aqcenti gakeTdes mosaxleobis keTildReobis, anu xalxis cxovrebis donis
daxasiaTebis mimarTulebiT. sakiTxisadmi aseTi midgoma araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar
niSnavs mTlian Sida produqtsa (mSp) da warmoebis maCveneblebze uaris Tqmas, radganac isini uSualod axasiaTebs sabazro warmoebisa da dasaqmebis doneebs. saWiroa,
SevimuSavoT statistikur maCvenebelTa iseTi sistema, romelic sabazro saqmianobis
maCveneblebs Seavsebs mosaxleobis keTildReobis maCveneblebiT.
rogor esmiT mosaxleobis keTildReoba ekonomistebs? mocemuli definiciis
qveS moiazreba Semosavali, fulad formaSi gamosaxuli aqtivebi da moxmarebuli
saqoneli an momsaxureba. ismis kiTxva, sakmarisia es komponentebi mosaxleobis keTildReobis daxasiaTebisaTvis? ara, imitom rom keTildReoba gulisxmobs rogorc
mosaxleobis gamgeblobaSi arsebul zemoCamoTvlil resursebs, aseve unars, mosaxleobis gankargulebaSi arsebuli zemoaRniSnuli resursebi gardaqmnas cxovrebis
ukeTes xarisxad. amdenad, keTildReoba, Tanamedrove gagebiT, gulisxmobs ara marto
Semosavlebs, moxmarebasa da simdidres, aramed cxovrebis xarisxis iseT indikatorebs, romlebic, tradiciulad, fulad gamosaxulebaSi ar gaizomeba, Tumca cxovrebis xarisxis daxasiaTebisaTvis maTi gaTvaliswineba aucilebelia. cxovrebis xarisxis statistikurad daxasiaTebisaTvis informaciis mopovebis ZiriTadi wyaro Tavad
mosaxleobaa. amasTan, Tu Semosavlebis moxmarebisa da simdidris maCveneblebiT
SesaZlebelia mosaxleobis cxovrebis xarisxis uTanabrobis daxasiaTeba, moqalaqeTa
subieqturi keTildReobis gansazRvra iseTi aspeqtebiT, rogoricaa Semosavali, janmrTelobis mdgomareoba, ganaTlebis done da maTi agregireba cxovrebis donis zemoCamoTvlil RirebulebiT parametrebTan, erTob rTuli amocanaa. subieqturi kekeTildReobis
TildReobis arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom cxovrebis xarisxi aisaxeba mxolod da
mxolod TiToeuli pirovnebis pirad mosazrebebSi. cxovrebis xarisxis gazomvis sakiTxebze msoflioSi gamaruli diskusiebidan yuradRebas iqcevs zogierTi araswori
midgoma. Aamis magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT keTildReobis dayvana iseT gagebamde,
rogoricaa “bedniereba”. sinamdvileSi, dinerma (Diener, 1984) daamtkica, rom subieqturi bedniereba SeiZleba ganvixiloT 3 aspeqtiT. pirveli, esaa cxovrebiT dakmayofileba an mosaxleobis zogadi msjeloba sakuTar cxovrebaze drois ama Tu im
momentSi; meore, drois sxvadasxva momentisaTvis dadebiTi emociebis (bednierebis,
sixarulis da cxovrebiseuli energiis) SegrZneba da, mesame, momentidan momentamde
uaryofiTi emociebis (ukmayofileba, mwuxareba, daTrgunva) ararseboba. subieqturi
keTildReobis SefasebisaTvis sargebloben respodentebisagan miRebuli xarisxobrivi xasiaTis pasuxebiT. magaliTad, Cemi cxovrebiT: “kmayofili var”; “sruliad kmayofili var”; “garkveulwilad var kmayofili” da a.S. amasTan, saWiroa aRiniSnos,
rom xarisxobrivi maCveneblebis mixedviT miRebuli da Semdeg ranJirebuli pasuxebi
sxvadasxva saxis uzustobebs ganicdis da, amdenad, igi naklebad saimedoa qveynebs
Soris Catarebuli Sedarebebisas. informaciis saimedoobis mxriv ukeTes Sedegebs
iZleva egreT wodebuli “cxovrebis safexurebiT” Catarebuli xarisxobrivi kvlevebi.
yvelaze saukeTeso SesaZlo cxovrebis xarisxad respodentebi aRniSnaven 10 qulas,
xolo yvelaze ufro SesaZlo cudi cxovrebis xarisxad – 0-s. mocemuli xarisxobrivi kvleva informaciuli Rirebulebis TvalsazrisiT ufro saimedoa, vidre pirveli
125
da misi gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia qveynebs Soris Sesadarisobis ganxorcielebisas.
zemoaRniSnuli xarisxobrivi xasiaTis kvlevebi Cvens qveyanaSi jerjerobiT ar dawyebula. axla ganvixiloT cxovrebis xarisxis zogierTi maCvenebeli da davaxasiaToT, Tu rogor gamoiyureba Cveni qveyana sxva qveynebTan mimarTebaSi.
cxovrebis xarisxis indeqsi, romelic Seadgina kompania Economist Intelligence
Unit-ma, efuZneba cxovrebis subieqtur Sefasebas sxvadasxva qveynebSi cxovrebis xarisxis determinantebiT. igi Sedgenilia 111 qveynis 2005 wlis monacemebis mixedviT.
mocemuli indeqsis determinantebad ganxilulia cxra faqtori, romlebic
TiToeuli qveynis mixedviT axasiaTebs cxovrebis xarisxs. esenia:
• janmrTeloba (sicocxlis mosalodneli xangrZlivoba. wyaro:
US CENSUS BUREAU);
• ojaxuri cxovreba ganqorwinebaTa done aTas macxovrebelze.
Sefaseba xdeba 1-dan (naklebi raodenobiT ganqorwineba) 5-mde (meti raodenobis
ganqorwineba). wyaro: OOH; Euromonitor);
• sazogadoebrivi cxovreba (mocemuli cvladi iRebs
mniSvnelobas 1, Tu qveyanaSi maRalia eklesiebSi mosiaruleTa
wevrTa ricxvi. wyaro: World Values Survey);
an profkavSiris
• materialuri keTildReoba (mSp mosaxleobis erT sulze,
msyidvelobiTiunarianobis pariteti. wyaro: Economist Intelligence Unit).
• politikuri stabiluroba da usafrTxoeba (politikuri
stabilurobisa da usafrTxoebis reitingi. wyaro: Economist Intelligence Unit);
• klimati da geografia (qveynis teritoriis ganSladoba cxeli da civi klimatis garCevisaTvis. wyaro: CIA World Factbook)
•
muSaobis garantia (umuSevrobis done procentobiT). wyaro:
Economist Intelligence Unit);
•
politikuri Tavisufleba (politikuri da moqalaqeobrivi
Tavisuflebis saSualo indeqsi. skala 1-dan (sruliad Tavisufali) 7-mde
(araTavisufali). wyaro: Freedom House);
• genderuli Tanasworoba (izomeba mamakacis saSualo xelfasis gayofiT qalebis saSualo xelfasze.
wyaro: UNDP HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT).
qvemoT moyvanil cxrilebSi asaxulia 5-5 qveyana, vinc mocemuli indeqsis mixedviT inawilebs 1-5 da bolo 5 adgils. maS ase, pirveli xuTi qveyana aseTnairad
gamoiyureba:
Qqveynis dasaxeleba
dakavebuli adgili
irlandia
Sveicaria
norvegia
luqsemburgi
Svecia
1
2
3
4
5
tajikeTi
nigeria
tanzania
haiti
zimbabve
qulebi cxovrebis
xarisxze
8,333
8,068
8,051
8,015
7,937
bolo xuT adgilze gasuli qveynebia:
107
4,754
108
4,505
109
4,495
110
4,090
111
3,892
126
saqarTvelo mocemuli indeqsis mixedviT, 5,365 baliT, somxeTisa da azerbaijani Semdeg, 87-e adgilzea. yofili sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebidan Cveni qveyana uswrebs
iseT saxelmwifoebs, rogorebicaa: yazaxeTi, ukraina, moldaveTi, belorusi, TurqmeneTi, yirgizeTi, ruseTi, uzbekeTi da tajikeTi.
Semdegi indeqsi, romelic mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis sakiTxebs aSuqebs,
aris bednierebis saerTaSoriso indeqsi (bsi) ((Happy
Happy Planet Index). mocemuli indeqsi
axasiaTebs msoflios sxvadasxva qveynebSi mosaxleobis keTildReobasa da garemos
mdgomareobas.Ees indeqsi warmoadgina New Economics Foundation-ma (NEF) 2006 wels. mocemuli indeqsis amocanaa, daaxasiaTos mosaxleobis “realuri” keTildReoba. msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi cxovrebis donis SedarebisaTvis gamoiyeneba mTliani Sida
produqtis maCvenebeli mosaxleobis erT sulze an adamianuri potencialis ganviTarebis indeqsi. Uunda aRiniSnos, rom mocemuli indeqsebi yovelTvis ver asaxavs qveyanaSi Seqmnil realur viTarebas, radgan adamiani SeiZleba iyos mdidari, magram ara
bednieri da janmrTeli. bsi efuZneba im saerTo principebs, rom moqalaqeTa umetesobas surs, icxovros xangrZlivad da srulfasovnad, xolo qveynebi iswrafvian, TavianT moqalaqeebs gaukeTon yvelaferi maqsimaluri, keTildReobis misaRwevad, amasTan, gonivrulad gamoiyenon arsebuli resursebi da ar miayenon zarali garemos. mocemuli indeqsis gaangariSebaSi monawileobas iRebs sami maCvenebeli. esenia: xalxis
cxovrebiT subieqturi dakmayofileba, sicocxlis mosalodneli xangrZlivoba da
egreTwodebuli “ekologiuri kvali”. bednierebis saerTaSoriso indeqsi gaiangariSes
2-jer, 2006 da 2009 wlebis mixedviT. amasTan, 2006 wlis maCveneblis gaangariSebaSi
monawileobda msoflios 178 qveyana, xolo 2009 wlis mixedviT _ 143 qveyana. 2009
wlis SedegebiT yvelaze “bednier qveynebad” aRiares: kosta-rika, dominikis respublika da iamaika. yvelaze “arabednier qveynebad”: zimbambve, tanzania da botsvana.
saqarTvelom 2009 wlis SedegebiT 72-e adgili daikava da 2006 welTan SedarebiT 34
safexuriT dawinaurda. ruseTi 172-e adgilze aRmoCnda, aSS – 150 adgilze.
amrigad, mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis Sefasebis SemoTavazebuli Tanamedrove
maCvenebelTa sistema da maTi danergva statistikis Teoriasa da praqtikaSi msoflio
finansuri krizisis dadgomis prevenciis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani berketia.
Kbiladze David
STATISTICAL ASPECTS OF LIFE QUALITY ASSESSMENT
SUMMARY
One of the reasons for the global financial crises is considered economic growth of countries and undeveloped evaluation system of social conditions. In addition, the world’s famous economists assume that in economic growth and in the system of quantitative evaluation of social progress, welfare of population and modern
methods of people’s living standards assessment should be emphasized.
The modern multidimensional nature of life quality assessment puts a difficult task in front of researchers. In this issue, two aspects should be considered. First, characterization of life quality irregularity, according
to income, consumption and wealth index and secondly, calculation of qualitative features such as personal welfare of population, education and health levels.
Aggregation of value and quality indicators of life standard assessment is quite difficult task, which implementation will facilitate comparison of market economy countries indicators by given parameters.
127
nino miqiaSvili
rusudan seTuriZe
globalizaciis
globalizaciis pirobebSi interdisciplinuri da
interkulturuli swavlebis roli ganaTlebisa
da mecnierebis sferoSi
Tanamedroveoba Tvisebrivad axal moTxovnebs uyenebs ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis sferos. sul ufro met mniSvnelobas iZens adamianur kapitalSi investireba,
amasTan, kvalificiuri kadris momzadeba TandaTan Zvirdeba da rogorc empiriuli
dakvirvebidan Cans, savaraudod, klebis tendencia arc momavalSia mosalodneli.
aqedan gamomdinare, erTi mxriv, cxadia, gazrdili moTxovnebi waeyeneba ganaTlebis
da mecnierebis sistemas _ man rac SeiZleba srulad unda daakmayofilos investorTa molodini da moTxovnebi.Mmeore mxriv, ekonomikuri sistemis mimarTulebebi da
masStabebi umetesad damokidebulia ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis sferoSi arsebul
mdgomareobaze _ ra midgomebs, meTodebs, formebs, praqtikul RonisZiebebs sTavazobs igi sazogadoebas.
globalzacia, rogorc yvela sferoSi, aseve ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis mimarTulebiTac gulisxmobs erTiani msoflio sivrcis Camoyalibebas. cxadia, am procesis mTavari dadebiTi mxarea is, rom swavlebis adgilis miuxedavad, students
saSualeba eZleva, msoflio standartebs daqvemdebarebuli codna da kvleviTi unarebi miiRos. aseve TvalsaCinoa ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis sferoSi globalizaciis
procesis umTavresi uaryofiTi mxare _ igi iolad ugulvebelyofs erovnuli ganaTlebis sistemis miRwevebsa da Taviseburebebs. Sesabamisad, didia imis safrTxe, rom
moxdes ganaTlebis unificirebuli sistemis Camoyalibeba, sxvadasxva erovnebisa da
kulturis warmomadgenlebis erT `Targze~ moWris saSiSroeba. aRniSnuli saSiSroeba gansakuTrebiT mwvavea mcirericxovani erebisTvis. erovnuli Taviseburebebis
gaTvaliswineba-gaziarebis mxriv pozitiuri Sedegis motana SeuZlia interkulturul swavlebas, roca ori an meti mxare erToblivad axorcielebs sxvadasxva
saganmanaTleblo programas (sabednierod, amgvari tendenciebi qarTul universitetebSi ukve SeimCneva). aseT SemTxvevebSi bunebrivad xdeba kulturaTSorisi dialogi
da erovnuli ganaTlebis sistemis TaviseburebaTa gaziareba.
Tanamedrove etapze globalizaciis procesis gaTvaliwinebis gareSe SeuZlebelia ganaTlebis sistemis funqcionireba da samomavlo ganviTarebis perspeqtivebis
dasaxva. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom globalizacia Tvisebrivad axal moTxovnebs usaxavs
rogorc tradiciul erovnul ganaTlebis sistemas mTlianobaSi, aseve konkretul
pedagogiur koleqtivebsa Tu swavlis msurvelebs. Tanamedrove ganaTlebis, gansakuTrebiT umaRlesi ganaTlebis Taviseburebebia: sistemuroba, saswavlo disciplinebs
Soris meti kavSiri, garkveul etapze disciplinaTSorisi, integrirebuli swavlebis
ganxorcieleba da a.S. yovelive aRniSnuli ganaTlebas fundamentur xasiaTs sZens.
gansakuTrebulad faseuli xdeba novatoroba, disciplinaTSoris da transdisciplinaTSoris WrilSi saswavlo programebis srulyofa, grZelvadian perspeqtivebze
orientireba. amgvari midgomebiT metwilad iolia kreatiuli Tvisebebis gamovlena
da ganviTareba rogorc pedagogiur, aseve samecniero da studentur koleqtivebSi.
amdenad, disciplinaTSorisi midgoma sul ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba akademiur
sferoSi. mecnierebi da pedagogebi iseT meTodebsa da midgomebs eZeben, romlebic
calkeul disciplinaSi didi moculobis codnis organizebasa da integrirebas
moaxdens. amgvari midgoma gansaxorcielebelia rogorc samecniero kvlevebis
warmarTvis dros, aseve ganaTlebis miRebis yvela safexurze. disciplinaTSoris
128
midgomebs mravali publikacia da gamocema mieZRvna, romlebidanac SesaZlebelia
gamovyoT „oqsfordis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni interdisciplinarobaze“ [1], sinergetikuli efeqtebi Tanamedrove ekonomikaSi [2], interdisciplinuri kvleva: procesi
da Teoria [3] da a.S.
samecniero kvlevebis mimarTulebebis gansazRvrisTvis disciplinaTSoris integraciasTan erTad gamoiyeneba polidisciplinuri da transdisciplinuri midgomebi. aRniSnuli terminebi garkveulwilad erT Sinaarss moicaven, Tumca, gansxvavebac arsebiTia. Tu `disciplinaTSorisi~ swavleba ramdenime saswavlo kursis an
samecniero mimarTulebis gaerTianebas gulisxmobs, `polidisciplinurobis~ SemTxvevaSi kvlevis obieqti sxvadasxva samecniero disciplinis saSualebiT Seiswavleba,
xolo `transdisciplinuroba~ gulisxmobs erTi disciplinis midgomebisa da meTodebis sxva disciplinis Seswavlis dros gamoyenebas da am gziT kvlevis Tanamedrove, originaluri proeqtebis SemuSavebas. es ukanaskneli termini rTuli, TviTorganizebadi sistemebis kvlevis Semdeg Camoyalibda. amdenad, swavlebisa Tu samecniero
kvlevebis dros mijnaven polidisciplinuri kvlevis arealebs, disciplinaTSoris
kvlevebsa da kvlevis transdisciplinur strategiebs. igive SeiZleba iTqvas swavlebis procesze.
gansakuTrebuli interesis sagani SeiZleba iyos ori an meti saswavlo disciplinis gaerTianeba, zog SemTxvevaSi ki Serwyma rigi Teoriuli Tu samecniero-praqtikuli samuSaobis ganxorcielebis dros. magaliTisTvis SesaZlebelia moviyvanoT
ekonomikisa da biznesis mimarTulebis iseTi sabaziso kursebi, rogoricaa ekonometrika da informaciuli teqnologiebi. ekonometrikuli meTodebi da modelebi erTi
mxriv, da informaciuli teqnologiebis analitikuri instrumentuli saSualebebi,
meore mxriv, moqmedebis areals ufarToebs da siRrmiseuli kvlevebis ganxorcilebis saSualebas aZlevs rogorc konkretuli, aseve zogadi xasiaTis problemis
gadawyvetiT dakavebul pirebs. ekonometrikuli aparati da informaciuli teqnologiebis saSualebebi mizanmimarTulad gamoyenebadia iseTi disciplinebis SeswavlaSi,
rogoricaa: mikroekonomika, makroekonomika, saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri urTierTobebi, biznesi da marTva, marketingi da a.S. universaluri Tu specializebuli programuli paketebis saSualebiT xdeba socialur-ekonomikuri da biznesproblematikis
damuSaveba da gadawyveta. magaliTad, universaluri paketi Stata, romelic gamoiyeneba
ramdenime sferoSi: ekonomikaSi, medicinaSi, biologiaSi, sociologiaSi; aseve
popularuli programa Eviews, romlis saSualebiTac warmatebiT xorcieldeba ekonomikur-statistikuri analizi,
SPSS statistika (statistikuri paketi socialuri
mecnierebebisTvis), romelic erT-erTi lideria komerciuli statistikuri produqtebis bazarze da gamoiyeneba socialur mecnierebebSi gamoyenebiTi kvlevebis
Casatareblad, Statistica – gamoiyeneba yovelmxrivi statistikuri analizisTvis, STADIA
– gaaCnia yvelaze Tanamedrove da efeqturi analizis meTodebis sruli paketi da
mravali sxva.
bolo aTwleulebSi kvlevisa da swavlebis disciplinaTSorisi, polidisciplinuri da transdisciplinuri midgomebi gansakuTrebul aqtualobas iZens biznesisa
da ekonomikis sferoSi, radgan maTi Seswavlis obieqti didi sirTuliTa da mravalferovnebiT xasiaTdeba. kvlevisa da swavlebis procesi garkveulwilad kidev ufro
Zneldeba globaluri tendenciebis ganviTarebis fonze. aseve mniSvnelovania
saerTaSoriso saganmanaTleblo programebsa da samecniero proeqtebSi monawileoba.
aRsaniSnavia, rom sul ufro meti mkvlevari da studenti monawileobs disciplinaTSoris da transdisciplinul proeqtebSi, sxvadasxva sferoTa integracia ki,
umetes SemTxvevaSi, maT sastarto pirobebs aumjobesebs.
129
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, globalizaciis pirobebSi interdisciplinuri
da interkulturuli swavlebis roli ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis sferoSi sul
ufro metad izrdeba da mis danergva-ganviTarebaze Zalisxmevis gaweva mudmivad unda
xorcieldebodes.
1.
Robert Frodeman, Julie Thompson Klein, „The Oxford handbook of interdisciplinarity“, Oxford University Press, 2010.
2. Мясников А. А., Синергетические эффекты в современной экономике: введение в проблематику,
Москва, 2010.
3. Allen F. Repko, Interdisciplinary Research: Process and Theory, Publisher SAGE Publications Inc ISBN
9781412988773, 2011.
Miqiashvili Nino
Seturidze Rusudan
THE ROLE OF INTERDISCIPLINARY AND INTERCULTURAL STUDYING IN EDUCATION AND
SCIENCE UNDER GLOBALIZATION
SUMMARY
The role of interdisciplinary and intercultural studying in education and in sciences gains more and
more importance in the conditions of globalization. Of cause this process has many positive and some negative
aspects. Globalization poses new demands as toward to traditional national educational system as well as to the
whole educational system. This trend also concerns to pedagogical staff and to students as well.
Particular object of interests is uniting of two or more spheres in the learning and in the scientific work
process. At the same time it is important to participate in international educational and scientific projects.
From the abovementioned the role of interdisciplinary and intercultural studying in education and in
sciences gains more and more importance and we should permanently try to improve it.
roland sarCimelia
sinergiuli paradigmebis gavlena
codnis ekonomikaze
sinergia realuri ekonomikuri sistemis elementebis òrganuli~ gaerTianebiT
miRebuli saerTo efeqtis gaZlierebis Sedegs niSnavs da mosalodnelia, rom igi am
elementebis energiis gamosavlianobis namravlsac ki bevrad aRematebodes.
paradigmas, rogorc azrobriv xedvas, romelic damkvidrebulia sazogadoebaSi,
Tu codnis ekonomikis mravalmxrivi SesaZleblobebis gasaZliereblad warvmarTavT
da `Sesabamisad gamoviyenebT~, maSin mosalodnelia masSi (igulisxmeba codnis ekonomika) aRwarmoebis unaris mqone sinergiuli SesaZleblobis SemTxvevebi aRmovaCinoT (codnis gadacema Taobidan Taobebze, adaT-wesebis ganaxleba da sxv.), rasac davafiqsirebT, rogorc sinergiuli donis paradigmas maTi `sicocxlisunarianobis
xazgasmiT~.
aRvniSnavT imasac, rom maTTan SesabamisobaSi perspeqtiulia azrobrivi xedviT
scenaris meTodis gamoyenebac [1, gv. 242-246].
msjelobebis dasazusteblad gamovyoT SemTxvevebi:
130
1. sinergiuli donis paradigmebi
magaliTi 1. exeba codnis ekonomikis, rogorc mecnierebis, ganaTlebisa da teqnikuri progresiis gamaerTianeblis [4, gv. 22-26] sinergiuli donis paradigmebiT
gaZlierebas. amaSi SeiZleba inovaciac iyos CarTuli, aRmoCenebisa da Sesabamisi gamogonebebis daxasiaTebiT, rodesac maTi efeqtianoba konkretul SemTxvevebSi riskis
gaTvaliswinebiT gamovlindeba (zogjer sinergiuli donis paradigmis formirebas da
masTan erTad mis sicocxlisunarianobas, mosalodnelia, warmateba ar mohyves maTi
damakvalianebeli impulsebis susti moqmedebisa da SemTxveviTi faqtorebis uaryofiTi zemoqmedebis Sedegad).
magaliTi 2. mosaxleobis aRwarmoebaSi damkvidrebuli codnis SemoqmedebiTad
aRqma da misi Taobidan Taobebze gadacema daxvewili saxiT. amas mecnierebis ekonomika momgebianobis perspeqtiviT codnis ekonomikisaken advilad warmarTavs ekonomikuri damoukideblobis mqone qveyanaSi.
magaliTi 3. paternizaciis principiT damkvidrebuli mSoblebisa da Svilebis
urTierTobiT ganpirobebuli realuri dadebiTi Sedegebis gaaqtiureba postkomunistur saqarTveloSi da misi Semdgomi gaZliereba.
magaliTi
magaliTi 4. mecnier-mkvlevaris mier qveynis ekonomikis axlebur mowyobaze
geniosuri azrovnebiT miRebuli winadadebaTa danergva. amiT mzaddeba pirobebi sinergiuli donis paradigmebis dasamkvidrebladac sazogadoebaSi, mosaxleobis fenebSi da a.S.
2.
sinergiisa da paradigmebis
paradigmebis arsis Sesaxeb
zemoT moyvanil magaliTebSi paradigma azrobrivi xedviT dafiqsirebisaTvis
warmodgenili modelis wina saxea (negativze cota meti). igi ufro nimuSad SeiZleba
CavTvaloT, Semdgom rogorc sqema ise davxvewoT da rogorc analogi ise gamoviyenoT: warsulis gamocdilebis momavalze gadataniT, misi ciklebis dazustebiT da
a.S.
paradigmas mecnieruli Teoriisa da SexedulebaTa sistemis saxe aqvs, amasTan,
dakonkretebulad sakvlevi ekonomikuri procesis axal Sinaarssac warmoaCens. igi
SeiZleba gamWvirvale aRmoCndes (advilad gasaazrebeli da masSi sxva mravali calkeuli procesis zogierTi Tvisebis arsebobiT). es ki paradigmebis gamoyenebis areals afarToebs.
aseTi (an msgavsi) SesaZleblobebiT `damuxtuli~ mecnier-kadris azrobrivi
xedva SemoqmedebiT xasiaTs atarebs da kvlevis process advilad emorCileba. gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tuki mas sakvlevi konkretuli obieqtis cvlilebebis Sesabamisad
riskis analizis Catareba SeeZleba.
am SemTxvevaSi mTavaria is, rom sinergiuli donis paradigmis formirebisa da
damkvidrebis pirobebi Seiqmnas. globalizacia da `kompiuterizacia~ sinergiuli
donis paradigmis gamovlenas aCqarebs, rac aisaxeba sakvlevi obieqtis (vgulisxmobT
ekonomikur process) dinamikuri modelis azrobrivi warmodgenis uSualo koreqtirebis SesaZleblobis gamovlenaSi.
yuradsaRebia sinergiuli donis paradigmebze damaimedebeli msjeloba [2, gv.
4], rom adamianis garsSi sulTan erTad Cadebulia sinergiuli energiis misaRebad
gamaerTianebeli ori Zala, Zala RvTisa da Zala adamianisa; ufali adamians Tavisufali arCevanis uflebas aZlevs; pirovneba TviTon iRebs gadawyvetilebas, ras
emsaxuros, codvas Tu sikeTes; borotebas Tu siyvaruls. sasufeveli RvTisa iZulebiT moipoveba, radgan codvasTan brZoliT da masze gamarjvebiT xdeba adamianisa
da RvTis nebis SeerTeba [2, gv. 5], rac, Tavis mxriv, aisaxeba qveynis gaZlierebaSi.
131
[3, gv. 13]-Si aRniSnulia imis Sesaxeb, rom sainformacio safuZvelze mecnierebisa da religiis erTgvari sinTezi SeiniSneba.
etyoba, mecniereba (codna) da rwmena (religia) avsebs erTmaneTs.
didia rwmenis Zala, magram mecnieruli gaazrebis gareSe mxolod rwmeniT
sargeblobam SeiZleba adamianebi SecdomaSi Seiyvanos. rwmenas adamianisTvis mravalmxrivi sikeTis motana SeuZlia, magram mecnieruli gaazrebis gareSe, mxolod
rwmeniT sargebloba, mosalodnelia, saxifaTo aRmoCndes.
mecniereba iRwvis codnis Seqmnasa da mis dagroveba-gamoyenebaze, magram igi
marto codna ar aris, aseve religia marto rwmena ar aris.
mecnierebaSi, religiisagan gansxvavebiT, ar arsebobs maradiuli paradigmebi
da nebismieri mecnieruli paradigma droTa ganmavlobaSi icvleba.
mecniereba dRes ar unda iCemebdes iseTi religiuri mcnebebis gagebas, sadac
gons SeRweva ar ZaluZs [3, gv. 11-13].
3. sinergiuli donis sicocxliunariani paradigmebi codnis ekonomikaSi
azrobriv modelebSi CarTuli sicocxlisunariani paradigmebis Semoqmedebas
maTi mosaxleobaSi damkvidrebis masStabebis zrdis mixedviT vafasebT. amasTan, yuradsaRebia SemTxvevebi, rodesac azrobrivi modeli, rogorc scenari, marTvis elementebsac iyenebs da amiT modelis (ufro zustad, modelirebis) SesaZleblobebi
farTovdeba, metwilad modelirebis procesSi mimdinareobs, modelis SerCeviTa da
misi daxvewiT azrovnebiT modelSi [1, gv. 242, 243, 245].
magaliTi 5. mecniereba logikuri TanmimdevrobiT iRwvis codnis dasabuTebul
Seqmnaze mis gaRrmaveba-srulyofis Casatareblad da Taobidan Taobaze gadasacemad,
rac, droSi sazogadoebis ganviTarebis Sesabamisad, sinergiuli siZlieriT Sedis
moqmedebaSi. qmnis sinergiuli donis paradigmebis SemoqmedebiTad formirebis pirobebs, rac damaxasiaTebeli xdeba postkomunisturi qveynebisaTvis, Tumca am mxriv
tempi dabalia, maT ricxvSia saqarTvelos ekonomika, sadac mecnierebis privatizebis
muqaram uaryofiTi Sedegebi daafiqsira, rac mxolod mecnierebis dafinansebis SekveciTa da qveynidan `tvinebis gadinebiT~ gamowveuli ar aris.
postkomunistur saqarTveloSi mecniereba qveynis mxolod evoluciuri gziT
gardaqmnebs emxroba da SeZlebisdagvarad monawileobs masSi. igi Sors dgas komunisturi partiis manifestSi mocemuli demagogiuri mowodebebisagan. miuxedavad amisa, amJamadac saqarTveloSi mecnier-kadrTa didi umravlesoba mosaxleobis Rarib
fenaSia moxvedrili. amis ZiriTadi mizezi, Cveni azriT, isaa, rom meoce saukunis
meore naxevridan gansakuTrebiT, da ufro adrec, mecnierebi yofili sabWoTa kavSiris partokratebis `Semoqmedebis~ msgavsad: qveynis Zarcva-gaCanagebaSi ar monawileobdnen, xolo Semdgom, ukve meoce saukunis 90-iani wlebidan, privatizaciis procesze maT àr ekiTxebodnen~, maSin, rodesac mecnieruli codnis gamoyeneba privatizaciis warsamarTavad qveynis sasikeTod aucilebeli iyo. is didi sinergiuli efeqti, romelic, mecnierebis geniosuri azrovnebiT SeiZleboda gamovleniliyo, TiTqmis
daikarga, Sedegad mecnierTa azrobrivi xedva privatizaciis procesze gamoyenebuli
ar iqna. Tumca oriaTasi wlebidan dafiqsirda dadebiTi Sedegi mosaxleobis mdidari fenis SeqmniT.
magaliTi 6. ekonomikuri wesrigis faqtoris Sesaxeb. Tuki paradigma TviTon ar
aris winaaRmdegobrivi, maSin misma CarTvam azrobriv modelSi SeiZleba warmateba
gamoiwvios. magaliTad, wesrigis gasaZliereblad `gonivruli~ paradigmebis gamoyenebiT, rac, Cveulebriv, mosaxleobaSi dasjis kanonebis gamkacrebiT miiRweva da sazogadoebaSi swrafad mkvidrdeba, amas SiSic aZlierebs, sadac konkretuli ekonomikuri
wesrigis politikac igulisxmeba. igi postsabWoTa saqarTvelos marTvaSi ekonomiku132
ri krizisebisa da depresiis Sesabamisad j. keinzis mixedviT SeiZleba mimdinareobdes [1, gv. 224]. amaSi metwilad policiis samsaxuris gaZliereba igulisxmeba da
aRvniSnavT imasac, rom am SemTxvevisTvis kvlevis safuZvelze damcavi meqanizmiT paradigmebis Semoyvana ar unda iwvevdes winaaRmdegobebs da àr unda iblokebodnen~
da a.S.
xolo naklovani mxareebis gamosasworeblad msgavsobis niSniT da analogiebis
gamoyenebiT SeiZleba visargebloT, rogoricaa samedicino mecnierebidan adamianis
organizmSi sicocxlis dasacavad imunologiuri sistemis moqmedebis principis gamoyeneba.
Tuki qveyanaSi mosaxleobis keTildReobis SesanarCuneblad Seqmnil dacviT
meqanizmSi CavdebT analogiiTa da msgavsebis Sesabamisad formirebul paradigmas,
maSin SesaZlebloba gveZleva, ganviTarebul saxelmwifoSi axali SesaZleblobebiT
warmovadginoT dacvis meqanizmi, rogorc Zlieri saxelmwifos formirebis modelis
Semadgeneli, sadac wina planze iqneba wamoweuli mecnierul-teqnikur progresTan
SesabamisobaSi moyvanili Sromis mwarmoeblurobis iseTi done, romelic mosaxleobis yvela fenis keTildReobis gaumjobesebaSi aqtiur monawileobas miiRebs. yuradsaRebia isic, rom:
1. postkomunistur saqarTveloSi 90-iani wlebidan deficiti, rogorc deficituri (zaraliani) ekonomika ise aRiqmeboda. aman, rbilad rom vTqvaT, Zveli azrovnebis mecnierTa `SeSfoTeba~ gamoiwvia. Semdgom dazustda, rom deficituroba mosaxleobis dabali msyidvelunarianobiT gamowveuli paradoqsuli winaaRmdegobis realur SemTxvevas exeboda, Tumca paradigmebTan saerTo ar hqonda. maSin, sazogadoeba,
mosaxleobis saSualo fenis qveyanaSi moRvaweobas, maT dabalmsyidvelunarianobis
miuxedavad, dadebiTad afasebda, magram `paradigma~ (romelic exeboda yoveli adamianis gamdidrebisaken iseT swrafvas, rom igi sxvasac keTili saqmis ganxorcielebaSi
daxmareboda da ezruna qveyanaSi siRaribis daTrgunvaze) Zalas kargavda.
2. amJamad aucilebelia saqarTveloSi mosaxleobis saSualo fenis gasaZliereblad iseTi zrunvis aRorZineba, rom maTken sasikeTod mizanmimarTuli paradigmebis moqmedebis areali gafarTovdes, rac azrobrivi modelebis paradigmebTan gaerTianebiT da maTi sinergiul doneze ayvaniT SeiZleba Catardes.
am mimarTulebiT miniSneba dawyebulia statiaSi [5, gv. 211-213] da Sexeduleba
dazustebulia [1, gv. 242-246]-Si, romlis Semdgomi gagrZeleba winamdebare naSromia.
Tumca am problemis bolomde da masTan erTad misi gadawyveta pirobebis Seqmnasac
Txoulobs.
3. ekonomikis maTematizaciiT gatacebis inercia da amJamindeli `meqanikuri kompiuterizacia~ cud samsaxurs uwevs ekonomikur-maTematikur azrovnebaSi paradigmebis gaaqtiurebas.
SemaSfoTebeli isicaa, rom operaciaTa gamokvlevas (rogorc ekonomikaSi optimizaciis maTematikuri meTodebis dafuZnebis mimarTulebas) naklebi yuradReba eqceva imdenad, rom misi elementebi umaRlesi ekonomikuri ganaTlebis misaReb sakiTxebidan àmoRebulia~, gamomdinare Sedegebic samwuxaroa. ase magaliTad, termin optimizacias, misi mniSvnelobis gauTvaliswineblad da metwilad gauazrebladac xmaroben; ekonomikuri riskis arsSi gaurkvevlobaa da TviT ganmartebac ki dauzustebelia; albaTobis Teoriidan xelovnurad garTulebuli sakiTxebi meqanikurad gadatanilia ekonometrikis saxelmZRvaneloebSi, maSin, rodesac azrobrivi xedviT modelebis gamoyenebis dafuZnebis aucilebloba uyuradRebodaa datovebuli da sxv.
133
1.
akademikos paata guguSvilis saxelobis ekonomikis institutis
daarsebidan 65-e da dabadebidan 105-e wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili saerTaSoriso
samecniero-praqtikuli konferenciis masalebis krebuli. ekonomikis aqtualuri
problemebi ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze. gv. 223-228; gv. 242-246, Tbilisi, 8-9
ivlisi, 2010.
2.
patriarqis sityva. sinergia _ RvTisa da adamianis energiis Serwyma da
gamTlianeba. Jurnali krialosani. #3(49), marti, 2009, gv. 4-5.
3.
frangiSvili i. mecnierebisa da religiis, codnisa da rwmenis sistemuri
urTierTmimarTebani. pirveli saerTaSoriso konferencia `mecniereba da religia~.
moxsenebaTa Tezisebi, Tbilisi, 2005, gv. 11-17.
4.
sarCimelia r. CareqiSvili l. codnis ekonomika, rogorc mecnierebis, ganaTlebisa da teqnikuri progresis gamaerTianebeli. J. èkonomika~, #6, 2010, gv. 2230.
5.
sarCimelia r., qeburia m. maTematikuri modelebis meTodis ekonomikaSi
gamoyenebis efeqtianobis amaRlebis axleburi gaazrebisaTvis. samecniero SromaTa
krebuli. agraruli mecnirebis problemebi, t. XXV, saqarTvelos ganaTlebis
saministro, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo agraruli universiteti, Tbilisi, 2009, gv.
210-214.
Sarchimelia Roland
THE IMPACT OF SYNERGETIC PARADIGMS ON
KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY
SUMMARY
Are considered the possibilities of using and forming of synergic level paradigms as the means combining science, education and technical progress in knowledge economy.
Are given the examples of synergic level paradigms. Is also considered the effectiveness of synergy and
paradigms in religion.
Synergic level paradigms are presented as a viable mental view of great thinking of patriot scientist
formed in population of a country.
Are described paradigms of the economic order of a country. Are given the example of a paradigm according to which a man need wealth to help others. There is noted the issues of globalization of modern developed countries according to which the latter form the conditions of great creative thinking of scientists for revelation of paradigms.
revaz javaxiSvili
adamianiseuli faqtori da misi aqtivizacia
postindustriul epoqaSi
ekonomikur TeoriaSi adamianiseuli faqtoris mimarT yuradRebis gamaxvileba
SeimCneva gasuli saukunis 60-iani wlebidan. misi roli da mniSvneloba gansakuTrebiT amaRlda postindustriul epoqaSi, roca is rogorc calkeuli kompaniebisa da
qveynebis, ise mTlianad msoflio ekonomikis ganviTarebis ZiriTad faqtorad iqca.
Tu adre ekonomikuri zrdis mTavari ganmsazRvreli faqtorebi iyo warmoebis pro134
cesSi nivTobrivi kapitalisa da samuSao Zalis raodenobis gadideba, amJamad, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis procesSi, mTavari yuradReba eqceva axali teqnologiebis gamoyenebas, warmoebis ganaxlebis tempebis zrdasa da momsaxurebis sferos, uwinares
yovlisa, ganaTlebisa da janmrTelobis dacvis daCqarebul ganviTarebas. Tanamedrove pirobebSi Zalze swrafad xorcieldeba Sromisa da kapitalis transformacia.
adre kapitalis dagroveba xdeboda sawarmoebis mflobelTa ramdenime Taobis saqmianobis manZilze, rac maT saSualebas aZlevda, mieTvisebinaT Seqmnili mogebis didi
nawili. postindustriul epoqaSi, uaxlesi teqnologiebis gamoyenebisa da warmoebis
procesSi adamianiseuli faqtoris rolis gaZlierebis pirobebSi, swrafi tempebiT
xorcieldeba kapitalis koncentracia, mcire zomis sawyisi kapitalis safuZvelze
msxvilmasStabiani firmebisa da kompaniebis warmoqmna. amis saukeTeso magaliTia kompania “maikrosofti”, “ABM” da mravali sxv.
mecnierul-teqnikuri progresis calkeuli etapebis mixedviT zogjer mkveTrad
icvleboda warmoebaSi adamianiseuli faqtoris rolisa da funqciebis Sesaxeb midgomebi da koncefciebi. gasuli saukunis 70-ian wlebSi Seiqmna e.w. “uxalxo” warmoebis koncefcia, romelic efuZneboda warmoebis procesSi cocxali samuSao Zalis sawarmoo avtomatebiTa da robotebiT Secvlas. warmoebis teqnokratizacia gulisxmobs pultze xelis daWeriTa da sainformacio signalebiT warmoebis procesebis
marTvas, uflebamosilebisa da pasuxismgeblobis ierarqiul ganawilebas, Sromis
socialur polarizacias: erT mxareze Semsruleblebis, xolo meore mxares – organizatorebis, damproeqteblebisa da mmarTvelebis arsebobas. igi aris Sromis kompiuteruli aRricxva da kontroli, romelic emyareba eleqtronuli zedamxedvelobis
sxvadasxva formebs. saboloo jamSi, igi gulisxmobs warmoebis procesSi adamianiseuli kriteriumebis ugulvebelyofas, muSakisagan warmoebis sulieri potencialis
gasxvisebas.
zemoaRniSnuli tendenciebi gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda gasuli saukunis 70-iani
wlebis meore naxevridan, roca firmis teqnokratizmi gadaizarda teqnocentrizmSi.
es ukanaskneli gulisxmobs iseTi politikis formirebas, roca warmoebis progresi
xorcieldeba misi teqnikuri modernizaciis gziT, cocxali Sromisa da misi subieqtebis gareSe. aseT pirobebSi sawarmoTa da firmebis ofisebSi dagrovda kompiuterebis kontrols daqvemdebarebuli martivi Sromis Semsrulebel adamianTa didi raodenoba, romlebic moklebulni iyvnen yovelgvar SemoqmedebiT saqmianobas. muSakTa
dekvalifikacias adgili hqonda yvelgan, Tumca igi yvelaze maRali iyo sabanko sistemaSi. inglisis bankebSi igi Seexo momsaxureTa 90%-s [3, #9, gv. 95].
warmoebis modernizaciis teqnocentristuli talRis agorebas xels uwyobda
firmebisa da kompaniebis maRali mogebisken swrafva, rac unda ganxorcielebuliyo
maRalmwarmoebluri avtomaturi sistemebis gamoyenebis safuZvelze warmoebidan gaZvirebadi, “saCoTiro” da konfliqturi adamianiseuli komponentis gamoZevebis gziT.
mikroeleqtronikisa da robotuli teqnikis gamoyeneba firmebisTvis 2-3-jer ufro
xelsayreli iyo, saSualo muSasTan SedarebiT. yovelive aman gamoiwvia dasaqmebulTa
da maTi saxelfaso danaxarjebis mniSvnelovani Semcireba. magaliTad, eleqtronuli
sakaso aparatebis gamoyenebam molareebis raodenoba 50%-iT, xolo maTi Sromis anazRaureba 3-4-jer Seamcira. 90-ian wlebSi maRali teqnologiebis seqtorSi SromiTi
danaxarjebis wili mTlian sawarmoo danaxarjebSi 25-10%-mde, zogierT firmebSi ki
5-1%-mde daeca, maSin, rodesac Cveulebriv masobriv-nakadur warmoebaSi igi 70-80%-s
udrida. yovelive amas Sedegad mohyva warmoebidan samuSao Zalis masobrivi gamodevna. marto 1990-1993 ww. aSS-s materialuri warmoebis sferoSi dasaqmebulTa raodeno135
ba 20-25%-iT, xolo momsaxurebis sferos msxvil organizaciebSi 1/3-iT Semcirda [4,
gv. 64].
zemoT Tqmulis safuZvelze SeiZleba gakeTdes zogadi daskvna, rom saxezea 70iani wlebidan moyolebuli, 80-iani wlebis meore naxevramde periodSi sazogadoebrivi Sromis “ekonomiisa” da “dazogvis” lozungebiT ganxorcielebuli teqnokratiuli
politikis “socialuri sibece”, romelic mxedvelobis gareSe tovebda warmoebidan
didi odenobiT gamodevnili samuSao Zalisa da umuSevrobis donis katastrofuli
zrdis socialur Sedegebs.
gasuli saukunis 80-90-iani wlebis mijnaze aSkarad gamovlinda “uxalxo” warmoebaze aRebuli kursis araxelsayreloba, ararealuroba da araprogresuloba. amasTan, manamde arsebuli samuSao Zalis masobrivi Semcirebis tendenciis paralelurad, naTlad gamoikveTa kontrtendencia, romelic gulisxmobda Sromis axali saxeobis muSakebze moTxovnis zrdas. aseT tendencias adgili hqonda jer warmoebis mowinave, tradiciul, modernizirebad da maRalteqnologiur dargebSi, SemdgomSi ki –
bankebSi, telekomunikaciasa da momsaxurebis sxvadasxva sferoSi. xorcieldeboda
maRalteqnologiuri dargebis zeda eSelonebisTvis saWiro rTul, SemoqmedebiT
SromasTan dakavSirebuli samuSao Zalis dasaqmebis zrda.
amieridan radikalurad icvleba ekonomikur Teoriasa da sameurneo cxovrebis
praqtikaSi warmoebis modernizaciis procesSi adamianiseuli faqtoris adgilisa da
rolis gansazRvrisadmi damokidebuleba. aSkara gaxda, rom miuxedavad Tanamedrove
etapze sawarmoo procesebis kompleqsuri avtomatizaciisa da robotizaciis daCqarebuli tempebiT ganviTarebisa, urTulesi sawarmoo operaciebisa da amocanebis gadawyveta praqtikulad SeuZlebelia cocxali, moazrovne adamianis gareSe. mxolod
mas xelewifeba Tanamedrove uaxlesi sainformacio teqnologiebis meSveobiT srulyofili informaciis miReba, misi SemoqmedebiTi analizi, warmoSobili teqnikurekonomikuri Tu socialuri problemebis arsSi SeRweva da mudmivad cvalebadi sawarmoo-teqnikuri situaciebis gansxvavebuli scenaris pirobebSi yvelaze optimaluri gadawyvetilebis miReba.
axali teqnologiebis pirobebSi firmas Zalze Zviri ujdeba sawarmoo operaciebis marTvaSi daSvebuli TiToeuli Secdoma. swored amitomaa saWiro am procesebSi “fxizeli Tvali”, ris gamoc sadReisod ganusazRvrelad izrdeba adamianis
Carevisa da makoreqtirebeli funqciis roli warmoebis procesis marTvaSi. daxvewili avtomaturi sistemebis funqcionirebaze adamianis makontrolebeli funqciis
gaZliereba erTxel kidev migvaniSnebs “inteleqtualur teqnikasTan” SedarebiT, adamianiseuli faqtoris upiratesobaze. mxolod adamianis SemoqmedebiT unars ZaluZs,
marTos warmoebis procesSi Tanamedrove makontrolebel-makoreqtirebeli avtomaturi sistemebi, Seqmnas “kontrolze – kontrolis” meqanizmebi, romelTa ganxorcielebaSi mTavari roli ekuTvnis adamians [4, gv. 62].
postindustriul epoqaSi, axali teqnologiebis gamoyenebis gafarToebasTan
erTad, arsebiTad icvleba Sromis xasiaTi da struqtura. warmoebis procesSi sagrZnoblad mcirdeba uSualod mwarmoebeli Sromis wili da mniSvnelovnad farTovdeba
momsaxure _ sawarmoo procesebis mosamzadebel da uzrunvelmyofel dargebSi dasaqmebuli Sromis wili (proeqtireba, programireba, marketingi, samecniero kvleviTi
da sakonstruqtoro samuSaoebi da sxv.). aSS-Si 80-iani wlebis bolos warmoebis momsaxurebis dargebSi dasaqmebuli iyo 60 mln-mde kaci [4, gv. 62].
axali ekonomikis pirobebSi sul ufro aSkara xdeba warmoebaSi adamianiseuli
faqtoris gaaqtiurebis, adamianis SemoqmedebiTi unarisa da SesaZleblobebis farTod gamoyenebis aucilebloba, rac ganpirobebulia warmoebis axali teqnikuri ba136
zis Sesabamisi Sromis xasiaTSi mimdinare radikaluri cvlilebebiT. codnaze damyarebuli ekonomikis pirobebSi maRalxarisxovani da konkurentunariani produqciis
gamoSvebis uzrunvelyofa SesaZlebelia mxolod samuSao Zalis kvalifikaciis sistematuri amaRlebisa da warmoebis muSakTa daxelovnebis srulyofis safuZvelze.
teqnikuri progresis gaRrmavebis kvaldakval, amJamad sul ufro intensiurad xorcieldeba warmoebidan dabalkvalificiuri da moZvelebuli profesiis muSakTa gamodevna, ris Sedegadac arsebiTad icvleba dasaqmebulTa kvalificiuri struqtura.
jer kidev 1979-1987 ww. aSS-Si kvalificiuri muSakebis xvedriTi wili 32,4-dan 35,7%mde gaizarda. safrangeTis saavtomobilo kompania “sitroenSi” ukve 1983 wels kvalificiuri muSebi Seadgendnen mTliani personalis 38,5%, xolo teqnikosebi – 57,6%s. italiur “fiatSi” ki warmoebis robotizaciis Sedegad 80-ian wlebSi dabalkvalificiuri Sroma Semcirda 10%-mde, xolo kvalificiuri Sroma gaizarda 71,5%-mde. 80iani wlebis Sua periodSi gadamamuSavebel mrewvelobaSi kvalificiuri muSebisa da
momsaxureebis raodenoba aSS-Si 3-jer, dasavleT germaniaSi ki 2-jer aRemateboda
arakvalificiurTa raodenobas. 90-ian wlebSi ki aSS-Si vakansiebis naxevarze meti
SeeZloT daekavebinaT mxolod kvalificiur kadrebs [3, #8, gv. 48-49].
Tanamedrove pirobebSi, qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis daCqarebis saqmeSi
adamianiseuli faqtoris aqtivizaciis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani mimarTulebaa Sromis
anazRaurebis donis zrda da muSakTa materialuri stimulirebis gaZliereba. codnaze gaweuli danaxarjebis zrdas Tan sdevs maTi ukugeba. SemTxveviTi araa is, rom
amJamad ganviTarebuli qveynebis mTliani Sida produqtis TiTqmis 80% swored codnaze modis [1,gv. 74]. Tumca, am mxriv, gansakuTrebiT ganviTarebad qveynebSi, jer kidev
bevri gadauWreli problemaa, sadac, Zalze mcire Semosavlebis gamo, mosaxleobis
sakmaod didi nawili siRaribis zRvars miRma imyofeba. am saqmeSi gadamwyveti roli
saxelmwifom unda Seasrulos mTliani Sida produqtis gonivruli gadanawilebis
safuZvelze. qveynis sabazro da arasabazro seqtorebs Soris misi gadanawilebis
procesSi proporciebis gansazRvrisas mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli ekonomikuri ganviTarebis miRweuli done da misi amaRlebis potenciuri SesaZleblobebi,
sabazro da arasabazro seqtorebSi arsebuli mosaxleobis Tanafardoba, mocemul
etapze qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis winaSe mdgari strategiuli amocanebi da sxv.
amasTan, gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoeba, rom dasaqmebuli Sromis sxvadasxva
elementTa materialuri stimulireba iZleva gansxvavebul Sedegebs. araproduqtiuli samuSao Zalis materialuri stimulirebis gaZliereba xels uwyobs dasaqmebulTa ricxovnobis zrdis safuZvelze ekonomikis eqstensiur ganviTarebas. Tanamedrove etapze ekonomikis ganviTarebis strategiul mimarTulebad unda iqces produqtiuli samuSao Zalis stimulirebis gaZliereba, mTlian Sida produqtSi misi
Sromis anazRaurebis xarjebis wilis sistematuri gadideba, romelic amJamad dasavleTis ganviTarebul qveynebSi 70%-s aRemateba [6, gv. 91].
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, codnaze damyarebuli ekonomikis pirobebSi samuSao
Zalis kvalifikaciis radikalur amaRlebasa da misi Tvisebrivi srulyofis saqmeSi
gansakuTrebuli roli ganaTlebis sistemas ekuTvnis. sadReisod adamianSi investireba kapitaldabandebebis yvelaze efeqtian mimarTulebadaa miCneuli. amasTan, ar
unda dagvaviwydes, rom kvalifikaciis amaRlebas Sesabamisad Tan unda sdevdes Sromis anazRaurebis zrda. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, man SeiZleba ukuSedegic ki moitanos.
dabali anazRaurebis dros gardauvalia maRali kvalificiuri kadrebis denadoba
rogorc qveynis SigniT konkurirebad firmebs Soris, ise qveynebs Soris. kvalificiuri Sromis anazRaurebis donis amaRleba da materialuri stimulirebis gaZliereba
137
mosaxleobis migraciis zrdis tempebis SeCerebiTa da qveynis SigniT maTi damagrebis
aucileblobiTacaa nakarnaxevi, rasac dRes sasicocxlod aucilebeli, udidesi socialur-ekonomikuri, saxelmwifoebriv-politikuri da erovnuli mniSvneloba eniWeba.
Tanamedrove teqnologiebze damyarebuli warmoeba saTanado pirobebs qmnis
muSakTa socialur-pirovnuli ganviTarebisaTvis. am TvalsazrisiT mowinave firmebis
saqmianobaSi wamyvan adgils ikaveben ara standartulad, aramed SemoqmedebiTad moazrovne, damoukidebeli, kritikuli da gabeduli adamianebi, romelTa saqmianobas safuZvlad edeba individualuri talanti da unar-SesaZleblobebi. swored es Tvisebebi gaxdeba 21-e saukuneSi warmoebis muSakis profesiuli donis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi.
axali ekonomikis pirobebSi arsebiTad icvleba TviT samuSao Zalis kvlavwarmoebis xasiaTi, rac gamoixateba ara mxolod misi fizikuri, aramed, ufro metad, pirovnuli Tvisebebis, Sromis kulturisa da eTikis kvlavwarmoebis tempebis daCqarebiT. teqnikuri progresis gaRrmavebasTan erTad, sul ufro Cqardeba adamianis socialurad momwifebis procesi, rac imiT gamoixateba, rom axal viTarebaSi igi yovelTvis mzadaa gauZlos nebismir fizikur da fsiqikur datvirTvas, aqvs maRali gemovnebis, Semoqmedebis, individualuri Tvisebebisa da SesaZleblobebis TviTrealizaciis unari. Yyovelive es xels uwyobs axal viTarebaSi samuSao Zalis sruliad
axali tipis formirebas, romelsac xelewifeba, industriul epoqasTan SedarebiT, 35-jer daaCqaros axali teqnologiebis progresi [3, №9, gv. 92].
Tanamedrove etapze, teqnikuri progresis gaRrmavebisa da mudmivad modernizebadi warmoebis pirobebSi, gansakuTrebiT izrdeba moTxovna maRalkvalificiur teqnikur specialistebze: inJinrebze, damproeqteblebze, eqspluataciis specialistebze,
warmoebis organizatorebze da a.S., romlebic gadamwyvet rols asruleben firmebisa
da kompaniebis warmatebul saqmianobaSi. garda amisa, sadReisod Zalze didia moTxovna mecnier-muSakebze, konstruqtorebze, gamoyenebiTi maTematikis, logistikis,
fsiqologiis, sociologiisa da ergonomikis specialistebze, romelTa wili mTlianad avtomatizebul sawarmoebis personalSi zogjer 90%-sac ki aRwevs [3, №8, gv. 50].
es tendencia momavalSi ufro gaRrmavdeba, ramdenadac warmoebaSi mxolod mecnieruli miRwevebisa da inovaciebis danergvis, agreTve, mecnierebis zRvarze myofi maRalkvalificiuri samuSao Zalis gamoyenebis safuZvelzea SesaZlebeli Tanamedrove
moTxovnebis Sesabamisi maRalkonkurentunariani produqciis warmoeba da Seuferxebeli realizacia, sawarmoo procesebis srulyofa, warmoebis efeqtianobis Semdgomi
amaRleba da mwvave konkurenciul brZolaSi warmatebis uzrunvelyofa.
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Javakhishvili Revaz
HUMAN FACTOR AND ITS ACTIVIZATION DURING
THE POSTINDUSTRIAL PERIOD
SUMMARY
The conception of so-called “Unmanned Manufacturing” created In the Seventies of the last century,
due to its unreality and progressiveness was changed with a new conception in the eighty-nineties. According to
this conception, in the information-oriented society, the principal stimulus of economic growth is the human
factor. In the period of new economy essential changes are made to the labor reproduction, which is expressed
in acceleration of its qualification, knowledge, personal characteristics, labor culture and ethic reproduction. At
present, human social maturity process realizes fast. They are always ready to get over physical and mental load.
Human has good taste, individual features of creative work and labor capacity, which could promote new type
of labor force and they may significantly accelerate new technical and technological progress, ensure high rate
of economic growth.
vasil xizaniSvili
religiis faqtori ekonomikaSi
religias gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia sazogadoebasa da adamianis cxovrebaSi, amitom misi mniSvnelobis sakiTxs didi xania ikvleven filosofosebi, sociologebi, fsiqologebi da a.S. miuxedavad amisa, ekonomistTa umetesi nawili ekonomikuri movlenebisa da procesebis analizis dros am faqtoris ignorirebas axdenda.
ekonomikur saqmianobaSi religiis mniSvnelobis Seswavla bolo periodSi gaxda aqtualuri: daaxloebiT 10-15 welia, rac profesionali ekonomistebis sul ufro meti
raodenoba religias ekonomikuri ganviTarebis damoukidebel faqtorad aRiarebs da
amitom am mimarTulebiT sxvadasxva saxis kvlevebi xorcieldeba, romlebic saukuneTa wiaRSi iRebs dasabams.
ekonomikasa da religias Soris urTierTdamokidebulebis Sesaxeb sayuradRebo
mosazrebas gvTavazobs Sotlandieli klasikosi adam smiti, romelic Tavis
,,moraluri sentimentebis TeoriaSi” xazs usvams imas, rom religiuri mrwamsi kargi
stimulia imisaTvis, rom individi moeqces zneobriv struqturaSi, romelic xels
uwyobs ekonomikur zrdas. umaRlesi zneobrivi adamianis koncefcia warmoadgens Sinagani moraluri meqanizmis marTebulad funqcionireba-sargeblobisa da Sinagani
moraluri monitoringis sistemas68.
religiis faqtoris Seswavlis sakiTxSi gansakuTrebuli wvlili aqvs Setanili cnobil germanel sociologs maqs vebers. igi Tavis wignSi ,,protestantuli
eTika da kapitalizmis suli” kapitalisturi sazogadoebis ganviTarebis erT-erT ZiriTad faqtorad religias miiCnevs69. veberis mTavar Teza iyo is, rom religia SesaZlebelia warmoadgendes negatiur an pozitiur Zalas ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi.
misi azriT, efeqti aucileblad iqneba dadebiTi im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac religia
68
69
Adam Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments, Cambridge University Press,. 2002.
Max Weber. Die Protestantishe Ethik und der Geist das Kapitalismus., 1934.
139
aRiarebs materialur sikeTes da aqcents gaakeTebs mis dagrovebaze. miseul amgvar
argumentacias savsebiT SesaZlebelia, rom saerTo moenaxos kalvinistur protestantizmTan.
dRes mravali mecnieris kvlevis obieqts swored am ori sferos, ekonomikisa
da religiis kavSirurTierTobis aspeqtebi warmoadgens.
cnobili frangi sociologi marsel mosi religiasa da ekonomikas gaiazrebs,
rogorc samarTlebriv, ojaxur da esTetikur sferoebs, romelTa identificireba
arcTu ise martivia. mosisTan am ori mimarTulebis urTierTdamokidebuleba warmoadgens eTikuri pasuxismgeblobis formas, romelic socialuri da politikuri
mSvidobisaTvis konstituciuria, da romelic ekonomikisa da religiis seqtorebs
Soris damakavSirebeli rgolis funqcias asrulebs70.
harvardis universitetis ekonomistebma robert barom da reiCal mak-qlirma
2003 wels gamoaqveynes kvlevis Sedegebi, romlebic exeboda sazogadoebis religiurobisa da ekonomikis ganviTarebis donis urTierTkavSiris xarisxis dadgenas. maT
gamoyenebuli hqondaT gelapis institutisa da msoflio bankis yovelwliurad ganxorcielebuli msoflio kvlevebis monacemebi, romlebic 20 welze met periods moicavda. monacemebis analizis safuZvelze maT daaskvnes, rom ,,religiis umniSvnelovanes produqtad SeiZleba CaiTvalos religiuri rwmena, romelic pirdapir zemoqmedebs ekonomikur saqmianobaze”71. baro da makqliri amtkiceben, rom ekonomikis zrda
damokidebulia ekonomikuri subieqtebis religiur aqtiurobaze. isini Tvlian, rom
ama Tu im qveynis ekonomikuri zrda pirdapir kavSirSi imyofeba misive moqalaqeTa
rwmenis xarisxze religiuri kuTvnilobis gaTvaliswinebiT. maTive azriT, religiuri rwmena pozitiur kavSiriSia ekonomikur zrdasTan72.
samarTlebriv, politikur da samoqalaqo kulturaze mravali naSromis avtoris, amerikeli profesoris ronald inglhartis azriT, piradi rwmenis faqtori mTavar rols TamaSobs qveynebis ekonomikur zrdaSi73.
,,WeSmariti RvTismosaoba xels uwyobs vaWrobaSi (ekonomikur urTierTobebSi)
warmatebas, vinaidan patiosnebis garantad gvevlineba, adamianSi zrdis sifrTxilesa
da windaxedulebas, esoden mniSvnelovans sazogadoebaSi wonisa da kreditisaTvis,
rac simdidris aucilebel winapirobas warmoadgens”. aseT mosazrebas gvTavazobs j.
a. rauntri74.
metin kosgelma da lans minklerma gamoTqves varaudi, rom erTianobis erTgulebisa da identurobis koncefciebi gvexmareba religiuri qcevebisa da maTi Sedegebis gagebaSi. religiuri qcevebi emsaxureba pirovnebis identurobis qmnadobisa
da mis valdebulebaTa pirnaTlad aRsrulebis saqmes75.
maSasadame, religia udides zemoqmedebas axdens Tanamedrove ekonomikaze
msoflios masStabiT. misi damokidebuleba ekonomikasTan mimarTebaSi sakmaod ambivalenturia, anu pirvelis gavlena meoreze SesaZlebelia gamovlindes rogorc pozitiur, ise negatiur aspeqtSi. msoflios dominanti religiebi gansxvavebulad zemoqmedebs ama Tu im qveynis ekonomikur urTierTobebsa Tu Sedegebze. maTi poziti70
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www.Religionswissenschaft. uni-muenchen.de/downloand...Koch/a.pdf
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140
uri Sedegebi SesaZlebelia aisaxos farTo speqtriT. magaliTad, kanadeli mecnierebis ulrix blumisa da leonarda dadlis azriT, religia gavlenas axdens ekonomikaze ara imdenad efeqtiani SromisaTvis saWiro stimulebiT, ramdenadac sicruis
akrZalvis dadebiTi efeqtiT, rac ekonomikaSi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania76.
italielma ekonomistebma warmoadgines daskvnebi, romlis Tanaxmad, religias
ZaluZs gazardos mSp sazogadoebaSi ndobis zrdis xarjze. e.i. religia mniSvnelovania sazogadoebisa Tu saxelmwifos simdidrisa da keTildReobis mxrivac. aSS-Si
mkvlevrebma aCvenes, rom religia amcirebs korufcias da amaRlebs kanonisadmi morCilebas imgvarad, rom SesaZlebeli xdeba saerTo ekonomikuri zrdis mateba77.
rac Seexeba religiis ekonomikaze zegavlenis uaryofiT mxares, igi vlindeba
Sromisadmi gulgril damokidebulebaSi, fulad-sakredito sistemaSi sasesxo procentze uaris TqmaSi, saTamaSo biznesis akrZalvaSi ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis SezRudvaSi Caketili religiuri sistemebisa da sazogadoebebis dros, rac ekonomikuri zrdisa da ganviTarebis Semaferxebel faqtors warmoadgens78. religiasa da ekonomikas Soris damokidebulebaSi negatiur faqtorebad aseve SesaZloa miCneul iqnes
religiuri SezRudvebi kapitalis dagrovebaze, mogebis miRebaze, sakredito bazrebsa
da procentebze.
religia, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, gvevlineba samoqalaqo sazogadoebis qcevaTa regulatorad, imdenad, ramdenadac swored religiuri faqtori ganapirobebs
adamianTa agresiul qcevebsa da samoqalaqo uwesrigobas, romlebic misi gavleniT
SesaZloa gaizardos an Semcirdes. amdenad, Cven SegviZlia visaubroT rogorc mikro, ise makroekonomikur doneze ekonomikuri qcevebisa da Sedegebis religiasTan korelaciaSi yofnis Taobaze. aseve, kidev ufro mWidro kavSirebis arsebobaze religiurobasa da ekonomikurad mniSvnelovani socialuri qcevebis farTo speqtrs Soris, iseTebis, rogorebicaa: danaSaulebrivi saqmianoba _ narkotikebi da alkoholi,
fizikuri da fsiqikuri mdgomareoba, qorwineba-ganqorwineba da Sobadoba79.
religiisa da adamianis ekonomikur saqmianobas Soris kavSiri arsebobs uZvelesi droidan, religia axdenda da axdens aqtiur zemoqmedebas ekonomikis yvela
sferoze. kapitalisturi urTierTobebis formirebaSi Seufasebeli roli religiam
iTamaSa. amis Taobaze mowmobs yvela msoflio religiebis gamocdileba, magram isic
unda aRiniSnos, rom yvela religia socialur ganviTarebasa da ekonomikur zrdas
xels ar uwyobs. arsebobs qveynebi, romlebmac ukeTes socialur da ekonomikur maCveneblebs miaRwies vidre sxvebma. es SeiZleba aixsnas imiT, rom is religiebi astimulireben faseulobebsa da principebs, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, ganapirobeben adamianisa da sazogadoebis orientacias progresze. maSasadame, ekonomikur warmatebebs
aRweven is sazogadoebebi da qveynebi, sadac gansxvavebuli religiebi Tavisi specifikuri saSualebebiT stimuls aZleven ekonomikur saqmianobas, qmnian ra Sesabamis
zneobriv fons – SromiT eTikasa da eTikur normebs.
religia aZlierebs sazogadoebaSi miRebul qcevis socialur normebs, axorcielebs socialur kontrols: formalurs, saeklesio organizaciebis meSveobiT da
araformalurs – TviT morwmuneTa mier, romlebic moraluri normebis matareblebi
arian maT garemocvaSi myofi adamianebis mimarT.
76
Американские исследователи пришли к выводу, что религия влияет на темп экономического роста.
http://www.spbgid.ru/index.php?news=111563
77
http://translate.google.ru http://www.bosto
78
Theodore Malloch, Free to Choose: Economics and Religion. crf. hudson.org/articledocs/FreetoChoose.doc.
79
Economic Growth And Religious Production Efficiency., www.degit.ifw-kiel.de/papers/degit_09/c009_040.pdf
141
religiisa da ekonomikis urTierTqmedebebs gaaCnia ori veqtori: erTi mxriv
religiuri normebi ayalibebs ekonomikur institutebs, meore mxriv – sakralizdeba
mxolod is normebi, romlebic Seesabameba ekonomikis ganviTarebis gansazRvrul donesa da xasiaTs. bunebrivia, droTa ganmavlobaSi ekonomikuri viTareba icvleba da
uwindeli normebi dabrkolebad iqceva sazogadoebis ganviTarebaSi. aseT SemTxvevaSi
upiratesoba ufro moqnili konfesiebis mqone eTnosebis mxarezea, romlebsac ZaluZT
normaTa sistemis adaptireba cvalebad pirobebSi.
swavlis unari da integraciis SesaZlebloba nebismieri sazogadeobis ganviTarebis umniSvnelovanes momentebs warmoadgens. e.i. religiuri mentaliteti TamaSobs mniSvnelovan rols: ndoba da dialogis warmarTvis unarianoba cvlilebaTa
procesSi monawileobis SesaZleblobas iZleva da, amave dros, sabazro dinamikis
cvlilebis gareSe xels uwyobs sazogadoebis socialuri kapitalis SenarCunebasa
da ganviTarebas80.
religias ZaluZs, gazardos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis done iseTi zneobrivi
faqtorebiT rogoricaa, magaliTad, patiosneba. mas SeuZlia ndobis xarisxis amaRlebiT SesamCnevad Seamciros korufcia da sxva danaSaulebrivi qmedebani ekonomikaSi,
moaxdinos qveynebis gaxsniloba, riTac SesaZlebeli iqneba, rom mocemuli qveynis
ekonomika gaxdes ufro Ria ucxouri investiciebisaTvis. religias aseve SeuZlia
xeli Seuwyos imgvari samomxmareblo fenomenis ganviTarebas, rogoricaa momWirneoba, romelic stimulis momcemia danazogebisaTvis, investiciebisa da, Sesabamisad,
ekonomikuri zrdisaTvis. amasTan, religiiT SesaZlebeli xdeba imgvari asocialuri
movlenebis ganeitraleba, rogorebicaa: narkotikebiT vaWroba da maTi moxmareba.
garda amisa, mis wiaRSi codvil qmedebad miCneuli nayrovanebis, alkoholis, azartuli TamaSebisa da a.S. xelis SeSliT igi qmnis sazogadoebaSi jansaRi cxovrebis
winapirobas, rac uciloblad zrdis sawarmoo masStabebs SromiTi mwarmoeblurobis
amaRlebis xarjze.
religia warmoadgens cxovrebis warmmarTvel Zalas. rac ufro TvalSisacemia
modernizaciis procesisaTvis Tanamdevi paTologiebi, miT ufro aqtiurdeba Zlieri
religiuri tradiciebi. globalizacia da religiuri cvlilebebi sazogadoebas ayenebs mkacri alternativis winaSe: an msoflio bazrebis racionalitetTan adaptireba,
an mzardi marginalizebuli sabazro poziciis aqceptireba. globalizaciis procesebi industriul sazogadoebebs ubiZgebs maTive instituciuri struqturis Rrma
cvlilebebisaken da calkeuli individebisagan moiTxovs maRal fleqsibelurobas81.
globalizaciis procesSi religia ar kargavs Tavis mniSvnelobas, aramed ekonomikuri pirobebis zewoliT ganicdis formaTa cvlilebas. arc erTi religia Tu
religiuri eTika srulad verasodes mova TanxvedraSi da SesabamisobaSi globaluri
kapitalisturi miznis racionalitetTan, magram, miuxedavad amisa, isini, Tavis mxriv,
mravalgvar gavlenas axdenen ekonomikis mzardad Zlier dinamikur Zalebze, e.i. religiuri sistemebi warmoadgens simbolur msgavsebaTa da saimedo wesrigis struqturebs, romlebsac ZaluZT, zegavlena iqonion ekonomikaze.
Khizanishvili Vasil
FACTOR OF RELIGION IN ECONOMY
SUMMARY
80
81
Graf, F.W.;Wiederkehr der GÖtter, Religion in der modernen Kultur, München 2004, S. 194
Wirtschaft und Religion., www.kaththeol.uni-munchen.de/lehrstuehle/christl.../wi-ethik-zsflo.pdf
142
Religion as a structural element of ethics has been influencing and even today influences on economy.
Despite of this, many scientist-economists were ignoring these factors during analyzing economic events and
processes for years. Studying the importance of religion in economic activity became urgent in recent period.
Factor of religion in economy is interesting as far as its dependence towards economy is quite ambivalent, or
influence of the first on the second one may be revealed both positive and negative aspects.
In the process of globalization religion doesn’t loose its importance, but its’ forms change under the
pressure of economic conditions, and it faces the society to strict forms: adaptation with world markets rationality or acceptation of growing marginalized market position.
Thus, religion represents the most important factor in economic relations and the quality of its influence
on economy is depended on how much it stimulates human values and principles, which on the other hand condition orientation of human and society on a progress, and support to the economic development with their specific means.
143
makroekonomikis seqcia
nanuli arevaZe
marina muCiaSvili
biujetis saSualovadiani dagegmva _ qveynis makroekonomikuri stabilurobis
miRwevis erTerT-erTi instrumenti
1. saSualovadiani dagegmvis rolis zrda Tanamedrove msoflioSi
21-e saukunis pirvel aTwleulSi msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi, da maT Soris
saqarTveloSic, mwvaved dadga kargad dagegmili, konsolidirebuli biujetisa da
deficitis Semcirebis problema. efeqtiani fiskaluri politikis gatareba qveynis
makroekonomikuri stabilurobis erT-erT ganmsazRvrel faqtorad gadaiqca.
2008 wlidan msoflio ekonomikuri krizisisa da ruseTTan saomari moqmedebebis, qveynis ekonomikur zrdaze uaryofiTi zemoqmedebis Sesarbileblad 2009-2011
wlebSi, saqarTvelos xelisuflebam gaatara mastimulirebeli fiskaluri politika.
Sedegad, mniSvnelovnad gauaresda iseTi makroekonomikuri maCveneblebi, rogoricaa
saxelmwifo biujetis Sefardeba mTlian Sida produqtTan da saxelmwifo valis Sefardeba mTlian Sida produqtTan. gaizarda inflaciis done da, Sesabamisad, seriozuli safrTxe Seeqmna makroekonomikur stabilurobas. Sesabamisad, dReisaTvis aqtualuri gaxda saSualovadian periodSi „Semakavebeli“ fiskaluri politikis gatarebis sakiTxi, xarjebis Sokuri Semcirebisa da gadasaxdebis Sokuri zrdis gareSe.
makroekonomikuri stabilurobis uzrunvelyofis problemis aqtualobas mowmobs
msoflio ekonomikuri forumis 2010-2011 wlebis gamokvlevis Sedegebic. kerZod, mis
mier qveynebis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis potencialis Sesafaseblad gamoiyofil 12
ZiriTad indeqss Soris makroekonomikuri garemos Sefasebis indeqsis mixedviT saqarTvelo 139 qveyanas Soris mxolod 130-e adgilze imyofeboda. kerZod, 2010 wlis
monacemebiT saqarTvelosTvis ekonomikis zrdis maCvenebeli mxolod 2,5%-s, umuSevrobis done _ 17%-s, xolo saSualo inflaciis done 7.1% Seadgenda. 2011 wlis 7
Tvis monacemebiT es maCvenebeli daaxloebiT 14%-mde gaizarda.
am pirobebis fonze makroekonomikuri stabilurobis miznis miRwevaSi izrdeba
biujetis saSualovadian dagegmvaze gadasvlis mniSvneloba.
2. fiskaluri sferos reformebi saqarTveloSi _ 20042004-2011 wlebSi
saqarTvelos mTavrobam 2004 wlidan saerTaSoriso donorebis (msoflio bankis, SvedeTis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis administraciis, niderlandebis mTavrobis)
mxardaWeriT daiwyo reformebis intensiurad gatareba finansebis marTvis sferoSi.
saxelmwifo da adgilobrivi biujetebi rogorc Semosavlebis, aseve xarjebis kuTxiT saerTaSoriso GFMS 2001 (saxelmwifo finansuri statistika) klasifikaciaze gadavida.
fiskaluri politikis sferoSi am etapze mimdinare reformebSi mniSvnelovania
MTB-biujetis saSualovadian dagegmvaze gadasvla, rac mWidrod unda iyos dakavSirebuli programul Sedegebze orientirebuli biujetisa da kapitaluri biujetis
SedgenasTan.
saqarTveloSi moqmedi kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, saSualovadiani strategia da
prioritetebi asaxvas povebs jer mTavrobis “ZiriTadi monacemebisa da mimarTulebe144
bis Sesaxeb informaciasa” da Semdeg ki _ “ZiriTadi monacemebisa da mimarTulebebis
Sesaxeb” dokumentSi (BDD). “saqarTvelos saxelmwifo biujetis Sesaxeb” kanonproeqti mzaddeba BDD dokumentze dayrdnobiT.
saqarTvelos sabiujeto kodeqsis mixedviT, 2012 wlidan biujeti unda momzaddes zemoT aRniSnuli moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
3. Bbiujetis
Bbiujetis saSualovadiani dagegmvis ZiriTadi miznebi
biujetis saSualovadiani dagegmva, makroekonomikuri stabilurobis SenarCunebis pirobebSi, xels unda uwyobdes ekonomikuri zrdis daCqarebas. am miznis misaRwevad saqarTveloSi aqtualuria biujetis xarjebis struqturis optimizacia, resursebis gadanawileba momavali ekonomikuri zrdis xelSemwyobi mimarTulebebis upiratesi wesiT dafinansebisaken. Sesabamisad, sabiujeto politikis prioritetebia: ganaTlebis sfero, rac xels Seuwyobs codnaze orientirebuli ekonomikis formirebisaTvis safuZvlebis momzadebas.Aaseve, regionebis Tanabari ganviTarebisaTvis xelSewyoba; socialuri dacvis sferos xarjebis zrda da misi struqturis optimizacia;
saxelmwifo janmrTelobis dacvis sistemis gaumjobeseba; garemos dacva; moqnili da
efeqtiani saxelmwifo seqtoris Camoyalibeba; turizmis, infrastruqturis, soflis
meurneobis ganviTarebisaTvis xelSewyoba. unda gaizardos biujetis roli Semosavlebis mkveTrad gamoxatuli uTanabrobis etapobrivad daZlevaSi.
4. problemebi saqarTvelos sabiujeto procesSi
saSualovadian da wliur gegmebs Soris susti kavSiris gamo:
_ ar aris uzrunvelyofili SezRuduli raodenobis saxelmwifo finansebis
efeqtiani ganawileba;
_ dabalia sabiujeto xarjebis gamWvirvalobis done;
_ sustia biujetis roli misi erT-erTi ZiriTadi funqciis _ Semosavlebis
Tanabarzomieri gadanawilebis uzrunvelyofaSi.
Sesabamisad, saqarTveloSi jinis
koeficienti (0,6) sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT Zalian maRalia.
_ bolo wlebSi mniSvnelovnad gaizarda sabiujeto xarjebis wili mTlian
Sida produqtSi (35-%-mde), rac, xarjebis arsebuli struqturis pirobebSi, inflaciis donis zrdis erT-erT ZiriTad faqtorad gadaiqca.
5. biujetis Sedgenis Taviseburebebi saxelmwifo seqtorSi
biujetis obieqtia saxelmwifo programebi da saxelmwifos ekonomikuri politikis gatareba;
finansebi SezRudulia;
sustia danaxarjebis minimizaciis stimulebi;
Znelia xarjebis gawevis Sedegad miRweuli Sedegis gazomva;
bevri mxarjavi subieqti damokidebulia Semosavlis erT wyaroze (saxelmwifo
biujetis Semosulobebze);
TiToeuli mxarjavi subieqti Tavisi xarjebis zrdas umniSvnelod miiCnevs
mTlian xarjebTan SedarebiT;
sagadasaxado tvirTi farTodaa ganawilebuli da gafantuli gansaxorcielebel programebTan SedarebiT;
mxarjavi erTeulebi yovelTvis moiTxoven ufro maRal xarjebs, vidre es aris
socialurad optimaluri; aqedan gamomdinare, agregirebul doneze gasawevi xarjebis
SezRudvebis _ “xarjebis Weris” dacva makroekonomikuri stabilurobis miznis misaRwevad Zalze kritikulia.
efeqtiani biujetis Sedgenis prerekvizitebia: sakmaod mZime arCevanis Sesaxeb
gadawyvetilebebis miReba sabiujeto procesis adreul etapzeve; “xarjebis Weris“
145
dadgena sabiujeto procesis dasawyisSi (xarjebis gawera “zemodan-qvemoT”) da ganviTarebis saSualovadiani perspeqtivis dadgena.
am winapirobebis daucvelobis SemTxvevaSi Sedegi arasasurveli iqneba, anu
Sedgeba ararealuri biujeti, saWiro gaxdeba masSi mudmivi cvlilebebis Setana da
adgili eqneba saxelmwifo saxsrebis araefeqtian xarjvas.
6. MTEF (saSualovadiani
saSualovadiani xarjebis CarCoebi)
CarCoebi / (MTB)) reformebis miznebia:
_ biujetis dakavSireba qveynis grZelvadian erovnul politikasTan;
_ biujetis gamoyeneba mTavrobis mier SemuSavebuli politikis danergvis mizniT;
_ saSualovadiani dagegmvis politikis mier grZelvadiani periodis gansazRvruli nawilis dafarva. maSasadame, misTvis saWiroa mravalwliani sabiujeto
CarCoebi.
biujetis saSualovadiani dagegmvis ZiriTadi moTxovnebia:
_ Semosavlebisa da xarjebis zusti prognozebis gakeTeba grZelvadiani periodisaTvis;
_ biujetisaTvis „xarjebis Weris“ dadgena, anu mTavrobis mier wlebis mixedviT danaxarjebis zRvruli moculobebis dadgena da misi dacva;
_ biujetis momzadebis xarisxis amaRleba _ realuri biujetis Sedgena;
_ ”xarjebis Weris” dadgena wliuri sabiujeto procesis gaiolebis mizniT.
Sesabamisad, biujeti, romelic agebulia strategiuli gegmebis Sesabamisad, politikaze sabiujeto SeTanxmebebis fokusirebas axdens.
_ biujetis proeqti aris ufro informaciuli da Sesabamisad ufro relevanturi.
Sedegi _ biujetSi Tanxebis ganawileba aris ufro politikaze orientirebuli
da Tavsdeba mravalwliani xarjviTi politikis CarCoebSi.
MTB saSualebas iZleva ukeTesad gakontroldes fiskaluri Sedegi (Outcome),
gaTvaliswinebul iqnes ekonomikis saerTo mdgomareoba da fiskaluri disciplinis
politikuri mxardaWera;
7.
biujetis Sedgenis instituciuri meqanizmebia:
_ MTB-is CarCos SemuSaveba, rac aris SemakavSirebeli xidi saSualovadian
fiskalur miznebsa da erTwlian biujets Soris.
_ gonivruli ekonomikuri winapirobebis dadgena da masSi Adidi zomis gadaxrebis Tavidan acileba;
_ “zemodan-qvemoT” biujetis Sedgenis teqnikis danergva _ winaswari politikuri gadawyvetilebis miReba xarjebis mTliani moculobis dadgenaze;
_ resursebis xarjvis (inputs) mimarT centraluri kontrolis Sesusteba;
_ gadawyvetilebis miRebis decentralizacia saagentoebis doneze;
_ Sedegebze fokusireba decentralizaciis safuZvelze;
_ biujetis gamWvirvalobis zrda.
_ parlamentis rolis zrda _Pparlaments saxelmwifo biujetis Semosavlebisa
da xarjebis detaluri gaanalizebis, ganxilvisa da saxelmwifo biujetis xarjvisas
unda gaaCndes mTavrobis kontrolis Zlieri berketebi.
8. MTB _Ddanergvis sferoSi evropis sxvadasxva qveynis gamocdileba
gamocdileba
xSir SemTxvevaSi sxvadasxva qveyanaSi MTB Semovida maSin, roca saxelmwifo
finansebs mwvave problemebi hqondaT. Tumca kargad Sedgenili da dasabuTebuli
wliuri biujeti TiTqmis yvelgan iyo biujetis saSualovadiani dagegvmis Sedegad
miRweuli warmatebis safuZveli. amasTan, kargi Sedegebis misaRebad moiTxoveba garkveuli pirobebis erTdrouli dacva. es pirobebia: Zlieri finansTa saministro Zli146
er aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaSi. Zlieri parlamenti Zlier mTavrobasTan erTad.
aseve, sajaro finansebis xarjvis Zlieri damoukidebeli makontrolebeli organoebi
(mag., kontrolis palata an sxvadasxva qveyanaSi sxva analogiuri funqciis mqone instituti). sxva qveynebis gamocdileba mowmobs, rom am rgolebidan erT-erTis sisustis SemTxvevaSi ver xerxdeba sasurveli Sedegebis miRweva.
biujetis saSualovadiani dagegmvis reformis warmatebiT ganxorcielebis mizniT ZiriTad rekomendaciebad SeiZleba miCneul iqnes:
_ wliuri da saSualovadiani biujetebis gancalkevebulobis da maT Soris
susti kavSiris arsebobis dauSvebloba;
_ mWidro TanamSromloba finansTa saministrosa da dargobriv saministroebs
Soris, romelSic sabiujeto procesi finansTa saministrom unda marTos;
_ finansTa saministros pasuxismgebloba makrofiskaluri CarCos SemuSavebaze;
_ dargobrivi saministroebis mier TavianT programebze winaswari Sefasebebis
momzadeba, ramdenadac finansTa saministros SeuZlia mxolod daxmarebisa da mxardamWeris rolis Sesruleba;
_ saSualovadiani biujetis Sedgenamde realuri wliuri biujetis Sedgena;
_ cudi wliuri biujetidan biujetis karg saSualovadian dagegmvaze gadasvlis SeuZlebloba;
_ struqturizebuli da droSi zustad gawerili sabiujeto procesi, “sabiujeto Weris” dacva, sabazo biujetis ganaxleba, axali gamowvevebiT ganpirobebuli
danaxarjebis gaweva strategiul prioritetebze;
_ arsebuli da axali gamowvevebiT ganpirobebuli xarjebis gancalkeveba, rogorc aucilebeli moTxovna;
_ miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis mravalwliani Sedegebis cxadi saxiT warmodgena;
_ biujetSi ganxorcielebuli yvela cvlilebis detalurad axsna;
unda iTqvas imazec, rom sruli MTB aucileblad moiTxovs relevantur monacemTa srulyofil bazas.
9. Bbiujetis dagegmvis istoria saqarTveloSi 19941994-2011 wlebSi
am periodSi SeiZleba ramdenime etapis gamoyofa. kerZod, 1994 wlidan 2004
wlis CaTvliT, saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministro amuSavebda “saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis yovelwliur indikatur gegmebs”, sadac
Camoyalibebuli iyo saqarTvelos ekonomikis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi tendenciebi da
makroekonomikuri parametrebi. maT Soris calke gamoiyofoda iseTi mimarTulebebi,
rogoricaa: qveynis fulad-sakredito da fiskaluri politika; cxovrebis done da
dasaqmeba, socialuri sferos dargebis ganviTareba; garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis dacva, regionuli ekonomika da sxva sakiTxebi, romlebic saxelmwifo biujetis
SedgenasTan mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli.
indikaturi gegmis Semadgeneli nawili iyo ekonomikis regulirebis ZiriTadi
mimarTulebebi da RonisZiebebi. masSi gamoiyofoda: saxelmwifo miznobrivi programebi; ekonomikuri reformebis sakanonmdeblo bazis srulyofa; mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis amaRlebisa da dasaqmebis; ganaTlebisa da jandacvis sistemebis srulyofis RonisZiebebi; saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri zrdis ZiriTadi parametrebi,
maT Soris: mSp-s zrdis tempebi, sagadamxdelo balansi da sxva. indikaturi gegmis
Sesabamisad xdeboda saqarTvelos wliuri saxelmwifo biujetis SemuSaveba. 2004
wlidan biujetis SedgenaSi ekonomikis saministros roli Sesustda.
147
aRniSnuli periodis Semdeg finansTa saministros mier muSavdeba “ZiriTadi
monacemebis dokumenti” (misi struqturis Sesaxeb ix. 2004 w. “sabiujeto sistemis Sesaxeb kanoni“, 2008 w. “sabiujeto kodeqsi”) .
saqarTvelos parlaments waredgina 2007-2010 ww., 2008-2011 ww., 2009-2012ww., 20102013 ww., 2011-2014 ww. dokumentebi.
2008 wlis msoflio ekonomikuri krizisis Sedegebis daZlevas emsaxureboda
2009 wlis biujeti _ „msoflio ekonomikuri krizisidan dacvis gegma“. 2010 wlis 30
ivniss saqarTvelos mTavrobam warmoadgina programa “erTiani saqarTvelo siRaribis
gareSe“, xolo 2011 wels _ „ekonomikuri gajansaRebis 2011 wlis biujeti“.
ekonomikuri zrdis xelSewyobisa da makroekonomikuri stabilurobis miRwevis
interesebi moiTxovs ekonomikisa da mdgradi ganviTarebis saministros mier „saqarTvelos ekonomikis grZelvadiani ganviTarebis gegmis” (10-20 wliani periodisaTvis) SemuSavebas. Semdgom mis safuZvelze unda SemuSavdes saSualovadiani gegmisa da
qveynis ZiriTadi monacamebisa da mimarTulebebis detaluri დოკუმენტი (BDD).
biujetis dagegmvis sferoSi arsebuli problemebi ZiriTadad imaSi mdgomareobs rom: sustia kavSiri qveynis ekonomikis grZelvadiani ganviTarebis strategias,
saSualovadiani ganviTarebis gegmas, BDD-sa da yovelwliur biujetebs Soris, romlis dasaZlevad:
_ saWiroa yovelwliurad realuri wliuri biujetis proeqtis momzadeba da,
Sesabamisad, misi miReba BDD-is dokumentTan erTad;
_ saWiroa BDD-Si dadgenili _ damtkicebuli „xarjebis Weris“ wlebis mixedviT mSp-Tan Tanafardobisa da biujetis deficitis mSp-Tan Tanafardobis kriteriumebis dacva (saqarTvelosTvis aqtualuriaa am maCveneblebis Tanmimdevruli dayvana
Sesabamisad mSp-s 30%-isa da 3%-is doneze mainc). aseve, saxelmwifo valis xvedriTi
wili mSp-Si ar unda aRematebodes 60%-s (ix. saqarTvelos kanoni” Tavisuflebis aqti”. 2011 wlis ivlisi).
_ aucilebelia biujetis, rogorc Semosavlebis Tanabarzomieri gadanawilebis
berketis rolis zrda, Sesabamisad, jinis koeficientis etapobrivi Semcireba;
_ gadaudebeli moTxovnaa reformebis gatareba ganaTlebis, jandacvisa da socialuri sferos dargebis dafinansebis optimizaciis mizniT. DsaWiroa danaxarjebis
struqturis optimizacia, im sferoebis wilis zrda, romlebic xels uwyobs mSp-is
maRali tempebiT zrdas _ ekonomikuri zrdisa da mosaxleobis daberebis tendenciis
(gaeros prognozebis) gaTvaliswinebiT;
_ saWiroa finansTa saministros, rogorc programuli biujetis SedgenaSi
koordinatoris, rolis amaRleba.Aucilebelia parlamentisa da parlamentis sabiujeto ofisis rolis zrda biujetis Sedgenis processa da misi Sesrulebis kontrolze. efeqtianobis zrdis aucilebeli winapirobaa MTB – is dokumentSi dadgenili
„xarjebis Weris“ agregirebul doneze dacvis uzrunvelyofa. moiTxoveba kontrolis
palatis rolis zrda saxelmwifo finansebis xarjvis kanonierebis kontrolis mizniT. Cveni azriT, maRali Sedegebis misaRwevad dargobriv saministroebs meti damoukidebloba esaWiroebaT. dReisaTvis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani moTxovnaa Sida auditis
rolis amaRlebac.
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muCiaSvili m. saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis perspeqtivebis Sefaseba
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papava vladimer. makroekonomikuri prognozirebisa da dagegmvis Taviseburebani
postkomunistur saqarTveloSi. socialuri ekonomika, # 6, 2007.
papava vladimer. saqarTvelos ekonomika: Secdomebi, safrTxeebi, maTi daZlevis
gzebi. 2008 wlis krizisi saqarTveloSi: winapiroba, realoba, perspeqtiva.
Tbilisi, damoukidebel eqspertTa klubi, 2009.
abesaZe r., sarCimelia r., arevaZe n., melaSvili m. ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da
prognozirebis problemebi, Tbilisi, “universali”, 2004.
saqarTvelos samTavrobo programa “erTiani saqarTvelo siRaribis gareSe”, 2011.
saqarTvelos 2009 wlis saxelmwifo biujeti _ “msoflio ekonomikuri krizisisagan dacvis gegma”, 2009.
saqarTvelos 2011 wlis saxelmwifo biujeti _ “ekonomikuri gajansaRebis gegma”,
2011.
“saqarTvelos sabiujeto kodeqsi”, 2010.
“programuli biujetis Sedgenis meTodologia”. saqarTvelos finansTa saministro, Tbilisi, 2011.
saqarTvelos mTavrobis ZiriTadi monacemebi da mimarTulebebi: 2010-2013 wlebi;
saqarTvelos finansTa saministro.
saqarTvelos mTavrobis ZiriTadi monacemebi da mimarTulebebi:
2011-2014 wlebi.
saqarTvelos finansTa saministro.
World Economic Forum.” The Global Competitiveness Index Ranking and 2010-2011 years comparisons”
Vladimer Papava. Foreign and domestic factors behind Georgia’s high inflation rate. Georgia Today on
the Web-2011.
Costa Ljungman. IMF Working Paper. Expenditure-Ceiling. A Survey. 2008.
Jim Brumby. Budgeting Reforms in OECD Member Countries. Paris, 2011.
European Central Bank. Assessing the impact of a change in the composition of public spending. By R.
Straub, I. Tchakarov. W/P # 795, 2007.
European Central Bank, Reforming Public Expenditures in industrialized countries. Are there trade offs?
W/P # 435. 2005.
OECD (2011), OECD Economic Survey of Estonia, Paris.
OECD (2011), OECD Economic Survey Australia, Paris.
OECD (2011), OECD Economic Survey Slovenia, Paris.
OECD (2011), OECD Economic Survey Poland, Paris.
OECD (2011), OECD Economic Survey Sweden, Paris.
OECD (2011), OECD Economic Survey Netherlands, Paris.
OECD (2011), OECD Economic Survey Slovak Republic, Paris.
Medium-Term Budgeting, Workshop materials. Center of Excellence in Finance, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
May 17-19, 2011.
Program Budgeting. Workshop materials. Center of Excellence in Finance, Ljubljana, Slovenia. June 1-3,
2011.
AAAArevadze Nanuli
Muchiashvili Marina
MEDIUM-TERM BUDGETING – A MAIN DEVICE IN ACHIEVING
THE MACROECONOMIC STABILITY OF A COUNTRY
SUMMARY
149
Nowadays one of the main reasons of implementation of Medium-Term Budgeting (MTB) in Georgia is
to achieve Macroeconomic Stability in the Long Run. MTB is a system for making the budget process more
strategic and responsive to the priorities of the government, by introducing a medium term (3 year) horizon to
the budgetary process.
The principal objectives of the MTB are: Further strengthen fiscal discipline in the management of the
budget of the federal government; Strengthen the alignment of budgetary allocation and expenditures with the
policies and priorities of the government, and Strengthen the process of budgeting and budget resource
management within the ministries so as to ensure efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the use of public sector
resources by line ministries/divisions in the delivery of public services.
In order to achieve these objectives the MTB is built on two main components: a) a strategic or “topdown” component, which is strengthening the overall management of resources in the State budget and the
alignment of the allocation of budgetary resources to ministries on the basis of government policies and
priorities; and b) a component of MTB which aims to strengthen the budgetary management process within the
line ministries/division. This is often referred to as the „bottom-up” component of the MTB.
The potential benefits of MTB are well known. A well-designed and well-managed framework for MTB
improves fiscal control, allocative efficiency and cost- effectiveness of service delivery, through increased
clarity of policy objectives, grater predictability in budget allocation, increased comprehensiveness and validity
of budget information and enhanced accountability and transparency in the use of resources.
Many countries around the world have taken steps to extend the time horizon of their budgetary preparation processes. While specific mechanisms and terminology vary, the most successful approaches to development of Medium-Term budgeting incorporate the following: A medium-Term fiscal Framework which sets out
aggregate fiscal targets, ceiling and projections; A medium-Term budget framework to include budgetary ceiling and forward estimates for line ministries; A medium-Term expenditure framework which sets out resources
requirements for maintenance of existing services and assesses the budgetary impact of new policies or policy
changes. In practice, however, many attempts to introduce MTB have failed to realize the potential benefits.
Frequently, introduction of MTB process has resulted in a process of formal resource-consuming effort of little
practical value and often divorced from the annual budget preparation process. In addition budget agencies frequently do not regard aggregate expenditure targets or ceiling as binding during negotiations. This reduces the
effectiveness of top-down element of MTB process in challenging budget institutions to prioritize their expenditures and therefore improve the efficiency of their resource allocation within a constrained resource envelope.
As a result, the spending plans become wish lists. The budget expenditures increases permanently and becomes
main factor of macroeconomic instability. Sharing the experiences of the different countries in MTB and Program Budgeting spheres will help Georgia to overcome above mentioned challenges and bottlenecks.
Tamila
arnania--kepulaZe
Tamila arnania
giorgi kepulaZe
socialuri kapitali: arsi da ekonomikurekonomikur-politikuri roli
bolo aTwleulebis manZilze sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa da, maT Soris, ekonomikur mecnierebaTa sivrceSi, mimdinareobs mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi, romlebic
fuZemdeblur gavlenas axdens kvlevis Teoriul-meTodologiur safuZvlebze da
“sxvadasxva doneze/mimarTulebiT gadasinjaven socialuri mecnierebebis sazRvrebs”
[Hodgson, Geoffrey M., 2007, p. 20]. es cvlilebebi, pirvel rigSi, dakavSirebulia disciplenaTaSorisi midgomis mniSvnelobis gaZlierebasTan.
disciplinaTaSorisi midgoma, romelic Tanamedrove pirobebSi kvlevisa da
axali codnis miRebis yvelaze progresul da efeqtur saSualebad iTvleba, gansxva150
vebuli disciplinaTa Sesayarze an erTi disciplinis farglebSi sxvadasxva disciplinaTa kvlevis meTodebis, meTodologiebisa da Teoriebis gaerTianebas warmoadgens axali codnis da/an codnis ufro siRrmiseuli donis miRebis mizniT.
ekonomikuri mecnierebisaTvis es gamovlindeba sxva socialuri mecnierebis,
da, pirvel rigSi, sociologiis, fsiqologiis, politologiis da, agreTve, anTropologiis kvlevis meTodebis, meTodologiuri midgomebisa da am disciplinebis farglebSi SemuSavebuli Teoriebis gamoyenebaSi axali ekonomikuri doqtrinebisa da
modelebis SemuSavebis an/da ukve arsebuli koncefciebis srulyofisaTvis, ekonomikuri problebemis ufro siRrmiseuli da yovelmxrivi analizisaTvis.
erT-erT aseT doqtrinas miekuTvneba socialuri kapitalis koncefcia, romelic sociologiis wiaRSi aRmocenda da myarad daimkvidra Tavi neoinstituciur ekonomikur TeoriaSi.
socialuri kapitalis
kapitalis raobis Sesaxeb
cneba „socialuri kapitali“ sakmaod intensiurad muSavdeba dasavlur sociologiur, politologiur da ekonomikur literaturaSi da mravali mecnieri cdilobs, mas zusti da calsaxa ganmarteba misces. miuxedavad amisa, socialuri kapitalis arsis Taobaze jerjerobiT erTiani warmodgena ar Seqmnila.
termini “socialuri kapitali” pirvelad gamoyenebuli iyo 1916 wels l.j. hanifanis (Lyda Judson Hanifan 1879-1932) mier iseTi garemoebebis aRwerisaTvis, romlebic
gavlenas axdens sasoflo skolebisa da TiToeuli adamianis yoveldRiur cxovrebaze. am garemoebeze pozitiuri zemoqmedebis mizniT, hanifanis mosazrebiT, aucilebelia adamianebSi iseTi Tvisebebis ganviTareba, rogoricaa amxanagoba, adamianTa
Soris urTierTsimpaTia da, agreTve, socialur urTierTobaTa Camoyalibebisa da komunikaciis unaris ganviTareba.
socialuri kapitalis pirveli sistematuri analizi ganxorcielda me-20 saukunis 70-80-ian wlebSi frangi sociologis pier burdies (Pierre Bourdieu 1930-2002) mier.
burdie ganasxvavebda kapitalis oTx formas: ekonomikurs, kulturuls, simbolur da
socialur kapitals. burdies TvalsazrisiT, socialuri kapitali warmoadgens arsebuli (anu, romelic amJamad gamoiyeneba) da potenciuri (anu, romlis gamoyeneba SesaZlebeli iqneba momavalSi) resursebis erTobliobas, romelic ugrovdeba adamianebs an/da adamianTa jgufebs da romelic dakavSirebulia urTierTnacnobobis an
urTierTaRiarebis met-naklebad myar instituciur urTierTobebTan [Bourdieu 1986, p.
248].
burdies SexedulebiT, socialuri kapitali „Sedgeba socialuri valdebulebebisagan (kavSirebisagan), romlebic garkveul pirobebSi SeiZleba gadaicvalos ekonomikur kapitalSi“ [Bourdieu 1986, gv. 243].
beikeri (Baker W.) ganixilavda socialur kapitals, rogorc resurss, romelic
sazogadoebis wevrebs gamohyavT specifikuri socialuri struqturebidan da romelic gamoiyeneba maTi interesebis dasakmayofileblad. beikeris azriT, socaluri kapitali warmoiSveba, rogorc adamianTaSoris urTierTobaTa Camoyalibebis Sedegi
[Baker, W., gv. 619].
bilivie da misi Tanaavtorebi oreili da veidi (Belliveau, O'Reilly, Wade) ganixilavdnen socialur kapitals, rogorc adamianTa pirad kavSirebs [Belliveau, M., gv.
1572].
boqsmani, de grai da flepi (Boxman, De Graai. Flap) ganixilaven socialur kapitals, rogorc “adamianTa erTobliobas, rogorc maT gankargulebaSi arsebul resurss romelTagan elodebian xelSewyobas” [Boxman, E., gv. 52] anu, sxvagvarad rom
vTqvaT, maTTvis socialuri kapitali aris adamianTa iseTi kavSiri, romelic mimarTulia am kavSirSi Semaval subieqtTa urTierTxelSewyobaze.
151
burti (Burt) iZleva socialuri kapitalis ufro pirdapir ganmartebas da wers,
rom socialuri kapitali moicavs megobrebis, kolegebis da saerTod yvela kontaqtebis farTo wres, romelic adamianebs aZlevs SesaZleblobas, gamoiyenos Tavisi
kolegebis, axloblebis, megobrebisa da a.S. finansuri da adamianuri kapitali [Burt,
Ronald, gv. 9].
portesis (Portes) azriT, socialuri kapitali warmoadgens adamianTa unars,
uzrunvelyon sakuTari sargebeli socialur qselebSi an sxva socialur struqturebSi gawevrianebis safuZvelze [Portes, gv. 22].
yvela aRniSnuli ganmarteba SeiZleba ganzogaddes im gansazRvraSi, romelic
misca socialur kapitals msoflio bankma. am gansazRvris Tanaxmad, „socialuri kapitali aris ara is, Tu ra viciT, aramed is, Tu vis vicnobT“ [msoflio bankis definicia].
dasavleTis Tanamedrove ekonomikur da sociologiur mecnierebaSi aRiarebulia, rom socialur kavSirebSi (socialur qselebSi) gaerTianebul adamianTa Soris yalibdeba gansakuTrebuli urTierTobebi, romlebic ndobas emyareba. swored
socialuri kavSirebi da ndoba ganixileba dRes, rogorc qveynis da regionis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis xelSemwyobi faqtori. msoflio bankis gansazRvris mixedviT,
“socialuri kapitali aerTianebs institutebs, urTierTobebsa da normebs, romlebic
sazogadoebaSi xarisxobrivad da raodenobrivad ayalibebs socialur urTierTqmedebas”. socialuri kapitali warmoadgens institutebis ara ubralo jams, aramed „im
socialur webos, romelic adamianTa Soris ndobis safuZvelze, xels uwyobs damatebiTi resursebis mobilizebas“ da romelic “erTmaneTTan akavSirebs sazogadoebis
sxvadasxva nawilebs” [msoflio bankis definicia].
ganasxvaveben socialuri kapitalis arsebobis or formas:
- struqturuli forma, romelic moicavs sazogadoebriv institutebs, sazogadoebriv kavSirebs, asociaciebs da, agreTve, am ukanasknelTa arsebobis wesebs;
- kognituri forma, romelis moicavs ndobas, urTierTobebs, faseulobebs, qcevis normebs.
socialuri normebi da socialuri kavSirebi Zalze mniSvnelovania adamianTa
Soris ndobis Camosayalibeblad, vinaidan gansazRvravs am socialur kavSirebSi
gaerTianebul da garkveul socialur normebs daqvemdebarebuli agentebis saimedo
(anu prognozirebad, garkveul farglebSi moqceul da garkveuli molodinis damakmayofilebel) qcevas.
fizikuri kapitalis msgavsad, SesaZlebelia socialuri kapitalis dagroveba;
xolo fizikuri kapitalisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic moxmarebis procesSi kargavs
Tavisi Rirebulebis nawils, socialuri kapitali gamoyenebis dros raodenobrivad
da xarisxobrivad izrdeba da Tu is ar gamoiyeneba, socialuri kapitali kargavs
Tavis faseulobas.
fizikuri kapitalis msgavsad, socialuri kapitali moiTxovs investirebas.
swored investirebasTan aris dakavSirebuli socialuri kapitalis gamoyeneba. investireba socialur kapitalSi atarebs rogorc uSualod materialur (anu fulad da
droiT), aseve emociur-fsiqologiur xasiaTs, romelic gamoixateba megobrul urTierTobebSi, kavSirebis gaZlierebis xelSewyobaSi, urTierTdaxmarebaSi.
socialuri kapitalis koncefcia ganixileba politikur da ekonomikur movlenebTan mWidro kavSirSi.
socialuri kapitalis politikuri aspeqtebi
socialur kapitals ganixilaven, rogorc sazogadoebaSi socialuri SeTanxmebulobis mniSvnelovan faqtors. dRes farTod aris aRiarebuli, rom socialuri ka152
pitali aris samoqalaqo sazogadoebis formirebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani safuZveli, romelic did gavlenas axdens demokratiuli institutebis funqcionirebaze.
arsebobs farTod gavrcelebuli mosazreba, rom politikuri konkurenciis
(arCevnebis da a.S.) Sedegebi didwilad ndobazea damokidebuli. zogi avtoris mtkicebiT, instituciuri cvlilebebis Sedegebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba im sazogadoebebSi, sadac winasaarCevno dapirebebi aris sando (anu sruldeba da amis gamo
mosaxleoba endoba axal dapirebebs) da im sazogadoebebSi, romlebic moklebulni
arian aseT ndobas [Persson, Torsten and Guido Tabellini. 2000].
zogi avtoris mtkicebiT, arsebobs myari urTierTdamokidebuleba ndobasa da
demokratiuli institutebis funqcionirebas Soris [Inglehart, Ronald. 1999] da stabiluri demokratiuli sistema uSualod aris damokidebuli Zlier „samoqalaqo kulturaze”, romelic efuZneba pirovnebaTa Soris ndobis maRal dones da aqtiur monawileobas sazogadoebriv gaerTianebebSi [Almond, Gabriel. A. and Sidney Verba. 1963].
sazogadoebis socialuri kapitali efuZneba urTierTndobis, TanamSromlobis,
urTierTgagebis maRal dones da rac ufro ganviTarebulia sazogadoebis socialuri kapitali, miT ufro maRalia imis varaudi, rom sazogadoeba met warmatebas
miaRwevs.
socialuri kapitalis ekonomikuri aspeqtebi
aspeqtebi
socialuri kapitalis ZiriTad funqcias warmoadgens arsebuli resursebis
efeqturi gamoyenebis xelSewyoba, rac amcirebs organizaciis xarjebs.
socialuri kavSirebis farTo wre, ndobaze dafuZnebuli urTierTobebi da am
urTierTobebis saimedooba afarToebs ekonomikuri saqmianobis SesaZleblobebs, amcirebs oportunistuli qcevis risks, xels uwyobs sxvadasxva ekonomikuri operaciebis ganxorcielebas, magaliTad, finansuri kontraqtebis dadebas, roca kreditorebi
aZleven sesxs momavali dafarvis dapirebiT, an SromiTi xelSekrulebebi, roca damqiraveblebi qiraoben momuSavees iseTi samuSaos Sesasruleblad, romlis gakontroleba an/da gazomva ar aris SesaZlebeli, an ZiriTad kapitalSi investireba, romelsac investorebi axorcieleben firmebisa an/da mTavrobebis dapirebis garantiiT,
rom maTi aqtivebi ar iqneba eqsproprirebuli. aseTi gagebiT saqmian urTierTobebSi
partniorTa Soris arsebuli ndoba saqmian urTierTobaTa ganmsazRvrel faqtorad
gamodis [Keefer Philip, Knack Stephen, 2003, p. 9].
socialuri kapitali amcirebs gaurkvevlobas
da amiT zrdis ekonomikuri
agentebis racionaluri arCevanis gakeTebis SesaZleblobas. ndobaze da urTierTcodnaze dafuZnebuli araformaluri urTierTobebi da mocemul jgufSi miRebuli
moraluri principebi da qcevis normebi, rac araformaluri institutebis struqturul elementebs warmoadgens, gamWvirvales qmnis organizaciis wevrebis qcevas da
mniSvnelovnad amcirebs oportunistuli qcevis danaxarjebs, axorcielebs arsebuli
resursebis efeqturi gamoyenebis xelSewyobas. iTvleba, rom swored araformaluri
institutebi warmoadgenen socialuri kapitalis koncentrirebis saSualebas [Золотова И.К., Виноградова Е.И.].
„ekonomikuri saqmianoba, romelic moiTxovs sxva adamianTa momaval saqmianobaze dayrdnobas, maRali ndobis garemoSi xorcieldeba ufro dabali danaxarjebiT”
[Keefer Philip, Knack Stephen, 1997, p. 1253].
k. erous (Kenneth Joseph Arrow) mtkicebiT, faqtobrivad yoveli komerciuli operacia moicavs ndobis elementebs [Arrow, Kenneth, 1972 p. 357]. magaliTad, im SemTxvevebSi, roca saqonlisa da momsaxurebis gaweva xorcieldeba momavali gadaxdis sanacvlod an roca garkveuli saqmianobis Sesruleba rTulad eqvemdebareba kontrols
da a.S., swored ndoba, romelic dafuZnebulia da romelic gamomdinareobs konkre153
tul jgufSi moqmed iseTi araformaluri institutebis funqcionirebidan, rogoricaa qcevis normebi, Rirsebis kodeqsi, Camoyalibebuli tradiciebi da a.S., warmoadgens danaxarjebis Semcirebis sawindars.
socialuri kapitali amcirebs danaxarjebs erToblivi saqmianobis koordinirebaze. aseTi Sedegi miiRweva imis safuZvelze, rom formaluri normebi da biurokratiuli wesebi icvleba ndobiT da araformaluri normebiT, romlebsac uSualod
gahyavT socialuri kavSirebiT gaerTianebuli adamianebi maT mier dasaxuli miznebis
miRwevaze.
jgufebi (sazogadoebebi), sadac maRalia ndobis done, naklebad arian damokidebuli formalur institutebze, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevebSi, roca es ukanasknelni (formaluri institutebi) saTanado doneze ver aregulireben ekonomikuri
saqmianobis calkeul mxareebs.
piradi nacnobobisa da ndobis safuZvelze mewarmeTa (da, zogadad, momuSaveTa)
Soris Camoyalibebuli kavSirebis meSveobiT
ufro ioli xdeba informaciis urTierTgacvla, martivdeba gadawyvetilebis miReba da maRldeba koleqtiuri saqmianobis efeqturoba rac, saboloo jamSi, xels uwyobs ekonomikur ganviTarebas.
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Portes, Alejandro. 1998. "Social capital: its origins and applications in modern sociology." Annual
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Золотова И.К., Виноградова Е.И. Социальный капитал как фактор снижения издержек фирмы.
msoflio bankis definicia: Social Capital: The Glue Holding Society Together.
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Arnania-Kepuladze Tamila
Kepuladze Giorgi
SOCIAL CAPITAL: THE ESSENCE AND
ECONOMICAL-POLITICAL ROLE
SUMMARY
The social capital is a new and one of the most useful categories for investigation the social and economic development of society, region, as well as source for success of organization and each individual. Social
capital does not have a clear and undisputed meaning. The goal of this article is to define the essence and the
role of social capital and explanation its political and economic aspects.
Based on the literature review, the various viewpoints on the social capital essence have been defined in
the paper. The generalization of the different opinions show that in the modern scientific literature the social
capital and its attributes such as social network, personal relationships and kinship ties, acquaintances and
friendship are viewed and described as a part of cultural life of society and as a source for human’s personal
development and personal success as well as a basis for social and economical development of society and
democratic progress.
giorgi abaSiSvili
„strategiuli
gaugebroba““ saqarTvelos
strategiuli gaugebroba
ekonomikaSi
postkomunisturi saqarTvelos ekonomikuri politikis erT-erTi umTavresi
elementi privatiizaciis ganxorcielebis politikaa. saqarTveloSi damoukideblobis
mopovebis Semdgom ganxorcielebuli privatizaciis politika qmnida STabeWdilebas,
rom xelisuflebas surda, garkveuli, mniSvnelovani obieqtebi sakuTari kreaturebisaTvis gadaeca samudamo samarTavad, anu am SemTxvevaSi adgili hqonda e.w. „garigebiT privatizacias“.
zogadad, privatizaciis politika gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebSi gansakuTrebuli kamaTis sagnad iqca. kerZod, musirebs gavrcelebuli azri imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom „saxelmwifo qonebis privatizeba SesaZlebelia, magram yvelafris ara!“,
amasTan, gamoTqmis _ „yvelafris ara“-s sinonimad aRebulia sityva „strategiuli“.
martivad rom vTqvaT, es niSnavs privatizaciis politikis gaxleCas misgan „strategiulad“ wodebuli dargebis gamocalkevebis mizniT. Tavis mxriv, „strategiul“ dargebad „Zalian mniSvnelovani“ dargebi saxeldeba, rogoricaa, magaliTad, energetika,
telekomunikaciebi, transporti da a.S. Tumca, pasuxi kiTxvaze, Tu ratomaa, magaliTad, transporti sasoflo-samurneo miwebze ufro mniSvnelovani, romlis saSualebiTac iqmneba mosaxleobisaTvis sakvebad aucilebeli produqti da romelTa privatizebis winaaRmdegni maincdamainc bevrni ar arian, savsebiT gaurkvevelia. ubralod
rom vTqvaT, privatizaciis procesebidan erTi romelime dargis gamoTiSvas misi
„strategiulobis“ motiviT, ar gaaCnia raime gonivruli dasabuTeba, radgan Tanamedrove ganviTarebaze orientirebuli ekonomika gvarwmunebs, rom saxelmwifos arc
imdenad ganusazRvreli SesaZleblobebi aqvs, rom yvelaferi efeqtianad marTos da
gamoiyinos, an, zogadad, ratom unda davavaloT saxelmwifos imis keTeba, rasac masze ukeT da efeqturad kerZo seqtori SeZlebs.
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dResdReobiT saqarTveloSi mimdinareobs ekonomikuri reformebis axali da
mniSvnelovani etapi, romlis erT-erTi ZiriTadi nawili privatizaciis politikaa.
Tavisi arsiT, privatizaciis politika uzrunvelyofs ekonomikis radikalur deregulirebas masSi kerZo investiciebis mozidvis mizniT. Tumca saqarTveloSic sakmarisad gamoCdnen „strategiulad moazrovne“ adamianebi, romlebic „strategiulobis
motiviT“ radikalurad ewinaaRmdegebian portebis, energetikis, aeroportebis da a.S.
privatizebas, nacvlad imisa, rom ikamaTon strategiuli investoris moZiebaze. aseT
SemTxvevaSi iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom „strategiuli motivis“ ukan an interesTa gavleniani jgufebi dganan, romlebsac „strategiul“ dargebTan piradi „strategiuli“
interesi amoZravebs, an saqme gvaqvs ekonomikur mecnierebaTa arcodnasTan. jamSi, es
orive SemTxveva gardamavali ekonomikisa da axali demokratiis qveynebSi iwvevs sazogadoebis dabneulobas, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Seferxebas (investiciebis Semodinebis klebas), rac, jamSi, „strategiul gaugebrobad“ wodebul viTarebas qmnis.
ra aris „strategiuli gaugebroba“, momavlis ver danaxva, erovnuli usafrTxoebis xelyofa Tu Rrma provincializmi? am sami saintereso tendenciidan oris
Sejereba Tavisufladaa SesaZlebeli. kerZod, iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom strategiuli „gaugebroba“ Rrma provincializmiT gamowveuli momavlis ver danaxvaa. Tumca
sakiTxze msjelobisas am konteqstidan ar unda gamoiricxos e.w. „strategiuli interesebi“, anu rodesac saqme gvaqvs viTarebasTan, ra SemTxvevaSic mocemuli subieqtis
(fsevdoinvestoris) interesi metia qveynis saerTo interesTan SedarebiT. swored
amitom, xSirad musirebs azri imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom „strategiuli gaugebrobis“
wyaro mocemuli subieqtis piradi interesis safuZvlidan warmoqmnili eWvia, romelic kargadaa SeniRbuli „erovnuli“, „saxelmwifoebrivi“, „damRupveli“ da liberaluri ekonomikuri politikisaTvis miuRebeli sxva sityvebiT.
gaugebaria „strategiulobis“ kidev erTi umTavresi motivi, romlis Tanaxmad,
romelime mocemuli obieqti ar unda gadavceT „ucxoelebs“, radgan „isini“ amas, saWiroebisda mixedviT, Cvens winaaRmdeg gamoiyeneben. martivi dakvirvebiT cxadi xdeba,
rom yovelive es Zalze hgavs gasuli saukuneebis „merkantilistebis“ ideebs, rodesac erTi qveyana meore qveynisagan saqonlis Semotanas krZalavda im motiviT, rom
gaRaribdeboda, xolo meore mxriv, mas ar aZlevda gemebs da/an sxva samxedro nawarms, raTa „meore qveyanas“ omis dros es yovelive amave qveynis winaaRmdeg ar gamoeyenebina, sainteresoa da, amave dros samwuxaro, rom „merkantilistTa“ gasuli
saukuneebis araefeqturi logika „Tanamedrove qarTul saxelmwifoSic“ dominirebs.
„strategiuli“ obieqtebis Temis ganxilvisas kargi magaliTia diskusia saqarTvelos magistraluri gazsadenis Sesaxeb. es aris Tema, romelic garkveuli periodulobiT musirebda da musirebs sxvadasxva tipis diskusiebis dros. yovelTvis, rodesac
saqarTvelos magistraluri gazsadenis gayidvaze iwyeba saubari, diskusiis monawileebi sakmaod komikur situaciaSi aRmoCndebian xolme. aseTi diskusiis monawile
orive mxares arasodes gaaCnia saTanado ekonomikuri argumentebi, raTa daasabuTos,
Tu ratomaa kargi gazsadenis gayidva, an piriqiT ratomaa es faqti ase cudi. im dros
ki, rodesac ekonomikuri argumentebiT saubari iwureba, msjeloba umal politikur
WrilSi inacvlebs da ori qveynis, aSS-sa da ruseTis federaciis interesebs Seexeba.
am ori qveynis interesebze saubrisas saqarTvelos interesi, arcTu iSviaTad, saerTod amovardnilia Tundac saubris konteqstidan.
umravles SemTxvevaSi magistraluri gazsadenis ar gayidvis ZiriTad argumentad
saqarTveloSi upirobod saxeldeba ruseTis saxelmwifos faqtori, Tumca, amave
dros, iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom magistralur gazsadens „siamovnebiT“ mihyidian
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frang, germanel, britanel, amerikel da Tundac Turq investorebs. swored amitom,
sazogadoebis saRad moazrovne nawilisagan bunebrivad ibadeba kiTxva: magistralur
gazsadens saerTod ar vyidiT Tu ar vyidiT rusebze? SekiTxvis pirveli nawili
ekonomikur mecnierebaSi gacnobierebulma adamianma namdvilad ar unda dasvas, xolo
qarTul sinamdvileSi ki konstituciis Sesabamisi muxlis Sesworebac unda moiTxovos, ai rac Seexeba SekiTxvis meore nawils, pasuxi erTia _ unda vifiqroT ufro
meti, vidre pirvel SemTxvevaSi dagvWirdeboda. kerZod, rodesac biznesmeni misi
sawarmos teritoriaze arsebul, misi sawarmosaTvis sasicocxlod mniSvnelovan gazis mils hyidis, igi aucileblad fiqrobs ara dRevandel moklevadian mogebaze, vin
met fuls miscems mas, aramed imaze, rom vin ufro stabilurad moamaragebs mis
sawarmos (bunebrivia, aq aris sxva mniSvnelovani faqtorebic). aseve unda iqceodes
saxelmwifo, anu igi xelaRebiT ki ar unda ambobdes uars ama Tu im e.w. „strategiuli obieqtis“ gayidvasTan dakavSirebiT, aramed Zalze aqtiurad eZebdes mocemuli
obieqtis myidvel „strategiul investors“, romelic ixdis Tanxas, aformebs orive
mxarisaTvis misaReb xelSekrulebas, romlisaTvisac saerTaSoriso samarTali mniSvnelovania da romlis imedic gaqvs. bunebrivia, aseT SemTxvevaSi yovelTvis unda moveridoT aramyar, saerTaSoriso samarTlis ugulvebelmyof partniors. logika martivia: „mesaWiroeba myari, kargi reputaciis da momavlis perspeqtiuli danaxvis niWis
mqone partniori da ara moklevadiani efeqtebis momlodine, arasaimedo, reputaciaSelaxuli partniori“.
bolo ori Tvis ganmavlobaSi saqarTveloSi aseve aqtualuri iyo Tema Tbilisis anZis gasxvisebasTan dakavSirebiT. diskusiebi am Temazec swored zemoT aRweril formatSi warimarTa. Tumca, Tbilisis anZis SemTxvevaSi realurad saubari
iyo ara gasxvisebaze (anu gayidvaze), aramed investorisaTvis marTvis uflebiT gadacemaze. Temaze msjelobisas aucileblad unda aRiniSnos, rom „marTvis uflebiT
gadacema“ sruliad araefeqtur formad gveCveneba, vinaidan sakuTrebis flobisa da
gankargvis ufleba ekonomikuri ganviTarebis erTaderTi motivia, xolo e.w. „marTvis
ufleba“ ijariT aRebul binas hgavs, sadac kapitalur remonts im ubralo mizeziT
ar gaakeTeb, rom, adre Tu gvian, am farTis daTmoba mogiwevs. swored amitom vTvliT, rom „marTvis uflebis“ Tema ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis araefeqturi formaa da Tbilisis anZac SesaZlebelia, sxva nebismieri obieqtis msgavsad, „strategiul
investorze“ (aseTis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi) gayiduliyo.
sxvadasxva tipis „strategiul obieqtebze“ msjeloba realurad mTel msoflioSi
mimdinareobs, Tumca, sinamdvileSi, garda zemoT aRniSnuli msjelobisa, saqarTvelos
ekonomikuri politikis umTavresi problema ekonomikur ideologiaze Camouyalibeblobaa. saqarTvelos xelisuflebam unda moaxdinos mkafio deklarireba Tu rogori
tipis ekonomikur models irCevs. ekonomikuri modelis gamokveTa mTel rig SemTxvevebSi
Zalian bevr kiTxvas avtomatur pasuxs gascemda.
Abashishvili Giorgi
„STRATEGIC OBSCURITY““ IN THE ECONOMY OF GEORGIA
SUMMARY
The article - "Strategic misunderstanding" in Georgian economy” discusses the economic politics of
privatization in Georgia, the country of a new democracy. The main focus is made on the issue - how much
should the general privatization be separated from privatization of so-called „strategic units“. The article mentions „strategic investor“ that can be enabled to purchase all types of entities. To justify such discussions, the
article gives practical examples from Georgian main gas pipeline and Tbilisi TV Broadcasting Tower.
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Бибилашвили Нана
ОСОБЕННОСТИ ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ УРОВНЯ БЕЗРАБОТИЦЫ В
ПОСТКОММУНИСТИЧЕСКИХ СТРАНАХ
На сегодняшнем этапе развития и жизни общества большое значение придается правильному
представлению понятия безработицы и изучению связанных с ней вопросов. Безработица представляет
собой социально-экономическое явление, которое сопутствует определенному способу производства.
Известно, что безработица характерна для такого способа производства, который опирается на рыночноэкономические отношения.
В специальной литературе общее определение понятия безработицы разными авторами дается
по-разному. Однако, следует отметить, что в определении главной сути безработицы их мнения совпадают.
Безработица, в нашем понимании, вообще, в классической форме представляет собой
социально-экономическое явление, характерное для того или иного способа производства, во время
которого одна часть трудоспособного населения по определенным причинам не может найти работу,
превращается в "избыток" активного населения, образуя при этом резерв трудовой армии.
Безработица в классической форме характерна для капиталистического способа производства и
представляет собой одну из важных объектов макроэкономического регулирования той или иной
страны, говоря иначе, безработица является одной из важных причин макроэкономической нестабильности страны. Но это не всегда так. Безработица, как социально-экономическое явление, подвергается особому вниманию тогда, когда ее показатель превышает предварительно установленный в
мировой практике уровень и выходит за предел признанного естественного уровня.
При капитализме безработица, в той или иной мере, всегда имеет место. Это вызвано тем, что
она возникает под влиянием не только субъективных, но и объективных факторов. Здесь, прежде всего,
конечно, подразумевается такой известный ее вид, как естественная безработица.
Естественная безработица имеет два вида (или формы), известные как фрикционная и
структурная. Фрикционная – представляет собой временную безработицу, вызванную поиском безработными работы с более подходящими условиями, с изменением местожительства, с поиском работы
молодыми специалистами после окончания училища по своему профилю или специальности. Структурная же представляет собой такую безработицу, которая связана с технологическими изменениями в
производстве, или с научно-техническим прогрессом, меняющим структуру спроса на рабочую силу.
Такой вид безработицы характерен для лиц, чьи профессии и квалификация устарели или стали менее
обязательными и не отвечают требованиям времени. Это, конечно, случается потому, что у безработных
подобной категории нет необходимых знаний для исполнения работы.
В теории и практике занятости параллельно естественному уровню безработицы употребляется
понятие фактического уровня безработицы. Для правильного выяснения и расчета фактического уровня
безработицы население делят на группы. При этом в первую группу объединяются лица, не достигшие
16- летнего возраста, также лица трудоспособного возраста, которые из-за нахождения в специальных
учреждениях (тюрьмах, психиатрических больницах и др.) не могут найти работу. Они принадлежат к
потенциальной части рабочей силы. Во вторую группу объединяются совершеннолетние лица (например, пенсионеры, ученики, военнослужащие, студенты, аспиранты и др.), потенциально имеющие
полную или частичную возможность работать, но по объективным или субъективным причинам не
работающие и не ищущие работы (некоторые лица, принадлежащие к этой категории, иногда называются выбывшими из состава рабочей силы). В третью группу объединяют только лиц, имеющих не
только возможность, но и желание работать.
Из специальной литературы [8, 15, 16] известно, что функционированию и развитию рыночной
экономики, в определенной мере, всегда должна сопутствовать безработица и она считается нормальным явлением, если не превышает естественный уровень (например, 5-6 %). Но безработица,
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помимо фрикционной и структурной, включающая в себя циклическую, сезонную, региональную,
скрытую, институциональную, добровольную, демографическую, застойную и др. виды, часто
превышает ее естественный уровень, вызывая при этом ряд нежелательных и негативных последствий.
В настоящее время именно в таком положении находятся посткоммунистические страны, в частности
Грузия. Показатели, отражающие уровень безработицы в этих странах, по официальным данным
значительно превышают ее естественный уровень. Так например, уровень безработицы в Грузии в 2010
году был равен 16,3 % [ www.geostat.ge ], что почти, втрое превышает ее естественный уровень.
В посткоммунистических странах, и особенно в Грузии, показатели уровней безработицы,
определенные на основе сегодняшних официальных данных, по-нашему мнению, неправильно выражают остроту проблем и подлинную величину социально-экономического ущерба, возникших в
настоящее время по причине безработицы. Это, в первую очередь, вызвано использованием неправильного метода расчета показателей, выражающих уровни занятости и безработицы в вышеуказанных
странах.
Известно, что насегодня расчет этих показателей в посткоммунистических странах, в том числе
в Грузии, ведется с помощью классического подхода, по созданным для капиталистических стран
правилам и методике. Это в то время, когда предпосылки возникновения капиталистических и
посткоммунистических стран, закономерности занятости и безработицы в них весьма отличны друг от
друга.
Исходя из этого, мы считаем, что в посткоммунистических странах, в том числе в Грузии,
правила и методика расчета уровней занятости, безработицы, а также показателей, отражающих ущерб
экономического и социального характера, вызванный безработицей, должны отличаться от применяемых в капиталистических странах правил и методики. Наверное, является целесообразным усовершенствование традиционных правил и методики таким образом, чтобы они пригодились для посткоммунистических стран.
До того как коснемся описания тех элементов, которые нуждаются в изменении, кратко
рассмотрим основные принципы, характеризующие занятость, безработицу и их уровни.
Среди основных статистических категорий занятости населения, как известно, выделяют
понятия трудовых ресурсов, экономически активного населения, экономически неактивного населения,
занятых, безработных и занятых неполное рабочее время.
Известно, что трудовые ресурсы объединяют трудоспособное население в трудоспособном
возрасте (по установленному в стране трудовому законодательству) и фактически работающие лица,
старше или младше такого возраста.
При этом известно, что экономически активным населением считается та часть трудовых
ресурсов, которая в течение определенного периода (например, года, месяца и т.д.) предлагает свою
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рабочую силу для производства экономического богатства или обслуживания и объединяет занятых и
безработных.
В качестве синонима понятия экономически активное население в специальной литературе
употребляют понятие рабочая сила.
По активности и продолжительности экономически активное население делят на две группы: 1.
Экономически активное население в данный момент и 2. Обыкновенно экономически активное население (первое включает в себя ту часть населения, которая в течение длительного периода не
принадлежала ни к занятым, ни к безработным; второе включает в себя тех лиц, которые в течение
определенного отчетного периода принадлежали либо к занятым, либо к безработным).
Под термином занятых (в специальной литературе) подразумевают совокупность тех лиц,
которые в течение определенного периода работали наемным или самозанятым ( под самозанятыми, по
известному в настоящее время определению, подразумевают нанимателей, работающих за свой счет,
членов производственного кооператива (товарищества) и работающих членов семьи, оказывающих ей
помощь) способом, и чья деятельность удовлетворяла следующим требованиям: 1. Деятельность носила
общественно полезный характер; 2. За счет затраченного труда получен определенный доход (в
денежной или натуральной форме).
По известной и принятой в настоящее время методике рабочая сила ( L ) состоит из
трудоспособных работающих (занятых) ( l1 ) и таких безработных ( l2 ), которые активно ищут работу.
Значит, можно написать, что
L = l1 + l2 .
(1)
Фактический уровень безработицы, представляющий собой процентное выражение безработной
части рабочей силы в ее общем объеме, вычисляется как отношение величины, выражающей количество
фактических безработных к величине, выражающей общую численность рабочей силы, умноженное на
100 (или выраженное в процентном показателе).
Если фактический уровень безработицы обозначим как U ф , то
Uô =
(2 )
l2
⋅ 100 %.
L
Точность вычисления такого уровня безработицы в большей степени зависит от того, насколько
правильно будут установлены общая численность рабочей силы и количество безработных.
Вычисление фактического уровня безработицы в посткоммунистических странах с помощью (2)ой формулы, по нашему мнению, не было бы правильным, т.к. эта формула созданная только для
капиталистических стран классической формы, предусматривает свойственные ей черты. Она, конечно,
не может учитывать специфические закономерности стран, находящихся в посткоммунистическом
пространстве, и возникшие в них в настоящее время различные проблемы в политической, экономической, социальной сферах.
Из сказанного следует, что (2)-ая формула нуждается в усовершенствовании. А именно в нее
должны быть внесены факторы, выражающие отличные друг от друга черты занятости в посткоммунистических и капиталистических странах.
Лица категории занятых в посткоммунистических странах, и в том числе в Грузии, в отличие от
лиц той же категории капиталистических стран классической формы, имеют специфические черты
различного вида. Из них выделим и рассмотрим следующие:
Под первой специфической чертой мы подразумеваем тот факт, что в посткоммунистических
странах, и в частности в Грузии, занятыми, по существующему сегодня правилу, считаются и те лица,
которые, несмотря на то, что не создают общественно необходимый продукт, все таки получают доход.
Однако, довольно трудно доказать, осуществляют ли они общественно полезную деятельность.
В связи с этим, по нашему мнению, необходимо внести уточнение в первый критерий определения рассмотренного выше понятия (существующего в настоящее время в статистике занятости
населения) занятых. В частности, занятыми надо считать те лица, которым, вместе с другими (уже
160
известными) требованиями, добавочно предъявляются следующие – они должны вести общественно
необходимую деятельность и создавать меновую стоимость, соответствующую рыночным отношениям.
Под второй специфической чертой нами подразумевается тот факт, что по действующим сегодня
в посткоммунистических странах, и в том числе в Грузии правилам, занятыми считаются лица,
получающие символический доход, т.е. доход, намного меньше существующего в стране прожиточного
минимума. Последнего не хватает им даже для собственного физического спасения. Поэтому они
вынуждены искать работу в других местах. Получается, что они фактически являются безработными.
Для отображения рассмотренных выше характерных для посткоммунистических стран
специфических черт в формулы (1) и (2) необходимо внести следующие дополнительные обозначения:
l1 – обозначает показатель, выражающий количество той части трудоспособных работников,
которые считаются занятыми, но, несмотря на это, они все-таки не создают общественно необходимый
продукт ( т.е. не создают меновой стоимости, соответствующей рыночным отношениям);
~
l1 – показатель, выражающий количество той части трудоспособных работников, которые
считаются занятыми и получают символический доход, т.е. доход, намного меньший прожиточного
минимума;
l1* – показатель, выражающий количество той части трудоспособных работников, которые
считаются занятыми, создают общественно необходимый продукт и получают доход, равный или
больше прожиточного минимума;
l1* – показатель, выражающий количество той части трудоспособных работников, которые
считаются занятыми, не создают общественно необходимый продукт, но все-таки получают доход,
равный или больше прожиточного минимума;
~
считаются занятыми, не создают общественно необходимый продукт и получают символический доход,
т.е. доход намного меньше прожиточного минимума;
~*
считаются занятыми, создают общественно необходимый продукт и получают доход (символический)
намного меньше прожиточного минимума;
Учитывая эти обозначения, для нынешних посткоммунистических стран, и в том числе для
Грузии, по существующей сегодня методике можно символически написать, что
(3)
~ ~
l1 = l1* + l1* + l1 + l1 * .
Для стран, находящихся в посткоммунистическом пространстве, и в том числе для Грузии,
подлинным выражением для (3)-ей формулы считаем l1 = l1* . Значит, по нашему мнению, численность
трудоспособных работников должна определяться количеством таких занятых лиц, которые создают
общественно необходимый продукт и получают доход, равный или больше прожиточного минимума.
Из всего этого ясно, что для нынешних посткоммунистических стран принятую форму (2)-ой
формулы можно записать следующим образом:
L − l1*
L − l1
⋅ 100 %,
UФ =
⋅100 % =
L
L
( 4)
~ ~
l1* + l1 + l1 * + l 2
Uф =
⋅100 %,
L
(5)
или же
где
U ф – показатель, выражающий фактический уровень безработицы.
А для определения уровня занятости, можно употребить такую формулу:
161
~ ~
l1 − (l1* + l1 + l1 * )
Eф =
⋅100%,
L
(6)
или же
~ ~
L − (l1* + l1 + l1 * + l 2 )
Eф =
⋅100% =
L
~
 l* + ~
l1 + l1 * + l 2 
1

= 1−
⋅100%,


L


(7 )
где
Eф – показатель, выражающий фактический уровень занятости.
1.
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162
Bibilashvili Nana
PECULARITIES OF DEFINING THE LEVEL OF UNEMPLOYMENT
IN POSTCOMMUNIST COUNTRIES
SUMMARY
In postcommunist countries, particularly in Georgia the stage of economic development is characterized
by high level of unemployment. This is connected with the establishment of market economy, lack of economic
development, deficiency of working places, insufficient qualification of unemployees in these countries. Clearly, it provokes macroeconomic destabilization; though it should be noted that unemployment is a regulative
problem in these countries. In this connection, on current stage of economic development, the problem of working out the mechanism of unemployment level regulation according to time periods, is of great importance. One
of the significant part of such mechanism should be the definition of unemployment level.
The article deals with the issues of methodological problems of definition of this level. The reasons of
unemployment, specific patterns and regulation, characteristic to these countries, especially to Georgia are determined in the article. The ways of defining the methodological improvement of employment and unemployment levels are proposed as well.
Tamaz gamsaxurdia
Teimuraz festveniZe
adamianuri resursebis efeqturi gamoyeneba
gamoyeneba _ saxelmwifoebrivi
mniSvnelobis problema
sabazro ekonomikisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia kerZo interesebi, adamianis damoukidebeli azrovneba da Tavisufali arCevanis ufleba. adamiani aris sazogadoebrivi
gonieri arseba, romelsac aqvs unari, Seqmnas Sromis iaraRebi da maTi saSualebiT
daupirispirdes bunebas, Tavisi materialuri da sulieri moTxovnilebis Sesabamisad
gardaqmnas igi. adamians gaaCnia cnobiereba, danawevrebuli metyveleba, romelic qmnis
kulturas. adamiani aris is fenomeni, romelsac ZaluZs, Zirfesvianad Secvalos qveyanaSi
arsebuli mdgomareoba. ra gvaqvs mxedvelobaSi _ bevr sxva sasikeTo saqmeebTan erTad,
pirvel rigSi, gansakuTrebuli xelSewyoba da adamianuri resursebis gonivruli da
qveynisaTvis sasikeTo saqmianobaSi gamoyeneba, rac iZleva imis SesaZleblobas, rom
sazogadoeba ganviTardes, win wavides da Seqmnas kargi safuZveli demografiuli
viTarebis gakeTilSobilebisaTvis.
adamianma sakuTari xeliT Seqmna Sromis iaraRi da Sromis produqti, aqedan iwyeba
azrovnebisa da metyvelebis intensiuri ganviTareba da, maSasadame, adamianis Camoyalibeba. saukuneebis manZilze adamianis azrovneba ixveweboda, hqonda midrekileba gamoegonebina iseTi teqnika, romelic Seumsubuqebda mZime Sromas, gauumjobesebda Sromis
pirobebs, anu Seamcirebda Sromatevadobas da aamaRlebda Sromis nayofierebis dones.
amiT is qmnida safuZvels, ewarmoebina meti produqcia, vidre is moixmarda. mas eZleoda
saSualeba, zedmeti produqti gaeyida bazarze da gaeumjobesebina misi sayofacxovrebo
pirobebi.
adamianuri resursebis menejmenti Seiswavlis muSaxelisa da specialistebis
teritoriul ganlagebas kontinentebsa da qveynebSi, agreTve TiToeuli qveynis SigniT.
adamianuri resursebis TvalsazrisiT sxvadasxva regionSi mosaxleoba proporciulad
ar aris ganlagebuli, radgan maT raodenobasa da Semadgenlobaze gavlenas axdens ama Tu
im teritoriaze mcxovrebTa asakobrivi struqtura, es ukanaskneli ki bevradaa damoki163
debuli Sobadobisa da sikvdilianobis normebze, agreTve migraciaze. adamianur resursebTan mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli meurneobisa da kulturis calkeuli dargebis ganviTareba. warmoebis TiToeuli dargi moiTxovs garkveuli specialobis mqone SromiT
kontingentebs, amasTan dakavSirebiT adamianuri resursebi da warmoeba zegavlenas
axdens erTmaneTze. warmoeba izidavs adamianur resursebs, Tavis mxriv, adamianuri
resursebis arseboba xels uwyobs warmoebis ganviTarebas. aRniSnuli faqtorebis
zegavleniT yalibdeba adamianuri resursebis garkveuli teritoriuli ganlageba da
mudmivad mimdinareobs maTi gadanawileba sxvadasxva regionebs Soris, gansakuTrebiT
TiToeuli qveynis SigniT (SeiZleba iTqvas saqarTvelos dedaqalaq Tbilisze, sadac
qveynis mTeli mosaxleobis erTi mesamedi cxovrobs, radgan aq ukeTesi sayofacxovrebo
pirobebi arsebobs. es iwvevs adamianuri resursebis araTanabar gadanawilebas). farTo
xasiaTi aqvs adamianuri resursebis mizidvas soflidan qalaqad, mTiani raionebidan
barSi. adre masiuri xasiaTi hqonda mTieli mosaxleobis barSi Camodinebas, radgan
zamTris periodSi barSi samuSaos povna ufro advili iyo, zafxulobiT ki ukan ubrundebodnen TavianT saxl-kars. bolo periodSi mTieli mosaxleobis masiur migracias aqvs
adgili qveynis SigniT an ucxoeTSi samuSaos saZebrad.
aRsaniSnavia, rom sabazro ekonomikis arasworma gagebam, codnisa da kvalifikaciis dabalma donem, Cvens qveyanaSi adamianuri resursebis ganlagebis radikaluri
cvlilebebi gamoiwvia.
sabWoTa periodSi saqarTvelos saxalxo meurneobis dargebiT Tavisi mokrZalebuli wvlili Sehqonda sabWoTa qveynis saerTo yulabaSi. maSin Cven gvyavda mecnierebisa
da kulturis TvalsaCino moRvaweni. mrewvelobasa da soflis meurneobaSi, mSeneblobasa
da transportSi da sxva dargebSi dasaqmebulni iyvnen maRalkvalificiuri specialistebi. maT mier warmoebuli maRali Rirebulebis mqone saqoneli momxmareblebSi didi
mowonebiT sargeblobda. TavisTavad cxadia, rom imdroindeli specialistebi ver
gauZlebdnen dRevandel intensiur maRalkonkurentunarianobas, magram, axali tipis warmoebis SeqmnasTan erTad, paralelurad moxdeboda adamianuri resursebis racionaluri
gadanawileba, kadrebis gadamzadeba da kvalifikaciis amaRleba. amiT moigebda qveyana da
TviTon mSromeli adamianebi. privatizaciis didi darRvevebiT Catarebam gamoiwvia qaosi,
daiSala da ganadgurda mravaldargovan meurneobaSi Semavali sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis sawarmoebi, rasac mohyva masiuri umuSevroba da adamianuri resursebis intensiuri
migracia.
ismis kiTxva: ratom cxovrobs qarTveli kaci siRaribis zRvars miRma? raSia saqme
da sad veZeboT mizezi? ratom aicrua guli Tavis mamulze da ratom miuwevs guli
ucxoeTSi? saWiroa xelisuflebis mxridan meti yuradReba, rac mTavaria, xelSewyoba
samuSao adgilebis Sesaqmnelad da TviTon mSromelebis mxridan meti daintereseba da
principuloba Tavis gamosaCenad, rom uzrunvelyos Tavis qveyanaSi cxovrebis pirobebis
gaumjobeseba da ar iyos sxva qveynis ekonomikaze mijaWvuli. qarTvel kacs veravin
Seecileba ojaxuri da stumar-maspinZlis tradiciebis dacvaSi. saqarTvelo odiTganve
cnobili iyo Tavisi saukeTeso wes-CveulebebiT da tolerantobiT, magram dResdReobiT
nel-nela Ziri ecleba im saTayvanebel tradiciebs, razedac dgas qarTveli kacis
xvalindeli dRe.
dakvirvebam gviCvena, rom samuSao adgilebis simciris gamo adamianebis umravlesoba xels hkidebs komercias, romelic advil saqmed miaCniaT. is ki sinamdvileSi
sirTuleebiTaa savse. adamianebma kargad ver gaiTvaliswines sabazro ekonomikis sirTule da biznesisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSan-Tvisebebi. amisaTvis sWiroa adamianuri
resursebis Zireuli struqturuli cvlilebebi, rac dakavSirebulia axali kvalifikaciis dauflebasTan.
164
roca adamianur resursze vsaubrobT, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs iseTi didi potenciali,
rac gaaCnia saqarTvelos da ar aqvs bevr sxva qveyanas. Tu amas gamoviyenebT mizanmimarTulad da gonivrulad, maSin qveyana welSi gaimarTeba im TvalsazrisiT, rom
gaizrdeba moqalaqeebis Semosavlebi, Sesabamisad gaizrdeba qveynis biujeti, amaRldeba
mosaxleobis keTildReoba, minimumamde Semcirdeba umuSevroba da migraciis procesi.
adamiauri resursebis gegmazomieri gamoyeneba stabilizaciis ZiriTad garantad SeiZleba CavTvaloT. Cven aRvniSneT rom adamianuri resursebis roli metad didia qveynis
aRmSeneblobis saqmeSi da amitom mas sWirdeba metad saTuTi mopyroba da pasuxismgebloba.
dRevandel etapze gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mivapyroT bunebrivi wiaRiseuli resursebis maqsimalur aTvisebas da umuSevarTa armiis mobilizebas da gamoyenebas
dovlaTis warmoebis saqmeSi. xelisuflebis aqtiuri roli iqneba, rom uzrunvelyos
pesimizmSi Cavardnili Cveni Tanamemamuleebis Cabma metad saWiro saSviliSvilo saqmeSi.
roca CvenSi miRweuli iqneba saarsebo minimumis dakmayofilebis saSualeba da
momavalSi dadgeba Sromis ukeTesi pirobebis Seqmnis SesaZlebloba, Rrmad gvwams, rom
qveyanaSi ukeTesobisken Seicvleba mdgomareoba da adamianuri resursebis gamoyenebas
stabiluri xasiaTi miecema. cxovrebas meti xalisi da daintereseba eqneba. globalizaciis pirobebSi bevri ram gadafasdeba, magram ar davkargoT da qars ar gavatanoT is
saukunovani tradiciebi, romelsac daviwyeba ar uweria. ra droc ar unda dadges, Sroma
yovelTvis iqneba wamyvani sasicocxlo saSualeba da, amasTan, adamianuri resursebi _
Seucvleli da aucilebeli berketi.
rogor mivaRwioT mizans? miznis miRwevis erTaderTi saSualebaa Sroma, romelsac
Tan sdevs swavla. Tu gadavxedavT gamoCenil adamianTa biografiebs, davinaxavT, rom yvela udides pativs miagebda Sromas, jer kidev alaqsandre makedoneli ambobda, rom “araferi ar aris Sromaze ufro mefuri da fufunebaze ufro monuri”. rac Seexeba swavlas, is
Sromis procesSi xdeba, magram dRes, Tanamedrove civilizaciis pirobebSi, igi unda ganvixiloT rogorc mizanmimarTuli qmedeba. savaldebulo ar aris yvelafris codna, magram aucilebelia Rrmad vicnobdeT im sferos, sadac vapirebT moRvaweobas, amitom kargad
unda viswavloT, daveufloT CvenTvis sasurvel profesias.
cxadia, globaluri konkurenciis zrda iwvevs produqtiulobaze moTxovnis
zrdas. amitom adamianuri resursebis momzadebisa da gadamzadebis sakiTxebi metad aqtualuria da swored es aris procesi, romlis saSualebiTac organizacia uzrunvelyofs
saTanado raodenobis da tipis personalis yolas saTanado adgilze da saTanado dros,
romlebsac aqvT unari, efeqturad da xarisxianad Seasrulon is amocanebi, rac organizacias strategiuli miznebis miRwevaSi daexmareba. am mxriv Cvens qveyanas rigi problemebis
gadawyveta mouwevs, rom globalizaciis procesma ar wagvlekos. adamianuri resursebis
gamoyeneba motivirebul adamianebTanaa dakavSirebuli, romlebsac organizaciis miznebis Sesrulebisken mivyavarT. e. i. SevTavazoT saintereso samuSao, romelic aZlevs adamians pasuxismgeblobis, warmatebis gancdis, pirovnuli zrdis SesaZleblobas, aniWebs siamovnebas da dawinaurebis perspeqtivas.
Cveni varaudiT, zemoaRniSnuli garkveulwilad Seuwyobs xels adamianuri resursebis gamoyenebis zrdas, romelic orientirebuli iqneba qveynis potencialis gadidebaze. yovelive aman unda gamoiwvios investiciebis mozidva, samuSao adgilebis Seqmna, Sromisunariani mosaxleobis meti xvedriTi wilis Cabma SromiT saqmianobaSi. rogorc statistikuri monacemebidan irkveva, 2007 wlis 1 ianvrisaTvis qveynis mosaxleobam 4394000 Seadgina, xolo 2010 wlis mateba 0,95 %-s Seadgens. mosaxleobis matebis mxriv didad saxarbielo mdgomareoba ar aris. matebis procesi neli tempiT mimdinareobs. es Cveni erisTvis sakmarisi rodia. soflis mosaxleoba 2007_2010 wlebSi 2085,8 da 2085,9 kacs Seadgen165
da, aRsaniSnavia, rom regionis WrilSi mosaxleobis matebiTa da stabilurobiT imereTis
mxare gamoirCeva, 2007 wels mosaxleobam 694,2 aTasi kaci Seadgina da 2010 wlisaTvis ki
700, 4 aTas miaRwia. zrdis tempi mxolod 0,89%-s Seadgens. niSandoblivia, rom saqarTvelosTvis damaxasiaTebeli unda iyos Sobadobis maRali tempebi, vidre dReis mdgomareobiT xasiaTdeba. 2007 wels 8100 bavSvi daibada, 2008 wels _ 13554, 2009 wels ki _ 16752 bavSvi. 2009 wels 8652 bavSviT meti daibada vidre 2007 wels. sasixaruloa, gaCnda axali sicocxle, romelsac sWirdeba didi zrunva, rom gaizardon kargi mamuliSvilebi. xelisufleba am mimarTulebiT mraval RonisZiebas axorcielebs CvilbavSvTa ukeT aRzrdis
mizniT, magram maT mier gamoyofili fuladi saxsrebi sakmarisi ar aris, amitom saxelmwifos specialuri programa unda hqondes SemuSavebuli CvilbavSvTa mSoblebis, Raribi
ojaxebis dasaxmareblad maSin, roca xelisuflebis monacemebiTa da aRiarebiT, siRaribis zRvars qvemoT cxovrobs 1230000 qarTveli. mSoblebs uWirT bavSvis movla-patronoba.
jer erTi, metismetad Zviria bavSvTa produqtebi, Casacmeli da sxva aqsesuarebi. unda aRiniSnos, rom samSobiaro saxlebSi momsaxureba fasiania. yofila SemTxvevebi, roca umweo
dedas Cvili bavSvi miutovebia da gaparula samSobiarodan im motiviT, rom momsaxurebis
Tanxa ver gadauxdia. xelisuflebam gadawyvitos, rom umweo CvilbavSviani ojaxebi mTlianad gaaTavisuflos yovelgvari gadasaxadisagan, amiT xeli Seuwyos qveyanaSi demografiuli sakiTxebis gaumjobesebis mamuliSvilur saqmes.
rogorc yvelasaTvis cnobilia, jandacva saxelmwifos socialur-ekonomikur, samedicino da sxva RonisZiebaTa kompleqss Seadgens, romelsac sazogadoeba iyenebs adamianis janmrTelobis dacvisa da gaumjobesebisaTvis. qveyanaSi ra wyobac ar unda iyos, janmrTelobis mizani erTia _ adamianis janmrTelobisa da daavadebebis Seswavla, maTi
profilaqtika da mkurnaloba, janmrTelobisa da Sromisunarianobis SenarCuneba da aqtiur xangrZliv sicocxleze zrunva. swored janmrTeloba aris adamianis ganwyobis,
mxneobisa da Sromisunarianobis amaRlebis umniSvnelovanesi faqtori. saxelmwifos am
mimarTulebiT gamoyofili aqvs garkveuli finansuri resursebi, rac arasakmarisia, yvelas rodi miuwvdeba xeli ufasod mkurnalobaze. amitom didia sikvdilianobis
SemTxvevebi. kerZod, 2007 wels gardacvlilTa raodenobam Tu Seadgina 41178 kaci, 2009
wlis bolosaTvis gardacvlilTa raodenobam 46625 kacs miaRwia, anu 2009 wels 5447 adamianiT meti gardaicvala vidre 2007 wels, e. i. sikvdilianoba gaizarda 13,2%-iT. samwuxarod, Cven ver movipoveT cal-calke bunebrivi da janmrTelobis gauaresebis gamo gardacvlilTa monacemebi. cxadia, xelisuflebam gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda miaqcios
mSromelTa janmrTelobis SenarCunebas da izrunos jandacvis dafinansebis gazrdisaTvis, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi Zalin cud Sedegs miviRebT.
niSandoblivia, rom mosaxleobis (adamianuri resursebis) zrdas xels uwyobs qorwinebis zrda (da ara meqanikuri zrda). rogorc statistikuri monacemebidan Cans, daqorwinebulTa wyvilma 2007 wels 24891 Seadgina, 2008 w. _ 31314, xolo 2009 w. _ 31752. rogorc
analizidan irkveva, 2008 wels sagrZnoblad gaizarda qorwinebaTa ricxvi 2007 welTan SedarebiT da Seadgina 26,8%, xolo 2009 wels ki 2008 welTan SedarebiT mxolod 1,07%-iT gaizarda. Tu SevadarebT 2009 wels 2007 wels, maSin mniSvnelovan zrdasTan gvaqvs saqme da
man miaRwia 27,5%-s. ra Tqma unda, sasiamovno faqtia, magram qorwinebis aseTi meryeoba ganpirobebulia imiT, rom iSvelieben finansebs da rogorc dasaqorwinebeli axalgazrdoba,
aseve mozrdili asakis adamianebi toveben samSoblos da miemgzavrebian sazRvargareT.
Tu ase gagrZelda, kargs arafers moutans Cvens qveyanas. isedac mcirericxovani eri
mtkivneulad ganicdis aRniSnul mdgomareobas.
Cvens qveyanaSi problemur sakiTxad gvesaxeba daqorwinebulTa ojaxebis SenarCuneba da maTi xelSewyoba, rom isini gaxdnen aqtiuri monawileni qveynis aRmSeneblobis
saqmeSi. xSiria SemTxvevebi ojaxebis dangrevisa, rac mtkivneulad moqmedebs adamianuri
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resursebis saboloo Camoyalibebaze. 2007 wels ganqorwinebulTa raodenobam 2325-s
miaRwia, 2008 wels _ 3189 da 2009 wels ki 4030-mde gaizarda, anu 2009 wels 2007 welTan SedarebiT ganqorwinebulTa raodenobam 73,3%-s miaRwia.
did naklad unda miviCnioT iseTi uaryofiTi faqtebi, roca ojaxis moSla da umetes SemTxvevaSi, ojaxis mTeli simZimis dedakacze gadatana mcirericxovan erze damangrevlad moqmedebs da uaryofiTad aisaxeba mcirewlovani mozardebis fsiqikasa da maTi
cxovrebis momavalze. amitom, aucilebelia, ojaxis dangrevamde SevimuSavoT iseTi meqanizmi, romelic xels Seuwyobs ojaxis SenarCunebasa da ganqorwineba minimumamde iqneba
Semcirebuli _ ojaxi xom qveynis Zlierebis sawindaria.
sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi prioriteti ekuTvnis mrewvelobis ganviTarebas,
romelic saxalxo meurneobis umniSvnelovanesi dargia da gadamwyvet gavlenas axdens sazogadoebis sawarmoo ZalTa ganviTarebis doneze. mTliani Sida produqti (mimdinare fasebSi) 2004 wels warmoebuli iqna 9824,3 mln laris. 2005 wels _ 11620,9, 2006 wels 13780,9;
2007 wels _ 16993,8; 2008 wels _ 19074,9, xolo 2009 wels 17986,0 mln laris. realurma
zrdam Sesabamisad Seadgina: 5,9 %; 9,6%; 9,4%; 12,3%; 2,3%, xolo 2009 wels mSp warmoeba wina
welTan SedarebiT Semcirda 5,8 %-iT. gaangariSebiT irkveva, rom erT sul mosaxleze mSp
Sesabamisad: 2005 wels _ 2689,1; 2006 wels _ 3133,1; 2007 w. _ 3866,9; 2008 w. _ 4352,9; xolo
2009 wels _ 4101,3 lari Seadgina. aRniSnul monacemebs Tu SevadarebT sazRvargareTis
qveynebis analogiur monacemebs, irkveva, rom jerjerobiT CvenTan CamorCenaa da garkveuli dro iqneba saWiro, aRniSnuli xarvezis dasaZlevad.
aucilebelia aRiniSnos, rom soflis meurneobaSi, nadirobasa da satyeo meurneobaSi, TevzWerisa da meTevzeobis dargSi produqciis mTliani gamoSveba 2009 wels 2008
welTan SedarebiT 6,2 %-iT Semcirda, xolo samTomompovebel mrewvelobaSi aseve Semcirda 4,4%-iT, aseve damamuSavebel mrewvelobaSi 4,4 %-iT Semcirda produqciis gamoSveba, xolo eleqtroenergiis, airisa da wylis warmoebisa da ganawilebis dargSi produqciis gamoSveba 13,0%-iT gaizarda, agreTve Sina meurneobis mier produqciis gamoSveba 8,1
%-iT iqna gazrdili. xolo mSeneblobaSi zrdis tempi 2009 wels, 2008 welTan SedarebiT,
5,2 %-iT Semcirda, rac gamowveuli iyo investiciebis klebiTa da sxvadasxvagvari SeferxebebiT. rogorc analizidan irkveva, garkveul dargebs gaaCnia SesaZlebloba, rom gazardon produqciis warmoebis tempebi. amave dros, saWiroa miviRoT drouli da metad aucilebeli gonivruli gadawyvetileba, rom ganvaviTaroT da avaRorZinoT miviwyebuli
dargebi, romlebic aucileblad uzrunvelyofili iqnebian saWiro raodenobis da xarisxis mqone adamianuri resursebiT (samuSao ZaliT). adamianuri resursebi nebismier organizaciaSi Zalian mniSvnelovani da Rirseuli resursia. es aris resursi, romelic qmnis
Semosavals da simdidres.
kargi kadrebis SesanarCuneblad mudmivad unda vizrunoT maTze. yvela piroba unda SevuqmnaT maT, rom bolomde daixarjon, maqsimalurad gamoavlinon Tavisi SesaZlebloba da maTi sasargeblo Sroma aisaxos RirebulebaSi.
uintereso ar iqneboda gagvecno, Tu ra mdgomareobaa saqarTveloSi umsxvilesi saeqsporto sasaqonlo poziciebis mxriv. 2009 wels saeqsportod gatanili iqna: feroSenadnobi 12%, oqro 10%, msubuqi avtomobilebi 7%, Txili 6%, Savi liTonebis jarTi 6%, spirtiani sasmelebi 5%, Rvinoebi 3%, mineraluri wylebi 2% da danarCeni produqcia 39%. rogorc cifrebidan irkveva, saeqsportod gamzadebuli qarTuli produqciis xvedriTi wili dabalia, qveyanas aqvs potenciuri SesaZlebloba, rom saeqsportod gasatani produqciis moculoba mniSvnelovnad gazardos, rac importis Semcirebis SesaZleblobas iZleva. xolo umsxvilesi saimporto sasaqonlo poziciebis 2009 wlis monacemebi aseT suraTs
iZleva: importirebuli iyo navTobproduqtebis _ 13%; msubuqi avtomobilebis _ 6%; samkurnalo saSualebebis _ 2%; navTobis airebi _ 3%; xorbali _ 2%; gadamcemi aparatura
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_ 2%; sigareti _ 1%; Saqari _ 1%; Sokoladi _ 1%; gamomTvleli manqanebi _ 1% da danarCeni produqcia _ 65%. qveyana maSin aris Zlieri, roca sakuTari adamianuri resursis ZiriTadi nawili hyavs dasaqmebuli, eqsporti Warbobs imports, yovelive amas sWirdeba Zalisxmeva, gaazrebuli gaTvlili strategia da investiciebis maRali xvedriTi wili. rogorc irkveva, saqarTveloSi 2009 wels Semotanili iqna sul 658,4 mln aSS dolaris odenobis investiciebi. maT Soris arabeTis gaerTianebuli emiratebis investiciebis Tanxa
Seadgens 162,8 mln dolars, anu 24,7%-s; TurqeTis _ 97,9mln dolars, anu 14,9%; panamis _
74,7 mln anu 11,4%. gaerTianebuli samefo _ 72,3mln, anu 11,0%. danarCeni qveynebi ki 250,6
mln aSS dolari, anu 38,1 %; Cveni gaTvlebiT irkveva rom, investiciebis mozidvis didi
perspeqtivebi isaxeba, amitom meti muSaobaa saWiro, rom investorebma garantiis stabiluroba moipovon da dainteresdnen meti investiciebis SemotaniT prioritetuli dargebis ganviTarebisaTvis. swored es iqneba qveyanaSi Sromisunariani mosaxleobis dasaqmebisa da saarsebo minimumis gazrdis mniSvnelovani RonisZiebani. 2004 wlis ianvris TveSi
Sromisunariani mamakacis sarsebo minimumi Tu iyo 82,5 lari, dekembris TveSi 96,2 laramde
gadidda, anu 16,6 %-iT gaizarda, xolo momdevno wlebi aseT suraTs iZleva: 2006 wels _
95,6 da 99,3, gaizarda 2,8 %-iT; 2007 wels _ 120,9 da 115,9 lari anu Semcirda 4,9%-iT. 2008
wels _ 1231,1 da 130,7 lari, anu gaizarda 6,2%-iT; 2009 wels _ 133,8 da 126,1 lari, anu Semcirda 5,8 %-iT, 2010 wels _ 128,1 da 149,5 lari, anu gaizarda 16,7%-iT.
agreTve uintereso ar iqneboda moviyvanoT cifrobrivi monacemebi, Tu ra mdgomareobaa saSualo ojaxis saarsebo minimumis mxriv, 2004 wlis ianvar-dekembris bolosaTvis kerZod Seadgina 138,4 da 161,4 lari, anu gaizarda 16,6%-iT; 2005 wels _ 160,3 da 164,9
lari, anu gaizarda mxolod 2,8%-iT; 2006 wels _ 166,5 da 201,7 lari. sagrZnoblad imata da
Seadgina 21,1%; 2007 wels _ 200,7 da 194,4 lari, anu Semcirda 3,2 %-iT; 2008 wels _ 206,6 da
219,3 lari, anu gaizarda 6,4 %-iT; 2009 wels _ 224,5 da 221,5 lariT, anu Semcirda 1,4 %-iT,
2010 wlisaTvis ki 214,7laridan 250,8 laramde gaizarda, anu 16,8%-iT, magram dRevandeli
sabazro fasebi da Cven mier moyvanili Tanxobrivi monacemebi ar akmayofilebs saSualo
ojaxisTvis gankuTvnil saarsebo minimumis moTxovnebs.
rogorc masalebidan irkveva, aqtiuri mosaxleoba (samuSao Zla) 2005 wlis bolosaTvis 2023,9 mln kacs Seadgenda, xolo 2009 wlisaTvis 1991,8 mln kacamde davida, anu Semcirda 1,6 %-iT. amave periodisaTvis dasaqmebulTa raodenoba 1744,6 da 1656,1 mln. kacs Seadgenda anu Semcirda 5,1 %-iT. Tu gadavxedavT statistikas, Cans, rom 2005 wels umuSevarTa raodenoba 279,3 aTas kacs Seadgenda, xolo 2009 wlis bolosaTvis ki 335,6 aTas kacamde
gaizarda, anu umuSevarTa raodenoba gaizarda 20,1 %-iT. umuSevarTa done 2005 wels Seadgenda 13,8%, xolo 2009 wlis bolosTvis 16,3%-s miaRwia. aqtiurobis done Sesabamis periodSi Seadgenda 64,0 % da 63,6%. amave periodisaTvis 55,2 %-dan 52,9% Semcirda, anu 2,3 % daiwia qvemoT. dakvirveba gvaZlevs imis safuZvels, rom saqarTveloSi jerjerobiT ar aris
stabiluri samuSao adgilebi da agreTve damqiravebelTa mxridan xSir SemTxvevaSi arajansaRi atmosfero da arakoreqtuli qmedebani SeimCneva, rac xels uSlis adamianuri
resursebis efeqtur gamoyenebas.
yvelasaTvis kargad aris cnobili, Tu ra didi mniSvneloba aqvs xelfass adamianis
SromiT dainteresebis saqmeSi. amitom mas saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobac eniWeba, samTomompovebel mrewvelobaSi 2005 wels saSualo nominaluri xelfasi 210,8 laridan 2009
677,7 laramde gaizarda, rac gamowveulia WiaTuris manganumisa da tyibulis qvanaxSiris
warmoebis moculobisa da momxmarebelTa moTxovnis gadidebiT. agreTve imave periodisaTvis xelfasi damamuSavebel mrewvelobaSi gaizarda 212,1 laridan 447,0 laramde, eleqtroenergiis, airisa da wylis warmoebis dargSi 341,5 laridan 766,8 laramde, rac daxarjuli eleqtroenergiis da eqsportis wilis gadidebiT aris gamowveuli. bolo xanebSi
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mSeneblobas gamococxleba etyoba da saSualo nominaluri xelfasi 296,4 laridan 626,1
laramde gadidda. aseTi zrda investiciebis mozidvis Sedegad aris ganpirobebuli.
sastumroebsa da restornebSi dasaqmebuli adamianebis saSualo nominaluri xelfasis odenoba 108,2 laridan 364,7 laramde gaizarda, faqtia, rom adgili aqvs turistebis
gazrdili odenobiT Semodinebas. bunebrivia, meti turisti dabinavdeba sastumroebSi da
meti daagemovnebs qarTul kerZebs. es aris Semosavlebis gadidebisa da saSualo nominaluri xelfasis zrdis garanti. saSualo nominaluri xelfasi izrdeba agreTve iseT dargebSi, rogoricaa transporti, kavSirgabmuloba, jandacva, ganaTleba da sxva. samwuxarod, es xorcieldeba organizaciis gaerTianebebiT da sxva manipulaciebis xarjze. aseTi RonisZiebebis gatarebiT degradirdeba adamianuri resursebi, rac savalalo mdgomareobamde miiyvans qveyanas.
janmrTelobis dacvisa da socialuri daxmarebis mxriv Catarebuli humanuri aqciis Sedegad aseTi suraTi ikveTeba: 2005 wels saSualod daxmarebis Tanxa 99,5 lars Seadgenda, xolo 2009 wlis bolosaTvis 366,7 lars miaRwia. daxmarebis aseTi mkveTri zrda gamowveuli iyo polisebis raodenobis gadidebiTa da aucileblobiT gamowveuli daxmarebebiT.
roca saqme exeba socialur da sxvadsxva saxis daxmarebas, maSin umuSevarTa raodenobis zrdasTan gvaqvs saqme, dausaqmebelni saxelmwifosgan daxmarebis molodinSi
arian, rom SeinarCunon sicocxlisunarianoba. umuSevarTa armiis daxmarebas yvela qveyana axorcielebs da Cveni qveyana xom ar iqneba gamonaklisi? amasTan erTad, saWiroa xelisuflebam ZiriTadi yuradReba gadaitanos axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmnaze da ara daxmarebebis gadidebaze. samuSao adgilis uqonlobas uCivis Cveni moqalaqeebis didi nawili, isini gadaeCvivnen Sromas da gazarmacdnen. qarTvel kacSi daisadgura inertulobam
da nihilizmma.
TiToeuli adamiani dainteresebuli unda iyos SromiTi saqmianobis saboloo SedegebiT. Cveni gaangariSebiT irkveva, rom qveyanaSi arsebuli adamianuri resursebis potenciuri SesaZlebloba efeqturad ar aris gamoyenebuli. Tu adre ixvneboda 650000 heqtari miwa dResdReobiT mxolod 247000 heqtari muSavdeba. yovelive es negaturad aisaxeba
qveynis mTliani Sida produqciis moculobaze, mSromelTa keTildReobis amaRlebaze,
migraciis donesa da sxva maCveneblebze. yovelTvis gvaxsovdes ilias brZnuli Segoneba
“icode dRes mZleTamZlea garja, Sroma da Sromis gafrTxileba, Senaxva, patiosneba da
zogva saWiroebisamebr”
globalizaciis sirTuleebis miuxedavad, adamianuri resursebis mizanmimarTul
gamoyenebas Tan unda axldes humanuri da gonivruli gadawyvetilebebi. xelisuflebisa
da mSromelTa Sexedulebebi Tanxvedri unda iyos, rom aSendes Zlieri, humanuri, qristianuli qveyana, raTa saqarTvelo civilizebuli samyarosaTvis misaReb da angariSgasawev
regionad iqces.
Gamsakhurdia Tamaz
Pestvenidze Teimuraz
EFFECTIVE USAGE OF HUMAN RESOURCES – THE PROBLEM
OF STATE SIGNIFICANCE
SUMMARY
The given work provides human being as a phenomenon which can radically change the existing condition of the country. Firstly, with the useful work, we tried to reveal the actuality of the reasonable usage of human resources for countries’ useful work and special support.
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Herewith, the followings are emphasized in it: demographic situation, work placement, the lack of living wage, the migration, and a bad habit of the divorce and other barricaded negative issues,- which negatively
operates on the reasonable usage of the human resources.
Salva gogiaSvili
konkurenciis ekonomikuri politikis retrospeqtiva da
misi srulyofis perspeqtiva saqarTveloSi
saqarTveloSi
saxelmwifo ekonomikuri politika gansazRvravs qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis strategiul mimarTulebebs rogorc grZelvadian, ise moklevadian perspeqtivaSi. Sesabamisad, mis racionalurobaze, kompleqsurobasa da dasabuTebulobaze
mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli sazogadoebis calkeuli fenebis Tu individualuri
pirebis ekonomikur interesTa Soris arsebuli dapirispirebebisa da, rig SemTxvevebSi, konfliqtebis gadaWris an Serbilebis SesaZlebloba da xarisxi. Tavis mxriv, arsebuli ekonomikuri pirobebi did gavlenas axdens ekonomikuri politikis, maT Soris sagareo ekonomikuri politikis miznebis formirebasa da ganxorcielebaze. cxadia, amgvari mizezSedegobrivi xasiaTis pirdapiri da ukukavSirebi mniSvnelovnad
amaRlebs mravalvariantuli saprognozo parametrebis da ekonomikuri politikis ZiriTad mimarTulebaTa mecnieruli analizis rols. upirveles yovlisa, aRniSnuliTaa ganpirobebuli ekonomikuri politikis gansazRvrisas ekonomikis arsebuli mdgomareobisa da ganviTarebis mosalodneli scenarebis mecnieruli analizis safuZvelze SemuSavebuli winadadebebisa da rekomendaciebis gaTvaliswinebis aucilebloba.
nebismier saxelmwifos Tu nebismier sazogadoebas arsebobisa da ganviTarebisaTvis esaWiroeba garkveuli, mkacrad dadgenili CarCo-sistema, romelic warmoadgens urTierTobebis (maT Soris sagareo urTierTobebis) gansazRvris safuZvels.
am sistemaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili da roli ganekuTvneba ekonomikur mxares. swored amitom, damoukideblobis mopovebisTanave, rodesac saqarTveloSi oficialurad
gakeTda ganacxadi qveynis sabazro ekonomikur urTierTobebze gadasvlis aucileblobis Taobaze, dRis wesrigSi dadga ganviTarebis konkretuli ekonomikuri modelis SerCeva da Sesabamisi ekonomikuri politikis konceptualuri mimarTulebebis
Camoyalibeba.
samwuxarod, saqarTveloSi, arc sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis sawyis stadiaze da arc SemdgomSi, ar momxdara oficialuri deklarireba ganviTarebis SerCeuli ekonomikuri modelis Sesaxeb. Tumca, ekonomikuri politikis calkeuli nawilebis, miznobrivi ekonomikuri programebisa da indikaturi gegmebis analizis safuZvelze SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom Tavdapirvelad qveynis ekonomikis ganviTareba ufro
socialurad orientirebuli modelis principebs eyrdnoboda, xolo Semdgom, rodesac ganxorcielda reformebis sakmaod mniSvnelovani raodenoba ekonomikis radikaluri liberalizaciisa da deregulirebis mimarTulebiT, upiratesoba mieniWa liberaluri sabazro modelis moTxovnebs.
amasTan, sadavo ar aris, rom sabazro ekonomikis yvela modelisaTvis moTxovna-miwodebis dabalansebaSi konkurenciis princips ualternativo upiratesoba aqvs;
sxvagvarad ubralod warmoudgenelia, radgan, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom cnebebi “sabazro
ekonomika” da “konkurenciuli ekonomika” praqtikulad identuria, anu konkurenciis
aucileblobis eWvis qveS dayeneba eWvis qveS ayenebs TviT sabazro ekonomikis arse170
bobasac. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, gansxvavebul mosazrebaTa da damokidebulebaTa
simravlis miuxedavad, sabazro orientaciis mqone qveynebSi, da maT Soris saqarTveloSic, arasodes ar damdgara sakiTxi konkurenciis saWiroeba-arsaWiroebisa da aucileblobis Sesaxeb.
aucilebelia gaviTvaliswinoT, rom Tavisufali bazris sasargeblod arsebuli ekonomikuri mtkicebulebebi Sors aris im azrisagan, rom bazari yovelTvis
sworad funqcionirebs da avtomatur reJimSi axerxebs konkurenciis dacvas. rogorc
daaxloebiT oraswliani gamocdileba aCvenebs, sabazro sistema arasodes TviTon ar
qmnida da verc dRes qmnis garemos Tavisufali konkurenciisaTvis. ufro metic, garedan Carevis gareSe sistema miiswrafvis “monopolizaciisaken”. adgili aqvs xolme
SeTanxmebebs calkeul saqonelmwarmoeblebs Soris produqciaze fasebis zRvrul
danaxarjebze gacilebiT zemoT dafiqsirebis Taobaze. imavdroulad xdeba xolme
sasaqonlo bazris ama Tu im segmentis monopolizeba, rasac Sedegad mohyveba momxmarebelTa uflebebis Selaxva. gamocdileba aCvenebs, rom, xSirad, araregulirebadi
bazari, sadac konkurencia “Tavis nebazea miSvebuli”, gadaizrdeba sapirispiro movlenaSi – monopoliaSi, romelsac Sedegad mohyveba ekonomikuri ganviTarebis dinamizmis dakargva da stagnacia, rac, saboloo angariSiT, iwvevs sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis Semcirebas. es ki aiZulebs sazogadoebas, konkurenciis uzrunvelsayofad, konkurenciis dasacavad da, saerTod, sakonkurencio ekonomikuri politikis
Seqmnisa da srulyofisaTvis moaxdinos specialuri sakanonmdeblo meqanizmis formireba da realizacia. amitom, sakonkurencio kanonmdebloba yvela qveyanaSi mowodebulia sabazro meqanizmis zogierTi negatiuri niSnis gamosworebisa da, garkveulwilad, saxelmwifo regulirebisaTvis. sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi saxelmwifo
zogjer iZulebuli xdeba Caerios sabazro meqanizmis “muSaobaSi”. aucilebel SemTxvevebSi man unda akontrolos da areguliros calkeuli samewarmeo subieqtebis saqmianoba, raTa Tavidan iqnes acilebuli sazogadoebisaTvis damRupveli monopolizebisa da arakeTilsindisieri saqmiani praqtikis procesebi.
sabazro ekonomikis erT-erTi umTavresi upiratesoba administraciul-direqtiul modelTan mimarTebaSi swored konkurenciuli wesrigis arsebobaSi gamoixateba. amasTan, jansaRi konkurencia ganapirobebs resursebis optimalur gamoyenebas,
sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis potenciuri “danakargebis” (sikeTe, romelic SesaZlebelia Seiqmnas, magram ar iqmneba sabazro koncentraciis maRali donisa da, Sesabamisad, monopolizaciis xarisxis zrdis gamo) minimizacias. amdenad, am ukanasknelis
mxardaWera nebismieri, sabazro ekonomikuri modelis mqone saxelmwifosTvis erTerT umTavres prioritets unda warmoadgendes.
konkurenciis ekonomikuri politika aris mdgradi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis
sawindari, sabazro urTierTobaTa ZiriTadi Semadgeneli elementi, romlis gareSe
SeuZlebelia Tavisufali ekonomikuri arCevanis ganxorcieleba, sasaqonlo bazrebze
moTxovna-miwodebis racionaluri dabalanseba da momxmareblisaTvis misaRebi fasis
formireba.
konkurencia msoflios mravali qveynis ekonomikur doqtrinasa Tu koncefciaSi ganixileba, rogorc warmatebulad ganviTarebadi ekonomikis safuZveli; Kkonkurenciis dacva da antikonkurenciuli qmedebebis gamovlena da aRkveTa aris saxelmwifo ekonomikuri politikis erT-erTi amosavali prioriteti.
sazogadoebas, romelic aSenebs Tavisufal ekonomikur sistemas, aucileblad
unda hqondes Camoyalibebuli ekonomikuri politika, romlis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi Semadgeneli nawili swored konkurenciis politika iqneba. Tumca isic unda
iTqvas, rom konkurenciis politikis warmateba mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli im
171
saxelmwifo organoebis nebasa da midgomebze, romelTac kanoniT evalebaT konkurenciisa da sakonkurencio urTierTobebis zedamxedveloba.
radgan konkurencia da konkurenciuli garemo kerZo sakuTrebasTan erTad warmoadgens sabazro ekonomikuri urTierTobebis mTavar mastimulirebel Zalas, im
upirvelesi normatiul-sakanonmdeblo aqtebis nusxaSi, romlebic saqarTveloSi 19911992 wlebis cnobili movlenebis Semdeg saparlamento saqmianobis aRdgenamde
saxelmwifo sabWom daCqarebulad miiRo, ukve 1992 wlis dasawyisSi iyo dekreti “monopoliuri saqmianobis SezRudvisa da konkurenciis ganviTarebis xelSewyobis Sesaxeb”, romelic 1996 wels sakonkurencio kanonis miRebamde asrulebda konkurenciuli urTierTobebis ganmsazRvreli da maregulirebeli dokumentis rols. es dekreti, xolo 1996 wlidan kanoni “monopoliuri saqmianobisa da konkurenciis Sesaxeb” gansazRvravda qveynis konkurenciuli ekonomikuri politikis ZiriTad mimarTulebebs, sakonkurencio garemos formirebisa da dacvis meqanizms. vinaidan saqarTvelos sakonkurencio kanonmdeblobis SemuSavebisas gaTvaliswinebul iyo am sferoSi arsebuli msoflio gamocdileba, miuxedavad rigi naklovanebebisa da xarvezebisa,
romelTa Sesaxeb miuTiTebdnen rogorc qarTveli, ise ucxoeli eqspertebi, mTlianobaSi iTvleboda progresul kanonmdeblobad. samwuxarod, 2005 wels ganxorcielebulma sakanonmdeblo da instituciurma reformam konkurenciis sferoSi, marTalia,
Seavso igi iseTi mniSvnelovani mimarTulebiT, rogoricaa saxelmwifo daxmarebebi
da saxelmwifo miznobrivi programebi, magram, imavdroulad, ignorireba moaxdina
rigi umniSvnelovanesi sakonkurencio normebisa da debulebebisa, ramac miaxloebis
nacvlad qveynis sakonkurencio kanonmdebloba faqtobrivad daaSora evrokanonmdeblobas, romelTan harmonizaciac saqarTvelos oficialurad deklarirebul prioritetad da miznobriv kriteriumad aqvs miCneuli. es exeba, upirveles yovlisa, “Tavisufali vaWrobisa da konkurenciis Sesaxeb” kanons, romelsac CarCo-kanonis roli
akisria saqarTvelos konkurenciul kanonmdeblobaSi rogorc ierarqiuli, ise funqcionaluri datvirTvis TvalsazrisiT. saqarTvelos mTavari sakonkurencio kanoni,
samwuxarod, ar aregulirebs sakonkurencio samarTlis iseT sayovelTaod aRiarebul ZiriTad sakiTxebs, rogoricaa:
• dominirebuli mdgomareobis mqone ekonomikuri agentebis mxridan am mdgomareobis borotad gamoyeneba;
•
konkurenciis SemzRudavi horizontaluri da vertikaluri SeTanxmebebi
da sasaqonlo bazarze ekonomikuri agentebis SeTanxmebuli qmedebebi;
• ekonomikur agentTa Serwymebi;
• gansakuTrebuli sakuTrebis mflobelTa (bunebrivi monopoliebi) kompetenciis sferoebi;
• arakeTilsindisieri konkurenciis faqtebis gamovlena da aRkveTa.
es ukanaskneli bevr qveyanaSi, misi gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare, warmoadgens calke kanonis regulirebis sferos maSin, roca saqarTvelos sakonkurencio kanonmdebloba saerTod ignorirebas ukeTebs da definiciis donezec
ki ar gansazRvravs mas.
reformatoruli politikisa da ekonomikis liberalizaciis mizniT mimdinare
deregulirebis konteqstSi faqtobrivad ukana planze gadaiwia konkurenciis problematikam. realuri konkurenciuli politikis Tanamedrove mdgomareoba aCvenebs am
mimarTulebiT saxelmwifo qmedebebis aSkara deficits. ekonomikuri ganviTarebis samTavrobo programebis analizi miuTiTebs, rom saqarTvelos mTavroba aRiarebs konkurenciis ganviTarebis aucileblobas. magram ar arsebobs sakmarisi warmodgena, Tu
rogor, ra saSualebebiT da gzebiT unda iqnes es saqmianoba ganxorcielebuli. prob172
lemas warmoadgens ara konkurenciis rolisa da mniSvnelobis Seufasebloba qveynis
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saqmeSi (sabazro urTierTobaTa pirobebSi es nonsensi iqneboda), aramed jansaRi sakonkurencio garemos CamoyalibebisaTvis saTanado xelSewyobisa da konkurenciis mudmivi dacvisaTvis saTanado qmediTi meqanizmis ararseboba. amasTan, calsaxa da aqsiomaturi aucileblobaa Sesabamis sasaqonlo da momsaxurebis bazrebze konkurenciuli garemos ara erTjeradi formireba, aramed misi sistematuri uzrunvelyofa, anu konkurenciis mudmivi dacva. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi,
Teoriulad savsebiT SesaZlebelia, TviT jansaRi konkurenciuli brZolis Sedegadac ki moxdes romelime ekonomikuri agentis xelSi Zalauflebis TandaTanobiTi
koncentracia da monopoliuri subieqtis warmoqmna Sesabamisi sabazro qceviT; miT
umetes, rom konkurenciuli samarTlis msoflio praqtikisaTvis ucxo sruliadac
araa amgvari precedentebi.
Aaqve aucilebelia aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvelos konkurenciuli kanonmdebloba, garda aRniSnuli kanonisa, Sedgeba sxva mravali kanonis, sakanonmdeblo aqtisa
da maTi calkeuli nawilebisagan, romlebic gansazRvraven ama Tu im sferoSi konkurenciuli urTierTobebis dacvisa da ganviTarebis Teoriul sakiTxebsa da regulirebis meqanizms. kerZod, 2005 wlis 2 ivniss saqarTvelos parlamentma miiRo kanoni
“eleqtronuli komunikaciebis Sesaxeb”, romelSic mniSvnelovani adgili (IV Tavi)
eTmoba “eleqtronuli komunikaciebis sferoSi konkurentunariani garemos Camoyalibeba”-s; kanonis miTiTebuli nawili moicavs konkurenciis Teoriasa da praqtikaSi
sayovelTaod aRiarebuli normebis dacvis sakmaod aprobirebul da srulyofil meqanizms, romelsac aseve eyrdnoba evrokavSiris konkurenciuli kanonmdebloba. rac
Seexeba komunikaciebis sferoSi konkurenciuli garemos formirebis mizniT sakanonmdeblo aqtebiT dadgenili zomebis ganxorcielebas, igi evaleba saqarTvelos
komunikaciebis erovnul komisias, romlis uflebamosileba, sxva maregulirebel komisiebTan erTad, gansazRvrulia kanoniT “damoukidebeli erovnuli maregulirebeli
organoebis Sesaxeb” (miRebulia 13.09.2002). es kanoni adgens konkurenciis dacvisa da
ganviTarebis mimarTulebiT Sesabamis sferoebSi maregulirebeli organoebis uflebebsa da valdebulebebs; infrastruqturuli dargebi, sadac konkurencia SezRudulia (bunebrivad) da sadac Zalismieri an sxva meTodebiT konkurenciis damkvidreba
aucileblad gamoiwvevs ukuefeqts resursebis racionaluri gamoyenebisa da jamuri
keTildReobis zrdis aspeqtSi, saxelmwifos mxridan eqvemdebareba mudmiv kontrolsa da regulirebas, pirvel rigSi ki tarifebis dadgena-damtkicebisa da gansakuTrebuli sakuTrebis mflobelis mier infrastruqturis sferoSi aradiskriminaciuli
pirobebiT sxva ekonomikuri agentebis Tavisufali daSvebis (gatarebis) TvalsazrisiT, raTa, erTi mxriv, maqsimalurad iqnes daculi momxmarebelTa uflebebi da, meore mxriv, SezRudvebma regulirebad sferoebSi uaryofiTi zegavlena ar moaxdinos
konkurenciul garemoze sxva sferoebSi.
calke aRniSvnas saWiroebs konkurenciis dacvisa da regulirebis sakiTxi sabanko sferoSi. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, sabanko saqmianobaze saerTo
zedamxedveloba da, maT Soris, konkurenciuli urTierTobebis regulireba, akisria
saqarTvelos erovnul banks; kanonmdeblobiTvea gansazRvruli sabanko sferoSi aRniSnuli funqciebis aRsrulebis konkretuli meqanizmi.
saqarTvelos sakonkurencio kanonmdeblobis Semadgenel nawilebs warmoadgens
aseve “eleqtroenergetikisa da bunebrivi gazis Sesaxeb”, “wiaRis Sesaxeb”, “dazRvevis
Sesaxeb” da saqarTvelos rigi sxva kanonebisa da kanonqvemdebare aqtebis is Tavebi,
paragrafebi da debulebebi, romelTa daniSnulebaa Sesabamis dargsa Tu sferoSi
173
konkurenciuli garemos formireba, konkurenciis dacva da aradiskriminaciuli, jansaRi samewarmeo pirobebis Camoyalibeba-formirebisaTvis maqsimaluri xelSewyoba.
konkurenciis saxelmwifo ekonomikuri politika, iseve, rogorc ekonomikuri
politika mTlianad, ar SeiZleba iyos statikuri. is unda iyos dinamiuri da refleqsuri qveyanaSi ekonomikuri situaciis da saxelmwifos sxva politikebis CarCoebSi prioritetebis cvlilebebisadmi.
zogadad konkurenciuli kanonmdeblobis da kerZod, “Tavisufali vaWrobisa da
konkurenciis Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos kanonis srulyofis aucileblobas ganapirobebs
ori ZiriTadi garemoeba. jer erTi, sayovelTaod aRiarebuli sakonkurencio normebis gareSe SeuZlebelia qveyanaSi konkurenciuli garemos formireba da SenarCuneba.
meore, saqarTvelos, partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis da sxva
ormxrivi dokumentebis Sesabamisad, aqvs rigi valdebulebebi saerTaSoriso organizaciebis winaSe kanonmdeblobis srulyofisa da harmonizaciis Taobaze, maT Soris
konkurenciis sferoSi. bunebrivia, aRniSnul valdebulebaTa Sesrulebis xarisxi
mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs ucxoeTis damokidebulebas Cveni qveynis ekonomikisadmi
perspeqtivaSi.
aucilebelia aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvelos mTavrobam, 2010 wlis dekemberSi
konkurenciis politikis yovlismomcveli strategiis miRebiT, gamoxata politikuri
neba Tanamedrove konkurenciis politikis Camoyalibebisa da sakonkurencio kanonmdeblobis saerTaSoriso praqtikasTan SesabamisobaSi moyvanis Sesaxeb. imavdroulad,
aRiarebul iqna, rom “Tavisufali vaWrobisa da konkurenciis Sesaxeb” moqmedi kanoni
SemuSavda gardamavali periodisaTvis da saWiroa axali CarCo-kanonis miReba, romelic moicavs ekonomikis yvela seqtors, maT Soris araliberalursac. strategia
iTvaliswinebs mniSvnelovan instituciur reformasac damoukidebeli konkurenciis
saagentos formirebisaTvis. am mizniT aucilebeli RonisZiebebis ganxorcieleba dawyebulia. pirvel etapze, saqarTvelos prezidentis 2010 wlis 26 Tebervlis brZanebulebiT, Seiqmna damoukidebeli ssip – Tavisufali vaWrobisa da konkurenciis saagento, romelic Sedgeba konkurenciis dacvis, regulirebadi ekonomikuri sferoebis
da administraciul-samarTlebrivi sammarTveloebisagan. aRniSnuli gardaqmna warmoadgenda evrokavSiris Sesabamisi sakonkurencio organoebis dasabuTebuli rekomendaciisadmi adekvatur reagirebas. Semdgomi moqmedebebiT gaTvaliswinebulia am
saagentosaTvis samoqmedo programaSi asaxuli Sesabamisi uflebamosilebebisa da
SesaZleblobebis miniWeba. samwuxarod, dokumentidan ar Cans, unda gauqmdnen damoukidebeli maregulirebeli komisiebi da saxelmwifo Sesyidvebis saagento, xolo maTi
funqciebi da uflebamosilebebi gadaeces konkurenciis saagentos, Tu isini unda
daeqvemdebaron am ukanasknels.
Cveni azriT, strategiiT gaTvaliswinebuli instituciuri reforma gaafarToebs da ganamtkicebs saagentos uflebamosilebebs, srulyofs struqturas, xels
Seuwyobs misi saqmianobis efeqtianobis amaRlebasa da gamWvirvalobis uzrunvelyofas, Tu mis paralelurad saswrafod iqna SemuSavebuli da samoqmedod miRebuli
axali, aseve strategiis (romelic formirebulia sayovelTaod aRiarebuli da msoflioSi aprobirebuli sakonkurencio samarTlis Tanamedrove normebze dayrdnobiTa
da maTi gaTvaliswinebiT) Sesabamisi sakonkurencio kanonmdebloba. amasTan, uaRresad dasaCqarebelia am cvlilebaTa ganxorcieleba, radgan, rac ufro dagviandeba da
droSi gaiweleba konkurenciis jansaRi ekonomikuri politikis formireba da praqtikuli realizacia, miT metad moxdeba ekonomikis deformireba da, Sedegad, gaWirdeba misi ganviTarebis normalur traeqtoriaze dabruneba.
174
1.
2.
3.
gogiaSvili S. ekonomikuri politikis mTavari prioriteti – konkurenciis politika. saerTaSoriso samecniero-praqtikuli konferenciis “ekonomikisa da biznesis ganviTarebis tendenciebi Tanamedrove etapze” masalebi. SoTa rusTavelis
saxelmwifo universiteti. saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganaTlebisa da ganviTarebis
centri. baTumi, 2011., gv. 83-87.
gogiaSvili S. konkurenciis politika, rogorc saxelmwifos ekonomikuri politikis ZiriTadi safuZveli. Jurn., “mecniereba da cxovreba”, #2 Tb., 2010, gv. 10-15.
gogiaSvili S. ekonomikuri politikis ZiriTad mimarTulebaTa analizisa da
srulyofis konceptualuri sakiTxebi. II saerTaSoriso konferenciis “globalizacia da ekonomikur-samarTlebrivi problemebi saqarTveloSi” masalebi. Sps
Tbilisis universiteti, Tb., 2010, gv. 30-33.
Gogiashvili Shalva
RETROSPECTIVE VIEW OF THE ECONOMIC POLICY OF COMPETITION AND PROSPECTS
OF PERFECTION THEREOF IN GEORGIA
SUMMARY
The work refers to the role and place of competition policy in the integrated economic policy of state
under circumstances of the marker relations. It introduces the dynamics of formation and development of the
competition policy and relevant legislation in Georgia including their positive and negative aspects.
Based on comparative analysis against the internationally acknowledged competition standards, the
work revealed the shortcomings of Georgian competition policy and public authorities in charge of administration thereof resulting in inefficiency of such authorities. The work justified the necessity of their accelerated
reforming and perfecting. The governmental document on comprehensive strategy of competition was analyzed
and highly appreciated. There was proved the importance of urgent implementation of the above and the relevant recommendations were provided thereunder.
lia dvaliSvili
mdgradi ganviTarebis globaluri regulireba
da koncefcia
termini “mdgradi ganviTareba” inglisuri Sustainable Development-is, TiTqosda
arc ise marjve Targmani, imdenad sayovelTao gaxda, rom misi gamoyeneba iswavles,
rogorc romeliRac mdgradi sityvawarmoeba, romelic aRniSnavs erToblivi ganviTarebis process – bunebis da kacobriobis “koevolucias”.
mdgradi ganviTarebis moTxovnaTaA ganxorcieleba SesaZlebelia mxolod sazogadoebasa da bunebas Soris nivTierebaTa da energiis racionaluri gacvlis Sedegad. es ki miiRweva maSin, rodesac adamianTa moTxovnilebis dakmayofileba daemyareba bunebis TviTaRdgenisa da aRwarmoebis mkacr kanonzomierebas. maSasadame, dRis
wesrigSi dgas sazogadoebisa da bunebis ganviTarebis, anu koevoluciis amocana.
Zalauflebisaken swrafvis dros adamianebi xSirad bunebasTan winaaRmdegobaSi
modian, fitaven ra bunebriv resursebs da ekosistemebs, ganviTarebis saxifaTo reJimebSi ayeneben mas. kacobriobis teqnologiuri simZlavris Tanamedrove doneze amgva175
ri konfliqtebi xSirad zogadsakacobrio globalur xasiaTs iZens da maTi gadawyveta mTeli kacobriobis Zalisxmevas saWiroebs. ase wamoiWreba xolme globaluri
ekologiuri problemebi.
saerTaSoriso globaluri problema sazogadoebis ganviTarebis iseTi problemaa, romelic exeba TiToeul Cvengans, mTel msoflio sazogadoebriobas, atarebs
sayovelTao xasiaTs da misi daZleva calkeul qveynebs an qveynebis jgufs damoukideblad ar ZaluZs sakuTari resursebiT Tu am mimarTulebiT msoflio masStabiT ar
ganxorcielda yvela saxelmwifos TanamSromloba.
XIX s-is bolos msofliom Tavisi Tavi SeigrZno rogorc erTi mTliani, xolo
msoflio Tanamegobrobam warmoSobili globaluri problemebis gacnobiereba daiwyo. samyaro namdvilad globaluri xdeboda.
sazogadoebis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva safexursa da etapze globaluri problemebis adgili da roli cvalebadia, aseve gansxvavebulia maTi warmoSobis Tanmimdevroba. Tavdapirvelad globaluri problemebis warmoSobis mizezi bunebriv faqtorebs ukavSirdeboda. aseTebs miekuTvneba: cunami, miwisZvra, meteoruli wvimebi da
a.S. Semdgomi globaluri saerTaSoriso problemebis warmoSoba ki dakavSirebulia
im saqmianobasTan, rac sazogadoebam gaswia misi arsebobis manZilze dRevandlamde,
rogorc bunebasTan (bunebrivi resursebis gamoyenebis, garemos dacvis da sxva mimarTulebiT), ise TviT adamianebs Soris (siRaribe, saSiSi daavadebebi da a.S.) urTierTobebSi. es saerTaSoriso globaluri problemebi warmoiSva ara marto ekonomikis resursebis araswori gamoyenebiT, garemo pirobebis daucvelobiT da a.S., aramed
warmoebis intensiuri ganviTarebiTac.
Tanamedrove pirobebSi qveynebs Soris mzardi kavSirurTierTobebi da urTierTdamokidebuleba, ekonomikuri da socialuri procesi didad damokidebulia
globaluri saerTaSoriso problemebis Serbilebasa da gadawyvetaze. amitom, msoflio masStabiT SezRuduli resursebis pirobebSi, globaluri problemebis Serbilebisa da gadawyvetis RonisZiebaTa gatarebisaTvis saWiroa am problemebis saxeebis,
Semadgenlobisa da prioritetebis gansazRvra.
msoflio sazogadoebis erT-erT upirveles globalur problemad ekonomistebi msoflio ekologiur problemas miiCneven. es problema universaluria, radgan
erTi mdinare SeiZleba gadiodes mraval qveyanaSi, aseve haeris nakadebi moZraobdes
sxvadasxva kontinentebze da a.S. erTi sityviT, biosfero, atmosfero, hidrosfero da
litosfero mTeli planetisaTvis erTia.
msoflio mosaxleobis zrdam, bunebrivi resursebis intensiurma gamoyenebam,
garemo pirobebis dabinZurebam da gaRaribebam arsebiTi cvlilebebi gamoiwvia kacobriobis cxovrebaSi.
bunebrivi wiaRiseulis arasworma eqspluataciam, atmosferoSi mavne airebisa
da nivTierebebis gamofrqvevam, atomuri da sxva mavne narCenebis zrdam mTeli msoflio moicva, ramac gaauaresa msoflio masStabiT ekologiuri mdgomareoba. aRniSnulma da sxva msgavsma movlenebma meoce saukuneSi gaanadgura 1/4 msoflio miwis
savarguli, 2/3 tyis masivi. arasasurveli samrewvelo narCenebis moculobam bolo
ocdaaTi wlis manZilze moimata 2,5-jer, wylis dabinZureba amave periodSi gaizarda
10-jer.
ekologiuri TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebiT problemuria kosmosis intensiuri
aTviseba. amJamad kosmosSi dagrovilia 800-ze meti saraketo Tanamgzavrebis narCenebi, maT Soris xuTasi – radiaqtiuli sawvavis narCenebiT, romlis miwaze Camosvla
ara marto ekonomikaze imoqmedebs, aramed kacobriobis arsebobas Seuqmnis safrTxes.
176
ekonomikur ganviTarebaze uaryofiTad moqmedebs atmosferoSi dagrovili naxSiroJangis gazi, ozonis fenis gaRaribeba, siTburi efeqtebi, romlebic iwvevs klimatis cvlilebebs, amcirebs bunebrivi sameurneo resursebis optimaluri gamoyenebis
SesaZleblobebs, moqmedebs adamianTa janmrTelobasa da cxovrebaze, romelic droTa ganmavlobaSi SeiZleba stiqiur kataklizmebSi gadaizardos.
saerTaSoriso globaluri ekologiuri problemebis dasaZlevad mravali RonisZieba tardeba rogorc calkeuli qveynebis, ise saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis xarjze. 2000 wels mxolod bunebis dacvaze gamoyofilma saxsrebma 250 mlrd dolari
Seadgina, rac msoflio erToblivi Sida produqtis 0,8%-ia.
saerTaSoriso globaluri produqtebis Serbilebisa da gadawyvetisaken mimarTuli RonisZiebebi damokidebulia mraval faqtorze, rogorc mecnierul kvlevebze, ise ekonomikurze, politikursa da sxva movlenebze, romlebic arsebobs calkeul qveynebsa da saerTaSoriso masStabiT.
saerTaSoriso globaluri problemebis regulirebaSi gansakuTrebul rols
asrulebs “gaero”. mis farglebSi 1983 wels Seiqmna “garemosa da misi ganviTarebis
Sesaxeb” saerTaSoriso komisia, romelmac 1992 wels qalaq rio-de-JaneiroSi Caatara
konferencia “garemosa da misi ganviTarebis Sesaxeb”.
am konferenciaze SemuSavda da miRebul iqna programa “dRis wesrigi XXI saukunisaTvis, sadac gadmocemulia mdgradi ganviTarebis arsi da amocanebi.
“XXI s-is dRis wesrigi” gaxda Semobrunebis dokumenti, romelsac xeli moawera rio-de-JaneiroSi Sekrebilma yvela liderma. igi amtkicebs, rom “bunebis dacvis
politika, romelic upiratesad mimarTulia resursebis Sesanaxad da dasacavad, imaTi arsebobis saSualebebis uzrunvelyofis gareSe, vinc damokidebulia mocemul
resursebze, saeWvoa iyos warmatebuli”.
“XXI s-is dRis wesrigSi” CarTuli miznebi iTvaliswinebs mTel rig RonisZiebebs: daWaobebuli miwebisa da udabnoebis dacvas, haerisa da wylis dabinZurebis donis Semcirebas, energiis wyaroebis gamoyenebis srulyofas da axali sasoflo-sameurneo teqnologiebis gamoyenebas, toqsikuri qimiuri nivTierebebis da radiaciuli narCenebis ufro efeqtian utilizacias (ganadgureba, gauvnebelyofa), agreTve
brZolas daavadebebis da SimSilis winaaRmdeg. moicavs ra bunebis dacvisa da socialur amocanaTa yvelaze farTo diapazons, “XXI s-is dRis wesrigi” asaxavs problemaTaAmTel speqtrs, romelTanac Sexeba aqvs kacobriobas. Tumca am miznebis usazRvro ambiciurobam migviyvana misi efeqtianobis SemcirebasTan, radgan igi mTavrobebis da saerTaSoriso saagentoebis SezRudul SesaZleblobebs aWarbebda.
erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani gaerTianeba, romelic mocemuli Sexvedris
CarCoebSi warmoiSva, gaxda gaerTianebuli erebis mdgradi ganviTarebis komisia. es
komisia “XXI s-is dRis wesrigis” debulebaTaA Sesasruleblad Seiqmna erovnul doneze, aseve moqmedebaTaA koordinaciis Casatareblad gaeros sxvadasxva programebs
Soris garemos dacvisa da ganviTarebisaTvis.
“XXI s-is dRis wesrigis” Sesabamisad, yovelma erovnulma mTavrobam unda gamoimuSaos mdgradi erovnuli ganviTarebis strategia.
mdgrad ganviTarebaSi igulisxmeba:
1) sazogadoebis ganviTarebis iseTi sistema, romelic sazogadoebis ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da garemos dacvis interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT uzrunvelyofs
adamianis keTildReobas, cxovrebis donis xarisxis zrdas da momavali Taobebis
uflebas, isargeblon Seqcevadi raodenobrivi da xarisxobrivi cvlilebebisagan maqsimalurad daculi bunebrivi resursebiTa da garemoTi.
177
2) mdgradi ganviTareba gulisxmobs ekonomikuri zrdis iseT formas, romelic
uzrunvelyofs sazogadoebis keTildReobas mokle, saSualo da, rac mTavaria,
xangZlivi vadiT. igi efuZneba princips, romlis Tanaxmad, dRevandelobis moTxovnilebebi unda dakmayofildes ise, rom safrTxe ar Seeqmnas momaval Taobebs. mdgradi
ganviTareba gulisxmobs pirobebis Seqmnas grZelvadiani ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis garemos dacvis sakiTxebis maqsimaluri gaTvaliswinebiT.
3) biologiuri resursebis iseTi gziT da siswrafiT gamoyeneba, romelic momavalSi ar gamoiwvevs biologiuri mravalferovnebis Semcirebas da mas momavali
Taobebi saWiroebebis gaTvaliswinebiT SeinarCunebs.
1992 wels daaxloebiT 51 qveynis 1500 qalaqma SeimuSava Tavisi sakuTari “XXI
s-is dRis wesrigi”.
rio-de-Janeiros konferenciam mouwoda calkeul qveynebsa da saerTaSoriso
gaerTianebebs, koncentrirebuli ZalisxmeviT miudgnen erovnul da saerTaSoriso
ekologiur usafrTxoebas, gaacnobieron ekologiuri problemebis gansakuTrebuli
roli da mwvave xasiaTi, misi masStaburoba; am problemis daZlevisaTvis yvela doneze ganaxorcielon Sesabamisi finansuri, samarTlebrivi, instituciuri, politikuri da sxva saWiro RonisZiebani, ekologiuri usafrTxoebis mizniT moaxdinon ekonomikebis struqturuli gardaqmnebi; yvela bunebrivi resursebiT mosargebles daekisros pasuxismgebloba Sesabamisi kanonmdeblobisa da saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebis
darRvevisaTvis. dawesdes sistematuri kontroli da ganxorcieldes monitoringi bunebriv garemoze; Seiqmnas specialuri biosferos fondi; ganxorcieldes im obieqtebis eqspertiza, romlebic potenciur ekologiur safrTxes qmnian. ekologiuri profiliT momzaddes kadrebi da Seiqmnas damatebiTi kanonmdebloba.
msoflio bankma, romelic yovelwliurad ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis daaxloebiT 20 mlrd dolars gamoyofs, didi wvlili Seitana msoflioSi garemos dacvis problemebis gadasaWrelad. rio-de-JaneiroSi Catarebuli Sexvedris Semdeg msoflio bankma didi yuradReba miapyro bunebis dacvis sakiTxebs da rigi maRalSemosavliani proeqtebis mxardaWera Sewyvita, romlebic, kritikosTa azriT, gamflangveli an destruqciuri iyo. jeims vulfersonma, romelic 1995 wels 50 wliani istoriis mqone bankis (igulisxmeba msoflio banki) prezidenti gaxda, saqveynod aRiara
mdgradi ganviTarebis aucilebloba.
progresis Seswavlis dros, romelic globalur problemaTaAgadawyvetis periodSi iqna miRebuli umaRles doneze msoflio Sexvedris Semdeg, cxadi xdeba,
rom sxvadasxva qveyana viTardeboda sxvadasxvanairad. bunebis dacvis globaluri
tendenciebi mxolod rva qveyanaSi (oTx ganviTarebulsa da oTx ganviTarebadSi)
dominirebs, romlebic aerTianeben dedamiwis mTeli mosaxleobis 56%-sa da msoflio
satyeo meurneobebis 53%-s. rva ekologiuri saxelmwifo moicavs qveyanas yvelaze
didi mosaxleobiT – CineTs, qveyanas yvelaze mZlavri ekonomikiTa da naxSirbadis
yvelaze didi gamonabolqviT aSS-s, agreTve biologiur saxeobaTaAyvelaze didi mravalferovnebiT gamorCeul qveyanas – brazilias. es qveynebi germaniasTan, iaponiasTan, indoeTTan, indoneziasTan da ruseTTan erTad Sedian TanamegobrobaSi, romelsac ewodeba “E-8”, rva qveyana, romelic, ZiriTadad, ekologiur tendenciebs asaxavs.
ufro didi xarisxiT, vidre “didi Svideuli” (an igive rviani ruseTTan erTad), “E-8”-s SeuZlia daxmareba mTeli msoflios momavlis gansazRvraSi.
saerTaSoriso globaluri problemebis saqmeSi sxvadasxva saxelmwifos aqtiuri monawileoba erT-erTi mZlavri berketia am problemebis daregulirebis saqmeSi.
amasTan erTad, nebismierma ekonomikurma agentma unda gaiTavisos, rom dedamiwa yve178
la adamianis saerTo sacxovrebeli ojaxia da misi nebismieri dauSvebeli dabinZureba yvelasaTvis saziano iqneba.
gamoyenebuli
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
abesaZe r., arevaZe n., sarCimelia r., melaSvili m. ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa
da prognozirebis problemebi. Tbilisi, 2004.
veSapiZe S., griSikaSvili a., lekaSvili e., aslamaziSvili n. msoflio ekonomika. Tbilisi, 2008.
movsesiani a., ogincevi
ogincevi s.
s msoflio ekonomika, t. I, rusulidan Targmna S. veSapiZem. Tbilisi, 2003.
WinWarauli g. ”ekonomikuri Teoria” (ekonomiqsis aspeqti). Tbilisi, 2006.
Булатов А.С. Мировая Экономика. Москва, Экономист, 2007.
www. wikipedia.org.ge
www.googleusescontent.com
Dvalishvili Lia
GLOBAL REGULATION AND CONCEPTION OF
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
SUMMARY
Sustainable development denotes the simultaneous development process of nature and mankind-co evolution. Economists consider the number first problem of world society the ecological problem, because the
growth of world population, intensive use of natural resources and pollution of environment created significant
changes in world affairs.
In regulation of global problems important role plays the United Nation. In framework of the United
Nation was formed international committee on “environment and development” in 1983. This committee held
the conference in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 with the title “environment and development”.
Participating of different state in regulation of the global problems supports the international integration
and development which in its turn is the powerful weapon in solving the global problems.
Tamar valigasova
nino gelaSvili
msoflio ekonomikuri krizisis gavlena
saqarTvelos ekonomikaze
msoflio ekonomikuri krizisis pirveli kera CrdiloeT amerikaSi warmoiSva.
Lehmon Brothers da Meril Lynch _ ori umsxvilesi bankis gakotrebam warmoSva aSS-Si ipoTekuri krizisi, rasac mohyva federaluri sarezervo sistemis gadawyvetileba sabaziso saprocento ganakveTis (FED FUND RATE) zrdis Sesaxeb mzardi inflaciis SesaCereblad. sabaziso saprocento ganakveTis zrdam sasikvdilo dartyma miayena uZravi
qonebis bazars, ris gamoc daiwyo sabanko sistemis rRveva. federalurma sarezervo
sistemam gaakeTa gancxadeba saprocento ganakveTis TandaTan Semcirebis Sesaxeb, romelic cnobilia “Semrigebluri politikis” saxeliT. ramdenime TveSi qveynis Ziri179
Tadi saprocento ganakveTi 5%-dan 2%-mde Semcirda. am qmedebam gamoiwvia dolaris
gaufasureba evros mimaT.
aSS-s sabanko krizisma msoflio sabanko krizisis saxe miiRo, ramac didi
gavlena iqonia evropis sabanko seqtorze. iseTi didi kompaniebis, rogoricaa belgiis umsxvilesi safinanso kompania Fortis da Dexia SA, aqciebis fasi 30-35%-iT daeca. es
tendencia gagrZelda did britaneTSi, germaniasa da ruseTSic.
globalurma krizisma gavlena iqonia saqarTvelozec. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia
samSeneblo da sabanko seqtorebi.
sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdgom, ganviTarebis swrafma tempma gamoiwvia bazarze fuladi masis zrda. resursebis ukmarisobis gamo gazrdili daumTavrebeli
mSeneblobebis Sedegad sasaqonlo-fulad mimoqcevaSi investiciuri kompleqsis miwodebiT daubalansebeli fulis masa (xelfasis saxiT) gaizarda, ramac xeli Seuwyo
inflaciuri procesebis ganviTarebas.
inflaciis SiSma investorebi aiZula, ezrunaT fuladi saxsrebis reinvestirebaze da am mizniT daiwyes misi saswrafo dabandeba axal mSeneblobebSi, magram vinaidan samSeneblo mowyobilobaTa bazari isedac SezRuduli iyo, miviReT Sekruli
wre. kapitalur dabandebaze limitis moxsnis Semdeg saxelmwifom xelidan gauSva
investiciuri moTxovnis regulirebis meqanizmi, rasac Sedegad mohyva krizisi qveynis
investiciur kompleqsSi.
saqarTveloSi finansuri krizisis simptomebi jer kidev agvistos omamde gamoCnda. bankebs ucxoeTidan SedarebiT iafi kreditebis mozidva gauWirdaT da saprocento ganakveTi gazardes. omis Semdeg panikaSi Cavardnilma bevrma moqalaqem
bankebidan gaitana Tanxa, magram, rodesac mdgomareoba dawynarda, ukan miitana Tanxis 30-40%. bankebs sakuTari kreditis resursi amoewuraT da gakotrebis safrTxis
winaSe dadgnen. erovnuli bankis gonivrulma gadawyvetilebam iafi kreditebis gacemis Sesaxeb da, amasTanave, saerTaSoriso safinanso korporaciisa da evropis rekonstruqciis bankis daxmarebam saqarTvelos sabanko seqtors gakotrebis safrTxe Tavidan aarida.
sainteresoa saqarTvelos magaliTis ganxilva. miuxedavad imisa, rom msoflio
ekonomikurma krizisma didi zarali miayena rogorc ganviTarebul, aseve ganviTarebad qveynebs, saqarTvelo gamoirCeoda SedarebiT minimaluri danakargebiT. aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom igi naklebad iyo CarTuli msoflio sabazro ekonomikaSi da,
amasTanave, 2008 wlis ekonomikur kriziss Tan daerTo omi ruseTTan, ramac sabolood gamoamJRavna saqarTvelos ekonomikuri politikis sisusteebi. ekonomikuri
daskvnebis gasakeTeblad CavatareT Sesabamisi gamoTvlebi, romelTa mizani im xelSemwyobi faqtorebis Cveneba iyo, ris gamoc saqarTvelos ekonomika SedarebiT naklebad dazaralda.
saqarTveloze globaluri krizis gavlenis gamosakvlevad CavatareT ekonometrikuli gamokvleva, risTvisac ganvixileT Semdegi ekonomikuri parametrebi: saarsebo minimumi, romelic CavTvaleT Sedegobriv cvladad; faqtorul cvladebad gamoviyeneT mTliani Sida produqti da wliuri saxelfaso ganakveTi, xolo, rac Seexeba
ekonomikur kriziss, igi gamosaxulia fiqtiuri cvladis saSualebiT:
mSp _ X1 , xelfasebi _ X2 , saarsebo minimumi _ Y, globaluri ekonomikuri krikrizisi _ D.
gamoTvlebisTvis gamoyenebulia saqarTvelos statistikis departamentis mier
mowodebuli monacemebi:
180
wlebi
mSp _ x1
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
9824.3
11620.9
13789.9
16993.8
19074.9
17986
20791.3
xelfasebi
x2
1879.2
2450.5
3334.8
4417.2
6418.8
6681.6
7333.1
saarsebo
minimumi _ y
1697.8
1769.3
2144.4
2386.8
2575.1
2592.1
3093.1
fiqtiuri cvladis mniSvneloba krizisamde periodisaTvis (2004-2006) aRniSnulia 1-iT, xolo krizisis Semdgomi periodisaTvis (2007-2010) _ 0-iT.
movlenis gamosakvlevad viyenebT mravlobiTi regresiis Semdeg zogad models:
Y = eα0 ⋅ x1α1 ⋅ x2α 2 ⋅ eγD
models arawrfivi saxe gaaCnia da umcires kvadratTa meTodis gamoyenebis
mizniT vaxdenT mis gawrfivebas, ris Sedegadac, Sesabamisi gamoTvlebis Catarebis
Semdeg viRebT wrfivi mravlobiTi regresiis models:
am modelis arawrfivi saxea:
imis dasadgenad, Tu ramdenad sworad asaxavda modeli ekonomikur cvladebs
Soris damokidebulebas da ramdenad sando iyo miRebuli modeli ekonomikuri daskvnebis gasakeTeblad, movaxdineT regresiis modelis mniSvnelovnebis Sefaseba sxvadasxva meTodebiT:
determinaciisa da koreqtirebuli determinaciis koeficientebis mniSvnelobebis mixedviT modeli kargad asaxavs damokidebulebas mTlian Sida produqts, xelfasebs, saarsebo minimumsa da globalur kriziss Soris.
t (students)-is testis daxmarebiT Sefasda TviTon koeficientebi. 95%-iani ndobis
intervalisTvis tkr =3.182. mSp (X1)-sTan mdgari koeficientisTvis
tb1=-0.75<tkr , mSp naklebad axdens gavlenas globaluri krizisis dros saarsebo minimumze. xelfasebis (X2) koeficienti mniSvnelovania, tb2=3.51> tkr, rac gviCvenebs
rom xelfasi arsebiTia saarsebo minimumisaTvis globaluri krizis dros. aqve Sefasebul iqna koeficientebis mniSvnelovneba 90% da 99%-iani intervalisaTvis:
tkr(90%)=2.353 tb1<tkr tb2>tkr ; tkr(99%)=5.841 tb1<tkr tb2<tkr. 99%-iani intervalisaTvis orive
koeficienti aRmoCnda aramniSvnelovani, 90%-iani intervalisaTvis ki miviReT igive
Sedegi rac 95%-ianisaTvis.
zemoT vaxseneT, rom saqarTvelos situacia msoflios sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT, gamorCeuli iyo, rac fiqtiuri cvladis α koeficientis aramniSvnelovnebaSic
gamoixata. kvlevis mizanic zustad imaSi mdgomareobs, rom gamomJRavndes is faqtorebi, romelTac ganapirobes saqarTvelos ekonomikis SedarebiT naklebad dazaraleba globaluri ekonomikuri krizisis dros.
181
krizisis periodi saqarTveloSi TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeboda. man sakmaod
didi dartyma miayena saqarTvelos samSeneblo da sabanko seqtors gamomdinare iqidan, rom saqarTvelos ekonomika integrirebulia msoflio ekonomikasTan. vinaidan am
periods ruseT-saqarTvelos omic daemTxva, amitom miviReT normaluri ekonomikisTvis aradamaxasiaTebeli, araordinaluri Sedegi. mTliani Sida produqti omis periodSi Zalian daeca da amaze savaluto fondis monacemebic metyvelebs, romlis
mixedviT, 2008 wels igi unda gatoleboda 2895 milion aSS dolars, xolo 2009 wels
_ 3167 milion aSS dolars, faqtobrivad ki 2008 wels man 2328.9 milioni aSS dolari
Seadgina. magram am cvlilebam naklebi zemoqmedeba moaxdina saarsebo minimumze.
Reg ln(Y)ln(X1)
R2=0.2352
Sesabamisad, am periodisTvis mSp-sa da saarsebo minimums Soris logikuri damokidebuleba Secvala raRac gareSe faqtorma, kvlevis mizanic am gare faqtoris
gamovlenas iTvaliswinebda.
kvlevis Semdgom etapze moxda wyviluri regresiis modelSi meore faqtoruli
cvladis CarTva, romlis daxmarebiT ganisazRvra damokidebuleba saarsebo minimums,
mSp-sa da xelfasebs Soris globaluri krizisis gavlenis gauTvaliswineblad.
Fkr(1.4)=7.71
Reg ln(Y)ln(X1)ln(X2)
Fx2>Fkr,
Sedegad miviReT rom xelfasebis (X2) CarTva modelis mniSvnelovnebas aumjobesebs. Sedegi logikuria gamomdinare iqidan, rom saaarsebo minimumis ganmapirobebeli ZiriTadi faqtori xelfasebia.
binaruli cvladis modelSi CarTviT, romelic am SemTxvevaSi aris globaluri krizisi, miRebuli Sedegi ekonometrikuli xedvisTvis Seusabamoa, rogorc zemoT
aRvniSneT, mSp-s saarsebo minimumze gavlena mcirea. yvelafer amas mivyavarT im damatebiT gare faqtorTan, ramac gamoiwvia aseTi gansxvavebuli Sedegi.
Reg ln(Y)ln(x1)ln(x2)D
R2= 0.9531
< Fkr=10.13 fiqtiuri cvladi D aramniSvnelovania
cxadia, kvlevisas aRebuli cvladebi erTmaneTTan mWidro kavSirSia da amis
gamo multikoliniarobas vawydebiT, rac korelaciur matricaSic Cans.
VIF meTodiT Sedgenil gafarToebul matricaSi aseve SegviZlia vnaxoT gamoyenebul cvladebs Soris simWidrovis maCvenebeli. TiToeul SemTxvevaSi miviReT, rom
multikoliniaroba ar aRwevs im sidides, rom mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdinos modelze.
Reg ln(x1)ln(x2)D
R2=0.3446
Reg ln(Y)ln(x1)D
R2=0.8247
Reg ln(Y)ln(x2)D
R2=0.8166
182
Tumca, VIF2 > 4 , VIF3 > 4 , rac ar gamoricxavs multikoliniarobis arsebobas.
msoflio ekonomikurma krizisma daazarala uamravi qveyana, magram rogorc
modelis Seswavlis Semdeg aRmoCnda, saqarTvelos SemTxveva gansxvavebulia sxva
qveynebisagan. saqarTvelos ekonomikuri maCveneblebisaTvis (saarsebo minimumi, mSp,
xelfasebi) krizisi ar aRmoCnda didi gavlenis mqone, radgan maTze sxva gare faqtorma moaxdina gadamwyveti zegavlena. krizisis gavrcelebis periodi daemTxva ruseT-saqarTvelos Soris omis periods. ra Tqma unda, omma Tavis mxriv uaryofiTi
gavlena iqonia saqarTvelos ekonomikaze, magram omisa da krizisis mier miyenebuli
zarali ZiriTadad omis Semdgomi periodisTvis qveyanaSi Semodinebulma ucxourma
grantebma moaxdin gadafara.
ruseTis agresiis Semdeg saqarTvelos araerTma qveyanam da saerTaSoriso organizaciam aRmouCina daxmareba. 2008 wlis ganmavlobaSi ucxoeTidan miRebulma
grantebma, kreditebma da nebayoflobiTma transferebma (maT Soris, biujetis mxardamWerma) Seadgina 978.9 mln lari. 2008 wlis ganmavlobaSi grantebis saxiT miRebulma saxsrebma Seadgina 617.2 mln. lari, romelic moicavs:
• amerikis mTavrobis daxmareba 412.5 mln. lari;
• evrokavSiris mier gamoyofili saqarTvelos iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa samoqmedo gegmis mxardasaWerad 23.2 mln lari;
• evrokavSiris mier saxelmwifo finansebis marTvis programis farglebSi gamoyofili grantebi _ 20.9 mln lari;
• maltis mTavrobis daxmareba postkonfliqturi mdgomareobis aRdgenisaTvis
23.2 aTasi lari da sxva.
garda zemoT aRniSnulisa, krizisis gavlenis SedarebiTi sisuste imiTac aixsneba, rom saqarTvelo msoflios ganviTarebul qveynebTan SedarebiT mcire masStabiT
aris CarTuli saerTaSoriso sabazro ekonomikaSi da am mxriv naklebi simZlavre
gaaCnia. Sesabamisad, globalurma krizisma Zalze didi dartyma miayena udides safinanso organizaciebs, xolo ganviTarebis SedarebiT dabal etapze myof qveynebs naklebad Seexo.
Seswavlilma modelma aCvena, rom saarsebo minimumze gavlenis mqonea rogorc
mTliani Sida produqtis, aseve xelfasebis maCvenebeli, Tumca aseve aRmoCnda rom
globaluri ekonomikuri krizisis gavlena am maCveneblebSi umniSvneloa. wyviluri
regresiis modelis ganxilvisas susti kavSiric mSp-sa gamoCnda da saarsebo minimums
Soris. yovelive es ekonomikurad aralogikur Sedegs gvaZlevs. es Seusabamoba aixsneba im gare faqtorTa zemoqmedebiT, rogoricaa ruseT-saqarTvelos omi, ucxoeTidan
Semodinebuli grantebi. Tu rogor SeZlebs saqarTvelo uaxloes krizisTan gamklavebas sakuTari Semosavlebis saSualebiT da ara ucxouri grantebis daxmarebiT,
Semdegi kvlevis sferoa. A
1. http://www.geostat.ge
2. http://www.csrdg.ge
3. http://www.parliament.ge
183
Valigasova Tamar
Gelashvili Nino
IMPACT OF WORLD ECONOMIC GRISIS ON GEORGIAN ECONOMY
SUMMARY
Considering the world economic crisis, it was quite interesting to study its consequences.
The purpose of our research was to study the impact of the global crisis closely and compare the developments in Georgia with the events going on elsewhere in the world. During the study we found results that
were rather illogical and inappropriate for econometric conclusions which turned the research into an even bigger challenge for us.
We carried out econometric research to study the impact of the global crisis on Georgia. We considered
the economic parameters: essential minimum, which we took as a reference variable; we used GDP and annual
salary as the factor variables and expressed the economic crisis with a fictitious variable:
GDP - X1 , Salaries - X2 , essential minimum - Y, global economic crisis - D.
In the calculations we used the information provided by the State Department for Statistics of Georgia
The value of the fictitious variable for the pre-crisis period (2004-2006) is denoted with 1, and for the
post-crisis period (2007-2010) – with 0.
To study the events, we use the following general model of multiple regression:
Y = eα0 ⋅ x1α1 ⋅ x2α 2 ⋅ eγD
The model is non-linear and we make it linear with the least square method, after which, having made
appropriate calculations, we arrive at the multiple linear regression model:
The non-linear form of this model is:
As we mentioned from the very beginning, the Georgian case differed from those of the European and
American countries and we used all the appropriate econometric methods to discover its deepest reasons. Although the world economic crisis affected many countries, after studying the model it turned out that it did not
have that crucial effect on the Georgian economic parameters (essential minimum, GDP, salary rates) because
they were significantly influenced by other external factors. The crisis period coincided with the RussianGeorgian war. While the war did harm the Georgian economy the damage caused by the world crisis and the
war were to a large extent offset by the inflow of donor funds in the country after the war.
The relatively insignificant impact of the crisis can be also explained by the fact that Georgia, if compared to other developed countries, is only modestly involved in the world market economy, and has less capacity as a country. The global crisis hit large financial institutions severely but had a milder impact on the developing countries.
cicino TeTrauli
inflacia da misi gamomwvevi mizezebi
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inflacia umniSvnelovanesi makroekonomikuri maCvenebelia, romlis dinamikac
arsebiT gavlenas axdens mTlianad ekonomikaze. inflacia aris mravalfaqtoruli
maCvenebeli, rac imas niSnavs, rom misi formirebis procesze mravali movlena axdens
zemoqmedebas. postkomunistur sivrceSi myofi qveynebisaTvis administraciul-mbrZanebluri ekonomikidan sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis procesi sakmaod rTuli da
mtkivneuli aRmoCnda, es aisaxa imflaciuri procesebis gamwvavebaSi, umuSevromis
zrdaSi, mrewvelobis ganviTarebis Seferxebasa da sxva negatiur movlenebSi. inflacia, rogorc aseTi, mxolod postkomunisturi qveynebisTvis araa damaxasiaTebeli.
inflacia aqtualuri movlenaa, rogorc ganviTarebadi da ganviTarebuli qveynebisaTvis, aseve sabazro ekonomikaze gardamavali qveynebisaTvis.
inflacia laTinuri sityvaa da gabervas niSnavs. igi mimoqcevis sferoSi qaRaldis fulis didi raodenobiT gamoSvebaa, romelic realuri saqonelbrunvis saWiroebebs aRemateba. inflaciis mizezi SeiZleba iyos warmoebisa da vaWrobis Semcirebac. inflacias xSirad iyenebs xelisufleba saxelmwifo biujetis Sevsebis mizniT. mas Tan sdevs qaRaldis fulis gaufasureba, misi oqros Semcvelobis daweva,
realuri xelfasis Semcireba.
inflaciis yvelaze gavrcelebuli ganmartebis da misi mizezebis axsnas warmoadgens cnobili gamonaTqvami _ ,,Zalze bevri fuli acxadebs pretenzias saqonlis
Zalze nakleb raodenobaze”. ramdenime saukunis manZilze es damokidebuleba ekonomistebis ganskuTrebuli yuradRebis sagani iyo, maT Soris ukanaskneli periodis
ekonomist-monetaristebisa, romelTa Soris yvelaze cnobilia nobelis premiis laureati milton fridmeni. monetaristebi Tvlian, rom swored fulad masaSi cvlilebebia ekonomikuri ciklisa da inflaciis formirebis ZiriTadi faqtori. neoklasikosTa didi nawili inflaciis asaxsnelad iyenebda raodenobriv Teorias. fulis
raodenobrivi Teoriis paralelurad viTardeboda danaxarjebis inflaciis Teoria,
sadac miiCneva, rom fasebis zrdis umTavres mizezs warmoadgens warmoebis damaxarjebis gazrda. inflaciis mizezebi keinsianur modelirebaSi erToblivi moTxovnis
siWarbeSi mdgomareobda, romelic unda emarTaT. keinsianelebi inflaciasTan sabrZolvelad gvTavazobdnen Semosavlebis politikiT manipulirebas _ gaezardaT gadasaxadebi da SeemcirebinaT saxelmwifo xarjebi. inflaciuri meqanizmis ekonomikuri
fesvebis axsnisTvis unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom ekonomikur sferoSi moqmedebs ramdenime inflaciuri meqanizmi. am meqanizmebidan zogierTi maTganis moqmedebam SeiZleba saxe icvalos ekonomikuri koniunqtebis ganviTarebis Sesabamisad.
inflacia, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Tanamedrove ekonomikis umZimes avadmyofobadaa miCneuli. inflaciis pirveli saxea zomieri inflacia, rodesac fasebi 10%-mde
izrdeba. fulis Rirebuleba TiTqmis SenarCunebulia stabilurad da ar arsebobs
riski nominalur fasebSi kontraqtebis dadebis dros. aseT situaciaSi fuli inarCunebs Tavis Rirebulebas da misi msyidvelobiTi unari SedarebiT mdgradi rCeba.
inflaciis meore saxea e.w. WenebiTi inflacia, romelic xasiaTdeba fulis gaufasurebis maRali tempiT. am tipis inflaciis dros mflobelebi cdiloben, rac SeiZleba
swrafad daxarjon maT xelT arsebuli fuli. inflaciis mesame saxea hiperinflacia.
igi xasiaTdeba fasebis zrdis astronomiuli tempebiT. fasebisa da xelfasis ganxvaveba katastrofulia. hiperinflaciis dros irRveva sakmaod uzrunvelyofili fenebis keTildReobis maCvenebelic, zaraliani xdeba msxvili sawarmoebic ki. hiperinflaciis dros yvelanairi fuladi formis kontraqtebisagan ikaveben Tavs. am dros
izrdeba barteruli garigebebis wili. fulisgan gaqceva mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs swrafi inflaciis pirobebSi. fuli ufro swrafad gadadis xelidan xelSi,
radgan aravis unda misi Senaxva. hiperinflacia TiTqmis laboratoriul cdas war185
moadgens fulis TeoriisaTvis. es fenomeni gviCvenebs, rom im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac
fuladi masa metismetad swrafad izrdeba, inflaciis tempebic aseve eqstraordinaluria. esec ganapirobebs gaqcevas fulisagan. amis Semdeg fasebi ufro swrafadac ki
izrdebian, vidre fuladi masa.
hiperinflaciis gamomwvevi mizezebi SeiZleba aixsnas Semdegi faqtorebiT: rodesac saxelmwifos uzarmazari deficiti gaaCnia, magaliTad, im garemoebis gamo, rom
omma an revoluciam Seamcira sagadasaxado SemosulobaTa Tanxa, an imis Sedegad,
rom axalma mTavrobam Seadgina xarjebis ambiciuri programa. ramdenadac sagadasaxado Semosavali xarjebis araadekvaturia, mTavrobas biujetis deficitis dasafinanseblad fulis Warbi dabeWdvaRa rCeba. aSkara inflaciis pirobebSi realuri moTxovna fulze Semcirebas iwyebs imis gamo, rom adamianebi amcireben TavianTi realuri narCenebis dones, inflaciis arsebobis gamo alternatiuli xarjebis Tavidan
acilebis mizniT. fulisagan es gaqceva kidev ufro amwvavebs inflaciis masStabebs.
inflaciis norma udris nominaluri fuladi masis matebis tempebsa da fulze realur moTxovnas Soris gansxvavebas. fuladi masis stabiluri da msxvilmasStabiani
zrdis situaciaSi xangrZlivi periodis manZilze inflacia da nominaluri fuladi
masis zrda mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan.
postkomunisturi qveynebi sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg Zalian rTul da
araprognozirebad sivrceSi aRmoCndnen. memkvidreobad darCaT moSlili ekonomika,
sawarmoo resursebis deficiti, deficituri biujeti da maRali inflacia. CvenSi
umetesad adgili aqvs arabalansirebul inflacias. kerZod, nedleulis fasi win uswrebs produqciis fass. aseve makompleqtebeli komponentebis fasi Warbobs misgan
warmoebuli produqciis fass. inflaciis dros qveynis ekonomikuri da politikuri
strategia aris sazogadoebis gadarCena. gadarCenis gzebi ki aris TviTuzrunvelyofa
da avtonomiuroba, warmoebis gamartiveba, garekavSirebis Sekveca, Sida safirmo
meurneobriobis sabazro elementebis naturalizacia.
fasebis zrdis gawonasworebis xarisxis mixedviT ganasxvaveben balansirebul
da arabalansirebul inflacias. balansirebuli inflaciis dros sxvadasxva saqonlis fasebi erTmaneTis mimarT ucvlelia, xolo arabalansirebuli inflaciis dros
sxvadasxva saqonlis fasebi mudmivad icvleba erTmaneTis mimarT, amasTan, sxvadasxva
proporciiT. balansirebuli inflacia biznesisaTvis araa saSiSi. am dros saWiroa
mxolod fasebis perioduli gadideba. Tu nedleuli gaZvirda 10-jer, Tqven Sesabamisad zrdiT produqciis fass. riskis saSiSroeba mxolod im firmebs eqnebaT, romlebic fasebis matebis jaWvis boloSi imyofebian.
inflacia Tavisi bunebiT SeiZleba iyos mosalodneli da moulodneli. moulodnel inflaciaSi misi araprognozirebadoba igulisxmeba. inflacias yvela qveyanaSi Tavisi gamovlenis Taviseburebebi gaaCnia. aRiarebulia, rom inflaciis procesebis speqtri damikidebulia saqonelmimoqcevis wrebrunvaSi arsebuli fulis masis
moculobis cvlilebaze. inflaciuri procesebi mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli ama Tu im
saqonlis warmoebisaTvis saWiro fulis raodenobis dadgenis sakiTxebTan, magram
Zneli saTqmelia, zustad ramdeni fuli gvesaWiroeba ama Tu im saqonlis sawarmoeblad. kacobriobas ar gaaCnia mimoqcevaSi fulis gamoSvebis obieqturi kriteriumebi.
fulis funqciebidan gamomdinare, fuli ara marto gadaxdis saSualeba, aramed dagrovebis saSualebacaa. adamianebi yovelTvis miiswrafvian, rom qoneba fulis saxiT
daagrovon, gansakuTrebiT arastabilurobis pirobebSi. isini yovelTvis cdiloben
imaze meti daagrovon, vidre saWiroa. amitom aranairi zusti kanoni ar arsebobs mimoqcevaSi gamosaSvebi fulis raodenobis calsaxad gansazRvrisaTvis.
186
fulis gamogonebis dRidan kacobriobam ver SeZlo daedgina, rogor unda Seefardebina maT mier warmoebuli sasaqonlo masa maT mierve gamoSvebul fulad masasTan. qaRaldis fulis gamoSvebam mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa inflaciis warmoSobaSi. inflacia liTonis fuli arsebobis drosac SeimCneoda. Mmagram, maSindeli
inflaciuri procesebi xanmokle iyo da misi ZiriTadi gamomwvevi mizezebi omebi da
ekonomikuri problemebi iyo. inflacia arsebobda monaTmflobelur, feodalur da
kapitalistur sazogadoebebSi, roca adgili hqonda Seusabamobas fulad da sasaqonlo masebs Soris. aqedan SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom inflacia aris fuladi urTierTobebis ganuyofeli nawili, xolo misi wyaro da gamomwvevi mizezi aris Seusabamoba arsebul fulad masasa da sasaqonlo masas Soris. balansirebuli da mosalodneli inflaciis kombinacias ar moaqvs ekonomikuri ziani, maSin, roca arabalansirebuli da moulodneli gansakuTrebiT saSiSia da did danaxarjebs moiTxovs
adaptaciisaTvis. inflacia Sedegia miwodeba-moTxovnis wonasworobis darRvevisa.
wonasworoba Tu moTxovnis mxridan dairRva, aseT SemTxvevaSi warmoiSveba moTxovnis inflacia, xolo sxva situacia iqmneba, roca ixrdeba warmoebis danaxarjebi, e.i.
ixrdeba miwodebis fasebi. am SemTxvevaSi warmoiqmneba miwodebis inflacia. moTxovnamiwodebis Seusabamoba doniTa da siRrmiT gamowveulia ekonomikaSi sxvadasxva saxis
monopolizmiT: 1. saxelmwifo monopolizmiT 2. profkavSirebis monopolizmiT, romlebic adgenen xelfasis ama Tu im dones mewarmeebTan xelSekrulebis meSveobiT 3.
umsxvilesi firmebis monopolizmiT, romlebic gansazRvraven fasebsa da TavianT
xarjebs.
samomxmareblo inflaciis dros xelfasis momateba, kreditebis miReba da Semnaxvel bankebSi anabrebis moxsna sabolood iwvevs moTxovnis gazrdas samomxmareblo saqonelze. moTxovnis aseTi zrdis dakmayofileba ki ver xerxdeba saqonlis
warmoebiT, rasac sabolood samomxmareblo saqonelze fasebis momatebisaken mivyavarT.
fiskalur inflacias adgili aqvs maSin, roca saxelmwifo xarjebi aWarbebs
fuladi Semosavlebis masas. aseT dros saxelmwifo biujetis Sevsebas iwyebs kreditebis aRebis xarjze, ramac SeiZleba gamoiwvios saqonlis deficiti da Sesabamisad
fasebis zrda. fasebis zrdis xangrZlivobis mixedviT SeiZleba gamovyoT moklevadiani, saSualovadiani da grZelvadiani inflaciebi. bazrebTan urTierTmoqmedebaSi
ki Ria da daTrgunuli inflacia. ramdenadac Ria inflacia makroekonomikuri movlenaa, misTvis damaxasiaTebelia samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsis zrda. Ria inflacia ar aris katastrofa ekonomikisaTvis, sanam bazris meqanizmebi ganagrZoben muSaobas. inflacia momxmareblis fsiqologiaSi iwvevs cvlilebebs, roca igi xedavs
fasebis mudmiv zrdas da im daskvnamde midis, rom saqoneli da momsaxureba aRar
gaiafdeba da cdilobs imis gagebas, Tu ramdenad gaZvirdeba isini kidev. aseT adaptur inflaciur models Tan axlavs momxmarebelTa gadawyvetileba imis Sesaxeb, Tu
Semosavlis ra nawili daxarjos mimdinare moxmarebaze da ra nawili Seinaxos. momxmarebeli ecdeba am dros Tavisi cxovrebisa donis SesanarCuneblad gazardos mimdinare moTxovna danazogebis sazianod. inflaciis molodiniT Sepyrobili momxmarebeli fasebis TiToeuli zrdisas rwmundeba Tavisi gadawyvetilebis sisworeSi da
agrZelebs moTxovnis gazrdas. es garemoeba ki iwvevs fasebis Semdgom gazrdas da
adapturi inflaciis molodini ufro myari xdeba. es procesi permanentul saxes
iZens da Sedegad amoqmedebas iwyebs inflaciis TviTwarmoebadi meqanizmi, romelic
ukve Zalian saSiS formas iRebs ekonomikisaTvis. am meqanizmis funqcionirebis Semdeg ekonomikaSi iwyeba danazogebis deficiti, rac damRupvelad aisaxeba resursebis,
kreditebis moculobaze, xels uSlis investiciebis mozidvas, warmoebisa da miwode187
bis zrdas. situacia ufro gamwvavdeba, Tu mwarmoeblebi da vaWrobis sferos warmomadgenlebi darwmundebian fasebis Semdgom zrdaSi da aqedan gamomdinare, daiwyeben
gayidvebis Seferxebas, gadamalaven saqonels im mizniT, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi
ufro Zvirad gayidon da meti sargebeli miiRon. adapturi inflaciuri molodinis
dros moTxovnasa da miwodebas Soris iseTi konbinacia formirdeba, rodesac xdeba
moTxovnis swrafi tempiT, xolo miwodebis SedarebiT neli tempiT zrda. Sedegad ki
viRebT meqanizms, romelic dauyovnebliv wevs zemoT fasebs. adaptur molodins gaaCnia makroekonokikuri buneba da ganisaxRvreba im movlenebiT, romlebic moqmedebs
konkretul bazrebze. Mmomxmarebeli, romelic fiqrobs, ramdeni fuli daxarjos,
xelmZRvanelobs im fasebis moZraobiT, romelTanac uxdeba mas yoveldRiuri Sexeba.
ZiriTadad pirveladi moxmarebis saqonelze da aucilebel momsaxurebaze. aqedan gamomdinare, momxmarebluri fasebis cvlilebas pirvel rigSi mikro doneze aRiqvamen.
adapturi molodinis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli isaa, rom igi didxans grZeldeba da
inflaciur meqanizms inarCunebs maSinac ko, rodesac TiTqos yvelaferi gakeTebulia
inflaciis aRmosafxvrelad makroekonomikur doneze. nebismier qveyevaSi, maT Soris
postkomunisturSic, mimdinare inflaciur procesTa sworad Sefasebisa da regulirebisaTvis aucilebelia pirvel rigSi am procesebis Sefaseba moxdes, warsulsa da
awmyoSi gamovlindes zogadi kanonzomierebani.
saqarTveloSi finansuri Teoria da finansuri praqtika Tavis arsebobas iTvlis saxelwifoebriobis warmoSobis pirvelive dReebidan. mniSvnelovani etapi finansuri praqtikis ganviTarebaSi saqarTveloSi iyo vaxtang gorgasalis epoqa, roca
qveyana permanentul omebs awarmoebda teritoriebis mTlianobis aRsadgenad da misi
ganmtkicebisaTvis. gzadagza is qveynis finansur sakiTxebsac wyvetda, Tavs uyrida
finansur resursebs: teritoriebis, tyeebis, uZravi da moZravi qonebis, oqros, vercxlis. spilenZis, brinjaos saxiT.
daviT aRmaSeneblis finansur politikas da reformebs umniSvnelovanesi adgili ukavia saqarTvelos finansuri Teoriisa da finansuri praqtikis ganviTarebaSi.
daviT aRmaSeneblis dros mimoqcevaSi damkvidrda erovnuli valuta da gatarda farTo masStabis finansuri reformebi. saqarTvelo imdroindeli msoflios erT-erTi
keTilmowyobili da finansurad uaRresad Zlieri qveyana iyo. aRmaSeneblis mier Catarebulma safinanso-ekonomikurma reformebma safuZveli Cauyares saqarTveloSi mtkice fulad safinanso-sakredito sistemis Camoyalibebas da funqcionirebas, rac gagrZelda TiTqmis 100 wlis manZilze saqarTveloSi monRolebis Semosevamde. Tamar mefis dros ki saqarTvelos Semosavlebi sWarbobda imdroindeli inglisis saxelmwifo Semosavlebs. qveyanaSi Camoyalibda mZlavri finansuri instituti _ saWurWle,
dRevandeli gagebiT, finansTa saministro.
finansuri ganviTarebis axali etabi iwyeba sulxan-saba orbelianis da misi
aRzrdilis vaxtang VI-is moRvaweobis dros. sulxan-sabas nawarmoebebidan aSkarad
Cans merkantilizmisa da fiziokratizmis ekonomikuri Sexedulebebi. qarTl-kaxeTis
mefe erekle II-e qveynis finansebis Seqmna-mowyobaSi adga evropeizmis gzas. cdilobda, samefoSi daenerga safinanso meurneobis evropuli formebi. mefe ereklem didi
yuradReba miaqcia qarTuli fuladi sistemis Seqmnas. erekles droindeli qarTuli
TeTri, qarTuli moneta gadaiqca erT-erT mtkice monetad amierkavkasiaSi. saqarTvelos ruseTTan SeerTebam axali etapi daiwyo saqarTvelos finansur ganviTarebaSi.
ruseTis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobam gamoiwvia adgilobrivi erovnuli fuladi safinanso da sakredito struqturis gauqmeba da ngreva. gauqmda Tbilisis zarafxana
da Sewyda ,,qarTuli TeTris” moWra. am procesis pozitiuri mxare iyo is, rom evropasTan axlos mdgomi ruseTis imperiis sivrceSi yofnis gamo saqarTvelo ebmeba
188
msoflio vaWrobaSi. misi nawarmi gadis rogorc ruseTis qalaqebSi, aseve dasavleT
evropaSi. saqarTvelosa da ruseTs Soris Seiqmna erTiani sasaqonlo da sasesxo bazebi. iqmneba erTiani sagadasaxado sistema da erTiani fuladi mimoqceva.
ilia WavWavaZe ara marto didi mwerali da sazogado moRvawe, aramed didi
bankir-finansisti iyo, romelmac 30 wliani sabanko moRvaweobiT didi roli Seasrula qarTveli eris TviTSegnebis aRorZinebasa da ganviTarebaSi. ilia ibrZoda saqarTveloSi bankis daarsebisaTvis. igi ambobda rom ,,banks didi roli ekuTvnis qveynis ekonomikur aRorZinebasa da ganviTarebaSi”. bankis meSveobiT iliam ekonomikurad
gaaerTiana guberniebad da mazrebad dayofili kolonia da daiwyo misi kolonialuri uRlidan ganTavisuflebis procesi. 1920 wels daarsda saqarTvelos saxalxo banki, romelic daixura 1921 wels ruseTis Semosvlis Semdeg, sabWouri wyobis damyarebisTanave. es umZimesi periodi 70 wlis manZilze gagrZelda.
dReisaTvis sazogadoebis mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad progresuli iyo
socialisturi sistema, orad iyofa: bevrni Tvlian, rom aseTi sistema iyo sazogadoebis bunebrivi ganviTarebidan gadaxra da misi Secvla obieqtur aucileblobas
warmoadgenda, mcire nawils ki miaCnia, rom igi iyo kacobriobis istoriaSi yvelaze
progresuli wyoba da misi damxoba mxolod subieqturi mizezebis gamo moxda. am
yvelafris calsaxad Sefaseba momavlis saqmea, magram isic naTelia, rom mbrZaneblur-administraciuli sistema arsebiT naklovanebebs qmnida, romelTa aRmofxvra
aucilebeli iyo. sabazro ekonomikaze gdasvlis procesSi saxelmwifos akisria
garkveuli indikatoris roli, romelsac SeuZlia daaCqaros an Seanelos am gadasvlis mimdinareoba. 1992 wlidan daiwyo Sokuri Terapiis ganxorcieleba, radgan
qveyanas am dros ar gaaCnda sakuTari valuta, fulad-sakredito sistema da saxelmwifo biujeti. Sokuri Terapia ver ganxorcielda, ramac ekonomikuri krizisi kidev
ufro gaamwvava. bolo periodis msoflio finansurma krizisma da ruseT-saqarTvelos omma mdgomareoba sagrZnoblad gaauaresa. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvelos ekonomikam am or did dartymas gauZlo da Sesabamisi ekonomikuri politikis
ganxircielebisa da saerTaSoriso daxmarebis pirobebSi mdgomareoba TandaTan gaumjobesda. mTavrobis mier Seqmnil antikrizisul programaSi erT-erTi strategiuli
meqanizmia fulad sakredito politika. krizisis pirobebSi monetaruli politika
saxelmwifo Carevisgan ar iqneba Tavisufali. ar unda iqnes daSvebuli erovnuli
valutis kursis arc myisierad xelovnuri gamyareba da arc gaufasureba. erovnulma
bankma unda gansazRvros is oqros Sualedi, romelic uzrunvelyofs fasebis stabilurobas da meore mxriv, stimuli unda misces komerciul bankebs da xeli Seuwyos
ekonomikis, gansakuTrebiT realuri seqtoris aRorZineba-ganviTarebas.
1.
fiSeri s., dornbuSi r., Smalenzi r. ekonomika t. IV, Tbilisi, 1998.
2.
abesaZe r. mdgradi ekonomikuri ganviTareba – XXI saukunis globaluri gamowveva, samecniero Sromebis krebuli, t. I. paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis gamomcemloba. Tbilisi, 2008.
3.
lazaraSvili T., ToTlaZe l. inflaciuri procesebi, Sefaseba da regulireba
(saqarTvelos magaliTze). p. guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis gamomcemloba. Tbilisi, 2008.
4.
vaniSvili m. finansebi. Tbilisi, 2007.
5.
papava v. aratradiciuli ekonomiksi. Tbilisi, 2011.
189
Tetrauli Tsitsino
INFLATION AND ITS CAUSES
SUMMARY
In this work is analyzed the inflation as a macroeconomic factor, its essence and particularities and underling factors of triggering inflation.
In the work the particularities of inflation is examined on the example of post communist countries and
the ways of its overcoming in Georgia.
kakulia
ia
nazira kakul
malxaz Ciqobava
makroekonomikuri politikis formirebis Taviseburebani
postkomunisturi transformaciis procesSi
Tanamedrove literaturaSi ekonomikuri politika gansazRvrulia, rogorc xelisuflebis (papava, 2005; xaduri, 2002) mier ekonomikis sferoSi gatarebul RonisZiebaTa, qmedebaTa sistema da saxelmwifos miznebidan, amocanebidan da interesebidan
gamomdinare, ekonomikuri procesebisaTvis gansazRvruli mimarTulebis micema, romelic moicavs struqturul, sainvesticio, fulad-sakredito, socialur, sagareo ekonomikur, samecniero-teqnikur, sagadasaxado, sabiujeto politikas (Борисов, 1999). dasavlur literaturaSi ekonomikuri politika gansazRvrulia, rogorc ekonomikuri
qcevebis an maTi Sedegebis gakontroleba da maTze zemoqmedeba (Макконнелл, Брю, 1999).
xolo makroekonomikuri politika _ esaa saxelmwifos moqmedeba, romelic mimarTulia mTlianobaSi ekonomikis regulirebisaken misi saimedo funqcionirebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT (Борисов, 1999).
saxelmwifos mier makroekonomikuri politikis formirebisas gansakuTrebuli
yuradReba unda daeTmos makroekonomikuri miznebis sworad gansazRvras da formirebas. saxelmwifo movalea da mis valdebulebebSic Sedis uzrunvelyos bazris
funqcionirebisaTvis Sesabamisi ideologiis Seqmna umokles vadaSi. am problemaTa
Seswavla SesaZlebelia `sazogadoebrivi arCevanis Teoriis~ (papava, 2002) safuZvelze,
kerZod, mis mier ganxiluli ekonomikuri politikis endogenuri gansazRvrebidan
gamomdinare, romelic saSualebas iZleva sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ekonomikuri da
politikuri urTierTqmedebis aspeqtebi iyos Seswavlili. rogorc vxedavT, es Teoria gvaZlevs SesaZleblobas axleburad gavaSuqoT gardamaval periodSi arsebuli
gardaqmnebi.
`sazogadoebrivi arCevanis Teoria~ eyrdnoba daSvebas, romelic gulisxmobs,
rom adamianebi politikur sarbielze moqmedeben piradi interesebidan gamomdinare
da rom ar arsebobs politikasa da bizness Soris raime gadaulaxavi sazRvari.
jeims biuqeneni ambobda, rom `politika individTa Soris gacvlis rTuli sistemaa, romelSic individebi koleqtiurad miiswrafian sakuTari piradi interesebis
190
dakmayofilebisaken, radgan maTi realizeba Cveulebrivi sabazro gacvlis wesiT ar
SeuZliaT. aq ar aris sxva interesi, garda piradisa~ (Бьюкенен, 1994).
politikuri gamocdilebis gacvla-gamocvlis Seswavlisas, biuqeneni sazogadoebrivi arCevanis Teoriis or, konceptualurad gansxvavebul dones gamoyofs _
sawyis konstituciurs (konstituciis miRebamde) da postkonstituciurs. pirveli
donis gamokvleva gulisxmobs konstituciis ekonomikuri Teoriis SemuSavebas, maSin,
roca postkonstituciuri done gulisxmobs politikur dawesebulebaTa ekonomikuri
Teoriis SemuSavebas. sazogadoebrivi arCevanis Teoriis am or dones Soris sxvaoba
SeiZleba gamovlindes, rogorc SerCevis analogia, rasac adamianebi akeTeben TamaSis
dros. Tavdapirvelad irCeven TamaSis wesebs da Semdeg gansazRvraven TamaSis strategias arsebuli wesebis farglebSi. zogadad, konstitucia SeiZleba warmovidginoT,
rogorc TamaSis wesebi politikuri TamaSebis warmarTvisaTvis. jeims biuqenenma
aCvena, rom, rogorc TamaSis wesebi ganapirobeben savaraudo Sedegs, ise konstituciuri wesebi gansazRvraven politikis SesaZlo Sedegebs an aZneleben maT miRwevas.
sakonstitucio reformas safuZvlad unda edos analizi imisa, Tu ra saalbaTo Sedegs mogvcems alternatiuli politikisa da procesebisaTvis xelSewyoba.
xmis micemis procesi, deputatebis saqmianoba, biurokratiis Teoria da saxelmwifo regulirebis Teoriaa is sfero, romelic ufro metad Rebulobs makroekonomikuri politikis formirebaSi monawileobas, vidre makroekonomikuri politikis
formirebis ekonomikuri wanamZRvari.
kanonebs, rogorc wesi iReben politikosebi da ara profesionalebi. miuxedavad kenWisyris met-naklebad demokratiuli formebisa, ekonomikurad araefeqtiani
kanonis miRebas zog SemTxvevaSi mainc aqvs adgili.
rogorc aRiniSna, makroekonomikuri politikis formirebaze (gansakuTrebiT ki
postkomunisturi transformaciis pirobebSi) udides zegavlenas axdens `sazogadoebrivi arCevanis~ Teoriis ZiriTadi debulebebi, igi fsiqologiur faqtorTan da institucionalur mowyobasTan erTobliobaSi qmnis srulfasovani makroekonomikuri
politikis formirebis SesaZleblobebs (Папава, Хадури, 2000).
postkomunisturi transformaciis pirobebSi sabazro institutebis Seqmna
uSualod saxelmwifos prerogativaa. Tu saxelmwifo Seayovnebs institutebis Camoyalibebis process, arsebuli vakuumi mainc Seivseba Sesabamisi naklebad sasurveli struqturebiT. reformebis sawyis etapze swored saxelmwifos Sesustebuli roliT iqna gamowveuli daSvebuli Secdomebi restruqturizaciis procesis araswor
politikaSi (Нельсон, 1996), amis mizezebi ar aris mxolod saxelmwifos Senelebuli
moqmedebebi, igi unda veZeboT sagegmo periodSi Camoyalibebuli stereotipebis safuZvlebSi.
gegmuri ekonomikis pirobebSi, romelic mkacri formaluri institutebiT xasiaTdeboda, mniSvnelovnad gaizarda araformaluri institutebis sistema (deficiti,
disproporciebi, Semaferxebeli winaaRmdegobebi), romelic farul, aralegalur SeTanxmebebSi aisaxeboda. aseTi SeTanxmebebi ar iyo gamyarebuli kontraqtebis uflebiT, moqmedebda farulad da mTlianad ewinaaRmdegeboda legalur normebs (Олсон,
1994).
araformaluri institutebi, romelTa arsebobasac xelisufleba xels ar uSlida, sagrZnoblad rTulad eqvemdebarebian cvalebadobas, Zalian neli tempebiT
amsxvreven tradiciebiT gamyarebul warmodgenebs.
araformaluri institutebi exeba ara mxolod pirovnebas, aramed igi arsebobs
firmebis, organizaciebisa da xelisuflebis struqturaSic. institucionalur Teo191
riaSi (Нельсон, Уинтер, 2000) am institutebis arsebobas uwodeben `rutinas~ (Papava,
2006).
imisaTvis, raTa aRmoifxvras arsebuli siZneleebi, transformaciis pirobebSi
uwinares yovlisa unda mivaRwioT efeqtian mesakuTreTa Camoyalibebasa da maTi saSualebiT konkurenciis xelsayreli pirobebis uzrunvelyofas. efeqtiani mesakuTris
SeqmnaSi igulisxmeba, ra Tqma unda, gadasaxadebis gadaxda, samuSao adgilis Seqmna.
arsebuli problemebi transformaciis yvela etapze met-naklebi siZlieriT
dominirebs da, bunebrivia, eqvemdebareba cvalebadobas. arastabiluri situaciis gamomwvevi mizezebis Seswavla, iseve, rogorc misi aRmofxvra, droebiT movlenad aris
miCneuli da TiToeuli etapis seriozuli monitoringis aucileblobaSi gamoixateba.
cnobilia, rom bazris ùxilavi xeli~ konkurenciis safaso meqanizmis meSveobiT axdens warmoebis faqtorebis iseTi kombinaciis formirebas, romelic uzrunvelyofs ekonomikur zrdas da ekonomikis aRmavlobis process, magram, bolo orasi
wlis manZilze, konkurenciis procesma da TviT im garigebebis xasiaTmac, romlebic
warmoadgenen sabazro gacvlis procesis safuZvels, ganicades mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi.
mimdinare reformebis rigi warumatebloba mainc saxelmwifos ekisreba, romelmac ver SeZlo sabazro institutebis dacvis meqanizmebis Camoyalibeba, rac
arsebuli institutebis gardaqmnasa da axlis dauyovnebliv SeqmnaSi gamoixateba.
rogorc nobelis premiis laureati, kenet erou aRniSnavs, transformaciis periodis problemebi SeiZleba ganxilul iqnas drois faqtoris da saxelmwifos
regulirebadi roliT (Эрроу, 1996).
saxelmwifo institutebi, romlebic aucilebelia sabazro sistemaSi normaluri funqcionirebisaTvis, yalibdeba droSi. ekonomikaSi, iseve, rogorc nebismier
axal sawarmos sWirdeba adaptacia, aseve axali institutebis Seqmna saWiroebs dros.
institutebis importireba dasavleTis qveynebidan aranair Sedegs ar iZleva. sazogadoebam, mewarmeebma TviTon unda gaiTavison is azri, rom institutebis adaptaciis periodi iseTive bunebrivi da gardauvali procesia, rogorc axali produqciis
an axali teqnologiebis Seguebis procesi Sesabamisad warmoebriv, Tu sabazro garemosTan (Эрроу, 1996).
miuxedavad SeguebisaTvis aucilebeli droiTi periodisa, saxelmwifos aucileblad marTebs procesis daCqareba, romelic sasurvel Sedegebamde drois
umokles periodSi miiyvans transformaciis process.
drois faqtorTan mimarTebaSi kenet erou Tvlis, rom momavali zemoqmedebs
awmyoze. Cveni molodini momavalSi, gavlenas axdens Cvens moqmedebaze awmyoSi.
samewarmeo firma _ esaa meoradi ganviTarebadi instituti, romelsac hqonda
warsuli da romelic imedebs amyarebs momavalze. firmis dRevandeli saqmianoba
nawilobriv emyareba im warmodgenebs, Tu ra iqneba momavalSi. aseve mimdinare
saqmianoba damokidebulia momavlis molodinze. amdenad, gasagebia, Tu rogor
kavSirSia dRevandeli gadawyvetilebebi momavalsa da warsulTan (Эрроу, 1996).
konkurentuli garemos Camoyalibebis erT-erTi Semaferxebeli faqtoria implicituri (TviTSesrulebadi) kontraqtebisa da qcevis normebis moqmedebis arseboba,
romelic gulisxmobs erTmaneTis mimarT ndobis faqtoris arsebobas. jer kidev XIX
saukunis bolos alfred marSali werda, rom `bevri sxvadasxva SeTanxmebis normaluri Sesruleba sacalo da sabiTumo vaWrobaSi, safondo da bambeulis birJebze
efuZneba miRebul daSvebebs imis Taobaze, rom sityvieri (zepiri) kontraqtebi,
romlebic dadebulia mowmeebis gareSe, Zalian keTilsindisierad sruldeba, magram
192
im qveynebSi, sadac am daSvebebs aranairi Zala ar gaaCnia, aucilebelia samarTlebrivi formalizmi~ (Маршал, 1983).
cnobili amerikeli eqspertis andrei Slaiferisa da saerTaSoriso asociacia
Lex Mundi-is erToblivi proeqtis farglebSi (romelSic monawileobda 100-ze meti
qveyana), gamovlinda, rom metad ganviTarebul qveynebSi ufro gamartivebulia sasamarTlo procedura, romelic Zalian swrafad da safuZvlianad swavlobs wamoWril
problemas da savsebiT sakmarisia konfliqtis mosagvareblad. sasamarTlo procedurebis gadametebuli formalizacia uaryofiTad moqmedebs sakontraqto samarTlis
inforsmentze. misi xarisxi postkomunistur qveynebSi bevrad ufro dabalia, vidre,
nebismier sxva Seswavlil dajgufebebSi (Shlaifer, 2002).
sakuTrebis uflebis analizisadmi Tanamedrove midgoma, romlis dacvac saxelmwifos uSualo prerogativaa, gulisxmobs iseTi ekonomikis arsebobas, romelSic
arsebobs ara marto kargad Camoyalibebuli sakontraqto SeTanxmebaTa struqtura,
aramed aTeuli wlebiT Camoyalibebuli `sakontraqto kultura~ (Этнов, 2005).
sakontraqto da sakuTrebis uflebaTa inforsmentis82 meqanizmebis efeqtiani
funqcionireba gulisxmobs am procesis (saubaria ekonomikur procesebze) monawileTa darwmunebas arsebuli meqanizmebis saimedoobaSi. duglas nortis mixedviT,
aseTi mdgomareoba SeiZleba SevafasoT, rogorc valdebuleba, romelic iwvevs ndobas~ (North, 1993). farTo gagebiT igi saxelmwifos mxridan Carevis SezRudvasa (xSir
SemTxvevaSi, saxelmwifo TviTneburad uzrunvelyofs sakuTrebis uflebas grZelvadiani investirebisaTvis. aseTi SemTxvevebi ufro damaxasiaTebelia transformaciis
periodisaTvis) da kapitalis bazrebze transaqciuli xarjebis sakmaod dabal dones
ukavSirdeba.
bolo periodSi saxelmwifo sul ufro koncentrirebulia mimdinare politikis regulirebaze da nakleb yuradRebas uTmobs sabazro meqanizmebis evoluciur
ganviTarebas, Zireuli administraciul-mbrZanebluri sistemis gadmonaSTis TandaTanobiT aRmofxvras.
miuxedavad imisa, rom saxelmwifom bolo periodSi garkveulwilad SeZlo
sabazro ekonomikisaTvis aucilebeli sakanonmdeblo bazis Seqmna, es jer kidev ar
miuTiTebs imaze, rom praqtikulad igi ganxorcielebadia da yovelTvis iqneba gaTvaliswinebuli. kontraqtebis Sedgenis dabali done aZlierebs transaqciuli xarjebis sidides, rac vlindeba ekonomikuri agentebis mier informaciis damoukideblad mopovebaSi da Tavisi uflebebis arasaxelmwifoebrivi meqanizmebiT dacvaSi.
saboloo jamSi sagrZnoblad izrdeba transaqciuli xarjebi. es problema saerTod
moxsnilia sabazro pirobebSi, vinaidan kontraqtebis uflebebis dacva saxelmwifos
TiTqmis upirvelesi ekonomikuri funqciaa (xaduri, 2009).
garda amisa, gakotrebis meqanizmis amoqmedeba uSualod saxelmwifos nebazea
damokidebuli. gakotrebis kanonis miReba ar niSnavs misi amoqmedebisaTvis yvela
meqanizmis uzrunvelyofas. gakotrebis meqanizmi bevr rTul sawarmoTa iuridiul da
socialur sferoebs moicavs. saxelmwifo politika am sferoSi arsebuli problemebis mogvarebiT unda uzrunvelyofdes konkurentuli garemos ganviTarebas. saxelmwifos transformaciis periodSi rigi problemebis gadauWreloba Zlieri saxelmwifos rolis ignorirebas ukavSirdeba.
82
institucionaluri Teoria Seiswavlis nawilobriv sakontraqto urTierTobebs, mis
aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneba termini `contract enforcement~, romelsac qarTul TargmanSi analogi
ar gaaCnia. igi iTargmneba, rogorc ìZuleba kontraqtebis Sesrulebaze~. samwuxarod, Cven
am termins inglisurad viyenebT.
193
rogorc vxedavT, saxelmwifos gansakuTrebuli da metad sapasuxismgeblo
mniSvneloba eniWeba postkomunisturi transformaciis periodSi makroekonomikuri
politikis formirebaSi.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Papava V. On the Theory of Post – Communist Economic Transition to Market. International Journal of
Social Economics, Vol. 32, No 1\2, 2005.
Papava V., Khaduri N. On the Shadow Political Economy of the Post-Communist Transformation. An
Institutional Analysis. Problems of Economic Transition, Vol. 40, No 6, 1997.
Nelson R.R., Winter S.G. An Avolutionary Theory of Economic Change. Cambridge, The Belknap Press
of Harvard University Press, 1982.
Этнов Р. У истоков чистой экономической теории: «Вальрас» // Вопросы экономики. №1, 1990.
Эрроу К. Экономическая трансформация: темпы и масштабы, сборник – «Реформы глазами
российских и американских ученных», под редакцией акад. О.Т.Богомолова, 1996.
Бьюкенен Дж., Таллок Т. Расчет согласия. Логические основания конституционной демократии.
В кн.: Дж. М. Бьюкенен. Сочинения. Серия: «Нобелевские лауреаты по экономике», т.1, Москва,
Таурус Альфа, 1997.
Папава В., Хадури Н., Институциональная трансформация посткоммунистической экономики и
человеческий фактор. Известия Академии наук Грузии – серия экономическая, т. 8, №3-4, 2000.
Kakulia Nazira
Chikobava Malkhaz
FEATURES OF FORMATION OF MACROECONOMIC POLICY IN CONDITIONS
OF POST-COMMUNIST TRANSFORMATION
SUMMARY
In the article is analysed participation of State in formation of market economy; stimulation of restructuring process and necessity of development of a new enterprise for regulation of necroeconomic results.
Taking into account general purposes of thesis, we consider bases of development and realization of
economy politics during the process of post-communist transformation. Therefore, general attention is paid to
macro-economic stabilization and formation of institutes appropriate to the market economy.
The study of such problems is possible on the base of “Theory of Social Choice”. According to the theory of Social Choice, the best property for influence on the decisions between people, similarly to market, is
competition.
The significant place in modern economy studies belongs to study and research problems of PostCommunist transformation. We have used the following theories of theoretical studies of transformation process: “Theory of Social Choice”, which is known as “New Political Economy”, “New Institutional Theory” and
its general part “Evolution Theory”.
For the purposes of the paper, we mainly discussed about basic of implementation of the state's economic policy in the post-Communist transformation process. Thus, the main attention is paid to macroeconomic
stabilization and the market economy by means of appropriate institutions in the process of formation.
nona kuxianiZe _ axvlediani
dazRvevis roli saqarTvelos socialursocialur-ekonomikuri
194
mdgomareobis amaRlebaSi
qveyanaSi mimdinare ekonomikuri reformebis Sefasebis mTavari kriteriumi
mosaxleobis keTildReobis, cxovrebis donis amaRleba, misi socialuri orientaciis
arsisa da mimarTulebis gansazRvraa. mosaxleobis dabalma Semosavlebma, SezRudulma fiskalurma resursebma da politikurma arastabilurobam, ekonomikis dargobrivma krizisebma da daubalansebelma sagareo urTierTobebma xeli SeuSala
saqarTvelos ekonomikis saTanado doneze ganviTarebas. mimdinare etapze saqarTveloSi Seqmnili da uaxloes periodSi mosalodneli socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobis analizisa da Sefasebis safuZvelze SeiZleba gamoikveTos is ZiriTadi faqtorebi da problemuri sferoebi, romlebic mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens saqarTvelos ekonomikis ganviTarebaze. rogorc cnobilia, saqarTveloSi dRevandel etapze
moxmarebuli produqciis daaxloebiT 70-75 procenti importulia anu saqarTvelo
calmxrivad mWidrodaa integrirebuli msoflio ekonomikasTan. calmxrivad imitom,
rom eqsporti imports 4-5-jer CamorCeba. ufro metic, saqarTvelo garesamyarosTan
metwilad dakavSirebulia strategiuli produqciis (xorbali, navTobproduqtebi,
gazi da a.S.) importirebis kuTxiT, xolo eqsportis poziciebidan Cveni qveynis produqcia araa pirveladi, aucilebeli moxmarebis, gansakuTrebiT krizisul situaciaSi
(Rvino, xili, citrusi da a.S.).
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, prioritetuli adgili unda ganekuTvnos
adgilobrivi
warmoebis
SenarCuneba-ganviTarebas,
raSic
mniSvnelovan
rols
sadazRvevo sistema TamaSobs. ufro metic, saxelmwifom unda Seqmnas xelsayreli
makroekonomikuri da biznes-garemo im produqciis sawarmoeblad, romelic
dReisaTvis ucxoeTidan Semodis da misi adgilze warmoebisTvis saWiro bunebrivi
pirobebi da saTanado adgilobrivi resursebi arsebobs saqarTvelos pirobebSi
aseTi sferoa agrosawarmoo kompleqsi soflis meurneobis produqciis warmoeba,
damzadeba da sawarmoo gadamuSaveba. miuxedavad amisa agroprofilis produqcia Semotanili sxva qveynebidan saqarTveloSi TiTqmis 2-jer aRemateba adgilze warmoebuls. amiT saqarTvelo xels uwyobs ucxoeTis qveynebSi samuSao Zalis dasaqmebis
da Sesabamisad adgilze umuSevrobis zrdas. saxelmwifom gansakuTrebuli yuradReba
unda miaqcios fiskalur da monetarul politikebs Soris optimaluri wonasworobis miRwevas, eqsport-importis Tanafardobas, regionuli ganviTarebis gaTanabrebas, mcire da saSualo biznesis mxardaWeras, antimonopoliuri regulirebas, statistikuri informaciis saimedoobis da gamWvirvalobis xarisxis amaRlebas, ekonomikuri
prognozirebas, programebis praqtikis danergvas da a.S.
globalizaciis procesebidan gamomdinare, msoflioSi arsebuli ekonomikuri
garemo Cvens qveyanaze gavlenas axdens. gasul wels saqarTvelos ekonomika 6
procentiT gaizarda. rogorc cnobilia kriziss im situacias uwodeben, roca
mTliani Sida produqti, warmoebis moculoba da investiciebis moculoba mcirdeba,
bankebi kredits ar gascemen, umuSevarTa raodenoba izrdeba da a.S.
zogadad, msoflioSi mimdinare globalur ekonomikur krizisze miuTiTebs
msxvili finansuri kompaniebis danakargebi, umuSevarTa ricxvis zrda yoveldRiurad,
sabiujeto deficiti, sxvadasxva cnobili mwarmoeblebis gakotreba da a.S.
globaluri ekonomikuri krizisi realobaa da samwuxarod, saerTaSoriso safinanso
sistemaSi saqarTvelos ekonomikis arcTu mWidrod integrirebis fonzec ki, misi
gavlena Cveni qveynis socialur-ekonomikur mdgomareobaze sul ufro mZimed
aisaxeba. araordinalur krizisul situacias ekonomikaSi, yovelTvis mosdevs
195
socialuri daZabulobis eskalacia ramac seriozuli gavlena iqonia saqarTvelos
siRaribis maCveneblebze.
cxrili 1.
siRaribis maCveneblebi qalaqisa
qalaqisa da soflis WrilSi (%)
sofeli
qalaqi
sofeli
qalaqi
sofeli
qalaqi
sofeli
2009
qalaqi
2008
sofeli
2007
qalaqi
2006
sofeli
siRaribis
done
medianuri
moxmarebis
60%dis mimarT
medianuri
moxmarebis
40%dis mimarT
siRaribis
siRrme
medianuri
moxmarebis
60%dis mimarT
medianuri
moxmarebis
40%dis mimarT
siRaribis
simwvave
medianuri
moxmarebis
60%dis mimarT
medianuri
moxmarebis
40%dis mimarT
2005
qalaqi
2004
23,0
26,2
22,1
26,0
22,8
23,7
17,9
24,9
18,0
26,2
17,6
24,3
8,9
12,8
8,8
11,3
8,1
10,7
6,5
12,1
7,0
11,9
7,3
10,2
6,8
9,4
6,5
8,6
6,4
7,9
5,0
8,8
5,3
8,7
5,4
7,8
2,4
4,4
2,3
3,8
2,2
3,5
1,6
4,0
1,8
3,6
2,0
3,2
3,0
4,9
2,9
4,3
2,7
3,9
2,1
4,4
2,3
4,2
2,5
3,7
1,0
2,3
1,0
1,9
0,9
1,7
0,6
1,9
0,7
1,7
0,9
1,5
rodesac vsubrobT qveynis socialur-ekonomikur mdgomareobaze ar SeiZleba
ar SevexoT saarsebo minimums, siRaribis dones, siRrmesa da simwvaves. cnobilia, rom
saarsebo minimumi siRaribis absolutur zRvars warmoadgens. saarsebo minimumis aRniSnuli cvlileba ki gamowveulia ara moxmarebis donisa da struqturis gaumjobesebiT, aramed cxovrebis “gaZvirebiT”. 2004-2009 wlebSi (cxrili 1) qalaqisa da
soflis WrilSi siRaribis maCveneblebi (siRaribis done, siRaribis siRrme, siRaribis simwvave) miaxloebiT 1,1-1,5 jer Semcirda rac imaze metyvelebs, rom saxelmwifos
mxridan seriozuli muSaobaa saWiro aRniSnuli problemis aRmosafxvrelad. Zalzed
mniSvnelovania siRaribis daZlevis mizniT msoflio bankis saerTaSoriso savaluto
fondisa da evrokavSiris mier saqarTvelosTvis gaweuli daxmareba, Tumca rogorc
praqtika gviCvenebs, aucilebelia daxmarebisaTvis gamoyofili saxsrebis xarjvis
miznobriobis amaRleba da monitoringis efeqtianobis zrda. garda amisa, aucilebe196
lia saxelmwifo finansuri resursebis maqsimalurad efeqtianad da miznobrivad
xarjva, sabiujeto xarjebis socialuri orientaciis gaZlierebasTan erTad aucilebelia realuri seqtoris ganviTarebisaTvis xelSewyoba, sabiujeto xarjebis investiciuri orientaciis gaZliereba da sadazRvevo sistemis srulyofa, rac iTvaliswinebs aRniSnul sferoSi seriozuli reformebis gatarebas.
rogorc cnobilia dazRveva - is gansakuTrebuli fenomeni da TiTqmis erTaderTi saimedo meqanizmia, romelic bunebisa da sazogadoebis ZalTa winaaRmdegobrivi urTierTobebis Sedegad gamowveul zarals anazRaurebs da icavs adamianebis
qonebriv da pirad interesebs. adamianis yoveldRiuri cxovreba da saqmianoba mravalgvari safrTxis mosalodnelobasTan aris dakavSirebuli. yvela uaryofiT
movlenas, fizikur, zneobriv, fsiqikur da sxva mxareebTan erTad, aqvs finansuri
mxare, romelic, am SemTxvevebis dadgomisas zaralis saxes iRebs. Tumca, aqac SeiZleba moiZebnos daxmarebisa da xelSewyobis gzebi, mag: avadmyofobis dros – mkurnalobis xarjebis anazRaureba, ubeduri SemTxvevisas - masTan dakavSirebuli aucilebeli da gadaudebeli xarjebis gaweva da a.S., rac siRaribesTan brZolis erTaderT efeqtur gzas warmoadgens.
kacobriobis dasabamidan moyolebuli, adamianebs gaaCniaT Tandayolili
instiqti, rom SeinarCunon da gaiumjobeson TavianTi mdgomareoba. swored amitom,
aucilebelia, qveyanaSi moqmedebdes meqanizmi, romelic daawynarebs adamians,
daajerebs, rom misi keTildReoba daculi iqneba, imeds da stimuls miscems mas,
Tamamad wamoiwyos axali saqmianoba.
dResdReobiT aseT saimedo meqanizms dazRveva warmoadgens. dazRvevam da
sadazRvevo urTierTobam gansakuTrebuli roli da mniSvneloba SeiZina sabazro
urTierTobebis pirobebSi, rodesac igi ganviTarebuli saqonelwarmoebisa da
saqonelmimoqcevis sferoSi riskis xarisxis Semcirebis ZiriTad meTodad gvevlineba.
sadazRvevo saaqcio sazogadoebaSi, sawesdebo kapitali warmoadgens sazogadoebis
mier sadazRvevo movlenis dadgomisas anazRaurebis gadaxdis garantias.
cxrili 2.
2010 wlis 6 Tvis ganmavlobaSi kompaniebis mier “pirdapiri dazRvevis“ saqmianobiT
moziduli sadazRvevo premia da gadazRvevis
premiis odenoba
N
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
sadazRvevo
kompaniis dasaxeleba
ss. sadazRvevo kompania „aldagidbisiai“
ss. saerT. sadazR. komp. „imedi-L internacional”
ss.“jodpidai holdingi“
Sps. dazRvevis kompania „qarTu“
ss. „saxalxo dazRveva“
Sps. sadazRvevo kompania „vesti“
Sps. dazRvevis saerT.kompania „irao“
Sps. sadazRvevo komp. „AIG-EUROPE SA“ saqarTvelos filiali
Sps. sadaz. kompania „ai si jgufi“
Sps. sadazR. kompania „tao“
Sps.sadaz. kompania „partniori“
ss.“standart dazRveva saqarTvelo“
ss. “arqimedes global jorjia“
197
moziduli
premia
40,564,435
42.091.926
gadazRvevis
premia
8,968,302
1.232.106
29,333,475
8,992,902
17,176,734
9,230,364
25,752,973
278,034
3,521,228
116,810
1,319,423
1,925,580
6,067,603
155,060
6,729,422
8,956,249
1,994,239
164,050
7,152,029
1,074,424
1,865,544
846,693
86,587
120,054
jami
198,416,837
27,299,414
sadazRvevo saqmis umTavresi principia - klientis moTxovnebze orientaciis
aReba. kompania unda cdilobdes Seqmnas iseTi organizaciuli struqtura, rom advilad SesZlos klientebis moTxovnebis dakmayofileba.
praqtikaSi sadazRvevo kompaniebi iyeneben sakuTari produqtebis gayidvis sxvadasxva arxebs. sadazRvevo xelSekrulebis dadeba, umTavresad, warmoebs Suamavlebis
meSveobiT, rac, mzRvevelis TvalsazrisiT, gulisxmobs sadazRvevo produqtebis gayidvas arapirdapiri arxiT. meore mxriv, dazRvevis SeZenis msurvels SeuZlia, uSualod daukavSirdes sadazRvevo kompanias da pirdapir dados masTan xelSekruleba,
sadazRvevo Suamavlis momsaxurebis gareSe. am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs sadazRvevo
produqtebis pirdapiri arxiT gayidvasTan.
cxrili 3.
sadazRvevo bazris struqtura dazRvevis saxeobebis mixedviT 2010 wlis 6 Tvis
monacemebiT (pirdapiri dazRvevis saqmianoba)
N
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
dazRvevis
saxeoba
samedicino dazRveva
saxm. satr. saSualebebis dazRvevis
qonebis dazRveva
valdebulebaTa Sesrulebis dazRveva
sicocxlis dazRveva
samoqalaqo pasuxismg. dazRveva
saxm. transp. gamoyenebasTan dakavS.
pasuxismgeblobis dazRveva
ubeduri SemTxvevis dazRveva
tvirTebis dazRveva
saaviacio riskebis dazRveva
dazRveva safinanso riskebisagan
sazRvao riskebis dazRveva
sakredito valdebulebaTa dazRveva
sarkinigzo satr. saS. dazRveva
iurdiuli xarjebis dazRveva
sul
moziduli
premia
143,965,644
14,715,449
14,261,533
9,158,191
5,085,661
3,871,189
2,638,903
wili
bazarze
72,56%
7,42%
7,19%
4,62%
2,56%
1,95%
1,33
2,460,598
874,330
643,851
497,146
229,336
15,005
0
0
198,416,837
1,24%
0,44%
0,32%
0,25%
0,12%
0,01%
0,00%
0,00%
100%
piradi dazRvevisas dazRvevis obieqtis rangSi gamodis adamianis sicocxle,
janmrTeloba da Sromisunarianoba, romelic iyofa sicocxlisa da ubeduri SemTxvevebisagan dazRvevad. rogorc vxedavT yvelaze didi xvedriTi wili sadazRvevo bazarze uWiravs samedicino (janmrTelobis) dazRvevas _ 72,56%, Semdeg qonebis dazRvevas _ 7,2%. qonebis dazRveva ganisazRvreba, rogorc dazRvevis dargi, sadac samarTalurTierTobebis obieqtis rangSi gamodis qoneba sxvadasxva saxiT. misi ekonomikuri daniSnulebaa im zaralis anazRaureba, romelic warmoiSva sadazRvevo SemTxvevisas. damzRvevi SeiZleba iyos rogorc qonebis mesakuTre, aseve sxva iuridiuli,
an fizikuri pirebi, romlebic pasuxs ageben mis Senaxvaze.
kompania ~aldagi bisiai~ pirveli iyo qarTul sadazRvevo bazarze, romelmac
individualuri sadazRvevo produqtebis gayidva daiwyo. 2006 wlidan nebismier kerZo
pirs saSualeba aqvs, SeiZinos avtodazRveva, samogzauro dazRveva, samedicino dazRveva, sicocxlis dazRveva da sapensio dazRveva.
198
aldagi bisiai saqarTvelos sadazRvevo bazris 20%20%-s flobs (2009 wlis 2 kvartlis
monacemebi)
monacemebi)
oTxi umsxvilesi kompania: ~aldagi bisiai~, ~imedi~, ~jipiai”'da ~irao~ mTliani
bazris 70%-s floben. produqtebis mixedviT, saqarTvelos sadazRvevo bazarze mTliani
moziduli premiis 73 % janmrTelobis dazRvevaze modis. 2009 wlis ganmavlobaSi kompania
~aldagi bisiai~-is mier mozidulma premiam 68 000 000 lari Seadgina, xolo anazRaurebulma zaralma 48 000 000 lari. kompaniis portfelis didi nawili janmrTelobis
dazRvevaze modis. am mimarTulebiT moziduli premia 35 000 000 lars Seadgens, xolo
anazRaurebuli zarali - 30 000 000 lars. popularobiT Semdegia avtomanqanis dazRveva am saxeobaSi moziduli premia Seadgens 12 000 000 lars da anazRaurebuli zarali - 10 000
000 lars. qonebis dazRvevaSi moziduli premia 5.5 mln laria, xolo anazRaurebuli
zarali - 5 mln lari. 2007 wlidan dRemde ~aldagi bisiaim~ siRaribis zRvars qvemoT myof
50 000-mde beneficiars 15 mln laramde samedicino momsaxureoba gauwia.
~aldagi bisiais~ individualuri dazRvevis programis farglebSi arsebuli
momsaxurebebi SemuSavebulia Tanamedrove ojaxis yvela SesaZlo moTxovnis gaTvaliswinebiT. xolo momsaxurebis paketebis da fasebis farTo arCevani saSualebas iZleva,
xelmisawvdomi gaxados sadazRvevo momsaxureoba.
yovelive aqedan gamomdinare SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom sadazRvevo kompaniebs,
(romlebic keTilsindisierad muSaoben, funqcionireben da ar arian xalxis motyuebaze
orientirebuli,) namdvilad did roli aqvs qveynis socialurdekonomikuri mdgomareobis amaRlebaSi. kerZod gansakuTrebulad, saxelmwifos mxridan Tuki moxdeba soflis
TiToeul mkvidrTa meurneobebis SeRavaTian fasebSi dazRveva da amiT maT ecodinebaT,
rom sriqiuri kataklizmebis Sedegad moxdeba maTi zaralis anazRaureba, maSin qalaqis
mosaxleobasac dRevandeli umuSevrobis pirobebSi Tavis rCenis mizniT, meti stimuli
199
gauCndebaT sofelSi dabrunebisa nacvlad sazRvargareT wasvlisa, rac saerTo jamSi
sawindari iqneba qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobis amaRlebisa, radganac
Zlieri soflis meurneoba Zlieri saxelmwifos garantiaa.
Kukhianidze-Akhvlediani Nona
THE ROLE OF INSURANCE IN THE IMPROVEMENT
OF SOCIAL-ECONOMIC STATE OF GEORGIA
SUMMARY
Global economic crisis is a reality and, unfortunately, the international financial system in the economy is
not closely integrate ponze even its impact on our country’s social economic condition more seriously. Which is
more integrated into one or another country in the world economic system the more difficult for her crisis may
be said that Georgia is more or less integrated world economy and global current events directly affect our country’s economy. Is therefore necessary to correct the states economic policy, too, which guarantes the country’s
economic productivity growth in the high level of effective demand in economic, state control of national
movements and use of resources and economic interests of the international level. Therefore economic policy is
important for the regulation to give a powerful impetus to the national production of foreign products. Financial
disciplines of science and complex financial system in an important insurance and insurance business holds.
Insurance - is a special phenomenon, and almost the only reliable mechanism for the nature of society and power relations as a result of the controversy caused by compensation and protect people's property and personal
interests. Insurance widespread European countries and the United States - in. In these countries, almost all the
people insured. As for Georgia, in this respect the situation is very critical. We have a very small part of the
population insured. This is likely to be avkhsnat fact that we still do not have the population aware of the need
for insurance. The problem is the fact that there is almost no such insurance, flexible mechanisms, which will
satisfy most user needs. Very often, when clients expectations utsruvdebat. This is more due to the fact that the
majority of insured insurance contract can not read.
In my opinion, it is necessary to allow promotion of this sector of the population. This was the reason
the so-called Low-cost insurance program, but it is not justified. Today, the company AVERSI "and" Alpha
"devised a new program, under which the customers of GEL 10 per month payment, will be able to use the ulimitod family doctor and obtain the assistance of 80% - discount on medicines. I think that this product is very
interesting for customers and increase number of insured in Georgia.
medea melaSvili
saqarTvelos sabiujeto sistemis Seqmnis etapebi
da srulyofis
srulyofis gzebi
saxelmwifo ekonomikuri politikis ZiriTad rgols sabiujeto politika warmoadgens. saxelmwifo centraluri biujetis xarisxze, masSi Cadebul parametrebzea
damokidebuli mosaxleobis socialuri dacvis done, qveynis Tavdacvisunarianoba da
sainvesticio SesaZleblobebi, mosaxleobis samewarmeo aqtivoba da sxva. saxelmwifos mier mkafiod Camoyalibebuli ekonomikuri politikisa da sabiujeto politikis
200
safuZvelzea SesaZlebeli saxelmwifo resursebis xarjvis dagegmva prioritetebis
mixedviT.
sabazro ekonomikaze gardamaval periodSi sabiujeto politikis ZiriTadi
amocanebia: ekonomikuri krizisisagan Tavis daRweva da warmoebis dacemis SeCereba;
finansuri stabilizaciis miRweva; biujetis saSemosavlo nawilis gaZliereba sagadasaxado dabegvris srulyofiTa da saxelmwifos kuTvnili gadasaxadebis mTlianad
amoRebiT; biujetis aramwarmoebluri xarjebis Semcireba; sainvesticio aqtivebis
stimulireba da erovnul SemosavalSi dagrovebis xvedriTi wilis gadideba; saxelmwifo valis momsaxurebaze kontrolis gaZliereba.
sabiujeto Semosavlebis gadidebisaTvis arsebiTi mniSvneloba eniWeba ekonomikuri zrdis stimulirebas, sagadasaxado bazis gafarToebas, gadasaxadebis srulyofas, Semosavlebis struqturis gaumjobesebas, sagadasaxado kontrolis gaZlierebas.
saxelmwifo biujetis xarjebis meTodikis SemuSavebisas aucilebelia gaviTvaliswinoT is ZiriTadi amocanebi, romlebic unda gadawyvitos biujetma ekonomikis
ganviTarebis arsebuli problemebis gaTvaliswinebiT. pirveli da mTavaria ekonomikis realuri seqtoris ganviTarebisaTvis xelSewyoba, rac gazrdis gadasaxadebiT
dabegvris bazas da warmatebiT gadawyvets biujetis Sevsebis sakiTxs. es amocana
sakmaod rTulia, arsebobs seriozuli winaaRmdegobebi, romlebic xels uSlis am
problemis gadawyvetas, ara marto ekonomikuri, aramed politikuri xasiaTisac. vfiqrobT, mTavrobis aucilebeli sazrunavia inflaciis Tavidan acileba da ara misi
xelovnuri SeCereba. dRevandel mZime finansur pirobebSic unda moiZebnos realuri
seqtoris dargebis mxardaWeris SesaZleblobebi da daiwyos maTi gamococxleba.
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze qveynis makroekonomikur politikas gaaCnia sami mizani: ekonomikis mdgradi ganviTareba, dabali donis inflacia, adgilobrivi da ucxouri investiciebis zrda. am mizniT qveynis mdgradi ganviTarebisa
da finansuri stabilurobis uzrunvelsayofad 2007-2011 wlebisaTvis gamoikveTa Semdegi strategiuli mimarTulebebi:
_ sabiujeto procesis srulyofa;
_ xazinis ganviTareba;
_ safinanso politika;
_ Semosavlebis mobilizeba;
_ instituciuri ganviTareba.
am miznebis misaRwevad udidesi roli eniWeba saxelmwifo sabiujeto regulirebas, rogorc ekonomikuri zrdis erT-erT ZiriTad maregulirebel mimarTulebas.
saxelmwifo biujets, rogorc wesi, safuZvlad unda daedos saxelmwifo programa da, amasTanave, misi Sesrulebis SesaZleblobebis winaswari ganWvreta. TviT
programa unda warmoadgendes saxelmwifos mier gadasawyveti miznebis da amocanebis
erTobliobas da mis misaRwevad gansazRvrul RonisZiebaTa sistemas. es ukanaskneli,
qveynis safinanso-ekonomikuri mdgomareobis analizidan gamomdinare, realur SesaZleblobebs unda emyarebodes. Cveni azriT, saxelmwifo programa miznad unda isaxavdes upirvelesad mosaxleobis socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebas.
metad mniSvnelovania, rom biujetis ZiriTad mimarTulebebs mieces prioritetuli ekonomikuri politikis dasabuTebuli forma. aseve unda aikrZalos arasagadasaxado Semosavlebis mniSvnelovani wyaroebis (sainvesticio kreditebi, grantebi)
gaukontroleblad, xazinis gverdis avliT xarjva. aucilebelia yvela Semosavlidan
miRebuli gadasaxadebis biujetSi srulyofilad asaxva, vinaidan, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, saqme gveqneba e.w. ormag buRalteriasTan.
201
realuri biujetis Sedgenis erT-erT mniSvnelovan berkets warmoadgens Semosavlebisa da xarjebis swori da zusti prognozireba. samwuxarod, amis gakeTeba
TiTqmis SeuZlebelia, radganac prognozi xSir SemTxvevaSi ar emyareba realur analizs. Sedegad, biujetSi dagegmili Semosavlebi ver sruldeba.
praqtika mowmobs, rom Semosavlebis aRricxvisa da biujetis struqturaSi
xSiri cvlilebebis Setana, iseve, rogorc saxelmwifo Semosavlebis aRricxvianobis
erTiani sistemis mouwesrigebloba, xels uSlis movlenebis adekvatur Sefasebas da
swori prognozis gakeTebas.
sabazro urTierTobebze gadasvlis win saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi ukve SeimCneoda krizisuli movlenebi, rac ganpirobebuli iyo adre Camoyalibebuli sameurneo
kavSirebis rRvevis dawyebiT, inflaciuri da rigi negatiuri movlenebis gaRrmavebiT.
saqarTveloSi krizisuli movlenebi sagrZnoblad gaamwvava aq Seqmnilma urTulesma
politikur-sazogadoebrivma viTarebam, rac pirdapir aisaxa saxelmwifo biujetis
maCveneblebze da didad Seaferxa 1990 wlis sagegmo davalebaTa Sesruleba. aman, ra
Tqma unda, gaauaresa 1991 wlis saxelmwifo biujetis sabaziso maCveneblebi (ix. cxr.
1). es periodi SeiZleba postsabWoTa saqarTvelos sabiujeto sistemis Camoyalibebis
pirvel etapad CaiTvalos.
saqarTvelos naerTi biujetis Sesruleba 1990, 1991, 1995, 2000 da 2003 wlebSi
(1990 da 1991 ww. aTasi man., 1995, 2000 da 2003 ww. aTas larebSi)
cxrili 183
1990 weli
Semosavali
gasavali
1991 weli
Semosavali
gasavali
1995 weli
Semosavali
gasavali
2000 weli
Semosavali
gasavali
2003 weli
Semosavali
gasavali
dazustebuli gegmiT
faqtobrivi Sesruleba
Sesrulebis procen.
4942294
4942294
4978776
4786338
100.7
96.8
6891389
7891341
6362022
5939839
92.3
75.3
283561
496162
271298
449086
95.7
90.5
955705.5
1317721.3
919512
1158186
96.2
87.9
1522200.0
1762701.6
1391621.7
1710609.9
91.4
97.0
1991 wlis biujeti ver Sesrulda zemoT aRniSnuli mizezebis gamo. faqtobrivma Semosavlebma gegmis 92.3% Seadgina, xarjebma ki _ 75.3%. es niSnavda, rom biujetiT gaTvaliswinebuli saqarTvelos ekonomikisaTvis rigi umniSvnelovanesi RonisZiebebis dafinanseba ver iqna uzrunvelyofili. kerZod, saxalxo meurneobis dafinansebis xarjebi 24.7%-iT Semcirda. aseve seriozuli naklovanebebi iyo 1992, 1993,
1994 wlebis biujetis rogorc Sedgenisas, aseve Sesrulebisasac. 1992 wels sagrZnoblad gaizarda Tavdacvis, samarTaldamcavi organoebis da saxelmwifo xelisuflebis
da mmarTveli organoebis Senaxvis xarjebi.
1990-1994 wlebSi saqarTvelos saxelmwifo biujeti ganixileboda, rogorc
saqarTvelos naerTi biujeti. magram 1995 wlidan `sabiujeto sistemisa da sabiujeto
83
cxrilebis monacemebi aRebulia saqarTvelos finansTa saministros angariSebidan.
202
uflebamosilebaTa Sesaxeb 1996 wlis 29 maisis kanonisa~ da misi gauqmebis Semdeg _
`saqarTvelos sabiujeto sistemis Sesaxeb 2003 wlis 24 aprilis kanonis~ Sesabamisad,
saqarTvelos parlamentSi saxelmwifo biujeti ganixileba, rogorc saqarTvelos
centraluri biujeti da masTan konsolidirebul specialur saxelmwifo fondebs,
anu naerT biujets parlamenti aRar ixilavs da ar amtkicebs. es periodi SeiZleba
ganvixiloT, rogorc saqarTvelos sabiujeto sistemis Seqmnis meore etapi.
1995 wlidan saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi TiTqos daiwyo pozitiuri momentebi da
stabilizacia, magram centraluri biujeti mainc ver Sesrulda, iseve, rogorc
naerTi biujeti, sadac Sesrulebis maCvenebelma Semosavlebis muxlSi 95.7%, xolo
gasavlebSi - 90.5% Seadgina. msgavsi suraTi SenarCunda momdevno 1996 da 1997 wlebSi,
sadac maCveneblebi Sesabamisad iyo: 1996 wels 92% da 95.9%, xolo 1997 wels 87.6% da
94.4%.
1998 wlidan daiwyo sabiujeto sistemis urTulesi, krizisuli mesame etapi. am
wlis pirvel naxevarSi situacia TiTqos stabiluri gaxda, magram meore naxevridan
moxda mkveTri uaryofiTi cvlilebebi. daiwyo warmoebis zrdis tempebis sagrZnobi
Seneleba, mTliani Sida produqtis matebis tempis dacema, warmoebis moculobis
vardna mrewvelobaSi. am wels Camoyalibda qveynis sabiujeto krizisi, romelic
momdevno wlebSic SenarCunda. 1998 wels naerTi sabiujeto Semosavlebis gegma mxolod 86.1%-iT Sesrulda, 1999 wels 77.9%-iT, 2000 wels 96.2%-iT.
2001 wlidan, marTalia, biujetis maCveneblebSi mainc Seusrulebloba fiqsirdeba, magram garkveuli winsvla SeimCneva. magaliTad, 2001, 2002 da 2003 wlebis naerTi biujetis saSemosavlo nawili wina wlebTan SedarebiT gaizarda da 15.7, 15.1 da
13.9%-iT da gegmis 96.2, 95.9 da 91.4% Seadgina. sagasavlo nawilis Sesruleba ki am
wlebSi 87.9, 91.9 da 97.0%-s udris. saxelmwifo biujetis Sesrulebis maCveneblebi am
wlebSi Semdegia: 2001 wels saSemosavlo nawilSi 89.4%; xarjebis nawilSi 83.0%; 2002
wels Sesabamisad: 93.6% da 92.1%; 2003 wels ki _ 89.3% da 86.3%.
marTalia, saqarTveloSi sabiujeto sistemis reforma qveynis saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis pirvelive wlebSi daiwyo, magram is yovelTvis saWiro
mimarTulebiT da tempebiT ar mimdinareobda. es aixsneba imiT, rom es urTulesi da
Sromatevadi procesia. amitom am mimarTulebiT gasakeTebeli jer kidev bevri ram
rCeba. am mimarTulebiT gatarebuli reformebidan aRsaniSnavia 2005 wlis pirveli
ianvridan sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobaSi Setanili radikaluri cvlilebebi. vTvliT,
rom swored aqedan daiwyo saqarTvelos sabiujeto sistemis Camoyalibebis meoTxe
etapi, romelic dRemde grZeldeba. am droidan faqtobrivad amoqmedda Tvisebrivad
axali saxis sagadasaxado kodeqsi, romlis mixedviT, Semcirda gadasaxadebis odenoba, gamartivda administraciuli meqanizmebi, Camoyalibda myari samarTlebrivi baza
legaluri biznesis mxardasaWerad, gamkacrda kontrolis meqanizmebi da sxva. Semdeg,
2009 wlis pirveli ianvridan, sagadasaxado kodeqsSi Sevida cvlileba, romlis Sesabamisad gamartivda sagadasaxado registracia da saidentifikacio kodis miniWebis
procedurebi.
gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia is cvlilebebi, romlebic miznad isaxavs qveyanaSi
axali saerTaSoriso safinanso institutebis Seqmnas, romlebic uzrunvelyofs
qveyanaSi investiciebis mozidvas, rac, Tavis mxriv, xels Seuwyobs saqarTvelos ekonomikuri efeqtianobis amaRlebas, qveynis mdgrad ganviTarebas, saerTaSoriso safinanso centrebis Camoyalibebas da saqarTvelos savaWro-satranzito funqciis amaRlebas. amasTan, investorebisaTvis xelsayreli garemos Sesaqmnelad ganaxlda saqarTvelosaTvis misaRebi modeli `Semosavlebsa da kapitalze ormagi dabegvris Tavidan acilebisa da gadasaxadebis gadauxdelobis aRkveTis Sesaxeb~, romlis mixed203
viT saqarTvelos SeTanxmeba gaformebuli aqvs msoflios 28 qveyanasTan. bolo
wlebSi saqarTvelos biujetis Sesaxeb warmodgenas gvaZlevs cxr. 2:
cxrili 2
saqarTvelos naerTi biujetis Sesruleba 20062006-2010 wlebSi
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gasavali
2008 weli
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gasavali
2009 weli
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2010 weli
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gasavali
dazustebuli gegmiT
faqtobrivi Sesruleba
Sesrulebis procen.
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2006 wlis biujeti ver Sesrulda rogorc Semosavlebis (87%), ise xarjebis
punqtSi (76%), rac, ra Tqma unda, niSnavs imas, rom ver moxerxda saqarTvelos ekonomikis winsvlis mizniT gaTvaliswinebuli mTeli rigi mniSvnelovani RonisZiebebi
ver dafinansda. momdevno 2006-2007 wlebis maCveneblebi sakmaod gaumjobesebulia da
garkveul winsvlazec miuTiTebs. magram es pozitiuri dinamika 2008 wels gasagebi
politikuri mizezebis gamo isev dairRva da 2009 wlisaTvis saxelmwifo biujetis
faqtobrivma Semosavlebma gegmis mxolod 89% Seadgina. marTalia, xarjviT nawilSi
102% dafiqsirda, magram es mxolod saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier Seqmnili metad
mwvave mdgomareobis gamosasworeblad gaweuli gansakuTrebuli Zalisxmevis Sedegia.
igive SeiZleba iTqvas momdevno 2010 wlis Sesaxebac (Sesabamisad 101% da 0.97%).
momavali uaxloesi periodisaTvisac (2012 wlamde) arsebuli sareformo samuSaoebis gegmis strategiul mimarTulebaTa Soris gaTvaliswinebulia sabiujeto politikis srulyofa, aseve biujetis marTvis instituciuri ganviTareba, rac momavali
ganviTarebis imedebs iZleva, miT umetes Tu yuradReba mieqceva saqarTvelos 2009
wlis biujetis kvlevis maCveneblebs da rCevebs, romlebic 2010 wels gamoaqveyna
saerTaSoriso sameTvalyureo organizaciam _ Independent Budget Partnership (es organizacia ikvlevs ganviTarebad qveynebs, romelTa rigs, Cvenda samwuxarod, dReisaTvis
saqarTveloc miekuTvneba). angariSSi aRniSnulia, rom saqarTvelos mTavrobam bolo
oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi biujetis srulyofisken garkveuli nabijebi gadadga, Tumca
es ar aris sakmarisi. sxvadasxva rCevaTa Soris Cven aRvniSnavdiT imas, rom auci204
lebelia sazogadoeba aqtiurad monawileobdes parlamentis sabiujeto mosmenebSi
da biujetis damtkiceba amis gaTvaliswinebiT xdebodes, aseve kontrolis palatis
mier xdebodes biujetis auditoruli Semowmebebis sistematuri gamoqveyneba sazogadoebis mxridan Sesabamisi analizis gakeTebis mizniT.
1. gamsaxurdia T. sabiujeto procesis srulyofis sakiTxisaTvis. `socialuri ekonomika~, #6, 2002, gv. 140-147.
2. gogriWiani g. sabiujeto politika, ekonomikuri zrda da Tanamedrove realiebi.
èkonomika~, #8-9, 2009, gv. 17-22.
3. zurabiSvili v.
v saqarTvelos sabiujeto sistema sabazro ekonomikis formirebis
periodSi. Tbilisi, 2005, ekonomikuri da socialuri problemebis samecnierokvleviTi instituti.
4. mesxia i.
i saqarTvelos sabiujeto sistema. Tbilisi, sagamomcemlo saxli inovacia,
2010.
5. nikoleiSvili o. saxelmwifo biujetis arasagadasaxado Semosavlebis klasifikaciis da dagegmvis Sesaxeb, krebulSi: gardamavali periodis safinanso-ekonomikuri
problemebi saqarTveloSi, t. V, Tbilisi, fski, 2001, gv. 46-55.
Melashvili Medea
THE STAGES OF CREATING AND THE WAYS OF IMPROVING
A BUDGET SYSTEM OF GEORGIA
SUMMARY
In the work there is considered a budget policy as a main section of a state economic policy. The appropriate carrying out of the latter ensures the economic development of a country and correspondingly, the improvement of a social-economic state of population.
There are also considered the main tasks, functions and principles of a budget and the ways of its improvement.
giorgi miqanaZe
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis warmatebuli modeli
(israelis magaliTze)
israelis ekonomika aris teqnologiurad mowinave sabazro ekonomikis modeli,
ganviTarebis umniSvnelovanesi wili modis swrafad ganviTarebad maRal teqnologiebze (hi-tech) da momsaxurebis seqtorze. 2010 wels israelis ekonomika 20 msoflios
umsxviles ekonomikebs Soris dasaxelda. israels bevri saerTaSoriso wodeba aqvs,
magaliTad, gaeros indeqsis msoflios xalxebis adamianuri ganviTarebis karegoriaSi israeli 169 qveyanas Soris mowinave aTeulSi dasaxelda, rogorc „Zalian swrafad ganviTarebadi“ (“Very Highly Developed”).
israelis ekonomikur ganviTarebaze saubari SeiZleba ukve gasuli saukunis 50iani wlebidan, meore msoflio omis Semdgom periodSi. am periodisaTvis israeli
mTeli msofliosgan daxmarebas iTxovda. daiwyo aqtiuri molaparakebebi reparacias205
Tan84 dakavSirebiT. israelma finansuri daxmarebisaTvis mimarTa amerikis SeerTebul
Statebs da miiRo kidevac mniSvnelovani finansuri daxmareba. Sanacvlod, israelma
valdebuleba aiRo, orientireba gaekeTebina vaSingtonis politikaze. israelis pirveli premier ministris ben-gurionis iniciativiT, 1951 wels daiwyo faruli molaparakebebi dasavleT germaniasTan da dasavleTis sxva qveynebTan reparaciis sakiTxebze, romelic meore msoflio omis dros ebraelobis SeviwrovebasTan iyo dakavSirebuli.
axali ekonomikuri politika israelis realobaSi iwyeba reparaciis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT warmatebis miRwevis paralelurad, 1952-1953 ww. 1952 wlis TebervalSi israelis finansTa ministri elizer kaplani qneseTis winaSe sityviT warsdga
da gancxadeba gaakeTa qveyanaSi axali ekonomikuri politikis dawyebasTan dakavSirebiT. axali kursi saxelmwifos mxridan sxvadasxva zomebis miRebas iTvaliswinebda,
maTgan umniSvnelovanesi iyo fuladi emisiis Sewyveta, romlic mzanic iyo saxelmwifo gadasaxdelebis gadaxda. Seiqmna Tavisufali bazari da saxelmwifos mxridan gauqmda fasebis kontroli. qveyanaSi daiwyo maSindeli nacionaluri valutis devalvacia. reformebs daemTxva reparaciidan miRebuli Tanxebi, romelic 3,5 miliard germanul markas Seadgenda. germaniam pasuxismgebloba aiRo omiT dazaralebulTa socialur pasuxismgeblobazec, rac aseve finansebSi aisaxeboda.
1954-1964 wlebSi israelisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli gaxda stabiluri da swrafi
ekonomikuri zrda. saSualo wliuri mTliani Sida produqtis moculobis zrda 10%ze SenarCunda (im periodisaTvis zrdis ufro maRali tempi mxolod iaponiaSi fiqsirdeboda), magram inflaciis maCvelebeli 5%-ze iyo stabilurad da umuSevrobis
moculoba TiTqmis nulamde daeca da qveyanaSi sruli dasaqmeba fiqsirdeboda. es
periodi israelisaTvis ara mxolod eqstensiuri ganviTarebiT gamoirCeoda, aramed
swrafad viTardeboda da ixveweboda warmoebis procesi da meurneoba. aRniSnul sferoebSi sakmaod didi moculobis investiciebis mozidva xdeboda ucxo qveynebidanac.
ekonomistebis azriT, aRniSnuli periodis erTaderT problemad SeiZleboda dasaxelebuliyo samomxmareblo bazris mkveTri zrda. 1954 wels israelSi miRebul iqna
kanoni israelis bankis Sesaxeb, romelmac centraluri bankis funqciebis Sesruleba
daiwyo.
1965 wlidan israelSi ekonomikuri vardnis periodi dgeba. ukve naTeli gaxda,
rom kvlavac eqstensiuri meTodebiT ekonomikis zrda SeuZlebeli iyo, rasac israelSi ramdenime msxvili proeqtis SeCereba daemTxva - israelis wyalmomaragebis
sistemis mSeneblobis dasruleba, sazRvao portis mSeneblobis dasruleba da sxva.
yovelive aman gamoiwvia ekonomikuri aqtiurobis Semcireba da Semcirda samuSao
adgilebis raodenoba, gaizarda umuSevroba. obieqturi faqtorebis paralelurad,
ekonomikuri zrdis mniSvnelovan Semaferxebel faqtorad iqca aseve saxelmwifo
84
reparacia – saerTaSoriso samarTlis saubieqtis materialuri pasuxismgeblobis erT-erTi forma,
rodesac samarTlis damrRvevs mxolod materialuri zaralis fuladi an garkveuli saqonlis
anazRaureba moeTxoveba. mag., meore msoflio omis Semdeg antihitlerulma koaliciam germaniasa da mis
mokavSireebs daakisra r-is gadaxda omSi miyenebuli zaralis anazRaurebis mizniT. r-is gadaxda xdeba
fuladi an sxva materialuri kompensaciis saxiT. r gansxvavdeba kontribuciisgan, romelic 1919 wlamde
arsebobda. versalis 1919 wlis samSvidobo xelSekruleba kontribuciis nacvlad r-s iTvaliswinebs,
rogorc miyenebuli zaralis aRdgenis formas da germaniasa da mis mokavSireebs akisrebs pirvel
msoflio omSi (1914-1918) miyenebuli zianisaTvis. Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTlis mixedviT, r
vrceldeba agresiuli omis wamomwyeb saxelmwifosa da mis mokavSioreebze, romlebic monawileoben
agresiis msxverplis teritoriaze dabombvaSi, qveynis materialuri da adamianTa resursebis ganadgurebaSi.
wyaro: adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTali : leqsikoni-cnobari / [avt.: l. aleqsiZe (red.), l.
giorgaZe, m. kvaWaZe da sxv.] - Tb., 2005, 283gv. ; 23sm. - ISBN 99940-0-877-3 : [f.a.]
206
politika: mosaxleobaSi gazrdili Semosavlebis da moTxovnis safuZvelze saxelmwifom ekonomikaSi aqtiuri Careva daiwyo rom inflacia moeToka da bazari gaekontrolebina. gazarda procentebi kreditze da Seamcira saxelmwifo investiciebi, mxolod
1966 wels gamoirkva, rom saxelmwifom ekonomikis regulirebiT ver miiRo Sedegi da
meurneobebi aRmoCdnen mZime krizisSi, umuSevarTa moculoba gaormagda, warmoeba
Semcirda da qveyanaSi pirvelad dafiqsirda uaryofiTi saemigracio balansi. israelSi arsebul kriziss daemTxva aseve 1973 wlis navTobis krizisi msoflioSi, qveynis ekonomika recesiis fazaSi Sevida. inflacia gaizarda jer 20%-mde Semdeg 44%mde. qveyanaSi mkveTrad Semcirda kapitaldabandebebi da mSenebloba. erovnuli valutis kursis xelovnur fiqsirebas axdenda xelisufleba. savaWro balansis gaumjobesebis mizniT, 1974 wels qveyanaSi ganxorcielda devalvacia 4,2-dan 6 liramde erT
amerikul dolarTan mimarTebaSi. sxvadasxva operaciebis mimarT mTavrobam valutis
sxvadasxva kursic ki gansazRvra. 1975 wels oficialurad gamocxadda liris „mcocavi devalvacia“, nel-nela mcirdeboda liris kursi.
1977 wels qveynis saTaveSi axali xelisufleba movida, romlic finansTa ministric masStaburi finansuri reformebis iniciativiT gamovida. reformas „ekonomikuri gadatrialeba ewoda“. reformis mizani iyo qveynis ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulirebis Semcireba da sabazro ekonomikis Seqmna. yvelaze mniSvnelovan nabijad SeiZleba CaiTvalos savaluto politikis liberalizacia, moixsna praqtikulad yvela
saxis SezRudva da regulacia. liris kursi Tavisufal bazarze moTxovna-miwodebis
safuZvelze regulirdeba. axalma mTavrobam, miuxedavad warmatebuli reformebisa
ver SeZlo inflaciis Semcireba. sandooba erovnuli valutis mimarT dakarguli iyo
da is ZiriTadad amerikul dolarze iyo mibmuli. 1979 wels inflacia sam cirfSi
gamoixata da 111% Seadgina. 1980 wels, inflaciis Semcirebisa da erovnuli valutis
mimarT sandoobis dabrunebis mizniT, qveyanaSi ganxorcielda fulis reforma da
nacvlad lirisa, SemoRebul iqna axali erovnuli valuta Sekeli da misi gacvliTi
kursi Semdegnairad ganisazRvra _ 1 Sekeli _ 10 lira. sxvadasxva reformatorebis
mxridan inflaciis SemcirebisaTvis sxvadasxva iniciativebi iqna wamoyenebuli erTerTi reformis preqti iTvaliswinebda sabiujeto saxsrebis ekonomias da xarjviTi
nawilis Semcirebas Tumca es proeqti ar iqna mowonebuli da ver ganxorcielda. sabolood, mividnen daskvnamde da qveyanaSi importirebul saqonelze gadasaxadebi
Semcirda. Tumca reformebma saqmes mainc ver uSvela, Sedegebi katastrofuli iyo.
erovnuli valutis gaufasurebam hiperinflaciis saxe miiRo da 500%-mde avida 1985
wlis dasawyisisTvis. 1984 wels qveynis saTaveSi movida axali xelisufleba, nacionaluri erTianobis mmarTveloba Simon peresis xelmZRvanelobiT, finansTa ministri
_ icxak modai. axali xelmZRvanelobis mosvlidan erT weliwadSi qveyanaSi daiwyo
ekonomikuri stabilizaciis samTavrobo politika. reformatorulma programam Sokuri Terapiis saxe miiRo, mas ori mTavari mizani hqonda: sabiujeto deficitis Semcireba da inflaciasTan brZola. programis danarCeni nawili Seexeboda: biujetSi subsidiebis nawilis mkveTr Semcirebas, aqcentireba gakeTda eqsportze, moxda saeqsporto produqciis warmoebis waxaliseba, nacvlad Sida bazris regulirebisa. aRniSnulis Sedegi iyo gaTvla _ umuSevrobis Semcireba. Sekelis mniSvnelovani devalvacia
aSS dolaris mimarT da stabiluri gacvliTi kursis axal doneze SenarCuneba
grZelvadiani perspeqtiviT, gansazRvruli droiT bazarze fasebis gayinva. aRniSnuli
reformebi farTo sazogadoebrivi mxardaWeriT sargeblobda, vinaidan sazogadoebaSi inflaciis Semcirebis interesi Zalze didi iyo. reformebTan dakavSirebiT konsensusi iqna miRweuli rogorc samoqalaqo sazogadoebasTan, ise kerZo seqtorTan
da profkavSirebTan. erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani, rac ar ganaxorciela maSin207
delma xelisuflebam israelSi, es iyo sajaro moxeleebis samsaxuridan masobrivi
gaTavisufleba. Tumca, profkavSirebi ar gamoTqvamda pretenzias, sajaro moxeleTa
xelfasebi, biujetis xarjviTi nawilis ekonomiis mizniT, minimumamde yofiliyo
Semcirebuli. 1985 wlis bolosaTvis ukve gairkva rom reformebma Tavisi Sedegi
gamoiRo. inflacia 20%-mde Semcirda. Semcirda biujetis deficitic, stabiluri
mdgomareoba 3 weli grZeldeboda. mdgomareobisagan gamosvlaSi israelis mTavrobas
daexmara navTobze saerTaSoriso fasebis dacema da aSSds mier gamoyofili granti 2
miliardamde amerikuli dolaris odenobiT. miuxedavad gatarebuli reformebisa da
miRebuli Sedegisa, mTavari mizani mainc ver iqna miRweuli da ekonomikuri zrda
isev Zveli periodis (1965-1967 ww.) niSnulze fiqsirdeboda.
gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebis dasawyisisaTvis israelis ekonomikas mZime
tvirTad daawva israelSi Camosuli repatriantebi85, ZiriTadad sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSiris daSlis mizeziT. 1990-1996 wlebis periodSi israelSi
600 aTasze meti repatrianti dabrunda sacxovreblad. moklevadian periodSi imigraciis talRa mZimed daawva biujetis xarjviT nawils d maTi miReba, dabinaveba da
uzrunvelyofa. Sedegad gaizarda qveyanaSi umuSevrobis moculoba da Sromisunariani mosaxleobis 10% Seadgina. qveyanaSi Seqmnil situaciaze dadebiTad imoqmeda
1993 wlis SeTanxmebam norvegiasTan da 1994 wels iordaniasTan, ramac qveyanaSi meti
stabilurobis garantiebi Seqmna da qveynis ekonomikaSi ucxouri investiciebis Semodineba daiwyo.
meoce saukunis miwuruls fiqsirdeboda qveynis ekonomikis meryeoba, romlis
mizezic ZiriTadad ruseTSi da zogadad aziaSi mimdinare krizisebi gaxda. am periodis moTxovnebidan gamomdinare, israelma orientiri aiRo Tanamedrove teqnologiebis warmoebaze. 2001-2002 wlebSi israeli-palestinis konfliqtis gamo, maRali teqnologiebis bazarze arsebuli sirTuleebis, samSeneblo krizisis da susti finansuri
politikis gamo qveyanaSi mTliani Sida produqti Semcirda. Tumca situacia maleve
gamosworda mkacri fiskaluri politikisa da struqturuli reformebis Sedegad,
romelic qveyanaSi konkurentuli garemos Seqmnis xelSewyobas da maqsimalurad
Tavisufal bazars iTvaliswinebda. israelis ekonomika pikur fazaSi gadadis. ganviTarda rigi ekonomikuri dargebisa.
ramdenime Tvis win, xmelTaSua zRvis regionis aRmosavleTiT, levantiis sanapiroze, msoflioSi udidesi gazis sabado aRmoaCines. amis Sesaxeb naTqvamia aSS-is
saxelmwifo geologiuri samsaxuris vebgverdze gamoqveynebul angariSSi. levantiis
auzi moicavs israelis, siriisa da libanis sanapiroebs. angariSis Tanaxmad, am
regionSi arsebuli dauzveravi maragi SesaZloa 3,43 trilion kubur metrs aRwevdes.
savaraudod, yvelaze mniSvnelovani sabadoebi israelis teritoriazea. garda amisa,
aRniSnul regionSi napovnia navTobis sabadoebic, romlis moculoba 1,7 miliard
barels Seadgens. israelis axali aRmoCenebi industriuli mimarTulebiT, kidev
ufro amtkicebs da sandos xdis israelis ekonomikur mdgomareobas da sandoobas
zogadad.
calsaxaa, rom israelis ekonomikis swrafi zrda dakavSirebulia liberalizaciasa da mkacr fiskalur politikasTan, romelmac qveyanaSi moToka inflacia da
Seqmna ekonomikis SedarebiT Tavisufali ganviTarebis pirobebi. 1990 wlamde israelis ekonomika iTvleboda yvelaze socialistur ekonomikad komunisturi blokis
qveynebis Semdeg. dRes is yvelaze Tavisufali da diversificirebuli (Sesabamisad,
stabiluri) ekonomikaa regionSi. israelis ekonomika TiTqmis yvela maCvenebliT mis
85
epatriacia [laT. repatriatio] - da repatriireba – emigrantebis, tyved wayvanili pirebis, ltolvilebis
dabruneba samSobloSi.
208
sakmaod did siZliereze miuTiTebs da zrdis eqsportis moculobas. miuxedavad
Sekelis kursis meryeobisa, 2010 wlis noembridan 2011 wlis ianvris CaTvliT produqciisa da momsaxurebis eqsporti (briliantebis eqsportis garda) gaizarda 16,8%diT.
2011 wlis mxolod ianvarSi 4,3 miliardi aSS dolaris moculobis produqciisa da
momsaxurebis eqsporti moxda. maT Soris 73%-s Seadgenda warmoebuli produqcia,
23%-s briliantebi, 4% soflis meurneobis produqcia.
israelis importi, eqsporti da savaWro balansi 20032003-2010 ww.
israelis centraluri statistikuri biuros informaciiT, yvela mniSvnelovani makroekonomikuri maCvenebliT, 2010 wels, israelma gasul wlebTan SedarebiT,
mniSvnelovnad gadaaWarba ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciis (OECD) wevri qveynebis maCveneblebs. israelSi mTliani Sida produqtis zrdam
2010 wels 4,5% Seadgina, rac dagegmilze 0,5%-iT meti iyo. qveynebis masStabiT maRali maCvenebeli fiqsirdeba mxolod meqsikaSi _ 5% da TurqeTSi _ 8,2%. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom gasul wlebSi israelSi aRniSnuli makroekonomikuri maCvenebeli
yovelTvis zrdis tendenciiT xasiaTdeboda, maSin, roca meqsikaSi 2009 wels mTliani
Sida produqti 6,5%-iT Semcirda da TurqeTSi 4,8%-iT. maT Soris zrdis wili biznes
seqtorze modis 5,3%, warmoebis seqtoris 7,8%, vaWrobisa da turizmis sferoSi _
8,1%, satransporto seqtori - 5,5%, finansuri momsaxurebis seqtori 3,4%. saerTo jamuri samuSao saaTebis moculoba israelis mkvidrTaTvis, ucxoeli mSomelebis gaTvaliswinebiT, 1,4%diT gaizarda. Sesabamisad, Sromis mwarmoebluroba avtomaturad
gaizarda 4%-iT. vinaidan israelis mosaxleoba 2010 wels 1,8%-iT gaizarda, mTliani
Sida produqtis zrdam erT sul mosaxleze Seadgina 2,7% da am maCvenebliT israeli
CamorCeba meqsikas, TurqeTs, Svecias, iaponias da germanias. gasul wels erT sul
mosaxleze mSp Seadgenda 106 400 Sekels (daaxloebiT 28,5 aTasi aSS dolari). realuri investiciebis moculoba (transportSi, sacxovrebel mSeneblobaSi, teqnikaSi
da a.S.) 2010 wels 9,9%-iT gaizarda, produqtebisa da momsaxurebis eqsportis moculoba 12,6%-iT, xolo importis moculoba 11,5%-iT gaizarda. SidasavaWro preficitma
2010 wels 6,9 miliardi aSS dolari Seadgina. saxelmwifos Semosavlebi gaizarda
9,1%diT xolo xarjebi mxolod 6,4%-iT.
209
qveynis mTliani Sida produqti 235 miliard amerikul dolars aRemateba,
romlis 46% servisze modis, 25% - mrewvelobaze da danarCeni - soflis meurneobaze.
qveyana sazRvargareT yidis citrusebs, kvercxs, yvavilebs, kompiuterul programebs,
farmacevtul nawarms, qimikatebs, damuSavebul almasebsa da, rac mTavaria, samxedro
teqnologiebs. swored es ukanasknelia is, ramac, udidesi roli iTamaSa israelis
ganviTarebaSi da saSualeba misca mas, Camoyalibebuliyo maRalteqnologiur ekonomikad. samxedro industria mecnierebatevadi, kompleqsuri saqmea. arc erTi sxva
industria ar qmnis imden moTxovnilebas kvalificiur kadrebze da ekonomikis
inovaciur potencials, ramdensac samxedro industria. israeli, romelic iaraRis
msoflio bazris 10%-s akontrolebs, mTlian mosaxleobasTan SefardebiT,
mecnierebis raodenobiT dRes pirvel adgilzea. cxadia, am kvalificiuri muSaxelis
gareSe Tanamedrove, teqnologiurad ganviTarebuli ekonomika SeuZlebelia.
mTliani Sida produqtis zrdis tendencia 19601960-2010
mcire da saSualo biznesis sawarmoebis ricxvi israelSi 500dmde aRwevs,
aRniSnuli biznesis saerTo moculobis daaxolebi 90%ds Seadgens. sagulisxmoa
israelis saxelmwifo politika biznesTan mimarTebaSi. saxelmwifo TiTqmis arc
erTi biznesis mflobeli ar aris da minimaluri doziT ereva kerZo saqmianobaSi.
israelis mTavrobam 90diani wlebidan, komunisturi reJimis daSlis Semdgom, myisierad da droulad daiwyo biznesis xelSemwyobi politika. saxelmwifo mmarTvelobam
gaTvala, rom yvela vinc ki Seecdeboda biznesi wamoewyo qveyanaSi, maTi interesebi
yofiliyo gaTvaliswinebuli, rom maT ar gasCenodaT sxva qveyanaSi saqmianobis survili. xelisufleba ekonomikuri ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze kerZo seqtors
sxvadasxva saxis lgotur, SeRavaTian sakredito xazebs uxsnida, maT Soris damwyeb
bizness. sagulisxmoa, rom saxelmwifo saxsrebi ixarjeba aseve damwyebi biznesisTvisac da gaaCnia specialurad SemuSavebuli da kargad nacadi meqanizmi biznesis
sawyis etapze mxardaWerisaTvis. aRniSnuli meqanizmis realizeba Semdegnairad xor210
cieldeba _ ideis avtori, visac surs biznesi wamoiwyos da saxsrebi ar gaaCnia, teqnologiurad axali biznesideis detaluri aRwerilobis proeqts gadaagzavnis venCurul fondSi, romelic nawilobriv saxelmwifo mflobelobaSia (sainvesticio kompania, romelic specializebulia inovaciuri damwyebi biznesis dafinansebaze). ideis
avtori xelSekrulebas aformebs sainvesticio kompaniasTan TanamonawileobasTan
dakavSirebiT da mowonebis SemTxvevaSi iRebs dafinansebas. rodesac saboloo produqti gamodis bazarze da aCvenebs mis efeqturobas, is iyideba orive kompaniis saxeliT, rogorc ideis avtoris, ise investoris da, Sesabamisad, Semosuli Tanxa
nawildeba am or subieqts Soris.
hi-tech-ma, romelzec, bolo 3 Tvis ganmavlobaSi warmoebuli produqciis eqsportis 50% modioda, 7,3%diT gazarda qveynis wliuri eqsportis maCvenebeli.
eleqtroteqnikisa da kompiuterebis eqsporti 81,9%diT gaizarda, sakomunikacio da
samedicino mowyobilobebi - 25,4%. mxolod farmacevtuli produqciis eqsporti
Semcirda 28,6%diT.
Semosavlebi, industriebis wilebis Sesabamisad
Tanamedrove israeli _ maRali teqnologiebis sferoSi msoflioSi erTderTi
lideria. marTalia qveyana ver daikvexnis mineraluri da sxva bunebrivi resursebis
simdidriT (Tu axal aRmoCenebs ar CavTvliT, romelic zemoT iyo xsenebuli), magram
teqnologiaSi, gansxvavebiT bunebrivi wiaRiseulisagan, mniSvnelovania goneba da
amasTan dakavSirebiT israelSi namdvilad yvelaferi kargadaa. gasaTvaliswinebelia
aseve, rom es ucxouri investiciebic mudmivi interesis wyaroa. israelSi, biznessferoSi aris gamoTqma „Tu adre iyo dro, yoveli ebraeli mwarmoebeli cdilobda
TiTo iaponelze gaeyida produqcia an momsaxureba, dRes orientirebulia d wamoiwyos novatoruli biznesi da gayidos amerikelze“. Tanamedrove teqnolkogiebi israelSi realizebas poulobs aseve kosmetikis sferoSi. israelis kosmetikuri kompaniebis meti wili ganTavsebulia aSS-Si da evrokavSiris qveynebSi. aseT agresiul
bazrebze warmatebiT rom SeZlos muSaoba kompanias Sesabamisi imiji esaWiroeba,
romelic msoflio klasis produqcias awarmoebs. biznesdsaqmianobisaTvis sakmaod
warmatebulad iTvleba aseve gasarTobi da sadResaswaulo RonisZiebebis organizebisaTvis saWiro Sesabamisi produqciisa da momsaxurebis warmoeba.
israeli msoflioSi iaraRis erT-erTi mTavari eqsportioria. qveynis samxedrosawarmoo kompleqsi saxelmwifo da kerZo kompaniebisgan Sedgeba, romelTa yovelwliuri Semosavalic 3,6 miliardi dolaria. israelis iaraRis momxibvleloba maRali
211
teqnologiebia, romelTa SemuSavebac faqtobrivad SeerTebuli Satebisgan finansdeba. amis garda, qveyana daaxloebiT oriaTas kerZo pirs moiTvlis, romlebsac farTo kavSirebi aqvT dedamiwis nebismier wertilSi. droTa ganmavlobaSi iaraRi israelisTvis, lamis mTavar Semosavlis wyarod iqca. modernizebul iraRs awvdian
Sri-lankas da birmas, xandaxan ki myidveli saqonels iRebda gaeros mier SemoRebuli embargos miuxedavad, rogorc es moxda ruandasa da eritreaSi.
saqarTvelo-israelis saqmiani urTierTTanamSromlobis perspeqtivebisas erTob sagulisxmoa saqarTvelo-israelis erToblivi biznespalatis xelmZRvanelis
icik moSes mier gakeTebuli gancxadeba „namdvilad Cans qarTuli mxaris survili
gaumjobesdes sainvesticio garemo qveyanaSi. korufciasTan brZola, biznesis gaTavisufleba klanuri da kriminaluri presisgan, swori sagadasaxado politika aris
is mimarTulebebi, romlebSic udavod gadaidga nabijebi da imedia, es kursi ar
Seicvleba. ukve ara marto saqarTvelo, aramed samyaroc Seicvala. did investicias
didi Zala mohyveba, Tavisi dacva, dazRveva da a.S. amitom investorebis dacva aris
saqarTvelos mTavrobis pirdapiri valdebuleba. Tu qveyana acxadebs, rom mas unda
investiciebi, maSin yvelaferi unda gaakeTos mis dasacavad. me ver vxedav ara marto
saqarTvelos, aramed romelime qveynis progress investiciebis gareSe“.
israelma _ saqarTvelos erT-erTma yvelaze aqtiurma investorma _ nulamde
daiyvana kapitaldabandebebi saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi. icik moSem es faqti qveyanaSi
politikuri arastabilurobiT axsna, romelic “afrTxobs mewarmeebs“. magram, aSkaraa, rom saqme mxolod amaSi ar aris. ebrael biznesmenebze SesaZloa, „didi politikis~ dinebebma imoqmeda: israelis aSS-sTan uTanxmoeba da ruseTTan daaxloeba. am
yvelafers emateba saqarTveloSi dakavebuli ebraeli biznesmenebi, romlebic israelis moqalaqeebi iyvnen da cdilobdnen qveyanaSi investireba ganexorcielebinaT. ra
Tqma unda, samarTaldamcavebis saqmea konkretulad dakavebis procesi, magram Tavad
faqti am ori qveynis urTierTobas Zabavs da afrTxobs investorebs. Sesabamisad, am
etapisaTvis realuri TanamSromloba saqarTvelosa da israels Soris rogor politikuri, ise saqmiani biznesaqtivobebis mimarTulebiT, cota Soreuli perspeqtivaa.
Tumca, SesaZlebelia rogorc saxelmwifo politikaSi, ise biznesis sferoSi gaTvaliswinebuli iyos is modelebi, ramac israeli, miuxedavad qveyanaSi arsebuli politikuri daZabulobebisa, ganviTarebis aseT maRal donemde aiyvana. vimedovnebT,
saqarTvelosa da ganviTarebul israels Soris kvlavac aRdgeba istoriuli megobroba da TanamSromloba, moxdeba im gamocdilebebisa da warmatebebis gaziareba,
ramac israels aseTi ekonomikuri warmatebebi, avtoriteti da poziciiebi moutana
msoflio bazarze.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
„israels aRar izidavs „saqarTvelos oqros fskeri““, gazeTi „jorjian Taimsi“
27.05.2009.
„israelma isev igives mihyo xeli?“, gazeTi „jorjian Taimsi“ 16.02.2010.
„ebrauli investiciebi brundeba?“, gazeTi „jorjian Taimsi“ 17.05.2010.
Jurnali tabula „davewioT israels“, 01.08.2010.
saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi - monacemTa baza, msoflio ekonomikis
ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi, seqtemberi 2011 w. (http://www.imf.org)
«Экономика Израиля: Развитие. Характеристики. Политика» гл. «1954-1965. Расцвет и подъём»
Сборник. сост. д-р Дан Гилади
Press release – First data from the 2008 Population Census – Completed in July, 2009, Israeli Central
Bureau of Statistics (CBS), 30 September 2009, retrieved 18 May 2010
212
8.
9.
10.
11.
"Doing Business in Israel 2010", World Bank, Retrieved 20 August 2010.
World Economic Forum Global Competiveness report. Financeisrael.mof.gov.il (31 December 2010).
Retrieved on 8 September 2011.
International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database, September 2011: Report for Selected
Countries and Subjects. Data for the year 2011.
http://www1.cbs.gov.il/reader/mainind/indengnew.html
Mikanadze Giorgi
THE SUCCESSFUL MODEL OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
(A CASE OF ISRAEL)
SUMMARY
The article defines the business environment and government policy of Israel related to business. There
are stated macroeconomic indexes in the article. The principal attention is stated on the stages of the development process of the government of Israel, also on the potential of the country and on the policy, which became
stipulation for the rapid development and stability of the country. In order to have good understanding of the
content of the article there are presented schemes, diagrams and pictures. There is attached list of references,
which assumed as a basis of the facts indicated in the article.
iza naTelauri
Tamar TaflaZe
saqarTvelos eqsportisa da importis maCveneblebis testireba ganawilebis
normalurobaze (2000(2000-2010)
saanalizo periodad aviReT 2000-2010 wlebi; SerCevis moculoba n=11; es ki imas niSnavs, rom saqme gvaqvs mcire SerCevasTan86.
Testireba ganawilebis normalurobaze mcire SerCevis pirobebSi
ganawilebis normalurobaze saanalizo mwkrivebis testireba movaxdineT ori
meTodiT: 1) asimetriisa (А-mesame rigis centraluri momentis) da eqscesis (E-meoTxe
rigis centraluri momentis (kurtozisis, centris mimarT simWidrovis)) koeficientebis SedarebiT maTsave reprezentatiulobis SecdomebTan (mA da mE – sTan) da 2)
kolmogorovis kriteriumiT.
pirveli meTodiT tesrirebisTvis daviTvaleT asimetriisa da eqscesis
koeficientebi da maTi reprezentatiulobis Secdomebi87.
ganasxvaveben mcire da did SerCevebs. Ddidi SerCevis dros n…>…30 (Тернер Д. Вероятность, статистика и
исследование операций (перевод с английского). М., Статистика, 1976), mcire SerCevis dros ki n ≤15. roca n …>…30,
SerCeviTi ganawileba normaluria, rogorc wesi, an Zalian axlos aris masTan. Ees ki cxrilebis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas iZleva testirebis dros. testireba Sedegiania maSinac, roca 15 <n <≤30. xolo,
Tu n ≤…15, igi modifikacias saWiroebs.
86
87
Aasimetriis koeficienti А= ∑( xi-xsaS)3/ n σ3, asimetriis reprezentatiulobis Secdoma
mA =√ 6/n
213
Ех _ eqsporti
wlebi
2000
-0,146
(Ех3
Ех(saS.))
0,077
(Ех4
Ех(saS.))
2001
-0,151
2002
-0,128
2003
-0,058
2004
-0,008
2005
0
mlrd. aSS dolari
2006 2007
2008
2009
0
0,056
0,27
0,023
0,08
0,065
0,023
0,002
0
0
0,022
0,174
0,007
2010
0,395
0,29
∑((Ех- Ех(saS.
saS.))
saS. )3 =0,253
n σ3 = 11*
11* 0,4473 = 0,982
А = 0,253/0,982 =0,258
mA =√ 6/n =√ 6/11 = 0,739
ta = 0,349 < 3
normalurobis piroba sruldeba.
E ==--1,314
saS.)))4=0,74
saS.
n σ4=0,439
mE =6*0,739=4,434
te = 0,296<
0,296 3
Im _ importi
wlebi
2000
mlrd. aSS dolari
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
-1,32 0,094
0,394
11,697
37,832
2,869
9,381
1,44
8
0,289
26,552
127
4,077
19,78
4
(ImIm(saS.))3
-
-
-
-
11,179
10,532
9,924
5,871
(ImIm(saS.))4
24,997
23,087
21,32
8
10,59
1
0,042
∑ (Im- Im (saS.
saS.))
saS. )3 =23,253
n σ3 = 11* 1,7713 = 61,101
А = 23,253/61,101=0,381
mA =√ 6/n =√ 6/11 = 0,739
ta = 0,516 < 3
E=-0,604
saS.))
saS. )4=259,195
n σ4 = 11*(1,771)4 = 108,21
mE = 2√
2√ 6/n = 4,434
Eeqscesis koeficienti Е=∑[( xi-xsaS)4/ n σ4]- 3, eqscesis reprezentatiulobis Secdoma
mE =2√ 6/n,
ganawileba normaluria, roca sruldeba piroba
tA =│A │/ mA <3 da tE =│E │/ mE < 3
ix. http://www.pslog.net, Показатели ассиметрии и эксцесса и их ошибки репрезентативности.
214
te =0,136 < 3
Nx – wminda eqsporti
2000
2001
4,991 4,574
(Nx3
Nx(saS.))
7,593
(Nx8,53
Nx(saS.))4
2002
4,46
2003
2,839
2004
0,715
mlrd. aSS dolari
2005
2006
2007
2008
0,104 -0,27
-6,719 19,925
7,34
4,02
0,639
0,049
0,174
12,679
54,015
2009
-1,458
2010
-2,845
1,654
4,032
∑ (Nx- Nx(saS.
saS.))
saS. )3 = -13,334
n σ3= 11* 1,5383 = 40,019
А = 13,334/40,019 = -0,333
mA = √ 6/n = √ 6/11 = 0,739
ta = 0,111 < 3
E=--1,363
saS.))
saS. )4 = 100,725
n σ4 = 61,549
mE = 4,434
te = 0,307 < 3
Mmeore meTodi.
Kkolmogorovis kriteriumis Tanaxmad, ganawilebis normalurobaze testireba xorcieldeba Semdegi sqemis mixedviT.88.
1. saanalizo mwkrivis ranJireba zrdis mixedviT;
2. empiriuli ganawilebis funqciis (Fn(Ех)) gamoangariSeba;
3. normirebuli sidideebi (Z);
4. hipoTeturi ganawilebis funqciis (Teoriuli ganawilebis funqciis mniSvnelobebis gamoangariSeba);
5. ganawilebis empiriuli da Teoriuli funqciebis mniSvnelobebs Soris sxvaobebis gamoangariSeba,
6. ganawilebis empiriul da Teoriul funqciebs Soris sxvaobebidan maqsimaluri
mniSvnelobis (Dn--is) SerCeva;
7. cxrilSi K α,n - is moZebna (mniSvnelovnebis donea);
8. Dn -is da K α ,n - is Sedareba da daskvnis gakeTeba.
Ех -eqsporti
eqsporti
#
Ех (mlrd.
mlrd.
aSS doladolari)
ri
Fn(Ех)
Z = [(Ех –
Ех(saS
saS)]/σ
saS σ)
88
F(Ех)
Fn(Ех)- F(Ех)
albaTobis Teoria da maTematikuri statistika ekonomistebisTvis. red. n. lazareva, Tbilisi, 2000
Ggv. 384-391;
http://www.machinelearning.ru
http://ole-0lesko.livejournal.com
215
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
3,176
3,227
3,459
4,614
6,469
8,662
9,362
11,336
12,329
14,953
15,833
0,0909
0,1818
0,2727
0,3636
0,4545
0,5454
0,6363
0,7272
0,8181
0,9090
0,9999
-1,19
-1,178
1,126
-0,868
-0,453
0,078
0,194
0,636
0,858
1,456
1,642
0,118
0,109
0,13
0,193
0,327
0,515
0,575
0,738
0,805
0,927
0,949
-0,0271
0,0728
0,1427
0,1706
0,1275
0,0304
0,0613
-0,0108
0,0131
-0,018
0,0509
F(Im)
Fn(Im)- F(Im)
0,13
0,134
0,141
0,182
0,288
0,41
0,644
0,764
0,862
0,874
0,955
-0,039
0,048
0,1317
0,1816
0,1665
0,1354
-0,008
-0,0368
-0,0439
0,035
0,0449
Ех (saS.)=8,493
σEx = 0,469
Dn (max) = 0,1706
α = 0,05
K 0,05,11 = 0,35242
0,1706 < 0,35242
ganawilebis normalurobis piroba sruldeba
Im - importi
#
Im (mlrd.
mlrd.
aSS dolari)
dolari
1
0,709
2
0,753
3
0,795
4
1,141
5
1,848
6
2,491
7
3,678
8
4,336
9
0,096
10
5,215
11
6,302
Fn(Im)
0,0909
0,1818
0,2727
0,3636
0,4545
0,5454
0,6363
0,7272
0,8181
0,9090
0,9999
Z= [(Im –
ImsaS
saS)]/σ
saS σ)
-1,132
-1,109
-1,088
-0,913
-0,555
-0,23
0,37
0,719
1,089
1,149
1,699
Im(saS.)=2,945
σIm = 1,976
Dn (max)=0,1816
K 0,05,11=0,35242
0,1816 < 0,35242
ganawilebis normalurobis piroba sruldeba
Nx - wminda eqsporti
#
Nх(mlrd.
mlrd.
aSS doladolari)
ri
1
-4,806
Fn(Nх)
Z= [(Nх –
Nх(saS
saS)]/σ
saS σ)
F(Nх)
Fn(Nх)- F(Nх)
0,0909
-1,717
0,049
0,042
216
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
-3,942
-3,512
-3,323
-2/742
-1,625
-1,201
-0,68
-0,45
-0,436
-0,387
0,1818
0,2727
0,3636
0,4545
0,5454
0,6363
0,7272
0,8181
0,9090
0,9999
-1,193
-0,895
-0,744
-0,405
0,304
0,574
0,905
1,051
1,06
1,091
0,118
0,185
0,221
0,345
0,617
0,715
0,815
0,853
0,855
0,962
0,064
0,0877
0,1426
0,1095
-0,0716
-0,0787
-0,0878
-0,0349
0,054
0,1379
Nx (saS.)=
saS.)=saS.)=-2,104
σNx = 1,574.
Dn (max)=0,1426
K 0,05,11=0,35242
0,1426 < 0,35242
ganawilebis normalurobis piroba sruldeba.
Natelauri Iza
Tapladze Tamar
GEORGIAN EXPORT AND IMPORT INDICATORS TESTING ON NORMALCY
OF DISTRIBUTION (FOR 2000- 2010)
SUMMARY
The time series of the foreign trade indicators of export, import and net export of contemporary Georgia
are tested on normalcy of distribution by two criteria: 1) comparing the first shape factor (central moment of Athird series) and second shape factor (central moment of E-fourth series (kurtosis, centroid density) with representative errors of those factors (mA and mE) and 2) Kolmogorov criterion. It is established that the condition of
normalcy of distribution is met for all three tested indicators.
zurab nozaZe
globalizaciis procesebi da globaluri
ekologiuri problemebi
adamiansa da bunebas Soris urTierTobis harmonizacia rTul amocanas warmoadgens. sazogadoebis mier SeZenili axali codna, Seqmnili Tanamedrove teqnika
axal problemebs warmoSobs maT urTierTobaSi.
sazogadoeba im procesebis mizandasaxul marTvas saWiroebs, romlebic mimdinareobs sistemaSi _ `sazogadoeba-warmoeba-buneba~.
mecnierTa azriT, socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Tanamedrove tendenciebis SenarCunebis SemTxvevaSi, globaluri situacia xalxTmosaxleobis, bunebrivi
resursebisa da garemos sferoSi metismetad kritikuli gaxdeba.
garemos gaWuWyianebis saSiSi masStabebi, misi degradacia qalaqebsa da samrewvelo centrebSi, bunebriv simdidreTa sistematuri ganadgureba bunebrivi resursebis
217
araracionaluri gamoyenebis Sedegia. ekologiuri krizisis Sedegad garemos cvlilebebis masStabebi emuqreba adamianTa sicocxles.
adamianis sameurneo saqmianobis masStabebi mniSvnelovan zegavlenas axdens
biosferos komponentebze _ atmosferul haerze, niadagebze, mcenareulobaze, cxovelTa samyaroze, amindze, globalur klimatze, msoflio ekologiur situaciaze
mTlianad.
gamoiyofa anTropogenuri zemoqmedebis Semdegi ZiriTadi faqtorebi:
_ garemoSi anTropogenuri nivTierebebis moxvedra;
_ fizikuri (meqanikuri) zemoqmedeba, romelic iwvevs bunebrivi landSaftebis
cvlilebas (xvna, urbanizacia, xanZrebi da sxva);
_ biologiuri zemoqmedeba (axali saxeobebis agrocenozebis ganviTareba da
sxva);
_ bunebrivi resursebis amoReba, ganadgureba, gamoleva.
aRniSnuli faqtorebi biosferos Semadgenel elementebSi sxvadasxva cvlilebebs iwvevs: atmosferoSi (gaWuWyianeba, eleqtrogamtarobis gazrda, radiaciuli
Tvisebebis Secvla), hidrosferoSi (niadagis erozia, maTi mTlianobis darRveva da
a.S). es cvlilebebi, Tavis mxriv, arasasurvel geofizikur, geoqimiur, biologiur da
ekologiur Sedegebs iwvevs. isini gansakuTrebiT mkveTrad vlindeba zemoqmedebis
wyaroebis siaxloves, magram zogierTma negatiurma tendenciam (klimatis cvlileba,
ozonuri fenis darRveva, fitosferos produqtiulobis Semcireba) globaluri xasiaTi SeiZina.
ekologiuri krizisi, upirveles yovlisa, gamovlinda samrewvelo da sayofacxovrebi narCenebiT garemos gaWuWyianebaSi, rac bunebaSi nivTierebaTa cvlis procesis da garemos TviTaRdgenis unaris darRvevas iwvevs.
adamianis saqmianobis Sedegad gadamuSavebuli produqtebi Seicavs iseT nivTierebebs, romelTac analogi ar moepovebaT bunebaSi (xelovnuri radioizotopebi,
sinTetikuri sarecxi saSualebebi, plastmasebi, pesticidebi), an gvxvdeba umniSvnelo
koncentraciebSi (tyvia, vercxliswyali, qlori, ftori). amitom anTropogenuri wrebrunva ara marto bunebrivi sistemebis degradacias iwvevs, aramed mniSvnelovan
cvlilebebs biologiur, geologiur wrebrunvaSi, agreTve dedamiwaze nivTierebebisa
da energiis saerTo bunebriv wrebrunvaSi.
adamianisaTvis garemos mdgomareobis gauaresebis erT-erT yvelaze saxifaTo
formas warmoadgens misi qimiuri gaWuWyianeba-intoqsikacia, rac gamowveulia qimiuri
mrewvelobis swrafi ganviTarebiT, axali sinTetikuri SenaerTebis warmoebiT.
aranakleb saSiSia garemos biologiuri gaWuWyianeba, gamoxatuli misi organuli narCenebiT dabinZurebaSi.
farTo masStabebi SeiZina garemos fizikurma gaWuWyianebam, e.i. misi fizikuri
mdgomareobis adamianisaTvis araxelsayrelma cvlilebam teqnologiuri faqtorebis
zegavleniT. adamianis janmrTelobisaTvis gansakuTrebiT saxifaToa fizikuri gaWuWyianebis iseTi saxeebi, rogoricaa vibracia, eleqrtomagnituri, radioaqtiuri da
sxva saxis gamosxiveba, xmauri.
dadginda, rom adamianis daavadebebis 75% dakavSirebulia garemos gaWuWyianebasTan, ZiriTadad qimiuri warmoebis produqtebsa da satransporto gamonabolqvTan.
msoflio okeane veRar uZlebs Tanamedrove civilizaciis datvirTvebs. yvelaze
seriozul SeSfoTebas iwvevs sami procesis ganviTareba: msoflio okeanis cocxal
formaTa Semcireba, ekologiuri ubedurebis zonebis gafarToeba da wyalmcenareTa
ayvavebis gaxSirebuli SemTxvevebi.
218
bolo wlebSi ganadgurda 25 yvelaze Zvirfasi sarewi Tevzis saxeoba. Sxamiani
wyalmcenareebis Semotevam gaanadgura mravali cocxali organizmi. aSkaraa, rom
msoflio okeane kargavs unars, ebrZolos gaWuWyianebas, aRidginos Zalebi.
seriozuli SeSfoTebis sagnad iqca klimaturi cvlilebebi. dedamiwaze mimdinareobs globaluri daTboba, mZlavri cvlilebebis ganmeoradoba orjer gaxSirda,
gaizarda maTi energiac.
dedamiwaze temperaturis momatebis ZiriTadi mizezi e.w. sasaTbure efeqti, romelic gamowveulia aqtiuri anTropogenuri zemoqmedebis Sedegad naxSirJangis dagrovebiT. bolo 100 wlis ganmavlobaSi haeris saSualo temperatura dedamiwaze 0.50.6 gradusiT gaizarda, ramac gamoiwvia myinvarebis dnoba, msoflio okeanis donis
momateba (1 mm-iT weliwadSi), udabnoebis Semoteva. yovelive aman msoflio sazogadoebas udidesi zarali miayena.
ukve ramdenime welia SeimCneva ozonis fenis Sesusteba, rac gamowveulia azotis Jangisa da qlororganuli SenaerTebis atmosferos zeda fenebSi moxvedriT.
gansakuTrebiT SesamCnevad Semcirda ozonis fena.
ozonis fenis SemdgomSi Semcireba 1%-iT niSnavs ultraiisferi gamosxivebis
2%-iT gaZlierebas, rac, Tavis mxriv, gamoiwvevs kanis kibos daavadebis 5-6%-iT gazrdas. ukanasknel periodSi miRebuli zomebis Sedegad ozonis fenis mdgomareoba umjobesdeba. ekologiuri gamofxizleba daiwyo samociani wlebis Sua periodidan, roca formirdeba axali azrovneba da adamianis axali urTierToba bunebasTan. Camoyalibda `globaluri ekologiuri krizisis~ koncefcia, romelic aRiarebda mosaxleobasa da resursebs Soris Tanasworobis darRvevas msoflios masStabiT, romelic
ufro da ufro Rrmavdeba am resursebis dabinZurebiTa da gamoleviT.
globalur ekolugiur problemaTa mizezebs Soris ZiriTadad figurirebs
mzardi sxvaoba moTxovnilebaTa zrdasa da resursebis Semcirebas Soris, adamiansa
da bunebas Soris urTierTobis Secvla, ukontrolo teqnologiuri zrda.
Semdgom mtkicdeba bunebis SenarCunebisadmi adamianis SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis koncefcia. SeiZleba gamoiyos inovaciebis Semdegi Tvisebebi:
_ bunebis SenarCunebis problemis mzardi Segneba da axali, ufro kompetenturi midgomebis realizaciis aucileblobis aRiareba;
_ resursebis wriuli gamoyenebisa da mcirenarCeniani warmoebis teqnologiebis Seqmna da srulyofa;
_ garemos SesanarCuneblad gamoyofili resursebis SesamCnevi zrda;
_ bunebaTsargeblobis axali samarTlebrivi da saerTo ekonomikuri pirobebis
SemuSaveba da realizacia (garemos xarisxis standartebi, dasaSvebi gamosrolis
normebi, warmoebis gagrZelebis dasaSvebis pirobebi, gadasaxadi resursebiT sargeblobisaTvis, jarimebi, sufsidiebi da sxva);
_ bunebaTasargeblobis marTvis erovnuli sistemis Seqmna (bunebaTsargeblobis administracia, kontrolis sistema, ekologiuri eqspertiza, kadrebis momzadeba).
_ saerTaSoriso organizaciebis sistemis formireba, romelic wyvets bunebaTsargeblobis problemebis farTo wres da SeimuSavebs SeTanxmebul rekomendaciebs
da gadawyvetilebebs.
bunebis SesanarCuneblad adamianis pasuxismgeblobis koncefcia gamoxatavda
or msoflmxedvelur pozicias:
pirveli _ erovnuli midgoma, amocanebis gadawyveta ZiriTadad calkeuli saxelmwifoebrivi sistemis farglebSi, rac jerovani yuradRebis gareSe tovebs planetur doneze ganviTarebul procesebs. amis Sedegad calkeulma qveynebma gaaumjobes-
219
es mdinareTa sistemebisa da qalaqebis sahaero auzebis mdgomareoba, magram, imave
dros, rCebian msoflio okeanisa da sahaero auzis gamaWuWyianeblad.
meore _ erovnuli miznebisa da prioritetebis gadaTvalierebisadmi negatiuri
damokidebuleba, bunebis SenarCunebis amocanebis gadawyveta sxva danarCeni programebis Seuxeblad. amis gamo garemos SesanarCuneblad gamoiyofa ara imdeni resursi,
ramdenic saWiroa, aramed imdeni, ramdenic iTvleba SesaZleblad.
am periodis saerTo Sedegi aradamakmayofileblad unda Sefasdes: rogorc dedamiwis bunebrivi sistemebis mdgomareoba gauaresda. gaCnda imis niSnebi, rom wonasworobis mdgomareobidan gamodis ozonis fena, klimati, msoflio okeane.
ekologiuri problematikis sirTulem 70-ian wlebSi mraval qveyanaSi `mwvaneTa~ moZraobis arnaxuli gafarToeba gamoiwvia. maT warmoadgines saxelmwifo xelisuflebis Tanamedrove samecniero teqnikuri progresisa da cxovrebis organizebuli
saxis alternativebi.
sxvadasxva qveynis ekologiur moZraobebs aerTianebs ekologiur poblemaTa
warmoqmnis mizezTa erTiani gageba, romelic SeuzRudavi ekonomikuri da teqnologiuri ganviTarebis, mosaxleobis zrdisa da urbanizaciis Sedegia, gansakuTrebuli
yuradReba eTmoba teqnologiebis ganviTarebas, energiis alternatiuli saxeebis gamoyenebas.
adamianis garemoze moqmedebis minimizacia da, rogorc alternativa, SeuzRudavi ganviTareba, romelic damyarebulia adamianis unarze, teqnikurad gadaWras
yvela warmoqmnili problema, maT Soris ekologiuri.
ekologiuri problemebis mniSvnelobis gazrdasTan erTad, erovnul da Semdeg
ki saerTaSoriso doneze, ekologiurma midgomam SeaRwia gamoyenebiTi gamokvlevebis
sxvadasxva sferoSi. Tanamedrove periodSi ekologiuri midgoma ekologiuri problemebis gamokvlevis erT-erTi ZiriTadi saSualebaa. magram, gamokvlevebis gaRrmavebasTan erTad, sul ufro aSkaravdeba ekologiuri midgomis ukmarisoba, misi `viwro
sazRvrebi~. amitom xdeba ekologiuri midgomis SemecnebiTi SesaZleblobebis gafarToeba misi Teoriuli safuZvlebis modifikaciis gziT.
ekologiuri problemebis disciplinaTaSorisi analizisa da kompleqsuri gadawyvetisaTvis erT-erTi perspeqtiuli mimarTulebaa sistemur-qmediTi midgoma.
ekologiuri problemebis kompleqsuri analizis saSualebad SeiZleba iqces
sistemur-qmediTi midgomis farglebSi SemuSavebuli warmodgena ekologiur situaciaze.
garemos dacvis problemis warmatebiT gadaWraSi didi roli iTamaSa garemos
xarisxis standartebis dadgenam.
ganviTarebuli qveynebi iwyeben erovnuli ekologiuri politikis erTiani miznebis realizacias. kerZod, msxvili ekologiuri programis SemuSavebas, romelic iTvaliswinebs saxelmwifo marTvis organoebis, kerZo kapitalis, mecnierebis, safinanso dawesebulebebis urTierTqmedebas. Seiqmna bunebis kanonmdeblobis farTo qseli.
garemos dacvis kanonebi, rogorc wesi, generaluri kanonisa da mravalricxovani sakanonmdeblo aqtebisagan Sedgeba, maT Soris aris kanonebi, romlebic exeba
bunebisdacviTi saqmianobis calkeul mimarTulebebs (cocxali bunebis dacva, resursebis ganviTareba dasvenebisa da turizmis sferoSi), bunebrivi resursebis calkeul
saxeebs da ekologiuri politikis obieqtebs (wylis da miwis resursebi, sahaero auzis dacva da a.S.), gamaWuWyianebeli nivTierebebis sxvadasxva saxeebs, an garemos xarisxis darRvevas (navTobproduqtebi, pesticidebi da sxva toqsikuri nivTierebebi,
xmauris foni, radiaqtiuri gaWuWyianeba da sxva.) zogierTi sakanonmdeblo aqti iTvaliswinebs RonisZiebebs garemos dasacavad teritoriul an dargobriv aspeqtebSi.
220
bunebdacviTi saqmianobis organizebisadmi ekonomikur midgomas safuZvlad
udevs garemos normatiuli, xarisxobrivi mdgomareobis kriteriumi, romelic ganisazRvreba naturaluri maCveneblebis sistemiT (standartebi, normebi).
bunebadacviTi RonisZiebebisa da Sesabamisi danaxarjebis masStabebi dgindeba
garemos mdgomareobis da qveynis ekonomikuri potencialis Sesabamisad.
1. Олдак П. Г. ,,Колокол тревоги~. М., Изд-тво политической литературы, 1990.
2. Будыко М. И. Глобальная экология. Изд. ,,Мысль~. М., 1977.
Nozadze Zurab
THE PROCESSES OF GLOBALIZATION AND GLOBAL
ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS
SUMMARY
In the article is reviewed the negative effects of globalization on ecology and the conveged activities
and recommendation is given to solve these problems.
nunu qistauri
sagadamxdelo balansis struqturis Sefasebis
ZiriTadi maCveneblebi
Tanamedrove msoflioSi qveynebs Soris arsebuli politikuri, samxedro, kulturuli da sxva saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa mravalwaxnagovani kompleqsi asaxvas
poulobs saerTaSoriso operaciaTa saerTaSoriso angariSSi, romelsac, tradiciulad, sagadamxdelo balanss uwodeben.
Tanamedrove globalizaciis procesSi sagadamxdelo balansi saerTaSoriso
urTierTobaTa sistemaSi gvevlineba, rogorc qveynis realuri integraciis amsaxveli
fenomeni. misi monacemebis meSveobiT SesaZlebelia SevafasoT qveynis ekonomikuri
mdgomareoba, misi gadaxdisunarianoba, aseve movaxdinoT mosalodneli ekonomikuri
krizisebis prognozireba da qveynis orientireba saTanado saSinao Tu sagareo politikaze.
ekonomikur literaturaSi xSirad sagadamxdelo balansis arsi gadmocemulia
viwro gagebiT. sxvadasxva mecnieri [4,6,8,10] sagadamxdelo balanss miiCnevs qveynis
sagareo ekonomikuri saqmianobis jamuri Sedegis maCveneblad, romelic gvatyobinebs
mocemuli qveyana sxva qveynebis mimarT movalea Tu kreditori.
am ganmartebebSi xazgasmulia sagadamxdelo balansis mxolod raodenobrivi
mxareebi da araa saubari mis Tvisebriv maxasiaTeblebze. savsebiT veTanxmebiT azrs
imis Taobaze, rom, xarisxobrivi TvalsazrisiT, sagadamxdelo balansi aris qveynebs
Soris ekonomikuri urTierTobebis fuladi formiT angariSsworebis Sefaseba, romlis mizania erovnuli meurneobis msoflio ekonomikaSi efeqtiani integracia saer221
TaSoriso Semosavlebis ganawilebaSi aqtiuri monawileobiT, mimdinare da kapitalis
saldos gaumjobesebiT89.
sagadamxdelo balansi gvevlineba mniSvnelovan instrumentad, statistikur angariSgebad, romelSic sistematizebuli saxiTaa asaxuli mocemuli qveynis sagareoekonomikur operaciaTa saerTo monacemebi msoflios sxva qveynebTan mimarTebaSi,
mocemuli qveynis danarCen msofliosTan mimdinare realuri da finansuri nakadebi.
saerTaSoriso Sesadarisobis uzrunvelyofis mizniT ganxorcielda sxvadasxva
qveynis sagadamxdelo balansis Sedgenis meTodebis unifikacia da maTi SeTanxmeba
erovnuli angariSebis sistemasTan. qveynebis sagadamxdelo balansebs adgens xdeba
saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi 1993 wels gamoqveynebuli rekomendaciebis safuZvelze. igi dgeba mocemuli qveynis erovnul valutaSi sabazro savaluto kursze gadaangariSebiT, operaciis ganxorcielebis TariRis Sesabamisad (Tumca, SesaZlebelia,
romelime qveynis valutaSi Sedgenac, misi erovnuli valutis aramdgradobis SemTxvevaSi).
qveynis sagadamxdelo balansis agebisas gamoiyeneba ramdenime fundamenturi
principi:
1. ormagi buRaltruli Caweris sistema, operaciis gatarebis ormagi Caweris
meTodi. e.i. TiToeuli operaciis gatareba xdeba ori urTierTSemavsebeli absoluturad erTmniSvnelovani Canaweris safuZvelze, anu yoveli operacia gamoisaxeba angariSis debetisa da kreditis mixedviT (romelTa jamuri maCveneblebi tolia). es
savsebiT logikuria, vinaidan nebismier garigebas gaaCnia ori mxare. e.i. am dros
xorcieldeba aqti, romliTac saqonels an momsaxurebaze, anu aqtivebze sakuTrebis
ufleba erTi qveynis rezidentidan gadadis meore qveynis rezidentis mflobelobaSi;
2. ekonomikuri operaciebis Sefaseba sabazro fasebSi, amasTan, eqsportisa da
importis Sesafaseblad gamoiyenebaFe.w. FOBBfasebi, e.i. saqonlis Rirebuleba, saerTaSoriso satransporto da dazRvevis Rirebulebis gareSe;
3. daricxvis meTodis gamoyeneba ekonomikuri operaciebis aRricxvis dros;
4. rezidentobis kriteriumis zusti da mkafio gansazRvra (zogadad, rezidentad mocemul qveyanaSi Tvlian pirovnebas, romelic mudmivad cxovrobs am qveyanaSi).
zogadad, sagadamxdelo balansi Sedgeba ori ZiriTadi ganyofilebisagan: mimdinare operaciaTa angariSisa da kapitalisa da finansuri angariSisagan. aqedan mimdinare operaciebis balansi afiqsirebs monacemebs savaWro balansis, momsaxurebis
balansis, Semosavlebisa da transfertebis Sesaxeb, xolo kapitalisa da finansuri
angariSis qvesistema moicavs kapitalis angariSis da finansuri angariSis balanss.
am ukanasknelSi ki Sedis: pirdapiri investiciebi, portfeluri investiciebi, sxva investiciebi.
sagadamxdelo balansis yvelaze informaciuli ganyofilebaa mimdinare operaciaTa balansi, vinaidan sagareo-ekonomikur urTierTobaTa moculobis 80% modis
vaWrobaze. am balansis dadebiTi saldo miuTiTebs mocemuli qveynis produqciis
konkurentunarianobaze.
safinanso angariSis dadebiTi saldo qveyanaSi kapitalis Semodinebas miuTiTebs da igi mimdinare angariSis deficitis dafinansebis umniSvnelovanes wyaros
warmoadgens.
sagadamxdelo balansze gavlenas axdens mocemuli qveynis ekonomikuri da politikuri ganviTarebis done, samxedro xarjebis mdgomareoba, sagareo vaWrobis gan89
vaniSvili m., vaSakiZe z., kikaCeiSvili n., juReli g. saqarTvelos sagadamxdelo balansis
struqturisa da dinamikis Taviseburebani. Tbilisi: sagamomcemlo saxli `teqnikuri
universiteti~, 2009. gv. 7.
222
viTarebis done, saerTaSoriso savaluto-sakredito urTierTobaTa ganviTarebis xarisxi, inflaciis done da sxv.
rogorc aRvniSneT, sagadamxdelo balansi zomavs qveyanaSi finansuri nakadebis Semosvlasa da gadinebas Soris arsebul Tanafardobas, rac mis raodenobriv
mxares asaxavs, xolo misi Tvisebrivi mxare mdgomareobs msoflio meurneobaSi misi
poziciis gansazRvraSi, mis socialur-ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi. amitom misi Sefaseba unda ganxorcieldes Semdegi ZiriTadi principebidan gamomdinare:
1. sagadamxdelo balansi unda ganvixiloT sistemis saxiT, misi raodenobrivi
da Tvisebrivi maxasiaTeblebis gaTvaliswinebiT;
2. misi Sefasebis kriteriumebi da maCveneblebi aucileblad unda iqnes moyvanili SesadarisobaSi saerTaSoriso standartebsa da faseulobebTan;
3. mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli misi informaciuli xasiaTi;
4. aucilebelia, SerCeuli kriteriumebisa da maCveneblebis safuZvelze Sefasdes sagadamxdelo balansi.
Tanamedrove msofliosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli tendenciaa is, rom msoflio mSpSi maRali Semosavlebis mqone qveynebis wili mcirdeba, xolo dabali da saSualo
Semosavlebis mqoneTa wili izrdeba. es aixsneba imiT, rom mravali CamorCenili
qveyana saerTaSoriso bazrebze aqtiurad monawileobs da ekonomikur zrdas da sagadamxdelo balansis aqtiur saldos aRwevs. aRniSnuli imaze miuTiTebs, rom saxelmwifoTa keTildReoba msoflio meurneobaSi maTi monawileobis xarisxiT ganisazRvreba. msoflio Semosavlebis ganawilebaSi aqtiuri monawileobiT es qveynebi
maRalkonkurentunarianobas aRweven da sagadamxdelo balansis dadebiTi saldoTi
xasiaTdebian. es exeba upiratesad ganviTarebul da axalindustriul qveynebs (am
dros postsabWoTa da CamorCenil qveynebs sagadamxdelo balansis uaryofiTi saldo
gaaCniaT). e.i. Tanamedrove pirobebSi qveynebis keTildReoba damokidebulia msoflio
Semosavlebis ganawilebaSi maTi monawileobis xarisxze. maTi sagadamxdelo balansis saldo icvleba am qveynebis ekonomikuri zrdis xasiaTis Sesabamisad. amitom mocemuli qveynis sagadamxdelo balansis Tvisebrivi Sefasebis ZiriTad kriteriumad
SeiZleba CaiTvalos msoflio ekonomikis funqcionirebaSi misi monawileobisa da
mdgradobis xarisxi. msoflio Semosavlebis ganawilebaSi qveynis integraciaze warmodgenas iZleva Semdegi maCveneblebi: mocemuli qveynis mSp-is wili msoflio meurneobis mSp-Si; ekonomikis gaxsnilobis xarisxi; sagadamxdelo balansis mdgradobis
xarisxi; qveynis konkurentunarianoba; savaluto rezervebisa da sagareo valis mdgomareoba.
msoflio meurneobaSi arsebuli arastabiluri tendenciebis
(gansakuTrebiT
1998 wlis finansuri krizisis da 2001 wlis seqtembris movlenebis Semdeg) gamo
mniSvnelovani gaxda saerTaSoriso konkurentunarianobaze ekologiuri faqtorebis
zegavlenis problemis Sefaseba. amJamad SeimCneva ekologiuri produqtis eqsportis
zrda da momsaxurebis sferos mkveTri gafarToeba. aseTive mdgomareobaa kapitalis
moZraobasTan dakavSirebiT. investiciebisaTvis ufro mimzidveli xdeba mkacr ekonomikur regulirebas daqvemdebarebuli dargebi.
amJamad ekologiuri saqonlisa da momsaxurebis bazars gafarToebis ufro
farTo tendenciebi axasiaTebs (eqsportis zrda maRali teqnologiebis jgufis saqonlisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, raSic lideroben germania, aSS, iaponia). maRalteqnologiuri saqonlis warmoeba, inteleqtualuri potencialis maRali done zrdis
qveynis konkurentunarianobas, mimzidvelobas kapitalis nakadebisaTvis, ris saukeTeso magaliTs iZleva aSS-s ganviTareba bolo aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi. yovelive es
cvlis qveynis sagadamxdelo balansis struqturas, misi Sefasebis kriteriumebs.
223
mizanSewonilad migvaCnia sagadamxdelo balansSi ekologiuri saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis asaxva, aseve patentebis, teqnologiebis (maRali, dabali da saSualo)
seqtoris eqsportisa da importis (am seqtorebis produqciis statistikas axorcielebs gaeros adamianis ganviTarebis programa da msoflio banki), vinaidan dRevandel pirobebSi sagadamxdelo balansis mdgradobis xarisxi sul ufro metad xdeba
damokidebuli imaze, Tu rogor monawileobs qveyana ekologiuri, inteleqtualuri
da teqnologiuri bazrebis saerTaSoriso brunvaSi _ produqciiT, saqonliTa Tu investiciebiT.
Cveni qveyana TandaTanobiT erTveba saerTaSoriso ekonomikur urTierTobebSi.
bolo aTwleulis krizisuli periodi saqarTvelosac sakmao doziT Seexo, ramac
saTanado kvali daatyo sagadamxdelo balansis dinamikas. saqarTvelos monawileoba
saerTaSoriso ekonomikaSi Semcirebis tendenciiT xasiaTdeba. CvenTan Zalian mwvaved
dgas sagareo-ekonomikuri seqtoris ganviTarebis problema. zogierTma qveyanam (magaliTad, Sveicaria, belgia, niderlandebi, dania, CexeTi da sxv) swored sagareoekonomikuri seqtoris meSveobiT ganaxorciela bazrisa da moTxovnis gafarToeba,
mosaxleobisa da sawarmoebis maRali Semosavlebis safuZvelze sxv. qveynebis resursebis gamoyeneba sakuTari erovnuli ekonomikis ganviTarebis stimulirebisaTvis. saqarTveloSic SeimCneva transkavkasiis satransporto sakomunikacio derefnis amoqmedebis gaZlierebis, navTobis, gazsadenebis da kavSirgabmulobis sistemebis ganviTarebis, saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso biznesSi aqtiuri monawileobis gafarToebis tendenciebi.
unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso poziciebi sagrZnoblad dabal donezea rogorc globalurad, aseve amierkavkasiaSi. amis ZiriTad mizezebad
gvevlineba warmoebis faqtorebis (Sromis, kapitalis, bunebrivi resursebis) gamoyenebis Zalian dabali done, sawarmoebis mecnierul-teqnologiuri ganuviTarebloba,
konkurenciis da Sromis motivaciis uaRresad dabali done. swored am garemoebebma
ganapiroba sagadamxdelo balansis Sesabamisi done da dinamika. igi xasiaTdeba Semdegi TaviseburebebiT (ix. cxrili 1):
cxrili 1
saqarTvelos sagadamxdelo balansi 20052005-2010 wlebSi
(mln aSS dolari)
1 mimdinare angariSi
a). saqoneli
krediti
debeti
b). momsaxureba
krediti
debeti
g). Semosavali
krediti
debeti
d).
).mimd.
transfertebi
).
krediti
debeti
2 kapit. dafinans. ang.
kapitalis angariSi
krediti
debeti
finansuri angariSi
2005
-709.5
-1214.2
1472.4
-2686.6
83.5
715.0
-631.5
62.1
263.3
-2012
359.0
413.4
-54.4
681.2
58.6
61.6
-2.9
622.6
2006
-1174.6
-2019.4
1666.5
-3685.9
158.0
885.0
-727.0
163.6
341.1
-177.5
523.9
587.0
-63.0
1232.4
171.2
172.2
-1.0
1061.2
224
2007
-2008.7
-2895,8
2088.3
-4984.1
161.3
1094.1
-932.8
39.4
481.8
-442.4
689.3
769.3
-80.0
2027.2
127.6
127.9
-0.3
1899.6
2008
-2850.5
-3833.2
2428.0
-6261.2
27.5
1263.3
-1235.8
-106.0
488.6
-594.5
1142.8
1142.8
-81.7
2879..0
104.8
104.9
-0.1
2774.2
2009
-1210.1
-2399.0
1893.6
-4292.6
339.7
1313.6
-973.9
-117.6
422.7
-540.3
966.8
1037.9
-71.0
1159.3
182.5
182.6
-0.1
976.8
2010
-1116.5
-2567.1
2459.8
-5026.9
534.4
1601.6
-1067.2
-182.9
416.1
-599.0
1099.2
1184.5
-85.4
1079.5
205.7
205.8
-0.2
873.8
a). pird. investiciebi
sazRvargareT
sazRvargareTidan
b). portf. investic.
aqtivebi
pasivebi
g). finans. warmoeb.
aqtivebi
pasivebi
d). sxva investiciebi
aqtivebi
pasivebi
e).sarezervo aqtivebi
3 wminda Secd. da gamot.
gansak.
dafinanseba,
sul
542.2
89.5
452.8
15.5
13.1
2.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
175.5
-16.2
191.7
-110.6
28.2
142.5
1185.9
15.8
1170.1
140.3
-2.2
142.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
173.6
-51.8
225.4
-438.6
-58.6
116.2
1675.7
-74.5
1750.2
21.1
-12.5
33.6
1.1
1.2
-0.2
578.7
-202.0
781.0
-377.0
-21.3
178.7
1238.7
-41.6
1280.3
692.4
-2.3
694.8
7.8
11.1
-3.3
966.1
-270.8
1236.9
-130.8
-28.5
1015.0
659.5
1.1
658.4
12.1
-1.1
13.2
0.6
1.1
-0.5
921.1
191.5
729.7
-616.4
50.7
388.9
542.9
-5.9
548.8
267.1
-0.6
267.7
0.8
1.7
-1.0
271.0
-371.9
642.9
-208.0
37.0
496.6
sakvlev periodSi saqarTvelos sagadamxdelo balansis mimdinare angariSi
xasiaTdeboda uaryofiTi saldoTi, Tumca 2009-2010 wlebSi misi Semcirebis tendencia
SeiniSneboda (-1210.1 da -1116.5 mln aSS dolari Sesabamisad). mimdinare angariSis
deficits tradiciulad saqonliT sagareo vaWroba gansazRvravda, romelic arsebiTad ganviTarda am periodSi. amasTan gaizarda rogorc saqonlis eqsportis, aseve
importis maCveneblebi, Tumca importis zrdis maCvenebeli CamorCeboda eqsportis
zrdis maCvenebels. amave periodSi aRiniSneboda momsaxurebis eqsportisa da importis zrdac. zrdis maRali tempiT gamoirCeoda turistuli momsaxureba, aseve satransporto momsaxurebis zrdis tempi dafiqsirda. aseve zrdis tendenciiT xasiaTdeboda
Semosavlebis angariSi, Tumca bolo wlebSi Semosavlebis balansis zrdis tempma
iklo, rac ZiriTadad sainvesticio Semosavlebis gadinebiTaa gamowveuli. mimdinare
transfertebis balansi dadebiTia da ZiriTadad zrdis tendenciiT xasiaTdeba. kapitalisa da finansuri angariSis dadebiTi saldo, romelsac mniSvnelovani wvlili
miuZRvis mimdinare angariSis deficitis dafinansebaSi, ganuxrelad izrdeboda,
Tumca 2009-2010 wlebSi es tendencia Seicvala da es maCvenebeli Semcirda (1159.3 da
1079.5 mln aSS dolari Sesabamisad). am angariSSi mniSvnelovani wvlili uWiravs
pirdapir ucxour investiciebs. portfeluri investiciebi umniSvnelo iyo 2006 wlamde, 2008 wels igi SedarebiT didi sididiT aRiniSna. safinanso bazari CvenTan Camoyalibebis stadiaSia, amitom finansuri warmoebulebis roli finansur operaciebSi
umniSvneloa (adre is portfelis investiciebSi Sedioda) da jerjerobiT mxolod
savaluto svopebs moicavs. SesamCnevia sxva investiciebis mateba 2005-2009 wlebSi
(2010 wels Semcirda 271.0 mln aSS dolaramde), rac ZiriTadad sesxebisa da ucxouri
depozitebis zrdam gamoiwvia.
rogorc aRvniSneT, saqarTvelos sagadamxdelo balansi dRemde uaryofiTi
saldoTi xasiaTdeba, rac ZiriTadad gamowveulia warmoebis ganuviTareblobiT, ekonomikis ganviTarebis dabali doniT, 2006 wlis ruseTis embargoTi qarTul saqonelze, gadatanili omebiT, mosaxleobis ZiriTadi nawilis dabali msyidvelobiTunarianobiT, Sida bazris simciriT, sakmaod didi moculobis sagareo valiT da a.S.
yovelive aman umwvavesi gamowvevebis winaSe daayena saqarTvelo, rac uZlieres
stimuls aZlevs qarTul ekonomikas ganviTarebis optimaluri gzebis moZebnisa da
Semdgomi ganviTarebisaTvis.
'
225
1. erovnuli bankis wliuri angariSebi 19981998-2010 ww.
2. vaniSvili m., vaSakiZe z., kikaCeiSvili n., juReli g. saqarTvelos sagadasaxdelo
balansis struqturisa da dinamikis Taviseburebani. Tbilisi, sagamomcemlo
saxli `teqnikuri universiteti~, 2009, gv. 75.
3. veSapiZe S., aslamazaSvili n., griSikaSvili a., kakaSvili n., lekaSvili e., lonlondariZe a., papaCaSvili n., sefaSvili e. qveynis sagadasaxdelo balansi da misi
Semadgeneli nawilebi. saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri urTierTobebi, Tbilisi, 2008,
gv. 126-129.
4. linderti p. saerTaSoriso ekonomika. Tbilisi, `siaxle~, 2001, gv. 234.
5. sabauri T. saqarTvelos uaryofiTi sagadasaxdelo balansis mizezebi.
gardamavali periodis safinanso-ekonomikuri problemebi. t.VI, Tbilisi, 2002.
6. Варга В. Деньги и цены. Мировая зкономика и международные отношения, №12, 1992.
7. Государство и рынок: американская модель. М.: 1999, с. 273-287.
8. Кругман П., Обстфельд М. Международная экономика. М., 1997, с. 5-6, 318.
9. Селивон Е.А. Сущность и структура платежого баланса. Минск, 2005.
10. Baceler U., Heingich J., Kox W. Grundlagen und probleme der Volkswirtschaft Koln, 1995. p. 277278.
Kistauri Nunu
THE BASIC INDICES OF EVALUATION OF A STRUCTURE
OF THE BALANCE OF PAYMENTS
SUMMARY
In the work there is considered the essence of the balance of payments, its significance for reflecting the
real integration of a country into a system of international relations. Is also analyzed a structure of the balance of
payments, the main principles of its building. Is emphasized the necessity of reflecting the ecological factors in
a structure of the balance of payments.
In the work is also given the analysis of the balance of payments of Georgia of recent years.
elene Ciqovani
SromiTi urTierTobebis
urTierTobebis regulireba saqarTveloSi: gamowvevebi, problemebi da
samomavlo amocanebi
nebismieri qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis umniSvnelovanes pirobas SromiTi urTierTobebis adekvaturi sistemis Camoyalibeba warmoadgens. SromiTi
urTierTobebis sistema aris is fundamenti, romelzec dafuZnebulia qveynis ekonomika. amdenad, SromiTi urTierTobebis Camoyalibeba da misi regulirebis CarCoebis
gansazRvra nebismieri qveynis mTavrobis ZiriTad movaleobas warmoadgens, radgan
dasaqmebasTan da Sromis organizaciis meTodebisa da normebis danergvasTan dakavSirebuli sabaziso urTierTobebi mTlianobaSi, gansazRvravs qveyanaSi Casatarebeli
socialur-ekonomikuri reformebis warmatebas.
SromiTi urTierTobebis regulirebis problema gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria
saqarTvelosaTvis, romelSic damoukideblobis mopovebidan ganvlili 20 wlis
ganmavlobaSi araerTi cda ganxorcielda SromiTi urTierTobebis regulirebasa da
dasaqmebasTan dakavSirebuli saxelmwifo politikisa da midgomebis Camoyalibebis
mimarTulebiT. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom araerTgzis gadaixeda manamde arsebuli Sro226
miTi urTierTobebis politika, Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aRniSnul sferoSi
efeqturi saxelmwifo politika dRemde ar aris Camoyalibebuli. Sesabamisad, SromiTi urTierTobebis sferoSi gatarebuli reformebi naklebad warmatebulia da xelis
SemSlel barierad rCeba ekonomikis ganviTarebis tempebis daCqarebis, umuSevrobisa
da siRaribis daZlevis, Sromis samarTliani urTierTobebis Camoyalibebis, demokratiuli Rirebulebebis damkvidrebisa da evrointegraciuli procesebis ganviTarebis
gzaze.
amJamad, qveyanaSi moqmedi Sromis kanonmdeblobis amosaval princips kerZo
xasiaTis samarTlebriv urTierTobebSi saxelmwifos mxridan Carevis SesaZleblobebis minimumamde dayvana da am sferoSi mxareTaTvis moqmedebis Tavisuflebis miniWeba warmoadgens. kanonmdeblobis aseTi liberalizacia qveyanaSi samewarmeo
aqtivobis amaRlebisa da mewarmeobis xelSewyobisaken aris mimarTuli, magram, xSir
SemTxvevaSi, ver iZleva garantiebs dasaqmebulTa SromiTi uflebebis dacvis mimarTulebiT. Sromis ufleba da Tavisufleba adamianis ZiriTad konstituciur uflebas warmoadgens, romlis dacva nebismieri wyobilebis dros saxelmwifos ZiriTad
funqcias Seadgens da igi upirobo movaleoba xdeba, romlis Sesrulebis valdebulebasac nebismieri mTavroba iRebs Tavze xelisuflebaSi mosvlisTanave.
bolo periodSi ganxorcielebulma sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebma mTlianad gadaafasa 90-iani wlebis dasawyisidan damoukidebel saqarTveloSi SromiTi urTierTobebis regulirebisa da dasaqmebis socialuri garantiebis Seqmnis mimarTulebiT
samTavrobo da arasamTavrobo organizaciebis mier gaweuli Zalisxmeva. cvlilebebi
ganxorcielda Sromis bazris regulirebis instituciuri CarCoebis Camoyalibebis
mimarTulebiT. saqarTvelos “Sromis kodeqsis” axali redaqciis SemoRebis Sedegad
gauqmda iseTi moqmedi sakanonmdeblo da kanonqvemdebare normatiuli aqtebi,
rogoricaa90: 1997 wlis 10 dekembris “saqarTvelos kanoni koleqtiuri xelSekrulebisa da SeTanxmebis Sesaxeb”; 1998 wlis 30 oqtombris saqarTvelos kanoni “koleqtiuri SromiTi davis mowesrigebis wesis Sesaxeb”; 2001 wls 28 seqtembris
saqarTvelos kanoni “dasaqmebis Sesaxeb”; saqarTvelos Sromis, janmrTelobisa da
socialuri dacvis ministris 2004 wlis 16 noembris N310n brZaneba “Sromis inspeqciis
debulebis damtkicebis Sesaxeb”, agreTve, gasauqmebeli sakanonmdeblo aqtebis safuZvelze gamocemuli kanonqvemdebare normatiuli aqtebi. cvlilebebs daeqvemdebara
Sromis bazris infrastruqtura; SromiTi urTierTobebis regulireba ukve ar xdeba
damoukidebeli saministros mier. gauqmda dasaqmebis fondi. mTlianad Seicvala
savaldebulo socialuri dazRvevis sistema, romelic gulisxmobda dasaqmebis fondSi damsaqmebelTa da individTa savaldebulo socialuri Senatanebis arsebobas,
reorganizacia ganicada dasaqmebis centralurma da regionulma samsaxurebma. qveyanaSi faqtobrivad ar moqmedebs gadasaxadebis meSveobiT Semosavlebis gadanawilebis
meqanizmi, ar xdeba Sromis anazRaurebis sistemis saxelmwifo regulireba, ar aris
mowesrigebuli koleqtiuri SromiTi urTierTobebi, SromiTi davebis ganxilvisa da
gadawyvetis sakiTxebi da mravali sxva, rac gadaudebel reagirebas moiTxovs saxelmwifos mxridan. saxelmwifo valdebulia, erTi mxriv, Seqmnas adamianTa dasaqmebisa
da arsebobisaTvis xelsayreli makroekonomikuri garemo, maRali ekonomikuri zrdis
pirobebSi Seqmnas garantiebi ufro meti adamianis dasaqmebisaTvis, meore mxriv ki,
90saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsi. Tbilisi. 2006 wlis 25 maisi;
saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsSi cvlilebebisa da damatebis Setanis Taobaze 4198 –rs; 2006.12.27.
saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsSi cvlilebebisa da damatebis Setanis Taobaze 4299 –rs; 2006.12.29.
227
sistematuri kontroli gauwios dasaqmebisa da sxva socialuri garantiebis Seqmnasa da ganviTarebas, rom Tundac ganviTarebuli ekonomikis pirobebSi adgili ar
hqondes adamianis uflebebis darRvevas, waxalisdes samarTliani SromiTi urTierTobebis garantiebi.
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, gadaudebel amocanas warmoadgens qveyanaSi
Camoyalibebuli SromiTi urTierTobebis kompleqsuri mecnieruli Sefaseba, misi Sesabamisobis gansazRvra regulirebis saerTaSorisod aRiarebul normebsa da midgomebTan; SromiTi urTierTobebis sferoSi gatarebuli reformis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebis kritikuli analizis safuZvelze rekomendaciebis momzadeba SromiTi
urTierTobebis efeqturi sistemis formirebis, SromiTi urTierTobebis regulirebis moqmedi sistemis evroregulaciebTan da saerTaSoriso standartebTan SesabamisobaSi mosayvanad.
SromiTi urTierTobebis regulirebis efeqturi meqanizmebis SesamuSaveblad
aucilebelia, Tanmimdevrulad aRiweros gardamavali periodis ekonomikis saqarTveloSi Camoyalibebuli SromiTi urTierTobebis regulirebis instituciuri CarCoebi; unda ganxorcieldes Sesabamisi kanonmdeblobis kritikuli analizi iseTi
ZiriTadi maregulirebeli aqtebis safuZvelze: rogoricaa „saqarTvelos Sromis
kodeqsi“; saqarTvelos kanoni „sajaro samsaxuris Sesaxeb“; saqarTvelos kanoni „koleqtiuri xelSekrulebis Sesaxeb“; normatiuli aqtebi „Svebulebis gacemis wesis
Sesaxeb“; „Sromis usafrTxo pirobebis Sesaxeb“ da sxva;
Seswavlili unda iqnes SromiTi urTierTobebis regulirebis sferoSi arsebuli problemebi da xarvezebi da moxdes moqmedi regulirebis meqanizmis Sedareba
evroregulaciebTan;
saWiroa ganisazRvros problemebi, romlebic adamianis ZiriTadi SromiTi uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis realizaciasTan aris dakavSirebuli da moxdes misi
darRvevis gamovlenis formebis Seswavla saqarTvelos pirobebSi; ganxorcieldes
Sromis anazRaurebis pirobebis, Sromis organizaciis formebisa da meTodebis Seswavla, maT Soris dasaqmebis sferoebisa da organizaciul-samarTlebrivi formebis
mixedviT (sajaro samsaxuri, sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli pirebi, kerZo seqtori);
ganisazRvros Sromis anazRaurebis sistemis saxelmwifo regulirebis CarCoebi;
unda moxdes droiTi stresis problemis gamokvleva; ganxorcieldes aranormirebuli samuSao drois, zeganakveTuri muSaobisa da samuSao drois gamoyenebasTan
dakavSirebuli kanonmdeblobisa da praqtikaSi arsebuli aspeqtebis analizi;
gaanalizdes dasaqmebis instituciuri CarCoebi da infrastruqtura; samuSaos
SeTavazebisa da vakansiebis sistema; formaluri gancxadebebi, rekomendaciebi da
nacnoboba; ganxilul iqnes Sromisadmi Tanabari misawvdomlobis pirobebi da garemo;
inkluziuri Sroma da CarTuloba, Tanasworoba;
gaanalizdes Svebulebisa da samuSao drois xangrZlivoba; Svebulebisa da
daTxovnis kompensacia da misi gacemis pirobebi; Uubeduri SemTxvevebisagan dazRveva;
mimarTeba evroregulaciebTan; Seswavlil iqnes axalgazrdobis dasaqmebisa da sxva
dabalkonkurentunariani samuSao Zalis dasaqmebis pirobebi; gaanalizdes dasaqmebis
SesaZleblobebi da misawvdomloba; dasaqmebis SesaZleblobasa da profesionalizmTan dakavSirebuli dilema; msoflio gamocdileba, tradiciuli midgomebi, jansaRi
da arajansaRi konkurencia, ukanonoba, daucveloba;
Seswavlili unda iyos usafrTxo Sromis pirobebi da misi ganzomilebebi (miznobrivi jgufebi: invalidebi, qalebi, bavSvebi, fexmZime da meZuZuri qalebi; axalgazrdebi; Sromis mZime da mavne pirobebian samuSaoze momuSaveni); ganxilul iqnes individualuri da koleqtiuri xelSekrulebebis moqmedebis areali; dasaqmebis pirobebi,
228
daqiravebis vadebi (gamosacdeli, gansazRvruli, ganusazRvreli); TanamSromelTa
daTxovnis sferoSi arsebuli darRvevebi, arsebuli subieqtivizmi da dausabuTebloba; daTxovna da iZulebiT wasvla; profkavSirebis roli; koleqtiuri xelSekrulebebisa da Sromis pirobebis regulirebis midgomebi; paritetoba; SromiTi davebi da
maTi ganxilvis wesi;
gaanalizdes dasaqmebisami misawvdomloba da SromiTi migracia; profesiuli
mobiloba; sawarmoo praqtika; profesiuli gadamzadebis sistema; profesiuli momzadeba da gadamzadeba, kvalifikaciis amaRleba; uwyveti ganaTlebis sistema; unda
Sefasdes iqnes dasaqmebis institutebi da maTi saqmianobis Sedegebi: gaazrebuli saxelmwifo politika da kampaniuroba; stresi da gaTiSuloba, solidarobis meqanizmebis ararseboba.
zemoaRniSnuli amocanebis warmatebiT gadawyvetis safuZvelze SesaZlebelia
SemuSavdes rekomendaciebi SromiTi urTierTobebis saxelmwifo regulirebis mimarTulebiT, rac saqarTveloSi realuri samoqalaqo sazogadoebis mSeneblobis aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens.
Chikovani Elene
LABOUR REGULATION SYSTEM IN GEORGIA: CHALANGES,
PROBLEMS AND FUTURE TASKS
SUMMARY
Article discusses existing actual problems of the labor regulation system in modern Georgia. It focuses
on important challenges, crucial transformations and innovations implemented during the reforms. Characterizes
existing gaps and omissions made during the reformation processes. Article emphasizes main directions of the
reform and tasks to be performed in order to bring Georgian Labor Regulation system in accordance with the
EU regulations and International Norms and Standards. Main attention is paid to the tasks of the reform which
has vital importance and is necessary for the defense of human rights and construction real civic society.
gela wiklauri
eka Coxeli
Bbunebrivi monopoliebis gavlena sazogadoebaze da maTi regulireba
saqarTveloSi
nebismieri qveynis arseboba warmoudgenelia bunebrivi monopoliebis gareSe.
bunebrivi monopoliebi, rogorc monopoliis gansakuTrebuli saxeoba, ekonomikaSi
obieqturi aucileblobaa da igi ZiriTadad gvxvdeba iseTi produqciis warmoebisas
gvxvdeba, rogoricaa eleqtroenergia, bunebrivi airi, sasmeli wyali, saxelmwifo,
saqalaqo da mobiluri komunikacia da a.S.
bunebrivi monopoliebi bazarze gamodian, rogorc momwodeblebi da, Tavisi
bunebidan gamomdinare, dainteresebuli arian rac SeiZleba maRali tarifis dawesebiT da meti sargebelis miRebiT, anu isini iyeneben bazarze Tavis ekonomikur siZlieres – saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi zRudaven produqciis miwodebis raodenobas momxmarebelisTvis, aweseben maRal fasebs da cdiloben, miiRon xelovnurad gadidebuli
mogeba, rac garkveulwilad zians ayenebs momxmareblebs, romlebic, Tavis mxriv,
minimaluri tarifebis dawesebiT arian dainteresebuli. swored am
interesebis
229
dabalanseba warmoadgens nebismieri qveynisTvis mniSvnelovan amocanas. Aucilebelia,
erTdroulad, rogorc momwodeblis, aseve momxmareblebis interesebis dacva.
msoflios mravali qveynis _ aSS, didi britaneTis, safrangeTis, germaniis, SvedeTis da a.S. praqtikuli gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom aRniSnuli amocanis gadaWra,
bunebrivi monopoliebis mier Seqmnili produqciiT momxmarebelTa moTxovnilebis
yvelaze efeqtiani dakmayofileba da paralelurad im sferoebis ganviTareba, sadac
isini funqcionireben, miiRweva monopoliuri da konkurenciuli faqtorebis gonivruli SexamebiT, sadac mniSvnelovani adgili saxelmwifo regulirebas ukavia. regulirebiT saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofs bunebriv monopoliebSi konkurenciuli garemos
Seqmnas, sadac konkurentebisagan wamosuli zewola aiZulebs monopoliur bizness,
metad izrunos sazogadoebrivi keTildReobisaTvis da qveynis strategiuli interesebi optimalurad Seuxamos sakuTar biznesinteresebs.
zogadad, regulireba SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes, rogorc saxelmwifos mxridan
bunebriv monopoliebze zemoqmedebis berketebis gamoyeneba, romelic aiZulebs maT,
Secvalon TavianTi midgomebi momxmarebelTa keTildReobis amaRlebis mizniT. regulirebiT saxelmwifom, erTi mxriv, unda daicvas momxmarebeli bunebrivi monopoliebis mxridan araswori qmedebebisagan, xolo, meore mxriv, xeli Seuwyos im dargebis
ganviTarebas, sadac es bunebrivi monopoliebi arsebobs.
marTalia, sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi bunebrivi monopoliebis regulireba
upiratesad Tavisufali sabazro ekonomikis berketebiTa da formebiT xdeba, Tumca
Tavisufal bazarsac gaaCnia mTeli rigi Taviseburebebi, romlis daregulirebac
saxelmwifos Carevis gareSe SeuZlebelia. magaliTad, sazogadoebrivi servisebi;
momxmareblisTvis informaciis xelmisawvdomobis nakleboba; sazogadoebaSi Semosavlebis da qonebis araTanabari gadanawileba; mogebis maqsimaluri zrdis miRwevis
mizniT konkurenciis xelovnuri SezRudvis mcdeloba da a.S.
saxelmwifos mier bunebrivi monopoliebis regulirebis mniSvnelovan berkets
damoukidebeli maregulirebeli organizaciebis Seqmna da maTTvis regulirebis
berketebis gadacema warmoadgens, rac amcirebs saxelmwifos pirdapir Carevas da
maTgan gamowveul uaryofiT Sedegebs. bunebrivi monopoliebis regulireba maregulirebeli organoebis urTulesi amocanaa. maregulirebelma organoebma unda SeZlon
mxareTa interesebis swori dabalanseba, rom ar daziandes arc momxmarebeli da arc
momwodebeli. mxolod erTi mxaris interesebis maqsimalurma da gauazrebelma gaTvaliswinebam SeiZleba uaryofiTi Sedegegi gamoiwvios orive mxarisTvis. magaliTad,
tarifebis maqsimaluri Semcireba ar aris xelsayreli sazogadoebisaTvis, Tu mas
mohyveba dargis efeqturobis Semcireba da sabolood dangrevac ki.
arsebobs bunebriv monopoliaTa saqmianobis regulirebis Semdegi principebi:
•
fasebi maqsimalurad unda iyos miaxloebuli zRvrul xarjebTan; fasebis
daweseba zRvruli danaxarjebis safuZvelze momxmarebelTaTvis damatebiT
warmoebuli produqciis faseulobis garantias iZleva. cnobilia, Tu zRvruli xarjebis sidide fasze dabalia, produqcia iwarmoeba arasakmarisi raodenobiT, xolo roca maTi sidide fasze metia, maSin warmoebuli produqcia
iwarmoeba didi moculobiT. magram bunebriv monopoliebSi saSualo xarjebi
mcirdeba produqciis gamoSvebis moculobis gadidebiT, masStabis ekonomiis
gamo, rac niSnavs, rom zRvruli xarjebi saSualoze dabali iqneba. fasis
daweseba zustad zRvruli xarjebis doneze produqciis gansazRvruli moculobis warmoebas Seuwyobs xels da moiTxovs fasebis Sesabamis Secvlas,
romelic am SemTxvevaSi grZelvadian periodSi saSualo xarjebze dabali aRmoCndeboda. amrigad, maregulirebel saagentoTa momuSaveebi unda cdilobd230
nen zRvrul xarjebTan maqsimalurad miaxloebuli fasebis dawesebas, magram,
amasTan, unda uzrunvelyon xarjebis asanazRaurebeli Semosavlis miReba
sxvadasxva meTodebis gamoyenebiT;
•
warmoeba unda iyos efeqtiani; fasebi yovelTvis mxolod xarjebs anazRaurebs da, umetesad, mwarmoebeli kompania mogebis normalur normas iRebs.
xandaxan saWiro xdeba normalurze maRali mogebis uzrunvelyofa, xandaxan
ki _ normalurze dabalis, raTa stimulirdes kargi muSaoba, rac SeuZlebelia maregulirebeli organoebis moqmedebebis gareSe;
•
mogebam unda uzrunvelyos mxolod mogebis normaluri norma; mTavaria sawarmos mier gaweuli yvela xarji anazRaurdes, risTvisac sakmarisia mogeba
Seesabamebodes normalur mogebas.
amasTan, maregulirebeli organos movaleobaa, maqsimalurad uzrunvelyos
konkurentunariani bazris pirobebi, anu daareguliros bazari bunebrivi monopoliebis arsebobis dros. amisaTvis isini unda iyenebdnen, iseT meTodebs, rogoricaa:
• sxvadasxva saxis wesebis, normatiuli xasiaTis aqtebis SemuSavebiTa da miRebiT iseTi garemos Seqmna, romelic arakonkurentuli bazris viTarebaSi momxmarebelTa da bunebrivi monopoliis subieqtTa interesebis dacvas uzrunvelyofs;
• licenziebis gacemis gziT iseTi sawarmoebis (bunebrivi monopoliis subieqtebis) arseboba, sadac regulirebadi saqmianobis warsamarTavad dasaqmebulni
arian saTanado kvalificiuri kadrebi da arsebobs Sesabamisi ekonomikuri da
teqnikuri SesaZleblobebi;
• tarifebis regulirebiT uzrunvelyos, erTi mxriv, arakonkurentul garemoSi
momxmarebelTa dacva monopoliuri fasebisagan, xolo, meore mxriv, uzrunvelyos regulirebadi saqmianobisas gaweuli ekonomikurad gamarTlebuli danaxarjebis dafarva da subieqtis saqmianobis finansuri stabiluroba;
• bunebrivi monopoliis subieqtebs Soris, aseve maTsa da momxmareblebs Soris
warmoqmnili sadavo sakiTxebis gadawyvetaSi monawileobis miReba Tavisi kompetenciis farglebSi;
• kontrolis ganxorcieleba salicenzio (sanebarTvo) pirobebis dacvasa da maregulireblis mier miRebuli administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtebis Sesrulebaze.
Tanamedrove etapze, saqarTvelom gaiTvaliswina sazRvargareTis qveynebis gamocdileba da ekonomikaSi dasaxa iseTi amocanebi, romelic xels uwyobs Tavisufali konkurenciis ganviTarebas. bunebrivi monopoliis regulirebis funqcia damoukidebel maregulirebel organoebs mieniWa, romlis meSveobiTac unda momxdariyo:
realuri regulireba damoukidebeli organos meSveobiT, sadac gavlenas ver moaxdenda verc saxelmwifo da verc kompaniebi; saqonlis/momsaxurebis tarifebis daweseba Riad (gamWvirvaled) ise, rom mimwodebel kompaniebs ar SeZlebodaT zemogebis
miReba; procesebi mimdinareobda gamWvirvaled da momxmareblis uflebaTa dacva _
komisiis, aseve sasamarTlos mxridan adekvaturi reagirebiT.
saqarTveloSi bunebrivi monopoliebis regulireba ZiriTadad xorcieldeboda saqarTvelos kanoniT “Tavisufali vaWrobisa da konkurenciis Sesaxeb”, romelic
parlamentma daamtkica 2005 wels. Mmisi mizani iyo fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebisaTvis, maTi organizaciul-samarTlebrivi da sakuTrebis formis miuxedavad, saqarTveloSi Tavisufali vaWrobisa da konkurenciisaTvis barierebis moxsna. kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, saqarTveloSi amJamad moqmedebs 2 maregulirebeli komisia: saqarTvelos komunikaciebis erovnuli komisia da saqarTvelos energetikisa da wyalmoma231
ragebis maregulirebeli erovnuli komisia. komisiebs miniWebuli aqvT kanonSemoqmedebiTi, salicenzio, satarifo da davebis gadawyvetis ufleba. satarifo uflebamosilebas centraluri adgili ukavia monopoliis regulirebis sferoSi, misi ZiriTadi mizania momxmarebelTa dacva monopoliuri fasisgan, da, amave dros, iseTi
tarifebis daweseba rom monopoliuri subieqti iyos rentabeluri da misi saqmianoba
_ momgebiani.
ekonomikuri garemos regulireba nebismieri saxelmwifosTvis Zalian mniSvnelovania, maszea damokidebuli qveynis ganviTarebა da perspeqtivebi. igi efeqtiania im
SemTxvevaSi, roca uzrunvelyofilia regulirebis sferoSi moqmedi maregulirebeli
organoebis finansuri, politikuri Tu sxva ekonomikuri subieqtebis mimarT damoukidebloba.
saqarTveloSi damoukidebeli maregulirebeli organoebi ver axorcieleben
damoukidebel politikas. Aamis mizezi mravalia. arsebli mdgomareobis Sefasebam
saSualeba mogvca, gamogveyo is ZiriTadi problemebi, rac iwvevs maregulirebeli
organoebis realuri funqciebis Seusruleblobas da saqmianobis araefeqtianobas:
•
maregulirebeli organizaciebi finansdebian ekonomikuri subieqtebis
mier gadaxdili gadasaxadebisagan. komisiis biujetis Semosavlebis umetes
nawils
msxvili
kompaniebis
mier
gadaxdili
regulirebis
safasuri
warmoadgens,
rac
komisiis
mier
ganxilul
davebSi
subieqturi
gadawyvetilebebis miRebis SesaZleblobas zrdis;
•
maregulirebeli organoebis dakompleqteba xdeba politikuri niSniT,
rac saSualebas gvaZlevs vivaraodoT, rom isini damoukideblebi ver iqnebian
gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi. formalurad maregulirebel komisiebSi
Seqmnilia ombudsmenis instituti, momxmarebelTa interesebis dasacavad, Tumca
ombudsmens ar gaaCnia realuri Zalaufleba, radgan is Tavad finansdeba damoukidebeli maregulirebeli komisiisgan;
•
maregulirebeli komisia, ZiriTadad, mzardi biujetiT da sajaro
moxeleebis Zalian maRali xelfasebiT gamoirCeva, ris gamoc am komisiis
wevroba sakmaod mimzidvelia. garda amisa, komisiebi dainteresebulni arian
fasebis matebiT, radgan maTi „wili“ tarifSi procentuladaa asaxuli, rac
sabolood produqts aZvirebs;
•
maregulirebeli komisiebis wevrTa da biujetis gamudmebuli zrda.
ucxo
qveynebis
gamocdileba
gviCvenebs,
rom
im
qveynebSi,
sadac
maregulirebeli organoebi efeqtianad funqcionireben, etapobrivad axdenen
wevrebis
raodenobis
da
biujetis
Semcirebas,
rac,
sabolood,
TviTlikvidaciiT mTavrdeba;
•
maregulirebeli organoebis saqmianobis gaumWvirvaloba; ris Sedegadac
maT mier miRebuli gadawyvetileba, xSirad gamoiyureba araobieqturad, radgan
aRniSnuli sakiTxis irgvliv ar iZleva srul informacias.
swored am mizezebis gamo, umetesad dazaralebuli gamodis momxmarebeli.
cnobilia mravali faqti, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba momxmarebelTa interesebs, Tumca,
maregulirebeli komisiis mxridan mkveTri reaqcia da adekvatur pasuxad maTi interesebis dacva arsad Cans. magaliTad, mivyveT qronologias, 2010 wels miRebul iqna
gadawyvetileba wylis gadasaxadis gazrdis Sesaxeb, ramac kidev ufro gaarTula
mosaxleobis isedac mZime socialuri mdgomareoba. mogvianebiT,
miRebul iqna
komunaluri gadasaxadebis administrirebis axali wesi, romlis Tanaxmad, moqalaqes,
romelsac Tundac erTi komunaluri gadasaxadi ar aqvs gadaxdeli, eleqtroenergiis
miwodeba avtomaturad uwydeba, am gadawyvetilebaSi mxolod da mxolod ”jorjian
232
voTer end faueris” mxardaWera gamoixateba da aranair samarTlebriv Tu moralur
CarCoebSi ar jdeba. Bmetic, ramdenime Tvis win miRebul iqna gadawyvetileba dasufTavebis gadasaxadis wesis Sesaxeb, romlis sidide damokidebulia eleqtroenergiis
gamoyenebis raodenobaze da ara, magaliTad, gazis gamoyenebis raodenobaze, romelic
aseve aranair logikas ar eqvemdebareba. bolos, miuRebelia gazis seqtorisTvis
SemuSavebuli regulirebis meqanizmi, romlis Tanaxmad, mimwodebels, romelic konkretul regionSi monopolists warmoadgens, SeuZlia fasis damoukideblad gansazRvra. am cvlilebis Sedegad safrTxe eqmneba qveynis ekonomikur usafrTxoebas, radgan
aranairi samarTlebrivi barieri ar arsebobs monopolistis Zalauflebis SesazRudad. aucilebelia gazis seqtorze saxelmwifo regulirebis meqanizmis aRdgena, rac
umTavresad satarifo regulirebas unda moicavdes da konkretul regionSi arsebul
monopolists zRudavdes momxmareblis xarjze zeganakveTuri mogebis miRebisgan.
saqarTveloSi regulirebis problemis mogvareba aucilebelia, winaarmdeg SemTxvevaSi azrs kargavs maregulirebeli komisiebis arsebobis mizanSewoniloba, romlebmac nacvlad imisa, rom sazogadoebis interesebi daicvan, martivad rom vTqvaT
Tavs inaxaven xalxis mier gadaxdili maRali tarifebiT.
amasTan, bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi maregulirebel komisiebs rCebaT gamouyenebeli saxsrebi, romelic maTTan grovdeba gadaxdili regulirebis safasuriT. mas
unda moexdina regulirebis safasuris Semcireba, rac sabolood produqciis fasSi
povebda gamoxatulebas, Tumca ukanasknel periodSi safasuris gadaxedva arc ki
momxdara.
yvela es sakiTxi da Sesabamisad regulirebis organoebis nakleb qmedunarianoba warmoudgenelia Semdegi sakiTxebis mogvarebis gareSe, kerZod aucilebelia:
sakanonmdeblo sivrcis srulyofa;
realurad moqmedi regulirebis organoebis Camoyalibeba da maTTvis dafinansebis arsebuli modelis Secvla. marTalia, maregulirebeli komisiebi finansurad ar arian damokidebuli saxelmwifoze, magram damokidebuli arian
msxvil sawarmoebze, rac aseve problemaa. xelsayrelia maregulireblis dafinansebis mravalmxrivi modelis SemuSaveba, romelSic, magaliTad, saxelmwifos
mxridan dafinansebac iqneba. Tumca, am dros, mniSvnelovania normatiuli
aqtiT iyos dadgenili wesi, romlis mixedviTac moxdeba Tanxebis ganawileb,
rac Seamcirebs subieqturi gadawyvetilebebis miRebis albaTobas;
antimonopoliur regulirebaSi saxelmwifos da xelisuflebis sxva pirebis
Carevis minimumade dayvana. maregulirebeli komisiebis dakompleqtebis arsebuli meqanizmi ver uzrunvelyofs maT damoukidebel funqcionirebas. prezidentisa da xelisuflebis wevrebis gavlena komisiis wevrebisa da Tavmjdomaris
daniSvnaze sakmaod maRalia. Sesabamisad, saxelmwifosa da kompanias Soris
warmoqmnili davis dros maregulirebeli komisia ver iqneba obieqturi, igi
yovelTvis damokidebuli iqneba im pirze, romelmac igi daniSna;
regulirebis sferoSi daniSnuli ombudsmenisTvis damoukideblobis miniWeba.
igi ar unda iyos damokidebuli komisiis wevrebis gadawyvetilebasa da finansebze. Sasurvelia, ombudsmeni iniSnebodes pirdapir saxalxo damcvelis mier
da finansdebodes saxelmwifo biujetidan;
maregulirebeli komisiebis saqmianobis ufro meti gamWvirvaloba. gamWvirvalobis principebi ufro metad unda gamoixatos sazogadoebis met informirebulobaSi da maT mier miRebul kanonebsa da debulebebSi.
233
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2.
3.
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5.
menqiu, g. ekonomikis principebi, [me-2 qarT. gamoc.]. Tbilisi, diogene,
2008, gv. 835.
narmania d., xaduri n., murRulia S. ekonomikis maregulirebeli
institutebis
ganviTareba
saqarTveloSi,
ekonomikis
problemebis
kvlevis centri, Tb., 2009, gv. 92.
ComaxiZe d. bunebrivi monopoliebi: Teoriuli aspeqtebi da regulirebis
Taviseburebebi saqarTveloSi. saqarTvelos ekonomikur mecnierebaTa
akademiis Sromebi, Tbilisi, t. 8, 2010. gv. 308-323.
www.gnerc.org
www.gncc.ge
Tsiklauri Gela
Chokheli Eka
IMPACT OF NATURAL MONOPOLIES ON SOCIETY AND THEIR REGULATION IN
GEORGIA
SUMMARY
It is impossible the existence for any country without natural monopolies. They exist in areas such as:
water, gas, electricity etc. Natural monopolies set high prices/rates and try to get as high profit as possible that is
harmful for public/society, which on the other hand tries to reduce the prices. Balancing these interests in any
countries are implemented by the regulatory organizations. However their work is ineffective in Georgia and
serves only to the economic entities and not the protection of public/population interests. So the improvement of
regulatory company work is important and it has great practical importance for the development of country.
mamuka xuskivaZe
ekologiuri politikis srulyofis sakiTxebi
saqarTveloSi
kacobriobis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze sameurneo saqmianoba sul ufro
met zegavlenas axdens ekosistemebze, romlebic uzrunvelyofen sasicocxlod aucilebel funqciebs. garemo bunebis sisufTavis dacva da bunebriv-resursuli potencialis racionaluri gamoyeneba axlandeli da momavali Taobebis moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad, mdgradi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis ZiriTad safuZvels warmoadgens.
amJamad mdgradi ganviTareba kacobriobis ganviTarebis ualternativo gzaa.
mdgradi ganviTarebis imperativis (garemo bunebis sisufTavis dacva da bunebrivresursuli potencialis racionaluri gamoyeneba) Sesruleba saWiroebs efeqtiani
ekologiuri politikis SemuSavebasa da praqtikul realizacias, rac efuZneba qveynis ganviTarebis ekonomikuri, ekologiuri da socialuri aspeqtebis integracias.
saqarTvelos ekologiuri politikis ZiriTadi principebi da mimarTulebebi
gansazRvrulia qveynis konstituciiTa da Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo aqtebiT. Seqmni234
lia garemo bunebis dacvisa da bunebaTsargeblobis marTvis saxelmwifo organoebis
sistema. miuxedavad imisa, rom qveyanaSi tardeba bunebrivi resursebis optimalur
gamoyenebasa da garemo bunebis dacvaze mimarTuli RonisZiebebi, adgili aqvs seriozul ekologiur problemebs, romlebic gamowveulia rogorc Sida, aseve gare faqtorebiT. arasakmarisad qmediTia garemo bunebis dacvisa da bunebaTsargeblobis
ekonomikuri meqanizmi.
ekologiuri situaciis gauaresebis aRmofxvrisa da garemo bunebis komponentebis optimaluri mdgomareobis SesanarCuneblad, mdgradi ganviTarebis moTxovnebis Sesabamisad, aucilebelia mizanmimarTuli ekologiuri politikis gatareba.
is unda iyos iseTi ekonomikuri, ekologiuri, samarTlebrivi da organizaciuli RonisZiebebis erToblioba, romelTa praqtikuli realizacia xels Seuwyobs mdgrad
ekonomikur ganviTarebaze gadasvlas, anu axlandeli Taobebis moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas iseTnairad, rom safrTxis qveS ar daayenebs momavali Taobebis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebs.
saqarTvelos ekologiuri politikis strategiuli mizani unda iyos xelsayreli garemo pirobebis Seqmna da misi xarisxis amaRleba, mosaxleobis janmrTelobisa da sacxovrebeli ekologiuri pirobebis gaumjobeseba, ekologiuri usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa axlandeli da momavali Taobebis interesebis Sesabamisad.
am miznebis misaRwevad aucileblad gvesaxeba amocanaTa kompleqsis gadawyveta,
romelTagan gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania Semdegi: xelsayreli ekologiuri situaciisa da socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis procesSi sameurneo subieqtebis bunebriv resursebze Tanabari xelmisawvdomobis uzrunvelyofa; sameurneo saqmianobis
deekologizaciis negatiuri gamovlinebebis daZleva, dazianebuli ekosistemebis aRdgena; efeqtiani bunebaTsargeblobis uzrunvelyofa; bunebrivi resursebis araefeqtian, araracionalur da ekologiurad saxifaTo gamoyenebaze adekvaturi ekonomikuri da samarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis daweseba; garemo bunebis dacvisa da racionaluri bunebaTsargeblobis sferoSi aucilebeli saerTaSoriso moTxovnebis Sesruleba; sazogadoebis ganviTarebis Semdgomi ekologiuri orientacia, rac gulisxmobs qveynis mdgradi ganviTarebis ekonomikuri, ekologiuri da socialuri Semadgenlebis ganuyrelobas.
aRniSnuli amocanebis gadaWra unda daefuZnos Semdeg ZiriTad principebs: moqalaqeebis, sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos ekonomikuri, ekologiuri da socialuri
interesebis SeTanawyoba; xelsayrel garemo pirobebze moqalaqeebis uflebis uzrunvelyofa da dacva; inovaciur-sainvesticio proeqtebze ekologiuri eqspertizis Catareba; ekologiuri informaciis sajarooba da sazogadoebis monawileoba garemo bunebis dacvisa da bunebrivi resursebis gamoyenebis sferoSi gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi; garemo bunebaze uaryofiTi zemoqmedebis Sedegad warmoqmnili zaralis anazRaureba da bunebaTsargeblobis fasianoba; pasuxismgebloba garemo bunebis dacvisa da
bunebaTsargeblobis sferoSi saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis darRvevisaTvis; mdgradi
ganviTarebisaTvis politikuri bazis Seqmna; ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis konkurentunarianobis uzrunvelyofa; demografiuli situaciisa da mosaxleobis janmrTelobis
mdgomareobis gaujobeseba jansaRi sazogadoebis paradigmebis danergvis gziT; ekonomikuri ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofa Tanamedrove teqnologiebis danergvis safuZvelze; bunebriv-resursuli potencialis gamoyenebis efeqtianobis amaRleba.
ekologiuri politikisa da mdgrad ekonomikur ganviTarebaze gadasvlis prioritetebi unda iyos: warmoebisa da moxmarebis mdgradi modelebis danergva; ekologiurad usafrTxo teqnologiebis gamoyeneba; mdgradi satransporto sistemis ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofa; mosaxleobis socialuri usafrTxoebis donis amaRleba;
235
siRaribesTan brZola ekologiuri aspeqtebis gaTvaliswinebiT; istoriul-kulturuli memkvidreobis SenarCuneba; mdgradi ganviTarebis regionuli problemebis daZleva; energoefeqtianobisa da energodazogvis uzrunvelyofis sistemis formireba;
gaudabnoebasTan brZola da misi Semcirebis miRweva; narCenebis marTvisa da utilizaciis efeqtiani sistemis Camoyalibeba.
ekologiuri politikis ganxorcielebis ZiriTad mimarTulebebs unda warmoadgendes: warmoebis ekologizacia da ekologiuri ekonomikis ganviTarebis xelSewyoba; garemo bunebis dacvisa da bunebaTsargeblobis sferoSi sakanonmdeblo bazis
srulyofa, maT Soris ekologiuri SezRudvebis; efeqtiani bunebaTsargeblobis meqanizmis Seqmna, bunebrivi resursebis gamoyenebaze gadasaxadebis ekologiurad dasabuTebul gazrdaze orientacia; bunebrivi resursebis racionaluri gamoyeneba, maTi
gonivruli ekonomia, maT eqstensiur gamoyenebaze TandaTanobiT uaris Tqma da gadasvla araaRdgenadi resursebis ekonomiur xarjvaze; resursdamzogavi da maRalefeqtiani teqnologiebis ganviTarebisaTvis saxelmwifo mxardaWeris aRmoCena; xelsayreli ekonomikuri pirobebis Seqmna resursdamzogavi, mcirenarCeniani da unarCeno
teqnologiebis danergvisaTvis, warmoebis modernizaciisaTvis, bunebrivi resursebis
gamoyenebisa da kvlavwarmoebisaTvis, meoradi resursebis gamoyenebis wilisa da narCenebis utalizaciis xarisxis gazrdisaTvis; warmoebuli produqciisa da teqnologiuri procesebis saerTaSoriso standartebze TandaTanobiT gadasvlisaTvis; ekosistemebze anTropogenuri datvirTvis Semcireba, sasargeblo wiaRiseulis mopovebis
adgilebSi dazianebuli ekosistemebis aRdgena; gansakuTrebiT daculi teritoriebis
optimaluri sistemis formireba da biomravalferovnebis dacva; teqnologiuri procesebisa da mowyobilobebis gamoyenebis da calkeuli sawarmoebis ganTavsebis Sedegad garemo bunebaze zemoqmedebisa da bunebrivi resursebis adekvaturi ekonomikuri
Sefaseba; ekologiuri auditisa da dazRvevis danergva; saqmianobis saxeebis licenzireba, romlebic zemoqmedebs ekologiur situaciaze; bunebaTsargeblobis sferoSi fundamenturi da gamoyenebiTi kvlevebis ganviTareba; bunebaTsargeblobisa da
garemo bunebis dacvis sferoSi saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis gafarToeba, sagareo
ekologiur-ekonomikuri politikis orientacia erovnuli interesebis gaTvaliswinebaze; sazogadoebis yvela fenis ekologiuri ganaTlebisa da aRzrdis sistemis
ganviTareba, kvalificiuri ekologebis momzadeba.
saqarTveloSi srulyofas saWiroebs bunebaTsargeblobis regulirebis ekonomikuri meqanizmi socialur-ekonomikur sferoSi mosalodneli gardaqmnebis gaTvaliswinebiT. bunebaTsargeblobisa da garemo bunebis dacvis sferoSi ekonomikuri
regulireba mimarTuli unda iqnes ekologiuri faqtorebisa da ekonomikuri stimulebis urTierTqmedebasa da integraciaze, ekonomikuri barierebis dadgenaze ekologiuri TvalsazrisiT araefeqtiani saqmianobis saxeebisaTvis, garemo bunebaze mavne
zemoqmedebis Semcirebaze orientirebuli efeqtiani RonisZiebebis gamoyenebis waxalisebaze, garemosdacviT RonisZiebebze finansuri resursebis generirebaze da sxva.
ekologiuri politikis srulyofisa da realizaciis ZiriTad mimarTulebebs,
romlebmac unda uzrunvelyos garemo bunebasa da socialur-ekonomikur ganviTarebas
Soris harmoniuli kavSiri, agreTve òrmagi mogebis~ politikis realizacia (romlis
drosac sargebels iRebs rogorc garemo buneba, aseve ekonomika), unda warmoadgendes: resursdazogvis stimulireba, bunebrivi resursebiT sargeblobisaTvis gadasaxadebSi rentuli urTierTobebis gaTvaliswineba, xolo garemo bunebis degradaciisa da gaWuWyianebisaTvis gadasaxadebSi – realurad miyenebuli ekonomikuri zaralis, ekologiurad orientirebuli erovnuli angariSebis (e.w. `mwvane~ angariSebis)
sistemis SemuSaveba da realizacia; narCenebis gamoyenebaze, garemosdacviTi Ronis236
Ziebebis ganxorcielebasa da mcirenarCeniani da resursdamzogavi teqnologiebis,
agreTve specialuri mowyobilobebis (romlebic amcireben garemo bunebaze mavne zemoqmedebas) danergvaze sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis daweseba; bunebrivi resursebis racionalur gamoyenebasa da garemo bunebis dacvaze mimarTuli RonisZiebebis dakreditebaze SeRavaTebis dadgena, garemosdacviTi saqmianobis subsidireba; bunebrivresursuli potencialis gamoyenebisaTvis gadasaxadebidan akumulirebuli fuladi
saxsrebis gamoyenebis meqanizmis srulyofa; ekologiurad saxifaTo produqciis warmoebisaTvis finansuri sanqciebis meqanizmis, xolo ekologiurad sufTa produqciis
mwarmoeblebisaTvis SeRavaTebisa da subsidirebis sistemis Seqmna; ekologiuri momsaxurebis bazris (maT Soris garemo bunebis gaWuWyianebis uflebaTa bazris) formireba da am saqmianobisaTvis specializebuli firmebisa da centrebis Seqmna, agreTve
ekologiis sferoSi eqspertuli momsaxurebis bazris Camoyalibeba; ekologiuri
moTxovnebis gaTvaliswineba privatizaciis procesSi; garemo bunebis dacvisa da bunebrivi resursebis racionaluri gamoyenebis mizniT saxelmwifos mier miRebuli
programebisa da RonisZiebebis prioritetuli dafinansebis uzrunvelyofa; garemosdacviTi da resursdamzogveli saqmianobis inovaciuri meqanizmis realizacia.
postkomunistur saqarTveloSi ekologiuri politikis srulyofiT, SesaZlebeli iqneba qveynis ekonomikur-ekologiur usafrTxoebis miRweva da mdgard ekonomikur ganviTarebaze gadasvlis winapirobebis Seqmna.
Khuskivadze Mamuka
THE ISSUES OF IMPROVING THE ECOLOGICAL POLICY IN GEORGIA
SUMMARY
Principle imperative of sustainable economic development _ protection of environmental and optimal
use _ fulfilment of natural resource potential in any country including Georgia needs the working out and practical realization of efficient ecological policy and economic mechanism of rational nature use.Just to the meotioned issues is dedicated the given article, where there is analyzed the aims of ecological policy, are mapped
out objectives to achieve these aims and are determined main trends of realization of economic mechanism of
nature use and ecological policy.
237
finansebis, saerTaSorisoekonomikis seqcia
Tea lazaraSvili
Teimuraz gogoxia
sajaro finansebis formirebis zogierTi
Taviseburebis Sesaxeb
amJamad, sakmaod did polemikas iwvevs is faqti, Tu rogor unda awarmoos saxelmwifom Tavisi finansuri operaciebi, sadac gadamwyveti roli swored sajaro finansebs ekuTvnis.
ekonomikur sferoSi Sexedulebebi saxelmwifos saqmianobis Sesaxeb, ZiriTadad, individsa da saxelmwifos urTierTobebzea dafuZnebuli. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT sayuradReboa politikuri filosofosebis ori ZiriTadi midgoma: pirveli exeba organul Teorias saxelmwifos Sesaxeb, sadac saxelmwifo gamodis, rogorc bunebrivi organizmi, TiToeuli individi ki aRniSnuli organizmis nawili. am SemTxvevaSi individi gvevlineba sazogadoebis wevrad da TiToeuli individis keTildReoba
sazogadoebis mTliani keTildReobis WrilSi ganisazRvreba. meqanikuri Teoriis Tanaxmad ki, saxelmwifo sazogadoebis organuli nawili ar aris. igi adamianebma
Seqmnes Tavisi miznebis misaRwevad. am sazogadoebaSi centraluri adgili ukavia individs da ara jgufs.
saxelmwifosa da individs Soris nebismieri midgoma maT Soris Zalian mWidro
kavSirurTierTobaze miuTiTebs da swored am urTierTobebzea damokidebuli qveynis
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis donec.
am kavSirurTierTobaSi mniSvnelovani roli saxelmwifo finansebs uWiravs,
romlebic nebismier epoqaSi gansakuTrebul rols TamaSobda da Taviseburi gamovlinebebiT xasiaTdeboda.
saxelmwifo finansebi, aris ekonomikuri urTierTobebis erToblioba, fuladi
fondebis warmoqmnisa da ganawilebis sistema, romelic esaWiroeba saxelmwifos misi
organoebis Sesanaxad da misi funqciebis Sesasruleblad.
termini “saxelmwifo finansebi”, pirvelad me-16 saukuneSi, safrangeTSi iyo gamoyenebuli. saxelmwifo finansebis arsi ganisazRvreba warmoebis gabatonebuli xerxebiTa da saxelmwifos klasobrivi bunebiT.
238
monaTmflobelur, feodalur da kapitalistur sazogadoebaSi saxelmwifo finansebi mSromelTa eqspluataciis damatebiT iaraRad gamoiyeneboda, radganac gadasaxadebisa da mosakreblebis ZiriTadi tvirTi swored maT ekisrebodaT, xolo amgvarad miRebuli fuladi saxsrebi gamoiyeneboda mmarTveli klasebis Senaxvisa da
gamdidrebisaTvis.
feodalizmis epoqaSi saxelmwifo resursebis mniSvnelovan wyarod glexebis
Sroma da maT mier warmoebuli produqti gvevlineboda. centralizebuli saxelmwifos SeqmniT da misi xarjebis gazrdiT warmoiSva saerTo saxelmwifoebrivi gadasaxadebisa da baJebis regularuli sistemebi. saxelmwifo xazina gamoeyo saxelmwifo
meTauris kerZo saxsrebs da am saxsrebma fuladi formis miReba daiwyo. iZulebiTma
mosakreblebma da sesxebma adgili dauTmo saxelmwifo sesxebs da mimoqcevaSi fulis centralizebul gamoSvebas. Sedegad Camoyalibda rTuli sistema _ saxelmwifo
finansebi.
kapitalizmis monopolistur periodamde saxelmwifo finansebis daniSnuleba
ZiriTadad saxelmwifos arsebobisa da funqcionirebisaTvis saWiro materialuri pirobebis uzrunvelyofaze daiyvaneboda. saxelmwifo xarjebi misi organoebis, armiis,
flotis, omebis warmoebis, kolonialuri eqspediciebisa da saxelmwifo valze gadasaxdelebis, sazogadoebriv samuSaoebze, sarkinigzo mSeneblobis finansirebaze da
sxvaze midioda. es xarjebi ifareboda mosaxleobidan Semosavlebis nawilis amoRebiT (gadasaxadebis gziT), saxelmwifo sesxiT da fulis emisiis gziT. imperializmis
da gansakuTrebiT kapitalizmis saerTo krizisis periodSi saxelmwifo finansebis
roli fuladi saxsrebis ganawilebaSi mkveTrad gaizarda.
imperializmis winaaRmdegobebis gamwvavebisas, saxelmwifo monopolisturi kapitalizmis ganviTarebam saxelmwifo xarjebis, sagadasaxado begarisa da saxelmwifo valis zrda gamoiwvia. saxelmwifo aqtiurad ereva kapitalisturi kvlavwarmoebis procesSi da saxelmwifo finansebi farTod gamoiyeneba kapitalisturi ekonomikis stimulirebisaTvis. amasTan dakavSirebiT, maTi roli erovnuli Semosavlis ganawilebasa da gadanawilebaSi izrdeba. umetesoba ganviTarebad qveynebSi erovnuli Semosavlis wili, romlis gadanawilebac saxelmwifo biujetis gziT xdeba, sakmaod
gaizarda. imperialistur qveynebSi saxelmwifo xarjebis, gadasaxadebisa da saxelmwifo valis zrdis mizezi ekonomikis militarizacia gaxda. Semosavlebis gadanawileba da dagroveba monopoliis sasargeblod saxelmwifo finansebis gziT warimarTeboda. kapitalisturi qveynebis finansuri sistema im periodSi Rrma kriziss ganicdida. adgili hqonda saomari xarjebis did zrdas, saxelmwifo biujetis qronikul
inflacias, finansuri resursebis arawarmoebriv gaflangvas da sxva.
im qveynebSi, romlebmac meore msoflio omis Semdgom moipoves politikuri
damoukidebloba da daadgnen ekonomikuri damoukideblobis gzas, saxelmwifo finansebi gamoiyeneboda industrializaciisa da agraruli garaqmnebis gasatareblad, ganaTlebis, jandacvis, kulturisa da sxva sferoSi kolonializmis Sedegebis likvidaciisaTvis.
socializmis pirobebSi saxelmwifo finansebi gardaiqmneba saxelmwifos ekonomikuri da finansuri politikis erT-erT mniSvnelovan iaraRad, socialuri gardaqmnebis gansaxorcieleblad. sabWoTa kavSiris periodSi kapitalizmidan socializmze gadasvlisas saxelmwifo finansebi gamoiyeneboda ZiriTadad qveynis socialuri industrializaciis da soflis meurneobis koleqtivizaciis gasatareblad,
kulturuli revoluciis gansaxorcieleblad da nacionaluri respublikebis daCqarebuli ganviTarebisaTvis.
239
sabWoTa kavSirsa da sxva socialistur qveynebSi saxelmwifo finansebis
xarjze xdeboda gafarToebuli socialuri finansuri moTxovnilebebis uzrunvelyofa, mosaxleobis cxovrebis materialuri da kulturuli donis amaRleba, saxelmwifo xelisuflebis organoebis Senaxva, qveynis Tavdacvis gamyareba. saxelmwifo
finansebi mWidro kavSirSia materialur warmoebasTan. saxelmwifo finansebis sistemaSi wamyvan rols TamaSobs saxelmwifo biujeti, romelic axdens erovnuli Semosavlis 50%-ze metis akumulirebas da socialisturi sazogadoebis yvela finansuri
resursis moZraobas aerTianebs. socializmis mSeneblobasTan erTad, sabWoTa kavSirSi SesvliT, komunizmis mSeneblobis periodSi saxelmwifo finansebi gamoiyeneboda komunizmis materialur-teqnikuri bazis Sesaqmnelad, socialisturi sawarmoo
urTierTobebis da mSromelTa sulieri moTxovnebis dakmayofilebisaTvis, TanamSromlobis gaiolebis da socialisturi saxelmwifoebis urTierTdaxmarebis srulyofisaTvis.
amJamad saxelmwifo finansebi fuladi urTierTobebis organizebis formaa,
romlis monawiled ama Tu im formiT gamodis saxelmwifo. saxelmwifo finansebi
ekonomikuri urTierTobebis erTobliobaa, fuladi fondebis Seqmnisa da ganawilebis
sistema, romelic esaWiroeba saxelmwifos misi organoebis Sesanaxad da misi funqciebis gansaxorcieleblad.
saxelmwifo finansebi warmoadgens finansuri sistemis im nawils, romelsac
miakuTvneben centralizebul (sajaro) finansebs. saxelmwifo finansebis ZiriTadi
daniSnulebaa saxelmwifosaTvis finansuri resursebis formirebisa da gamoyenebis
uzrunvelyofa misi funqciebis realizaciisaTvis.
saxelmwifo finansebi warmoadgens ekonomikis yvela seqtoris saxsrebis mobilizaciis instruments saSinao da sagareo saxelmwifo politikis ganxorcielebisaTvis. isini saxelmwifo marTvis organoebis finansuri operaciebis erTian kompleqss warmoadgenen, romlis meSveobiT akumulirdeba fuladi saxsrebi da xorcieldeba fuladi xarjebi.
qveynis ZiriTadi finansuri fondi, romelic uzrunvelyofs fuladi saxsrebis
centralizebuli fondebis Seqmnas, ganawilebasa da gamoyenebas, rogorc nebismieri
saxelmwifos funqcionirebis aucilebeli piroba aris saxelmwifo biujeti.
saxelmwifo marTvis seqtoris finansuri resursebis formireba xdeba ZiriTadad sawarmoebis, organizaciebisa da saojaxo meurneobebis mier gadaxdili gadasaxadebisa da anaricxebis xarjze.
saxsrebi, romlebic mobilizebulia saxelmwifos finansebis meSveobiT, gamoiyeneba saerTo saxelmwifoebrivi saWiroebisaTvis, romlebic ver kmayofildeba
kerZo mewarmeobis xarjze. kerZod maT, miekuTvneba saxelmwifo marTva, moqalaqeebis
sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoeba, socialuri programebi, ekologia, Tavdacva. biujetSi
saxsrebis akumulireba SesaZleblobas iZleva, ganaxorcieldes socialuri programebi, romlebic mimarTulia adamianis kulturis, janmrTelobis, ganaTlebis ganviTarebisaken, dabali Semosavlis mqone ojaxebis mxardaWerisa, sacxovrebeli problemebis gadawyvetisaken. agrovebs da anawilebs ra fulad saxsrebs, saxelmwifos eZleva SesaZlebloba koreqtireba gaukeTos TviTregulirebadi sabazro meqanizmis qmedebas, zemoqmedeba moaxdinos saqonlisa da momsaxurebis, finansuri bazrebis funqcionirebasa da ekonomikis seqtorze Semosavlebis gadanawilebaze.
saxelmwifo finansebis kategorias agreTve unda mivakuTvnoT iseTi cnebebi,
rogoricaa: saxelmwifo krediti, sagadasaxado sistema, romelic formirebas ukeTebs
biujetSi da arasabiujeto fondebSi saxsrebis modinebis ZiriTad wyaroebs; sagadasaxado modinebebi biujetSi da arasabiujeto fondebSi; sabiujeto sistema; finan240
sebis sxva cnebebi, romlebic aucilebelia im fuladi nakadebis formirebisa da gamoyenebisaTvis, romelTa marTvasac axorcielebs saxelmwifo da misi organoebi.
resursebis gadanawileba ekonomikis seqtorebs, socialur jgufebsa da teritoriebs Soris ekonomikis struqturuli gardaqmnisa da miznobrivi programebis
realizaciis mniSvnelovani berketia. saxsrebis gadanawilebis masStabebi didad aris
damokidebuli ekonomikis ganviTarebis donesa da mdgomareobaze, agreTve, ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos Carevis xarisxze, socialuri xarjebis dafinansebaze, danazogebis
stimulirebaze da sxva. es yvelaferi SeiZleba ganxorcieldes administraciulgegmiuri sistemidan Tavisufali ekonomikis sistemamde diapazonSi. Tumca, pirvelica
da meorec ukiduresobebs warmoadgens. Tavisufali bazari praqtikulad ar arsebobs.
saxelmwifos ekonomika, rogorc wesi, aris Sereuli, sadac urTierTqmedebs saxelmwifo da kerZo seqtori.
ZiriTadi problema imaSi mdgomareobs, Tu ra masStabebiT da kuTxiT unda
ereodes saxelmwifo ekonomikaSi. resursebis akumulirebis masStabebi da saxelmwifo zemoqmedeba ufro metia socialurad orientirebuli ekonomikis qveynebSi, sadac
Zlieria rogorc saxelmwifo, ise saxelmwifo finansebis zemoqmedeba da naklebia
qveynebSi, sadac ekonomikis liberaluri modeli aqvT aRebuli. saxelmwifo finansebis ganxilvisas aucilebelia mxedvelobaSi miviRoT is faqti, rom saxelmwifo
marTvis seqtoris funqcia gansxvavebulia ekonomikis sxva seqtorebis funqciebisagan
da mdgomareobs mosaxleobisa da mTlianad sazogadoebisaTvis arasabazro momsaxurebis gawevasa da Semosavlebisa da sakuTrebis ganawilebaSi. ekonomikis sxva seqtorebisagan is
xarjebis dafinansebis xerxebiTac gansxvavdeba _ gadasaxadebis
gziT da ekonomikis sxva seqtorebisaTvis aucilebeli mosakreblebis meSveobiT.
rac Seexeba saqarTvelos sinamdviles, saxelmwifos ekonomikaSi Carevis done
aq sakmaod maRalia. Tumca, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saxelmwifo finansebis ganawilebagadanawilebis mxriv prioritetebi udavod Sesacvlelia. amaze miuTiTebs bolo
wlebSi saxelmwifo biujetis deficituroba (2009 wlis bolosaTvis _ 1 197.0 mln
lari) da saxelmwifo valis zrdac (2009 wlis bolosaTvis _ 6 225.2 mln lari).
Tu gadavxedavT gaeros adamianis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb moxsenebas (2009), aq saqarTvelos 182 qveyanas Soris 89-e adgili ukavia da miekuTvneba adamianuri potencialis ganviTarebis saSualo donis qveynebs. es imaze miuTiTebs, rom saxelmwifo
finansebis marTva ufro metad unda iyos mimarTuli saxelmwifo xarjebis Semcirebisaken, gadanawileba ki socialuri xarjebis dafinansebis, danazogebis stimulirebisa da, saerTod, mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis amaRlebis sasargeblod unda iyos
gansazRvruli. yovelive es cvlilebebis gatarebas moiTxovs saxelmwifo finansebis
SemadgenlobaSi Semaval TiTqmis yvela kategoriaSi: saxelmwifo krediti, sagadasaxado sistema, sabiujeto sistema da sxva. mniSvnelovania ganxorcieldes iseTi kompleqsuri RonisZiebebi, romlebic efeqtianad moaxdens saxelmwifo finansebi mobilizebasa da gadanawilebas, rac, sabolood, xels Seuwyobs qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis da mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis amaRlebas.
Lazarashvili Tea
Gogokhia Teimuraz
CONCERNING SOME PECULIARITIES OF THE FORMING
OF PUBLIC FINANCES
SUMMARY
241
In the work a general concept of “public finances”, the main stages of their forming in the different state
systems, their purpose and main functions are considered.
The main concepts included in a category of “public finances” are analyzed.
The place, role and main functions of public finances of Georgia under the conditions of a market economy are elucidated.
Bobrivnyk L. D.
CHALLENGES TO HUMANITY
The developments and accomplishments of civilization correspond to the rising of challenges (problems) which humanity must first overcome to achieve them. The main problems of today include: 1 – ecology
conditions: primarily, pollution of air and aquatic basins, which stipulates the possibility of global warming of
the planet, pregnant with catastrophic consequences for earthly civilization; 2 – energy problem, which demands
urgent optimization of energy resources; 3 – humanitarian problem: deficit of nutrition and poor health of
Earth’s population.
The above-mentioned problems, in a larger degree, are the result of human activity and its constant
groundless interference into a well-balanced and auto-restored system. That is why in the solution to the abovementioned problems it is necessary to address not only the use of the results of scientific/technological achievements, but incorporate nature as well.
Nature has created a powerful remedy – the photosynthesis reaction, which permits the use of practically inexhaustible solar energy. Due to this reaction it is possible to return trillions of tons of carbon to the Earth,
which have been extracted from the Earth’s bowels as carbon, gaseous and liquid hydrocarbons for the last 200
years, and which may run very low for the next 40 – 50 years. The land – bowels will diminish, but the process
of photosynthesis will not diminish until the Sun stops “functioning”. That is why in the near future the energetic “bowels” of Earth will become air and the aquatic basins of our planet –a paradox, but a reality, because the
circulation of carbon due photosynthesis: atmosphere/world ocean (CO2) → plants (carbohydrates-fuel) → atmosphere/world ocean (CO2) will be practically eternal. The use of photosynthesis must include the internal
circulation of carbon, extracted from the former earthly bowels.
Such an aim can be achieved by two ways: 1 – the selection and broad cultivation of already known
plants, which possess a highly effective photosynthesis capability; 2 – selective breeding of new species’ of
such characteristics. The main peculiarities of such plants must be: 1 – high photosynthesis intensity; 2 – capability of rapid vegetation and reproduction: 3 – capability of growing in large range of latitudes, which embraces, primarily, a majority of industrially-developed countries; 4 – capability of growing not only on agricultural
lands, but also on lands that are not ideally fitted for such usage [1, 2].
Author of this note considers Helianthus tubersus L. to correspond to all of the above-mentioned requirements. The outstanding Russian botanist K.A. Timiriazev, confirmed this thesis [3, 4] by such fact. One
hectare of Helianthus tuberosus L. is capable of absorbing 6 tons of carbon from the atmosphere yearly, and one
hectare of the forest – only 3-4 tons, that is, Helianthus tuberosus L. photosynthetic capability surpasses capability of the forest one by 1.5 – 2 times. However the growing of a forest requires 10 – 15 years, while growing
Helianthus tuberosus L. only takes one year.
Helianthus tuberosus L. can grow on all continents in interval of 650 of north latitude to 650 of south latitude (excluding tropical latitudes), where the majority of industrially-developed countries of the world are
placed. It is known [5] that Helianthus tuberosus L. can grow not only on agricultural lands, but also on unfit
lands such as: fields of filtration of communal and industrial enterprises waste waters, on the slag of thermocentrals, garbach stores, terricons etc.
242
Helianthus tuberosus L. surpasses many other cultures (sugar beet, maize, potato and others) as a resource for production of bio-fuel [6]. An important capability is that ethanol can be produced both from green
masse or tubers: the choice depends on the conditions in which the plant is grown and harvested.
Tubers of this culture are an important raw-material for the production of long-chain inulin (LCI) and
new types of prophylactic-curative food-staffs, which are effective in the struggle against heart-vascular and
endocrine illnesses, including diabetes and obesity [7, 8]. LCI is an effective remedy for strengthening the human immune system, especially for a person, who is subjected radionuclide radiation [9].
Helianthus tuberosus L. and its hybrid “Topinsolnechnik” (selected in Ukraine and Russia) surpass the
majority of forage cultures. The harvest of this culture is higher, than other well-known ones (maize, clover) by
1.5 – 3.5 times. Helianthus tuberosus L. is a good forage for practically all species of agricultural animals, and
promotes their growth and reproduction [10].
Thus, Helianthus tuberosus L. can be considered to be one of the cultures useful for implementing the
solution to the above-mentioned problems.
REFERENCES
1.Bobrivnyk L.D., Gulyi I.S., Lezenko G.O., Remeslo N.V., Pasko M.M. Topinambur – solnechnyyi
korin. 1995, 66 p.
2. Bobrivnyk L.D. Proposition and ground of fours ways of usage of Helianthus tuberosus L. in ecology and economics. Written address to Senator of USA Hillary Rodham Clinton, March 18, 2007.
3. Timiriasev K.A. Zemledenil i physiologiya rasteniyi. M-L. 1941, 206 s.
4. Timiriazev K.A. Hzizn rasteniyi. M., Selkhozizdat, 1949, 325 s.
5. II All-Union scientific-production conference “Topinambur i topinsolnechnik – problemy vyrashchivania i ispolzovania”. Tezisy dokladov. Irkutsk, 1990, 126 s.
6. Pasko M.M. Perspektivnye kormovye kultury. Maikop, 1980, 42 s.
7. Bobrivnyk L.D. Rastenie – bogatyr, ispytannoe vekami.Beth Gavrial, 2007, # 72, p. 30.
8. Bobrivnyk L.D., Bobrovnik H. People sanitation – an important factor in getting over the world
economic crisis. Economist, 2009, 4, p. 65-77.
9. Vaniurikhina L.T. Inulin as a prophylactic-curative remedy for persons, who were subjected by action of ionizative radiation of different dose. Conclusion of medical genetic chair of Institute of Perfection of
Physicians. 1996, Kiev, Ukraine.
10. Pasko M.M. Economicheskaia zelesoobraznost kultivirovania topinambura i topinsolnechnika.
lili gvenetaZe
msoflio finansuri krizisi da
saqarTvelo
2008 weli msoflio ekonomikisaTvis gansakuTrebiT mZime aRmoCnda. gamwvavda
msoflio finansuri krizisi da ekonomikuri recesia, romelsac xSirad me-20 saukunis 30-iani wlebis depresias adareben. mimdinare wels vaSingtonSi saerTaSoriso
savaluto fondis 24-e Sexvedris Semajamebel komunikeSi aRiniSna, rom msoflio
ekonomika axal sarisko periodSi Sevida, axali krizisis Tavidan acilebis gasaRebs
ganviTarebad qveynebSi ekonomikis stabilurobis aRdgena warmoadgens [6].
243
sxdomis monawileebi SeTanxmdnen, erTad daZlion msoflio ekonomikis mosalodneli siZneleebi. komunikeSi miTiTebulia, rom Tanamedrove ekonomikis globaluri ryevebis efeqturi gadawyvetis safuZvels ganviTarebadi ekonomikis qveynebi
warmoadgens.
aRsaniSnavia is, rom msoflio ekonomikurma garemom ukanasknel periodSi
mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi ganicada. saerTaSoriso vaWrobis ganviTarebis Sedegad
safinanso sistemam globalur doneze daiwyo funqcionireba. nacionalurma bazrebma
ki erTian msoflio safinanso sivrceSi daiwyes gardaqmna. 1980 wlidan kapitalis
globaluri nakadi, yovelwliurad, msoflio mSp-sTan an vaWrobasTan SedarebiT,
TiTqmis 6%-iT ufro swrafad izrdeba [3]. es procesi gansakuTrebiT 1990 wlidan daCqarda (miuxedavad
1997-2002 ww. droebiTi vardnisa), rac msoflios mniSvnelovan
nawilSi kapitalis moZraobis Semaferxebeli barierebis moxsniT aris ganpirobebuli.
dRevandel msoflioSi izolirebulad cxovreba nebismieri saxelmwifosaTvis
yovelmxriv miuRebelia. saerTaSoriso vaWrobis zrdam msoflios qveynebi sul ufro
metad urTierTdamokidebuli gaxada. bunebrivia, am procesSi saqarTveloc CarTulia, sadac saqonlisa da momsaxurebis importi eqsports aRemateba. Sesabamisad qveyanaSi wminda eqsporti uaryofiTi sididea da, amasTan, zrdis tendenciiTac xasiaTdeba. ase magaliTad, qveyanaSi wminda eqsporti 2005 wels, 2008 welTan SedarebiT, 4,1jer gaizarda, Tumca 2009 -2010 wlebSi is mcirdeba, rac 2008 wlis msoflio finansurma krizisma ganapiroba.
mravali ganviTarebadi qveyana, warmoadgenen ra pirdapiri investiciebis wminda importiorebs, imavdroulad, finansuri kapitalis wminda eqsportiorebi arian.
maSin, rodesac bevri ganviTarebuli qveyana piriqiT, pirdapiri investiciebis eqsportiorebi arian da axdenen finansuri kapitalis imports. ase magaliTad, saqarTveloSi 2005 wels pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis importma Seadgina 449 785 aTasi
aSS dolari, xolo 2006 da 2007 wlebSi, Sesabamisad, 1 059 761 da 1 750 242 aTas aSS
dolari [3]. rogorc vxedavT, qveyanaSi ara marto wminda eqsportis aramed pirdapiri
ucxouri investiciebis importis zrdis tendencia aRiniSneba, rac qveynis ekonomikis
siZlieris zrdas calsaxad ar SeiZleba asaxavdes.
rodesac qveyanaSi didi moculobis pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi Semoedineba, es niSnavs imas, rom qveyanas sakuTari safinanso seqtoris meSveobiT Sinameurneobis danazogis efeqtianad gamoyenebis unari ar gaaCnia an qveynis mTlian Sida
produqtSi saboloo moxmarebis xvedriTi wona maRalia. Sesabamisad, didi moculobis pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis Semodineba qveynis ekonomikur Zlierebas
srulebiTac ar asaxavs. ubralod, aseTi qveynebisTvis, finansuri globalizaciis pirobebSi, ufro mosaxerxebelia, Tavi aaridos sakuTari araefeqturi finansuri seqtoris gamoyenebas.
qveynebs Soris kapitalis ormxrivi moZraoba, safinanso sistemasa da korporaciul marTvaSi arsebuli Tvisebrivi gansxvavebis bunebriv Sedegs warmoadgens.
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, finansuri globalizacia, qveyanaSi araefeqturi finansuri sistemisa da susti korporaciuli mmarTvelobis gverdis avliT, pirdapiri
ucxouri investiciebis Semodinebisa da, imavdroulad, fuladi kapitalis gadinebis
saSualebas iZleva.
safinanso sistemasa da realur ekonomikas Soris makavSirebel rgols finansuri Suamavlebi warmoadgenen. finansuri Suamavlebi _ es iseTi sakredito da arasakredito finansuri organizaciebia, romlebic finansuri bazrebis yvela segments
244
uweven momsaxurebas da realur ekonomikaSi, kapitalis gadanawilebis procesSi
aqtiur monawileobas iReben.
finansuri Suamavlebi, msoflio bazarze, rogorc umsxviles transanacionalur kompaniebTan, ise qveynis Sida bazarze, mcire da saSualo biznesTan muSaoben.
Sesabamisad, Tanamedrove finansur Suamavlebs erovnul ekonomikaSi umniSvnelovanesi adgili ukaviaT, xolo finansuri globalizaciis pirobebSi, maTi, rogorc
msoflio bazris monawileebis, roli mniSvnelovnad gaizarda ara mxolod maTi saqmianobidan miRebuli sargeblis TvalsazrisiT, aramed im safrTxis gaTvaliswinebiT,
romelic globalur finansur bazrebs axasiaTes.
im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac qveyanas `Warbi efeqturi (faqtobrivi) kapitali~ gaaCnia, es niSnavs imas, rom qveyanas gaaCnia an fizikuri kapitalisa da Sromis Tanafardobis maRali koeficienti, an sakuTrebis uflebis dacvis susti instituti. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom sakuTrebis uflebis arasakmarisi dacva investiciebis Semosavlianobis Semcirebas ganapirobebs. aRniSnuli ki xels uSlis pirdapiri ucxouri
investiciebis Semodinebas da danazogis gadinebis stimuls warmoadgens.
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom finansuri kapitalis globalizaciasTan dakavSirebul
sargebelsa da xarjebs qveynis safinanso institutebis ganviTarebis done gansazRvravs. amasTan, rac ufro metadaa qvyanaSi daculi sakuTrebis ufleba, globalizaciidan is miT ufro met sargebels iRebs.
saqarTveloSi, rogorc ganviTarebadi sabazro ekonomikis qveyanaSi, safinanso
institutebi sustadaa ganviTarebuli. saqarTveloSi safinanso Suamavloba, ekonomokis dargobrivi struqturis TvalsazrisiT, marTalia, erT-erTi dargia, romelsac
zrdis maRali tempi gaaCnia, magram misi ganviTarebis xarisxi dabalia. ase magaliTad, kerZo seqtorze gacemuli sesxebis mTlian Sida produqtTan Sefardeba 2006
wels 4-s udrida. rac 27-jer naklebia pirvel adgilze gasul aSS-sTan SedarebiT,
da 12,8-jer naklebi meore adgilze gasul germaniasTan SedarebiT. rac Seexeba
postsabWoTa qveynebs, aq es maCvenebeli dabalia da 3-dan 18-mde meryeobs. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom msoflio finansuri krizisis Sedegad 2009-2010 wlebSi saqarTveloSi
aRniSnuli maCvenebeli 3-mde Semcirda.
saqarTveloSi safinanso Suamavlobis dabali xarisxobrivi maCveneblis erTerT mTavar faqtors mosaxleobis cxovrebis dabali done warmoadgens. rogorc
cnobilia, qveynis mTlian Sida produqtSi saboloo moxmarebis maRali xvedriTi
wona mosaxleobis cxovrebis dabal doneze miuTiTebs, ramdenadac mosaxleoba iZulebulia, miRebuli Semosavlebidan naklebi dazogos da meti wiliT mimdinare moTxovnileba daikmayofilos. aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTveloSi bolo wlebSi mTlian
Sida produqtSi moxmarebis xarjebis xvedriTi wili maRalia da zrdis tempiTac xasiaTdeba. ase magaliTad, 2005 wels mTlian Sida produqtSi saboloo moxmarebis
xarjebis xvedriTi wili 84, 3 procents Seadgenda. 2006 da 2007 wlebSi es maCvenebeli Sesabamisad gaizarda 94,1 da 92,5 procentamde. 2008 da 2009 wlebSi saboloo
moxmarebis xarjebi qveyanaSi warmoebul mTlian Sida produqts Sesabamisad 2,7 da
6,1 procentiT aRemateboda, rac aseve msoflio finansurma krizisma ganapiroba. 2010
wlis winaswari monacemebiT, mTlian Sida produqtSi saboloo xarjebis moxmarebis
xvedriTi wili 97 procents udrida, romlis 77,9 procenti Sinameurneobis saboloo
moxmarebis xarjebze modioda [2]. aRniSnuli uaryofiT tendencias warmoadgens da
xels uSlis safinanso Suamavlobis gamoyenebis xarisxobrivi donis amaRlebas.
saqarTveloSi aseve sustadaa ganviTarebuli korporaciuli mmarTveloba, saTanadod ar aris daculi sakuTrebis ufleba. Sesabamisad, finansuri globalizaciis efeqtic araerTmniSvnelovania. erTi mxriv, qveyana, kapitalis Tavisufali ga245
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ganviTarebad qveynebSi gatarebulma reformebma unda uzrunvelyos Sida moTxovnis zrda da gacvliTi kursis meti mobiluroba, rac msoflioSi finansuri centris simZimis gadanawilebis saSualebas iZleva. amasTan, ganviTarebad qveynebSi stabilurobisa da zrdis demonstrireba finansuri siZneleebis daZlevasTan dakavSirebiT, efeqturi saerTaSoriso pasuxi iqneba.
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vaWrobisa da
tendenciebi,
Экономический
институт. Вена,
Gvenetadze Lily
GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISIS AND THE ECONOMY OF GEORGIA
SUMMARY
Since 2008 the problems evidenced in the Word Economy was stipulated by the global financial Crisis.
The article analysis the impact of the global financial crisis on such aspects of Georgian economy such as net
export, direct investments, and credit to private business/GDP ratio, there is presented analysis in dynamic of
gross consumption expenditure in GDP. This work highlights that in order to avoid the risks accompanying
with the financial globalization, it’s important: develop financial institutions; improve the effectiveness of corporate governance and observe the property rights.
Гладкий А. В.
Мирзодаева Т. В.
ПРОЦЕССЫ ИНТЕГРАЦИИ ЭКОНОМИКИ КИЕВА В СООБЩЕСТВО
ГЛОБАЛЬНЫХ ГОРОДОВ
Процесс глобализации, охвативший планету в последние десятилетия и несущий в себе стирание
границ политической, хозяйственной, культурной и религиозной жизни, сопровождается небывалым
ранее усилением роли крупных городов в развитии всего мирового сообщества. В новых условиях,
целый ряд агломераций высокоразвитых государств мира и некоторых развивающихся стран «перешагнул» ставшие узкими национальные и региональные границы, оформился в качестве геополитических и геоэкономических центров мира и осуществляет деятельность в общепланетарном масштабе.
Города, названные в научной литературе глобальными или мировыми, оказывают существенное влияние
246
на общие мегатренды функционирования современной цивилизации [6]. Париж, Лондон, Токио, НьюЙорк, Москва и другие центры стали опорными точками мирового хозяйства и формируют его
пространственный каркас; одновременно генерируют, регулируют и обслуживают глобальные потоки
информации, инноваций, товаров, услуг, финансов, рабочей силы и «интеллектуального богатства» [3].
Выполнение международных функций неизбежно сказывается на формировании хозяйства
глобальных городов, отраслевая и территориальная структуры которых характеризуются исключительной сложностью. Среди общих и наиболее ярких черт модернизации экономики подобных центров
можно отметить следующие: 1) четко выраженная их специализация в отрасли коммерческих услуг
высшего уровня (прежде всего финансовых, банковских, кредитных, страховых и т.д.); 2) высокий
уровень концентрации штаб-квартир крупнейших ТНК и ТНБ, представительств различных международных компаний и организаций; 3) повышенная доля фирм-нерезидентов в организационной
структуре экономики; 4) приоритетность развития инновационных отраслей производства, включая
сферу информационных технологий, телекоммуникаций, электротехники и микроэлектроники,
биотехнологии и т.д. 5) Глобальный город – мощный транспортный узел мирового значения, основанный на использовании возможностей воздушного транспорта и высокоскоростных международных
автомобильных и железнодорожных магистралей. 6) Уже традиционный признак глобальности –
интернациональность рынка рабочей силы.
Истинно мировые города задают «условия игры» в рамках транснациональной урбанистической
системы мира, формируют городские стандарты жизнедеятельности, выступают в качестве «законодателей тенденций развития общества» и имеют немало преимуществ. К статусу глобальных стараются
«подтянуться» практически все крупные урбанистические образования разных стран. Другое дело, что
на скорый успех могут рассчитывать лишь те, кто обладает достаточно высоким уровнем международной ориентации развития хозяйства и владеют мощными или уникальными ресурсами (финансовыми,
промышленными, интеллектуальными, историко-культурными, туристскими и т.д.), востребованными
на глобальных городских рынках. Конкуренция вокруг вхождения в систему мировой элиты и занятия
наиболее высоких позиций в «архипелаге городов» чрезвычайно остра.
Для Киева, который многие годы исполнял лишь функции центра одной из пятнадцати
республик СССР и фактически получил статус столицы независимого государства лишь в 1991 г.,
теоретически путь вхождения в состав глобальных городов открыт. Другое дело, насколько реально
возможно оценивать его теперешние возможности и перспективы для подобной интеграции. Процессы
вхождения города в трансконтинентальную урбанистическую систему неизбежно сопряжены с серьезными социально-экономическими переменами, глубокой структурной перестройкой городского хозяйства и изменениями в пространственной локализации различных видов деятельности. На сегодняшний
день в Киеве ощутима острая нехватка фундаментальных научных исследований в данной сфере, а,
кроме того, низок уровень их востребованности со стороны городских властей. Этим, в частности,
объясняется существенный дисбаланс в экономической и социальной сферах жизнедеятельности города,
повлекшими за собой замедление темпов развития глобальных процессов и «дестабилизацию»
международной активности.
Стартовые позиции Киева на пути интеграции в систему мировых городов выглядят довольно
ослабленными в силу длительного периода обособленного развития за пределами мощных коммуникаций и систем взаимодействия с мировой урбосферой. Сказывается, с одной стороны, ограниченность и
неполноценность развития столичных функций, а с другой – удаленность, периферийность города и
страны в целом от профилирующих направлений развития мировых интеграционных процессов [5]. Это
хорошо проявляется во многих аспектах внутригородского развития, в том числе, например, в явно
недостаточном, согласно современным международным стандартам, уровне развития сектора коммерческих и бизнес-услуг, скромном представительстве глобальных компаний, незначительных объемах
внешней торговли (со стабильно большим отрицательным сальдо) при довольно узкой географии мировых хозяйственных связей. Не реализуется в должной мере имеющийся инновационный потенциал,
низки темпы развития сферы международного туризма и индустрии развлечений, которые не стиму247
лирует в должной мере даже грядущий в 2012 году чемпионат Европы по футболу, и т.д. Последний
штрих – Киев непривлекателен даже для иммигрантов. Хорошо это или плохо – другой вопрос.
Помимо общепринятых критериев глобальности, существенное отставание столицы Украины от
ведущих мировых городов четко прослеживается при сравнительном анализе структуры занятости
населения. Роль передовых и международно-ориентированных функций Киева оказалась довольно
низка. Если в ведущих глобальных центрах – Нью-Йорке, Лондоне, Париже, Токио, частично в Москве –
в структуре экономики доля занятых в «высших этажах» социального комплекса (сфере инноваций,
образования, финансов, торговли недвижимостью, гостеприимства) приближается к 60-70% [2], то для
Киева этот показатель составляет лишь около 40-45% (табл. 1). Хотя, по общей численности занятых в
третичном секторе хозяйства Киев вполне сопоставим с показателями истинно мировых городов (7885%). При этом важно отметить, что в общем объеме «работы» сервисного сегмента экономики явно
преобладают низкокачественные услуги массового спроса общегородского назначения, но никак не
международного уровня.
Важными индикаторами «глобального роста» выступают два сектора хозяйства – «оптовой и
розничной торговли» и «финансовая сфера». В первом из них численность занятых в Киеве в 2010 г.
превысила показатели десятилетней давности почти в четыре раза (в 3,8 р). Но совершенно очевидно,
что вся система торговли ориентирована преимущественно на реализацию товаров постоянного и
периодического спроса. Доля же уникальных, эксклюзивных товаров, представленных ведущими мировыми производителями, очень незначительна (25-28%). Низкая предпринимательская активность
глобальных компаний на киевском и в целом на украинском рынке объясняется высоким уровнем
финансовых рисков, а также существенными юридическими ограничениями для ведения международного бизнеса, не связанного с украинскими копаниями и финансово-промышленными группами.
Развитие финансового сектора столицы Украины, резко увеличившего количество занятых за 2000-2010
гг. (более чем в 8 раз (!), в основном ориентированно на осуществление внутригородской и общегосударственной деятельности, в особенности для обеспечения такой специфической для Украины
отрасли, как производство и распределение электроэнергии, газа (курсив наш – А. Г.) и воды.
Международные финансовые инвестиции не стали массовым явлением в Киеве в силу многочисленных
бюрократических ограничений и высокой стоимости услуг. За 2010 г. капитал нерезидентов в экономике
города составил лишь около 3,9 млрд. долл. (наибольшая доля принадлежит США, Кипру (курсив наш –
А. Г.), Нидерландам, Великобритании), а капитал резидентов Киева в экономике прочих стран – 43,6
млн. долл. (больше половины из них приходится на Российскую Федерацию) [4].
Таблица 1
Среднегодовая численность занятых по видам экономической деятельности в Киеве
Отрасли хозяйства
ВСЕГО, В ТОМ ЧИСЛЕ:
Сельское и лесное хозяйство
Промышленность
Строительство
Оптовая и розничная торговля, услуги по ремонту
Гостиничное и ресторанное хозяйство
Транспорт и связь
Финансовая деятельность
Операции с недвижимостью, сдача в наем и услуги
юридическим лицам
Образование и наука
Охрана здоровья и социальная помощь
91
2000 г.
тыс.
845,7
4,1
181,2
61,8
53,1
13,9
90,1
23,7
128,5
108,5
84,7
%
100
0,5
21,4
7,3
6,3
1,6
10,7
2,80
201091 г.
тыс.
1162,8
4,0
174,7
82,3
202,0
81,1
57,2
197,8
%
100
0,3
15,6
7,1
17,4
7,0
4,9
17,0
15,3
12,8
10,0
106,8
119,7
71,9
9,2
10,3
6,2
Здесь и далее данные за 2010 год поданы на основе прогнозных материалов Главного управления статистики в г.
Киеве, опубликованных в [4].
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Коллективные, общественные и личные услуги
Государственное управление
41,7
54,4
4,9
6,4
58,6
4,0
5,0
0,3
Источник: [4].
Занятость в секторе «операции с недвижимостью и сдача в наем» переживает стабильное
падение, его удельный вес в структуре экономики города снизился за 2000-2010 гг. с 15,3% до 9,2%. По
данным Главного управления статистики в Киеве, основные объемы этих услуг предоставляются
юридическим и физическим лицам Украины и лишь 10-12% – резидентам других государств. Причины
низкого уровня развития международных коммерческих, торговых и иных рыночно-ориентированных
сфер деятельности Киева очевидны. Это – застарелость форм и методов хозяйственной деятельности,
недостаточная для столицы предпринимательская активность и сосредоточение частного капитала и
бизнеса (в особенности модульного бизнеса: малого и среднего), неэффективная конкурентная среда,
возникшая в результате половинчатости рыночных реформ, политики протекционизма и лоббирования
частно-клановых интересов. При высоких темпах роста занятости международный статус коммерческих
сфер деятельности не повышается, а «предпринимательские силы» уходят на удовлетворение растущих
потребностей внутреннего рынка.
Иная ситуация в «культурных отраслях» хозяйства Киева. В последние годы практически
стабильной остается абсолютная численность занятого населения в сфере образования, науки и научного
обслуживания, здравоохранения и социальной помощи, но их доля в структуре экономики столицы
Украины постоянно снижается (табл. 1). Такая направленность устойчивых сдвигов идет вразрез с
современными тенденциями развития ведущих глобальных городов, которые все в большей мере
специализируются на блоке отраслей так называемых «социальных» услуг [2]. В развитии
некоммерческих видов деятельности существует немало проблем. Например, только пять вузов Киева
имеют право выдавать дипломы международного образца. Процесс же нострификации зарубежных
дипломов неизменно связан с бюрократическими проволочками, существенно тормозящими процессы
интеграции украинской системы науки и образования в мировую. Даже насильственно-директивное
насаждение в ВУЗах Киева и Украины Болонской системы образования имело, скорее всего, политическую подоплеку, и на реальном положении образовательной системы фактически не сказалось.
Выпускникам киевских ВУЗов все также тяжело устроиться на работу за границей, их дипломы о
высшем образовании, или о научной степени зарубежными компаниями фактически не воспринимаются.
Киев располагает мощным научным потенциалом. По данным Госкомстата здесь в 2009 г.
проживало 45% всех докторов наук страны и выполнялось почти 30% всего объема инновационных
научно-технических работ по промышленным предприятиям и организациям. Однако высокая территориальная концентрация научных сил не приносит ощутимого инновационного эффекта и коммерческой выгоды, многие разработки остаются малоизвестными на международной арене. Причины этого
кроются в устаревшей технической базе институтов, исторически сложившихся направлениях исследований в сфере военного комплекса, космической техники, авиа- и ракетостроения, которые сейчас
практически утратили государственную поддержку и финансируются по остаточному принципу; низкой
конкурентоспособности в условиях рыночной экономики. В научном комплексе Киева ощутим дефицит
научных учреждений социально-экономического профиля, и наблюдается резкое преобладание отраслевых проектных институтов, прежде всего в области машиностроения, которые были ориентированы
на выполнение стратегических госзаказов. Вопросы их реорганизации и конверсии городскими властями
детально не рассматривались, хотя предложения о необходимости подобных мероприятий поступали.
Последние реформы в системе научно-инновационного комплекса Киева не пошли далее разукрупнения
и реорганизации некоторых устаревших НИИ и административных учреждений (это коснулось, прежде
всего, таких «бывалых» организаций как Высшая аттестационная комиссия (ВАК) Украины, Совет по
изучению производительных сил Украины, некоторых структур в системе Национальной академии наук
Украины и проч.). Те же организации, которые должны быть профилирующими именно в процессе
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производства инновационных технологий и ноу-хау – остаются в весьма плачевном состоянии без
средств к существованию.
Например, сравнительно недавно была предпринята попытка реанимировать идею создания
киевского технополиса, впервые озвученную еще в середине 1970-х гг. и закрепленную в генеральном
плане города. Его создание предусматривало передачу части научных функций города и производств,
специализирующихся на разработке новых видов техники, машин, оборудования, оснащения (прежде
всего тех, которые требуют непосредственной тесной связи с производством и сложной экспериментальной базой), в периферийную зону столичной агломерации для размещения в малых городахспутниках первого порядка. Однако выделенные участки земли остались не освоенными в виду
отсутствия государственного финансирования проекта и низкой заинтересованности коммерческих
структур в инвестициях в научные исследования.
Киев располагает богатейшим историко-культурным наследием, часть объектов которого,
имеющих большое международное значение, находится под охраной ЮНЕСКО. Исторические ценности
города – едва ли ни единственный социальный градообразующий фактор, который определяет
современно место Киева среди прочих столиц Европы и обеспечивает его определенную известность на
международной арене. При этом, развитие сектора гостеприимства – гостиничного дела, туристских
услуг, индустрии развлечений и т.д. остается на крайне низком уровне. Не удивительно, что количество
иностранных туристов, приезжающих в Киев растет сравнительно медленными темпами. За 2001-2010
гг. оно увеличилось на 46% и составило на конец периода 203,4 тыс. чел. [4]. Город посещают
преимущественно туристы из Российской Федерации и стран СНГ. Гораздо скромнее по масштабам
туристопоток из Великобритании, Германии, США, Литвы. В официально проведенных экскурсиях
приняло участие только 65% от общего числа иностранных туристов.
В столице Украины не выполняется комплексная программа по охране архитектурного и
культурного наследия города, наблюдается беспорядочная застройка земель, представляющих особую
историческую ценность (Печерск, Замковая гора, урочище Кожемяки, Софийский заповедник),
происходит сокращение музейных и культурных фондов общегосударственного уровня. Так, в результате варварского незаконного строительства оползнем днепровского склона существенно повреждены
пещеры Киево-Печерской Лавры, а при возведении здания фитнесс-центра просела почва под стеной
собора Св. Софии Киевской. Уничтожаются постройки – башни и капониры – Киевского форта, церкви,
исторические здания 17-19 вв., парки и скверы, разбитые еще в 18-19 вв. Киевские достопримечательности разрушаются и в процесс подготовки города к футбольному чемпионату Евро-2012.
Архитектурный облик столицы Украины существенно пострадал из-за несогласованной коммерческой
застройки исторического ядра.
Итак, эффективность международной деятельности некоммерческих, впрочем, как и большей
части коммерческих, предприятий сферы услуг Киева из-за отсутствия существенных рыночных
преобразований, недостаточного развития частной инициативы и разгосударствления, низкой инвестиционной привлекательности остается невысокой. В результате, тенденции глобализации научной и
культурно-общественной жизни, которая наиболее подвержена таким процессам, проходят в Киеве
очень медленно, неоднозначно, половинчато, с низким коэффициентом результативности. Местная
система науки, культуры и образования остается малоизвестной и неконкурентоспособной на общеевропейском и мировом уровне.
Главным процессом, определяющим развитие сферы материального производства Киева, стала
деиндустриализация. В течение уже достаточно длительного времени наблюдается устойчивое
сокращение удельного веса промышленности в структуре экономики города как по стоимостным
показателям, так и по занятости. За 2000-2010 гг. доля промышленного производства в структуре занятости уменьшилась с 21,4% до 15,6%, а численность занятых в промышленном производстве
сократилась почти на 7 тыс. чел. Однако ошибочно считать эти тенденции проявлением постиндустриализации. Главная причина «сжатия» отраслей промышленности заключается в нарастании
кризисных явлений в производственной среде – заметном недоиспользовании имеющихся мощностей,
250
закрытии многих предприятий из-за невостребованности выпускаемой продукции и резком снижении
объемов рынков сбыта.
За последние годы эффективность промышленного производства украинской столицы резко
упала. Заметно снизились показатели рентабельности, фондовооруженности и фондоотдачи, производительности труда. На большинстве предприятий очень высок уровень физического износа оборудования. Сокращаются капиталовложения на обновление основных фондов и техническую модернизацию производства. Так, в 2010 г. на разработку новых технологий было выделено лишь 28 млн гривен,
что составило 7% от общего объема инновационных затрат в промышленности Киева. В целях снижения
издержек производства привлекаются большие контингенты дешевой и низкоквалифицированной
рабочей силы из пригородной зоны – по предварительным подсчетам около 150-200 тыс. чел. Все эти и
целый ряд других моментов однозначно свидетельствуют о депрессивном состоянии современной
индустрии столицы.
В отраслевой структуре промышленности Киева традиционно преобладает занятость в сфере
машиностроения и металлообработки (почти 31%), пищевой и целлюлозно-бумажной промышленности
(соответственно 14,14 и 11,33%) (табл. 2). Уверенно стабильные показатели занятости демонстрирует
отрасль по производству и распределению электроэнергии, газа и воды (13,9%). Продукция этих
отраслей преимущественно не находит спроса на мировых рынках и используется для внутреннего
потребления. Например, в 2010 г. стоимость экспорта машин и оборудования киевских предприятий
составила всего около 234 млн долл. (5,2% от общего объема продаж), а точных машин и приборов –
всего лишь 32,0 млн долл. (0,7%). Значительная доля в структуре экспорта приходится на
низкотехнологичные товары, не требующих глубокой переработки и значительных инновационных
затрат (например, растительное масло и жиры 14,2% и растительная продукция – 26%).
Увеличение в структуре промышленности города доли занятых в пищевой (14,14%), целлюлозно-бумажной (11,33%) промышленности, а также в электроэнергетике и низкотехнологичной химии
(8,3%) типично для всех украинских городов на современном этапе развития. Такие тенденции объясняются как спецификой рыночных преобразований, так и технико-технологическими и экономическими
особенностями данных отраслей. Минимальные капиталовложения в них оказались наиболее быстро
окупаемыми, что отвечало краткосрочным тактическим целям формирования прибыльности предпринимательства. Стратегически важные же отрасли Украины (машиностроение, в том числе точное
приборостроение, нефтехимия и т.д.), требующие больших объемов капиталовложений на техническое
переоснащение и подготовку кадров, пока не получили должной привлекательности для отечественных
и иностранных инвесторов. Кроме того, проникновение в Украину транснациональных корпораций,
способных оказать содействие и принять участие в модернизации предприятий, блокируется
политической нестабильностью, несовершенством земельного законодательства, высоким уровнем
налогов на предпринимательскую деятельность для иностранных компаний.
Таблица 2
Среднегодовое количество занятых по видам промышленной деятельности в Киеве
Отрасли промышленности
Вся промышленность
Добывающая промышленность
Обрабатывающая промышленность
Металлургия и обработка металлов
Машиностроение
Производство машин и оборудования
Производство электрического и
электронного оборудования
Производство транспортного оборудования
Прочие производства
251
2000 г.
тыс.
181,2
0,5
155,5
5,4
78,6
23,0
24,9
22,6
8,1
%
100,0
0,3
85,8
3,0
43,4
12,7
2010 г.
тыс.
174,7
0,8
149,5
6,4
53,6
16,5
%
100,0
0,46
85,58
3,66
30,68
9,44
13,7
12,5
4,5
18,0
19,1
8,7
10,30
10,93
4,98
Химическая и нефтехимическая промышленность
Деревообрабатывающая промышленность
Целлюлозно-бумажная промышленность, издательское
дело
Легкая промышленность
Пищевая
промышленность
и
переработка
сельскохозяйственной продукции
Другие отрасли
Производство и распределение электроэнергии, газа и
воды
10,2
2,6
5,6
1,4
14,5
3,0
8,30
1,72
12,2
18,4
6,7
10,2
19,8
9,1
11,33
5,21
18,4
9,7
10,2
5,3
24,7
8,5
14,14
4,87
25,2
13,9
24,4
13,97
Источник: [4].
По основным параметрам современный промышленный комплекс столицы Украины не
соответствует высоким международным требованиям и стандартам. Если для мировых городов характерны стремительные тенденции к росту производства инновационной продукции (точных приборов,
электронного оборудования для сферы информации, телекоммуникаций, компьютеров, электронных
компонентов, тонкой химии) [2], то в Киеве остается значительный удельный вес сырьевых, материало-,
трудо- и энергозатратных производств. Новые технологии здесь внедряются преимущественно лишь за
счет приобретения средств производства за рубежом (что составляет свыше 55% от общих инновационных затрат предприятий). А инновации, поставленные киевскими предприятиями на международный рынок, составили лишь 12% от всего объема инновационной продукции города. Преимущественными их потребителями выступают страны СНГ и ближнего зарубежья.
Помимо целого ряда негативных тенденций в развитии хозяйства столицы Украины, важным
фактором, существенно тормозящим процессы интеграции города в глобальное сообщество, остается
как значительная удаленность Киева и страны в целом от главных мировых магистралей экономического взаимодействия, так и недостаточный уровень развития городских коммуникаций и связи.
«Лучом света» на фоне общего застоя в сфере транспорта выглядит активизация воздушного сообщения.
За 2000-2010 гг. объем пассажирских перевозок воздушным транспортом увеличился почти вдвое и
составил 1,5 млн чел. Хотя, подавляющая часть его прироста достигнута за счет налаживания системы
внутренних рейсов, а не международных маршрутов. Из внутригородских транспортных проблем,
наиболее удачно решается проблема развития метрополитена (вероятно, в преддверии чемпионата Евро2012). За последние 2 года, в Киеве было открыто 5 новых станций, в том числе, в совершенно
неосвоенных отдаленных от центра районах. Начала функционировать внутригородская электричка. В
сфере связи наибольший прогресс заключается в распространении и применении сотовых телефонов. В
2010 г. к сети мобильной связи было подключено 11963,5 тыс. абонентов (при среднегодовом населении
Киева в 2676,8 тыс. чел.!) [4]. Но число пользователей Интернетом и кабельным телевидением остается
в городе пока невысоким (соответственно 303 и 597,5 абонентов).
Таким образом, в Киеве постепенно развиваются международно-ориентированные функции,
присущие мировым городам. Этот процесс сопровождается качественным изменением городской среды,
повышением роли столичных предприятий на международной арене, формированием мировой
известности города в деловых кругах и на рынке туристических услуг. Однако это проходит хаотично,
без научно обоснованной программы, с низкой экономической эффективностью. Развитие мировых
функций в Киеве сопровождается нарастанием диспропорций в структуре хозяйства, неупорядоченностью городской застройки и архитектурно-планировочной композиции, усилением транспортнокоммуникационных и экологических проблем. Решение этих вопросов – первоочередная задача на пути
к сбалансированному развитию столицы и ее интеграции в сообщество глобальных городов. При
благоприятных условиях трансформации городского комплекса и при поддержке на государственном
уровне развития международных функций, Киев, безусловно, займет должное место среди столиц
европейского региона.
252
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Гладкий О. В. Наукові основи суспільно-географічних досліджень промислових агломерацій:
Монографія. / Гладкий О. В. ; [наук ред. С. І. Іщук] ; Київський національний університет імені
Тараса Шевченка. – К.: ВГЛ „Обрії”, 2008. – 360 с.
Слука Н. А. Градоцентрическая модель мирового хозяйства. М., 2005.
Слука Н.А. Градоцентрический вектор в развитии мировой системы // Вестник Московского
университета. Серия 5. География. 2006. № 5.
Статистичний щорічник м. Києва 2009 р. СД Версія. – К., Статистика, 2010.
Экономико-географический комплекс крупного города (на примере г. Киева). Киев, 1989.
Henderson V. How urban concentration affects on economic growth? In: «The World Bank development research group». New York, 2000.
Ivanova Radka Petrova
ERP SYSTEMS AS A TOOL FOR INCREASING COMPETITIVENESS
OF MODERN ORGANISATIONS
Introduction
Resource planning in each manufacturing firm represents an important prerequisite for its effective performance and for increasing its competitiveness. The required tool for accomplishing these goals is the application of proper modern methods and systems. The Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems can be defined as
one of these systems according to the contemporary academic and empirical research. Therefore the present paper aims to focus on examining the ERP systems and especially to highlight their advantages and benefits for
application within the process of organizing company activities and management as a whole.
Origin and purpose of ERP
For the stated above paper aims we would point out that the ERP can be defined generally as a way for
information and organization process integration in one single system. According to APICS Dictionary ERP can
be defined as a method for the effective planning and control of all resources and an accounting-oriented information system for indentifying and planning the enterprise wide resources needed to take, make, ship and account for customer orders in manufacturing, distributions or service company92.
From a historical point of view the ERP systems arise as a development of systems for manufacturing
resource planning (MRP II), that were introduced in the manufacturing companies in the early 80-ies of XXcentury. While ERP focus on questions how to plan, shape, measure and increase productivity, the main issues
of MRP II are the following: what to produce, what materials are needed and what the needed quantities are.
Therefore the ERP systems enable planning and shaping the business processes as well as their management at
all levels of the company. One of the benefits of the ERP systems is the fact that they enable linking of the three
management levels, namely93:
92
93
APICS Dictionary. Editors: J. F. Cox III, J. H. Blackstone, Tenth Ed., 2002, p. 39
The Evolution of IT in the manufacturing sector – from ERP and PLM to the systems for management of technologic
processes // CIO, бр. 3, 2006
253
•
Upper management level – through ERP it is possible to model and manage resources and to
analyze the various alternatives for their distribution. On the other hand ERP enables finance planning,
marketing activities and sales;
•
Middle management level – establishing of a production plan, planning of capacity utilization
and material needs (bill of materials);
•
Low management level – planning the supplies for the different working places, including the
tools and establishment of work task, control of manufacturing activities and calculation of production
costs.
As a result of the continuous development of information and Internet technologies, a completely new
organization and management environment has been created, namely Enterprise Resource and Relationship
Processing (ERP II). It enables the use of information resources not only for accomplishing of the internal organization goals but also for development of interrelations with other companies.
Benefits of ERP Systems
We have to emphasize the fact that the ERP systems enable the integration of the traditional manufacturing models MRP II with CAD/ CAM/ CAE and PLM (product life-cycle management) as well as the integration of models for supply chain management (SCM). Each of the mentioned above terms will be further discussed in more detail.
With regards to this we would like to point out that computer-aided design (CAD) aims to create the
needed documentation for mechanical, electrical or electronic products using a specific software, for example in
device construction, machine building, automotive industry, aircraft construction, dental medicine as well as in
architecture, construction engineering, etc.
Concerning computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) computer-based software tools are used to assist engineers and machinists in manufacturing or prototyping product components. Its primary purpose is to create a
faster production process and components with more precise dimensions and material consistency, which in
some cases, uses only the required amount of raw material (thus minimizing waste), while simultaneously reducing energy consumption. CAM is a programming tool that makes it possible to manufacture physical models
using computer-aided design (CAD) programs.
Computer-aided engineering (CAE) or system for engineering analysis enables the use of information
technology as a support tool for engineers in their tasks such as analysis, simulation, design, manufacture, planning, diagnosis, and repair.
Regarding product data management (PDM) it should be mentioned that it represents the use of software or other tools to track and control data related to a particular product. The data tracked usually involves the
technical specifications of the product, specifications for manufacture and development, and the types of materials that will be required to produce the good. The use of product data management enables company to track
the various costs associated with the creation and launch of a product. Product data management is part of product life cycle management, and is primarily used by engineers. As an integration tool connecting many different
areas, PDM manages product data throughout the enterprise, ensuring that the right information is available to
the right person at the right time and in the right form. In this way, PDM improves communication and cooperation among diverse groups, and forms the basis for organizations to restructure their product-development
processes and institute initiatives such as concurrent engineering and collaborative product development.
Concerning product lifecycle management (PLM) we would point out that it represents the process of
managing the entire lifecycle of a product from its conception, through design and manufacture, to service and
disposal. PLM integrates people, data, processes and business systems and provides a product information
backbone for companies and their extended enterprise.
Product lifecycle management is one of the four cornerstones of a corporation's information technology
structure94. All companies need to manage communications and information with their customers (CRM), their
suppliers (SCM), their resources within the enterprise (ERP) and their planning (SDLC). In addition, manufac94
Evans, Mike. "The PLM Debate". Cambashi / http://www.cambashi.com/ research/plm_debate/plm_scm.htm./ accessed
on 07.07.2009
254
turing engineering companies have to develop, describe, manage and communicate information about their
products also.
Moreover, we have to emphasize the fact that the integration is an extremely important part of ERP's.
Actually ERP's main goal is to integrate data and processes from all areas of an organization and unify it for
easy access and work flow. ERP's usually accomplish integration by creating one single database that employs
multiple software modules providing different areas of an organization with various business functions.
Although the ideal configuration would be one ERP system for an entire organization, many larger organizations usually create and ERP system and then build upon the system and external interface for other stand
alone systems which might be more powerful and perform better in fulfilling an organizations needs. Usually
this type of configuration can be time-consuming and does require lots of labour hours.
An ideal ERP system is when a single database is utilized and contains all data for various software
modules. These software modules can include: Manufacturing (some of the functions include; engineering, capacity, workflow management, quality control, bills of material, manufacturing process, etc.); Financials (accounts payable, accounts receivable, fixed assets, general ledger and cash management, etc.); Human Resources
(benefits, training, payroll, time and attendance, etc.); Supply Chain Management (inventory, supply chain
planning, supplier scheduling, claim processing, order entry, purchasing, etc.); Projects (costing, billing, activity
management, time and expense, etc.); Customer Relationship Management (sales and marketing, service, commissions, customer contact, calls center support, etc.); Data Warehouse (usually this is a module that can be accessed by an organizations customers, suppliers and employees).
Before ERP systems, each department in an organization would most likely have their own computer
system, data and database. Unfortunately, many of these systems would not be able to communicate with one
another or need to store or rewrite data to make it possible for cross computer system communication. For instance, the financials of a company were on a separate computer system than the human resources system, making it more intensive and complicated to process certain functions.
Once an ERP system is in place, usually all aspects of an organization can work in harmony instead of
every single system needing to be compatible with each other. For large organizations, the results are the increased productivity and less types of software.
Main Sources of Inefficiency
Having in mind all stated above, we could conclude that introduction of ERP systems aims to eliminate
entirely the following main sources of inefficiency:
•
Overproduction – as a result of applying the philosophy of push production based on forecasting of
sales changes during previous time periods. As a more appropriate principle it is recommended the pull
production principle, that is a production based on the real market needs (lean manufacturing).
•
Time-wasting – due to a lack of synchronization between material supply, information flows, equipment and tools, rather than to achieve a just-in-time organization, that is a resource availability at the
given moment in order to be used for production needs.
•
Problems with transportation – the lack of safety concerning supplies of different resources leads to
excess stock in many companies (available quantities exceed the necessary ones).
•
Removal of “unnecessary” processes that do not add any value but just slow the general production
process and therefore they have to be eliminated, for instance the lack of proper initial production of a
given product requires its return to the production process and its improvement in order to gain the desired quality.
•
Overstock that leads to providing of additional financial resources and respectively diminishes the
free cash-flows and increases the costs for maintenance of stock availabilities and lowers the profitability of financial resources.
•
Defects of goods and services – the customer complaints worsen the company image and require extra resources for coping with them or resources for new production.
255
•
Unnecessary movements that concern the removal of unfinished production from one depot/ store to
another, before entering the next production stage. It results in a greater production time and increase of
total cost of production.
•
Underestimating of human resources – a significant disadvantage of the human resource management is the underestimation of mental, creative and physical abilities of the employees that leads to ineffective workflow operations, including high levels of staff turnover.
Based on the above arguments we would conclude that the introduction of ERP systems in the contemporary manufacturing companies will enable them to improve the ongoing processes and their management as a
whole. However, ERP systems introduction requires serious investments that would be justified with the increased competitiveness of the company. Accomplishing the goals for a higher market share and stronger market positions cannot be done without the use of modern tools and systems.
Conclusion
ERP system represents a group of standardized modules that gather and manage information into a single database. Actually the centralized database is an appropriate tool for analyzing and extracting information,
including advance measures for avoiding mistakes in future. The ERP system spreads over the following fields:
finance, human resources, production, logistics, etc. At the same time it enables the management of customer
orders, stock management and supplies, planning of production schedules, operations management, dispatch
control of production, calculation of production cost, complaint management (claims), project management, financial and accounting activities, sales and documentation flows.
REFERENCES
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Еволюцията на ИТ в производствения сектор – от ERP и PLM до системи за управление на
технологичните процеси // CIO, бр. 3, 2006
Ширлетов, Ал. Гъвкаво производство – японската формула за успеха. // CIO, Технологии, бр. 4,
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APICS Dictionary. Editors J. F. Cox III, J. H. Blackstone, Tenth Ed., 2002
Crow, K. Product Data Management/Product Information Management. DRM Associates//
http://www.npd-solutions.com/pdm.html accessed on 07.07.2009
Evans, M. The PLM Debate. Cambashi //http://www.cambashi.com/research/ plm_debate/plm_scm.htm.
/ accessed on 07.07.2009
http://www.balkanservices.com/ accessed on 04.07.2009
Ivanova Radka Petrova
ERP SYSTEMS AS A TOOL FOR INCREASING COMPETITIVENESS
OF MODERN ORGANISATIONS
SUMMARY
Resource planning represents a necessary but not a sufficient condition for the competitiveness of an organisation, regardless of its scope of activity. The purpose of the paper is to disclose the need for applying the
modern information systems for planning such as the ERP systems. These systems provide the integration of
traditional production systems MRP II with CAD / CAM / CAE and PDM. As a result, it is achieved the realization of the concept of product life-cycle management (PLM). ERP systems enable the planning and modelling
of business processes, their management at all levels of the company as well as the development of relations and
cooperation with other organisations.
256
Кондрашов И.Н.
ИНТЕГРАЦИЯ ФИНАНСОВОГО СЕКТОРА И БАНКОВСКОЙ СИСТЕМЫ РЕСПУБЛИКИ
КАЗАХСТАН В УСЛОВИЯХ ГЛОБАЛИЗАЦИИ
Глобализация - естественный экономический процесс, направленный на нивелирование экономических границ между странами, путем экспансии экономических и финансовых структур. Экономическая глобализация приводит к положительным факторам таким как: уравниванию цен и обеспечению
свободного доступа к ресурсам. Но с другой стороны имеет и негативные последствия: МСБ принуждается к кооперации (слиянию), в виду не конкурентоспособности, падение рентабельности производственных комплексов отдельных регионов и стран. При этом экономическая ситуация в ведущих странах
оказывает влияние на другие государства и их экономику диктуя условия и «правила» для мировой
модели экономики с учетом своих интересов. Данный процесс требует стандартизации и адаптации в
общемировых масштабах национальных экономических и финансовых политик для обеспечения
стабильного мирового экономического развития. Так же глобализация отражает степень экономической
взаимозависимости, где каждая из стран, «теряя суверенитет», не в состоянии эффективно решить свои
экономические проблемы самостоятельно.
Следовательно, становиться невозможным, рассуждать о процессе глобализации как о сугубо
положительном, либо негативном процессе. Это сложный процесс, который требуют вмешательства со
стороны государства с целью организации сбалансированного мирового экономического института. На
мой взгляд, на данный момент в мировом масштабе еще нет прочного фундамента для единой мировой
экономики, в абсолютном понимании этого термина, в виду сильного дифференцирования уровня
развития отдельно взятых экономик и все еще имеющей место быть экономической безответственности
развитых стран по отношению к развивающимся странам. Но, тем не менее, формируя прочную основу,
мировое экономическое сообщество прикладывает упорные усилия к созданию единой сбалансированной экономики, по средствам учреждения глобализационных механизмов и инструментов, таких как
ВТО.
Еще в 1995 году была основана Всемирная Торговая Организация (ВТО) которая является своего
рода преемницей Генерального соглашения по тарифам и торговле (ГАТТ), которое в течение почти 50
лет регулировало мировую торговлю через механизм сдерживания односторонних действий,
представляя правовую основу многостороннего товарообмена.
Система принятых и действующих сегодня в мировой торговле правил развивалась в процессе
проведения в рамках ГАТТ серий торговых переговоров (раундов). На первых раундах в основном
обсуждались вопросы сокращения тарифов. Позднее переговоры охватили другие области, такие как
антидемпинг и нетарифные меры. Последний раунд (1986 — 1994 годы), известный как “Уругвайский”,
привел к созданию ВТО, значительно расширив сферу действия ГАТТ и распространив ее на торговлю
услугами и торговые аспекты прав интеллектуальной собственности. Таким образом, механизм ГАТТ
был усовершенствован и адаптирован к современному этапу развития торговли.
Кроме того, являясь международной организацией, система ГАТТ формально такой не признавалась, а
ВТО получила юридический статус специализированного учреждения системы ООН.
ВТО — это и организация, и одновременно комплекс правовых документов, своего рода многосторонний торговый договор, определяющий права и обязанности правительств в сфере международной
торговли товарами и услугами. Правовую основу ВТО составляют ГАТТ и Соглашение по торговым
аспектам прав интеллектуальной собственности (ТРИПС). Соглашения ВТО ратифицировались парламентами всех стран-участниц.
Основные задачи ВТО — либерализация международной торговли, обеспечение ее справедливости и предсказуемости, содействие экономическому росту и повышению экономического благосостояния людей
257
Что касается финансового сектора, то среди основных положений ВТО наиболее важными
являются следующие:
• обеспечение права фирм, действующих в финансовом секторе, учреждать филиалы и дочерние
структуры в странах-участницах;
• предоставление этим фирмам национального режима;
• свободная межстрановая торговля финансовыми услугами и свободное передвижение персонала,
занятого в этой отрасли.
Вступление в силу пятого протокола ГАТТ окажет, таким образом, значительное влияние на
развитие мировых финансовых рынков, поскольку речь в нем идет о снятии существующих барьеров и
свободном допуске иностранных конкурентов в национальные банковские, страховые и фондовые
секторы экономики.
В рамках этого соглашения США аннулировали режим наиболее благоприятствуемой
национальной торговле финансовыми услугами и приняли обязательство по допуску фирм на рынок и
их национальному режиму (что означает отсутствие дискриминации иностранных фирм по отношению
к отечественным).
По договоренности между участниками соглашения ратификация документа большинством
участников закончилась 29 января 1999 г., и с 1 марта 1999 г. он вступил в силу. При этом, однако,
десять участников оказались не готовы к ратификации, и им был предоставлен дополнительный срок
для урегулирования процедурных формальностей до 15 июня 1999 г.
Следует отметить, однако, что уже сейчас на долю фирм стран - участниц протокола приходится
свыше 95% мирового финансового рынка. Величина суммарных активов банковского сектора
оценивается в 40000 млрд. долл. На долю указанных компаний приходится:
• емкость фондового рынка - 17800 млрд. долл.;
• объем первичных коммерческих займов - 38000 млрд. долл.;
• емкость страхового рынка - 2200 млрд. долл.;
• ежедневный оборот по валютообменным сделкам в 1 трлн. долл. (по данным
МБР и Секретариата ВТО).
Пятый протокол ГАТТ остается открытым для подписания всеми странами - членами ВТО.
Участники соглашения уже значительно либерализовали свои финансовые рынки. Так, США разрешили
покупку национальных банков иностранцами, Евросоюз предоставил свободный доступ на рынок и
национальный режим экспортерам финансовых услуг, Швейцария отказалась от некоторых дискриминационных требований, Бразилия снизила степень государственного вмешательства в банковский
сектор.
Как и для всех остальных сегментов мирового рынка, охваченных соглашениями ВТО, либерализация торговли финансовыми услугами не означает полной отмены существующих на них
ограничений. Каждая страна, подписавшая Пятый протокол по финансовым услугам, сохранила в своем
законодательстве ограничения на деятельность иностранных участников финансового рынка в целях
защиты национальных производителей.
Однако следует отметить, что степень открытия рынка варьируется от страны к стране в
соответствии с видением правительствами потребностей национальных производителей финансовых
услуг. Каждая страна выбирала свой путь движения финансового сектора к ВТО, отстаивая при этом
национальные интересы. И как показывает мировая практика, до вступления в ВТО сохранение запрета
на учреждение филиалов иностранных банков существовало в ряде развитых стран. Так, в Японии было
запрещено создавать филиалы иностранных банков на национальном рынке банковских услуг. Их
учреждение было ограничено также в ряде других развитых стран - Швейцарии, Австрии, Новой
Зеландии, Финляндии, Швеции, Норвегии. В Исландии для создания филиала необходимо было
специальное государственное решение. Таким образом, ограничения на перечень разрешенных операций, осуществляемых иностранными банками на национальном рынке услуг, носят универсальный
характер и относятся ко многим индустриально и финансово развитым государствам. Так, в Австралии
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филиалам иностранных банков запрещалось привлекать депозиты на национальном рынке банковских
услуг. В Великобритании для нерезидентов был ограничен доступ к операциям, связанным с
потребительским кредитованием. В развивающихся странах, например, Бразилии, нерезиденты были
допущены только к приему депозитов, кредитованию всех видов, лизинговым операциям, торговле на
денежном, валютном рынке, оказанию депозитарных, консультационных услуг и др. В Индии сфера
деятельности иностранных банков ограничивалась обслуживанием туризма и кредитованием предприятий, занятых во внешней торговле. В государствах с переходной экономикой, например, Китае, нерезиденты были допущены только к строго определенному перечню операций на национальном рынке,
который устанавливался Народным банком Китая. В ряде развивающихся стран учреждение филиалов
нерезидентами было запрещено законодательно. Среди них: Иран, Кувейт, Таиланд, Пакистан,
Бразилия, Ангола, Бенин, Египет, Габон, Сенегал. В странах с переходной экономикой, за исключением
стран Центральной и Восточной Европы, государство предпочитало сохранять запрет или ограничения
на регистрацию филиалов иностранных банков. Такой позиции придерживаются страны СНГ: Россия,
Украина, Беларусь, Узбекистан, Казахстан. В странах Содружества, которые уже присоединились к
ВТО, данный запрет отсутствует. Это - Молдова, Армения, Кыргызстан, Грузия. В последнее время в
результате развития процесса глобализации, интеграции национальных экономик в систему
мирохозяйственных связей под влиянием ВТО усиливается тенденция доступа иностранного капитала
на национальные финансовые рынки. Опыт ведущих стран мира показывает, что приток иностранных
инвестиций оказывает в общем положительное влияние на банковскую систему, усиливает конкуренцию
на национальном рынке банковских услуг, особенно в сфере кредитования, улучшает качество
финансовых инструментов и предоставляемых услуг. Так, благодаря иностранным банкам в западноевропейских государствах получили широкое распространение новые виды финансовых инструментов и
услуг - кредиты с плавающей процентной ставкой, синдицированные кредиты, а также банковские
акцепты. В Канаде ограничения на деятельность иностранных финансовых институтов следующие:
финансовые институты, деятельность которых регулируется государством, и капитал которых
превышает 750 млн. долл., обязаны в течение пяти лет после превышения этого уровня вынести 35%
голосующих акций для широкого листинга и продажи на канадской фондовой бирже; иностранные
банки обязаны регистрировать дочерний банк в Канаде для развития национального рынка; открытие
более одного дочернего банка иностранной финансовой структуры возможно только при наличии
разрешения Министерства финансов Канады; ни одно лицо (резидент или нерезидент) может владеть
пакетом не более чем 10% любых акций вышеописанных банков; существуют ограничения и на
региональном уровне, так, дилеры и брокеры, оперирующие в Канаде акциями иностранных компаний,
обязаны быть зарегистрированы в Канаде, определенная часть членов совета директоров филиалов
иностранных трастовых компаний обязана состоять из граждан Канады. В Норвегии процесс
либерализации также усилил конкуренцию в национальном банковском секторе, стимулировал рост
эффективности национальных банков, привел к значительному притоку зарубежных кредитных
ресурсов на местный рынок. В Швеции либерализация доступа иностранного капитала привела к
обострению конкуренции в банковском секторе, росту объемов кредитования, улучшению деятельности
местных банковских институтов, увеличению степени концентрации капитала. В государствах с
переходной экономикой влияние либерализации на эффективность банковского сектора и национальной
экономики было неоднородно. В Китае и отдельных европейских странах экспансия иностранного
капитала оказала умеренно положительное влияние на эффективность банковского сектора и
национальной экономики. В отдельных странах Центральной и Восточной Европы, - таких как
Хорватия, Словакия, Словения и Чехия, экспансия иностранного капитала привела к росту эффективности банковского сектора в целом. У них после активного расширения присутствия иностранных
банков наблюдался рост капитализации, открытости, надежности банковской системы, возврат доверия
населения. Правда, в Венгрии, Латвии и Литве либерализация не вызвала роста эффективности. В
Болгарии, Румынии, Польше и Эстонии увеличение доли иностранного капитала в банковском секторе
привело к сокращению эффективности. Что касается влияния на национальную экономику, то эффект
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был нейтральным. Как мы видим, картина достаточно пестрая, многое зависит от уровня устойчивости и
развитости национальной финансовой системы каждой страны и степени готовности к международной
интеграции. Если же рассматривать систему коммерческих банков РК, то на данный момент ее
представляют 38 банков, в числе которых: 16 иностранных и 22 казахстанских. На «первые» десять
банков (первый эшелон) приходится 90,16% совокупных активов при этом в шести крупнейших банках
Казахстана аккумулировано 77,6% совокупных банковских активов РК, а также 83% совокупного
ссудного портфеля. Оставшиеся 28мь банков владеют всего лишь 9,8% от совокупных активов.
Наиболее динамичными, тем не менее, являются банки второго эшелона занимающих 11-20 места по
размерам активов и примерно половину, которых составляют иностранные банки
Средние и малые банки за период кризиса показывали в целом постоянный рост активов и
кредитования. Так, с начала 2008 года, когда рост лидеров прекратился, активы второго эшелона
выросли на 44,6%, а активы третьего эшелона увеличились в 2,27 раза. Эффект низкой базы будет и
дальше оказывать влияние на показатели малых банков на фоне необходимости реального сектора
экономики в кредитных средствах. И как можно заметить, существует угроза для казахстанских банков
(за исключением первого эшелона) со стороны иностранных.
Таким образом, возникает ряд вопросов: Каковы перспективы финансового сектора и банковской
системы Казахстана в условиях грядущей экспансии иностранного капитала? Сможет ли наша
финансовая система выдержать жесткую конкуренцию и гармонично интегрироваться в международное
финансовое пространство?
Казахстану удалось создать достаточно устойчивую и стабильную финансовую систему,
последовательно развивать страховые, фондовые, пенсионные и банковские сегменты финансового
рынка. Капитализация казахстанской банковской системы составляет порядка 7 млрд. долларов США.
Активы банков превышают 50 млрд. долларов США. По уровню отношения активов банков второго
уровня к ВВП мы достигли показателей многих стран Центральной и Восточной Европы. Поэтому,
ожидается умеренно положительное влияние на развитие финансового сектора страны вступление
Казахстана в ВТО. Активность иностранного капитала будет расти по мере повышения прозрачности
экономики, улучшения правовой инфраструктуры, изменения других качественных экономических и
политических параметров в стране. Вместе с тем, внешние факторы - такие, как параметры роста рынка,
платежеспособность населения, степень конкуренции, законодательные и регулятивные рамки, другие
макроэкономические и политические условия, конечно, будут нести результат-определяющую роль, как
присуще любому спектру рыночной экономики, отличие разве что в масштабе и специфике сектора.
С другой стороны, можно заметить, что повышение конкурентоспособности казахстанских
банков, в первую очередь, зависит от них самих. Казахстанским банкам предстоит улучшить корпоративное управление, увеличить капитализацию, повысить до мировых стандартов банковский менеджмент, внедрить передовые банковские технологии и повысить культуру обслуживания клиентов. А так
же в виду сложившейся ситуации, скорее всего, в ближайшее время банковскую систему РК ждет
реструктуризация, в виде слияния банков и поглощение банками первого эшелона. Только при такой
реструктуризации коммерческие банки, да и в общем понимании национальная банковская система,
смогут выдержать натиск конкуренции иностранных банков.
Мы не первые, кто сталкивается с необходимостью либерализации финансового сектора страны
в связи с вступлением в ВТО. Мир накопил достаточно богатый опыт интеграции в международное
финансовое пространство. В подавляющем большинстве стран каждый шаг к либерализации
национального рынка банковских услуг являлся логичным результатом определенных макроэкономических и политических тенденций в стране.
Kondrashov Ivan
THE INTEGRATION OF THE FINANCIAL SECTOR AND BANKING SYSTEM OF THE
REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN IN CONTEXT OF GLOBALIZATION
260
SUMMARY
The article considers issues of globalization of the financial sector and banking system of the Republic
of Kazakhstan through WTO as an instrument of globalization. Also in the article discusses the experience entry
into the WTO of foreign countries with developing and transition economies.
leila mamulaSvili
L nino liparteliani
saerTaSoriso donoridonori-sakredito organizaciebis
organizaciebis
saqmianoba saqarTveloSi
saqarTveloSi
saqarTvelom demokratiisa da sabazro ekonomikis principebis damkvidrebis
grZel gzaze mravali saerTaSoriso donori organizaciis finansuri da inteleqtualuri daxmareba miiRo. saqarTvelos kategoriis qveynebSi swored demokratiisa
da sabazro principebis damkvidreba aris im 5 saerTaSoriso donori organizaciis
saqmianobis ZiriTadi mimarTuleba, romlebmac saqarTvelosTan ramdenimewliani urTierTobis manZilze miliardobiT dolari daxarjes da es Tanxebi Semdegi mimarTulebebiT ganawilda:
msoflio banki da ganviTarebis
saerTaSoriso asociacia
evrogaerTianeba
soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis
saerTaSoriso fondi
saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi
evropis rekonstruqciisa da
ganviTarebis banki
1,417 mlrd lari / 837,557 mln $
134,418 mln lari / 82,846 mln $
18,332 mln lari / 11,298 mln $
406,393 mln lari / 250,473 mln $
41,402 mln lari / 25,517 mln $
saerTaSoriso savaluto fondTan TanamSromloba saqarTvelom gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi daiwyo. fondma saqarTvelosaTvis 250,473 milioni aSS
dolaris finansuri resursi gamoyo. es Tanxa, tranSebis saxiT, saqarTvelos erovnul banks da qveynis savaluto rezervebis gamyarebas xmardeboda. fondisagan miRebuli finansuri resursis gastumreba saqarTvelom momavali 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi,
2017 wlamde unda uzrunvelyos.
evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis banki (EBRD). saqarTvelom evropis
rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis bankTan TanamSromloba 1996 wlidan daiwyo. EBRDis pirveli proeqti saqarTveloSi iyo im droisaTvis qveyanaSi moqmedi “absolut
bankisaTvis” 5 milioni dolaris odenobis kerditis gacema. dReisaTvis evrobanki
ramdenime qarTuli komerciuli bankis aqcioneria.
gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia. gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis programa (UNFD) saqarTveloSi Semovida 1993 wels. gaeros ganviTarebis programa daxmarebebs warmarTavs prioritetul sferoSi da proeqtebs ramdenime sferoSi axorcielebs:
261
gaeros bavSvTa fondi (UNICEF). ganaxorciela daxmareba iseT mniSvnelovan
sakiTxebSi, rogorebicaa bavSvTa uflebebis dacva, bavSvTa jandacvis uzrunvelyofisa da ganaTlebis xelSewyoba.
gaeros mosaxleobis fondi (UNFPA.) ganaxorciela programebi Semdegi
mimarTulebiT: reproduqciuli janmrTeloba, demografiuli problemebis analizi,
dagegmva da sxv.
gaeros qalTa ganviTarebis fondi (UNIFEM) saqmianobs da ganaxorciela daxmareba iseT sferoSi, rogoricaa genderuli uflebebis dacva da genderuli Zaladobis aRmofxvra.
gaeros msoflio jandacvis organizacia (WHO) saqmianobda Semdegi mimarTulebebiT: epidemiebis aRmofxvra, jandacvis ganviTarebis xelSemwyobi programebis
ganxorcieleba.
msoflio banki.
saqarTvelo msoflio bankis wevri 1992 wels gaxda, saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis asociaciis (IDA) _ 1993 wels, xolo saerTaSoriso korporaciis (IFC) _ 1995
wels. msoflio banki grantebs da kreditebs, ZiriTadad, am ori finansuri institutis meSveobiT axorcielebs.
adamianuri ganviTarebis xelSewyoba da socialuri dacva. mTavari yuradReba
gamaxvilebulia saxelmwifo seqtoris mxardaWeraze iseT sferoebSi, rogoricaa
ganaTleba, jandacva, socialuri dacva, maT Soris, sapensio uzrunvelyofa das sxv.
saxelmwifo samsaxuris efeqtianobis gaumjobeseba. es aris efeqtiani, angariSvaldebuli da sando saxelmwifo institutebis Camoyalibebis xelSewyoba.
2005 wlis oqtomberSi msoflio bankma daamtkica saqarTvelosTan partniorobis strategia (CPS), romelic 2005-2009 wlebze iyo gaTvlili, ZiriTadad socialuri
momsaxurebis gaumjobeseba. milionobiT adamianma isargebla 400-mde skolis, samedicino da kulturuli dawesebulebebis, sairigacio sistemebis, wyalgayvanilobis,
gzebisa da xidebis aRdgenisa da reabilitaciis Sedegad. ganxorcielda municipaluri ganviTarebis fondis proeqtis farglebSi.
kerZo biznesis ganviTarebis xelSewyoba. moziduli iqna axali teqnologiebi,
ris Sedegadac gaizarda gayidvebi da eqsporti, Seiqmna 1,500 axali samuSao adgili.
sasamarTlo reformebis proeqti. mniSvnelovnad gaizarda mosaxleobis informirebuloba qveyanaSi moqmedi sasamarTlo sistemebis moRvaweobisa da moqalaqeTa
uflebebis Sesaxeb.
miwis kerZo bazris Camoyalibeba. msoflio bankisa da agraruli ganviTarebis
saerTaSoriso fondis erToblivi mxardaWeriT ganxorcielebuli ganviTarebis
proeqtis meSveobiT Seiqmna kerZo miwis bazari.
fondi aTaswleulis gamowveva saqarTvelos (MCG). aTaswleulis gamowveva
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobis specialuri programaa, romelsac aSS-is
samTavrobo organizacia _ aTaswleulis gamowvevis korporacia axorcielebs. programis mizania, daxmareba gauwios ganviTarebad qveynebs siRaribis daZlevasa da
ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi. programaSi monawileobisa da dafinansebisaTvis arCeulia
iseTi qveynebi (sul 41 saxelmwifo), sadac xorcieldeba mmarTvelobiTi sistemis,
siRaribis daZlevis, ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofis, ganaTlebisa da
jandacvaSi investirebisa da korufciis winaaRmdeg brZolaze orientirebuli reformebi. aTaswleulis gamowvevis programis SemuSavebisa da ganxorcielebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT saqarTvelos mTavrobam Seqmna sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli
piri “fondi _ aTaswleulis gamowveva saqarTvelos”.
262
2005 wlis agvistoSi aSS aTaswleulis korporaciis direqtorTa sabWom
daamtkica saqarTvelos xuTwliani, 29.5.3 mln dolaris Rirebulebis sagranto programa. programa oficialurad Sevida ZalaSi 2006 wlis 6 aprils.
komponenti I. regionuli infrastruqturis reabilitacia
proeqti 1. samcxe-javaxeTis reabilitacia. 102.2 mln dolaris Rirebulebis
proeqtis farglebSi dafinansda samcxe-javaxeTis mTavari gzis daaxloebiT 245 kilometris reabilitacia da mSenebloba. gzis marSrutia: TeleTi-koda-walka, walkaninowminda, axalqalaqi-ninowminda-somxeTis sazRvari da monakveTi TurqeTis sazRvramde, agreTve, xerTvisi-varZia.
proeqti 2. energoseqtoris reabilitacia. 49.5 milioniani proeqti miznad isaxavda CrdilosomxeTis mimarTulebis magistraluri gazsadenis reabilitacias da
energetikis saministrosaTvis teqnikuri daxmarebis uzrunvelyofas.
proeqti 3. regionuli infrastruqturis ganviTareba. 60 milioniani proeqtis
farglebSi dafinansda regionebSi wylisa da sakanalizacio meurneobebis, irigaciis,
adgilobrivi gzebisa da sayofacxovrebo narCenebis fizikuri infrastruqturis ganviTareba. aRsaniSnavia, rom dafinansdeba mxolod saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli
infrastruqtura.
komponenti II. sawarmoTa ganviTareba
proeqti 1. saqarTvelos regionuli ganviTarebis fondi. 32.5 milioniani proeqti mcire da saSualo kerZo sawarmoebs (ZiriTadad, Tbilisis gareT) uzrunvelyofs
grZelvadiani sarisko kapitaliTa da teqnikuri daxmarebiT. fondis saqmianobis prioritetuli seqtorebia soflis meurneoba da turizmi. fondi, ZiriTadad, mepaieobaze
iyo dafuZnebuli da investiciebisa da SeRavaTiani sesxebis saSualebiT muSaobda.
proeqti 2. agrobiznesis ganviTareba. 15 milionis Rirebulebis proeqti grantebiT, teqnikuri, teqnologiuri da informaciuli daxmarebiT uzrunvelyofda fermerebsa da mcire agrobiznesebs.
amerikis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagento (USAID).
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagento (USIAD),
federaluri saagento, romelic aSS-is mier ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis ekonomikur
daxmarebas msoflio masStabiT axorcielebs. saagento mraval qveyanas exmareba siRaribis daZlevaSi, demokretiuli da ekonomikuri reformebis ganxorcielebaSi, Tavisufali sabazro ekonomikis damkvidrebisa da stiqiuri Sedegebis aRmofxvraSi. 1992
wlidan humanitaruli daxmarebisa da ganviTarebis programebisaTvis (USAID)-ma
saqarTvelos 774 milioni dolari gamouyo.
saqarTveloSi USAID-ma programebi ramdenime mimarTulebiT ganaxorciela. es
mimarTulebebia:
ekonomikuri zrda; energetika da garemos dacva; demokratia da mmarTveloba;
jandacva da socialuri ganviTareba.
biznesgaremos reforma. proeqtma xel Seuwyo mewarmeebisaTvis administraciuli barieris Semcirebas. kerZod, Semcirda licenziebis da nebarTvebis raodenoba da
gamartivda maTi gacemis procedura, SemoRebulia erTi sarkmlis principi. am miznebis uzrunvelsayofad proeqti muSaobs registraciis sistemis (maT Soris, adgilobrivis) gamartivebis xelSewyobaze.
sagadasaxado da sabaJo administraciis gaumjobeseba. faqtobrivad, es aris
biznesgaremos proeqtis fiskaluri komponenti, romelic xels uwyobs sagadasaxado
da sabaJo administraciebis maregulirebeli, proceduruli da administraciuli
funqciebis gaumjobesebas.
263
agraruli reformis mxardaWera. proeqti ganxorcielda im mizniT, rom gaZlierebuliyo soflis meurneobis saministros analitikuri SesaZleblobebi da gazrdiliyo politikis warmarTvis efeqtianoba, momzadebuliyo sursaTisa da agraruli
politikis erovnuli strategia da ganxorcielebuliyo sursaTis uvneblobis kanonmdebloba, raTa xeli Seewyos momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvas da gaizardos
qveynis saeqsporto potenciali.
agraruli produqtiulobis gazrda da saqarTvelos eqsportis xelSewyoba.
USAID-is partniorma PAP Consulting gaerTianebuli sadistribucio energokompaniis
marTva da menejmenti ganaxorciela. garda amisa, USAID msoflio bankTan da germaniis ganviTarebis bankTan (KfW) TanamSromlobs aRricxvianobis sistemis srulyofisa
da ganviTarebis mimarTulebiT.
energetikis saministros sakonsultacio momsaxureba.
USAID ganaxorciela energetikis saministros sakonsultacio momsaxureba Tavisi partniori Core International-is meSveobiT. proeqtis mizani iyo, xeli Seewyo saministros arsebuli resursebisa da institutebis efeqtian marTvaSi.
soflis energoresursebze xelmisawvdomobis gaumjobeseba. soflis energoprograma ganxorcielda USAID-is partniori Winrock Internetional-is meSveobiT. programa
xels uwyobda 40 raionis eleqtromomaragebis gaumjobesebas.
2008 wlis agvistos movlenebis Semdeg saqarTvelos daxmarebis survili
bevrma saerTaSoriso organizaciam gamoTqva, maTi arasruli CamonaTvali ase gamoiyureba:
_ aSS-m saqarTvelos gamouyo 1 miliardi finansuri daxmareba humanitaruli
saWiroebebisa da qveyanaSi mimdinare aRdgeniTi samuSaoebisaTvis;
_ evrokavSiris saerTaSoriso donorTa konferenciaze aSS-m saqarTvelos dasaxmareblad damatebiT waradgina 5 miliard aSS $ moculobis ekonomikuri paketi;
_ evrokavSirma saqarTvelosTvis gamoyo miliardi $ qveynis ekonomikis
aRdgenisaTvis;
_ msoflio bankma saqarTvelos gamouyo 350 mln aSS $ ;
_ saerTaSoriso savaluto fondma 750 mln aSS $ ;
_ didma britaneTma saqarTvelos gamouyo 2 mln funti;
_ ukrainis mTavrobam saqarTvelos gamouyo 10 mln aSS $ infrastruqturis
aRsadgenad;
_ mosaxleobis ganviTarebis evropis saparlamento forumma saqarTvelos
gamouyo 600 aTasi aSS $, romelic rusuli agresiis Sedegad iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli mosaxleobis samedicino gamokvlevebze daixarja da a.S.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
vladimer papava. saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi saqarTveloSi: miRwevebi da
Secdomebi. Tbilisi, 2000.
vladimer papava.
saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi da postkomunisturi
papava
saqarTvelo. Tbilisi, 2002.
daviT iakobiZe. saqarTvelo da msoflio finansuri krizisi. Tbilisi, 2009.
ilaSvili revaz. finansuri bazari da saerTaSoriso savaluto-sakredito
urTierTobebi. Tbilisi, 2008.
saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis misia saqarTveloSi. Tbilisi, 2010.
internetresursebi:
www.imf.ge, www.mfa.gov.ge , www.nplg.gov.ge , www.georgian.irib.ir
264
Mamulashvili Leila
Liparteliani Nino
THE ACTIVITY OF INTERNATIONAL DONOR-CREDIT
ORGANIZATIONS IN GEORGIA
SUMMARY
Georgia has received many international donor organizations, financial and intellectual support. These
funds are distributed in the following areas: The World Bank and Development International Association of
GEL 1.417 billion/$837.557 million Euro 134.418 / $ 82.846 million.
Rural Development International Fund for 18.332 million / $ 11.298 million. The International Monetary Fund 406.393 million / $ 250.473 million European Bank for Reconstruction and Development Bank of
41.402 million / $ 25.517 million.
USAID programs in Georgia is conducted in several areas. These are: Economic growth, Energy and
Environment, Democracy and Governance, Health and Social Development.
Silagadze Nodar
STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT OF BANKING SYSTEM
IN GEORGIA
History of Georgian banking system is quite vast. Evolution process of development of Georgian banking system is conditionally divided into three stages: first stage – 1875-1919; second stage – 1991-1996 and
third stage since 1996 to date.
The first stage was preceded by an interesting history of credit business. Namely, best conditions for
formation of trade and credit organizations was created in the XI century. In the XII-XIII centuries a broad credit-trading union named Ortag (deriving from Turkish word “Ortak” meaning partnership, association) was
functioning in Tbilisi. In the XVII-XVIII centuries, and in the 80’ of the XIX century, 85 credit institutions,
money exchange-credit units and mints were functioning (G. Tsaava. Banking. Tbilisi, 2005. pg. 32-33). In
1810 Public Care Administration (“Prikaz”, from 1849 Trans-Caucasian “Prikaz”) was founded as a credit organization. It issued credits (under 6% profit) based on real estate mortgaging. Amount of credit should not have
exceed more than half of the cost of the mortgaged property (Georgian Encyclopedia, vol. 2, pg. 192-193).
First stage of development of Georgian banking system starts with the foundation of the Tbilisi Estate
Bank by Ilia Chavchavadze in 1875 and finishes with the creation of State Bank of Georgia in 1919. An important event was also foundation of Kutaisi Estate Bank in 1876 (Besarion Gogoberidze - Chairman of Bank Management). The bank existed till 1921. Year of 1919 was of great importance in the evolution process of development of Georgian banking system (http://www.forum.ali.ge-09.04.2011). Till this period there was no independent central bank that would manage and regulate banking system in Democratic Republic of Georgia. Its
functions were carried out by Tbilisi Department of former Russian Empire Bank, which seized all ties with the
Empire Bank from 1917 October. On December 31, 1919 Meeting of Founder of the Republic of Georgia
passed a law “on founding a state bank” (enclosed with the Statute). Central Bank was named as State Bank of
Georgia. The law determined purpose, structure, statute capital and rights and obligations of the bank as an
265
authority implementing national monetary-credit policy and regulating banking system. Amount (50 million
Rubles) required for the foundation of the Bank should have been allocated by the Treasury and gained profit
would have remained in the Bank; the Bank was managed by the Administration and a Council. Members of
Administration were appointed for 3 years and the Manager as well as the Council with its 12 members were
elected by the Parliament. Decisions by the Council were reinforced by the Administration (Collection of legal
acts of Democratic Republic of Georgia (1918-1921), Tbilisi, 1990, pg. 327-355). Meeting of Founders
(16.03.1920) appointed Iase Lortkipanidze, an outstanding financier as a Administrator of State Bank of Georgia and Nikoloz Eliava as a Chairman (T. Atanelishvili. Economic Reforms in the Democratic Republic of
Georgia. Tbilisi, TSU Publishing”, 2006, pg. 101-102).
Main principles of bank legislation of Democratic Republic of Georgia corresponded to the challenges
of time and it’s not occasional that many of them (independence of central bank from the government, two-level
system of bank management, cash emission and right of exclusive operation of monetary-credit policy ) is expressed in modern banking legislation of Georgia.
Thus, first stage of development of Georgian banking system was finished with the creation of State
Bank of Georgia in 1919.
After forceful introduction of soviet rule in Georgia (February 25, 1921), State Bank of Georgia seized
its existence as it was expected. Afterwards, banking was conducted in entire frames of the USSR: functions of
central bank were carried out by People’s Bank of Soviet Socialistic Republic of Georgia – one of the branches
of the State Bank founded in October 1921 in Russia. Its activities were considerably limited, as common directory-administrative system restricted area of independent activities of banks. The situation did not change until
the beginning of the 90’ when Georgia declared independence.
Second stage of the development of banking system (1991-1996) started after the declaration of independence of Georgia, when all soviet structures was declared as state property, including State Bank which
served as a foundation for National Bank of the Republic of Georgia. Banking legislation of that time was incomplete and the country had no clear chances to develop without independent monetary-credit system. One of
the most important moves of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Georgia was the adoption of the following
laws in August 02, 1991: laws “concerning national bank”, “concerning Banks and banking”, “concerning Monetary-Credit
Regulations”
(http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:KB2qPZ2qPZGwFroJ:www.parliament.ge/index).
Adoption of such laws was indeed a progressive event but they had some deficiencies. For example, these laws
poorly regulated banking process and national bank’s influential mechanisms on development, activities and
liquidity of commercial banks. Order dated August 12, 1994 by the President of Georgia concerning “improvement of banking system in Georgia” (http://www.google.ge/search?hl=ka&source=hp&biw=690&bih) implied
formation of two-level banking system. According to the order, for the purpose of regulating cash provision,
accounts of the Ministry of Finance were transferred to the National Bank and the function of direct payment to
the clients were transferred from the National Bank to commercial banks. Additionally, legal status of the National Bank of Georgia was defined by Georgian Constitution (http://www.google.ge Constitution of Georgia,
24.08.1995 article 95-96). Rights and obligations, rules of activities and guarantee of independence of the National Bank was defined by organic law “concerning National Bank of the Republic of Georgia”
(http://www.parliament.ge Banking. “Law on National Bank of the republic of Georgia” 23.06.1995) passed on
June 23, 1995 by the Parliament of the Republic of Georgia. Business of commercial banks was regulated by
Georgian law “concerning activities of Commercial Banks” dated February 3, 1996 (176 – II s)
(www.Parliament.ge Banking 2001-02-09). By this period process of privatization of former state-commercial
banks was over.
Thus, in 1996 two-level banking system was finally formed in Georgia placing end to second stage of
development of Georgian banking system.
Third stage of the development of Georgina banking system (since 1996 to date) can be characterized
with relevantly stable development nevertheless two (1998 and in 2008) world financial crises. Unfortunately,
some measures were taken to loosen supervisory functions of the National Bank, but afterwards, this policy was
266
rejected. In September 24, 2009 the Parliament of Georgia enacted a new organic law “concerning National
Bank of Georgia” (www.parliament.ge Banking. Georgia’s organic law “concerning National Bank”. No. 1676II s., September 24, 2009).
Thus, Georgia’s banking sector has a centuries-long and rich history and its profound study is indeed of
top importance in modern times.
Silagadze
Nodar
STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT OF BANKING SYSTEM
IN GEORGIA
SUMMARY
Stages of Development of Banking System in Georgia, a thesis by Nodar Silagadze discuses evolution
of banking in Georgia. The author divides the development of Georgian banking in three stages: I- 1875-1919;
II – 1991-1996 and III – since 1996 to date, describes each stage and concludes that Georgia’s banking sector
has a centuries-long and rich history and its profound study is indeed of top importance in modern times.
aziko sisvaZe
inflaciis optimizacia: TeoriulTeoriul-meTodologiuri
meTodologiuri
aspeqti
ekonomikuri krizisebis Semdeg yvelaze mtkivneul makroekonomikur ,,daavadebad” inflaciaa miCneuli. amasTan, Tu krizisebi ama Tu im periodulobiT meordeba, inflacia Tanamedrove msoflio ekonomikis uwyveti Tanamdevi da sayovelTao movlenaa. inflaciis mTliani aRmofxvra praqtikulad SeuZlebelia, magram misi masStabebisa da tempebis Semcireba ekonomikuri mecnierebis Tanamedrove donis pirobebSi
savsebiT realur amocanas warmoadgens. Tumca am mimarTulebiT bevri Teoriuli da
meTodologiuri problema jer kidev gadasawyvetia.
msoflios wamyvani qveynebis gamocdileba cxadyofs, rom ekonomikaze uaryofiTad moqmedebs inflaciis rogorc maRali, ise dabali tempebi. AamasTan, inflaciis
gansazRvruli done ekonomikaze Terapiul efeqtsac ki axdens. Mmagram, erTmniSvnelovani pasuxi kiTxvaze, Tu rogori unda iyos inflaciis iseTi optimaluri done,
romelic, sxva Tanabar pirobebSi, minimumamde daiyvanda inflaciis uaryofiT Sedegebs da ekonomikis stabilur zrdas uzrunvelyofda, jer kidev ar arsebobs.
ekonomikur mecnierebaSi farTod gavrcelebuli SexedulebiT, misaRebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos mcocavi inflacia aT procentamde farglebSi, magram nulidan aT
procentamde sakmaod didi Sualedia da, amdenad, SeiZleba bunebrivad daisvas kiTxva, Tu sad gadis is zRvari, romlis Semdegac inflacia arasasurveli da saSiSi
xdeba? logikuri iqneboda inflaciis aseT empiriul kritikul doned erovnuli Semosavlebis matebis tempi iyos miCneuli.Mmagram es sakiTxis optimaluri gadawyveta
jer kidev ar aris. P
267
Cemi azriT, rodesac saqme problemis operatiul gadawyvetas Seexeba, inflaciis optimizaciis problemis kvlevis amosaval modelad SeiZleba CaiTvalos filipsis moklevadini mrudi [4, gv. 36], [5, gv. 839], romelic asaxavs damokidebulebas
inflaciasa da umuSevrobis dones Soris. am mrudis Sesabamisad, inflaciis donis
Semcirebis pirobebSi, umuSevroba izrdeba da, piriqiT, umuSevrobis donis Semcireba
inflaciis zrdas ganapirobebs. pirvel SemTxvevaSi umuSevrobis zrda gvevlineba
inflaciis SemcirebisaTvis sazogadoebis mier gaweul xarjad, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi TviT umuSevrobaa inflaciis SemcirebisaTvis gaRebuli safasuri. es imas niSnavs, rom am orive ekonomikuri daavadebis erTdrouli mkurnaloba SeuZlebelia.
inflaciasa da umuSevrobas Soris aseTi damokidebulebis mizezi isaa, rom
dasaqmebis donis zrda, rogorc wesi, ekonomikur aRmavlobasTanaa dakavSirebuli,
rodesac muSaxelze erToblivi moTxovna zrdis tendenciiT xasiaTdeba. am process
ki aucileblad axlavs Tan xelfasis donisa da Semosavlebis mateba, rac saqonlis
fasebis zrdas da, Sesabamisad, inflaciur procesebs iwvevs.
filipsis mrudis aRmoCenas Hgasuli saukunis ormocdaaTian wlebSi ara marto
didi Teoriuli mniSvneloba hqonda, aramed man momdevno aTwleulebSi arsebiTi
gavlena moaxdina ganviTarebuli qveynebis ekonomikuri politikis SemuSavebaze. misi
gamoyenebiT xelisuflebebs SesaZlebloba SeeqmnaT, drois molevadian periodSi arCevani gaekeTebinaT inflaciasa da
umuSerobas Soris imis mixedviT, Tu romeli
problema iyo mocemul etapze ufro aqtualuri.
optimaluri
optimaluri Tanafardoba umuSevrobasa da inflacias Soris. rogorc vnaxeT, umuSevrobisa da inflaciis problemis gadawyvetis procesSi sazogadoeba maT
Soris winaaRmdegobrivi arCevanis gakeTebis urTulesi dilemis winaSe dgas. situacia kargad Seesabameba xalxur gamoTqmas: "win wyali, ukan mewyeriT". Tu xelisufleba, socialuri afeTqebis saSiSroebidan gamomdinare, arCevans umuSevrobis Semcirebis sasargeblod gaakeTebs, am pirobebSi gazrdili inflacia ukve dasaqmebuli
mosaxleobis Semosavlebis gansazRvrul nawils Seiwiravs. e.i. dausaqmebelTa materialuri yofa dasaqmebulTa xarjze gaumjobesdeba. im SemTxvevaSi ki, rodesac sazogadoebrivi azrisa Tu opoziciuri partiebis zewoliT prioriteti inflaciis
Semcirebas mieniWeba, maSin biznesmenebi da dasaqmebuli mosaxleobis garkveuli nawili arsebul Semosavalebs SeinarCuneben mxolod mosaxleobis meore nawilis mier
samuSaos dakargvisa da, Sesabamisad, arsebobis wyaros mospobis xarjze.
am pirobebSi bunebrivad Cndeba kiTxva: arsebobs Tu ara umuSevroba-inflaciis
ganuyofeli tandemis iseTi optimaluri variantis SerCevis SesaZlebloba, romlisTvisac erToblivi ekonomikuri xarjebis jami
minimaluri iqneba. ramdenadac es
problema ekonomikur mecnierebaSi jer kidev daumuSavebelia, misi gadawyvetis sakuTar mcdelobas gTavazobT.
amocana Semdegnairad ismis: saWiroa moiZebnos umuSevrobisa da inflaciis
urTierTdamokidebuli iseTi optimaluri wyvili, romelic, sxva Tanabar pirobebSi,
drois moklevadian monakveTSi minimaluri danaxarjebiT (danakargebiT) maqsimaluri
makroekonomikuri sargebelis miRebas uzrunvelyofs. dasmuli amocanis gadawyvetas
or etapad gTavazobT:
pirveli, filipsis klasikuri moklevadiani mrudi davazustoT umuSevrobis
bunebrivi donis gaTvaliswinebiT;
meore, SeviswavloT da raodenobrivad gamovsaxoT umuSevrobasa da inflaciasTan dakavSirebuli xarjebi.
filipsis klasikuri moklevadiani mrudiT igulisxmeba, rom inflaciis dinamikasTan mimarTebaSi umuSevrobis faqtobrivi done 0-100 procentis sazRvrebSi ic268
vleba. Mmagram, rogorc cnobilia, TviT idealur SemTxvevaSic ki umuSevroba bunebriv doneze dabla ver Semcirddeba, rac misi cvlilebis qveda sazRvars warmoadgens. zogierTi avtoris monacemebiT, umuSevrobis bunebrivi done Sromisunariani mosaxleobis 5,5_6,5 procents Seadgens [3, gv. 585]. Sesabamisad, amave arealSia mosalodneli inflaciis donis cvlilebac. am garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT filipsis
mrudi Semdeg formebs miiRebs (ix. grafiki 1 da 2).
warmodgenili grafikis Sesabamisad, umuSevrobis bunebrivi donis aRmniSvnel
UB wertilze aRmarTuli wyvetili xazi, anu vertikaluri asimptoti rogorc umuSevrobis, ise inflaciis cvlilebis ares SemosazRvravs. am garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT, inflacia, rogorc umuSevrobis donis funqcia, Semdegi formuliT gamoisaxeba:
J=
a
U −UB
(1)
sadac J aris inflaciis done; a _ mudmivi koeficienti, romelic faqtobrivi
monacemebis safuZvelze gamoiTvleba; U _ umuSevrobis faqtobrivi done, UB _ umuSevrobis bunebrivi done.
warmodgenili formulis safuZvelze advilad gamoiTvleba umuSevrobac, rogorc inflaciis funqcia:
U = UB +
a
J
(2)
miRebuli formulis safuZvelze umuSevrobis donis cvlileba
gamoisaxeba.
me-2
grafiki 1. filipsis moklevadiani mrudi
grafiki 2. umuSevrobis donis
umuSevrobis bunebrivi donis gaTvalisgaTvalis-
damokidebuleba inflaciaze
grafikiT
J
winebiT
U
UB
U
0
J
inflaciisa da umuSevrobis xarjebi. umuSevrobiT gamowveuli danakargebi,
anu umuSevrobis xarjebi ekonomikis mecnierebaSi kargadaa Seswavlili da gamoiTvleba oukenis kanonis safuZvelze, romlis Tanaxmad, aRniSnuli xarjebis sidide
ganisazRvreba erToblivi Sida produqtis im danakargebiT, romlis miReba SesaZlebeli iyo Sromisunariani mosaxleobis sruli dasaqmebis pirobebSi. kerZod, am kano269
nis Sesabamisad, sxvadasxva gamoTvlebiT, umuSevrobis normis gadametebiT faqtobrivi umuSevrobis erTi procentiT zrda iwvevs danakargs erToblivi Sida produqtis
potenciuri moculobis 2-3 procentis odenobiT [1, gv. 569].
cxadia, umuSevrobis zrdis pirobebSi es xarji gaizrdeba (ix. grafiki 3), rac
formalurad Semdegnairad Camoyalibdeba:
Cu = Qu . (U - UB)
(3)
sadac Cu aris umuSevrobiT gamowveuli erToblivi Sida produqtis mTliani
danakargi; Qu _ umuSevrobiT gamowveuli erToblivi Sida produqtis danakargi, romelic gapirobebulia umuSevrobis bunebrivi donis zemoT misi erTi procentis matebiT; U _ umuSevrobis faqtobrivi done.
inflaciis xarjebi dakavSirebulia erToblivi Sida produqtis im danakargebTan, romelsac fulis gaufasureba iwvevs. misi gamoTvla erToblivi Sida produqtis deflatoris safuZvelzea SesaZlebeli:
umuSevrobis zrdis kvalobaze am xarjebis sidide inflaciis klebasTan erTad Semcirdeba (ix. grafiki 4), xolo formulis saxiT Semdegnairad Camoyalibdeba:
grafiki
grafiki 3.
3. umuSevrobis xarxar-jebis
damokidebuleba umuSev
umuSevSev-robis
doneze
Cu
0
CJ =
grafiki 4.
4. inflaciis xarxar-jebis
damokidebuleba umuSevumuSev-robis
doneze
CJ
UB
a
U −U
U%
.Q J
Q
0
UB
U%
(4)
B
Sadac CJ aris inflaciiT gamowveuli erToblivi Sida produqtis mTliani danakargi; QJ _ inflaciiT gamowveuli erToblivi Sida produqtis danakargi umuSe270
vrobis donis erTi procentiT gadidebis pirobebSi.
aRniSnul garemoebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT umuSevrobasa da inflaciasTan dakavSirebuli jamuri xarjebi Semdegi formuliT gamoiTvleba:
CM = C U + C J =
QU .(U − U B ) +
a
.QJ
U −UB
(5)
sadac CM inflaciisa da umuSevrobis erToblivi xarjebia.
inflaciis optimaluri donis ekonomikurekonomikur-maTematikuri modelireba. cnobilia, rom, rodesac raime ekonomikuri movlenis Semadgeneli elementebis xarjebi
sapirispiro mimarTulebiT icvleba, maSin arsebobs am movlenis, Cven SemTxvevaSi
umuSevrobisa da inflaciis iseTi optimaluri done, romlisTvisac am xarjebis jami
minimaluria.
umuSevrobasa da inflaciasTan dakavSirebuli xarjebis, agreTve maTi jamuri xarjebis cvlileba gamosaxulia me-5 grafikze, saidanac Cans, rom, umuSevrobis donis
zrdis pirobebSi, erToblivi xarjebi jer mcirdeba, umuSevrobis donis U* mniSvnelobisaTvis aRwevs minimums, xolo Semdeg izrdeba. swored esaa umuSevrobis is optimaluri done, romlisTvisac inflaciisa da umuSevrobis mTliani xarjebi minimaluria. cxadia, amave pirobebSi inflaciis donec optimaluri iqneba.
grafiki 5.
5. umuSevrobis xarjebis, inflaciis xarjebis
da maTi jamis cvlileba umuSevrobis donis zrdis pipi-
CM
CM
CU
Cj
0
UB
U*
U%
mas Semdeg, rac grafikulad gamovsaxeT inflacia-umuSevrobis optimaluri wyvili, SesaZlebloba gvaqvs am procesis ekonomikur-maTematikuri modelirebac movaxdinoT. kerZod, sakiTxi ismis umuSevrobis iseTi optimaluri mniSvnelobis gansazRvris Sesaxeb, romlisTvisac inflaciisa da umuSevrobis jamuri xarjebi minimaluria:
271
f(U) = Qd . (U - UB ) +
a
U −U
.Q J
= min
(6)
B
umuSevrobis optimaluri donis gamosaTvlelad gamoiyeneba funqciis eqstremumis gansazRvris meTodi, romlis Sesabamisad, funqcia minimums an maqsimums aRwevs
argumentis iseTi mniSvnelobisaTvis, romlisTvisac misi pirveli rigis warmoebuli
nulis tolia. funqcia Tavis maqsimalur mniSvnelobas iRebs, Tu meore rigis warmoebuli uaryofiTia, xolo minimums, Tu meore rigis warmoebuli dadebiTia [2, gv.
344-348]. Sesabamisi gamoTvlebiT miiReba umuSevrobis optimaluri donis gansazRvris
Semdegi fomula:
U
*
= U
B
+
a .Q J
QU
(7)
sadac U* umuSevrobis optimaluri mniSvnelobaa, romlisTvisac umuSevrobisa
da inflaciis erToblivi xarjebi minimaluria.
rodesac cnobilia umuSevrobis optimaluri done, misi CasmiT (1) formulaSi
da Sesabamisi maTematikuri gardaqmnebiT advilad gamoiTvleba inflaciis donis
optimaluri mniSvnelobac:
J* =
a.Qu
QJ
(8)
umuSevroba-inflaciis optimaluri mniSvnelobidan yovelgvari gadaxra maTTan
dakavSirebuli xarjebis gazrdas gamoiwves, rac erToblivi Sida produqtis danakargiT izomeba. garda amisa, Tu xelisufleba, raime sagangebo mizezis gamo, mainc
iZulebuli gaxdeba uari Tqvas umuSevroba-inflaciis optimalur SeTanawyobaze, maSin man unda gadawyvitos romelia prioriteti _ umuSevrobisa Tu inflaciis daZleva.
me-6 grafikidan Cans, rom erToblivi xarjebis mrudze umuSevrobis optimaluri donis marjvniv da marcxniv arsebobs umuSevrobis faqtobrivi donis iseTi wyvilebis ganusazRvreli raodenoba, romlebisTvisac inflacia-umuSevrobis jamuri
xarjebi erTi da igivea. es wyvilebi mdebareobs erToblivi xarjebis mrudis gadamkveT wrfeebze, romelic abscisTa RerZis paraleluria. kerZod, Cven SemTxvevaSi
umuSevrobis UU1 da U2 dones xarjebis erTi da igive mniSvneloba Seesabameba. Tu
xelisufleba arCevans umuSevrobis donis U1 mniSvnelobamde Semcirebis sasargeblod
miiRebs, maSin mas ecodineba, rom igive danakargebi eqneboda umuSevrobis U2 gacilebiT maRali donisaTvis. Tu gadawyvetileba inflaciis Semcirebis sasargeblod iqna
miRebuli, maSin mas SeuZlia umuSevroba U2 donemde gazardos, rac inflaciis Sesabamis klebas gamoiwvevs. xarjebi ki iseTive iqneba, rac umuSevrobis U1 donisaTvis.
grafiki 6. inflaciis mniSvneloba umuSevrobis
ori sxvadasxva donisaTvis
C
272
CF
inflaciisa da umuSevrobis optimaluri wyvilis gansazRvris damuSavebuli
meTodi SeiZleba praqtikulad iqnes gamoyenebuli maT winaaRmdeg brZolis mimdinare
moklevadiani ekonomikuri politikis SesamuSaveblad, rac problemisadmi subieqturi
midgomasa da Sesabamisi danakargebis saSiSroebas gamoricxavs.
1.
abeli e., bernanke
bernanke b. makroekonomika (Targmani, inglisuridan rusul enaze).
moskovi, 2010. gv. 569.
2.
natroSvili d., giorgaSvili l., jaSiaSvili g. maTematika ekonomistebisaTvis.
Tbilisi, 2008. gv. 344-348.
3.
menqiu g. ekonomikis principebi. Tbilisi, 2008. gv. 585.
4.
samuelsoni
samuelsoni p., nordhausi v. ekonomika. tomi IV. Tbilisi, 2000, gv. 36.
5.
slomani d., xaindi k. ekonomika biznesisaTvis (Targmani, inglisuridan rusul
enaze). moskovi, 2010. gv. 839.
Sisvadze Aziko
OPTIMIZATION OF INFLATION:
THEORETICAL-METHODOLOGICAL ASPECT
SUMMARY
Modern economics science offers a full system of anti inflation policies, but these methods is not perfect
as decreasing inflation causes rise in unemployment level with corresponding loses in production. In these conditions, problem of optimal coupling of inflation-employment factor in the modern science of economics is not
yet fully solved. Under optimal coupling of inflation and employment we mean achieving such level of inflation
that the gross loses are minimal.
In this work using the theoretical analysis is done economic-mathematical model on relation between inflation
and employment. Examined model gives us a simple quantitative formula to calculate optimal level of inflation.
This method can be used in practice in macroeconomic policy towards regulation of inflation and employment
levels, which will diminish subjective approaches to this problem and ultimately will lead to minimal level of
loses.
dali soloRaSvili
Tea udesiani
efeqtianobis auditis arsi da obieqturi
aucilebloba
273
sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi finansuri informaciis miRebis, misi utyuarobisa da xarisxis Sesafaseblad saWiro gaxda auditoruli samsaxuris SemoReba, romelic sameurneo saqmianobis Sesaxeb momxmarebels miawvdis kompetenturi specialistebis mosazrebas, argumentirebul daskvnas finansuri angariSgebis sisworisa da
xarisxis Sesaxeb.
auditoruli saqmianoba sabazro ekonomikis mniSvnelovani elementia da marTvis damoukidebel funqciad gvevlineba, kontrolis meSveobiT xorcieldeba sameurneo obieqtebis organizaciuli da meToduri uzrunvelyofa, agreTve, masTan dakavSirebuli mmarTvelobiTi gadawyvetilebebis miReba.
auditis saerTaSoriso standartebidan da Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo aqtebidan
gamomdinare, auditis miznad iTvleba auditorsa (auditur firmas) da klients Soris gaformebuli xelSekrulebiT gansazRvruli amocanebisa da valdebulebebis Sesruleba. auditoruli saqmianobis ZiriTadi mizani ki sameurneo subieqtis finansuri
angariSgebisa da maT mier Catarebuli finansuri da sameurneo operaciebis moqmed
normatiul aqtebTan Sesabamisobisa da utyuarobis dadgenaa.
msoflio ekonomikurma globalizaciam da sagareo ekonomikuri kavSirebis
gaRrmavebam dRis wesrigSi daayena moqmedi safinanso-ekonomikuri saqmianobis kontrolis formirebisa da meTodebis unificirebis aucilebloba. 1998 wels montevideoSi safinanso kontrolis umaRles organoTa saerTaSoriso kongresze (INCOSAI)
daido SeTanxmeba safinanso kontrolis umaRles organoTa saerTaSoriso organizaciis (INTOSAI) saSualebiT safinanso kontrolis ZiriTadi principebis SemuSavebis
xelSewyobis Sesaxeb.
safinanso kontrolis normebi, finansuri angariSgebis Semowmebis garda, efeqtianobis auditzec vrceldeboda, Tumca safinanso kontrolis umaRlesma organoebma (skuo) ganacxades, rom efeqtianobis auditi, finansuri angariSgebis Semowmebisagan principuli gansxvavebis gamo specifikur normebs saWiroebda. gamomdinare
aqedan, miRebul iqna gadawyvetileba efeqtianobis auditisaTvis calke normebis
SemuSavebis Sesaxeb.
efeqtianobis auditi aris profesiuli kategoria, romelic specialur unarunarCvevebs, sakuTar normebs, gansakuTrebul dagegmvas da specifikuri angariSebis
angariSebis SedSedgenas moiTxovs. efeqtianobis auditis ZiriTadi principebi iTvaliswinebs safinanso
kontrolis umaRles organoTa saerTaSoriso organizaciis safinanso kontrolis
normebs da efuZneba efeqtianobis auditis sayovelTaod aRiarebul principebs, romlebic amave organizaciis wevrTa gamocdilebis safuZvelze aris SemuSavebuli95.¹
aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom SeuZlebelia iseTi principebis SemuSaveba, romlebic
efeqtianobis yvela saxis audits moergeba, radgan sxvadasxva qveyanaSi, sakontrolo
mandatis, misi organizebis da gamoyenebuli meTodikis gamo, igi sxvadasxvagvarad
xorcieldeba.
efeqtianobis auditis ZiriTadma principebma SeuZlebelia gaiTvaliswinos
yvela saxis midgoma, meTodi da procedura. efeqtianobis audits Sexeba aqvs mraval
TemasTan da aspeqtTan, romlebic mTel sajaro seqtors moicavs. amdenad, SeuZlebelia detaluri normebisa da iseTi meTodebis SemuSaveba, romelTa mixedviTac iqneba
gaTvaliswinebuli yoveli calkeuli SemTxveva. aseve, SeuZlebelia efeqtianobis
95
ZiriTadi principebi SemuSavda auditoruli samuSaoebis xelmZRvanelis toni angleridis
(SvedeTi) mier. amasTanave, masSi sakuTari wvlili Seitana INTOSAI-ს
ს sxva mravalma wevrma.
gamokvleul iqna efeqtianobis auditis normebi, romlebic SeimuSaves calkeulma wevrebma da
regionulma samuSao jgufebma. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia 2000 wlis oqtomberSi gamarTul A
ASOSAI-s me-8 sxdomaze miRebuli efeqtianobis auditis normebi.
274
auditisTvis “samzareulos receptebis wignis” msgavsi saxelmZRvanelos Seqmna,
romelic saukeTeso Sedegebis miRwevis garantia iqneba.
safinanso kontrolis umaRlesma organoebma msgavsi principebi nawilobriv
Rirebulad unda CaTvalon, radgan safinanso kontrolis normaTa 1.0.6 punqtis
Tanaxmad, ”safinanso kontrolis umaRlesma organom sxvadasxva situaciaSi, romelic
saxelmwifo safinanso kontrolis ganxorcielebisas warmoiqmneba, Sefasebis sakuTari meTodebi unda gamoiyenos”, xolo 1.0.13 punqtSi ki naTqvamia: safinanso kontrolis zogierTi umaRlesi organos saqmianobidan da saorganizacio struqturidan
gamomdinare, SeuZlebelia auditis yvela dadgenili norma iqnes gamoyenebuli.
safinanso kontrolis umaRlesma organom Tavad unda gadawyvitos, rogor da
ra zomiT unda mimarTos audits sakuTar praqtikaSi da kvleviT muSaobaSi96.²gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi ar unda iyos aRqmuli, rogorc standartizebisa da
normebis dadgenis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli argumenti, radgan efeqtianobis auditis
normebi Tavisi arsiT iTvaliswinebs imas, Tu ra aris gasakeTebeli da naklebad
imas, Tu rogor aris gasakeTebeli. .
sayovelTaod miRebul praqtikaSi gamoiyofa auditorTa sami jgufi: 1) Sida
auditi; 2) gare auditi da 3) saxelmwifo seqtoris auditi (kontrolis palata, sagadasaxado inspeqcia). saxelmwifo seqtoris auditi moicavs auditis Semdeg saxeebs:
dReisaTvis safinanso-ekonomikuri kontrolis yvelaze ufro efeqtian da saerTaSoriso doneze aprobirebul formad miCneulia zogadad auditi da misi calkeuli
saxeobebi:
* finansuri auditi – es aris finansuri da sabuRaltro operaciebis mimoxilva, Tu ramdenad aris valdebulebebis, fuladi saxsrebis miReba-gacemis operaciebi
asaxuli da wardgenili srulad da Sesabamisad, agreTve gansazRvravs, Tu ramdenad
aris Sesabamisi kontroli fulad saxsrebsa da sxva aqtivebze, SeZenebsa da
resursebis gamoyenebaze.
* Sesabamisobis auditi – auditis obieqtis mier saxelmwifo saxsrebis,
saxelmwifos sxva materialuri faseulobebis, saxelmwifos qonebrivi Rirebulebis
aramaterialuri sikeTeebis xarjvis, gamoyenebis, marTvisa da dacvis kanonierebisa
da miznobriobis Seswavla da analizi;
* efeqtianobis auditi – saxelmwifo seqtoris auditis procesSi metad
mniSvnelovania efaqtianobis auditis ganxorcieleba, rasac dResdReisobiT eyreba
safuZveli saqarTveloSi. sazogadoebis momsaxurebis sferoebSi auditi aris ara
marto finansuri angariSgebis auditi, aramed aseve aris fulis Rirebulebis auditic. am TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa gaviazroT ras niSnavs fulis Rirebuleba. Cveulebriv, fulis Rirebuleba ganisazRvreba ekonomiurobis, Sedegianobisa da efeqtianobis terminebiT. kontrolis palatis Sesaxeb kanonis mixedviT, efeqtianobis
auditis gansazRvreba Semdegnairad aris formulirebuli: ,,saxelmwifo programebis
Sedgenis, sainvesticio, finansuri, adamianuri, materialuri da sxva resursebis gamogamoyenebis, marTvis sferoSi ganxorcielebuli saqmianobisa da miRebuli gadawyvegadawyvetilebebis mizanSewonilobis (efeqtianobis),
(efeqtianobis), ekonomiurobisa da Sedegianobis analianali97
zi da Sefaseba” .
96
97
naSromSi warmodgenilia safinanso kontrolis
romlebic Sesabamisad aris danomrili.
(2001)
normaTa
sxvadasxva
abzacebi,
saqarTvelos kanoni ,,saqarTvelos kontrolis palatis Sesaxeb.” Tavi 1, muxli 2. v. Tbilisi, 2008.
275
a. ekonomiuroba _ pirobebi, romlis mixedviTac saxelmwifo seqtoris organizaciebi iZenen SromiT da materialur resursebs. ekonomikuri qvedanayofi saTanado
xarisxisa da raodenobis resursebis wyaroebs umcires fasad iZens. magaliTad, saxelmwifo seqtoris ori organizacia SeiZleba muSaobdes saqonlis/momsaxurebis
SeZenaze ukeTesi fasdaTmobebis misaRwevad.
b. Sedegianoba _ kavSiri warmoebul produqciasa da mis sawarmoeblad gamoyenebul resursebs Soris. mwarmoebluri qvedanayofi mocemuli resursebidan maqsimalur produqcias awarmoebs an mocemuli raodenobisa da xarisxis momsaxurebis
gasawevad minimalur resursebs xarjavs.
g. efeqtianoba (mizanSewoniloba) _ ramdenad kargad aRwevs programa an saqmianoba dasaxul amocanebs an sxva gamiznul Sedegebs. mag., socialuri momsaxurebis
departamentSi SeiZleba gamovlindes, rom zogierTi gadaudebeli gamoZaxeba mxolod
mniSvnelovani dayovnebis Semdeg mogvarda organizaciis biurokratiuli da mouqneli formebis arsebobis gamo. es aris kavSiri dagegmilsa da saboloo miRebul
Sedegs Soris.
Tu finansuri auditi tardeba Sida auditis obieqtis buRaltruli aRricxvisa
da finansuri angariSgebis Semowmebis, moqmed standartebTan maTi Sesabamisobis dadgenis mizniT, Sesabamisobis auditi – Sida auditis obieqtis mier saxelmwifo saxsrebis, saxelmwifos sxva materialuri faseulobebis, saxelmwifos qonebrivi Rirebulebis aramaterialuri sikeTeebis xarjvis, gamoyenebis, marTvisa da dacvis kanonierebisa da miznobriobis Seswavla da analizis mizniT, efeqtianobis auditis mizania saxelmwifo programebis Sedgenis, sainvesticio, finansuri, adamianuri, materialuri da sxva resursebis gamoyenebis, marTvis sferoSi ganxorcielebuli saqmianobisa da miRebuli gadawyvetilebis mizanSewonilobis, ekonomiurobisa da Sedegobriobis analizi da Sefaseba;
maSasadame, finansuri auditi adgens finansuri angariSgebis samarTlianobasa
da sizustes, Sesabamisobis auditi _ auditis obieqtis saqmianobis Sesabamisobas
kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvrul normebTan, efeqtianobis auditi ki amowmebs auditis
obieqtis saqmianobis ekonomiurobas, Sedegianobasa da mizanSewonilobas.
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, finansuri auditis umTavresi daniSnulebaa
finansuri angarSgebis Semowmeba. kerZod:
– angariSebis utyuarobis dadastureba;
– Sesamowmebel periodSi sawarmos saqmianobis angariSgebisa da angariSgebaSi
Semosavlebisa da finansuri Sedegebis asaxvis sisrulis, utyuarobis da sizustis
Semowmeba;
– sakuTari kapitalis, valdebulebebis, aqtivebis asaxvis meTodologiis Sefasebis, angariSgebis warmoebisa da angariSgebis Sedgenis kanonmdeblobiT da
normatiuli dokumentebiT regulirebis dacvisadmi kontroli.
– sakuTari ZiriTadi da sabrunavi saxsrebis, finansuri rezervebisa da sesxis
wyaroebis rezervebis gamovlena da ukeT gamoyeneba.
efeqtianobis auditi, romelic ukve aprobirebulia msoflios ganviTarebul
qveynebSi da finansuri kontrolis axal da progresul formas warmoadgens, CvenSi
tradiciulad damkvidrebuli formebisa da meTodebisagan radikalurad gansxvavebulia. igi moicavs Sesaswavl sakiTxTa farTo da araerTgvarovan wres, rac gulisxmobs ara marto aRricxvisa da finansebis siRrmiseul codnas, aramed iTvaliswinebs
ekonomikur-iuridiuli codnis farTo masStabebs, sainJinro-teqnologiuri da Sesabamisi dargis maRal profesiul doneze dauflebas.
276
saxelmwifo safinanso kontrolis praqtikaSi efeqtianobis auditis SemoReba
ganpirobebulia Semdegi garemoebebiT:
- saxelmwifo safinanso kontrolis qmedunarianobis, Sedegianobisa da efeqtianobis amaRlebis aucileblobiT;
- aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisa da sxva organizaciebis saqmianobis arsebiTi
gaumjobesebis aucileblobiT;
- saxelmwifo saxsrebis mimRebi organizaciebis saqmianobis gamWirvalobis
gaumjobesebiT;
- saqmianobis Sedegebis mixedviT biujetidan dafinansebaze gadasvlis
perspeqtiviT.
efeqtianobis auditi auditis im kategorias miekuTvneba, romelmac unda upaupasuxos SekiTxvaze: viRebT Tu ara gamoyenebuli fuladi saxsrebidan saTanado SeSedegs, Tu SesaZlebelia maTi ukeTesad gamoyeneba?
efeqtianobis auditi ar ukavSirdeba komerciul interesebs da ar aris finansurad an raime sxva saxiT Semowmebul uwyebaze damokidebuli. Tavisi damoukidebeli
SefasebebiT igi SeiZleba gaxdes momaval investiciebsa da saqmianobasTan dakavSirebiT gadawyvetilebis miRebis safuZveli. efeqtianobis damoukidebeli analiziT da
SefasebebiT saxelmwifo seqtorSi gardaqmnebis stimulireba SeiZleba. swarfad
cvalebad, kompleqsur samyaroSi, sadac resursebi mwiria da bevri ram aRuricxavia,
yovelTvis arsebobs efeqtianobis auditis ganxorcielebis moTxovnileba.
efeqtianobis auditis Catarebas sxvadasxva faqtorebi ganapirobebs:
•
erTi mxriv, Zalze mniSvnelovnad iTvleba mmarTvelobiTi saqmianobis
ekonomiurobis, efeqtianobisa da qmediTobis Sefaseba da am mizniT iseTi Semowmebis
ganxorcieleba, romelic garkveul wvlils Seitans mTavrobis biujetis ukeTesi
kontrolis, ukeTesi saxelmwifo momsaxurebis Camoyalibebis, saxelmwifo menejmentisa da angariSgebis sistemis gaumjobesebis saqmeSi.
•
meore mxriv, aucilebelia sarwmuno, damoukidebeli informaciis floba.
amisaTvis saWiroa garesauwyebo auditori, romelic damoukideblad gansjis da imoqmedebs, gamoavlens realur mdgomareobas da mis ganmapirobebel garemoebebs.
•
dasasrul, mniSvnelovania mmarTvelobiTi saqmianobis Sesaxeb yovlismomcveli informaciis miReba, mis efeqtianobaze zegavlenis moxdena da gaumjobeseba. aseTi funqciis Sesruleba kompetentur auditorebs SeuZliaT, romlebic Tavisi
saqmianobiT regularuli gardaqmnebis ganxorcielebas da swori gadawyvetilebebis
miRebas Seuwyoben xels.
efeqtianobis auditi gulisxmobs saxelmwifo proeqtebis, organizaciebis an
programebis ekonomiurobis, efeqtianobisa da qmediTobis damoukidebel kvlevas da
miznad isaxavs maT daxvewas da gaumjobesebas.
Sologashvili Dali
Udesiani Tea
THE ESSENCE AND OBJECTIVE NEED FOR PERFORMANCE AUDIT
SUMMARY
Performance auditing is an independent examination of the efficiency and effectiveness of government undertakings, programs or organizations, with due regard to economy, and the aim of leading to
improvements.
277
Performance auditing does not have its roots in the form of auditing common to the private sector.
Its roots lie in the need for independent, wide-ranging analyses of the economy, efficiency, and effectiveness of government programs and agencies made on non-recurring basis.
Performance auditing is based on decisions made or goals established by the legislature, and it may
be carried out throughout the whole public sector.
INTOSAL-s Auditing Standards state the following: ‘The full scope of government auditing includes
regularity
1. Audit of the economy of administrative activities in accordance with sound administrative principles, and practices, and management policies;
2. Audit of the efficiency of utilization of human, financial and other resources, including examination of information systems, performance measures and monitoring arrangements, And procedures followed
by audited entities, for remedying identified deficiencies; and
3. Audit of the effectiveness of performance in relation to achieve achievement of the objectiveness
of the audited entity, and audit of the actual impact of activities compared with the intended impact.
TinaTin qurdaZe
sagadasaxado sistemis srulyofis sakiTxisaTvis
Tanamedrove etapze saqarTveloSi
qveynis saerTo ekonomikuri aRmavloba pirdapir kavSirSia sagadasaxado sistemis ganviTarebasTan. Amitom, saqarTveloSi ekonomikuri zrdis uzrunvelyofa obieqturad moiTxovs sagadasaxado klimatis gajansaRebasa da srulyofas misi normaluri funqcionirebisaTvis, aseve qveynis strategiis gansazRvras, romelic pirdapir
mibmulia saerTo globalizaciis procesebTan Tanamedrove etapze. Globalizacia,
rogorc cnobilia, sayovelTao procesia da moicavs saxelmwifo da sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis yvela sferos. aqedan naTelia, rom sakmaod didi periodis ganmavlobaSi
marTvis ekonomikur meTodebze gadasvlam, sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi wina planze
wamoswia sagadasaxado-sabiujeto sistemaSi Rrma cvlilebebis aucilebloba da,
Sesabamisad, ekonomikis regulirebis sagadasaxado meTodebisa da biujeturi procesis srulyofis meqanizmebis formirebis sakiTxebis Seswavlis aqtualobac.
biujetTaSorisi urTierTobebis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT sagadasaxadosabiujeto sistemis uzrunvelyofa biujetebis gaTanabrebis ori ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT xdeba _ horizontaluri da vertikaluri. sabiujeto federalizmis koncefcia
gvTavazobs vertikalur gaTanabrebas da biujetebis dabalansebis SesaZleblobas
xsnis ormxrivad: 1. mxarjavi dawesebulebebis donis mier xarjebis mixedviT aRebul
valdebulebaTa moculoba; 2. biujetis saSemosavlo nawilis potenciur SesaZleblobaTa moculoba.
biujetebis gaTanabrebaze gansakuTrebul rols, cxadia, Semosavlebis zusti
gansazRvra warmoadgens, romelic unda ganisazRvros konstituciur sawyisebze. rodesac saubaria vertikalur gaTanabrebaze, mxedvelobaSi unda gvqondes regionuli
biujetebis gaTanabreba biujetis xarjviT nawilSi. rogorc Cans, sabiujeto dabalansebis yvela problemis gadaWra SeuZlebelia vertikaluri finansuri gaTanabrebiT, Tu is ar aris Serwymuli biujetebis horizontaluri finansuri gaTanabrebis procesTan.
278
Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT, finansuri gaTanabreba aris sxvadasxva donis biujetebis finansuri saSualebebis gaTanabrebiT finansuri meqanizmebis SemuSaveba. aqedan
gamomdinare, gansxvavebuli donis biujetebis finansuri gaTanabrebis problemis
gadawyveta unda daviwyoT am donis biujetebis urTierTqmedebisa da erTmaneTisadmi
sabiujeto uflebebis mkacrad dadgenili principebiT. am mxriv ki saqarTveloSi
biujetebis finansuri gaTanabrebis aucileblobis problema dgas. am problemis
gadawyvetis naTeli magaliTia is, rom 2011 wlis seqtembridan mTlianad qveynis
masStabiT daiwyo pensiebis zrda m. S. dedaqalaqSi 10 laris, regionebSi 20 laris
odenobiT. am gaTanabrebiT aRdgeba samarTlianobisa da Tanasworobis principi
sxvadasxva daqvemdebarebis biujetebs Soris, rac misasalmebelia da moiTxovs amgvari politikis gafarToebasa da ganvrcobas sxvadasxva mimarTulebebiT, rom es,
politikurTan erTad, iyos socialur-ekonomikuri kampaniis mniSvnelovani elementi.
magram aqve aRsaniSnavia isic, rom es zrda Seadgens mxolod 10%-s, amis paralelurad izrdeba fasebi sasursaTo produqtebze saSualod 33%-iT, aqedan gamomdinare, es procesebi unda gaxdes Seuqcevadi da miiRos permanentuli xasiaTi, raTa
gauTanabrdes samomxmareblo kalaTiT gaTvaliswinebuli Tanxebis odenobas mainc.
saxelmwifom ki faswarmoqmnaSi maregulirebeli funqcia unda Seasrulos, rac asaxuli iqneba aRniSnul produqciaze fasebis zrdisa da pensiebisa da sxva socialuri SeRavaTebis zrdis sul mcire proporciulobaSi.
rogorc cnobilia, damoukidebloba sabiujeto sistemis erT-erTi umTavresi
principia. aqedan gamomdinareobs is, rom biujetTaSorisi urTierTobebi ar unda
iyos urTierTgamomricxavi. vertikaluri dabalansebis urTierTobaSi unda gamovlindes, pirvel rigSi, federaluri biujetis prioritetuli mimarTulebani finansuri
resursebis infrastruqturuli ganviTarebis kuTxiT, xolo horizontlur dabalansebaSi igulisxmeba raionebs Soris Semosavlebis gaTanabrebasTan erTad, mosaxleobisaTvis saxelmwifo momsaxurebis gaweva. amasTan, am procesSi gansakuTrebuli
mniSvneloba aqvs centrsa da regionebs Soris urTierTobas. aseT pirobebSi sagadasaxado Semosavlebis mobilizaciis problemis gadawyveta SesaZlebelia mxolod
xelisuflebis yvela sxvadasxva doneebs Soris SeTanxmebuli urTierTzemoqmedebiT.
aseve paralelurad dgas konsolidirebuli (naerTi) biujetis analizis
aucilebloba. konsolidirebuli biujetis analizis gareSe SeuZlebelia realuri
sabiujeto viTarebis garkveva, radganac konsolidirebuli biujeti moicavs yvela
donis biujetebis jams. amrigad, sabiujeto sistemis damoukideblobis principi ar
niSnavs imas, rom ignorireba gavukeToT konsolidirebuli (naerTi) biujetis centralizebul bunebas. konsolidirebuli biujetis mniSvneloba mdgomareobs imaSi,
rom misi monacemebi unda gamoiyenebodes socialuri da finansuri normebisa da normativebis gasaangariSeblad. aseTi normebi da normativebi aucilebelia sabiujeto
dagegmvisa da sabiujeto saxsrebis racionalurad ganawilebisaTvis.
amasTanave aucilebelia, bijetTaSoris urTierTobebSi satransfero politikis realizacia, romelic mdgomareobs transferebis gamoTvlis mecnierulad dasabuTebuli meTodikis srulyofis sakiTxis gadawyvetaSi da gulisxmobs saWiro parametrebSi iseTi Sesworebebis Setanas, romlebSic aisaxeba regionis faqtobrivi socialuri gasavlebi (mosaxleobis erT sulze) maT normatiul donesTan SedarebiT,
regionis ganviTarebis done da misi finansuri potenciali, arsebuli socialur-ekonomikuri amocanebis gadawyvetis SesaZlebloba.
amrigad, saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobidan gamomdinare,
saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis rekomendaciebis gaTvaliswinebiT, transferebis
gaangariSebis sakiTxis gadaxedvis ZiriTad kriteriumebs warmoadgens _ demografia,
279
ganaTleba, maRalmTiani regionebis specifika, mrewveloba da sagadasaxado Semosavlebis akumulaciis pirobebi.
demografia. mosaxleobis raodenoba xSirad gamoiyeneba transferis gaangariSebebSi rogorc ganviTarebul, aseve ganviTarebad qveynebSi. mosaxleobis raodenoba,
romelic monawileobs transferis erT sul mosaxleze gaangariSebaSi, aris adgilobrivi saWiroebis xarjebis indikatori. mosaxleobis raodenobis gamoyeneba saSualebas mogvcems aseve gadasaxadebidan Semosavlebis gansxvavebebi regionebis mixedviT SevarbiloT da yvela regionSi erT sul mosaxleze uzrunvelvyoT xarjebis erTiani done. am kuTxiT aris problema da aucilebelia mosaxleobis sayovelTao aRwera, rasac sWirdeba rogorc resursebi, aseve neba, radganac bolo aTwleulebis periodSi mosaxleobis aqtiurma gadinebam, sruliad Secvala demografiuli
suraTi, rac garkveuli Zalebis ekonomikur da politikur interesebSia.
ganaTleba. ganaTlebaze modis transferis mimRebi regionuli biujetis xarjebis didi nawili, rodesac calkeul seqtorze SesaZloa, gaangariSebisas Semotanil iqnes specifikuri, am seqtorze damoukidebeli maCvenebeli. amasTan, maswavleblebis xelfasebis regularuli gadaxda TiTqmis yvela regionuli biujetis
seriozuli problemaa. amgvarad, maswavlebelTa ricxvi mniSvnelovan maCvenebels
warmoadgens xarjebze moTxovnebis gansazRvrisaTvis da arsebul gaangariSebebSi
gamoiyeneba. Tumca, SesaZlebelia maswavlebelTa maCvenebeli Seicvalos moswavleTa
maCvenebliT an mosaxleobis sididiT Sesabamisi asakobrivi jgufebis mixedviT. moswavleTa sidide SeiZleba saxeldaxelod ganisazRvros, raTa gaTvaliswinebul iqnes iseTi faqtorebi, rogoricaa mosaxleobis araerTgvarovani ganTavseba, rac
aucileblad unda iyos gaTvaliswinebuli xarjebis dagegmvisas. aqve aRsaniSnavia
rom, dReisaTvis, saqarTvelos ganaTlebis da mecnierebis sistemaSi mimdinare radikaluri reformebis safuZvelze, gaizarda sertificirebuli maswavleblebis Sromis
anazRaureba, Tumca es yvelaferi maTi saStato Semcirebis xarjze, riTac damZimda
qveyanaSi arsebuli dasaqmebis problema, aseve, statistikuri sammarTvelos monacemebiT, Semcirda moswavleTa saerTo kontingentic, rac aseve qveynidan mosaxleobis
gadinebis utyuari maCvenebelia. daskvna mdgomareobs imaSi, rom Zalze rTulia
msgavsi araTanabarzomieri maCveneblebis safuZvelze Catardes swori analizi da es
reforma mTlianad warmatebulad CaiTvalos.
maRalmTiani regionebis specifika. es regionebi gamoirCeva TaviseburebebiT,
rac imaSi gamoixateba, rom adgilobrivi momsaxurebis gaweva ufro ZviradRirebulia
mcire dasaxlebebis, dabali simWidrovis, gzebis ararsebobisa da mZime klimaturi
pirobebis gamo. maRalmTiani regionebi, sxva regionebTan SedarebiT, xasiaTdeba siRaribis ufro maRali doniTa da xandazmuli mosaxleobis simravliT. aRniSnuli faqtorebis gamo, mizanSewonili SeiZleba iyos damatebiTi transferebi. bevr qveyanaSi,
romlebsac msgavsi geografiuli maxasiaTeblebi gaaCnia, es faqtorebi transfe-rebis
ganawilebis kriteriumebSi unda iqnas Setanili. aqve gasaTvaliswinebelia bolo
wlebSi turistuli infrastruqturis ganviTareba mestiaSi, aWaraSi, gudaurSi da
sxva. imedia yovelive es mcired mainc Seamcirebs umuSevrobis maCveneblebs.
mrewvelobis ganviTarebis Semcireba. am SemTxvevaSi mcirdeba Semosavlebi da
izrdeba umuSevroba. amasTan, regionul biujetebs uxdeba adre aSenebuli infrastruqturis garkveuli nawilis Senaxva. es problemebi SeiZleba aisaxos maT gaangariSebaSi, romlis ZiriTadi maCvenebeli regionSi umuSevrobis donea. aqac aris siaxleebi Tbilisisa da quTaisis farglebSi amoqmedebuli obieqtebis saxiT, Tumca umuSevrobis maCveneblebi mainc izrdeba.
280
sagadasaxado Semosavlebis akumulaciis pirobebi. regionebs Soris Semosavlebis araTanabari ganawileba da, Sesabamisad, mosaxleobis erT sulze amonagebis
donis sxvadasxva maCvenebeli aucilebels xdis transferebis gaangariSebaSi Setanil iqnes iseTi komponenti, romelic regionebs Soris mosaxleobis erT sulze
amonagebs gaaTanabrebs da, Sesabamisad, SeinarCunebs xarjebis Tanabar dones.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom transferebis gamoTvlis meqanizmis srulyofa centrsa
da regionebs Soris ekonomikuri urTierTkavSiris sistemis optimizacias gamoiwvevs.
amasTan, meti yuradRebis qveS moeqceva adgilobrivi organoebis finansuri damoukideblobis gaZlierebac. yvela am CamoTvlil faqtors aqvs Tavisi gaangariSebis
kriteriumi, romelTa Sesaxebac kvleva SemdgomSic gagrZeldeba.
ganviTarebuli qveynebis gamocdilebidan gamomdinare, mizanSewonilia, saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo biujetis Sedgenisas centralur da teritoriul erTeulebs
Soris Semosavlebis ganawilebas ama Tu im gadasaxadis formirebis saqmeSi safuZvlad daedos teritoriuli erTeulebis monawileobis xarisxi, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi qveynis mmarTveli organoebi gadasaxadebis gazrdiT CaaxSoben adgilobrivi
aRmasrulebeli organoebis iniciativasa da stimuls. makroekonomikuri stabilizaciis aseTi decentralizebuli xerxebi gamoiwvevs inflacias, umuSevrobis zrdasa
da finansuri bazris arastabilurobas.
nebismieri saxelmwifos problemaa sagadasaxado tvirTis optimaluri sidide.
yvelaze gavrcelebuli mosazreba aris is, rom rac ufro dabalia sagadasaxado
tvirTi, miT ufro dinamiurad viTardeba saxelmwifos ekonomika: rac naklebia
gadasaxadebi, miT maRalia ekonomikis zrdis tempi. amisTvis magaliTisTvis mohyavT
aSS-is prezidentis ronald reiganis mier 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi ganxorcielebuli reformebi. aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom dReisaTvis TviT aSS-Si sagadasaxado reformebis _ `reiganomikis~ _ mimarT damokidebuleba araerTgvarovania, xolo
gadasaxadebiT dabegvris TeoriaSi postulati `dabali gadasaxadebi _ maRali
ekonomika~ dRemde ar aris damtkicebuli da dasabuTebuli. rogorc specialistebs
miaCniaT, aSS-Si Semosavlebis ekonomikuri zrda ganpirobebuli iyo agreTve imiT,
rom dabali gadasaxadebis gadaxdis pirobebSi mdidar amerikelebs sagrZnoblad
SeusustdaT TavianTi Semosavlebis damalvis stimuli, rac faqtobrivad niSnavda
adre damaluli Semosavlebis asaxvas erovnul statistikur angariSgebaSi. amrigad,
srulebiT ar aris advili imis gamoTvla, namdvilad Seuwyo Tu ara xeli saSemosavlo gadasaxadis Semcirebam ekonomikuri zrdis daCqarebas.
saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis gamoTvlaze dayrdnobiT, SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom sagadasaxado Semosavlebis moculoba mTlian Sida produqtTan mimarTebaSi
zrdis tendenciiT xasiaTdeba, rac eWvqveS ayenebs qveynis safinanso-ekonomikur usafrTxoebas. arsebobs Sexeduleba, rom aseTi mdgomareoba qveyanaSi moqmedi sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobis pirobebSi arsebuli maRali sagadasaxado datvirTvis
Sedegia.
mniSvnelovania isic, rom Cvens qveyanaSi ar aris daculi sagadasaxado Semosavlebis mobilizaciaSi mTavari _ samarTlianobisa da Tanasworobis principi, razec zemoTac gvqonda saubari da TiTqosda SeimCneva misi mcireodeni aRmofxvris
procesebic. magram aqve unda aRvniSnoT isic, rom is, rac SeiZleba misaRebi iyos
ganviTarebuli qveynebisaTvis, miuRebeli iyos CvenTvis. aq igulisxmeba bolo periodSi gazrdili gadasaxadebi an, rogorc maTze amboben, komunalur gadasaxadebze
mibmuli gadasaxadebi, rac srulebiT gaugebaria, aq igulisxmeba dasufTavebis gadasaxadi. aseve mcire mewarmeebis dasja, ukve mesamed Secvalon salaro-aparatebi,
281
wylisa da eleqtroenergiis mricxvelebi. aseve sxva ukanono sanqciebi, romelic
miRebul iqna qveyanaSi arsebuli globaluri umuSevrobisa da siduxWiris pirobebSi.
Cveni azriT, Tu gadasaxadis ganakveTis gazrda, susti sagadasaxado administraciisa da personaluri (kanonieri da ukanono) SeRavaTebis pirobebSi, zRudavs
legalur saqmianobas da mewarmeebs aiZulebs, gadainacvlon `Sav bazarze~, aseT
pirobebSi sagadasaxado ganakveTebis Semcirebam ar SeiZleba saTanado ukuefeqti
mogvces. aq saqme gvaqvs e. w. `mowesrigebis asimetriulobasTan~, rodesac ukve aralegalur sferoSi momuSave mewarmes, sagadasaxado ganakveTebis Semcirebis SemTxvevaSic ki ar uCndeba survili, gamovides legalur bazarze da biujetis sasargeblod
gadaixados imaze naklebi, vidre adre ixdida. saqmianobis legalizebis aucilebeli
winapirobaa iseTi garemos Seqmna, rodesac yvela gadamxdeli darwmunebuli iqneba,
rom gadasaxadis gadauxdelobisaTvis sakadrisad daisjeba an, piriqiT, SeiZleba
waxalisdes, rac Cvens praqtikaSi jerjerobiT mxolod subieqturi xasiaTisaa.
saxelmwifo biujetis formireba xdeba agreTve ucxouri grantebis meSveobiT.
ucxouri grantebis ZiriTadi wyaroebia saerTaSoriso organizaciebidan miRebuli
grantebi (msoflio banki, evrokavSiri, global fondi da sxva), ucxo qveynebis
mTavrobebidan da maTi warmomadgenlobebidan miRebuli grantebi (aSS, germania, iaponia, niderladebi, luqsemburgi, ukraina, iaponia, latvia, litva, gaerTianebuli samefo, CineTi, iaponia), romelSic Sedis mimdinare da kapitaluri daniSnulebis grantebi. swored am problemebiT aris ganpirobebuli yovelwliurad misaRebi grantebis
odenobaTa xSiri cvalebadoba, rac damajereblad Cans mocemul TvalsaCinoebaSi.
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo biujetis Semosavlebisa da grantebis
struqturuli maCveneblebi 2004 _ 2010w.w. aT. l.
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Semosavlebi da
640256 740338 818010 933055 1773731 2607867 3773203
grantebi
Semosavlebi
625929 692257 795408 884647 1649029 2503376
3579231
grantebi
14327
48081
22602
48408
124702
104491
193972
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Semosavlebi da
100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
grantebi
Semosavlebi
97.8%
93.5%
97.2%
94.8%
93.0%
96.0%
94.9%
grantebi
2.2%
6.5%
2.8%
5.2%
7.0%
4.0%
5.1%
120.0%
100.0%
80.0%
Semosavlebi da grantebi
60.0%
282
40.0%
Semosavlebi
grantebi
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo biujetSi Semosavlebis mxriv mZime mdgomareoba iyo
Seqmnili grantebis TvalsazrisiT. bolo wlebis dinamika da struqtura imaze miuTiTebs, rom saqarTvelos saxelmwifo xelisufleba ufro da ufro met imeds amyarebda ucxour grantebze. problema SemdegSia: grantebiT ar xdeba im programebis
dafinanseba, romelTaTvisac aris es grantebi gamoyofili; grantebiT xdeba biujetis
deficitis mniSvnelovani nawilis dafinanseba, rac yovlad dauSvebelia; swored am
problemebiT aris ganpirobebuli yovelwliurad misaRebi grantebis odenobaTa xSiri cvalebadoba
Tu es problema didxans gagrZelda, saqarTvelos Seelaxeba saerTaSoriso
avtoriteti da bolos darCeba saerTaSoriso mxardaWeris gareSe politikuri, ekonomikuri, socialuri da sxva kidev bevri TvalsazrisiT. Sesabamisi TvalsazrisiT ki
qveyana kidev ufro didi safrTxis winaSe dadgeba. rogorc vTqviT, grantebi gamoiyofa ori ZiriTadi daniSnulebiT _ mimdinare da kapitaluri. rogorc viciT, maT
Soris damokidebuleba saxelmwifo biujetSi arcTu ise saxarbieloa, radganac mimdinare daniSnulebis grantebi mkveTrad aWarbebs kapitaluri daniSnulebis grantebs. swored amitom aris saWiro mkacri miznobriobis dacva grantebis mxriv, radganac aramiznobrivma gaflangvam SesaZlebelia, Selaxos saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso
avtoriteti da saqarTvelo gamoeTiSos saintegracio process. es ki, globalizaciis
pirobebSi, Zalian daazaralebs qveyanas da Seuqcevads gaxdis problemebis gauaresebis process.
amrigad, saxelmwifos sagadasaxado sistemis srulyofis mTavari amocana
gulisxmobs, erTi mxriv Seqmnas mosaxleobis harmoniuli ganviTarebisaTvis xelsayreli safinanso, ekonomikuri, politikuri da socialuri pirobebi, xolo meore
mxriv ki – ganamtkicos fiskaluri politika qveynis ekonomikasTan urTierTkavSirSi
infrastruqturuli ganviTarebis safuZvelze. dasaxuli miznebis realizaciis saSualebad ki kompleqsurad unda iqnes gamoyenebuli qveynis globaluri safinansoekonomikuri ganviTarebis strategia.
Ggamoyenebuli
1. papava l. aratradiciuli ekonomiksi. Tbilisi, 2011.
2. gamsaxurdia T. saqarTvelos sagadasaxado-sabiujeto sistemis funqcionirebis
problemebi Tanamedrove etapze. Tbilisi, 2003.
3. mesxia
mesxia i. regionuli sabiujeto-sagadasaxado sistemebis Tanamedrove problemebi.
J. `makro-mikro ekonomika~, #4, 1999, gv. 25.
Kurdadze Tinatin
CONCERNING THE ISSUE OF IMPROVING THE TAX SYSTEM
ON MODERN STAGE IN GEORGIA
283
SUMMARY
The main task of the improvement of a tax system of a state means to create financial, economic, political and social conditions for the harmonious development of population and to strengthen a fiscal policy on the
basis of the infrastructural development in relation to the economy of a country.
To achieve the stated objectives is to use fully the strategy of the global financial-economic development of a country.
mixeil CikvilaZe
fizikuri pirebis saSemosavlo gadasaxadis
zogierTi aspeqti
gadasaxadebi yoveli qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri yofis erT-erTi sisxlZarRvovani sistemaa, romelic saxelmwifosTan erTad warmoiSva da warmatebiT emsaxureba kacTa modgmis progress.
axali sagadasaxdo kodeqsi, romelic 2011 wlis 1 ianvridan Sevida ZalaSi, es
bolo aTwleulSi miRebuli ukve meore sagadasaxado kodeqsia, romlis ZiriTadi mizania biznesis warmoebis simartive, kargi sagadasaxado administracia, calkeuli
gadasaxadebis ganakveTebisa da, saerTod, sagadasaxado tvirTis xvedriTi wilis
Semcireba, patiosani gadamxdelis waxalisebis rigi meqanizmebis arseboba, sagadasaxado Semosavlebis zrdasa da bevri saWirboroto sakiTxis mogvarebas isaxavs miznad.
cnobilia, rom sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobaSi gatarebuli bevri dadebiTi
cvlilebis da gadasaxadebis garkveuli saxeebis nawilobrivi koreqtirebis miuxedavad, ucvleli darCa saerTo-saxelmwifoebrivi da adgilobrivi gadasaxadebis eqvsive
saxe da maTi umetesobis ganakveTebi, Tumca gafarTovda dasabegri obieqtebis baza:
maT Soris, saSemosavlo gadasaxadis klebis grafiki axali sagadasaxado kodeqsiT
iTvaliswinebs gadasaxadis 18%-mde Semcirebas 2013 wlis 1 ianvridan 2014 wlis pirvel ianvramde periodSi, xolo 2014 wlis ianvridan _ 15%-mde Semcirebas.
2011 wlidan sabaJo kodeqsi wyevts arsebobas da misi normebi sagadasaxado
kodeqsis integrirebuli nawili xdeba.
kodeqsSi erT-erTi ZiriTadi novacia mikrobiznesis kategoriaa, aseTad SeuZlia daregistrirdes 30 aT. laramde wliuri brunvis mqone fizikur pirs, romelic
ar iyenebs daqiravebul Sromas, ufro metic, am kategoriis pirebi Tavisufldebian
saSemosavlo gadasaxadisagan.
aranakleb mniSvnelovania sagadasaxado kodeqsSi mcire biznesis kategoriis
Semotana, aseTad ki iTvleba is saqmianoba, romlis wliuri brunvac 200 aT. larze
naklebia, xolo am kategoriis biznesis Semosavali 3 da 5%-mde daibegreba.
cvlilebebia damatebuli Rirebulebis gadasaxadis vadebSic, kerZod, amJamad
biznesmens SesaZlebloba eZleva, `dRg~ gadaixados kvartalurad, rac faqtobrivad
orTvian uprocento sesxs niSnavs.
rac Seexeba wlebis ganmavlobaSi gadauWrel mtkivneul sakiTxs, rogoricaa
zedmetad biujetSi gadaricxuli Tanxebis dabrunebas, es problema biznesmenebs avtomatur reJimSi mougvardebaT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gadasaxadis gadaxda iwarmoebs
eleqtronuli sistemiT, aq ki saxelmwifo politikis mizania, biznesmenebs eleqtronuli sistemiT gadaxdis maqsimaluri motivacia mieceT.
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axali kodeqsiT biznesmens ufleba mieca, Camoweros vadagasuli an/da gamosayeneblad an Semdgomi miwodebisaTvis uvargisi materialuri faseulobebi, romelic wlebis manZilze ericxeboda balansze da auaresebda mewarmis finansur maCveneblebs.
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, miuxedavad saqarTvelos `sagadasaxado kodeqsSi~ gatarebuli mTeli rigi sasikeTo cvlilebebisa, jerac zogierTi bundovani da orazrovani sakiTxia, maTi administrirebis procesSi ki mewarmeebi da fizikuri pirebi xSirad zaraldebian. kerZod, erT-erTi aseTi sakiTxTagania qonebis gayidvidan miRebuli Semosavlebis dabegvrasTan dakavSirebuli aspeqtebi.
moqmedi kanonmdeblobiT: `saxelmwifo qonebis miwodeba privatizaciis programis mixedviT~ gaTavisuflebulia damatebuli Rirebulebis gadasaxadisagan (dRg) (saqarTvelos `sagadasaxado kodeqsi~, muxli 168-d). amasTan, am SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo
qonebaSi ganixileba `saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli moZravi da uZravi nivTebi,
aramaterialuri qonebrivi sikeTe~ (`saqarTvelos kanoni `saxelmwifos qonebis privatizebis Sesaxeb~. muxli 2-a).
aqedan gamomdinare, saxelmwifo qonebis privatizebisas, faqtobrivad – vrceli
CamonaTvalis mixedviT qonebis miwodeba ar ibegreba da Sesabamisi Semosavali qveynis konsolidirebul biujetSi gadasaxadebis saxiT ar Sedis.
vfiqrobT, aseTi midgoma marTebulia, magram sasurvelia, rom kerZo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli qonebis mimarTac aseTive sakanonmdeblo moTxovnebi gavrceldes,
Tumca ase ar xdeba da kerZo pirebis sakuTrebaSi arsebuli qonebis gayidvidan miRebuli Semosavali eqvemdebareba dabegvras.
kidev ufro bundovania fizikuri pirebis mier qonebis gayidvidan miRebuli
Semosavlebis dabegvris sakiTxebi, rac sagadasaxado organoebs subieqturi gadawyvetilebis miRebis SesaZleblobas aZlevs. saqme isaa, rom `sagadasaxado kodeqsis~
mixedviT (muxli 82), saSemosavlo gadasaxadiT dabegvrisagan Tavisufldeba fizikuri
piris mier:
_ 2 welze meti vadiT sakuTrebaSi arsebuli sacxovrebeli binis (saxlis)
masze damagrebuli miwis realizaciiT miRebuli nameti (punqi: v.a.).
sakuTrebis uflebis registraciidan 6 Tveze meti vadiT sakuTrebaSi arsebuli avtosatransporto saSualebiT miRebuli nameti (punqti: v.b.).
_ 2 welze meti vadiT sakuTrebaSi arsebuli aqtivebiT miRebuli nameti, garda
gamsxviseblis mier aqtivebis miwodebamde ekonomikur saqmianobaSi gamoyenebis an/da
am qvepunqtis `v.a.~ da `v.b.~ qvepunqtebiT gaTvaliswinebuli SemTxvevebisa. amasTanave,
aqtivebis ekonomikur saqmianobaSi gamoyenebad ar iTvleba maTi 2 wlis Semdeg miwodeba an/da fasiani qaRaldebis wilis mxolod floba dividendebisa da procentebis
miRebis mizniT (punqti: v.g.);
_ amxanagobis mier Tavisi wevrisaTvis (TanamflobelisaTvis) qonebis gadacemiT miRebuli Semosavali, Tu amxanagobis wevrebi mxolod fizikuri pirebi arian,
amxanagobis wevrTa Semadgenloba ar Secvlila amxanagobis dafuZnebidan qonebis gadacemis (ganawilebis) momentamde da amxanagoba ganawilebis momentisaTvis ar aris
damatebuli Rirebulebis gadasaxadis gadamxdeli.
amrigad, kanonmdebloba fizikuri pirebis sakuTrebaSi arsebuli qonebis
gayidvisas iTvaliswinebs argumentaciasmoklebul sxvadasxva midgomebs (romlebSic
garkveva specialistebsac ki gauWirdebaT): pirveli, 2 wlian da 6 Tvian vadebs; meore, aqtivebis ekonomikuri saqmianobis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi `2 wliani vadis~ gauvrceleblobas (am SemTxvevaSi, gaugebaria ratom unda moeqces erTian sagadasaxado
reJimSi, magaliTad, bina, miwa da a.S. imisda miuxedavad, gayidvamde iyo Tu ara isini
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gaqiravebuli Tu ijariT gacemuli?); mesame, qonebis `wilis~ mxolod amxanagobis wevrebze gayidva Tavisufldeba saSemosavlo gadasaxadiT dabegvrisagan (aq gaugebaria
Tu ratom ar unda gavrceldes igive `norma~ sxva pirze `wilis~ miyidvisas?) da sxv.
kidev erTi magaliTi: avtor(eb)ma wignis (gamocemidan 2 wlis ganmavlobaSi)
mravaljeradi gayidviT miRebuli Semosavlidan saSemosavlo gadasaxadi unda gadaixados. am SemTxvevaSi, dasabegr bazad iangariSeba sxvaoba wignis gayidvidan miRebul Semosavalsa da sagamomcemlo-sastambo xarjebs Soris, magram aravin aqcevs
yuradRebas wignis avtoris Sromis Sefasebas.
vfiqrobT, `sagadasaxado kodeqsSi~ arsebuli zemoaRniSnuli da sxva msgavsi
bundovani Canawerebi dadgenili wesiT unda Sesworedes da fizikur pirTa kerZo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli qoneba _ `yvela nivTi da aramaterialuri qonebrivi sikeTe~ _
arasamewarmeo mizniT gasxvisebisas, mizanSewonilia, daeqvemdebaros dabegvris imave
`reJims~, rogorc saxelmwifo qonebis privatizebis wesiT gasxvisebisas, xolo wignebis (broSurebis) mravaljeradi gayidvidan miRebuli Semosavlebis dabegvrisas gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes maTi avtorebis mier gaweuli SromiTi danaxarjebi.
Chikviladze Mikheil
SOME ASPECTS OF INCOME TAX OF NATURAL PERSONS
SUMMARY
Some obscure questions of `Tax Code~ of Georgia are discussed in the thesis – `Some Aspects of Income Tax of Physical Entities~ by Mikheil Chikviladze – Associated professor of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi
University and the folowing conckusion is mage:
The property owned by phisical entities as the property – while being alianeted, àll items and intangible
property wealth~ – should be subjected to the same mode of taxation as the state property while being alienated
according to the rule of privatization.
Bboris WiWinaZe
saqarTvelos adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobebis
finansuri problemebi
problemebi msoflio ekonomikuri
krizisis pirobebSi
evropis yvela ganviTarebuli qveynis kanonmdebloba mkacrad gansazRvravs adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobebis funqciebs da movaleobebs, maT kompetenciebs, amasTanave, adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis problemebis swrafad da efeqtianad gadawyvetis
mizniT adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobebi uzrunvelyofilni arian Sesabamisi finansebiT. evropis qveynebSi centraluri xelisuflebebi TandaTan ufro met uflebebs
gadascemen adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobebs, radganac swored maT ician yvelaze
kargad, Tu ra problemebia iq da rogoria maTi gadawyvetis gzebi. aRniSnuli midgomebi kidev ufro zrdis adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobebSi dasaqmebuli sajaro moxeleebis angariSvaldebulebas mosaxleobis winaSe da, saerTo jamSi, mogebuli rCeba
adgilobrivi mosaxleoba, aseve adgilobrivi biujetebiT efeqtianad finansdeba adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis proeqtebi, swored amaSia adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobebis
xibli. sakiTxebis gadawyvetis mizniT kanonmdeblobiT aqvT Seqmnili Sesabamisi pirobebi da maT saqmianobaSi centraluri xelisufleba faqtobrivad ar ereva, aqvT
mxolod kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli funqciebi, romelTa CamonaTvalic mkacrad regulirdeba.Eevropis adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobebs kanoniT aqvT yvela piroba Seqmnili, raTa adgilebze moizidon da xelsayreli garemo Seuqmnan rogorc
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adgilobriv (samamulo), aseve ucxour invensticiebs. investiciebis mozidva ki ZiriTadad samuSao adgilebis Seqmnis winapirobaa. sainteresoa ra xdeba am mxriv saqarTveloSi, rogor da ramdenad efeqtianad xorcieldeba adgilebze TviTmmarTveloba,
ramdenad damoukidebelni arian TviTmmarTvelobebi adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis sakiTxebis swrafad da efeqtianad gadawyvetis saqmeSi, uzrunvelyofilni arian Tu
ara adgilebze Sesabamisi finansuri resursebiT, centraluri da adgilobrivi xelisuflebis doneze ra unda gakeTdes imisaTvis, rom Cvens qveyanaSic ise xorcieldebodes TviTmmarTvelobebi, rogorc ucxoeTis ganviTarebul qveynebSia da,
saerTo jamSi, ra aris is mTavari, romlis danergvamac xeli unda Seuwyos adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobebs, ekonomikuri krizisis pirobebSi umtkivneulod da naklebi
danaxarjebiT rom SeZlon msoflio adgilobrivi problemebis winaaRmdeg brZola.
saqarTveloSi adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobebis muSaobas, maT uflebebs, kompetenciebs da dafinansebis wyaros gansazRvravs àdgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis~
Sesaxeb saqarTvelos organuli kanoni. aRniSnul kanonSi mkacradaa gansazRvruli im
sakiTxebis Sesaxeb, romelTa gadawyveta maTi kompetenciaa. xSir SemTxvevaSi adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobebs iseTi valdebulebebi evalebaT, romelTa Sesruleba sakanonmdeblo vakuumis gamo TiTqmis SeuZlebelia, kerZod, aRniSnuli kanonis me-16
muxlis Tanaxmad, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveli erTeulebis sakuTari uflebamosilebebia: a) adgilobrivi gadasaxadebis da mosakreblebis SemoReba da gauqmeba;Bb) adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis tyisa da wylis resursebis marTva;Gg) adgilobrivi samgzavro
gadazidvebis regulireba saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT. mosaxleobis municipaluri transportiT momsaxurebisa da adgilobrivi gadazidvebis wesebis,
transportis marSrutebisa da grafikebis gansazRvra da Sesabamisi nebarTvebis gacema;Dd) gare vaWrobis, bazrebisa da bazrobebis regulireba;Ee) gare reklamis ganTavsebis regulireba saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT; v) sayofacxovrebo narCenebisa da utilizaciis samuSaoTa warmoebis dagegmva da ganxorcieleba
an maT ganxorcielebaze municipaluri Sesyidvis organizeba, sasaflaoebis movlapatronoba; z) TviTmmarTveli erTeulis sivrciT-teritoriuli dagegmva da TviTmmarTveli erTeulis sivrciT-teritoriuli dagegmvis normebisa da wesebis gansazRvra, miwaTsargeblobis generaluri gegmis, ganaSenianebis regulirebis gegmis, dasaxlebaTa teritoriebis gamoyenebisa da ganaSenianebis regulirebis wesebis damtkiceba, TviTmmarTveli erTeulis teritoriis keTilmowyobisa da sainJinro infrastruqturis ganviTarebis programebis damtkiceba; T) municipaluri arqivis Seqmna da
saarqivo momsaxurebis tarifebis dadgena saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili
wesiT; i) TviTmmarTveli erTeulis municipaluri programebis da gegmebis SemuSaveba
da damtkiceba;Kk) saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad TviTmmarTveli erTeulis
teritoriaze janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis sferoSi municipaluri resursebis mobilizeba, Sesabamisi RonisZiebebis (adamianis janmrTelobisaTvis usafrTxo
garemos Seqmna, cxovrebis jansaRi wesis damkvidreba, janmrTelobis riskfaqtorebis
identificireba) SemuSaveba, ganxorcieleba da amis Taobaze mosaxleobis informireba.
aRniSnul muxlSi mocemulia aseve TviTmmarTveli erTeulis sxva sakuTari
uflebamosilebebis Sesaxeb, magram aq moyvanilia TviTmmarTveli erTeulebis is
uflebamosilebebi, romelTa cxovrebaSi ganxorcieleba saqarTvelos masStabiT
TviTmmarTvelobebis TiTqmis 95%-Si, subieqturi Tu obieqturi mizezebis gamo, ar
xdeba. rogorc aRniSnuli uflebamosilebebidan Cans, maTi adgilobriv doneze ganxorcieleba saSuri saqmea da adgilobrivi infrastruqturis gaumjobesebisaTvis
marTlac aucilebelia. magram, xSir SemTxvevaSi, adgilobrivi finansebis uqonlobis
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gamo TviTmmarTvelobebi ver wyveten zemoaRniSnul sakiTxebs, sakiTxebis gadauwyvetloba ki negatiurad moqmedebs iq mcxovreb mosaxleobaze da adgilobrivi xelisuflebisadmi maT guliswyromas iwvevs.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, sakiTxebis gadasawyvetad aucilebelia finansebi,
adgilobrivi finansebis Seqmnis wyaroebi ki regulirdeba saqarTvelos kanoniT `saqarTvelos sabiujeto kodeqsis~ Sesaxeb. aRniSnuli kanonis 65-e muxlSi aRniSnulia,
rom 1) TiToeul adgilobriv TviTmmarTvel erTeuls aqvs sakuTari damoukidebeli
biujeti; 2) adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveli erTeulis biujeti damoukidebelia rogorc
sxva TviTmmarTveli erTeulis biujetis, ise saxelmwifo biujetis da avtonomiuri
respublikebis biujetebisgan; 3) adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis damoukidebloba sabiujeto saqmianobaSi garantirebulia am kodeqsiT gansazRvruli sakuTari SemosulobebiT da eqskluziur uflebamosilebaTa ganxorcielebisaTvis gadasaxdelebis gawevis damoukideblad gansazRvriT, agreTve kanoniT dadgenil farglebSi delegirebul uflebamosilebaTa damoukidebeli gadawyvetilebebis miRebis
uflebiT; 4) saqarTvelos centralur da avtonomiuri respublikebis xelisuflebebs
ufleba ar aqvT, Caerion adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis sabiujeto uflebamosilebebSi. adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobebs gaaCniaT rogorc sakuTari, aseve
arasakuTari Semosavlebi. sakuTar Semosavlebs ganekuTvneba adgilobrivi gadasaxadebi da mosakreblebi, gaTanabrebiTi transferi da saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveli erTeulebisaTvis gankuTvnili sxva Semosulobebi. arasakuTari Semosavlebs ki ganekuTvneba specialuri da miznobrivi transferebi da kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili sxva Semosavlebi (`saqarTvelos sabiujeto kodeqsi~ muxli 66).
rogorc praqtikuli dakvirvebebi gviCvenebs, adgilobrivi biujetebis Semosavlebis ZiriTad wyaros swored gaTanabrebiTi transferiT miRebuli Tanxebi
Seadgens.Eeqskluziur uflebamosilebaTa gansaxorcieleblad adgilobriv TviTmmarTvel erTeuls saxelmwifo biujetidan finansuri daxmarebis saxiT gadaecema
gaTanabrebiTi transferi. gaTanabrebiTi transferis mizania sxvadasxva adgilobrivi
TviTmmarTvelobebis eqskluziur uflebamosilebaTa ganxorcielebisaTvis finansuri
resursebis gaTanabreba. gaTanabrebiTi transferis odenoba gamoiangariSeba formuliT. T = E - R, sadac T adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveli erTeulis biujetisaTvis gamosayofi transferia, EE_ adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveli erTeulis biujetis xarjebisa
da arafinansuri aqtivebis zrdis jami, xolo R _ adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveli erTeulis biujetis Semosavlebi (grantebis garda), romelic TiToeuli adgilobrivi
TviTmmarTveli erTeulis biujetisaTvis gaiangariSeba mimdinare wlis prognozisa
da gasuli 3 wlis faqtobrivi maCveneblebis tendenciis mixedviT.
rac Seexeba Tavad gaTanabrebiTi transferis gaangariSebis meTodikas, is
damtkicebulia saqarTvelos finansTa ministris 2009 wlis 30 dekembris #904 brZanebiT. aRniSnul instruqciaSi bevri bundovanebaa, gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia is,
rom damtkicebuli instruqciiT transferis gaangariSebis dros mniSvnelovan rols
TamaSobs mosaxleobis raodenoba, aseve im mosaxleobis raodenoba, romelTa socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobis maCvenebeli (sareitingo qula) naklebia saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier dadgenil zRvrul odenobaze, 6 wlamde asakis bavSvebis raodenoba, 6-18 wlamde mozardTa raodenoba, adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis gzebis sigrZe,
mosaxleobis simWidrovis koeficienti. zemoCamoTvlilTagan 90% kriteriumebisa
faqtobrivad ar gaiTvaliswineba gaTanabrebiTi transferis gamoangariSebis dros,
gamomdinare aqedan, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobebi veRar iReben centridan maTTvis kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebul transfers, rac, saerTo jamSi, adgilobrivi
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socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobis ganviTarebaze negatiurad moqmedebs da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobebis muSaobas araprognozirebads xdis.
saqarTveloSi moqmedi kanonmdeblobidan gamomdinare, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebi mwiri sabiujeto Semosavlebis fonze faqtobrivad ver
uzrunvelyofen adgilobrivi problemebis mogvarebas da isini centrze damokidebulni xdebian. rogorc saqarTvelos municipalitetebis socialur-ekonomikuri
mdgomareobis analizma gviCvena, adgilebze municipalitetebis doneze SeuZlebelia
moqmed kerZo sawarmoebSi dasaqmebul pirTa raodenobis, maTi yovelTviuri saSualo
xelfasebis da municipalitetebSi warmoebuli produqciis moculobis dadgena,
rac, xSir SemTxvevaSi, ganpirobebulia 2009 wlis 11 dekembers saqarTvelos parlamentis mier miRebuli òficialuri statistikis Sesaxeb~ kanonis dauxvewaobiT. arc
aRniSnuli kanoni da arc sxva kanonqvemdebare normatiuli aqti ar avaldebulebs
ama Tu im regionSi (maT Soris municipalitetebSi) moqmed sawarmos da mis xelmZRvanels, Tavisi sawarmos Sesaxeb periodulad miawodos informacia statistikis adgilobriv organoebs, gamomdinare aqedan, SeuZlebelia municipalitetebSi da mTlianad
regionebSi warmoebuli produqciis moculobis dadgena, rac, saboloo jamSi, kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebs statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris mier gamoqveynebul oficialur monacemebs Cvens qveyanaSi warmoebuli mTliani Sida produqtis odenobis
Sesaxeb (maT Soris regionebis mixedviT).
gamomdinare iqidan, rom regionebSi (maT Soris municipalitetebSi) ar arsebobs umuSevar da samsaxuridan daTxovnil pirTa aRricxvis aranairi meqanizmi,
faqtobrivad SeuZlebelia adgilebze dasaqmebul Tu dausaqmebel moqalaqeTa odenobis dadgena, gamomdinare aqedan, bundovania statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris mier
gamoqveynebuli monacemebi qveyanaSi umuSevrobis donis Sesaxeb regionebis mixedviT.
qvemoT moyvanil cxrilSi mocemulia 2009-2010 wlebSi saqarTveloSi ekonomikurad
aqtiuri mosaxleobis dasaqmebis Sesaxeb statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris monacemebi.
Eekonomikurad
Aaqtiuri
mosaxleoba
(aTasi kaci)
Ddasaqmebuli
(aTasi kaci)
umuSevari
(aTasi kaci)
umuSevrobis done
(procentebSi)
2009 weli
2010 weli
1991,8
1944,9
1656,1
1628,1
335,6
316,9
16,9
16,3
rogorc mocemuli cxrilidan Cans, 2010 wlisaTvis saqarTveloSi umuSevrobis
done (procentebSi) Seadgens 16,3%-s, rac gasuli 2009 wlis analogiur periodTan
SedarebiT Semcirebulia 0,6%-iT; xolo regionebis mixedviT Semdegnairi suraTi
gvaqvs: imereTSi umuSevroba Semcirebulia 1,6%-iT, aWaraSi _ 4,2%-iT, qvemo qarTlSi
_ 1,5%-iT, Sida qarTlSi _ 3,9%-iT, umuSevroba gazrdilia samegrelo _ zemo svaneTSi 1,2%-iT, TbilisSi _ 0,5%-iT, kaxeTSi _ 0,1%-iT, danarCen regionebSi (samcxejavaxeTi, guria, mcxeTa-mTianeTi) umuSevroba gazrdilia 0,6%-iT. rogorc vxedavT,
statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris mier gamoqveynebuli monacemebi saqarTvelos regionebis mixedviT, ar aris saxarbielo, mdgomareobas kidev ufro arTulebs is, rom
regionebis mixedviT mocemuli monacemebi ar aris zusti da realuri (faqtobrivi)
monacemebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba oficialuri monacemebisgan. eqspertuli gaTvlebiT saqarTveloSi dReisaTvis umuSevroba 25%-s aWarbebs, maSin, roca evropis
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ganviTarebul qveynebSi umuSevroba 3-5%-is farglebSi meryeobs. umuSevrobis donis
maCvenebliT saqarTvelo mniSvnelovnad win uswrebs yofili sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebs. umeSevrobis aseTi maRali maCvenebeli mniSvnelovnad aferxebs regionuli ekonomikis normalurad funqcionirebas da erovnuli valutis gaufasurebasTan (inflacia) erTad adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobebis ganviTarebis antistimulatorad gvevlineba.
arsebul pirobebSi, maSin, roca adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobebs ar gaaCniaT
damoukidebeli finansebi, TviTmmarTvelobebis ganviTarebis erT-erT Semaferxebel
faqtorad gvevlineba aseve gaTanabrebiTi transferis araswori gadanawileba.Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom gaTanabrebiTi transferis ZiriTadi funqcia adgilobrivi
biujetebis gamoTanabrebaa, xSirad praqtikaSi es ar xdeba da municipalitetebi ver
iReben kanonmdeblobiT maT kuTvnil transfers.Aaseve aRsaniSnavia is, rom satransfero formulaSi ar aris asaxuli saqarTvelos regionebis socialuri infrastruqturis ganviTarebis done, rac, saerTo jamSi, sxvadasxva bunebriv pirobebSi myofi
municipalitetebisaTvis gamoTanabrebiTi transferis ganawilebisas uTanabrobas iwvevs, gamomdinare aqedan, saWiroa satransfero politikis mniSvnelovani gadaxedva.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, adgilobrivi infrastruqturis gasaumjobeseblad
aucilebelia damoukidebeli finansebi da, aseve, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobebis
(sakrebulos) mier Tavis kompetenciis farglebSi iseTi adgilobrivi sakanonmdeblo
aqtis miReba, romelic mniSvnelovnad Seuwyobs xels adgilebze adgilobrivi da ucxouri investiciebis mozidvas. adgilebze gonivruli sabiujeto politikis SesamuSaveblad aucilebelia mecnierul doneze gaangariSebuli grZelvadiani sabiujeto
prognozireba. swored amis deficits ganicdis TiTqmis yvela municipaliteti, maT
Soris TviTmmarTveli qalaqebic. Nnormalurad dagegmili biujetis pirobebSi aseve
sasicocxlod aucilebelia, rom biujetiT gaTvaliswinebuli xarjviTi nawili iyos
metad transparantuli da adgilobriv mosaxleobas sistematurad miewodebodes informacia imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor da ra mimarTulebiT ixarjeba adgilobrivi biujetebiT gaTvaliswinebuli Tanxebi.
dRes moqmedi kanonmdeblobiT, adgilobrivi biujetis saSemosavlo nawili
formirdeba mxolod qonebis (maT Soris miwaze qonebis) gadasaxadisgan, xolo saerTo-saxelmwifoebrivi gadasaxadebisgan adgilobriv biujetSi saerTod araferi
iricxeba. warmogidgenT 1994-2010 wlebSi saqarTveloSi moqmedi ZiriTadi gadasaxadebidan (dRg, saSemosavlo, mogeba, miwis) adgilobriv biujetebSi anaricxebis normativebs procentebSi.
gadasaxadis
saxeoba
dRg
saSemosavlo
mogeba
Mmiwis
19941994-1997
30
50
50
50
19971997-2000
0
60
60
60
20012001-2003
0
85
85
100
20042004-2005
0
100
100
100
20062006-2007
0
100
0
100
20082008-2010
0
0
0
100
rogorc cxrilidan Cans, 2008-2010 wlebSi adgilobriv biujetSi mxolod miwis gadasaxadi iricxeba sruli 100%-iT, rac daaxloebiT 17-18%-iT uzrunvelyofs
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobebis biujetiT gaTvaliswinebuli xarjviTi nawilis
dafinansebas, danarCeni xarjebis dafinanseba ki centridan (Tbilisi) miRebuli
sxvadasxva saxis transferidan xdeba. gamomdinare aqedan, `sabiujeto kodeqsiT” gaTvaliswinebuli adgilobrivi biujetis damoukidebloba kiTxvis niSnis qveS dgas da
290
adgilobrivi biujetebis saSemosavlo nawili ZiriTadad miRebuli transferebiT
balansdeba.
gamomdinare iqidan, rom dReisaTvis moqmedi `sabiujeto kodeqsiT” dadgenili
gadasaxadebis adgilobriv biujetSi ganawilebis wesi dauxvewavia da is minimaluradac ver uzrunvelyofs adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobebis winaSe mdgari problemebis swrafad da efeqtianad gadawyvetas, saWiroa, aRniSnul kanonSi Sevides Sesabamisi cvlilebebi da TviTmmarTvelobebs adgilebze darCeT garkveuli nawili saxelmwifo gadasaxadebidan. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia im municipalitetebis Sesaxeb,
romelTa teritoriaze ganTavsebulia iseTi fabrika-qarxnebi, romlebic Zalian, yovelgvari dasaSvebi normebis darRveviT abinZureben adgilobriv ekologiur garemos,
safrTxes uqmnian adgilobriv floras da faunas. miuxedavad amisa, aRniSnuli sawarmoebidan adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobebis biujetebSi, garda qonebis da miwaze
qonebis gadasaxadisa (rac aseve Zalian mizerulia), araferi Sedis. aseTi profiliT
momuSave sawarmoebis mxridan irRveva rogorc saqarTveloSi moqmedi kanoni `garemos dacvis Sesaxeb~, kanoni àtmosferuli haeris dacvis Sesaxeb~ da kanoni `garemos
dacvis saxelmwifo kontrolis Sesaxeb~, aseve saerTaSoriso konvenciebiT gaTvaliswinebuli normebi garemos dacvisa da usafrTxoebis Sesaxeb. miuxedavad amisa,
Ggaremos damabinZurebeli sawarmoebidan adgilobriv biujetSi mobilizebuli Tanxebi minimaluradac ki ver uzrunvelyofs maT mier miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebas,
amiT mogebulni rCebian garemos damabinZurebeli sawarmos xelmZRvaneli (direqtorebi, damfuZneblebi, invenstorebi) pirebi, xolo adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobebSi
mcxovrebi pirebis janmrTelobis mdgomareoba yoveldRiurad uaresdeba. daavadebuli pirebi ki regionuli ekonomikis aRmavlobaSi veranair wvlils ver Seitanen.
Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom dRes sabazro ekonomikis xanaSi vcxovrobT, garemos dacva da
janmrTeloba es iseTi sakiTxebia, romlis dadebiTad gadawyveta ar unda mivandoT
mxolod bazars. am sakiTxebis mosagvarebladG saWiroa centralurma xelisuflebam
gaamkacros aRniSnuli kuTxiT (garemos dacvis kuTxiT) muSaoba an moaxdinos sakuTari uflebebis delegireba adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobebze Sesabamisi infrastruqturis gadacemiT.
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, maSin, roca msoflioSi jer kidev mZvinvarebs
ekonomikuri da finansuri krizisi da aRniSnuli procesebiT gamowveuli Sedegebis
prognozireba faqtobrivad SeuZlebelia, saWiroa, centralurma xelisuflebam miiRos iseTi kanonebi, romlebic mniSvnelovnad gazrdis adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobebis biujetebis damoukideblobas, rac, saerTo jamSi, adgilebze adgilobrivi
mniSvnelobis sakiTxebis swrafad da xarisxovnad gadawyvetas uzrunvelyofs, imedia,
da Rrmad var darwmunebuli, rom saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo organos (parlamentis)
mier miRebuli kanonebi centraluri xelisuflebis uflebebis gazrdis xarjze ar
gamoiwvevs adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobebis damoukideblobis xarisxis Semcirebas.
B Ggamoyenebuli literatura
1.
2.
3.
4.
kanoni àdgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis Sesaxeb~
kanoni `sabiujeto kodeqsis Sesaxeb~.
saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsi.
RavTaZe g., CixlaZe n., satransfero politika da regionebis finansuri mxardaWeris aqtualuri sakiTxebi saqarTveloSi (imereTis mxaris magaliTze). saerTaSoriso samecniero-praqtikuli konferencia. quTaisi, 1-2 maisi, 2010 weli. (Te-
291
5.
6.
ma: regionalizacia, Tanamedrove regionuli ekonomikuri da socialuri procesebi).
WiWinaZe b., TviTmmarTveli erTeulebis biujetis finansuri damoukideblobis
sakiTxisaTvis. saerTaSoriso samecniero-praqtikuli konferencia. quTaisi, 1-2
maisi, 2010 weli (Tema: regionalizacia, Tanamedrove regionuli ekonomikuri da
socialuri procesebi,.
WiWinaZe b., TviTmmarTveli erTeulis biujetis finansuri damoukideblobis
problemebi. saerTaSoriso samecniero-praqtikuli konferencia, quTaisi, 16-17
maisi, 2009 weli (Tema: globalizacia, msoflio krizisi da samxreT kavkasia).
Chichinadze Boris
FINANCIAL PROBLEMS OF THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT OF GEORGIA IN THE
CONDITIONS OF GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISIS
SUMMARY
In the conditions of the global financial economic crisis it is important, what budgetary-tax policy the
central self-management conducts, whether the laws passed by them help to increase the independent budget of
Local government and that it is necessary to do to increase degree of independent local government considerably, and also to improve the transport policy operating in Georgia.
In the article the attention also is paid to the questions that disturbs to the local self-government’s development, why there is a few foreign and local investments what is necessary to do considerably to reduce the
level of unemployment.
The above-stated article will tell about these questions and the ways of their decision.
biznesis problemebis seqcia
gulnaz erqomaiSvili
saqarTvelos sagadasaxado politika
da mewarmeoba
gadasaxadebis warmoSobas mravalsaukunovani istoria gaaCnia. iseve, rogorc
msoflios mraval qveyanaSi, gadasaxadebis gadaxdas saqarTveloSi saxelmwifos
warmoSobisTanave Caeyara safuZveli. saqarTveloSi gadasaxadebis sistema adre Sua
saukuneebidan aris cnobili. XI saukuneSi arsebobda laSqrobis gadasaxadi. batonymobis periodSi feodals miwaze momuSave yma glexebisgan Semosdioda Rala, kuluxi (RviniT gadasaxadi) da sxva. XIII saukuneSi saqarTveloSi arsebul gadasaxadebs Soris aRsaniSnavia sursaTis gadasaxadi, romelic omis dros jaris gamosakvebad gamoiyeneboda da a.S.
dRevandeli sagadasaxado sistemis ZiriTadi daniSnulebaa, saxelmwifo uzrunvelyos finansuri resursebiT. saqarTvelos sabiujeto Semosavlebis daaxloebiT 6080% da zog SemTxvevaSi metic, yovelwliurad sagadasaxado Semosavlebze modis, amitomac, sagadasaxado politikis sworad gansazRvras da gadasaxadebis karg administrirebas udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs sabiujeto processa da qveynis politikaSi.
mewarmeobis ganviTareba ekonomikis stabiluri zrdis safuZvelia. igi uzrunvelyofs qveyanaSi samuSao adgilebis Seqmnas, Sromisunariani mosaxleobis dasaq292
mebas, stabiluri ganviTarebis garantis `saSualo fenis~ warmoqmnas. dResdReobiT,
umuSevroba da siRaribe qveyanaSi jer kidev umZimes prolemebad rCeba. mewarmeobis
ganviTareba qveyanaSi SeuZlebelia xelsayreli sagadasaxado sistemis arsebobis
gareSe.
saqarTvelos sagadasaxado sistemis Camoyalibebas safuZveli 1991-1992 wlebSi
Caeyara, rodesac qveyanam jer miiRo brunvis da gayidvidan gadasaxadebi, xolo
Semdeg damatebuli Rirebulebis gadasaxadi (dRg) da aqcizi. aRniSnuli periodis
Semdeg, saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobam da sistemam arsebiTi cvlileba
ramdenjerme ganicada. kerZod, 1991-1997 wlebi xasiaTdeba socialur-ekonomikuri
krizisiT. gadasaxadebi ministrTa kabinetis calkeuli dadgenilebebiT iyo dawesebuli, ar arsebobda erTiani da mowesrigebuli sagadasaxado kanonmdebloba da
dabali iyo sagadasaxado kultura. gadasaxadebis amoReba rig SemTxvevebSi xdeboda
ara fuladi, aramed naturaluri formiT.
1998-2004 wlebi saqarTvelos pirveli sagadasaxado kodeqsis moqmedebis
periodi. kodeqsiT ganisazRvra sagadasaxado sistemis struqtura da funqcionirebis
zogadi meqanizmi, gadasaxadis saxeebi, maTi gamoangariSebisa da gadaxdis wesi,
sagadasaxado organoebisa da gadasaxadis gadamxdelebis valdebulebebi da pasuxismgebloba, sagadasaxado-samarTlebrivi urTierToba da sxva. aRniSnuli periodis
dasawyisSi arsebobda 18 gadasaxadi, xolo mogvianebiT maT ricxvs kidev 3 daemata.
2005 wlis 1 ianvridan moqmedi sagadasaxado kodeqsi axalma sagadasaxado
kodeqsma Secvala. adre arsebuli 21 gadasaxadidan darCa mxolod 7, 2007-2008 wlebSi
cvlilebebisa da damatebebis Semdeg 6 gadasaxadi, Semcirda zogierTi gadasaxadis
ganakveTebi da dabegvris obieqtebi, aseve sxvadasxva donis biujetebs Soris
Tanxebis ganawilebis meqanizmebi da odenobebi.
axali sagadasaxado kodeqsi (amoqmedda 2011 wlis 1 ianvridan) 2005 wlidan am
sferoSi moqmed wesebs cvlis. Uucvleli darCa saerTo da adgilobrivi gadasaxadebis eqvsive saxe da ganakveTebi. erTaderTi gamonaklisia aqcizuri gadasaxadi,
romelTa gaormagebuli odenobac garkveul sasaqonlo kategoriebze, maT Soris
alkoholur sasmelebsa da jarTze, ukve amoqmedda 2011 wlis 1 agvistodan.
axali sagadasaxado kodeqsiT, damatebiTi Rirebulebis 18%-iani gadasaxadis
(dRg) savaldebulo gadamxdelebi arian 100 000 da meti laris brunvis mqone fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebi. Ggarda amisa, saSemosavlo gadasaxadis klebis grafiki
gadavadebulia da nacvlad 20%-idan 15%-mde etapobrivi Semcirebisa, iTvaliswinebs
18%-mde Semcirebas 2013 wlis 1 ianvridan 2014 wlis 1 ianvramde periodSi. 2013
wlamde ki saSemosavlo gadasaxadi 20%-ian ganakveTze iqneba SenarCunebuli.
axali sagadasaxado kodeqsis amoqmedebisTanave gauqmda sabaJo kodeqsi.
importis gadasaxadi sxvadasxva sasaqonlo jgufebze 12 da 5 procents Seadgens. 2006
wlis 1 seqtembridan moqmedebda importis calkeul jgufebze 0%-iani dabegvris
reJimi, rac axali sagadasaxado kodeqsis mixedviT aRar arsebobs. importis gadasaxadis gadaxda, importiorebs ara uSualod sabaJoze, aramed sagadasaxado deklaraciebis wardgenisas mouwevT. arsebuli yovelTviuri gadaxdis wesis nacvlad, gadasaxadebis deklarireba kvartalurad moxdeba.
axali kodeqsiT, siaxlea mikrobiznesis statusis SemoRebac. aseTad SeiZleba
daregistrirdes 2011 wlis 15 Tebervlamde 30 aTas laramde wliuri brunvis mqone
fizikuri piri, romelic ar iyenebs daqiravebul pirTa Sromas. Tumca 30 aTas laramde brunvis mqone yvela fizikuri piri ver miiRebs mikrobiznesis statuss, radgan
kodeqsis Tanaxmad, gamonaklisi saqmianobis saxeebs mTavroba parlamentTan erTad
gansazRvravs. mas aseve eqneba ufleba, akrZalos am statusis qveS calkeuli saqmia293
nobebis ganxorcielebac. Mmikrobiznesis statusis mqone fizikuri pirebi ar ixdian
saSemosavlo gadasaxads, aseve ara aqvT sakontrolo salaro aparatis gamoyenebis
valdebuleba.
aRsaniSnavia, rom axali kodeqsiT sakontrolo salaro aparatebis gamoyenebis
wesebis darRvevisaTvis jarimebis odenoba 400-dan 15 000 laramde meryeobs. amasTan,
2011 wlis ivlisidan salaro aparatebis gamoyeneba savaldebulo xdeba bazrobebis
movaWreebisTvisac.
dabegvris specialur reJimSi moeqcnen aseve mcire biznesis statusis mqone
mewarme fizikuri pirebi. aseTad iTvleba is saqmianoba, romlis wliuri brunvac 100
aTas larze naklebia.
mcire biznesis statusis mqone biznesis Semosavali 3%-dan 5%-mde daibegreba.
Semosavlis 3%-iani dabegvriT sargeblobs is mcire biznesi, romelic SeZlebs,
warmoadginos mTliani Semosavlis 60%-is xarjebis (garda daqiravebulze daricxuli xelfasis xarjebisa) damadasturebeli dokumentebi. 30%-iani dabegvriT aseve
sargebloben mcire biznesis is warmomadgenlebi, romlebic specialuri savaWro
zonis teritoriaze saqmianoben. magaliTad, bazroba.
axali sagadasaxado kodeqsiT, gadasaxadis gadamxdelisaTvis gadasaxadebis
an/da sanqciebis Semcirebis mizniT, SesaZlebelia gaformdes sagadasaxado SeTanxmeba gadasaxadebis gadamxdelis mier gancxadebis Setanis momentisaTvis arsebuli
sagadasaxado davalianebis odenobis farglebSi, maT Soris, damatebiT daricxuli
sagadasaxado valdebulebis farglebSi, gadasaxadis gadamxdelis mier miTiTebul
sagadasaxado periodze/periodebze da gadasaxadebis/sanqciebis saxeebze miTiTebiT.
2011 wlidan saqarTveloSi moqmedebs sagadasaxado ombudsmenis instituti. misi
meSveobiT xorcieldeba urTierToba mewarmeebsa da saxelmwifos Soris. sagadasaxado ombudsmeni zedamxedvelobas uwevs saqarTvelos teritoriaze gadasaxadis
gadamxdelTa uflebebisa da kanonieri interesebis dacvas, avlens maTi darRvevis
faqtebs, xels uwyobs darRveuli uflebebis aRdgenas. gadasaxadis gadamxdelis
uflebebis darRvevis faqtis gamovlenis SemTxvevaSi sagadasaxado ombudsmeni mimarTavs Sesabamis organos da aZlevs rekomendacias am uflebebis aRdgenis RonisZiebaTa ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb. Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom mas gauWirdeba im problemebis gadawyveta, romelsac axali kodeqsi warmoSobs. kerZod, mikrobiznesis dabegvrasTan dakavSirebuli usamarTloba. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, mikrobiznesad
daregistrirebuli pirovneba gadasaxadebisgan Tavisufldeba, xolo masze naklebi
Semosavlis mqone moqalaqe, romelic wvril an msxvil kompaniaSi muSaobs, 20%-ian
saSemosavlo gadasaxads ixdis. erTi da imave Semosavlis odenoba erTnairad unda
ibegrebodes.
aRniSnuli kodeqsis proeqts biznesmenebma pirveli mosmeniT `revoluciuri~
uwodes, magram aRmoCnda, rom mikro da mcire mewarmeebisaTvis gaweuli SeRavaTebiT
biujets rac daakldeba, msxvilma biznesma gazrdili gadasaxadebiT unda aanazRauros. aseTebad is biznesebi iTvleba, romlebic `zemogebaze~ muSaoben. kerZod, mobiluri kompaniebi, spirtiani sasmelebis biznesi, samedicino aparaturis importiorebi
da aseve umaRlesi saswavleblebi. Tumca, bolo ori am etapze dRg-Ti ar daibegreba.
gaizarda aqcizis gadasaxadi rogorc alkoholur sasmelebze, ise Savi da feradi
liTonebis jarTze. aqcizis gadasaxadis gaormageba, gansakuTrebiT spirtiani sasmelebis adgilobriv mewarmeTa mdgomareobas gaauaresebs, radgan aRniSnuli produqciis importiorebs sabaJo gadasaxads umcireben. mewarmeTa azriT, aqcizis zrdis
gamo maT dRg-s saxiTac meti Tanxis gadaxda mouwevT, amitom produqciis TviTRi-
294
rebuleba TiTqmis samjer gaezrdebaT. Sesabamisad, 50-70%-iT gaizrdeba spirtiani
sasmelebis sacalo fasic.
aqciziT 2011 wlis 1 agvistodan daibegreba aseve kavSirgabmulobis satelefono xmovani momsaxureba. mobiluri komunikaciebis sferoSi dawesda 10%-iani gadasaxadi. saqarTvelo erTaderTi qveyana iqneba, sadac mobiluriT saubari aqciziT
daibegreba. Ggamoricxuli ar aris amas tarifebis zrda mohyves.
izrdeba jarima produqciis dokumentebis gareSe transportirebis, realizaciis SemTxvevebze. Ddanaklisis gamovlenisas daricxuli jarima amJamad arsebuli
produqtis sabazro fasis 100%-idan 110%-mde gaizrdeba.
axali sagadasaxado kodeqsi iTvaliswinebs patiosani gadamxdelis waxalisebis rig meqanizmebs; sagadasaxado loialuri gaxdeba kargi gadamxdelis mimarT.
mas uneblie Secdomas apatieben da aRar daajarimeben. aseve, finansTa saministros
davebis ganxilvis sabWo, kanonis orazrovani debulebis SemTxvevaSi, uflebamosilia
gadawyvetileba
gadamxdelis
sasargeblod
gamoitanos.
axali
kodeqsiT
sagadasaxado tvirTi saSualo biznessac ezrdeba. saSualo biznesi, romlis wliuri
brunva 200 aTas larze metia, saqonlis mcire mewarmisagan Sesyidvis dros dRg-s veRar CaiTvlis. Mmas xarji gaezrdeba da 18-is nacvlad dRg-s ganakveTi, faqtobrivad,
36%-mde gaezrdeba. amiT mcire bizness moespoba motivacia, gaizardos da saSualo
biznesad iqces.
qveyanaSi unda gacnobierdes, rom sabazro ekonomikis mTavari mamoZravebeli
Zala mewarmeTa fenaa, romelic bazris karnaxiT moqmedebs da amiT uzrunvelyofs
qveynis ekonomikis srulyofas da ganviTarebas. rac ufro myarad Camoyalibdeba mewarmeTa axali klasi, miT ufro male gamova igi ekonomikuri krizisidan. saxelmwifom mewarmeebs unda Seuqmnas xelsayreli socialuri, politikuri, samarTlebrivi
da sabazro garemo. dResdReobiT, umuSevroba da siRaribe qveyanaSi jer kidev
umZimes prolemebad rCeba. samewarmeo garemosa da pirobebis Seqmnas, mewarmeTa interesebis dacvas xeli unda Seuwyos saxelmwifos ekonomikurma politikam, romelic,
organizaciul da finansur mxardaWerasTan erTad, gulisxmobs swori samewarmeo
politikisa da samamulo warmoebis konkurentunarianobis amaRlebis RonisZiebaTa
gatarebas.
msoflioSi arsebuli tendenciebidan gamomdinare, ucxoeli investorebis
yuradRebas, umTavresad, mTavrobis swori ekonomikuri politika ipyrobs. arsebiTi
mniSvneloba eniWeba qveynis stabilurobas, Ria da konkurentunariani bazrebis
Camoyalibebas. saerTo ekonomikuri reformebis fonze prioritetuli unda iyos
qveyanaSi investiciebis xelSewyoba da amisaTvis saWiro xelsayreli garemos Seqmna.
1. erqomaiSvili g., xaraiSvili e. firmis ekonomika. Tbilisi, 2011.
2. gvelesiani r., meqvabiSvili e., gagniZe i., lekaSvili e., nacvalaZe m.
m mewarmeobis
Teoriuli safuZvlebi. jozef hasidi, aleqsis-stefanos komselisi, nawili I-II.
Tsu gamomcemloba, 2009.
3. rogava
z.
gadasaxadebi,
sagadasaxado
samarTali
da
sagadasaxado
urTierTobebi. Tbilisi, 2002.
4. saqarTvelos axali sagadasaxado kodeqsi. Tbilisi, 2011.
5.
www. Parliament.ge
www.geostat.ge
6.
7.
www.mof.ge.
295
Erkomaishvili Gulnaz
THE TAX POLICY AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP OF GEORGIA
SUMMARY
One of the paramount aims of the state economic policy is the development of economic policy which is
the base of economics stable growth. Creation of enterprising environment and conditions, protection of entrepreneurs interests must be supported by the state economic policy which along with organizational and financial
promotion implies pursue of activities for competition ability of national production and the enterprising policy.
The current economic reforms implemented during recent years in Georgia are directed towards liberalization and development of the private sector based on provision of economic growth. In this regard there have
been made significant steps, in particular: as a result of reforms implemented in tax system the Georgian tax
legislation is considered to be the most liberal in Europe.. In conditions of market economy the entrepreneur
should be managed by only the market and the active legislation of the state.
Mmaia gonaSvili
saxelmwifos xelSewyoba Tavisufali mewarmeobis
(mcire da saSualo biznesis) ganviT
ganviTarebisTvis
mcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTareba erT-erTi ZiriTadi mimarTulebaa saqarTveloSi kerZo mewarmeobis damkvidrebis, ekonomikis swrafi ganviTarebis, socialuri Tu politikuri sistemis stabilurobis, damatebiTi SromiTi da materialuri resursebis efeqtiani gamoyenebis, damatebiTi samuSao adgilebis Seqmnis, saxelmwifo da adgilobrivi biujetis Sevsebis, saerTo ekonomikuri zrdis da sxva.
aRsaniSnavia, rom gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebis mewarmeobis daxasaiTebisas
Aidis da Sauka (2004) gamoyves formaluri da araformaluri rigi barierebisa (sabaJo
da savaWro regulirebis wesebi; kanonSi xSiri cvlilebebi; politikuri arastabiluroba; samTavrobo politikaSi gamWvirvalobis nakleboba; socialur dazRvevis
gadasaxadebi; specializebuli daxmarebis da rCevebis nakleboba; araefeqtiani sabanko sistema; informaciis nakleboba, inflacia da makroekonomikuri arastabiluroba;
kerZo mewarmeobisadmi mTavrobis damokidebuleba da sxva), romlebic xels uSlis
ganviTarebas da romelTa nawilis mogvarebas cdilobs dRes Cveni saxelmwifo.
Tu gadavxedavT gaeros (2003) angariSs saqarTveloSi mcire da saSualo (SME-s)
mewarmeobis Sesaxeb, rac mocemulia SWOT analizis saxiT, vnaxavT, rom safrTxeebis
nawili ukve mogvarebulia swori saxelmwifo politikis gatarebiT, rac erTgvar
pirobebs qmnis momavali ganviTarebisTvis (ixileT danarTi1):
imedia, Tu gaviTvalsiwinebT im SesaZleboblobebs, rac am analizSia mocemuli,
da amasTan, mowinave qveynebis gamocdilebasac gamoviyenebT, SevZlebT mcire mewarmeobis ukeT mxardaWeras. am TvalsazrisiT, Cveni azriT, erT-erTi kargi saSualebaa
saqarTveloSi biznes-inkubatorebis struqturis formireba. risTvisac saWiroa ganisazRvros am sferoSi saxelmwifos strategia, damuSavdes koncefcia da programa
(rogorc regional ise dargobriv WrilSi), romelic daaCqarebs saxelmwifos mier
SemuSavebuli strategiis mixedviT struqturis Camoyalibebas. rogorc saerTaSoriso kvlevebi mowmobs, biznes-inkubatorebi 20-25_jer metad aCqareben mcire biznesis
ganviTarebas da 20-25%_iT amcireben warumateblobas biznesSi. me ar Sevudgebi
biznes inkubatorebis arsis Sesaxeb saubars, ubralod minda aRvniSno, rom mcire
296
biznes-inkubatori ganixileba, mewarmeebis da damwyebi biznesebis daxmarebis erT-erT
yvelaze gavrcelebul saSualebad, romlis mizania, Seqmnas iseTi firmebi, romlebic
garkveuli periodis Semdeg gaxdebian sicocxlisunariani, damoukidebelni da
waramtebulni.
Cvens mier Catarda mcire kvleva saqarTveloSi arsebul inkubatorsa da israelSi arsebuli kibucebTan dakavSirebiT. gamokiTxulTa anketa Seicavda Semdeg kiTxvebs:
•
•
•
•
•
aris Tu ara TqvenTvis biznesi romliTac Tqven gindaT dakavdeT mxolod materialuri wyaro?
gaTvaliswinebuli gaqvT Tu ara ojaxis biujetSi valdebulebebi, romlebsac Tqven
iRebT sakuTar Tavze axali saqmis wamowyebasTan dakavSirebiT?
moucia Tu ara vinmes obieqturi daskvna Tqveni potencialis Sesaxeb marTod saqme,
romlis wamowyebac gindaT?
giqmniT Tu ara biznes-inkubatorebi stabilur garemos biznesis warmoebisTvis?
mravalmxrivia Tu specializirebulia Tqveni biznes-inkubatori?
•
•
gaqvT Tu ara inovaciuri iniciativebis gamovlenis saSualeba?
Tqveni azriT, ramdenad operatiulad reagirebT (biznes-inkubatori) momxmarebelTa
moTxovnebze;
•
ramdenad uwyobs xels biznes-inkubatorebi siRaribis daZlevas xels?
am kiTvebze pasuxis analizi SeiZleba Semdegi saxiT CamovayaliboT:
kiTxvaze - giqmniT Tu ara biznes-inkubatorebi stabilur garemos biznesis
warmoebisTvis?” gamokiTxulTa 87% pasuxi iyo dadebiTi; amasTan 58%-ma upasuxa, rom
saSualeba qondaT inovaciuri ideebis gamovlenisa; TiTqmis 75%-is pasuxi iyo
dadebiTi momxmarebelTa moTxovnebze operatiul reagirebasTan dakavSirebiT (aqve
minda aRvniSno, rom operatiulobis sxvadasxva xarisxis gamo arsebobs mdidari da
Raribi kibucebi); da bolos TiTqmis yvela aRiarebda, rom kibucebi xels uwyoben
siRaribis daZlevas (aq, aseve gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom kibucebSi sxvadasxva qveynidan Casuli ebraelebic cxovroben da maTi swrafi adaptaciisaTvis Zalian mniSvnelovania saxelmwifos mxridan mxardamWeri politikis gatareba).
Amrigad, Tu gaviTvaliwinebT gaerosTan arsebuli evropis ekonomikuri komisiis
saeqsperto jgufis mier evropis 37 qveyanaSi Caatarebul gamokvlevas, maT rekomendaciebs da Cvens mier Catarebuli mini gamokiTxvis monacemebs ganvazogadebT Semdegnairad SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT saqarTveloSi mcire da saSualo biznesis Seqmnis,
xelSewyobisa da ganviTarebis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi: 1.
biznes-inkubatorebis qselis meSveobiT mcire da saSualo biznesisTvis
stabiluri garemos Seqmna;
specializebuli, mravalmxrivi biznes_inkubatorebis danergva;
mcire da saSualo biznesSi axali maRalanazRaurebadi samuSao adgilebis
Seqmna da SenarCuneba; 11
mcire da saSualo biznesis informaciuli, konsaltinguri,
finansur_sakredito uzrunvelyofa da kerZo iniciativisa Tu inovaciuri
saqmanobis gamovlenisaTvis saSualebis micema; 111
veyanaSi mewarmeTa im fenis formireba, romelic unda gaxdes ekonomikuri
usafrTxoebisa da siRaribis daZlevis stabiluri garanti da sxva.
danarTi 1
297
saqarTvelos SME-ebis SWOT analizi , 2003 ,
Zlieri mxareebi
susti mxareebi
biznesis ganaTlebisa da informacia-kanonis SME (1999) -sTan Sesabamisokonsultaciebis
servisebis dabali done
baSi moyvana da SME saxelmwifo
efeqtianoba;
daxmarebis programa 2002-2004;
-sakredito resursebis
-saerTaSoriso organizaciebis daxmareba SME politikis harmonizebaSi, xelmisawvdomobis dabali albaToba;
-biznesis dawyebisas daxmarebis
EU SME politikisa da mxardaWeris
nakleboba;
programebis Sesabamis moxdenaSi;
-iafi resursebi da didi moculobis -biznesis gamocdilebis da SME damxmare
institutebis simcire;
bazari;
-sabiujeto resursebis simcire;
-samewarmeo unarebis maRali done
da survili hqondes sakuTari biznesi;
-maRali xarisxis SME servisis
dargSi.
SesaZleblobebi
safrTxeebi
-sagadasaxado sistemis ganviTareba;
-danaSaulebrivi samyaros wnexi da ko-administraciuli barierebis gauqrufcia;
meba.
-arastabiluri energiis miwodeba;
-uxarisxo produqtebis didi wili ba-SME infrastruqturis Seqmna;
zrebze, romelic amcirebs mxardaWeris
-pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis
efeqturobas;
mozidva;
-garantirebuli sasesxo fondebis
-SME-s dabal xarisxze orientireba;
Seqmna;
-dabali gadaxdisunarianoba mosax-kooperaciisa da biznesi warmarTleobis mxridan
vis SesaZlebloba mezobel qveynebTan.
1. gvelesiani r. mcire da saSualo mewarmeobis warmatebis strategia. Tbilisi,
1999.
2. erqomaiSvili g. mewarmeobis formirebisa da ganviTarebis Taviseburebani saqarTveloSi. Tb., 2004.
3. papava g. mewarmeobis safuZvlebi. Tb., 2004.
4. Джон Ф. Берджес. Е. Н. Штаинхофф. Основы управления малым бизнесом М; 1997.
5. Aidis, R. (2003) Entrepreneurs hip and Economic Transition, Amsterdam, Tinbergen Institute discussion
paper.
6. Aidis, R. and Sauka, A. (2004) Assessing Moving Targets: Analyzing the Impact of Transition Stages on
Entrepreneurship Development, Ekonomika, 69, pp. 1-21.
7. Joseph Hassod, Alexios-Stefanos Komselis, including contribution by Revaz Gvelesiani, Introduction to
Entrepreneurship, University of Pireus, 2007.
8. Business Today. Michel H. Meson courtland L. Bovee jihn v. Thill, The future of business.
9. M.Porter, On COmpetiotion, A Harvard Business Review Book, 1999.
10. United Nations (2003) Small and Medium Sized Enterprises in Countries in Transition, Geneva, United
Nations Economic Commission for Europe
http://www.esbc.ru/biblio/book
http:// http://www.geostat.ge/
http://www.onlinewbc.gov/about.html - Women's Business Center
298
http://www.score.org/ - Counselors to America’s Small Business
http://www.dcode.co.uk/site/home/taxacc/revsbtax.html - Review of Small Business Taxation
http://www.cefir.org – administraciuli barierebis monitoringi mcire biznesis ganviTarebis gzaze;
http://www.business-magazine.ru/regions/222455/ - mcire biznesis saxelmwifoebrivi mxardaWera aSS-Si;
http://www.business-magazine.ru/regions/222284/ - mcire biznesis mxardaWera safrangeTSi;
Gonashvili Maia
STATE PROMOTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF FREE ENTREPRENEURSHIP
(SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED BUSINESS)
SUMMARY
The article contains the analysis of exicting state of small and medium-sized entrepreneurship and,
correspondingly, the possible main directions of a state policy. Are analyzed the possibilities and threats of
2000-2007 and current stage determing such a significant structure at the state level as business-incubators.
In the article analysis of differnet researches and correspondingly, the main directions of ellaboration of a
state policy are given.
eTer kakulia
mcire biznesis
biznesis ganviTarebis mdgomareoba da perspeqtivebi
saqarTveloSi
gasuli saukunis oTxmocdaaTian wlebSi saqarTveloSi mimdinare movlenebis
dros, roca ekonomika moiSala, qveyana ekonomkurma krizisma moicva, mosaxleobam,
legalurad Tu aralegalurad, xeli mohkida mcire bizness. mcire biznesma, iseve,
rogorc gasuli saukunis 20-30-ian wlebSi,aSS-s ekonomikis krizisis dros, SeZlo,
qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebis stabilurobaSi, mniSvnelovani socialur-ekonomikuri roli gamoevlina. mcire biznesis SesaZleblobebma ganapiroba is, rom im droisaTvis qveynis umZimes ekonomikur kriziss Tan ar sdevda socialuri afeTqebebi.
ekonomikis ganviTebis da stabilurobis saqmeSi, mcire biznesis mTeli rigi
mniSvnelovani SesaZleblobebis da unaris gamo, msoflios wamyvan qveynebSi dRes
specialuri saxelmwifo institutebi da saxelmwifo programebi muSaobs misi mxardaWeris mizniT. es aris sagadasaxado, sakredito, sainvesticio, sadazRvevo, samecniero-sakonsultacio momsaxurebis saxelmwifo mxardaWeris erTiani sistema. am
mxriv, saqarTveloSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, dRemde TiTqmis araferi gakeTebula. dRes
umuSevrobis done, anu mosaxleobaSi umuSevrobis SiSi piks aRwevs, qveyanas konkurentuli bazrebi sWirdeba meti iafi produqtis da momsaxurebis Sesaqmnelad. naTlad Cans, rom is RonisZiebebi, romlebic dRemde mTavrobis mxridan, biznesis keTebis xelSewyobis mizniT ganxorcielda, zemoT moyvanili problemis gadaWrisaTvis
saWiro Sedegs ver iZleva. aSkaraa, saWiroa qveyanam gaiziaros ganviTarebuli qveynebis gamocdilebani da gansakuTrebuli yuradReba dauTmos mcire biznesis ganviTarebas.
qveyanaSi umuSevrobis Semcirebis mimarTulebiT mTeli rigi programebis ganxorcielebis miuxedavad, realuri Sedegi ar aris miRweuli. amasTan, aRiarebulia is
faqti, rom CvenTan TiTqmis yvelaze advilia biznesis keTebis dawyeba, msoflios
sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT. cxadia, verc aman Seuwyo xeli qveyanaSi mewarmeobis seq299
toris ganviTarebas, gansakuTrebiT ki mcire biznesis. statistikuri maxasiaTeblebis
mixedviT mcire biznesis ganviTarebis arsebuli mdgomareoba metad arasaxarbieloa.
2009 wlis monacemebiT mcire bizness eweva ekonomikaSi dasaqmebulTaAsaerTo raodenobis 5%. mSp-Si (mimdinare fasebSi) mcire biznesis xvedriTi wili mxolod 5% Seadgens, maSin, rodesac ganviTarebul qveynebSi mcire biznesze modis dasaqmebulTa
saerTo ricxovnebis 50%-mde, mSp-is TiTqmis 50%-ze metia.
2010 wlis monacemebiT, qveyanaSi umuSevrobis donem Seadgina 16,3 (statistikis
departamentis monacemebis mixedviT). sxvaTa gaangariSebiT, es maCvenebeli ufro maRalia. inflaciis maCvenebeli 2010 wlis ianvrisa da 2011 wlis ianvris maCvenebelTan
SedarebiT 4%-iT gaizarda.
qveyanaSi axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmnis tendencia
arc ise maRalia. cxadia, aq Tavisi sityva mcire biznesma unda Tqvas. bolo 10 wlis
monacemebiT, aSS-s ekonomikaSi Seqmnili axali samuSao adgilebis meti wili modis
mcire biznesze, amerikis nacionaluri samecniero fondis SefasebiT, gansakuTrebiT
axali nawarmis Seqmnis 98%-s axorcielebs mcire biznesi. rogorc ganviTarebuli
qveynebis praqtika cxadyofs, mcire biznesi Seucvlelia ekonomikis inovaciuri ganviTarebis sferoSi. igi orientirebulia teqnologiuri, teqnikuri da organizaciuli
siaxleebis SemuSaveba-danergvaze, romlis gareSec SeuZlebelia bazarze gasvla da,
saerTod, konkurentuli bazris formireba.
axali produqciis danergvisa da axali samuSao adgilebis uzrunvelyofis
gverdiT, mcire biznesi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs mxsvili korporaciebis saqmianobaSi maTi momaragebiT, produqciis gasaRebiT da maTTvis momsaxurebis gaweviT.
ganviTarebul qveynebSi mcire da msxvili biznesis urTierTobis formebia:
lizingi; subarenda; franCaizingi; licenziuri SeTanxmebani da venCeruli dafinansebebi.
mcire biznesis Tavisebureba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom igi uzrunvelyofs momxmareblis dakmayofilebas im specializirebul saqonlisa da momsaxurebaze, romelTa seriuli warmoeba an msxvili seriuli momsaxurebis rgolebis Seqmna ekonomikurad gaumarTlebelia. mcire biznesi, romelic momxmarebels unikaluri saxis saqonels awvdis Tavis niSas biznesis samyaroSi poulobs, riTac xels uwyobs qveyanaSi
jansaRi ekonomikuri sistemis Camoyalibebas.
mcire biznesis erT-erT mniSvnelovan Taviseburebas warmoadgens misi maRali
moqniloba ekonomikur garemoSi mimdinare cvlilebebisadmi.
mcire biznesis amocanaa, xeli Seuwyos saqonlisa da momsaxurebis srulyofili bazris Camoyalibebas. igi aris sabaziso ekonomikis biznes-sistemis pirvelwyaro,
romelic funqcionirebs ekonomikis nebismier seqtorSi da mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs ekonomikuri zrdis tempebs, mTliani erovnuli produqciis xarisxsa da
struqturas.
sabazro meqanizmis sferoSi mcire biznesis roli imaSi vlindeba, rom igi
brZolas axerxebs monopoliasTan, rasac cvalebad sazogadoebriv moTxovnilebaze
swrafi reagirebis SesaZleblobiT aRwevs, rac, Tavis mxriv, ganpirobebulia misi
moqnilobiT.
sazogadoebrivi fsiqologiis sferoSi mcire biznesi adamianebs uyalibebs: mesakuTrebis fsiqologias, unars damoukideblad miiRos gadawyvetileba sakuTar Zalebze dayrdnobiT. xolo socialuri struqturis sferoSi igi warmoadgens egreT
wodebuli saSualo fenis formirebis safuZvels, romelic dReisaTvis sabaziso tipis sazogadoebis ZiriTadi nawilia.
300
rogorc mcire biznesis ganviTarebis istoria gviCvenebs, misi didi upiratesoba is aris, rom qveyanaSi ekonomikuri krizisis drosac ki axerxebs arsebobas da
ganviTarebas. mcire sawarmoebi krizisis mimarT ufro Semgueblebi arian.
mcire biznesi axerxebs zemoqmedebas bazris struqturasa da sabazro urTierTobebis ganviTarebaze, upirvelesad biznesis subieqtebis raodenobis zrdiT, mosaxleonis farTo CarTvis doniT biznessistemaSi. mcire biznesis saqmianoba dabalganviTarebul qveynebSi maTi socialuri da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis safuZvelia. mcire
biznesi ZiriTadad adgilobrivi resursebis gamoyenebis safuZvelze akmayofilebs
moTxovnas sfecifikur deficitur (erovnuli xasiaTis) saxeobis saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze da amiT xels uwyobs mosaxleobis dasaqmebas, umuSevrobis Semcirebas,
zrdis adgilobriv da centralur biujets.
sabazro ekonomikis ganviTarebis, umuSevrobis Semcirebis, bazrebis konkurentunarianobis amaRlebis, inflaciis Semcirebis da sxva mTeli rigi SesaZleblobebis
gamo, aucilebelia, xeli Seewyos qveyanaSi mcire biznesis ganviTarebas.
upirvelesad unda Seiqmnas saxelmwifo institutebi, kerZod, mcire biznesis
ganviTarebis samsaxuri da mcire biznesis ganviTarebis erTiani erovnuli fondi.
mcire biznesis ganviTarebis infrastruqtura gansakuTrebiT `teqno parki~, sacdelsakonstruqtoro-sakonsultacio centrebi, romlebic udides daxmarebas gauweven
damwyeb biznesmens swori ideis SerCevasa da finansebis mozidvaSi. amasTan, qveyanaSi
unda Seiqmnas mcire biznesis samarTlebrivi regulirebis mizniT `mcire biznesis
ganviTarebis sakanonmdeblo paketi~. anu unda moxdes mcire biznesis ganviTarebis
sakanonmdeblo da normatiuli uzrunvelyofa. mcire biznesis ganviTarebis mimarTulebiT qveyanas gaaCnia didi potenciali. metad dabalia mcire biznesis intensivobis maCvenebeli, kerZod, yovel 1000 mosaxleze mcire biznesis raodenoba meryeobs 7dan 8-mde, maSin, roca ganviTarebul qveynebSi es maCvenebeli 20-30 mcire sawarmos
udris, sadac dasaqmebulia 50-30 adamiani.
dasaqmebulTaAsaerTo raodenobis 5%, maSin, rodesac sawarmoTa saerTo raodenobis 72 %-s. mcire sawarmoebi Seadgens. sagadasaxado kodeqsSi cvlilebebi Sevida, ramac nawilobriv gaaumjobesa qveyanaSi mcire biznesis mdgomareoba. magram is
ver iZleva imis SesaZleblobas, rom qarTul ekonomikaSi mcire biznesma Tavisi adgili daimkvidros. qveyanaSi saWiroa Seiqmnas mcire biznesis xelSemwyobi saxelmwifo erTiani sistema.
1.
2.
3.
4.
e. kakulia. mcire biznesi da misi roli qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi. saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis p.guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis Sromebis krebuli. t. 4, Tb., ,,mecniereba,, 2004.
r. abesaZe, e. kakulia. mcire biznesis ganviTarebis makroekonomikuri regulirebis meqanizmi saqarTveloSi. 2009.
www. statistics.ge
d. nidli. biznesi konteqstSi biznesi da misi garemo,Sesavali Tb., 2003.
Eteri Kakulia
THE SMALL BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT STATEMENT AND PERSPECTIVES IN GEORGIA
SUMMARY
301
By analysing of the existed statement of small business development the conclusion is done about the necessity of working out the whole system of state supporting. The opinions are offered about the formation of the
whole system of small business state supporting. Namely, about the formation of the whole system of juridicalnormative, tax-crediting, investing, scientific-consulting service infra-structure.
ciala benaSvili
mariam kapanaZe
danaxarjebis
danaxarjebis obieqti da misi mniSvneloba
`danaxarjebi~ metad mravalmniSvnelovani da xSirad gamoyenebadi sityvaa aRricxvis sferoSi. igi mraval gansxvavebul cneba gamoxatavs. arsebobs pirdapiri danaxarjebi, sruli danaxarjebi, alternatiuli danaxarjebi, diferencirebuli danaxarjebi da sxv.
danaxarjebis gagebisaTvis saWiroa gamovideT misi zogadi ganmartebidan:
danaxarjebi aris konkretuli mizniT gamoyenebuli resursebi fulad gamoxgamoxatulebaSi.
atulebaSi
es ganmarteba moicavs sam mniSvnelovan moments: pirveli da ZiriTadi aris is,
rom `danaxarjebi~ niSnavs `gamoyenebul resursebs~. danaxarjebis elementebi, romlebic ixarjeba materialuri faseulobebis dasamzadeblad an aramaterialuri momsaxurebis gasawevad, izomeba gamoyenebuli masalebis raodenobiT, samuSao Zalis gamoyenebis xangrZlivobiT da sxva resursebis raodenobiT. danaxarjebi zomavs ra
raodenobis, ra sididis aseTi resursebi iqna gamoyenebuli. meore momenti is aris,
rom danaxarjebi gamoxatulia da gazomilia RirebulebiT (fulad) erTeulebSi. es
ki saSualebas iZleva, sxvadasxva ganzomilebaSi gamoxatuli resursebi gaxdes Tanazomadi da danaxarjebi ganisazRvros mTlianobaSi. mesame momentis arsi ki is aris,
rom danaxarjebis gazomva yovelTvis dakavSirebulia garkveuli miznis SesrulebasTan. es mizani SeiZleba iyos produqcia, proeqti, ganyofileba an nebismieri saqmianoba, romlisTvisac resursebis RirebulebiT formaSi gazomva aucilebeli da
sasurvelia.
danaxarjebis obieqti aris produqti, proeqti, organizaciuli erTeuli, konkonkretuli saqmianoba da sxva, romlisTvisac danaxarjebi izomeba.
izomeba
danaxarjebis obieqti zustad unda dadgindes da naTlad unda ganisazRvros.
magaliTad, lurji jinsebis mwarmoebel fabrikaSi danaxarjebis obieqti SeiZleba
iyos erTi konkretuli modelis jinsi. gansxvavebuli modeli, romelsac masalebis
gansxvavebuli raodenoba sWirdeba, SeiZleba calke warmoadgendes danaxarjebis obieqts, magram sxvadasxva zomis jinsebi, rogorc wesi, ar warmoadgens calke danaxarjebis obieqts. analogiurad, servis- kompaniebSi SeiZleba gamoiyos danaxarjebis
sxvadasxva obieqtebi. magaliTad, jandacvaSi danaxarjis obieqti SeiZleba iyos
mTlianad hospitali, eqimebis kontingenti, romeliRac X ganyofileba, gadaudebeli
daxmarebis ganyofileba, calkeuli saxis daavadebebis mkurnaloba, erTi pacientis
mkurnaloba, erTi konkretuli analizi da sxv.
danaxarjebis obieqtis yvelaze gavrcelebuli saxe biznesSi aris produqti.
igi gulisxmobs saqonelsac da momsaxurebasac. sistema, romelic agrovebs da aRnusxavs danaxarjebis obieqtze gamoyenebul resursebs, produqciis danaxarjebis
aRricxvis sistemas uwodeben. produqciis danaxarjebis elementebi aris: materialuri, SromiTi da momsaxurebis. produqciis danaxarjebis sistemaSi es elementebi aRwerilia garkveul kategoriebSi. produqciis danaxarjebis elementebia: pirdapiri
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masalebi, pirdapiri Sroma da zednadebi xarjebi, erTobliobaSi isini warmoebis danaxarjebs warmoadgenen. aqedan, pirdapir Sromas da zednadeb xarjebs gadamuSavebis
xarjebs uwodeben, xolo Tu warmoebis danaxarjebs daemateba gayidvis, saerTo da
administraciuli xarjebi, miviRebT produqciis srul danaxarjebs.
pirdapiri masalebi + pirdapiri Sroma + zednadebi xarjebi = warmoebis danaxarjebi.
danaxarjebi
gadamuSavebis xarjebi
warmoebis danaxarjebi + gayidvis + saerTo da administraciuli xarjebi =
produqciis sruli danaxarjebi.
bolo 3-4 aTwleulebamde danaxarjebis aRricxvis sistemebis umetesoba mxolod warmoebis danaxarjebs zomavda. es albaT imiT iyo ganpirobebuli, rom rom saWiro iyo daumTavrebeli warmoebis moculobisa da mza produqciis moculobis gamoTvla balansisaTvis. aseve, gayiduli saqonlis TviTRirebulebis gamoTvla mogeba-zaralis angariSisTvis. sxva xarjebi ganixileboda, rogorc mogeba-zaralis angariSSi warmodgenili xarjebi agregirebuli saxiT. amitomac ar iyo imis saWiroeba,
rom isini miCneuliyo danaxarjebis specifikur obieqtad gare finansuri angariSgebis miznebisaTvis.
bolo wlebSi danaxarjebis aRricxvis sistemebi gafarTovda da sxva tipis
danaxarjebs. industriuli firmebisTvis igi moicavs garkveul nawils moicavs
gayidvis, saerTo da administraciuli xarjebidan (rogorc mas adre uwodebdnen).
magaliTad, zogierTi kompaniea gayidvis xarjebSi gulisxmobs distribuciis xarjebs, momxmarebelTa momsaxurebis xarjebs, romlebic specifikur saqonels yiduloben. es informacia SeiZleba win uZRodes marketingis programis cvlilebas, distribuciis arxebis Secvlas, anda zogierTi ZviradRirebuli saqonlis an momxmareblis
gamoTiSvas brunvidan. analogiurad, zogierTi kompania kvlevisa da ganviTarebis
xarjebs ganixilavs produqciasTan erTad, radgan zogierTi produqciis gamokvleva
sxvebTan SedarebiT Zalian Zviri jdeba. es informacia SeiZleba im produqtebis CamonaTvalis gansazRvris safuZveli gaxdes, romlebSic Rirs saxsrebis dabandeba.
Tu kompaniis menejerebi gaiTvaliswineben produqciis yvela xarjs am produqtis warmoebis dawyebidan mis Sewyvetamde, maSin isini danaxarjebs gansazRvraven
mTeli saarsebo ciklis ganmavlobaSi. produqciis Seqmnis, dabadebis xarjebi moicavs im aucilebel xarjebs, romelic saWiroa produqciis Seqmnisa da bazramde mitanisaTvis. igi moicavs xarjebs kvlevisa da ganviTarebis, produqciis testirebis,
Tavdapirveli bazris CamoyalibebisaTvis, SesaZloa agreTve, gamyidvelTa treningisaTvis. es xarjebi, Cveulebriv, gaiweva iqamde, vidre produqcia mwarmoeblisTvis
raime Semosavals moitans, mas warmoebis gamarTvis xarjebsac uwodeben. produqciis
Camowera, anu brunvidan amoReba da Sesabamisi xarjebis gaweva xdeba, roca am produqciis warmoebis Sewyvetis gadawyvetileba miiReba, radgan mas aRar moaqvs mniSvnelovani Semosavali. es xarjebi SeiZleba moicavdes im Camowerili Senobanagebobebisa da manqana-danadgarebis, aseve aRWurvilobis xarjebs, romlebic aRar
iqneba saWiro, Tanxa, romelic unda gadauxadon specialur personals, romlebsac
aRar daiqiraveben, miwis aRdgenis xarjebi, romelic adre dazianda da sxv.
ra wesiTac unda ganisazRvros danaxarjebis obieqti, mTavar principad mainc
rCeba igive: danaxarjebis obieqtis sruli danaxarjebi udris pirdapiri danaxarjebis jams damatebuli Sesabamisi wili arapirdapiri xarjebisa. magaliTad, Tu danaxarjebis obieqtia erT-erTi dargis gamyidveli, misi pirdapiri danaxarjebi moicavs
xelfass, sakomisios, mogzaurobis xarjebs, gansakuTrebuli klienturis xarjebs.
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arapirdapiri xarjebi moicavs im raionis gayidvebis menejeris xelfass da im raionis gayidvebis ofisis xarjebs, romlebic exmareba dargis menejers. arapirdapiri
xarjebis mikuTvnebis (daricxvis) principebi iseTivea, rogorc produqciaze.
gadamyidveli organizaciebis SemTxvevaSi, rogoricaa supermarketebi, medikamentebis sawyobebi da sxv. gayidvis danaxarjebi aisaxeba gayiduli saqonlis angariSfaqturebSi. maT amitomac aqvT danaxarjebis aRricxvis metad martivi sistema
gayidvis TviTRirebulebis dasadgenad. sruli danaxarjebis informacias isini im
mizniT iyeneben, rom daadginon TavianT SemadgenlobaSi myofi sxvadasxva gayidvebis
departamentebis momgebianoba. am SemTxvevaSi TiToeuli gayidvebis departamenti warmoadgens danaxarjebis obieqts.
servisorganizaciebSi (saxelmwifo saagentoebisa da organizaciebis CaTvliT)
ufro meti adamiani muSaobs, vidre
mwarmoebel sawarmoebSi. danaxarjebis gansazRvrisaTvis am sferoSic igive saerTo sqema gamoiyeneba, rogoric materialur
warmoebaSi. zogierT servisorganizaciaSi mosaxerxebelia, rom specifikuri klientisaTvis gaweuli momsaxureba gamoiyos, rogorc calke `samuSao~ da danaxarjebis
obieqtad aRiarebul iqnes es calkeuli `samuSaoebi~. magaliTad, avtomobilebis saremonto organizaciebSi gamoyofili aseTi `samuSaoebi~ moicavs danaxarjebs, romlebic axlavs TiToeuli manqanis momsaxurebas. igi moicavs pirdapir danaxarjebs:
gamosacvleli detalis xarjs da teqnikuri muSakis Sromis anazRaurebas. agreTve
arapirdapiri xarjebis kuTvnil wils: organizaciis xelmZRvanelis xelfasi, ganaTebis gaTbobis da sxva aseTi xarjebi, aseve, organizaciis aRWurvilobis amortizaciis xarjebi. es xarjebi Caiwereba daumTavrebeli warmoebis angariSSi im gansakuTrebuli samuSaoebisaTvis, romelic aris danaxarjebis obieqti.
danaxarjebis aRricxvis im firmebSi, romlebic ewevian samarTlebriv, arqiteqturul, sainJinro da konsaltingur momsaxurebas, agreTve iyeneben `samuSaoebis~ danaxarjebis Canawerebs TiToeuli samuSaos an proeqtisaTvis, romelsac isini akeTeben. analogiurad, samedicino dawesebulebebis saaRricxvo sistema ganixilavs TiToeul pacients, rogorc danaxarjis obieqts da SeimuSavebs `samuSaoTa~ danaxarjebis Canawerebs TiToeuli servisisaTvis, romelsac pacients utareben. sxva SemTxvevebSi servisorganizaciebi danaxarjebs ar aRricxaven TiToeuli samuSaosaTvis. magaliTad, saavadmyofos laboratoriaSi danaxarjebis calke aRricxva ar xorcieldeba TiToeuli Catarebuli sisxlis analizisaTvis. ubralod gansazRvrulia am analizis saSualo Rirebuleba, gansazRvrulia analizis pirdapiri danaxarjebi, es
aris: laboratoriis teqnikuri muSakebis samuSao dro da specialuri masalebi, romelsac isini analizisTvis iyeneben. laboratoria sisxlis analizis garda sxva
analizebsa da gamokvlevebsac akeTebs. iseTi danaxarjebi, rogoricaa laboratoriis
xelmZRvanelobis xelfasi, laboratoriis mimdinare danaxarjebi (Suqi, wyali, gaTboba) da aseTive saerTo danaxarjebi aris arapirdapiri danaxarjebi, sxvadasxva tipis analizebisa da gamokvlevebisaTvis. amgvari arapirdapiri danaxarjebis kuTvnili
wilic daemateba sisxlis analizs, rogorc danaxarjebis obieqts. periodis bolos
Catarebuli analizebis raodenobis mixedviT gaiyofa arapirdapiri danaxarjebis
raodenoba da dadgindeba arapirdapiri xarji sisxlis analizisTvis. gamoiTvleba
sisxlis erTi analizis danaxarji. amgvar midgomas ewodeba danaxarjebis gansazRvra
procesebis mixedviT.
umogebo organizaciebi iseTi organizaciebia, romelTa mizanic ar aris mogebis miReba, aramed mTavaria momsaxurebis gaweva an sxvadasxva samuSaoebis Sesruleba. umogebo organizaciebia jandacva, ganaTleba, gamoyenebiTi xelovneba, wevrobaze
damyarebuli organizaciebi, saxelmwifo dawesebulebaTa umravlesoba. danaxarjebis
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aRricxvis sistema aseT organizaciebSi iseTivea, rogorc mogebaze orientirebul
organizaciebSi. orive es organizacia iyenebs resursebs da orive SemTxvevaSi danaxarjebis gazomvis problema is aris, rom ganisazRvros saWiro resursebis raodenoba
erTi an ramdenime danaxarjis obieqtisaTvis, romelic am organizacias gaaCnia. bevri
umogebo organizaciis saqmianoba ar moicavs specifikuri klienturis sameurneo
operaciebs. aramed axorcieleben operaciebs, romelTac aqvT mizanze orientirebuli
saqmianobebis qseli, romelsac programebs uwodeben. isini saSualebas iZleva, gaweul iqnes mxolod organizaciis wevrebisaTvis xelmisawvdomi momsaxureba, an farTo sazogadoebisaTvis. magaliTad, sajaro biblioTeka gascems wignebs cirkulaciis
ganyofilebis saSualebiT, aqvs periodikis samkiTxvelo darbazi, axorcielebs referensserviss. garda amisa, aqvs specialuri ganyofileba bavSvebisaTvis. yvela es
CamoTvlili saqmianoba Seadgens calke programas da SeiZleba ganixilos, rogorc
danaxarjebis obieqti. TiToeuli am programis sruli danaxarjebi udris pirdapiri
danaxarjebisa da maTi wili arapirdapiri xarjebis (rogoricaa gaTboba, ganaTeba da
sxva saerTo xarjebi) jams.
menejeruli aRricxvis mier dadgenili danaxarjebis obieqtis sruli danaxarjebi gamoiyeneba: (1) finansur angariSgebaSi, (2) momgebianobis analizisTvis, (3) kiTxvaze `ra jdeba es?~ pasuxis gasacemad, (4) regulirebad dargebSi fasebis dasadgenad,
(5) normaluri fasdadgenisTvis.
finansuri angariSgeba.
angariSgeba Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rogor gamoiyeneba finansur aRricxvaSi sawarmoo danaxarjebi daumTavrebeli warmoebis moculobisa da mza produqciis moculobis gansazRvris safuZvlad _ balansisaTvis, xolo gayiduli saqonlis TviTRirebulebis maCveneblis gamosaTvlelad _ mogeba-zaralis angariSisTvis. rodesac kompania aSenebs Senoba-nagebobebs, manqana-danadgarebs an sxva fiqsirebul aqtivebs Tavisi saWiroebebisaTvis, angariSebSi Setanili da Semdeg balansSi
aRniSnuli cifri aris am aqtivebis sruli danaxarjebi.
momgebianobis analizi.
analizi finansur aRricxvaSi ganixileba agreTve, momgebianobis
gansazRvris teqnika finansuri koeficientebis gamoyenebiT. danaxarjebis aRricxva
saSualebas iZleva, ganxorcieldes analogiuri analizi biznesis calkeuli nawilebisTvis, rogoricaa erTi romelime produqti, produqciis warmoebis xazi, Tanamdevi
produqciis jgufi, saamqro, ganyofileba, gayidvis teritoria an kompaniis romelime
qveganyofileba, romelic interesis sagans warmoadgens. danaxarjebis aRricxvis
principebis gamoyenebiT SeiZleba ganisazRvros pirdapiri danaxarjebi da Sesabamisi
wili arapirdapiri danaxarjebidan. Tuki warmoebis es nawili ar iZleva saTanado
Semosavals, anda Semosavali, romelic am ubanze gamomuSavdeba, ar Warbobs danaxarjebs imgvarad, rom garantirebuli iqnes mogeba daqiravebul aqtivebze, es imas
niSnavs, rom raRac ar aris wesrigSi da saWiroa qmediTi RonisZiebebis gatareba.
`ra jdeba
jdeba es?~ sxvadasxva movlenisa da procesis danaxarjebis gansazRvris
problema sul ufro farTovdeba da mniSvnelovani xdeba. magaliTad, ra dajda mdinaris gawmenda dabinZurebisagan? ra dajda prezidentis bolo arCevnebi? ra dajda
policiis Senaxva gasul wels qalaq X-Si? ra jdeba safosto momsaxurebiT werilis
gagzavna erTi punqtidan meoremde? ra jdeba saskolo kafeteriis funqcionireba weliwadSi? ramdenia romeliRac kvleviTi proeqtis danaxarjebi? _ am kiTxvebze advilad gaicema pasuxebi, Tu ganvsazRvravT danaxarjebis obieqtebis srul danaxarjebs.
sruli danaxarjebi gamoiyeneba agreTve kontraqtebSic. masSi erTi mxare kisrulobs
valdebulebas, SeiZinos meore mxarisagan saqoneli an momsaxureba srul danaxarjebze dafuZnebuli fasiT. yovelwliurad miliardobiT aseTi kontraqti funqcioni-
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rebs. imisaTvis, rom Tavidan iqnes acilebuli gaugebrobani, saWiroa kontraqtSi
mieTiTos danaxarjebis gansazRvris konkretuli wesi.
regulirebadi fasebis dadgena. bevri fasi dgindeba ara sabazro meqanizmebis
gamoyenebiT, aramed maregulirebeli organoebis mier, rogoricaa maregulirebeli
komisiebi. igi moicavs fasebs sayofacxovrebo sagnebsa da momsaxurebaze (wyali,
eleqtroba, gazi, kanalizacia, satelefono servisi), sakabelo televizia, safosto
momsaxureba, sadazRvevo premiebi da bevri sxva. yvela am SemTxvevaSi maregulirebeli komisiebi adgenen fass, romelic udris srul danaxarjebs damatebuli mcire
Tanxa mogebis misaRebad. xSir SemTxvevaSi maregulirebeli organoebi weren asobiT
furcel dasabuTebas, romelSic detalurad aris ganxiluli, rogor ganisazRvra
sruli danaxarjebi.
fasdadgena gamorCeul produqciaze. gamorCeuli produqcia iseTi produqtia,
romelsac momxmarebeli gamoarCevs konkurentuli produqciisagan. es gamorCeva
SeiZleba moxdes TviTon produqtis Tvisebebis gamo; imis gamo, rom myidveli moixibla reklamiT an ganvadebis pirobebiT, finansuri mosazrebebiT an sxva raime maxasiaTeblebis gamo. danarCeni argamorCeuli produqcia iwodeba yoveldRiur, farTo
moxmarebis saqonlad. magaliTad, soflis meurneobis produqtebi, genetikuri wamlebi (patentirebuli, kerZo sawarmoebis wamlebisagan gansxvavebiT), mineralebi, qaRaldis sxvadasxva nawarmi da bevri sxva produqti, romelsac momxmarebeli yidulobs
mwarmoeblebsa da brendebze gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis miqcevis gareSe. momsaxurebis zogierTi saxec miekuTvneba farTo moxmarebis produqcias, rogoricaa manqanis
gawyoba benziniT, fotokopireba da sxv. Cven SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba is
aris, rom danaxarjebis gazomva gamoiyeneba gamorCeuli produqtisaTvis da ara yoveldRiuri moxmarebis sagnebisaTvis. maTTvis gasayidi fasi yalibdeba bazris meSveobiT. bunebrivia, mewarme cdilobs, sagnebi daamzados ufro naklebi danaxarjebiT,
vidre konkurenti mewarme. amitom fasdadgenisTvis naklebad iyeneben danaxarjebis
gazomvas, igi gamoiyeneba mxolod danaxarjebis Semcirebis miznebisaTvis. Tu es ver
moxerxda da produqcia ar gaxda momgebiani, maSin iwyeben imaze fiqrs, gaagrZelon
Tu ara produqciis warmoeba am adgilze.
normaluri fasdadgena.
fasdadgena biznesis ZiriTadi ekonomikuri mizania gonivruli
ukugebis miReba investiciaze, anu im aqtivebze, romelic CarTulia biznesSi. amisaTvis saWiroa, produqciis da momsaxurebis gayidvidan miRebulma Semosavlebma: (1) dafaros gaweuli danaxarjebi da (2) miRebul iqnes mogeba, romelic Seqmnis gonivrul ukugebas gaweul investiciaze. biznesi warmatebuli iqneba, Tuki, erTad aRebuli, yvela misi produqciis gayidviT miRebuli Semosavali gadaaWarbebs mTlian
danaxarjebs Sesabamisi sididis TanxiT. magram gasayidi fasi unda dadgindes TiToeuli produqciisaTvis cal-calke. rogor unda gakeTdes es ise, rom saTanado
mogeba iqnes miRebuli mTlianobaSi?
pasuxi is aris, rom TiToeuli produqti unda moicavdes biznesis mier gaweuli danaxarjebis Sesabamis wils, anu, zogadad, produqciis gasayidi fasi iseTi unda iyos, rom: (1) dafaros misi pirdapiri danaxarjebi, (2) dafaros arapirdapiri danaxarjebis Sesabamisi wili da (3) miRebul iqnes damakmayofilebeli mogeba. amgvari
fasi aris normaluri fasi. praqtikulad, mocemuli konkretuli produqtis fasi yovelTvis ar aris sruli danaxarjebisa da mogebis ubralo Sejameba. xSirad fasi
dgindeba myidvelis Tvalsazrisis gaTvaliswinebiT. produqciis danaxarjebis gansazRvra aris sawyisi etapi fasdadgenis procesSi. is faqti, rom mogebaze orientirebuli biznesi unda cdilobdes, miiRos saTanado ukugeba im aqtivebze, romelic
CarTulia produqciis warmoebaSi, gvafiqrebinebs, rom mogebis odenoba fasSi dakav306
Sirebuli unda iyos aqtivebis odenobasTan, magram, sinamdvileSi, fasi Cveulebriv
dakavSirebulia danaxarjebTan da ara aqtivebis RirebulebasTan.
droiTi da materialuri fasdadgena. am meTodiT fasis gansazRvris dros erTi koeficienti ganisazRvreba pirdapiri SromisaTvis da meore _ pirdapiri masalebisaTvis. orive es koeficienti isea agebuli, rom moicavs Tanxas arapirdapiri
xarjebisTvis da mogebisTvis. igi gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva saremonto samuSaoebis fasis gansazRvrisaTvis, dabeWdvis momsaxurebis ganxorcielebisas. iyeneben, agreTve,
sxvadasxva profesionalebi, organizaciebi da fizikuri pirebi, iuristebi, frenis
instruqtorebi, konsultantebi da saaRricxvo firmebi. droiTi da materialuri
fasdadgenis dros drois komponenti ganisazRvreba, rogorc SromiTi koeficienti
yovel saaTSi. igi gamoiTvleba rogorc jami: (1) daqiravebulis xelfasis da danamatis, (2) Sesabamisi wili yvela arapirdapiri aramaterialuri danaxarjis da (3) mogebisaTvis danamatis. profesiuli servisfirmebisaTvis es koeficienti iwodeba, rogorc bilingis koeficienti. fasis materialuri komponenti moicavs e.w. `masalebis
motanasac~. igi emateba angariSfaqturaSi aRniSnuli gamoyenebuli masalebis Rirebulebas. es komponenti Sedgeba masalebis Semozidvis, dasawyobebis xarjebisa da danamatisagan – mogebisaTvis.
umogebo organizaciebSi fasdadgenis igive praqtika gamoiyeneba, garda erTi
gamonaklisisa _ radgan umogebo organizaciebs ar gaaCniaT sakuTari kapitali, maT
ar uxdebaT mogebis, rogorc am investiciis ukugebis miReba. zogierT umogebo organizacias sWirdeba mcire danamati sruli danaxarjebis zemoT, rom uzrunvelyos
gauTvaliswinebeli movlenebisgan dacva da organizaciis usafrTxoeba, aqtivebis
flobis gadasaxadebis gadaxda. magram igi ar iTvleba produqciis danaxarjebis
elementad.
gasayidi fasis dadgenis dros arsebobs situaciebi, rodesac fasdadgenis
procesi sapirispiro mimarTulebiT viTardeba. gasayidi fasi, romelic aqamde moiazreboda, rogorc konkurenciis strategiis iaraRi, aRqmulia, rogorc mocemuloba.
saWiroa ganisazRvros ra raodenobis xarjebi unda gaswios kompaniam, rom miiRos
damakmayofilebeli Semosavlebi mocemuli fasis pirobebSi. amgvari midgoma iwodeba,
rogorc `samizne danaxarjebi~. magaliTad, tansacmlis biznesSi tradiciulad iyeneben sacalo fasis variantebs: 19.95, 29.95, 39.95 dolari da a.S. mwarmoebeli SeimuSavebs individualur modelebs, raTa moergos am fasebidan romelimes. mwarmoeblis
gasayidi fasis misaRebad, sacalo fass akldeba sacalo gayidvebis normaluri
zRvruli mogeba. darCenili TanxiT mwarmoebelma unda SeZlos warmoebis danaxarjebis elementebis SeZena. `samizne danaxarjebi~ wlebis ganmavlobaSi warmatebiT gamoiyeneboda iaponiis avtomobilebis warmoebasa da eleqtromrewvelobaSi, Semdeg ki
farTod gavrcelda msoflioSi.
nebismieri organizaciisTvis uaRresad mniSvnelovania danaxarjebis droulad
codna, misi zrdisa da klebis tendenciebis dadgena. yovelwliurad asobiT mcire
sawarmo kotrdeba swored imis gamo, rom iq momuSave menejerebma ar ician, ras
udris maTi warmoebis danaxarjebi da fasebs arasworad adgenen. danaxarjebis informacia exmareba menejerebs ganaviTaron biznesis strategia, rac warmoSobs
mdgrad upiratesobebs konkurenciaSi. am process zogjer danaxarjebis strategiul
menejments, uwodeben. igi exmareba menejerebs, danaxarjebis monacemebi gamoiyenon
kompaniis sisusteebis da upiratesobebis dasadgenad konkurentebTan SedarebiT. danaxarjebis strategiuli menejmenti gansazRvravs agreTve, Tu rogor gamoiyenebs
kompania fasebis jaWvis analizs. fasebis jaWvi aRwers saqmianobis saxeebs, romelic
saWiroa produqciis an momsaxurebis Seqmnis, ganviTarebis, gayidvis, distribuciis
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da momsaxurebisaTvis. menejerebisaTvis saWiroa, icodnen sad, ra etapze aqvT fasebis
jaWvSi mdgradi upiratesoba. es Sinaganad daexmareba maT, ganaviTaron saqmianoba arCeuli mimarTulebiT, anda SeuZliaT Seamciron TavianTi monawileoba warmoebaSi da
garkveuli kvanZebi da detalebi iyidon mza saxiT gare mimwodeblebisagan.
Benashvili Tsiala
Kapanadze Mariam
A MATTER OF EXPENDITURES AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE
SUMMARY
Cost is a measurement, in monetary terms, of the amount of resources used for some purpose. Cost object
is the technical name of the product, project, organizational unit, or other activity or purpose for which costs are
measured.
In each instance, the cost object must be carefully stated and clearly understood. The full cost of a product
includes full production cost and portion of non production cost.
We try to analyze using of full product cost in different branches of economy, in financial reporting, in
setting regulated prices, in normal pricing, in strategic management, in competition.
iagor balanCivaZe
sagranto proeqtis marTva
dRes saqarTveloSi organizaciaTa saqmianobis warmatebis ZiriTad finansur
pirobas warmoadgens sxvadasxva saxis fondebTan urTierTobis meSveobiT mopovebuli grantebi, romlebsac organizaciebi konkretuli programebis ganxorcielebi-
saTvis iReben. fondebTan urTierTobas organizaciebi proeqtebis meSveobiT axorcieleben.
granti aris usasyidlo miznobrivi subsidia, romelic gadaecema konkursSi
war-gamarjvebul organizacias saqmianobis ama Tu im sferos ganviTarebis mizniT war
dgenili programisaTvis.
saqarTvelos prezidentis mier 1996 wlis 28 ivniss damtkicebul kanonSi grantebis Sesaxeb (muxli 2) granti Semdegnairadaa ganmartebuli: `granti aris grantis
gamcemis (donoris) mier grantis mimRebisaTvis usasyidlod gadacemuli miznobrivi
saxsrebi fuladi an naturaluri formiT, romlebic gamoiyeneba
gamoiyeneba konkretuli humanihumanitaruli, saganmanaTleblo,
saganmanaTleblo, samecnierosamecniero-kvleviTi, janmrTelobis dacvis, kulturuli,
saxelmwifoebrivi
foebrivi an sasportuli, ekologiuri da socialuri proeqtebis, agreTve saxelmwi
sazogadoebrivi programebis ganxorcielebisaTvis~.
proeqtze muSaobisas unda gvaxsovdes, rom arsebobs sxvadasxva tipis grantebi:
specialuri proeqtebis, gamokvlevebis, publikaciebis, saswavlo RonisZiebebis Catarebis, individualuri swavlebisa Tu mgzavrobisaTvis da sxva. grantebi gansxvavdeba
gamoyofili Tanxebis moculobis mixedviTac (ramdenime aseulidan – milionobiT
dolaramde), garda amisa, imis mixedviTac, Tu ra tipis konkursis (Ria Tu specialuris) farglebSia gamoyofili. amdenad, erTxel da samudamod mocemuli, yvela tipis organizaciisa Tu saqmianobis sferosaTvis gamosadegi da erTnairad efeqtiani
proeqtis modeli ar arsebobs. yovel konkretul situaciaSi mravali sxvadasxva faqtori ganapirobebs imas, Tu ra saxis proeqti iqneba am SemTxvevaSi ufro mizanSewonili.
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arsebobs proeqtis mravali definicia, magaliTad:
•
proeqti aris adamianuri da materialuri resursebis mobilizeba garkveuli
miznebis mocemul droSi da gansazRvruli biujetis farglebSi misaRwevad;
• proeqti aris erTmaneTTan dakavSirebul davalebaTa erToblioba, romelic
xorcieldeba garkveul droSi da mimarTulia dasaxuli, zustad gansazRvruli miznis miRwevaze;
• proeqti aris droebiTi wamowyeba, romelic miznad isaxavs raime konkretulis
Seqmnas an raime konkretuli momsaxurebis gawevas.
zemoT mocemul gansazRvrebebSi gadmocemulia ZiriTadi Tvisebebi, romliTac
xasiaTdeba proeqti:
• orientirebuli miza
mizanze
nze,, anu mizanmimarTuloba
nze
• gansazRvrul droSi damTavreba (proeqts aqvs dawyebis da dasrulebis dro),
• erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli moqmedebebis ganxorcieleba (Tanmimdevruloba),
• unikaluroba (ganumeorebloba).
proeqtebi gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan masStabebiT, xasiaTiT, xangrZlivobiT da
ganxorcielebisaTvis aucilebeli finansuri saxsrebis odenobiT. erTi mxriv, SeiZleba
iyos mcire proeqtebi, iseTi, rogoric adgilobrivi mosaxleobis an arasamTavrobo
organizaciebis mier wamowyebuli, romelic miznis misaRwevad SedarebiT mcire droSi ar
moiTxovs didi raodenobiT finansur saxsrebs. magaliTad; iseTi mizani, rogoricaa
mocemul dasaxlebaSi skolis moswavleebis ekologiuri cnobierebis amaRleba.
masStabis meore mxares warmoadgenen proeqtebi, romlebic moiTxovs udides
resursebs da xorcieldeba drois vrcel periodSi. amgvari proeqtebis magaliTi SeiZleba iyos Camdinare wylebis gamwmendi Tanamedrove sadguris an avtobanebis mSenebloba.
proeqti SeiZleba iyos erTi damoukidebeli warmonaqmni an SeiZleba warmoadgendes programis erT-erT elements. programa proeqtis zemdgom kategorias warmoadgens.
programa proeqtebis meSveobiT emsaxureba strategiis ganxorcielebas. unda aRiniSnos,
rom ganurCevlad proqtis masStabisa Tu xasiaTisa, arsebobs yvela proeqtisaTvis
saerTo aspeqtebi. erT-erT aseT aspeqts proeqtis marTva warmoadgens.
proeqtis ciklis marTva moicavs garkveuli meToduri CarCoebis Camoyalibebas,
romelSic xdeba problemis gamovlena da aRwera, xolo Semdeg im RonisZiebebis dagegmva,
danergva da Sefaseba, romlebic mimarTulia gamovlenili problemis gadaWraze.
evrokomisiis mier iseTi instrumentis miReba, rogoricaa proeqtis ciklis marTva,
gamowveuli iyo evrokomisiis negatiuri gamocdilebiT sagareo daxmarebis programebis
marTvaSi, maT Soris:
• gamoyofili daxmarebis naTeli strategiuli CarCoebis nakleboba;
• analizis procesis ararseboba proeqtis dagegmvis da ganxorcielebis etapze;
• moqmedebaze orientirebuli proeqtebis dagegmva da ganxorcieleba;
• arasaTanadod gansazRvruli indikatorebi ar iZleoda proeqtis efeqturobis
jerovani Sefasebis saSualebas;
• ganxorcielebuli proeqtebis arasworad Sedgenili dokumentacia;
• gadacemuli saxsrebis araefeqturi xarjva.
proeqtebis marTvis ciklis SemoRebas aqvs Tavisi dadebiTi mxareebi:
• proeqtebi emsaxureba naTlad gansazRvrul strategias;
• proeqtebis marTvis yvela etapze analizis procesebis SemoReba;
• mizanze orientirebuli proeqtis dagegmva da realizacia;
• proeqtebis dokumentaciis standartizacia (logikuri matrica da a.S.);
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• saxsrebis efeqturad gamoyeneba.
gacemuli finansuri daxmarebis efeqturobidan gamomdinare, evrokomisiam miiRo
gadawyvetileba proeqtis ciklis marTvis yvela programaSi CarTvis Sesaxeb. dasawyisSi
miRebuli iqna proeqtis ciklis marTvis 6 etapi:
I. dagegmva (programireba); II. identifikacia (gamovlena); III. formulireba
(Camoyalibeba); IV. dafinanseba; V. danergva; VI. Sefaseba.
evrokomisiis momdevno gamocdilebam gamoiwvia dafinansebis etapis gamoricxva,
radganac dafinansebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebebis miReba SeiZleba sxvadasxva etapze,
magaliTad identifikaciis an formulirebis etapebze. ase rom, ciklis marTvis sqema ase
gamoiyureba:
I. dagegemva (programireba); II. identifikacia (gamovlena); III. formulireba
(Camoyalibeba); IV. danergva; V. Sefaseba.
proeqtis marTvis cikls gaaCnia Semdegi principebi:
•
proeqtis ciklis fazis yuradRebiT dakvirveba → damyarebulia gadawyvetilebis miRebis adekvatur informaciaze;
•
klientze orientireba → gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi CarTva ukve dagegmvis etapze;
•
proeqtis gangrZobadobis aspeqtis SemoReba → mudmivi sargebeli;
•
logikuri matricis gamoyeneba → proeqtebis marTvisa da dagegmvis analitikuri meTodi,
•
integrirebuli midgoma → proeqtis miznebis Tanxvedra programis miznebTan,
strategiasTan. instrumentebis standartizacia.
proeqtis swori koncefciis SeqmnisaTvis Zalian didi mniSvneloba aqvs problemebis formirebas. Tavdapirvelad xdeba ideebis Tavmoyra da aranairi kuTxiT ar xdeba
maTi Sefaseba. ideebis simravle sawindaria warmatebuli proeqtisaTvis. Cven unda
SevarCioT globaluri problema, Semdeg ki qveproblemebi, anu ra iwvevs am problemas.
SeiZleba Tavdapirvelad movifiqroT ramdenime globaluri problema da Semdeg avirCioT maTgan is erTi, romelic iTxovs aucilebel gadaWras Cveni beneficiarebisaTvis.
globaluri problemis SerCevis Semdeg unda davasaxeloT is problemebi,
romlebsac mivyavarT mTavar problemamde. qveproblemebi unda iyos rac SeiZleba meti, es
dagvexmareba proeqtis ukeT formirebaSi. qveproblemebi SeiZleba davajgufoT (mag.,
ekonomikuri, socialuri, profesiuli da a.S.).
problemebis dajgufebisas unda visargebloT principiT: erTi problema iwvevs
meores, meore _ mesames da a.S.
Tu gvinda problema CamovayaliboT kargad, unda vicodeT, raSi mdgomareobs
problemis arsi. SeiZleba vTqvaT: problema _ es arsebuli araxelsayreli situaciaa.
situaciaa
Zalian mniSvnelovan sakiTxs warmoadgens problemis saTanadod gamovlena, radgan
mxolod maSin gaxdeba SesaZlebeli misi sworad gadaWra. amdenad, problema
konkretulad unda ganisazRvros da ara zogadad da mravalmniSvnelovnad. amisaTvis
Zalian kargia SWOT–analizis meTodis gamoyeneba, e.w. ìdeebis qariSxali”.
ideebis qariSxali aris meTodi, romlis mizania jgufuri gadawyvetilebis
procesis gaumjobeseba. pirvel etapze monawileebs movuwodebT ideebis da ara azrebis
Tavisufali gacvlisaken, yovelgvari gakritikebisa da gamoricxvis gareSe. yvela idea
erTad Camoyalibdeba. meore etapze eqsperti an maTi jgufi, romlebic ar monawileoben
pirvel etapSi, ganixilavs nusxas da irCevs azrian ideebs/mosazrebebs.
problemebis sqema yalibdeba Semdegi gziT:
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1. ZiriTadi problemis gamovlena, xolo Semdeg masTan dakavSirebuli
problemebis dadgena;
2. TiToeuli gamovlenili problemis ganxilva;
3. mizezSedegobrivi xazis Camoyalibeba Semdegi gziT: Tu mocemuli problema
aris ZiriTadi problemis mizezi, maSin movaTavsebT ZiriTadi problemis qvemoT,
xolo Tu is aris misi Sedegi maSin _ mis zemoT.
problemebis sworad da kargad Camoyalibeba dagvexmareba miznis sworad
CamoyalibebaSi, vinaidan proeqtis mizania romelime problemis gadaWra
da amiT
sasurveli situaciis miRweva. swored problemis sqema warmoadgens miznebis sqemis
amosaval wertils. martivad rom vTqvaT, miznebis sqema gadakeTebuli problemebis sqemas
warmoadgens
warmoadgens.
moadgens problemidan mizanSi gadasvla Zalian martivia. TiToeuli problema
gadakeTebulia ise, rom miznis, anu momavali sasurveli situaciis, forma miiRos. maS ase,
ZiriTadi problema ZiriTad miznad iqceva, xolo calkeuli problemebi _ calkeul
miznad. miznebis sqema warmoadgens sasurveli momavali situaciis srul suraTs. unda
aRiniSnos, rom miznebi ar warmoadgens moqmedebas. mag., Tu problema iyo: `kvalificiuri
kadrebis simcire zogadi ganaTlebis sistemaSi”, gadaiqceva miznad: `zogadi ganaTlebis
sistemaSi kvalificiuri kadrebis gazrdili raodenoba”. ase gakeTdeba qveproblemebzec,
romlebic proeqtis amocanebi iqneba.
proeqtis marTvis dros didi mniSvneloba aqvs riskebis analizs. riski aris
savaraudo movlenebis dadgomis albaToba, romelmac SeiZleba dadebiTad an uaryofiTad imoqmedos dasaxuli miznebis miRwevaze. riski gamudmebiT Tan gvaxlavs rogorc
pirad cxovrebaSi, aseve profesiul saqmianobaSi.
riski aris:
• daugegmavi movlenebis warmoSoba, romelsac negatiurad an pozitiurad
SeuZlia moaxdinos gavlena proeqtis realizaciaze;
• riskis marTva xarjebTanaa dakavSirebuli, magram riskis marTvis
ararseboba ufro did danakargebs iwvevs;
• riskisadmi midgoma: a) riskisgan Tavis arideba/SezRudva, b) riskis
Sedegebis Serbileba;
• riskis donis Sefasebis aucilebloba mocemuli proeqtis specifikidan da
molodinidan gamomdinare.
riskis ar unda SegveSindes, aramed is unda gamovlindes, SeizRudos, xolo misi
dadgomis SesaZlo Sedegebi SeZlebisdagvarad unda Semsubuqdes an ubralod iqnes
miRebuli. saWiroa ganisazRvros Semdegi sakiTxebi:
• ra SeiZleba ar gamovides?
• rogoria amis albaToba?
• ra moxdeba Tu ar gamova? rogori sakadro, finansuri Tu prestiJuli
Sedegebi SeiZleba mohyves?
• ra unda gakeTdes safrTxis acilebis/Semcirebis mizniT?
• risi gakeTeba SeiZleba imisaTvis, rom Semcirdes safrTxis dadgomis
albaToba?
nebismieri proeqti gvinda warmatebulad damTavrdes, aqedan gamomdinare, kidev
erTxel unda davfiqrdeT imaze, Tu ram SeiZleba SeuSalos xeli Cvens proeqts.
amdenad, proeqtis definicia, maxasiaTeblebi, marTvis cikli, problemebis sworad gaazreba da Sesabamisi miznebis dasaxva, riskebis analizi dagvexmareba sworad
vmarToT proeqti da miviRoT saukeTeso Sedegi.
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1.
2.
3.
balanCivaZe i. proeqtis weris unarCvevebi, quTaisi, 2006.
saakaSvili n. da sxvebi, organizaciuli marTvis mimarTulebiT, Tbilisi, 1999.
jafariZe
jafariZe z., jafariZe g. proeqtis menejmenti, Tbilisi, 2007.
Balanchivadze Iagor
GRANT PROJECT MANAGEMENT
SUMMARY
Today, the main financial success of organizations activities in Georgia is obtained grants from the relationship of different funds, which are carried out through the projects by the organizations.
The definition of project is different, but the main features are: orientated towards goal or the aim; Ending of the project in a determined time (the project has deadline); Implementation of related activities (successively); Uniqueness;
The main aspect of the project is management. Managing of the project cycle contains development of
some methodological frames, which describe and show problems. Then it follows: planning, implementing and
estimation of projects, which are directing for solving the problems.
The decision of the European Commission about the management of project cycle was caused of the
European Commission’s negative experience in the management of external assistance program. Thus the management of project cycle looks so: 1. Planning (Programming); 2. Identification (release). 3. Formulation. 4. Implementation. 5. Estimation.
Analysis of risk is important during the project management. Risk is supposed events, which may have
bad or good result on setting objects. Risk is constantly with us in a private life as well as in professional activities.
We’d like to finish any projects successfully, so we ought to think once again what may disturb our projects.
nana beniZe
TinaTin gugeSaSvili
riskis gazomva da Sefasebis kriteriumebi
riskis gazomvis sxvadasxva midgoma arsebobs. SeiZleba gamoiyos operaciebis kvlevis Teoriuli midgoma, anu gadawyvetilebis miRebis Teoria. sakmaod farTodaa cnobili midgoma, romelic gamodis riskis, rogorc gaurkvevlobis pirobebSi
situaciebis subieqturi maxasiaTeblis koncefciidan. igi asaxavs mmarTvelobiTi gadawyvetilebis realizaciis msvlelobisas SesaZlo mTlian zarals. am midgomaSi
riski ukavSirdeba situacias, romelic principulad SemTxveviT xasiaTs atarebs.
riski raodenobrivad Semdegnairad fasdeba: situaciiT, romelSic SesaZloa
ama Tu im gadawyvetilebis miReba: gadawyvetilebis TiToeuli variantisaTvis (alternativisTvis); subieqti, romelic iRebs da/an aanalizebs gadawyvetilebebs misTvis
saintereso aspeqtSi miRebuli Sedegebis TvalsazrisiT; gadawyvetilebis miRebis Sedegis Sefaseba subieqtisTvis sasurvelobis an arasasurvelobis poziciidan. riskis
sidide (riskis xarisxi) SeiZleba gaizomos ori kriteriumiT: saSualo mosalodneli
mniSvnelobiT da SesaZlo Sedegis meryeobiT (cvalebadobiT). saSualo mosalodneli
mniSvneloba _ es aris movlenis sididis is mniSvneloba, romelic gaurkvevel situaciasTanaa dakavSirebuli; is aris Sualeduri gawonasworebuli yvela SesaZlo SedegisTvis, sadac TiToeuli Sedegis albaToba gamoiyeneba, rogorc Sesabamisi mniSvnelobis sixSire an wona, igi zomavs Sedegs, romelic saSualod mosalodnelia. mo312
salodneli Sedegis meryeoba _ es aris mosalodneli mniSvnelobis gadaxris xarisxi
saSualo sidididan. amisaTvis praqtikaSi, rogorc wesi, gamoiyeneba ori urTierTdakavSirebuli kriteriumi: dispersia da saSualo kvadratuli gadaxda. dispersia aris
namdvili Sedegebis saSualo mosalodneli Sedegebidan saSualo kvadratuli gadaxra:
=
sadac:
σ 2 _ dispersiaa;
x _ dakvirvebis TiToeuli SemTxvevis mosalodneli mniSvneloba;
x _ saSualo mosalodneli mniSvneloba;
n _ dakvirvebis SemTxvevebis ricxvi (sixSire)
saSualo kvadratuli gadaxra
sixSireebis tolobis dros adgili aqvs kerZo SemTxvevas:
=
;
saSualo kvdratuli gadaxra gamoisaxeba imave sididiT, riTac izomeba meryeobis niSan-Tviseba. dispersia da saSualo kvadratuli gadaxra warmoadgenen absoluturi meryeobis zomas. analizisTvis, rogorc wesi, iyeneben variaciis koeficientis saSualo kvadratuli gadaxris damokidebulebas saSualo ariTmetikulTan, romelic gviCvenebs miRebuli mniSvnelobebis gadaxris xarisxs;
sadac:
v variciis koeficientia, %
σ _ saSualo kvadratuli gadaxra;
x _ saSualo mosalodneli mniSvneloba.
variaciis koeficienti fardobiTi sididea, amitom mis sidideze Sesaswavli
maCveneblis absoluturi mniSvneloba ar moqmedebs. misi daxmarebiT SeiZleba SevadaroT niSan-TvisebaTa meryeobac ki, romelic sxvadasxva ganzomilebaTa erTeulebSia gamosaxuli. is icvleba 0-dan 100%-mde. rac metia koeficienti, miT naklebia
fardobiTi riskis zoma. dadgenilia variaciis koeficientis sxvadasxva mniSvnelobebis Semdegi xarisxobrivi Sefaseba: 10%-mde _ susti meryeoba; 10%-dan - 25%-mde _ zomieri meryeoba; 25%-ze zeviT _ maRali meryeoba. arsebobs riskis xarisxis
gnsazRvris ramdenime gamartivebuli meTodic, kerZod, investoris riski raodenobrivad xasiaTdeba minimaluri da maqsimaluri Semosavlebis SesaZlo sidideebis SefasebiT. amasTan, rac metia diapazoni am sidideebs Soris maTi toli albaTobis dros,
miT maRalia riskis xarisxi. maSin, saSualo kvadratuli gadaxris dispersiis da
variaciis koeficientis gamosaTvlelad iyeneben Semdeg formulebs:
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=
;
sadac:
Pmax maqsimaluri Semosavlis (mogebis, rentabelobis) miRebis albaTobaa;
x max _ Semosavlis (mogebis, rentabelobis) maqsimaluri sidide;
σ _ saSualo kvadratuli gadaxra.
arsebobs ori mosazreba variaciis gamoyenebis winaaRmdeg.
pirveli _ variacia iTvaliswinebs saSualo mniSvnelobidan orive mxares gadaxras. marTlac, realizebuli Semosavlianoba SeiZleba iyos saSualoze maRalic
da dabalic. amasTan, pirvel SemTxvevas aqvs mniSvneloba variaciis sididisTvis da,
Sesabamisad, riskisTvisac. investori ki realuri Semosavlianobis gadaWarbebas ar
ganixilavs, rogorc mosalodnel arasasurvel Sedegs. piriqiT is mxolod miesalmeba aseT Sedegs. amitom, bevri mkvlevari Tvlis, rom riskis kvlevis dros ar unda
ganixilebodes SemTxvevebi, roca SesaZlo Semosavlianoba mosalodnelze maRalia.
Tu gamovalT iqidan, rom samewarmeo riski _ es aris warumateblobis albaToba, am
SemTxvevaSi Sefasebis kriteriumebi aris imis albaToba, rom miRebuli Sedegi (mogeba, Semosavali) iqneba dagegmil mniSvnelobaze naklebi:
R= P (
- )
sadac:
R riskis Sefasebis kriteriumia;
P _ albaToba;
Dn _ Sedegis dagegmili mniSvneloba;
D _ faqtobrivi Sedegi.
aseTi gamoTvlis uaryofiTi mxare imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Sefaseba SesaZlebeli xdeba mxolod Sedegis miRebis Semdeg. riskis Sefasebis kriteriumad gamoiyeneba, agreTve, absoluturi sidide, romelic ganisazRvreba, rogorc mosalodneli zaralis warmoebuli imis albaTobaze, rom es zarali warmoiqmneba:
R=Y* P (Y)
sadac:
R riskis xarisxia;
P (Y ) _ zaralis albaToba;
Y _ mosalodneli zarali.
teqnikuri siaxleebis Sefasebisas amerikeli ekonomistebi gvTavazoben, siaxleebis realizaciis efeqturoba ganisazRvros Semdei formuliT:
Э=
П.С.Т .РТ .РК
ЕЗ
sadac:
Π axali nakeTobis gayidvis wliuri moculobaa;
C _ nakeTobis gasayidi fasi;
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T _ siaxlis sasicocxlo cikli (axali nakeTobis warmoebis savaraudo vada
an periodi misi aTvisebidan warmoebis moxsnamde);
PT _ teqnikuri warmoebis albaToba (axal produqciaSi kvleviTi ideebis arapraqtikuli ganmeorebis SesaZlebloba);
PK _ komerciuli warmoebis albaToba (bazarze produqciis gasaRebis da mosalodneli mogebis miRebis SesaZlebloba);
E3 _ danaxarjebi realizaciisaTvis, romelic Seicavs danaxarjebs warmoebis
SemuSavebisTvis da mimdinare samewarmeo xarjebs.
yvelaze xSirad mmarTvelobiTi gadawyvetilebis efeqturobis maCveneblad miRebulia mogeba. magaliTad, ganvixiloT investiciis ori alternatiuli variantidan
erTis arCevis dasabuTeba riskis pirobebSi. davuSvaT, arsebobs ori A da B proeqti, romelSic menejers SeuZlia saxsrebi ganaTavsos. proeqti A momavalSi uzrunvelyofs mogebis miRebas, rom misi saSulo mosalodneli mniSvneloba _ maTematikurad mosalodneli _ tolia M Aσ A2 dispersiiT. B proeqtisTvis mogebis es ricxobrivi maxasiaTeblebi, rogorc SemTxveviTi sidideebi, igulisxmeba M B da σ B2 tolobad. Sesabamisad, saSualo kvadratuli gadaxrebi erTmaneTis tolia da SesaZloa
Semdegi SemTxvevebi:
a) M A = M B ;σ A p σ B _ saWiroa airCes proeqti A
b) M A f M B ;σ A p σ B _ saWiroa airCes proeqti A
g) M A f M B ; σ A = σ B _ saWiroa airCes proeqti A
d) M A f M B ; σ A f σ B
e) M A p M B ; σ A p σ B
bolo ori SemTxvevis dros
A da B proeqtis arCeva damokidebulia riskis
mimarT menejeris damokidebulebaze. kerZod (d) SemTxvevis dros A proeqti uzrunvelyofs ufro maRal saSualo Semosavals, magram is ufro sariskoa. am dros arCevani ganisazRvreba imiT, saSualo mogebis rogori damatebiTi sididiT xdeba menejerisTvis mocemuli gazrdili riskis kompensireba. (e) SemTxvevaSi A proeqtisTvis
riski naklebia, magram naklebia mosalodneli mogebac. riskis mimarT subieqturi damokidebuleba gaTvaliswinebulia neiman morgeSternis TeoriaSi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom riskis zomad yvelaze xSirad gamoiyeneba gadawyvetilebis efeqturobis saSualo kvadratuli gadaxra, is srulad mainc ar asaxavs realobas. SesaZlebelia situaciebi, romelTa drosac variantebi uzrunvelyofs daaxloebiT erTnair saSualo Semosavals da gaaCnia mogebis erTnairi saSualo kvadratuli
gadaxra, magram mainc ar arian Tanabarzomierad sarisko. marTlac, Tu riskad miviRebT gakotrebis risks, maSin riskis sidide damokidebuli unda iyos sawarmos sawyisi kapitalis sidideze.
σ
G
F
C
B
D
A
H
315
variantebis maxasiaTeblebi naCvenebia wertilebiT ( σm )sibrtyeze.
( σ ) _ Semosavlis saSualo kvadratuli gadaxraa;
m _ saSualo mogeba, romelic investiciis Sedegad miiReba.
naxazidan Cans rom A, B da C variantebidan upiratesoba aqvs A. variants.
xolo B, D da H -dan umjobesi iqneba airCes H varianti. H varianti ukeTesia, vidre C da F variantebi, magram fardobiTi upiratesoba variantebisa A, D , F da C
damokidebulia menejeris damokidebulebaze riskebis mimarT. komerciul da teqnikur
warmatebaTa albaTobis gansazRvra, e.i. riskis gaTvaliswineba da misi xarisxis Sefaseba xdeba produqciis xasiaTis mixedviT, romelic miiReba realizaciisa da sxva
faqtorebis Sedegad. konkretuli riskis Sefaseba gulisxmobs riskis maCveneblebis
gamoTvlas imis albaTobis gansazRvris meSveobiT, rom sawarmo gaiRebs garkveul
danakargebs. sxva sityvebiT, riskis Sefasebis safuZvlebSi devs damokidebulebis moZebna sawarmos danakargebis garkveul zomas da maTi warmoSobis albaTobebs Soris.
es damokidebuleba asaxvas povebs specialurad agebuli danakargebis garkveuli donis warmoSobis albaTobaTa mrudSi.
e.w. riskis mrudis asagebad gamoiyeneba sxvadasxvagvari meTodebi, romelTa
Soris SeiZleba gamoiyos: statistikuri meTodi; eqspertuli Sefasebis meTodi; analitikuri meTodi. danakrgebis garkveuli donis warmoSobis albaTobebis mrudis
agebis arsebuli meTodebi ar aris srulfasovani, magram, ase Tu ise, isini saSualebas iZlevian ganvaxorcieloT praqtikulad nebismieri mmarTvelobTi gadawyvetilebis riskis Sefaseba.
amrigad, Cven ganvixileT gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis ramdenime gza SesaZlo
riskis gamoTvlis meTodebis gamoyenebiT. am sakiTxTa codna aucilebel pirobas
warmoadgens finansuri operaciebis dagegmvisa da Sedegebis prognozirebis procesSi.
Benidze Nana
Gugeshashvili Tinatin
RISK MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION CRITERIA
SUMMARY
There are different approaches for the risk measurement. Operation research is a theoretical approach. It
is the decision-making theory. This theory is widely known as method, which is resulted in the response of subjective characteristics in uncertain conditions. It reflects the total potential damages in the management decision
making process. In this approach, the risks associated with the situation which is random in their nature.
Quantitative assessment of the risk occur using following ways: By situation in which there might be
this decision-making happens; by the decision of each option (for an alternative to); by subject, who receives
and/or analyzes the decisions from the point of view of interesting aspects and obtained results; from their desirability for the decision makers. The amount of risk (risk level) can be measured by two criteria: the average
value and the possible impact of fluctuations (alternating).
316
In this paper we have discussed several ways of decision making managed to risk calculation methods.
Knowledge of these issues is a necessary condition for the planning and forecasting financial processes.
Булгаков В.Н.
ОЦЕНКА ДИНАМИКИ И УРОВНЯ УСТОЙЧИВОГО РАЗВИТИЯ
ПРОМЫШЛЕННЫХ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЙ В УСЛОВИЯХ РАЦИОНАЛЬНОСТИ И
НЕРАЦИОНАЛЬНОСТИ ОЖИДАНИЙ
Большинство школ организационного управления, обращаясь в той или иной мере к
проблематике менеджмента устойчивого развития промышленных предприятий в условиях рациональности и нерациональности ожиданий, расходятся во взглядах из-за различий в ответах на вопрос
«как есть?» [2, 3, 4]. Однако на наш взгляд более продуктивным был бы перенос спорных моментов в
иную плоскость
Известно, что парадигма «как есть – как должно быть» является базовым конструктом, в
соответствии с которым рождается цепочка логических заключений при решении многих управленческих задач предприятия, – планирование, реинжиниринг бизнес-процессов, проектирование продуктового ряда и многих других, влияющих в конечном итоге на устойчивость его развития. Если взять
за исходное предположение существование долгосрочных тенденций развития промышленных
предприятий, тогда очевидна целесообразность постановки первым вопроса «как должно быть?». И
после получения ответа на него следует сделать обратную интерполяцию, чтобы получить ответ на
вопрос «как есть?» для конкретного предприятия. Поэтому автор настоящего исследования предлагает
следующий конструкт логических заключений: «как должно быть – как есть – как будет».
Используя алгоритм определения траектории устойчивого развития в условиях рациональности
и нерациональности ожиданий модели URNP, задавая матрицы затрат равновесного устойчивого
развития
предприятия
АR (t = 0,Kt = n)
и
определяя
матрицы
равновесной
устойчивости
BR (t = 0,Kt = n ) , - мы отвечаем на вопрос «как должно быть». Определяя матрицу затрат A(t = 0) и
матрицу устойчивости B(t = 0) по фактическим показателям работы предприятия в период времени
(t = 0) , - мы отвечаем на вопрос «как есть». Изменяя и варьируя показатели матриц затрат
A(t = 0,Kt = n ) в возможно допустимых и достижимых пределах мы может с заданной степенью
точности определить «как будет».
Для оценки устойчивого развития предприятия в условиях рациональности и нерациональности
ожиданий нужна система показателей, характеризующая его различные стороны. Основным
недостатком показателей, используемых на сегодняшний день в практической работе российских
предприятий и системе статистической отчетности для оценки устойчивого развития, является в
основном их денежное выражение, что не позволяет раскрыть и оценить ряд важных, объективно
присутствующих аспектов деятельности предприятий, влияющих на устойчивое развитие в условиях
рациональности и нерациональности ожиданий.
Считается, что идея использования взвешенного, сбалансированного набора монетарных и
немонетарных показателей для внутрифирменных управленческих целей принадлежит американским
ученым Р. Каплану и Д. Нортону [6].
Однако, задолго до появления системы сбалансированных показатели (ССП) Р.Каплана и
Д.Нортона существовали управленческие концепции, которые по своей сути схожи с ней. Во-первых,
это предложенная в 1954 году концепция управления по целям Management by Objectives (MBO) Питера
Друкера, во-вторых, разработанная в 1932 году французским учёным Ж.Л. Мало tableau de bord, а втретьих, система селективных показателей Юргена Вебера, в четвёртых, универсальная система
317
показателей деятельности Рамперсада Хьюберта, а также система управления на основе показателя
EVA, автором которой является Стюарт Штерн. Также к моделям, достаточно близким к методологии
ССП можно отнести пирамиду деятельности компании К. Мак-Найра, Р. Линча и К. Кросса (1990 г.),
модель стратегических карт Л. Мейселя (1992 г.), систему ЕР2М К. Робертса и П. Адамса (1993 г.),
систему «Результаты и детерминанты Фицджеральда (1991 г.) и ряд других. Следует также отметить,
что с развитием стратегического управления каждая из вышеперечисленных концепций дорабатывались
и совершенствовались другими учёными и специалистами.
В то же время, предложенная американскими исследователями система направлена, прежде
всего, на увязку показателей в денежном выражении с операционными измерителями таких аспектов
деятельности предприятия, как удовлетворенность покупателя, внутрифирменные хозяйственные
процессы, инновационная активность, меры по улучшению финансовых результатов и т.п. Ответ на
вопрос, - «как это сделать?», по их мнению, зависит от постановки целей, которые «выводятся» из
стратегии предприятия, а затем «переводятся» в показатели системы устойчивого развития. Однако эта
система практически не рассматривает показатели, учитывающие всё возрастающее влияние на
устойчивое развитие предприятия рационального или нерационального исхода ожиданий индивида, а
также условий рациональности или нерациональности внешней среды на микро, мезо, макро и мегауровнях.
При этом, следует учитывать, что понятие «нерациональное» не есть некое вместилище для
остатков знания, которое не освоено рациональными методами. Мир един, в нем самом нет двух
противостоящих друг другу сфер: рациональной и нерациональной. Они являются характеристиками
одного и того же процесса познания и неизбежно взаимопроникают друг в друга [5]. В то же время,
попытки чисто рационального объяснения поведения предприятия приводят к парадоксальному
результату. Поскольку всегда имеется предел рациональному познанию, и сфера нерационального столь
велика, по сравнению с познанным, что, на наш взгляд, правильнее было бы говорить о нерациональном
мире по существу, где имеются лишь островки рационального. Понятие рациональных/нерациональных
ожиданий предполагает, что конечные результаты не отличаются систематически (т. е. регулярно и
предсказуемо) от того, что прогнозируют и ожидают предприятия.
В более ранних научных трудах автор настоящего исследования отличал функциональную
рациональность от более узкой концепции – «рациональности оптимизирующего поведения». При этом
непротиворечивость предпочтений субъекта сочтена признаком любого рационального выбора в самом
широком смысле слова, а их всеохватность, непрерывность и взаимозаменяемость – специфическими
признаками экономической рациональности. Нерациональным (иррациональным), т.е. антитезой
экономически рациональному, является поведение немаксимизирующее, т.е. либо «непоследовательное,
либо то, которое не соответствует интересам субъекта, причем это ему известно».98 Так же было
установлено, что в общем виде зависимость (U) между рациональными и нерациональными условиями
поведения индивида, группы, предприятия и общества может быть определена как:
(
U = f П1, П 2 K П m
)
на основании чего может быть построена модель,
(
dU
= M П 1, П 2 K П m
dt
),
где предметной областью является множество континуума условий рациональности и нерациональности
ожиданий U, влияющих друг на друга [1].
Ниже, автором настоящего исследования, представлена методика анализа устойчивости
десятиресурсной модели устойчивого развития предприятия в условиях рациональности и
нерациональности ожиданий URNP с использованием системы показателей, характеризующих устойчивое
развитие предприятия, как во внутренней, так и во внешней среде. Возможная принципиальная
98
. В данном случае имеется ввиду «когнитивный диссонанс» - расхождение имеющегося у субъекта опыта с
восприятием актуальной ситуации.
318
структура сбалансированной системы показателей устойчивого развития предприятий показана на рис.
1.
«Баланс» в предлагаемой системе показателей носит многоплановый характер, охватывая связи
между монетарными и немонетарными величинами измерения, стратегическим и оперативным
уровнями управления, прошлыми и будущими результатами, а также внутренними и внешними
рациональными и нерациональными аспектами деятельности предприятия.
Поскольку предприятия функционируют в «биосферной системе координат» и определённым
образом влияют на её состояние, то на мегауровне для объективной оценки перспектив их устойчивого
развития, на наш взгляд, необходимо иметь показатели, характеризующие такое влияние.
Это могут быть показатели, характеризующие развитие ноосферы, как современного этапа
развития биосферы, который сформировался в результате созидательной деятельности человека,
изменяющей биосферу, и весь ход геологической истории планеты Земля или какие-либо иные.
Например, такие как уровень качества атмосферы, уровень создаваемых на нашей планете
искусственных биогенных культурных минералов (ресурсов), замещающих природные, уровень
физического и химического изменения воздушной оболочки планеты Земля, буферная емкость
экосистемы и т.п.
Рис. 1. Принципиальная структура сбалансированной системы показателей устойчивого развития
предприятий
Безусловно, в определённом смысле, на сегодняшний день применение в практической деятельности предприятий «ноосферных» показателей не будет для них актуальным, поскольку осознание
319
внешнего как проекции деятельности самих предприятий, в их представлении дело весьма отдаленного
будущего. Говорить о понимании предприятиями их устойчивого развития в «ноосферных» масштабах в
настоящее время преждевременно. Важно, однако, подчеркнуть, что в зависимости от того, какие
показатели будут использоваться при оценке устойчивого развития предприятий, - направление их
развития будет тем или иным.
В рамках сбалансированной системы необходимо различать показатели, которые измеряют
достигнутые результаты, и показатели, которые отражают процессы, способствующие получению этих
результатов. Обе категории показателей должны быть увязаны друг с другом, так как для достижения
первых (например, определенного уровня производительности) нужно реализовать вторые (например,
добиться известной загрузки мощностей машин и оборудования). На практике внимание менеджеров
обычно фокусируется на показателях первой категории.
Предлагаемая система показателей (ССП) может служить базой для формулировки стратегий,
постановки целей предприятия и их увязки между собой. Предполагаемые целевые связи подвергаются
проверке и исследуются в рамках процесса обучения. Накопленный опыт позволяет давать им
количественные оценки.
В качестве примера, для расчёта десяти ресурсной модели URNP с размерами матриц затратных
процессов А = 10 х 10 и матриц устойчивости В = 10 х10 можно предложить следующий набор и способ
формирования показателей, составленный из векторов a i и bi (i = 1,K,10) ,:
1. Показатели матрицы затратных процессов, А, - а1 - свойства предприятия, а2 - состояние
техники и уровень технологии предприятия, а3 - состояние финансов и уровень платёжеспособности
предприятия, а4 - уровень подготовки персонала предприятия, подверженности к неоднородному
влиянию множества разнородных факторов, а5 - состояние рынков, на которых действует предприятие,
а6 – уровень факторов производства предприятия, а7 - интеллектуальный потенциал государства, а8 социальные параметры предприятия, а9 - экологические процессы, а10 – развитие ноосферы.
2. Показатели матрицы устойчивости, В, - b1 - устойчивость развития предприятия, . b2 устойчивость технологического и технического развития, b3 - устойчивость финансового положения
предприятия, b4 - устойчивость персонала к конкретным условиям и причинам, b5 - устойчивость
рынков, на которых действует предприятие, b6 - устойчивость факторов производства предприятия, b7 устойчивость государственной политики, b8 - устойчивость социальных процессов на предприятии, b91 устойчивость экологических процессов, b10 - устойчивость развития ноосферы
В свою очередь каждый из векторов a i и bi , состоит из десяти векторов a ij и bij
(i = 1,K,10; j = 1,K10) 99.
Показатели сформированы таким образом, что матрица устойчивости
определяется по соответствующим векторам матрицы затратных процессов.
В общем случае все затратные процессы могут давать либо «положительную» устойчивость
bi ⋅ z (t + 1) − a i ⋅ z (t ) ≥ 0 , либо «отрицательную»
bi ⋅ z (t + 1) − a i ⋅ z (t ) ≤ 0 . Поэтому если
bi ⋅ z (t + 1) − a i ⋅ z (t ) ≥ 0 , то в правой части bij = 1 + aij , если bi ⋅ z (t + 1) − a i ⋅ z (t ) ≤ 0 , то – bij = 1 − a ij ,
причём во втором случае,
a ij
формируется как отношение факта к нормативу. При этом bij = 1 − a ij
будет меньше нуля, если факт больше норматива и равен нулю, если факт равен нормативу. В матрице
равновесной устойчивости эти показатели равны 1. «Положительная», либо «отрицательная» устойчивость соответствует рациональности либо нерациональности затратного процесса. Оценка и учет
условий рациональности или нерациональности ожиданий в предлагаемой сбалансированной системе
показателей на уровне предприятия производится с помощью показателей матриц затратных процессов
и устойчивости а1 , b1,а2 , b2, а3 , b3, а6 , b6, а8 , b8 ; на уровне окружающей среды, - а5 , b5 ,а7, b7 ,а9 , b9 , а10 ,
b10 ; на уровне индивида, - а4 , b4. Причем показатели матриц затратных процессов дают оценку условий
99
Подробное описание дано в работе В.Н. Булгакова и О.В. Булгакова «Формирование
механизма устойчивого развития промышленных предприятий» КубГу, Краснодар, 2003
320
рациональности или нерациональности ожиданий, а показатели матриц устойчивости, получаемые
расчетно, учитывают эту оценку.
Векторы равновесной матрицы затрат начального периода AR0 (t ), t = 0 задаются исходя из
предъявляемых к ним требований и норм. Равновесная матрица затрат последующего временного пе-
риода AR (t + 1) равна равновесной матрице устойчивости предыдущего периода B RU (t ) , то есть
AR (t + 1) = BRU (t ) . Это относится к матрицам фактических и прогнозных затратных процессов.
Нами проведены расчёты оценки устойчивого развития 30 предприятий г. Краснодара и Краснодарского Края за последние 4 года их деятельности с использованием вышеприведённых показателей
в корреляции с угловыми расстояниями d (t = 1)L d (t = 4) между векторами z * и ~
z ′(t ) , найденные в
результате решения линейной экстремальной задачи.
Как показали расчёты, траектории обследуемых предприятий за четырёхлетний период не
приближались к равновесным ближе 0,696, при нормативных значениях 0 – 0,3. Аналогичные расчёты в
разрезе отраслей обследуемых предприятий показали такую же картину – угловые расстояния d (t )
были выше 0,882, таблица 1.
Таблица 1. Оценка уровня устойчивого развития обследуемых отраслей за период
I
Предприят
ия
Алкоголь
ной
промышле
нности
Перераба
тывающие
Элеваторы
II
III
IV
d (t )
z • (t )
~
z ′(t )
d (t )
z • (t )
~
z ′(t )
d (t )
z • (t )
~
z ′(t )
d (t )
z • (t )
~
z ′(t )
476,9
8,400
1,877
476,9
6,828
1,638
476,9
6,102
1,595
476,9
7,214
1,737
110,1
2,383
1,933
110,1
2,234
2,042
110,1
1,943
1,491
110,1
2,719
2,019
36,69
2,068
0,883
36,69
2,360
1,031
36,69
2,650
2,482
36,69
2,246
1,088
В сложившихся условиях хозяйствования для вывода предприятий алкогольной промышленности Краснодарского края на траекторию устойчивого развития необходимы качественные «парадигмальные» изменения и подходы, включающие формирование механизма устойчивого развития
предприятий отрасли и его оценку на основе сбалансированной системы показателей.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Булгаков В.Н. «Проблемы формирования механизма устойчивого развития промышленных
предприятий в условиях рациональности и нерациональности ожиданий» Монография, КубГУ, 2010
Коуз Р. Фирма, рынок и право: Пер. с англ. – М.: Дело ЛТД. 1993
Коуз Р. «Природа фирмы» / Под ред. О.И. Уильямсона, С.Дж. Уинтера; Пер. с англ. М.Я. Каждана;
Науч. ред. пер. В.Г. Гребенников. М.: Акад. нар. хоз-ва при Правительстве Рос. Федерации: Дело,
2001. 360 с. (Современная институционально-эволюционная теория)
Уорнер М. «Классики менеджмента», Питер, 2001 г.
Ebeling G. Kritischer Rationalismus? Tjubingen. 1973. S. 29
321
6.
Kaplan R. S., Norton D. P. The Balanced Scorecard – Measures then drive Performance // Harvard
Business Review. – 1992. – Vol.70. – N 1. – P. 71 – 79
Bulgakov V. N.
THE EVALUATION OF THE DINAMICS AND LEVEL OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF
INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF
RATIONALITY AND IRRATIONALITY OF EXPECTATIONS
SUMMARY
Article is devoted the decision of an actual problem of a theoretical substantiation and development of
approaches to an estimation of dynamics and level of a sustainable development of the industrial enterprises in
the conditions of rationality and irrationality of expectations that irrationality, rational and irrational expectations in their interrelation with transitivity of individual preferences, a principle of methodological individualism demands deeper judgment of such fundamental economic concepts as rationality, cognitive by an inconsistency of the subject.
Ggvanca gviCia
Llizingi da misi gavlena ekonomikur zrdaze
saqarTveloSi, ekonomikis zrdis dadebiTi maCveneblebis kvaldakval, aqtualuri xdeba iseTi finansuri momsaxurebis ganviTareba, rogoricaa lizingi. mimdinare
periodisaTvis SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qveyanaSi finansuri momsaxureba ganviTarebis
sakmaod maRal maCvenebelzea, Tumca, roca vsaubrobT finansur momsaxurebaze, ZiriTadad vgulisxmobT sakredito bazars, samwuxarod, fasiani qaRaldebisa da sxva
finansuri agregatebis ganviTareba arc ise saxarbieloa. rac Seexeba lizings, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am etaze is saqarTveloSi arsebobs, rac TavisTavad kargia, Tumca
saqarTveloSi salizingo kompaniebisaTvis arc ise saxarbielo pirobebia Seqmnili,
rasac Sedegad moaqvs uaRresad konservatiuli midgoma. Bbunebrivia, lizingi, rogorc biznesis waxalisebis meqanizmi, udides rols TamaSobs gardamavali ekonomikisa da ganviTarebadi qveynebis kerZo seqtoris mxardaWeraSi. Aamas naTlad gveubneba
aRmosavleT evropis magaliTebi, sadac am momsaxurebis ganviTarebam pirdapiri gavlena moaxdina makroekonomikuri maCveneblebis zrdaze.
aRiarebulia, rom lizingi Zalian mniSvnelovani instrumentia biznesisaTvis
ZiriTadi saSualebebis SesaZenad, amasTanave, mas moaqvs mniSvnelovani Sedegebi qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis. mcire mewarmeebs, romelTac kargi biznesideebi
gaaCniaT, SeuZliaT, miiRon dafinanseba da SeiZinon manqana-danadgarebi am ideis gansaxorcieleblad. am gziT isini warmatebas miaRweven biznesSi, rac mTavaria, Seiqmneba damatebiTi samuSao adgilebi. Ddidi kompaniebi kidev ufro gaafarToeben bizness
da axl investiciebs ganaxorcieleben ZiriTad saSualebebSi, ise rom, maT ar mouwevT axali aqciebis gamoSvebis gziT moipovon dafinanseba. saxelmwifo SeZlebs gazardos investiciebi, romelic sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis uzrunvelsayofadaa
saWiro iseT sferoebSi, rogoricaa energetika, jandacva da ganaTleba.
dakreditebis bumi gardamaval ekonomikasa da aRmosavleT evropaSi misi gavlena ekonomikur zrdaze, eqspertebis winaSe mdgari yvelaze mwvave sakiTxia. Dbolo
periodSi dafinansebis alternatiuli forma, lizingi ikavebs aseve mniSvnelovan
322
adgils finansuri sistemis funqcionirebaSi. rogor gavlenas axdens es operacia
ekonomikur zrdaze? aqvs Tu ara mas stabilurobis efeqti? SesaZloa Tu ara, is gamoyenebul iqnes, rogorc susti regulirebisa da instituciuri garemos gamajansaRebeli instrumenti? SesaZloa Tu ara, ganixilebodes, rogorc sesxis alternativa?
Yyvela es sakiTxi mniSvnelovania ganviTarebadi ekonomikis pirobebSi.
lizingis wvlili sakmaod maRalia biznesi ganviTarebaSi, gansakuTrebiT, roca saqme exeba saSualo da mcire biznesebs. aRmosavleT evropis swrafi ekonomikuri
ganviTareba gviCvenebs, rom finansur seqtorSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani dadebiTi gavlenis mqonea investiciebi salizngo operaciebi.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am farTo seqtorisTvis makroekonomikuri stabiluroba
da Zlieri safinanso sistema mniSvnelovani wanamZRvari unda gaxdes, rac xelSewyobili iqneba evrokavSiris wevrobis surviliT an TviT wevrobiT. zogierTi kvleva
varaudobs, rom lizingi da sesxis aReba urTierTSemcvlelia, anu, Tu samarTlebrivi garemo xelSemwyobi ar aris sabanko sesxebisTvis, maSin lizingi ar gamoiyeneba
dafinansebis alternatiul saSualebad. salizingo da sakredito momsaxureba urTierTSemavsebeli unda iyos da lizingisTvis aucilebelia Zlieri samarTlebrivi
sistema.
ekonomikis ganviTarebam sxvadasxva qveyanaSi, naTlad aCvena, rom dafinansebis
bumi udides gavlenas axdens ekonomikis zrdaze, Tumca sakredito dafinanseba ver
axdens biznesis mTliani speqtris mocvas. evropis ganviTarebisa da rekonstruqciis
bankis pirdapiri xedvaa, rom lizingi gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs ganviTarebadi qveynebis ekonomikur zrda

sakonferencio krebuli _saboloo varianti

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