docsaqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi
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saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi kvartaluri mimoxilva 2004 weli, #4 evrokavSiri, ekonomikuri politikisa da samarTlebrivi sakiTxebis qarTul-evropuli sakonsultacio centri (GEPLAC) da “saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi” evrokavSiris urTierTobebi aRmosavleT evropis da centraluri aziis qveynebTan ufro gaRrmavda 1991 wlidan, mas Semdeg rac amoqmedda teqnikuri daxmarebis programa tasisi (Tacis). am urTierTobebma ufro intensiuri xasiaTi miiRo politikuri dialogis meSveobiT, romelic gadaizarda urTierTpartniorobaSi saerTo miznebis misaRwevad. saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi amgvari TanamSromloba ganpirobebulia evrokavSirTan dadebuli partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis SeTanxmebiT, romelic ZalaSi Sevida 1999 wels. ekonomikuri politikisa da samarTlebrivi sakiTxebis qarTul-evropuli sakonsultacio centri (GEPLAC) dafuZnda 1997 wels, tasisis programis farglebSi, proeqtis saxiT. proeqtis mimdinare faza xorcieldeba Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH-s mier. garda “saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebis” da “qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilvis” publikaciebisa, centri konsultaciebs uwevs saqarTvelos mTavrobas ekonomikuri politikisa da samarTlebriv sferoSi proeqtiT gaTvalisiwnebul sakiTxebze. miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebis (sem-is) gamocema xorcieldeba evrokavSiris teqnikuri daxmarebis farglebSi, misi Sinaarsi warmoadgens mxolod avtorTa pirad Sexedulebebsa da mosazrebebs ama Tu im sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT da ar SeiZleba miCneul iqnas evrogaerTianebis poziciad. saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi “saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebis” (sem) gamocemis mizania, saqarTveloSi ekonomikuri reformis mimdinareobiT dainteresebul pirebs miawodos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis msvlelobis mimoxilva. sem-i daarsda 1995 wels da qveyndeba qarTul da inglisur enebze. es da wina gamocemebi xelmisawvdomia internetis saSualebiT: www.geplac.org “saqarTvelos mimarTulebebis” am gamoSvebaze (anbanis mixedviT): ekonomikis muSaobdnen daviT gvenetaZe, goga eraZe, natalia kakabaZe, goCa kereseliZe, erekle naTaZe, SoTa qeldiSvili, dimitri qemokliZe, veronika Snaideri, irakli wereTeli, saimon stouni, sofiko xmalaZe, mark hadsoni gamocema informacias Rebulobs rigi samTavrobo da arasamTavrobo organizaciebidan, maT Soris statistikis saxelmwifo departamentidan, saqarTvelos erovnuli bankidan, saxelmwifo gaerTianebuli socialuri uzrunvelyofis fondidan, finansTa saministrodan, ekonomikis, mrewvelobis da vaWrobis saministrodan, saxelmwifo qonebis marTvis saministrodan, jandacvis da socialuri uzrunvelyofis saministrodan, sagareo urTierTobaTa saministrodan da sxva saministroebidan da saxelmwifo departamentebidan. wyaro miTiTebulia yvelgan, sadac ki es SesaZlebeli iyo. gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom informaciis momwodeblebTan mWidro TanamSromlobis (regularuli konsultaciebis) da maTi mxardaWeris gareSe am mimoxilvis momzadeba SeuZlebeli iqneboda. sem-is mizania, sazogadoebisTvis xelmisawvdom informaciaze damyarebuli, ekonomikis ganviTarebis tendenciebis damoukidebeli analizis warmodgena. garda amisa, mocemulia rCevebi ekonomikuri politikis ganxorcielebis, ekonomikuri da sxva informaciis Segrovebisa da gavrcelebis dargSi. gamocema miznad isaxavs saqarTveloSi mimdinare ekonomikuri reformis mxardaWeras. masSi warmodgenili mosazrebebi gamoxatavs mxolod avtorTa Sexedulebebs da ar SeiZleba miCneul iqnas evropuli komisiis, tasisis ekonomikuri politikisa da samarTlebrivi sakiTxebis qarTul-evropuli sakonsultacio centrisa Tu saqarTvelos mTavrobis oficialur poziciad. avtorTa ekonomikuri Sinaarsis statiebs, romlebic aqtualurad SeiZleba iqnes miCneuli saqarTveloSi mimdinare ekonomikur procesebTan mimarTebaSi. gamoqveynebamde yvela statia ganixileba sem-is saredaqcio kolegiis mier, romelic zogierT SemTxvevaSi axdens statiaTa redaqtirebas avtorTa nebarTviT. statiis gamoqveyneba xdeba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu igi srul SesabamisobaSia semis saredaqcio politikasTan. statiis gamoqveynebis msurvelebma unda miawodon Tavisi naSromi Word fai lis formatSi sem-is mTavar redaqtors, q-n veronika Snaiders eleqtronuli fostiT Semdeg misamarTze: [email protected] an warmoadginon piradad GEPLAC–is ofisSi qvemoT miTiTebul misamarTze. statiebis avtorTa azri da Sexeduleba ama Tu im sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT warmoadgens mxolod maT pirad pozicias da SeiZleba ar emTxveodes rogorc sem-is saredaqcio kolegiis, aseve evropuli komisiis, tasisis ekonomikuri politikisa da samarTlebrivi sakiTxebis qarTul -evropuli sakonsultacio centrisa Tu saqarTvelos mTavrobis oficialur pozicias. mkiTxvels SeuZlia sem-is citireba yovelgvari SezRudvis gareSe, im pirobiT, rom wyaro saTanadod iqneba miTiTebuli. damatebiTi daukavSirdeT: informaciisaTvis gTxovT veronika Snaiders saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebis mTavar redaqtors ekonomikuri politikisa da samarTlebrivi sakiTxebis qarTul -evropuli sakonsultacio centri (GEPLAC) Tbilisi, al.yazbegis gamziri 42, tel: (995 32) 53 71 40 / 53 71 42 / 53 71 43 53 71 45 / 53 71 46 faqsi: (995 32) 53 71 3 8 tel/faqsi: (995 32) 53 71 39 (pirdapiri) el-fosta: [email protected] sem-is kvartaluri gamocemis regularulad misaRebad gTxovT SegvatyobinoT eleqtronuli fostiT an faqsiT romel enaze (qarTuli, inglisuri) gsurT sem-is miReba da Tqveni sakontaqto misamar Ti. sem-i agreTve aqveynebs sxvadasxva sferos warmomadgenel (saqarTvelos parlamenti, mTavroba, akademiuri wreebi) saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4 saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi sarCevi winasityvaoba nawili I. 3 ekonomikis mimarTulebebi Tavi I. mokle mimoxilva 6 Tavi II. erovnuli angariSebi da ekonomikis mTavari mimarTulebebi 11 Tavi III. saxelmwifo finansebi 20 Tavi IV. fuli da finansebi 29 Tavi V. saerTaSoriso vaWroba da sagareo ekonomikuri urTierTobebi 39 Tavi VI. privatizacia 46 Tavi VII. samuSao Zalis bazari, Semosavlebi da socialuri uzrunvelyofa Tavi VIII. saqarTvelo-evrokavSiris urTierTobebi kalendari 54 68 79 nawili II. danarTi: statiebi I. ekonomikuri zrdis konkurentunarianoba da saqarTvelo dsT-is sivrceSi Tengiz lomitaSvili, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis magistranti II. gardamavali qveynebis rkinigzaTa SedarebiTi analizi ZiriTadi teqnikuri maCveneblebis mixedviT 106 119 paata cagareiSvili, teqnikur mecnierebaTa kandidati; gogita gvenetaZe, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis magistranti III. evrokavSiris partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba da evropis samezoblo politika saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi: rogor daexmareba evrokavSirTan ekonomikuri integracia reformebis ganxorcielebis process da ekonomikur ganviTarebas saqarTveloSi 125 ivan samsoni, ekonomisti, grenoblis universiteti, safrangeTi olena vasilCenko, ekonomisti, grenoblis universiteti, safrangeTi nawili III. glosariumi da statistikuri danarTi ekonomikuri glosariumi 147 statistikuri danarTi 158 abreviaturebi 169 saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli #4 1 winasityvaoba Zvirfaso mkiTxvelo saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebis 2004/4 gamocemaSi ekonomikuri politikisa da samarTlebrivi sakiTxebis qarTul-evropuli sakonsultacio centri (GEPLAC) gTavazobT, rogorc yovelTvis, saqarTveloSi mimdinare ekonomikuri procesebisa da ganviTarebis ZiriTadi tendenciebis sakuTar Sefasebasa da analizs. “vardebis revoluciis” wlisTavze, mizanSewonilad migvaCnia mokled mimovixiloT gasuli wlis ganmavlobaSi miRweuli Sedegebi. unda aRiniSnos, rom qveyanaSi adgili hqonda mTel rig dadebiT cvlilebebs, Tumca momavalSi, swori ekonomikuri politikis gatarebis winapirobiT, gacilebiT metis miRweva unda iyos SesaZlebeli. saqarTvelos axalma xelisuflebam wamoiwyo reformebis metad ambiciuri programa, romelic moicavs fiskalur sferos, marTvis sistemis gaZlierebas, korufciisa da kontrabandis problemebis gadaWras, ekonomikuri zrdis xelSewyobasa da siRaribis daZlevas da imavdroulad, mosaxleobis zogadi ndobis aRdgenas. gadasaxadebis Segrovebis donis amaRleba axali mTavrobis umTavresi miRwevaa. I-III kvartlebis monacemTa Tanaxmad, sagadasaxado Semosavlebi 51 procentiT gaizarda gasul welTan SedarebiT da 5 procentiT gadaaWarba 2004 wlisaTvis dagegmil maCvenebels. sagadasaxado Semosavlebis zrda ganapiroba safinanso politikaSi gatarebulma cvlilebebma, gadasaxadebisa da sabaJo Semosavlebis administrirebis gaumjobesebam, reformebma marTvis sistemaSi da antikorufciulma RonisZiebebma. saqarTvelos mTavrobam, saerTaSoriso donori organizaciebis daxmarebiT, daiwyo metad mniSvnelovani programis ganxorcieleba, romelic miznad isaxavs sabaJo procedurebis gamWvirvalobis zrdasa da gamartivebas da samuSao procesSi arsebuli xarvezebisa da korufciis aRmofxvras, rac esoden gavrcelebuli iyo am sferoSi. safinanso politikis reformis mTavar nawils warmoadgens axali sagadasaxado kodeqsis SemoReba, romelic parlamentis mier damtkicebul iqna 2004 wlis 22 dekembers da ZalaSi Sevida 2005 wlis pirveli ianvridan. ekonomistebTan, sxvadasxva sferoSi moRvawe saxelmwifo moxeleebTan da dainteresebul pirTa farTo wreebTan GEPLAC-is mier gamarTuli diskusiebis Sedegad CvenTvis naTeli gaxda, rom sagadasaxado sistemis reforma ganixileba rogorc umniSvnelovanesi faqtori saqarTveloSi samewarmeo saqmianobis wasaxaliseblad. praqtikam dagvanaxa, rom moklevadian perspeqtivaSi, sagadasaxado Semosavlebis gazrdis mcdelobam garkveuli sirTuleebi Seuqmna kerZo seqtors. aseve xeli Seuwyo laris kursis gamyarebas, romelic drodadro, wlis manZilze, gansakuTrebiT maRal niSnuls aRwevda da, iseTi ekonomikisaTvis, romelic jer kidev dolarizaciis maRali xarisxiT xasiaTdeba, garkveuli sirTuleebis wyarod saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4 3 winasityvaoba iqca. imedia, rom grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi Sors gamiznuli reforma ara mxolod stabilurad maRal Semosavlebs uzrunvelyofs, aramed aseve warmoqmnis stimulebs sagadasaxado kulturis damkvidrebisaTvis, anu gadasaxadebis nebayoflobiT safuZvelze gadaxdisaTvis. aqve unda aRiniSnos is dadebiTi Sedegebi, romelic mohyva aWaris regionze centraluri xelisuflebis kontrolis aRdgenas. mTavrobis mier aRniSnuli problemis prioritetad gamoyofa, Cveni azriT, mizanSewonili iyo rogorc politikuri, aseve ekonomikuri mosazrebidan gamomdinare. Tumca, amave dros, saqarTvelos kvlavac aqvs regionebTan dakavSirebuli problemebi da am mimarTulebiT bevri ram aris gasakeTebeli siRaribesTan brZolisa da aqedan gamomdinare keTildReobis donis amaRlebasTan mimarTebaSi. universaluri socialuri dacvis sistemis ararsebobis pirobebSi, donorTa daxmareba da mizanmimarTuli iniciativebi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens. yovelive zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, kidev erTxel vubrundebiT kiTxvas Tu ra gziT unda moxdes saqarTveloSi ekonomikuri saqmianobis gamococxleba, rasac Tavis mxriv mivyavarT konkurentunarianobis sakiTxis ganxilvasTan. winamdebare gamocemaSi, pirveli statia ekuTvnis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis ekonomikis fakultetis magistrants, Tengiz lomitaSvils, romelSic Sedarebulia yofili sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebs Soris konkurentunarianobis doneebi. amgvari analizi pirveli nabijia im seqtorebis ufro konkretulad gaanalizebisaTvis, romelmac xeli unda Seuwyos ekonomikur zrdas momavalSi. aRniSnul statiaSi mocemuli midgoma axlosaa im midgomasTan, romelsac GEPLAC-i mimarTavs niSnulebis gansazRvrasTan dakavSirebul mimdinare saqmianobaSi. es ukavSirdeba saqarTvelos mier evrokavSirTan partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis farglebSi miRweuli winsvlis Sefasebis mizans, raodenobrivi maCveneblebis dadgenisa da gardaqmnis procesSi myof sxva qveynebTan Sedarebebis meSveobiT. amgvari samuSaos safuZvelze SesaZlebeli iqneba ufro konkretuli, ekonomikur politikasTan dakavSirebuli konsultaciebis gaweva mTavrobisaTvis samomavlod. ekonomikuri seqtorebisa da sawarmoo politikis Sesaxeb xSiri saubrebisas, GEPLAC-i ar emxroba im pozicias, rom es mxolod-da mxolod “gamarjvebulTa SerCevis” Zveli procesia. amas ufro “gamarjvebulTa gamovlenas” vuwodebdiT da amgvari midgoma unda hqodes aseve mTavrobasa da donorebsac. es gulisxmobs realuri potencialis aRiarebas rogorc saxelmwifo, aseve kerZo seqtoris sawarmoebTan mimarTebaSi da miT ufro iseT sawarmoebTan, romelTac kargad aqvT gacnobierebuli Tu risi gakeTeba surT, nacvlad ganviTarebis procesis forsirebisa iq, sadac es SesaZloa moklebuli iyos realur ekonomikur safuZvels. sem-is meore statiaSi ganixilulia saqarTvelos rkinigzis mdgomareoba, romelic wamyvani seqtori unda iyos iseTi qveynisaTvis, romelsac satranzito qveynis potencialis maqsimalurad realizeba surs. statiis avtorebi arian paata cagareiSvili, teqnikur mecnierebaTa kandidati da gogita gvenetaZe, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis magistranti. tranziti namdvilad mniSvnelovani sakiTxia 4 saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4 winasityvaoba saqarTvelosTvis, vinaidan qveynis geografiuli adgilmdebareoba is faqtoria, romelic ar Seicvleba – saqme imaSia, Tu rogor SeiZleba am faqtoris qveynisaTvis sasargeblod gamoyeneba. baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis milsadeni, romelic gaSvebuli iqneba eqspluataciaSi 2005 wlis meore kvartalSi, amgvari upiratesobis naTeli magaliTia, romlis Sedegadac saqarTvelos eqneba weliwadSi daaxloebiT 50 milioni aSS dolaris Semosavali da mniSvnelovani odenobis mimdinare saoperacio xarjebi. teqnikuri daxmareba partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis erT-erTi komponentia, romelic saqarTvelos ekonomikis da, aseve politikuri da socialuri struqturebis, modernizebis wyaroc aris da Sedegic. Tumca, yvela donors gansaxilveli aqvs mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ra rols asrulebs teqnikuri damxmareba samewarmeo politikaSi. naTelia, rom saqarTvelos ekonomikuri bazis xelaxla Senebis dros, aucilebelia prioritetuli seqtorebis gamoyofa da adgilobrivi moTxovnilebebis gaTvaliswineba. Tumca, Cveni azriT, jer unda Seiqmnas pirobebi konkretuli seqtorebisa da sawarmoebis ganviTarebisaTvis da Semdgom maT mier dadgenili saWiroebebidan gamomdinare moxdeba teqnikuri daxmarebis moTxovna. yovelive zemoaRniSnuli, ra Tqma unda, vrceldeba erovnul donezec da warmoadgens evropis samezoblo politikis safuZvels, romelSic mimdinare wlis ivnisSi saqarTvelo CarTuli iqna somxeTTan da azerbaijanTan erTad. evropis samezoblo politika saSualebas aZlevs qveynebs daiwyon prioritetebis dadgena samomavlo teqnikuri daxmarebisaTvis da aseve ukavSirebs maT politikur miznebs. evropis samezoblo politika, misi mniSvneloba da ZiriTadi miznebi ufro detalurad ganixileba mesame statiaSi, romlis avtorebi arian ivan samsoni da olena vasilCenko, grenoblis (safrangeTi) universitetis ekonomistebi. profesori ivan samsoni aseve aris ufrosi ekonomisti saqarTveloSi mimdinare partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis ganxorcielebis procesis xelSewyobis evrokavSiris mier dafinansebul proeqtSi. aRniSnuli statia aseve Seicavs saqarTveloSi zogadi sainvesticio garemos analizs, romelic udaod mniSvnelovan winapirobas warmoadgens ekonomikis aRmavlobisaTvis. saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 #.4 5 Tavi pirveli. mokle mimoxilva erovnuli angariSebi da ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi mSp da ZirTadi mimarTulebani ssd-is winaswari SefasebiT, saqarTvelos mSp-m 2004 wlis ianvar-seqtemberSi Seadgina 7 010,4 milioni lari (3 609,6 milioni aSS dolari, daaxloebiT 795,7 aSS dolari erT sul mosaxleze gaangariSebiT). mSp-s zrdis tempi 8,4 procenti iyo 2003 wlis imave periodis 8,6 procentTan SedarebiT. ekonomikuri zrdis maRali donis SenarCuneba saqarTvelos ekonomikisaTvis Zalze pozitiuri tendenciaa. mSp-s zrdis yvelaze maRali done aRiniSneboda mrewvelobis, mSeneblobis, transportis da kavSirgabmulobis seqtorebSi. amave dros unda aRiniSnos, rom warmoebis moculoba ar izrdeboda saqarTvelos ekonomikis yvela seqtorSi da uaryofiTi zrdis tempi dafiqsirda soflis meurneobisa da Sinameurneobebis mier produqtebis gadamuSavebis sferoebSi. ekonomikuri zrdis tempis daCqareba dakavSirebulia mrewvelobis, mSeneblobis da momsaxurebis seqtorebis gafarToebasTan. moTxovna Sida bazarze eqsportis zrdasTan erTad, kvlav gvevlineba ekonomikuri zrdis mTavar faqtorad. sagareo vali 2004 wlis 30 seqtembrisTvis, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sagareo valma, saxelmwifos mier garantirebuli valis CaTvliT, Seadgina 1 801,8 milioni aSS dolari (3 315.2 milioni lari), rac 2003 wlis mSp-s 45,6 procentia. 2003 wlis Sesabamis periodTan SedarebiT saqarTvelos vali aSS dolarebze gaangariSebiT Semcirda 19,8 milioniT. 2004 wlis 21 ivliss parizis klubis wevr kreditor qveynebsa da saqarTvelos mTavrobas Soris miRweuli iqna SeTanxmeba sagareo valis restruqturizaciis Sesaxeb. es SeTanxmeba SesaZlebeli gaxda mxolod mas Semdeg, rac ssf-m moiwona saqarTveloSi siRaribis daZlevisa da ekonomikuri zrdis programa, romlis mizania saqarTveloSi farTomasStabiani struqturuli reformebis ganxorcieleba. sagadamxdelo balansi monacemebi 2004 wlis pirveli cxra Tvis Sesaxeb ar iyo xelmisawvdomi im periodisaTvis, rodesac sem–is mimdinare gamocema mzaddeboda. am mizezis gamo Jurnalis mimdinare gamocemaSi Cven gavaanalizebT sagadamxdelo balansis 2004 wlis pirvel naxevarSi arsebul tendenciebs. sagadamxdelo balansis gaumjobeseba aRniSnul periodSi dakavSirebulia mimdinare da kapitalis angariSebis balansis zrdasTan. miuxedavad imisa, rom safinaso angariSebi gauaresda, saerTo sagadamxdelo balansi gaumjobesda. saxelmwifo finansebi 2004 wlis saxelmwifo biujetis kanonis Tanaxmad mesame kvartlis bolosaTvis Semosavlebs 1076 milioni larisTvis unda mieRwia, rac wliuri saprognozo 6 saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4 mokle momixilva maCveneblis 65 procentia. faqtiurma Semosavlebma 1144 milioni lari Seadgina. faqtiurad miRebulma Tanxebma saprognozo maCvenebels 68 milioni lariT gadaaWarba. gegmis gadaWarbeba ZiriTadad aixsneba mosalodnelze maRali sagadasaxado SemosavlebiT. grantebi da arasagadasaxado Semosavlebi aseve gadaWarbebiT iqna miRebuli. sagadasaxado Semosavlebi wina welTan SedarebiT mniSvnelovnad (51 procentiT) gaizarda. TiTqmis yvela gadasaxadis amoReba mniSvnelovnad gaumjobesda 2003 wlis maCveneblebTan SedarebiT. saxelmwifo biujetis faqtiuri xarjebi 1,210 milioni lari iyo, rac wina wlis Sesabamisi periodis xarjebs 46 procentiT aRemateba. xarjebis ZiriTadi elementebia socialuri uzrunvelyofa, valis momsaxureba da saxelmwifos marTva. saxelmwifo biujetis deficitis dafinansebam 66 milioni lari Seadgina. fuli da finansebi komerciuli bankebis depozitebi denominirebuli larebSi 102 procentiT gaizarda, maSin rodesac ucxour valutaSi - 29 procentiT. M2 35.4 procentiT gaizarda, M3 ki - 24.8 procentiT. M3 fulis multiplikatori 1.83-dan 1.77-mde Semcirda, maSin rodesac M2 fulis multiplikatori gaizarda 0.91-dan .0.95-mde. laris nominaluri kursi 19.1 procentiT gaizarda, rac dolaris laris mimarT nominaluri oficialuri kursis 2.10-dan 1.70-mde dawevaSi gamoixata. aSS dolari/laris sabazro kursma ki 1.68-mde daiwia. 2004 wlis cxra Tvis ganmavlobaSi saSualo samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi 0.9 procentiT gaizarda. amis Sedegad cxra Tvis inflacia 6 procents Seadgenda, rac fulad-sakredito politikis wliur paramentrebs Seesabameboda. saerTaSoriso vaWroba 2004 wlis ianvari-seqtemberis ganmavlobaSi registrirebulma saerTaSoriso vaWrobis brunvam miaRwia 1 715,2 milion aSS dolars, saidanac eqsportma Seadgina 446 milioni aSS dolari, xolo importma 1 259,3 milion aSS dolari. eqsporti wina wlis analogiur periodTan SedarebiT gaizarda 40 procentiT, importi ki 56 procentiT. miuxedavad aRniSnuli cvlilebebisa, importis eqsportiT gadafarvis koeficienti Semcirda 40 –dan (2003 wlis 9 Tve) 36 procentamde. evrokavSiris amJamad arsebuli GSP-is sqemis garkveuli naklovanebebis gamo evrokomisiam SeimuSava proeqti, sadac mocemulia principebi, romlebic warmarTavs evrokavSiris savaWro preferenciebis sistemas ganviTarebadi qveynebisTvis momdevno aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi. xolo a.w. 20 oqtombers evrokomisiam daamtkica winadadebebi, romlebic gansazRvravs 2006-2008 evrokavSiris GSP-is axali sqemis Ziridad momentebs. aRniSnuli dokumentis teqsti gadaeca evrokavSiris wevr qveynebs, evroparlaments, ekonomikuri da socialur sakiTxTa komitets, raTa moxdes misi miReba dokumentis ZalaSi Sesvlamde (1 ivlisi, 2005). saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4 7 mokle momixilva privatizacia axalma mTavrobam saqarTveloSi reformebis axali etapi daiwyo da privatizacia am procesis umniSvnelovanesi nawilia. igi gansakuTrebul rols asrulebs qveynis ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi. 1992 wels saqarTveloSi privatizebis procesis dawyebis Semdeg, privatizebulia 15,000-ze meti sawarmo. saxelmwifos mflobelobaSi darCenilia sawarmoTa sakmaod didi raodenoba – daaxloebiT 1,800 mcire, saSualo da strategiuli mniSvnelobis sawarmo, romlebSic saxelmwifos wili aqvs da romelSic 180,000-ze meti adamiania dasaqmebuli. mimdinare privatizebis politikis mTavari tendenciebia darCenil sawarmoTa swrafad gadacema kerZo sakuTrebaSi da ekonomikis deregulireba kerZo investiciebis mobilizebisaTvis. aSkaraa, rom msxvili sawarmoebis privatizebisaTvis seriozuli zomebia misaRebi. iseT seqtorebSi, rogoricaa energetikis, satelekomunikacio, mrewvelobisa da transportis seqtorebi, bevri aqtivi ekonomikisaTvis mZime tvirTad gadaiqca da saswrafod saWiroebs restruqturizacias, reabilitacias an likvidacias. 2004 wlis mesame kvartalSi adgili hqonda zogierTi saSualo da msxvili saxelmwifo/municepaluri sawarmos privatizebas. oTxi saSualo da msxvili sawarmo gaiyida. rac Seexeba municipalur sawarmoebs, saxelmwifo dawesebulebebs maTi privatizebis faqtebis Sesaxeb dazustebuli centralizebuli monacemebi ar gaaCniaT. 2004 wlis mesame kvartalSi mcire sawarmoTa privatizeba kvlav grZeldeboda. privatizebis regionaluri samsaxurebis reorganizaciis gamo, es informacia ar aris sruli. monacemTa dazustebas arTulebs is faqtic, rom mcire sawarmoTa umravlesoba aris municipalur sakuTrebaSi da am monacemebis Segroveba da gaerTianeba erTian monacemTa gadamuSavebis sistemaSi damatebiT Zalisxmevas moiTxovs. dasaqmeba, Semosavlebi da socialuri uzrunvelyofis sistema saqarTveloSi ekonomikuri mdgomareobisa da biznes garemos garkveulwilad gaumjobesebis miuxedavad, ramac rigi axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmna ganapiroba, Sromis bazris mdgomareoba kvlavac arasaxarbielo da arastabiluri rCeba. maSin roca umuSevrobis maCveneblebi zogadad Seesabameba gardamavali ekonomikis mqone qveynisaTvis damaxasiaTebel maCveneblebs da TavisTavad, Sromis bazris tendenciebis Sesaxeb optimisturi daskvnebis safuZvelsac SeiZleba iZleodes, saerTo suraTs auaresebs arasruli dasaqmeba, farTod gavrcelebuli faruli da SeniRbuli umuSevroba da xelfasebis donis CamorCena minimalur saarsebo donesTan SedarebiT. Sromisunariani asakis mosaxleobis umetesoba arasrulad dasaqmebuli an umuSevaria. axali stabiluri samuSao adgilebi iSviaTad iqmneba da Zalze cotaa SedarebiT stabiluri samuSao adgilebi. Sromis bazarze Warbobs soflis meurneobaSi TviTdasaqmebis wili. dasaqmebulTa didi nawili dakavebulia araoficialuri da araregistrirebuli saqmianobiT, romelic dabalanazRaurebadia da metwilad TviTdasaqmebas warmoadgens. Sromisunariani asakis mosaxleobis mxolod 20 procentamde iRebs xelfass, aqedan dasaqmebulTa didi nawili Zlivs irCens Tavs. 8 saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4 mokle momixilva socialuri uzrunvelyofis sistema vinaidan saqarTvelos ekonomikis mniSvnelovani nawili jer kidev araformalur seqtorze modis, mosaxleobis udides nawils, araformaluri seqtoris muSakTa, TviTdasaqmebulTa da umuSevarTa CaTvliT, iseve rogorc maTi ojaxis wevrebs, saerTod aranairi socialuri dacva ar gaaCniaT da daxmareba, romelsac socialuri uzrunvelyofis sistema iTvaliswinebs, garkveulwilad simboluria. saxelmwifo socialuri dacvis sistema Zireul restruqturizacias saWiroebs imisaTvis, rom Seiqmnas ekonomikurad sicocxlisunariani, xelmisawvdomi da Tanabari socialuri uzrunvelyofis sistema, romelic uzrunvelyofs siRaribis warmatebiT daZlevas, da gansakuTrebiT, yvelaze gaWirvebuli mosaxleobis daxmarebas. araadeqvaturi sapensio daxmarebis pirobebSi, xandazmul asakSi myofi mosaxleobis siRaribis daZlevis problema metad mniSvnelovania. socialuri politika da reformebi mTavrobis mTavar prioritetebs Sorisaa da am mimarTulebiT, garkveuli nabijebi ukve gadadgmulia. moqmedi pay-as-you-go saxelmwifo sapensio sistemis Tanaxmad, fiqsirebuli ganakveTis xandazmulobis pensia, romelsac qveyanaSi pensionerTa umetesoba iRebs, prezidentis brZanebulebis safuZvelze, 2004 wlis maisSi, 14-dan 18 laramde gaizarda; aqedan 14 lari fiqsirebuli ganakveTis sapensio daxmarebis ZiriTadi nawilia da kidev 4 lari gaTvaliswinebulia wina periodSi dagrovebuli sapensio davalianebis dasafaravad. (vinaidan, 2003 wlis aprilidan, TbilisSi pensionerebi damatebiT 3 lars iReben qalaqis biujetidan, maTi pensia 21 lars Seadgenda). 2005 wlidan, prezidentisa da mTavrobis gadawyvetilebiT, sapensio ganakveTi 28 laramde gaizarda. saqarTvelo-evrokavSiris urTierTobebi saqarTvelo - evrokavSirs Soris vaWroba saqarTvelos statistikis departamentis 2004 wlis ianvar-seqtembris monacemebis mixedviT, saqarTvelos vaWrobam evrokavSiris qveynebTan (25 qveyana) 510,9 milioni aSS dolari Seadgina, rac 33,1 procentiT metia wina wlis Sesabamis maCvenebelTan SedarebiT. saqarTvelos eqsportma evrokavSiris bazarze Seadgina 75,8 milioni dolari (wina wlis Sesabamisi periodis 136,9 procenti). evropulma importma saqarTveloSi Seadgina 435,1 milioni aSS dolari (132,5 procenti). saangariSo periodSi evrokavSiris wevri qveynebis wilad modis saqarTvelos sagareo savaWro brunvis 29,8 procenti, maT Soris eqsportis 16,6 procenti da importis 34,5 procenti. yvelaze mniSvnelovani movlena, romelsac adgili hqonda evrokavSirisa da saqarTvelos urTierTobebSi am uaxloes periodSi, aris saqarTvelos CarTva evrokavSiris samezoblo politikaSi (ENP). 2004 wlis 14 ivnisis daskvnebSi, evro sabWom gaiTvaliswina evroparlamentis, komisiis, evro sabWos/CFSP –sagareo da usafrTxoebis politikis umaRlesi warmomadgenlebis (SG/HR) da samxreT kavkasiis sakiTxebSi evrokavSiris specialuri warmomadgenlebis rekomendaciebs da mivida im daskvnamde, rom somxeTi, azerbaijani da saqarTvelo CarTul iqnen ENP-Si. saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4 9 mokle momixilva saqarTvelosaTvis gasagebia, rom ENP ar aris pirdapir dakavSirebuli evrokavSirSi axali mezobeli qveynebis gawevrianebis SesaZleblobasTan; Tumca, saqarTvelo evrokavSiris mier mezobel qveynebTan gasatarebel politikas miiCnevs erT-erT ZiriTad meqanizmad, romelic xels Seuwyobs misi evropaSi integraciis process. saqarTvelo acnobierebs, rom es ara marto xels Seuwyobs saqarTvelos ekonomikisa da politikis ganviTarebas da daaaxloebs mas evrokavSirTan, aramed daexmareba regionSi, samxreT kavkasiis qveynebs Soris mWidro kavSirebis ganviTarebas. saqarTvelo miiCnevs, rom evrokavSirisa da saqarTvelos urTierTTanamSromloba ara mxolod im sferoebze unda iyos koncentrirebuli, romlebic dadgenilia PCA-s mier, aramed unda moagvaros iseTi sakiTxebic, romlebic ar aris ganxiluli arsebul SeTanxmebaSi, magaliTad terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZola. 10 saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4 Tavi meore. erovnuli angariSebi da ekonomikis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi mSp da ZiriTadi tendenciebi ssd-is winaswari SefasebiT, saqarTvelos mSp-m 2004 wlis ianvar-seqtemberSi Seadgina 7 010,4 milioni lari (3 609,6 milioni aSS dolari, daaxloebiT 795,7 aSS dolari erT sul mosaxleze gaangariSebiT). mSp-s zrdis tempi 8,4 procenti iyo 200 3 wlis imave periodis 8,6 procentTan SedarebiT. ekonomikuri zrdis maRali donis SenarCuneba saqarTvelos ekonomikisaTvis Zalze pozitiuri tendenciaa . mSp-s zrdis yvelaze maRali done aRiniSneboda mrewvelobis, mSeneblobis, transportis da kavSirgabmulobis seqtorebSi. amave dros unda aRiniSnos, rom warmoebis moculoba ar izrdeboda saqarTvelos ekonomikis yvela seqtorSi da uaryofiTi zrdis tempi dafiqsirda soflis meurneobisa da Sinameurneobebis mier produqtebis gadamuSavebis sferoebSi. ekonomikuri zrdis tempis daCqareba dakavSirebulia mrewvelobis, mSeneblobis da momsaxurebis seqtorebis gafarToebasTan. ekonomikuri zrdis mTavar mamoZravebel faqtors warmoadgenda “baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis” navTobsadenis mSenebloba. aRniSnulma proeqtma dadebiTi gavlena iqonia mSeneblobisa da momsaxurebis seqtorebis ganviTarebaze. mniSvnelovania is garemoebac, rom proeqtma daasaqma didi odenobis muSaxeli, ramac Sesabamisad gazarda mosaxleobis Semosavali da moTxovna Sida bazarze. wina wlis msgavsad, moTxovna Sida bazarze eqsportis zrdasTan erTad (ixileT me -5 Tavi), kvlav gvevlineba ekonomikuri zrdis mTavar faqtorad. cxrili 2.1 warmoadgens 2004 wlis ianvar-seqtembris periodSi mSp-s struqturas da seqtorebis mixedviT zrdis tempebis doneebs. cxrili 2.1: mSp-s dinamika da struqtura, ianvari-seqtemberi 2004 weli soflis meurneoba, meTevzeoba, metyeveoba 1kv.-3.kv 2004 1kv-3kv. 2004 w. 1kv.-3kv. 2003 w. -Tan SedarebiT seqtoris wili 1 nax. 2004 mSp-Si 1,185.8 -9.6 16.9 mrewveloba 894.1 12.1 12.8 Sinameurneobebis mier produqtebis gadamuSaveba 259.1 -2.8 3.7 mSenebloba 409.4 15.8 5.8 sastumroebi da restornebi 193.5 13.0 2.8 transporti 732.3 5.6 10.4 kavSirgabmuloba 283.7 28.5 4.0 98.2 9.1 1.4 410.5 13.3 5.9 327.9 4.5 4.7 259.5 -0.2 3.7 jandacva da komunaluri momsaxureba 257.6 3.6 3.7 sxva momsaxureba 270.6 23.0 3.9 Sesworeba finansuri Suamavlobis gamoyenebis mixedviT wminda gadasaxadebi -52.9 -10.9 -0.8 570.9 33.0 8.1 7 010.4 8.4 100.0 finansuri Suamavloba operaciebi uZravi qonebiT, komerciuli saqmianoba saxe lmwifo marTva, Tavdacva ganaTleba mSp wyaro: statistikis saxelmwifo departamenti saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4 11 erovnuli angariSebi da ekonomikis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi nax. 2.1. mSp-s struqtura, 2004 w. ianvari -seqtemberi Sesworeba finansuri Suamavlobis gamoyenebis mixedviT, -0.8 wminda gadasaxadebi, 8.1 soflis meurneoba, meTevzeoba, metyeveoba, 16.9 sxva momsaxureba, 3.9 jandacva da komunaluri momsaxureba, 3.7 ganaTleba, 3.7 mrewveloba, 12.8 saxelmwifo marTva, Tavdacva, 4.7 operaciebi Sinameurneobebis mier produqtebis gadamuSaveba , 3.7 uZravi qonebiT, komerciuli saqmianoba, 5.9 mSenebloba, 5.8 finansuri Suamavloba, 1.4 kavSirgabmuloba, 4 transporti, 10.4 sastumroebi da restornebi, 2.8 wyaro: statistikis saxelmwifo departamenti araformaluri ekonomika da aRuricxavi operaciebi kvlav rCeba ekonomikuri reformebisa da politikis erT-erT mTavar problemad. Tumca 2004 wlis pirvel cxra TveSi adgili hqonda mdgomareobis odnav gaumjobesebas. “vardebis revoluciis” Semdeg Seqmnili politikuri garemo anu korufciis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli politikuri neba aris is faqtori, ramac gamoiwvi a Crdilovani ekonomikis wilis Semcireba. nax. 2.2-dan Cans, rom Crdilovani ekonomikis wili saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi 200 4 wlis pirvel cxra TveSi garkveulwilad Semcirda. mosalodnelia, rom axali, ufro liberaluri, sagadasaxado kodeqsis miRebis Semdeg, ekonomiki s legalizaciis pozitiuri tendencia gagrZeldeba. 12 saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4 erovnuli angariSebi da ekonomikis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi nax. 2.2. aRuricxavi ekonomikis wili mTlian warmoebaSi, 2002 w. – 2004 w. periodi (procentebiT) 120 100 80 60 66.4 67.4 68.2 70.4 72.8 33.6 32.6 31.8 29.6 27.2 2002 H1 2003 2003 H1 2004 Q1-Q3 2004 40 20 0 aRuricxavi aRricxuli wyaro: statistikis saxelmwifo departamenti ekonomikis seqtorebi soflis meurneoba ssd–is winaswari monacemebis mixedviT 2004 wlis sasoflo sameurneo mosavali wina welTan SedarebiT Semcirda. Sesabamisad soflis meurneobis seqtorSi 2004 wlis ianvar-seqtemberSi dafiqsirda uaryofiTi zrda. seqtorSi mimdinareobs struqturuli reformebi, rac momavalSi dadebiTad aisaxeba seqtorSi warmoebuli produqciis moculobaze. miwis reformis ganxorcielebis Sedegad am periodisaTvis saxnavi miwebis daaxloebiT 25 procenti privatizebulia da daaxloebiT 30 procenti ijariT aris gacemuli. parlamentSi gansaxilvelad mzad aris kanonproeqti “saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli sasoflosameurneo daniSnulebis miwis privatizebis Sesaxeb” da mosalodnelia, rom axlo momavalSi parlamenti miiRebs aRniSnul kanonproqts. am kanonproeqtis amoqmedeba da Sesabamisad sasoflo-sameurneo mi wis nakveTebis damatebiTi privatizeba axal inercias micems qveyanaSi agro-biznesis ganviTarebas. miuxedavad soflis meurneobis seqtorSi miRweuli garkveuli progresisa, seqtorSi arsebuli rigi problemebi kvlav gadauWreli rCeba. soflis meurneobaSi arsebuli Sromis nayofiereba gacilebiT dabalia (daaxloebiT 4-jer) vidre ekonomikis sxva seqtorebSi; saojaxo meurneobebis umravlesoba aris Zalze mcire da damokidebulia xeliT Sromaze; dargSi gamoyenebuli teqnika aris moZvelebuli; miwis nayofiereba klebulobs; saWiroa sarw yavi da sadrenaJo sistemebis ganaxleba. am problemaTa gadawyveta Seqmnis xelsayrel pirobebs seqtorSi investiciebis mosazidad. nawilobriv am problemaTa gadawyvetas xels Seuwyobs qveyanaSi miwis bazris ganviTareba, es ukanaskneli Seamcirebs seqtorSi investiciebis ganxorcielebis mimarTulebiT arsebul barierebs. seqtoris samomavlo ganviTarebisaTvis, arsebuli problemebis mogvarebasTan erTad, saSinao bazris dacva kontrabanduli da saqarTvelos ekonomik is mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4 13 erovnuli angariSebi da ekonomikis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi falsificirebuli saqonlisagan , unda iqces mTavrobis samoqmedo politikis erT-erTi mTavar mimarTulebad. mrewveloba 2004 wlis pirvel cxra TveSi 2003 wlis Sesabamis periodTan SedarebiT samrewvelo sawarmoebis mier gamoSvebuli aRricxuli produqcia gaizarda 5,6 procentiT. ssd -is monacemebze dayrdnobiT, gamoSvebuli produqciis Rirebuleba Seadgen s 1 218,21 milion lars, rac mrewvelobis dargebis mixedviT Semdegnaerad ganawilda: gadamamuSvebeli mrewveloba – 64,0 procenti, energetika da wyalmomarageba – 28,0 procenti, mompovebeli warmoeba –8,0 procenti. nax.2.3. samrewvelo produqciis ganawileba dargebis mixedviT 8 28 64 gadamamuSavebeli mre. ener. da wyal. momp. warmoeba cxrili 2.2: monacemebi seqtorebis mixedviT sawarmoTa raodenobis Sesaxeb sawarmoTa raodenoba samTomompovebeli mrewveloba da karierebis 92 damuSaveba naxSiris mopoveba 5 nedli navTobisa da bunebrivi airis mopoveba 2 liTonuri madnis mopoveba 22 samTomompovebeli mrewvelobisa da karierebis 63 damuSavebis sxva dargebi gadamamuSavebeli mrewveloba 2920 kvebis produqtebisa da sasmelis damuSaveba 1685 Tambaqos nawarmis warmoeba 13 safeiqro nawarmis warmoeba 17 tansacmlis warmoeba tyavis, tyavis nawarmisa 39 da fexsacmlis 43 warmoeba merqnisa d xis nawamis warmoeba, garda avejisa qaRaldisa da qaRaldis nawarmis warmoeba 265 26 1 seqtorebis mier gamoSvebul produqciaTa Rirebulebis maCveneblebi gansxvavebulia cxril 2.1 –Si (mSp-s dinamika da struqtura) moyvanili maCveneblebisgan, radganac mSp-s maCveneblebi gaan gariSeba xdeba seqtorSi Seqmnili produqciis damatebiT Rirebulebaze dayrdnobiT. 14 saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4 erovnuli angariSebi da ekonomikis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi sagamomcemlo saqme da poligrafiuli warmoeba 230 navTobis gamoxdis produqtebis da birTvu li 8 saTbobis warmoeba qimiuri nivTierebebisa da produqtebis 72 warmoeba rezinisa da plastmasis nawarmis warmoeba sxva araliTonuri mineraluri 49 produqtebis 172 warmoeba ZiriTadi liTonebis warmoeba 20 liTonis mza nawarmis warmoeba, manqanebisa da 68 mowyobilobebis garda manqanebisa da mowyobilobebis warmoeba informaciis gadamamuSavebeli da 41 sxva 1 aparaturis 31 mowyobilobebis warmoeba radios, televiziisa 6 mowyobilobebis warmoeba eleqtruli warmoeba manqanebisa da sxva da kavSirgabmulobisTvis samedicino, zusti da optikuri xelsawyoebis 14 warmoeba avtomobilebis misabmelebis naxevarmisabmelebis warmoeba da 14 sxva satransporto mowyobilobebis warmoeba 22 avejis da sxva mza nawarmis warmoeba, romelic 81 ar Sedis sxva kategoriaSi meoradi gadamuSaveba eleqtroenergia, airi da wyalmomarageba eleqtroenergiiT, airiT, orTqliTa da cxeli 3 169 95 wyliT momarageba wylis dagroveba, gawmenda da ganawileba 74 wyaro: statistikis saxelmwifo departamenti samrewvelo seqtoris saerTo mdgomareoba kvlav didad aris damokidebuli mcire odenobis msxvil sawarmoTa saqmianobaze. 50 sawarmoze modis mTliani gamoSvebuli samrewvelo produqciis or mesamedze meti. mcire da saSualo sawarmoebis ganviTarebas xels uSlis araadeqvaturi kanonmdebloba da farTod gavrcelebuli korufcia. “vardebis revoluciis” Semdgom periodSi wina wlebSi damkvidrebuli praqtikisagan gansxvavebiT, Semcirda kanonmdeblobaze zegavlenis moxdenis mizniT ukanono lobirebisa da konkurentuli garemos ukanonod SezRudvis praqtika. Tumca sagadasaxado kodeqsi mcire da did warmoebebs kvlav erTnair pirobebSi ayenebs, anu mcire sawarmoTaTvis sagadasaxado SeRavaTebs ar iTvaliswinebs. aseT garemoebebSi mcire da saSualo bizness Zalze mcire Sansi aqvs ganviTarebisaTvis. sagulisxmo faqtia, rom saqarTveloSi mcire da saSualo zomis samrewvelo sawarmoebi produqciis saerTo moculobis mxolod 16,7 procents a w armoeben, maSin rodesac es maCvenebeli ganviTarebuli qveyanebis umetesobaSi 50-60 procents aRwevs. axali, ufro liberaluri , sagadasaxado kodeqsis miReba, romelic garkveul SeRavaTebs iTvaliswinebs mcire da saSualo biznesisaTvis, qveyanaSi samrewvelo seqtoris ganviTarebisTvis xelisSemwyob faqtorad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. saqarTvelos ekonomik is mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4 15 erovnuli angariSebi da ekonomikis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi mSenebloba bolo wlebSi saqarTveloSi mSeneblobis seqtoris ganviTarebas xels uwyobs kerZo binebze moTxovnis zrda. 2004 w lis pirvel cxra TveSi mSeneblobis seqtoris zrdis tempi sakmaod maRali iyo da Seadgenda 15,8 procent s. 2004 wlis am perodSi mSeneblobis seqtoris mier Seqmnili mTliani produqciis Rirebuleba Seadgenda 476,1 milion lars. aRniSvnis Rirsia is faqti, rom Sesrulebu li samuSaoebis didi wili modis “baqo--Tbilisi-jeihanis” navTobsadenisa da “Sah-denizis” gazsadenis mSeneblobebze. am mSeneblobaTa wili dargis mier Seqmnili produqciis mTlian moculobaSi Seadgenda 61,0 procents. am periodisaTvis saqarTveloSi funqcionirebda 529 samSeneblo firma (79 - saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi myofi, 450 - kerZo). transporti da kavSirgabmuloba 2004 wlis pirvel cxra TveSi satransporto seqtoris zrdis maCvenebeli Seadgenda 5,6 procents. aRsaniSnavia, rom am periodSi dafiqsirda yvela saxis satransporto momsaxurebis (rkinigza, saavtomobilo, sahaero, iseve rogorc sazRvao da saqalaqo transportis) aqtiurobis zrda. saqarTvelos satransporto momsaxurebis ganviTarebaSi wvlili Seitana saerTaSoriso gadazidvebis moculobis zrdam. gadaziduli tvirTis moculoba gaizarda 0,9 procentiT, xolo tvirTbrunva 9,7 procentiT. gadaziduli tvirTis moculobaSi didi xvedriTi wvlili, daaxloebiT 61,6 procenti, modis saavtomobilo gadazidvebze, xolo tvirTbrunvaSi udidesi wili modis sarkinigzo gadazidvebze – daaxloebiT 88,7 procenti. 2004 wlis pirvel naxevarSi sahaero transportis mgzavrTa tvirTbrunva gasuli wlis Sesabamis periodTan SedarebiT gaizarda 40,6 procentiT. 2004 wlis pirvel cxra TveSi baTumisa da foTis portebis mier gadamuSavebuli iqna 9,9 milioni tona tvirTi, rac gasuli wlis maCvenebels 10,3 procentiT aRemeteba. mosalodnelia, rom TRACECA–s proeqtis Semdgomi ganviTareba gazrdis saqarTvelos satransporto sistemis datvirTvas. eraysa da avRaneTSi humanitaruli tvirTebis transportirebis aucilebloba aseve karg perspeqtivebs uqmnis saqarTvelos satransporto momsaxurebas. 2004 wlis ianvar-seqtembrSi adgili hqonda qveyanaSi arsebuli saerTo satelefono qselebis zrdas. Cveulebrivi satelefono qselis abonentTa raodenobam Seadgina 596,0 aTasi, rac wina wlis Sesabamis periods 2,1 procentiT aRemateba. mobiluri satelefono momsaxurebis abonentTa raodenobam Seadgina 673,3 aTasi, rac wina wlis Sesabamis periods 31,2 procentiT aRemateba. turizmi ssd-is monacemebiT 2004 wlis ianvar-seqtemberSi saqarTvelos estumra 280,4 aTasi turisti. Camosul turistTa Soris 162,7 aTasi iyo dsT-s moqalaqe, danarCeni 117,7 aTasi 16 saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4 erovnuli angariSebi da ekonomikis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi turisti sazRvargareTis sxva qveynebis moqalaqeebi. 2004 wlis aRniSnul periodSi qveyanaSi Semosul turistTa raodenoba gaizarda 16,7 aTasi T 2003 wlis Sesabamis periodTan SedarebiT. ssd-is da turizmis saxelmwifo departamentis saerTo Sefasebidan gamomdinare, seqtoris Semosavalma aRniSnul periodSi Seadgina 587,3 milioni lari. es Tanxa Seadgens mSp-is daaxloebiT 8,4 procents. sagareo vali 2004 wlis 30 seqtembrisTvis, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sagareo valma, saxelmwifos mier garantirebuli valis CaTvliT, Seadgina 1 801,8 milioni aSS dolari (3 315.2 milioni lari), rac 2003 wlis mSp-s 45,6 procentia. 2003 wlis Sesabamis periodTan SedarebiT saqarTvelos vali aSS dolarebze ga angariSebiT Semcirda 19,8 milioniT. qveynis sagareo valis Semcireba Zalian mniSvnelovani tendenciaa. es gamowveulia valis gadaxdiT ormxrivi kreditorebisaTvis, kerZod TurqeTis, uzbekeTis da ukrainisamdi. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sagareo valis cvlilebaze zegavlena iqonia aSS dolaris gaufasurebam im valutebis (evro, iaponuri ieni, Seveicaruli franki, quveituri dinari) mimarT, romelSic gamosaxulia saqarTvelos sagareo valis mniSvnelovani nawili. am periodSi saqarTvelom gadaixada 155,4 milioni aSS dolari sagareo valis momsaxurebisTvis, maT Soris 131,4 milioni aSS dolari valis ZiriTadi nawilis da danarCeni procentis da daricxuli jarimebis dasafaravad. valis gadaxdis SesaZleblobisa da misi gadaxdis mdgradobis ganxilvisas ZiriTadi mniSvneloba eniWeba mSp – isa da valis fardobas. aRsaniSnavia, rom es cifri 2004 wlis 30 seqtembrisTvis Semcirda 2003 wlis pirvel i naxevris bolos arsebul monacemTan SedarebiT 46,1 procentidan 45,6 procentamde. 2004 wlis 21 ivliss parizis klubis wevr kreditor qveynebsa da saqarTvelos mTavrobas Soris miRweuli iqna SeTanxmeba sagareo valis restruqturizaciis Sesaxeb. es SeTanxmeba SesaZlebeli gaxda mxolod mas Semdeg, rac ssf-m moiwona saqarTveloSi siRaribis daZlevisa da ekonomikuri zrdis programa, romlis mizania saqarTveloSi farTomasStabiani struqturuli reformebis ganxorcieleba. 2004 wlis 4 ivniss, ssf-is aRmasrulebelma sabWom daamtkica saqarTvelosTvis siRaribis daZlevis da ekonomikuri zrdis mimarTulebiT programis gansaxorcieleblad 144 milioni dolaris odenobiT kreditis gamoyofa. miuxedavad imisa, rom ssf-Tan aRdgenili TanamSromloba mniSvnelovani garemoeba aris saqarTvelos mier valis warmatebuli momsaxurebisaTvis, sagareo val is stabiluri da drouli momsaxureba SesaZlebeli gaxdeba, Tu (a) saqarTvelos mTavroba Tavs Seikavebs komerciuli pirobebiT kreditebis aRebisagan da dafinansebaSi met segments daikavebs daxmarebebi grantebis saxiT; (b) mniSvnelovnad gaizrdeba sagadasaxado Semosavlebi; (g) ganxorcieldeba saWiro reformebi mSp–sa da eqxportis moculobis zrdisaTvis. saqarTvelos ekonomik is mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4 17 erovnuli angariSebi da ekonomikis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi cxrili 2.3: sagareo vali, 1 kv. – 3 kv. 2004 w. (milioni aSS dolari) 1kv. 2004 mTliani sagareo vali 1kv. - 3kv. 2004 1 821,6 1 801,8 sagareo valis momsaxurebasTan dakavSirebuli gadasaxadebi maT Soris: 90,4 155,4 ZiriTadi valis gadaxdasTan dakavSirebuli 69,5 131,4 procentis gadaxdasTan dakavSirebuli 20,9 24,0 SefardebiTi parametrebi, % mTliani sagareo vali procentulad mTlian Sida produqtTan wyaro: finansTa saministro 46,1 45,6 sagadamxdelo balansi monacemebi 2004 wlis pirveli cxra Tvis Sesaxeb ar iyo xelmisawvdomi im periodisaTvis, rodesac sem–is mimdinare gamocema mzaddeboda. am mizezis gamo Jurnalis mimdinare gamocemaSi Cven gavaanalizebT sagadamxdelo balansis 2004 wlis pirvel naxevarSi arsebul tendenciebs. sagadamxdelo balansis gaumjobeseba aRniSnul periodSi dakavSirebulia mimdinare da kapitalis angariSebis balansis zrdasTan. miuxedavad imisa, rom safinaso angariSebi gauaresda, saerTo sagadamxdelo balansi gaumjobesda. mimdinare angariSebis balansis zrda ZiriTadad gamowveulia mTavrobisTvis transferebisa da sazRvargareT momuSaveTagan gzavnilebebis zrdiT. aRsaniSnavia, rom safinanso angariSebis gauareseba ar ukavSirdeba saqarTveloSi ucxouri investiciebis Semcirebas. 2004 wlis pirvel naxevarSi saqarTveloSi pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi daaxloebiT orjer gaizarda 2003 wlis Sesabamis periodTan SedarebiT. mosalodnelia, rom investiciebis mozidvis pozitiuri tendenciis gagrZelebas momavalSi aseve xels Seuwyobs “baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis” institucionaluri reformebi. 18 navTobsadenis mSenebloba da qveyanaSi mimdinare saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4 erovnuli angariSebi da ekonomikis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi cxrili 2.4: saqarTvelos sagadamxdelo balansi 1 kv. 2003 – 1 nax. 2004 wlebi (milioni aSS dolari) a. mimdinare angariSi saqoneli: eqsporti saqoneli: importi balansi momsaxureba: krediti momsaxureba: debeti saqonlisa da momsaxurebis ba lansi Semosavali: krediti Semosavali: debeti saqonlis, momsaxurebisa da Semosavlis balansi mimdinare transfertebi: krediti mimdinare transfertebi: debeti b. kapitalis angariSi kapitalis angariSi: krediti kapitalis angariSi: debeti sul, a plus b g. finansuri angariSi pirdapiri investiciebi saqarTvelodan ucxoeTSi ucxoeTidan saqarTveloSi porTfelis investiciebi aqtivebi valdebulebebi sxva investiciebi aqtivebi valdebulebebi sul, a-dan g-mde d. wminda Secdomebi da gamotovebebi mTliani balansi (sul, a-dan d-mde) e. sarezervo aqtivebis cvlileba 1kv. 2003 -113,1 104,7 -235,7 -130,9 87,6 -94,9 -138,2 2kv. 2003 -104,7 171,8 -333,1 -161,2 107,6 -93,8 -147,5 31,4 -34,5 50,7 -37,6 -141,3 35,5 -7,3 4,9 6,9 -2,0 -108,1 89,7 59,9 -1,0 60,9 -500 -500 0 30,3 6,4 23,9 -18,5 9,4 -134,5 40,9 -11,1 4,7 7,2 -2,6 -100,0 109,2 72,8 -9,2 81,9 0 0 0 26,9 5,9 21,1 9,2 -9,2 -9,1 9,1 1,2 -1,2 1kv. 2004 -119,7 165,5 -365,1 -199,6 114,4 -99,9 -185,1 46,6 -40,3 -178,8 70,5 -11,4 5,9 6,9 -1,0 -113,8 99,8 118,2 -1,0 119,2 0 0 0 1,7 -18,2 19,9 -4,0 2kv. 2004 -77,1 314,5 -476,4 -161,9 117,2 -120,7 -165,4 15,4 54,6 -95,4 3,9 85,3 -12,5 7,2 8,2 -0,9 -78,0 61,8 118,3 -1,1 119,4 0 0 0 6,7 8,6 -1,9 -16,5 8,1 -9,9 -8,4 8,4 9,9 1nax. 2003 -217,8 276,5 -568,8 -292,1 195,2 -188,7 2nax. 2004 -196,8 480 -841,5 -361,5 231,6 -220,6 -285,7 82,1 -72,1 -350,5 62 14,3 -275,8 76,4 -18,4 9,6 14,1 -4,6 -208,1 198,9 132,7 -10,2 142,8 -500 -500 0 57,2 12,3 45 -9,3 -274,2 155,8 -23,9 13,1 15,1 -1,9 -191,8 161,6 236,5 -2,1 238,6 0 0 0 8,4 -9,6 18 -20,5 0,2 22 -7,9 7,9 1,5 -1,5 wyaro: statistikis saxelmwifo departamenti saqarTvelos ekonomik is mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4 19 Tavi mesame. 2004 wlis saxelmwifo saxelmwifo finansebi biujetis kanonis Tanaxmad mesame kvartlis bolosaTvis Semosavlebs 1076 milioni larisTvis unda mieRwia, rac wliuri saprognozo maCveneblis 6 5 procentia. faqtiurma Semosavlebma 1144 milioni lari Seadgina. faqtiurad miRebulma Tanxebma saprognozo maCvenebels 68 milioni lariT gadaaWarba. gegmis gadaWarbeba ZiriTadad aixsneba mosalodnelze maRali sagadasaxado SemosavlebiT. grantebi da arasagadasaxado Semosavlebi aseve gadaWarbebiT iqna miRebuli. sagadasaxado procentiT) gaizarda. Semosavlebi wina welTan SedarebiT mniSvnelovnad (51 TiTqmis yvela gadasaxadis amoReba mniSvnelovnad gaumjobesda 2003 wlis maCveneblebTan SedarebiT. saxelmwifo biujetis faqtiuri xarjebi 1,210 milioni lari iyo, rac wina wlis Sesabamisi periodis xarjebs 46 procentiT aRemateba. xarjebis ZiriTadi elementebia socialuri uzrunvelyofa, v alis momsaxureba da saxelmwifos marTva. saxelmwifo biujetis deficitis dafinansebam 66 milioni lari Seadgina. saxelmwifo biujetis Semosavlebi. 2004 wlis saxelmwifo biujeti iTvaliswinebs 1,424.4 milion lars Semosavlebis nawilSi. Tumca wlis ganmavlobaSi naTeli gaxda, rom faqtiuri Semosavlebi am maCvenebelze meti iqneboda. Sesabamisad mTavrobam gadaxeda Semosavlebis gegmis maCvenebels da daadgina axali maCvenebeli 1,655 milioni lari, r a c 1 6 procentiT aRemateba Tavdapirvel maCvenebels. 2004 wlis mesame kvartlis bolosTvis biujets unda mieRo 1,076 milioni lari. faqtiurma Semosavlebma 1,144 milioni lari Seadgina, rac 6 procentiT aRemateba gazrdil gegmur maCvenebels. zedmetad miRebuli 68 milioni laridan ori mesamedi mosalodnelze maRali sagadasaxado SemosavlebiT iyo ganpirobebuli. arasagadasaxado Semosavlebi da grantebi aseve mosalodnelze meti iqna miRebuli. sagadasaxado Semosavlebis gegma 881 milioni lariT ganisazRvra, rac Tavdapirvel gegmas Svidi procentiT aRemateba. faqtiurma sagadasaxado Semosavlebma 927 milioni lari Seadgina, rac sagegmo maCvenebelze 5 procentiT metia. Tumca ufro mniSvnelovani isaa, rom procentiT gaizarda. saxelmwifo cxrilSi 3.1 20 biujetis sagadasaxado Semosavlebis Semosavlebi, ZiriTadi wina welTan maCveneblebi SedarebiT , moyvanilia 51 qvemoT saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi _ 2004 weli, #4 saxelmwifo finansebi cxrili 3.1 saxelmwifo biujetis Semosavlebi 2004 wlis cxra Tve (milioni lari) sul Semosavlebi da grantebi sagadasaxado Semosavlebi arasagadasaxad o Semosavlebi kapitaluri Semosavlebi specialuri saxelmwifo fondebis Semosavlebi grantebi gansxv aveba gegmis Sesrule ba procenti zrdis tempi wina welTan SedarebiT (procenti) wili mTlian Semosavl ebSi (procenti) 9 Tvis Semosavlebi wliur gegmasTan SedarebiT (procenti) wlis gegma 9 Tvis gegma 9 Tvis faqtiuri Semosavle bi 1,655 1,076 1,144 68 106 166 100 69 1,198 881 927 46 105 151 81 77 257 167 182 14 109 357 16 71 81 5 3 -2 58 0 4 398 295 312 17 106 173 27 79 119 23 33 10 144 147 3 28 wyaro: sem-is gamoTvlebi finansTa saministros monacemebze dayrdnobiT. saxelmwifo biujetis mTliani Semosavlebis nominalurma zrdam 66 procenti Seadgina. es aCvenebs saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo finansebis marTvis realur gaumjobesebas, rac axali administraciis damsaxurebaa. saxelmwifo biujetis mTliani 1,144 milioni laris Semosavlebidan 81 procenti sagadasaxado Semosavlebia. sagadasaxado Semosavlebis gegma 105 procentiT Sesrulda. 182 milioni laris arasagadasaxado Semosavlebma mTliani Semosavlebis 16 procenti milioni laris grantebma ki 3 procenti. Seadgina – 23 arasagadasaxado Semosavlebi gegmasTan SedarebiT 9 procentiT maRali iyo da wina wlis maCveneblis 357 procenti Seadgina. rogorc Cans am sferoSi administraciulma zomebma yvelaze swrafi Sedegi gamoiRo. arasagadasaxado SemosavlebSi Sedis erovnuli bankis mogeba, saxelmwifo kreditebis dabruneba, sakuTrebidan da ekonomikuri aqtivobebidan miRebuli Semosavlebi, administraciuli gadasaxdelebi da jarimebi. saxelmwifo specialuri fondebis Semosavlebma, romlebic ZiriTadad zemoT moyvanil sagadasaxado SemosavlebSi Sedis, mTliani Semosavlebis 27 procenti Seadgina. am maCvenebelSi gegma 106 procentiT Sesrulda. centraluri biujetis sagadasaxado Semosavlebi ufro detalurad moyvanilia cxrilSi 3.2 saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi _ 2004 weli, #4 21 saxelmwifo finansebi cxrili 3.2 centraluri biujetis sagadasaxado Semosavlebi 2004 wlis cxra Tve. (milioni lari) 9 Tvis wlis 9 Tvis gegma gegma faqtiuri Semosavl gansxv aveba ebi centraluri biujetis sagadasaxado Semosavlebi gegmis zrdis Sesru leba procen ti tempi wina welTan SedarebiT (procenti) wili 9 Tvis mTlian Semosav Semosavlebi wliur lebSi (procen gegmasTan SedarebiT ti) (procenti) 811 593 624 31 105 144 100 77 16 16 16 0 100 115 3 100 mogebis gadasaxadi 11 11 11 0 100 125 2 100 dRg 544 388 410 22 106 134 66 75 adgilobrivi 245 177 185 8 105 106 30 76 importi aqcizi 299 143 211 107 225 111 14 4 106 104 171 193 36 18 75 77 adgilobrivi 46 36 38 2 104 245 6 82 importi 97 71 73 2 103 174 12 75 81 57 58 1 103 140 9 72 15 13 16 3 126 280 3 109 saSemosavlo gadasaxadi sabaJo gadasaxadi sxva gadasaxadebi wyaro: sem-is gamoTvlebi finansTa saministros monacemebze dayrdnobiT. centraluri biujetis sagadasaxado Semosavlebi wina welTan SedarebiT 44 procentiT maRali iyo, gegmur maCvenebels ki 5 procentiT gadaaWarba. rogorc cxrilidan Cans, mogebisa d a saSemosavlo gadasaxadebi zustad wliuri gegmis Sesabamisad aris Sesrulebuli. amis mizezi imaSi mdgomareobs , rom 2004 wlis mesame kvartlidan am gadasaxadebidan miRebuli Semosavlebi mTlianad adgilobriv biujetebSi midis. Sesabamisad es Semosavlebi aRaraa CarTuli centraluri biujetis gegmisa da faqtiuri Semosavlebis maCve neblebSi, wliuri gegma ki wlis pirvel naxevarSi faqtiurad miRebuli Semosavlebis Sesabamisad damtkicda. wina wlebSi da 2004 wlis pirvel naxevarSi saSemosavlo da mogebis gadasaxadis 40 procenti centralur biujetSi miimarTeboda. 2004 wels am gadasaxadebis amoRebaSi mkveTri zrda iyo dafiqsirebuli. mogebis gadasaxadidan miRebuli Semosavlebi mniSvnelovnad izrdeboda 2002 wlidan, xolo saSemosavlo gadasaxadisaTvis wels pirvelad dafiqsirda mniSvnelovani zrda. rogorc Cans, es asaxavs biznes saqmianobisa da piradi Semosavlebis legalizaciis zogad suraTs. arapirdapiri gadasaxadebis amoRebis mdgomareobac mniSvnelovnad gaumjobesda. dRgdan miRebuli Semosavlebis miReba mniSvnelovnad gaumjobesda wina welTan SedarebiT da zrdam 34 procenti Seadgina, aqcizis amoReba ki 9 3 procentiT gaizarda. dRg-s Semosavlebis zrda importirebul produqciaze 52 procenti iyo, 22 saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi _ 2004 weli, #4 saxelmwifo finansebi xolo adgilobriv produqciaze dRg-s Semosavlebi mxolod 6 procentiT gaizarda. sul dRg-s xaziT 410 milioni lari Semovida rac gegmas 6 procentiT aRemateba. mdgomareoba ukeTesia aqcizis SemTxvevaSi. am muxlidan saxelmwifo biujetma 111 milioni lari miiRo da gegmas 4 procentiT gadaaWarba. rogorc importirebuli, aseve adgilobrivi produqciisaTvis aqcizis amoReba mniSvnelovnad gaumjobesda, Sesabamisad 74 da 145 procentiT. sabaJo gadasaxadidan miRebuli Semosavlebi dagegmilze 3 procentiT maRali iyo da wina welTan SedarebiT 40 procentiT gaumjobesda. sxva gadasaxadebidan miRebulma Semosavlebma gegmis 126 procenti Seadgina, Tumca wina welTan SedarebiT es maCvenebeli 180 procentiT gaumjobesda. gadasaxadebis akrefis zogadi suraTi iseTivea , rogorc wina kvartlis bolos. TiTqmis yvela gadasaxadidan miRebuli Tanxebi 2003 welTan SedarebiT mniSvnelovnad gaumjobesda. miuxedavad imisa, rom pirdapiri gadasaxadebidan miRebuli Tanxebi aRar midis centralur biujetSi, faqtiuri Semosavlebi mniSvnelovnad aRemateba wina wlis maCveneblebs. m iRebuli Semos avlebis mkveTri zrda SesabamisobaSia Semosavlebis legalizaciis zogad suraTTan. importidan miRebuli gadasaxadebis a da aqcizidan Semosavlebis zrda sabaJo da sagadasaxado samsaxurebis administraciuli reformis da korufciis Semcirebis Sedegia. adgilobrivi dRg- s Semosavlebi mxolod eqvsi procentiT gaizarda. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom adgilobrivi firmebis didi ricxvis gakontroleba ufro rTuli amocanaa, vidre SedarebiT mcirericxovani saimporto da saaqcizo produqciis mwarmoebeli firmebisa. mTavroba gegmavs sagadasaxado da finansuri amnistiis gamocxadebas. CanarTi 3.1 ratom aris amnistiebi ase gavrcelebuli • xangrZlivi periodis gatarebis problemebi ganmavlobaSi aRsrulebis politikis realurad gadasaxadebis aRsrulebasTan dakavSirebuli literatura aRiarebs , rom zogjer mTavrobebi dabla weven aRsrulebis dones imisaTvis, rom Seamciron monitoringis xarjebi. Tu gadasaxadebis damalvas efeqturad avicilebT Tavidan gacxadebuli politikis meSveobiT, mcirericxovan damrRvevebs sagadasaxado Semowmeba gamoavlens da daabrunebs faqtobrivad dakargul Semosavlebs. aseve, Tu Semowmebis an Ziebis procesi ukve dawyebulia, saqmis bolomde miyvanidan mosalodneli Semosavlebi SesaZloa umniSvnelovnad CavTvaloT: Ziebis qveS myof moqalaqeebs unda vubiZgoT nebayoflobiT gadaixadon sagadasaxado davalianebebi amnistiis programis farglebSi. mesame magaliTi aris is, roca mTavroba amcirebs ganakveTebs da ufro rbili sagadasaxado reJimi Semoaqvs aministiasTan dakavSirebiT. aseTi amnistiebi T u xSirad ganmeorda, aCens kvlav gameorebis molodins da uaryofiT gavlenas axdens momaval sagadasaxado aRsrulebaze. xangrZliv perspeqtivaSi mTavrobebisTvis ukeTesia Tanamimdevrulad misdios aRsrulebis politikas da saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi _ 2004 weli, #4 23 saxelmwifo finansebi ar gamoiyenos aministiebis praqtika. stella (1991) aanalizebs aseTi amnistiebis sasignalo rols, roca moqalaqeebi cdiloben gansazRvron, Tu sinamdvileSi mTavrobas ra daujdeba Semowmeba. susti mTavroba Seecdeba daarwmunos moqalaqeebi, rom is Zlieri mTavrobaa da Sesabamis Semowmebis qcevas ganaxorcielebs, magram moqalaqeebi amas mixvdebian. balansi SeiZleba vipovoT, Tu mTavroba Sereul strategias gamoiyenebs, sadac maRali da dabali Semowmebis done damokidebulia mTavrobis interesze qondes Zlieri reputacia Tu moklevadiani Semosavlebi. • moqniloba Tu mTavrobas ar aqvs unari SezRudos sakuTari Tavi, maSin Cndeba aministiaze konstituciuri SezRudvis saWiroeba. Cndeba aseTi kiTxva: SeiZleba Tu ara aministia iyos mTavrobis xangrZlivi aRsrulebis politikis nawili? uaryofiTi pasuxisTvis SesaZlo argumenti is aris , rom amnistiis dros meti moqniloba arsebobs aRsrulebis politikaSi, vidre es Cveulebriv iqneboda. pirvel rigSi optimaluri auditis politika gulisxmobs , rom is SemTxvevebi, roca did Semosavals ukeTeben deklarirebas, naklebad xSirad unda iqnes gamokvleuli, vidre is SemTxvevebi, sadac mcire Semosavals aCveneben. Tumca sagadasaxado administracia SesaZloa SezRuduli iyos (magaliTad kanoniT) da is SemTxvevebi zedmetad gamoikvlios, sadac moqalaqeebi acxadeben, rom maT maRal i Semosavlebi aqvT. S esabamisad Semosavlebi SesaZloa gaizardos, Tu aseTi moqalaqeebi gamoZiebis amnistiiT isargebleben. garkveulwilad franzoni (Franzoni 1994) amiT amarTlebs permanentul gamoZiebis aministias. Tumca amnistiis magivrad gamoZiebis politikis pirdapir SezRudvebis mogvareba. reformas SeuZlia zemoT moyvanili • dazRveva andreoni (Andreoni 1991) da franzoni (Franzoni 1994, 1996) aseve amaxvileben yuradRebas amnistiis dazRveviT R irebulebaze warsulSi damaluli gadasaxadebisTvis im moqalaqeebisTvis, romlebsac riskis gaweva ar uyvarT da aseve auditis xarjebis ekonomiaze mTavrobisTvis. faqtiurad andreoni (Andreoni 1991) amtkicebs, rom aministia neitraluria Semosavlebis kuTxiT, vinaidan warsulSi gadasaxadebi amnistiidan miRebuli SemosavlebiT balansdeba. • damaluli samarTlianoba zogjer mTavroba aministias gamocxadebas asabuTebs imiT , rom es aris samarTliani gardamavali RonisZieba aRsrulebis ufro mkacr safexurze gadasvlisas. es argumenti bolomde naTeli araa , radgan aministia usamarTlod rbilad epyroba damnaSaveebs (maT viszec aministia vrceldeba), maSin roca damnaSaveebi mkacrad isjebian aministia mde da am inistiis mere. • ZviradRirebuli samarTlebrivi devnis Tavidan acileba aministia saSualebas aZlevs sagadasaxado organoebs Tavidan aicilon samarTlebrivi devnis xarjebi. es argumenti Zalian waagavs konfliqtis sasamarTlos gareT mogvarebis momxre arguments. es Zalian mniSvnelovania im qveynebSi, sadac sasamarTloebi gadatvirTulia. 24 saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi _ 2004 weli, #4 saxelmwifo finansebi • ukanono aqtivebis dakanoneba aministiaSi damaluli aqtivebis CarTva mniSvnelovani iyo magaliTad indoeTSi. aqtivebis legalizacias dadebiTi efeqti aqvs Semosavlebze amnistiis Semdgom periodSi, radgan maTi arseboba organoebisTvis. meore mxriv, Tu ukve aseTi cnobili amnistiis xdeba sagadasaxado molodini arsebobs, gadamxdelebma SesaZloa strategiulad aaridon Tavi gadasaxadebis gadaxdas aministiamde, radgan imedovneben, rom ar dajarimdebian aseTi qmedebisTvis. xangrZliv perspeqtivaSi aseTi amnistiebis efeqti Semosavlebze uaryofiTia. Tumca SesaZloa movlenebi sxvagvarad ganviTardes ekonomikuri reformis pirobebSi, rodesac ukeTesi sainvesticio garemo iqmneba. a seT SemTxvevaSi damrRvevebi Tavisi aqtivebis legalizebas gaakeTeben imisaTvis, rom “TeTri ekonomikis” SesaZleblobebi gamoiyenon. aministiam SesaZloa daaCqaros aqtivebis legalizaciis procesi da xeli Seuwyos ekonomikur zrdas. specialuri saxelmwifo fondebi socuzrunvelyofis fondis Semosavlebma 2004 wlis cxra TveSi 332 milioni lari Seadgina, wlis dasawyisSi angariSze arsebuli naSTis CaTvliT. am Tanxidan 276 milioni lari socialuri gadasaxadebidan Semovida da 42 milioni lari centraluri biujetidan gadmoiricxa. 8 milioni lari gadmoiricxa adgilobrivi biujetebidan gadaudebeli samedicino daxmarebis programebisTvis. saxelmwifo pensiebi da sxvadasxva socialuri daxmarebebi 235 milioni lariT dafinansda. 62 milioni lari daixarja jandacvis saxelmwifo programebze. fondis administraciulma xarjebma 6 milioni lari Seadgina. mesame kvartlis bolosTvis sagzao fondis sakuTarma Semosavlebma (romlebic navTobproduqtebis aqcizidan modis) 58 milioni lari (gegmis 105 procenti) Seadgina. fondis ZiriTadi xarjebi iyo gzebis Senaxva, wina wlebSi Sesrulebuli samuSaoebis safasuris gadaxda, ucxouri kreditebiT dafinansebuli proeqtebis Tanadafinanseba, kreditebis momsaxureba, administracia. saxelmwifo biujetis deficiti 2004 wlis cxra TveSi saxelmwifo biujetis deficiti 66 milioni lariT dafinansda. unda aRiniSnos, rom deficitis dafinansebisTvis mTavrobam meti Tanxa miiRo. 97 milioni lari miRebul iqna sainvesticio kreditebidan, xolo 10 milioni lari saxazino valdebulebebis saSualebiT. 40 milioni lari periodis bolos mTavrobis angariSebze darCa. saxelmwifo biujetis xarjebi saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi _ 2004 weli, #4 25 saxelmwifo finansebi 2004 wlis cxra TveSi saxelmwifo biujetis xarjebma 1,210 milioni lari Seadgina. es maCvenebeli 46 procentiT aRemateba 2003 wlis Sesabamisi periodis saxelmwifo biujetis xarjebs. saxelmwifo biujetis xarjebi funqcionaluri dayofiT mocemulia qvemoT cxrilSi 3.4 cxrili 3.4 saxelmwifo biujetis xarjebi funqcionaluri klasifikaciiT, 2004 wlis cxra Tve (milioni lari) 9 Tvis xarjebi procenti mTlian 9 Tvis xarjebi procenti mTlian 2004 xarjebSi 200 xarjebSi wliuri zrda saxelmwifos marTva 217.6 18.0 159.4 19.2 136.5 Tavdacva 73.4 6.1 42.3 5.1 173.6 kanoniereba da wesrigi 142.9 11.8 62.8 7.6 227.7 ganaTleba 40.8 3.4 29.3 3.5 139.3 jandacva 20.7 1.7 5.4 0.7 381.8 socuzrunvelyofa 316.1 26.1 213.3 25.7 148.2 sabinao meurneoba 2.7 0.2 2.7 0.3 101.6 kultura sporti religia 25.8 2.1 19.3 2.3 133.9 energetika 37.3 3.1 34.2 4.1 109.2 soflis meurneoba 19.0 1.6 8.8 1.1 215.4 mSenebloba da wiaRiseulis mopoveba 0.7 0.1 0.4 0.0 180.9 41.8 3.5 35.2 4.2 118.6 transporti da kavSirgabmuloba sxva ekonomikuri saqmianoba 2.5 0.2 1.8 0.2 142.1 sxva xarjebi 269.2 22.2 216.3 26.0 124.4 sul 1210.5 100.0 831.1 100.0 145.7 wyaro: sem-is gamoTvlebi finansTa saministros monacemebze dayrdnobiT. saxelmwifo biujetis xarjebis yvelaze didi kategoria aris socialuri uzrunvelyofa. am muxlSi wliuri zrda iyo 48 procenti. Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom es maCvenebeli mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba socuzrunvelyofis sxvadasxva komponentebisTvis. Sesyidul iqna 146 milioni laris Rirebulebis saqoneli da momsaxureba, rac wina wlis Sesabamis xarjebs 64 procentiT aRemateba, xolo xarjebi subsidiebsa da mimdinare transfertebze 1 3 procentiT Semcirda da 67 milioni lari Seadgina. xarjebis meore udidesi kategoria iyo sxva xarjebi, ramac mTliani xarjebis 22 procenti Seadgina. am kategoriaSi daixarja 269 milioni lari. wliurma zrdam 24 procenti Seadgina, rac CamorCeba saSualo wliur zrdas. am muxlis xarjebSi Sedis saxelmwifo valze procentebis gadaxda – 109 milioni lari; subsidiebi da mimdinare transfertebi adgilobrivi biujetebisaTvis – 101 m ilioni lari da saxelmwifo valis ZiriTadi Tanxis dafarva - 55 milioni lari. saxelmwifos marTvaze gaweulma xarjebma mTliani xarjebis 18 procenti Seadgina. es muxli aerTianebs saxelmwifo struqturebis mimdinare xarjebs (ZiriTadad Sromis 26 saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi _ 2004 weli, #4 saxelmwifo finansebi anazRaureba da saqonlisa da momsaxurebis SeZena), da saerTaSoriso finansuri organizaciebis dafinansebul proeqtebs. aq wliuri zrda 36 procenti iyo. xarjebi kanonisa da wesrigis muxliT 2004 wels mTliani xarjebis 12 procentamde gaizarda 2003 wlis 8 procentTan SedarebiT. es dakavSirebulia samarTaldamcav struqturebSi mimdinare reformasTan da policiisaTvis axali aRWurvilobis SeZenasTan. am muxliT daxarjulma 142 milionma larma wina wlis Sesabamisi xarjebis 227 procenti Seadgina. xarjebi sxva funqcionalur kategoriebSi mTliani xarjebis 10 procents ar aRemateboda. saSualoze maRali zrda aRiniSnebo da Tavdacvis, soflis meurneobis, mSeneblobisa da jandacvis dafinansebaSi, Sesabamisad 74, 115, 81 da 282 procenti. wlis darCenil nawilSi gaweuli xarjebi ufro naTels gaxdis mTavrobis xarjviT prioritetebs. saxelmwifo cxrilSi 3.5 biujetis xarjebi ekonomikuri klasifikaciiT moyvanilia qvemoT cxrili 3.5 saxelmwifo biujetis xarjebi ekonomikuri klasifikaciiT (milioni lari) 9 Tvis xarjebi 2004 procenti mTlian xarjebSi 9 Tvis xarjebi 200 procenti mTlian xarjebSi wliuri zrda sul xarjebi 1210.5 100 831.1 100 146 Sromis anazRaureba 124.8 10 83.4 10 150 mivlinebebi 19.9 2 18.3 2 108 socialuri Senatanebi 6.5 1 4.0 0 163 397.1 109.1 33 9 216.4 118.8 26 14 183 92 transfertebi 369.5 31 198.2 24 186 kapitaluri xarjebi 71.7 6 36.0 4 199 wminda dakrediteba 112.091 9 156.023 19 72 sxva saqoneli da momsaxureba procentebis gadaxada subsidiebi da mimdinare wyar o: sem-is gamoTvlebi finansTa saministros monacemebze dayrdnobiT. sxva saqoneli d a momsaxurebis muxliT 397 m ilioni lari daixarja 2003 wels daxarjul 216 milion larTan SedarebiT. am Tanxis ori mesamedi daixarja socuzrunvelyofis miznebisTvis. am kategoriaSi xarjebis 83 procentiani zrda mniSvnelovnad maRalia xarjebis saSualo zrdasTan SedarebiT. saxelmwifo biujetis xarjebis 31 procenti subsidiebma da mimdinare transfertebma Seadgina. am muxliT daxarjuli 369 milioni lari 86 procentiT aRemateba wina wlis maCvenebels. transfertebi ZiriTadad socialuri xasiaTisa iyo (adgilobriv biujetebSi da socuzrunvelyofis fondSi), Tumca am muxlidan mniSvnelovani Tanxebi daixarja saxelmwifos marTvis, ganaTlebisa da wesrigis dacvis saWiroebebisTvis. 36 milioni lari Seadgina energetikis subsidirebam. saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi _ 2004 weli, #4 27 saxelmwifo finansebi saxelmwifo biujetis xarjebis 9 procenti wminda dakreditebam Seadgina. daxarjuli 112 milioni lari 28 procentiT naklebia 2003 wlis analogiur xarjebze. am Tanxidan 57 milioni lari moxmarda saerTaSoriso finansuri institutebis programebis dafinansebas, xolo 55 milioni lari saxelmwifo valis ZiriTadi Tanxis gadaxdas. procentebis gadaxdaze 109 milioni lari daixarja, rac mTliani xarjebis 9 procents Seadgens. 28 saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi _ 2004 weli, #4 Tavi meoTxe. fuli da finansebi fulis miwodeba warmatebuli antikorufciuli RonisZiebebi, sagadasaxado dixciplinis gaumjobeseba da Crdilovani ekonomikis wilis Semcireba 2004 wels mTavrobis ZiriTadi miRweva iyo, rac sagadasaxado Semosavlebis zrdaSi aisaxa. amis Sedegad komerciuli bankebis sadepozito valdebulebebi, seb-Si sakorespondento angariSebze da mTavrobis angariSebze Tanxebi gaizarda. saqarTvelom 58.6 milioni lari miiRo msoflio bankis struqturuli gardaqmnis kreditis saxiT (13.8 milioni lari martSi da 44.8 milioni lari agvistoSi). am Tanxebis Semdgomma konversiam erovnul valutaSi gamoiwvia Sida bazarze larze moTxovnis zrda da misi nominaluri kursis 1 gamyareba . komerciuli bankebis mier ucxouri valutis SeTavazeba Tbilisis bankTaSoriso savaluto birjaze gaizarda. am pirobebSi gaCnda imis saSiSroeba rom, is laris masa, romelsac miawvdida bazars erovnuli banki, zewolas moaxdenda da inflaciuri efeqti gardauvali gaxdeboda. am movlenis Tavidan asacileblad ivlisSi erovnulma bankma daswia savaldebulo rezervebis done 13-dan 2 procentamde larebSi moziduli saxsrebisaTvis, maSin rodesac savaldebulo r ezervebis done ucxour valutaSi ucvleli darCa. amiT laris masa, romelic adre sarezervo angariSebze gayinvas eqvemdebareboda, mimoqcevaSi darCa. amave dros erovnuli banki fulis masis regulirebis mizniT iyenebda yvela arsebul instruments. bankTaSoriso sakredito auqcionebi farTod gamoiyeneboda likvidurobis marTvis mizniT. seb-is mier bankebisaTvis kreditebis gamoyofisas fuli Sedis mimoqcevaSi, xolo rodesac komerciuli banki abrunebs kredits an seb- i yidulobs sakredito resurss, fuli amoiReba mimoqcevidan. fulis masis regulirebis mizniT aseve gamoiyeneba sadepozito auqcioni. bankebi ganaTavseben saxsrebs seb-Si sargeblis misaRebad da amave dros es fuli amoiReba mimoqcevidan. Tavdapirvelad seb- i sTavazobda erTdRian depozitebs, S e m d e g k i m a T i vadianoba gaizarda. 2004 wlis cxra Tvis ganmavlobaSi Tbilisis bankTaSoriso savaluto birJis meSveobiT moTxovnis dasakmayofileblad seb-ma gayida 306 milioni lari. amave dros saqarTvelom 58.6 milioni lari miiRo msofl io bankis struqturuli gardaqmnis kreditis saxiT. seb-is mier fulis masis regulirebisaTvis instrumentebis gamoyenebis Sedegad mimoqcevaSi arsebuli fulis masa cxra Tvis ganmavlobaSi mxolod 127 milioni lariT gaizarda (anu 23.4 procentiT). mkveTri inflaciuri zrdis saSiSroeba Tavidan iqna acilebuli. 1 2003 wlis dekembridan monacemebi). 7 seqtembramde laris nominaluri kursi saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4 23.5 procentiT gamyarda (seb-is 29 fuli da finansebi nax 4.2: fulis miwodeba, 2001 w. dekemberi – 2004 w. seqtemberi 1,400,000 depozitebi ucxour valutaSi M3 depozitebi erovnul valutaSi 1,200,000 erovnuli valuta bankebis gareT aTasi lari 1,000,000 800,000 M2 600,000 M0 400,000 200,000 0 dek i a n Teb mar apr mai ivn i v l agv seq oqt n o e d e k ian Teb mar apr mai ivn i v l agv seq o q t n o e dek i a n Teb mar apr mai i v n ivl agv seq 2001 2002 2003 2004 wyaro: GEPLAC-is gamoTvlebi saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis monacemebze dayrdnobiT. Crdilovani ekonomikis xvedriTi wilis garkveulwilad Semcirebis S edegad laris fulis masis nawili sabanko sistemaSi moxvda. (qvemoT moyvanili cxrili gviCvenebs mimoqcevaSi arsebuli fulis M0- s Sefardebas larebSi denominirebul depozitebTan). rogorc kerZo , aseve saxelmwifo depozitebis moculoba komerciul bankebSi gaizarda. aseve aRsaniSnavia , rom depozitebi erovnul valutaSi ufro male izrdeboda, vidre ucxour valutaSi, rasac ar hqonda adgili wina wlebSi. komerciuli bankebis depozitebi denominirebuli larebSi 102 procentiT gaizarda, maSin rodesac ucxour valutaSi - 29 procentiT. M2 35.4 procentiT gaizarda, M3 ki 24.8 procentiT. M3 fulis multiplikatori 1.83-dan 1.77- mde Semcirda, maSin rodesac M2 fulis multiplikatori gaizarda 0.91-dan .0.95-mde. cxrili 4.1: monetaruli koeficientebi 2003 depozitebis dolarizaciis koeficienti % fulis multiplikatori(M2) fulis multiplikatori (M3) MO/ laris depozitebi 2004 dek 86.13 0.91 1.83 5.14 ian 85.52 0.92 1.94 4.31 Teb 81.82 0.94 1.89 3.50 mar 83.17 0.92 1.88 3.73 apr 83.61 0.95 1.92 3.97 mai 83.55 0.92 1.91 3.72 ivn 82.27 0.91 1.81 3.68 ivl 81.21 0.96 1.93 3.26 agv 78.27 0.94 1.77 3.06 seq 77.89 0.95 1.77 3.10 wyaro: GEPLAC-s gamoTvlebi saqarTvelos erovnul i bankis monacemebze dayrdnobiT. fulad -sakredito instrumentebi 2 bankTaSoriso sakredito auqcionebi larze gazrdili moTxovnisa da inflaciuri zewolis saSiSroebis pirobebSi seb-i fulis masis regulirebisaTvis sakredito auqcionebs iyenebda. erTis mxriv sakredito auqcionebis meSveobiT bankebs sakredito resursebi miewodeba, meores 2 saqarTvelos erovnuli banki axorcielebs politikis mimarTulebebze dayrdnobiT. es parlamentis mier. fulad -sakredito politikis nominaluri gacvliTi kursis stabilurobisa SenarCuneba. fulad-sakredito politikas wliuri fulad-sakredito mimarTulebebi yovelwliurad mtkicdeba saqarTvelos ZiriTad amocanas warmoa dgens erovnuli valutis (laris) da wliuri inflaciis donis 5-6 procentis farglebSi 30 saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4 fuli da finansebi mxriv es instrumenti gamoiyeneba fulis mimoqcevidan amosaRebad. 2004 wlis cxra Tvis ganmavlobaSi sakredito auqcionebis brunva (120.4 milioni lari) orjer aRemateboda 2003 wliur brunvas. erovnuli bankis Sesyidvebis wili ki 78.7 procents S eadgenda. 2004 wlis ivlisSi savaldebuli rezervebis donis Semcirebis Sedegad komerciuli bankebis likvidurobis done gaizarda. 13 procentis nacvlad bankebis moziduli saxsrebidan mxolod 2 procenti eqvemdebar eboda gayinvas erovnuli bankis angariSze. amis Sedegad moTxovna m sakredito resursebze iklo da ivlissa da agvistoSi sakredito auqcionebi ar Catarebula. seqtemberSi ki auqcionebi ganaxlda da maTi wili cxra Tvis mTlian brunvaSi 53.7 procenti iyo . seqtemberSi seb -ma 64.5 milioni lari Seisyida, anu TiTqmis mTliani miwodebuli Tanxa. 2004 wlis saSualo wliurma saprocento ganakveTma 10.8 procenti Seadgina, rac 6.7 procentiT naklebi iyo, vidre 2003 wlis seqtemberSi. saxazino valdebulebebi 2004 wlis cxra Tvis ganma vlobaSi saxazino valdebulebebis (sv-s) saprocento ganakveTebi TandaTan mcirdeboda. yvelaze maRali saprocento ganakveTi ianvarSi dafiqsirda (36.1 procenti)., TebervalSi is 22 procentamde Semcirda da maqsimalur maCveneblad ivlisamde darCa. sabiujeto Semosavl ebis zrdam da laris nominaluri kursis gamyarebam Seamcira saxelmwifos mier emitirebuli fasiani qaRaldebis riskianoba . mesame kvartal Si saprocento ganakveTi 13.4-14.4 farglebSi meeryeobda. aRsaniSnavia, rom ivlisidan bankebis gankargvaSi meti likviduroba rCeboda, vinaidan savaldebulo rezervebis norma 13-dan 2 procentamde Semcirda. am fulis nawili Tavsdeboda saxazino valdebulebebSi, ramac maTze moTxovnis zrda da Sesabamisad saprocento ganakveTebis kleba ganapiroba. bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi finansTa saministro da erovnuli banki biujetis daficitis Sesavsebad pirdapiri dakreditebidan saxazino valdebulebebze TandaTanobiT gadasvlas axorcielebdnen. fiskaluri mdgomareobis gajansaRebam finansTa saministros ufro grZelvadiani sv-ebis gamoSvebis saSualeba misca . maqsimalurma vadianobam 364 dRe Seadgina. 2004 wlis samive kvartalSi komerciuli bankebi dominirebdnen rogorc pirvelad, aseve meorad bazrebze (58 da 82 procenti Sesabamisad). aman aseve Seamcira saprocento ganakveTi, Tumca SesaZlebelia, r o m dabalma saprocento ganakveTebma bankebis interesi sv- sadmi Seamciron da bazarze arasabanko investorebis wili gazardon. saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4 31 fuli da finansebi Sida inflacia cxrili 4.3: samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi da inflacia (2002 wlis dekemberi=100) fasebis indeqsi 2003 ian inflacia (wina TvesTan SedarebiT) % 102.10 2.1 Teb 101.59 -0.5 mar 101.59 0.0 apr 102.10 0.5 mai 102.30 0.2 ivn 102.40 0.1 ivl 101.48 -0.9 agv 101.38 -0.1 seq 101.89 0.5 oqt 101.89 0.0 noe 106.78 4.8 dek 106.99 0.2 2004 ian 107.42 0.4 Teb 107.85 0.4 mar 107.96 0.1 apr 107.74 -0.2 mai 107.78 0.04 ivn 106.06 -1.6 ivl 106.91 0.8 agv 106.27 -0.6 seq 107.86 1.5 wyaro: statistikis saxelmwifo departamenti da GEPLAC-is gamoTvlebi 2004 wlis cxra Tvis ganmavlobaSi saSualo samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi 0.9 procentiT gaizarda. amindis cudi pirobebis gamo xilis fasebi 22 procentiT gaizarda. aseve 15 procentiT gaizarda aqcizuri saqonlis fasebi (alkoholi da sigareti) sagadasaxado administrirebis gaumjobesebis Sedegad. gadasaxadebis legalizaciis Sedegad u nda gazrdiliyo fasebi, magram laris nominalurma gamyarebam SeaCera importuli saqonlis fasebis zrda. amis Sedegad cxra Tvis inflacia 6 procents Seadgenda, rac fulad-sakredito politikis wliur paramentrebs Seesabameboda. Sida savaluto bazari. 2004 wlis sam ive kvartalSi aRiniSneboda stabiluri moTxovna erovnul valutaze. Tbilisis bankTaSoriso savaluto birJaze (Tbsb-ze) ucxouri valutis mTlianma miwodebam 210.3 milioni aSS dolari Seadgina. miwodeba daaxloebiT 3 jer aRemateboda moTxovnas (79.1 milioni aSS dolari). 2004 wlis ganmavlobaSi Tbsb- ze ucxouri valutis miwodeba or jer meti iyo, vidre 2003 wels. laris nominaluri 32 saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4 fuli da finansebi kursi 19.1 procentiT gaizarda, rac dolaris laris mimarT nominaluri oficialuri kursis 2.10-dan 1.70- mde dawevaSi gamoixata. aSS dolari/laris sabazro kursma ki 1.68mde daiwia. laris nominaluri kursis Semdgomi gamyarebis Tavidan asacileblad 15 seqtembridan seb-ma aSS dolariT intervencia daiwyo. ucxouri valutiT intervencia 1998 wlis dekembridan ar momxdara, vinaidan es ewinaaRmdegeboda mTavrobis savaluto politikas. am nabijiT seb-ma savaluto bazris subieqtebs aCvena, r o m savaluto da makroekonomikuri stabilurobis SesanarCuneblad mzad aris Secvalos mis mier xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi gatarebuli politika. seb- ma moaxdina 3.4 milioni dolaris gayidva. am RonisZiebis Sedegad aSS dolari/lari- s kursis meryeoba 1.825-1.875 farglebSi SenarCunda. sabolood, 2004 wlis seqtembris bolosaTvis seb- is ucxouri valutiT wminda intervenciam (Sesyidvebs gamoklebuli gayidvebi) Seadgina 162.6 milion aSS dolars. sabanko seqtori bolo wlebis manZilze erovnuli bankis xelmZRvanelobiT saqarTvelos sabanko seqtorSi warmatebulad xorcieldeboda reforma. aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi sabanko kapitalis gamsxvilebisa da aragadamxdelunariani bankebis likvidaciis Sedegad bankebis raodenoba 228-dan da 23-mde Semcirda (2004 wlis seqtembris bolosaTvis). dReisaTvis arsebuli bankebidan 1 3 banks ucxouri mewile hyavs, ramelTa Soris arian evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis banki, saerTaSoriso safinanso korporacia da sxva saerTaSoriso safinanso organizaciebi. aseve gaxsnilia azerbaijanuli da Turquli bankebis filialebi, Tumca maTi sakredito da sadepozito saqmianoba umniSvneloa. grZeldeba bankebis gamsxvilebis procesi. 2003 wlis dasawyisisaTvis 8 komerciul bankSi akumulirebuli iyo sabanko sistemis aqtivebis 80 procenti da depozitebis 8 5-90 procenti. 2004 wlis 1 oqtombris mdgomareobiT aqtivebis 81 procenti, valdebulebebis 85 procenti da depozitebis 84 procenti akumulirebuli iyo 6 komerciul bankSi, romelTagan TiToeuli flobs sabanko sistemis aqtivebis 5 procentze mets. 2003 wlis mdgomareobiT sabanko aqtivebis wili mSp-Si 20 procents, wminda sesxebis 24 proce nts, depozitebs 25 procentsa da kapitals 10 procents warmoadgenda. bankebis riskis diversifikaciis saqmeSi winsvla aRiniSneba. 2001 wlis mdgomareobiT komerciuli bankebis Semosavl ebis 92 procents sesxebidan saprocento Semosavali Seadgenda. 2004 wlis pirveli naxevris mdgomareobiT bankebis sesxebidan saprocento Semosavali 54 procentamde daiwia, xolo arasaprocento Semosavali ki 41 procents Seadgenda. es cifrebi bankebis mier sxva saqmianobis ganviTarebis tendencias miuTiTebs. asaxavs, rac riskis sxvadasxva saqmianobebs Soris ganawileba ze oTxi wlis win sesxebis udidesi nawili vaWrobis dasafinanseblad gamoiyofoda. sxva dargebis dafinanseba ki umniS vnelovno iyo. 2001 wlis martis mdgomareobiT sesxebis 70 procenti vaWrobis dasafinanseblad iyo gamoyofili, 2002 saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4 33 fuli da finansebi wlis martSi es maCvenebeli 77 procentamde gaizarda. uaxloesi periodis monacemebi miuTiTeben mdgomareobis Secvlaze. 2004 wlis 1 ivlisis mdgomareo biT sesxebis 32 procenti fizikur pirebze iyo gamoyofili, 34 procenti vaWrobisa da momsaxurebis dasafinanseblad, 15 procenti samTo-mompovebel mrewvelobaze da 5 procenti sxva seqtorebze. sesxebis struqturaSi aseve gaizarda grZelvadiani sesxebis wili. Tu 2002 wlis bolosaTvis 1 welze meti vadis mqone sesxebis wili 38 procenti iyo, 2004 wlis 30 ivnisis mdgomareobiT – 54 procenti. komerciuli bankebis giraosa da gadamxdelunarianobis Sefasebis xarisxi aseve gaumjobesda. bankebis sakredito portfelebSi kargi sesxebis wili gaizarda. 2003 wlis bolos es monacemi 84 procents Seadgenda, 2004 wlis 1 seqtembris mdgomareobiT ki 88 procentamde gaizarda. komerciuli bankebis depozitebis struqturaSi ucxour valutebSi (ZiriTadad dolarebSi) denominirebuli depozitebis wili isev maRali rCeba, Tumca depozitebis dolarizaciis wili mcirdeba. 2004 wlis ianvar -agvistos periodSi dolarizaciis maCvenebeli 86 procentidan 76 procentamde Semcirda. imave periodSi fizikuri pirebis depozitebi 15 procentiT gaizarda da mTliani depozitebis 52 procenti Seadgina. erovnul valutaSi denominirebul depozitebisa da sesxebis saprocento ganakveTebs Soris saSualo marJa 18 procents aRwevs, ucxour valutaSi k i 1 0 procents. bankebi ufro maRal procents ixdian larebSi denominirebul grZelvadian depozitebze, rac laris devalvaciis molodins asaxavs. 2004 wels larebSi gacemuli kreditebis saprocento ganakveTi ufro maRali gaxda, rac valdebulebebis gaZvirebiT SeiZleba a ixsnas. Tumca larebS i gacemuli sesxebis wili mxolod 12 procents warmoadgens. tradiciuli qveTavebis garda, am gamocemaSi viwyebT saqarTvelos msxvili komerciuli bankebis mimoxilvas. es gamowveulia am seqtorisadmi mkiTxvelTa didi interesiT . es qveTavi warmoadgens qarTuli biznes garemos mimoxilvis mniSvnelovan komponents. gamocemis Semd gom nomrebSi bankebis mimoxilva gagrZeldeba da mkiTxvelebs miewodeba informacia rogorc sabanko seqtorSi mimdinare tendenciebis, 3 aseve konkretuli bankebis saqmianobis Sesaxeb . saaqcio sazogadoeba TBC banki zogadi mimoxilva. TBC banki 1992 wels daarsda. 90- ani wlebis pirvel naxevarSi bankebis gakotreba sakmaod xSiri movlena iyo. amave dros qveyanaSi sabanko da fuladsakredito sistemis reforma mimdinareobda. reforma bankebis marTvis, fanansuri 3 The Banker gamocemaa, romelic daarsda 1926 wels da Financial Time jgufSi Sedis. es gam ocema aRiarebulia msoflio finansuri sazogadoebis mier rogorc erT -erTi yvelaze prestiJuli da mis reitings didi mniSvneloba eniWeba. reitingi agebulia bankebis finansuri maCveneblebis gaTvaliswinebiT. 34 saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4 fuli da finansebi mdgomareobisa da gadamxdelunarianobis gaumjobesebas da daxvewas iTvaliswinebda. bevrma qarTulma bankma ver daakmayofila es moTxovnebi da daixura. am fonze TBC banki qarTuli sabanko sistemis ganviTarebis warmatebuli magaliTia. am bankma 10 wlis manZilze gazarda Tavisi kapitali, aqtivebi, depozitebi, sakredito portfeli da mniSvnelovnad gaafarTova saqmianobis sfero. dResdReobiT TBC bank is qseli moicavs 4 filials TbilisSi da 6-s - raionebSi. bankSi dasaqmebulia daaxloebiT 500 kaci, rac saqarTvelosaTvis dasaqmebulobis sakmaod didi maCvenebelia. 2004 wlis noembris mdgomareobiT es ba nki aqtivebis, depozitebis da sasesxo portfelis sididiT umsxvilesi iyo saqarTveloSi. TBC bankis kapitali 55 milion l a r s Seadgens da am maCveneblis mixedviT banki meore adgilzea saqarTvelos sabanko sistemaSi. bankis warmatebul ganviTarebaSi mniSvnelova ni roli iTamaSa saerTaSoriso safinanso organizaciebTan TanamSromloba m. Tavdapirvelad saerTaSoriso safinanso organizaciebidan m iRebul iqna sakredito xazebi soflis meurneobis, gadamamuSavebeli mrewvelobisa da mcire da saSualo sawarmoebis ganviTarebisaTvis. am sakredito xazebiT bankma miiRo sakredito resursebi, romlis meSveobiT man gaafarTova Tavisi sasesxo saqmianoba. sakredito resursebis adeqvaturi marTva saerTaSoriso safinanso winapiroba gaxda. organizaciebTan 1996 wels TACIS-ma TBC urTierTobebis Semdgomi ganviTarebis banks sakredito xazi gauxsna soflis meurneobis seqtoris, kerZod xorblis warmoebis, rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis bankma dasafinanseblad. 1997 wels evropis (ergb) mcire da saSualo sawarmoebis ganviTarebisaTvis TBC-is sakredito xazi gamouyo, xolo mogvianebiT ergb- ma da TBC bankma xeli moaweres “akreditivebis xelSemwyob proeqts”, romelic uzrunvelyofs saqarTveloSi vaWrobis ganviTarebas da axali komerciuli kontraqtebis Camoyalibebas. TBC banki monawileobs msoflio bankis soflis meurneobis ganv iTarebisa da sakredito kavSirebis ganviTarebis proeqtebSi, romelTa mizania fermerobisa da gadamamuSavebeli mrewvelobis ganviTareba da regionebSi sakredito kavSirebis Camoyalibeba. 1998 wels TBC bankma saerTaSoriso safinanso korporaciasTan (IFC) or xelSekrulebas moawera xeli, romelTa Tanaxmad korporaciam TBC banks grZelvadiani sakredito xazi gauxsna da aseve ufleba moipova bankis kapitalSi monawileobaze. 2001 wels bankma IFC-sTan xeli moawera xelSekrulebas saSualo da mcire biznesisaTvis grZelvadian i sakredito xazis gaxsnasa da grZelvadiani ipoTekuri sesxebis programis Sesaxeb. 1998 wels bankma xeli moawera xelSekrulebas germaniis investiciebis a da 4 ganviTarebis kompaniasTan (DEG) 7 wliani sakredito xazis gaxsnis Sesaxeb. Tavdapirvelad DEG-ma saSualo da mcire biznesis ganviTarebisaTvis gamoyo sesxi, 2000 wels ki xeli moewera kidev or xelSekrulebas. sul 1996 wlidan 2003 wlis 4 Deutsche Investitions und Entwicklungsgesellschaft saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4 35 fuli da finansebi CaTvliT bankis xelmowerili xelSekrulebebis dolari da 7 milioni evro Seadgina. saerTaSoriso safinanso organizaciebma saerTo Tanxam TBC bankTan 21 milioni aSS TanamSromloba gaagrZeles mis sawesdebo kapitalSi monawileobiT. 2000 wlis maisSi IFC da DEG bankis aqciaTa 10 - procentiani wilebis mflobelebi gaxdnen. 2003 wlis maisSi 5 sainvesticio kompaniam Soros Investment Capital-ma bankis sawesdebo kapitalis 25 procenti SeiZina. es maqsimaluri wilia, romlis flobeloba da gankargva saqarTvelos kanondeblobis Tanaxmad SeuZlia erT aqcioners an aqcionerTa jgufs6. ucxoel aqcionerTa wili bankis sawesdebo kapitalSi 45 procents Seadgens, xolo qarTveli aqcionerebi 55 procents floben da aqtiurad axorcieleben bankis marTvas. 2001 wels TBC bankma Tavis strategiul partniorTan TBI holdingTan erTad Camoayaliba saqarTveloSi pirveli sapensio dazRvevis kompania – saqarTvelos 7 sapensio da sadazRvevo holdingi (GPI Holding) . holdingis Seqmnis mizans warmoadgenda saqarTveloSi socialuri dazRvevis alternatiuli meqanizmis Seqmna da grZelvadiani finansuri instrumentebis danergva. TBC banks daekisra aqtivebis marTvis funqcia, rac bankisaTvis axal saqmianobas warmoadgens. am segmentis ganviTareba damokidebulia ara marto sabanki seqtoris ganviTarebaze, aramed qveyanaSi Semosavlebisa da danazogebis zrdis tempebze da finasuri bazris ganviTarebaze. TBC banki aqtiurad nergavs axal sabanko produqtebs, e.i. momsaxurebis axal saxeobebs . pirvelad saqarTveloSi man inteleqt bankTan erTad ganaxorciela plastikuri baraTebis ganviTarebis proeqti. aseve banki monawileobda sakredito biuros SeqmnaSi (ix. saqarTvelos ekonomikis m imarTulebebis 2004 wlis pirvel i nomeri). TBC bankma salizingo kompaniis CamoyalibebaSi miiRo monawileoba. kompaniis saqmianoba jer kidev ar aris farTod gaSlili, Tumca es aseve win gadadgmuli nabiji saqarTvelos safinanso bazris ganviTarebaSi. am konteqstSi lizingis mxardasaWeri saxelmwifo ganviTarebaSi. politika did rols iTamaSebs biznesis am sferos TBC banki erTaderTi qarTuli bankia, romelsac saerTaSoriso sareitingo saagentom, Fitch - ma (www.fitchratings.com) reitingi mianiWa. saagentom yuradReba miaqcia bankis filialebis qselis gafarToebas, dakreditebis zrdis swraf temps, riskis 5 Soros Investment Company (SIC) Seiqmna 2000 wels. misi kapitali 200 milion aSS dollars Seadgens. is Seqmnilia Soros Fund Managementis mier. saerTaSoriso kerZo sainvesticio korporacia (OPIC ) da aSS-s saxelmwifo saagento aqtiurad afinanseben mas. kompania investiciebs balkaneTsa da TurqeTSi anxorcielebda. 2002 wlis seqtemberSi SIC -ma Tavisi saqmianobis geografia gaafarTova da kavkasiis regionSi TBC banki misi pirveli sainvesticio proeqti gaxda. 6 “ komerciuli bankebis saqmianobis Sesaxeb” kanonis me-10 muxli. 7 kerZo sapensio sqemebis saqmianoba saqarTveloSi gansazRvrulia “kerZo sapensio dazRvevis” Sesaxeb kanoniT, romelic miRebulia 1998 wels. kanoni gansazRvravs profesionaluri, asociaciebis, kompaniebis, bankebisa da sadazRvevo kompaniebis sapensio sqemebs. bankebisa da sadazRvevo kompaniebis sapensio sqemebs SeuZliaT TviTon marTon kerZo sapensio sqemebis aqtivebi, danarCen SemTxvevebSi aqtivebs marTaven 36 saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4 fuli da finansebi marTvis maRal donesa da bankis momgebianobas. 2003 wels bankis reitingi CCC-dan CCC +-mde aiwia. saqmianobis maCveneblebi. saqmianobis maCveneblebis mixedviT TBC banki erT -erTi yvelaze msxvili da momgebiania saqarTvelos sabanko sistemaSi. 2003 wels bankis kapitalis ukugeba 35.5 procents Seadgenda, maSin rodesac sabanko sistemaSi es maCvenebeli saSualo d 15 procenti iyo. aqtivebis ukugeba 6 procenti iyo, rac ufro maRali iyo, vidre saSualo sabanko seqtorisaTvis (4 procenti). 2003 wlis monacemebiT bankSi akumulirebuli iyo sabanko sistemis aqtivebisa da gacemuli sesxebis erTi mexuTedi, mTliani valdebulebebis 22.2 procenti da klientTa anagariSebis 26.5 procenti. sesxebidan saprocento Semosavlebi TBC bankis Semosavlebis 75 procents Seadgens. 25 procenti ki sakomisio Semosavlebia. bankis sesxebis saprocento Semosavlebis maCvenebeli ufro maRalia, vidre saSualo sabanko sistemaSi (ix. sabanko seqtoris qveTavi). es ganpirobebulia saerTaSoriso safinanso organizaciebTan TanamSromlobiT, romelic iTvaliswinebs sakredito xazebis miRebasa da aTvisebas da bankis sakredito politikis gafarToebasa da daxvewas. saprocento ganakveTebi damokidebulia sesxebis saxeobaze: samomxmareblo sesxebis saprocento ganakveTi 21 procentia, ipoTekuri sesxebis 18 pr ocenti, mikro sesxebis – 23 procenti, mcire da saSualo sawarmoebis ganviTarebaze – 15.5 procenti, vaWrobis – 16 procenti, erTwliani sakredito xazebis – 17 procenti. saSualo maCvenebeli ki 16 procents Seadgens. cxrili 4.4: sasesxo portfelis struqtura seqtorebis mixedviT. seqtori wili sasesxo portfelSi (%) vaWroba 41.5 samomxmareblo sesxebi 14.0 momsaxureba kvebis gadamuSaveba 12.0 11.4 mSenebloba da uZravi qoneba 5.3 energetika 5.0 mSenebloba 4.3 msubuqi mrewveloba 3.5 mZime mrewveloba 20 bunebrivi wiaRiseulebi qimiuri mrewveloba 0.5 0.2 sxva 0.1 soflis meurneoba 0.1 transporti 0.1 wyaro: ss TBC banki specialuri firmebi. kerZo pensiebis stimulirebis mizniT 2003 wlis ianvridan mTavrobam gaanTavisufla kerZo sapensio sqemebi socialuri gadasaxadidan (27%) da saSemosavlo gadasaxadidan (20%). saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4 37 fuli da finansebi bankis sasesxo portfelSi vaWrobis seqtori yvelaze msxvili segmentia. samomxmareblo sesxebis, momsaxurebis sferos, soflis meurneobis produqtebis gadamamuSavebeli seqtoris, mSeneblobisa da energetikis wili aseve mniSvnelovania. mikro sesxebis wili Zalze mwirea vinaidan es mimarTuleba ar warmoadgens bankis prioritetul saqmianobas. 2003-2004 wlebSi bankma daiwyo fizikuri pirebisaTvis 7 da 10 wliani ipoTekuri sesxebis programa. sesxebis saprocento ganakveTebis dawesebaSi ori gadamwyvet rols: fondebis Rirebuleba da sakredito faqtori TamaSobs riski. ukanaskneli iTvaliswinebs msesxeblis ZiriTad Semosavals, mis sakredito istorias, finansuri angariSgebisa da gamWvirvalobis xarisxs, marTvis xarisxsa da sesxis uzrunvel yofas. fondebis wyaros sakredito xazebi da grZelvadiani depozitebi warmoadgenen da maTze dawesebuli saprocento ganakveTebi ganapiroben sesxebis saproceento ganakveTs. (yvelaze grZelvadiani 12 da 18 Tviani depozitebia). grZelvadiani odenobiT. sesxebze gaTvaliswinebulia gacvliTi kursis riski 1 procentis fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebis uZravi qoneba (ss-is aqciebis garda) da mesame mxaris garantiebi miiReba sesxis uzrunvelsayofad. cudi sesxebis wili 3 procents Seadgens. seqtembris bolosaTvis mTliani sistemis maCvenebeli igive iyo. erovnul valutaSi gacemuli sesxebis wili 7 procents Seadgens, saSualo sabanko sistemis maCvenebeli ki 12 procentia. am sesxebis vadianoba ar aRemateba 1 weliwads da gamoyofilia im msesxeblisaTvis vinc ZiriTad Semosavals larebSi iRebs. aseTi msesxeblebis wili dabalia, Tumca laris gamyarebis pirobebSi ar aris gamoricxuli maTi wilis gazrda. bankis sesxebis 92 procenti dolarebSia denominirebuli da mxolod 1 procenti bankis sesxebi gacemulia evroSi. es asaxavs dolaris dominirebas kapitalizaciisa da dagrovebis procesSi. depozitebis saprocento ganakveTebis sidide damokidebulia valutaze da xangrZlivobaze. samTvian depozitebze wliuri 5 procenti ericxeba, 18 Tvian depozitebze ki 9 procenti. Semnaxvel depozitebze evroSi dawesebulia 1 procenti, aSS dolarSi 2 procenti xolo larSi – 3 procenti wliuri Semosavali. 2003 wels bankma orjer Seamcira yvela saxis depozitebis saprocento ganakveTi. bankis klientebis mier es miCneul iqna rogorc bankis stabilurobis niSani da Sesabamisad depozitebis mTliani moculoba 25 procentiT gaizarda. vadiani depozitebis 90 procenti denominirebulia dolarebSi, rac dolaris dagrovebis saSualebad farTo gamoyenebas asaxavs. uvado depozitebis umetesoba ki larebSia denominirebuli, vinaidan isini fizikuri p irebis angariSsworebis angariSebs warmoadgenen. bankis depozitebis dolarizaciis saerTo done 70 procents warmoadgens, rac ufro naklebia, vidre mTlianad sistemaSi (77.9 procenti 2004 wlis seqtembris mdgomareobiT). depozitebis dolarizaciis sakmaod maRali maCvenebeli ganapirobebs sesxebis dolarizaciis maRal dones, vinaidan depozitebi sasesxo resursebis erTerTi ZiriTadi wyaroa. 38 saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4 Tavi mexuTe. saerTaSoriso vaWroba da sagareo ekonomikuri urTierTobebi 2004 wlis ianvari-seqtemberis ganmavlobaSi registrirebulma saerTaSoriso vaWrobis brunvam miaRwia 1 715,2 milion aS S dolars, saidanac eqsportma Seadgina 446 milioni aSS dolari, xolo importma 1 259,3 milion aSS dolari. eqsporti wina wlis analogiur periodTan SedarebiT gaizarda 40 procentiT, importi ki 56 procentiT. m iuxedavad aRniSnuli cvlilebebisa, importis eqsportiT gadafarvis koeficienti Semcirda 40 –dan (2003 wlis 9 Tve) 36 procentamde. evrokavSiris amJamad arsebuli GSP-is sqemis garkveuli naklovanebebis gamo evrokomisiam SeimuSava proeqti, sadac mocemulia principebi, romlebic warmarTavs evrokavSiris savaWro preferenciebis sistemas ganviTarebadi qveynebisTvis momdevno aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi. xolo a.w. 20 oqtombers evrokomisiam daamtkica winadadebebi, romlebis gansazRvravs 2006- 2008 evrokavSiris GSP-is axali sqemis Ziridad momentebs. aRniSnuli dokumentis teqsti gadaeca evrokavSiris wevr qveynebs, evroparlaments, ekonomikuri da socialur sakiTxTa komitets, raTa moxdes misi miReba dokumentis ZalaSi Sesvlamde (1 ivlisi, 2005). savaWro brunva, savaWro balansi da vaWrobis mimarTulebebi ssd- is mixedviT 2004 wlis pirvel i 9 Tvis registrirebulma savaWro brunvam miaRwia 1 715,2 milion aSS dolars, saidanac eqsportma Seadgina 446 milioni aSS dolari, xolo importma 1 259, 3 milion aSS dolari. eqsporti wina wlis analogiur periodTan SedarebiT gaizarda 40 procentiT, importi ki 56 procentiT. vaWrobis aseTi mniSvnelovani zrda ganpirobebuli iyo saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier gatarebuli antikorufciuli RonisZiebebiT, ramac gamoiw via aralegaluri vaWrobis wilis Semcireba. mniSvnelovani faqtoria sarfis sabaJo gamSveb punqtze centraluri xelisuflebis mier kontrolis aRdgena, rasac Tan sdevda mTlianad saqarTvelos sabaJo departamentis muSaobis efeqturobis zrda. amasTan erTad 2004 wlis pirvel 9 TveSi dafiqsirda mSp-s 8.4 procentiani zrda, rac xelSemwyobi faqtoria vaWrobis ganviTarebisTvis. qveynis importis eqsportiT gadafarvis koeficienti Semcirda da Seadgina 36 procenti, maSin rodesac 2003 wlis Seadgenda. pirvel naxevarSi aRniSnuli koeficienti daaxloebiT 40 procents aTi ZiriTadi savaWro partnioris wilma registrirebul vaWrobaSi Seadgina 74.2 procenti. rogorc naCvenebia 5.1 cxrilSi, saangariSo periodSi saqarTvelos ZiriTadi partniorebi iyvnen ruseTi, TurqeTi, gaerTianebuli samefo, azerbaijani da TurqmeneTi. maTze modis saqarTvelos mTeli registrirebuli savaWro brunvis daaxloebiT 49 procenti. saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi _ 2004 weli, #4 39 saerTaSoriso vaWroba da sagareo ekonomikuri urTierTobebi cxrili 5.1: registrirebuli saerTaSoriso vaWrobis tvirTbrunva da vaWrobis mimarTulebebi, 2004 wlis 9 Tve. saerTaSoriso vaWrobis eqxporti (FOB) tvirTbrunva aTasiUaSS dolariD importi ( CIF) sul 455,961 100 aTasiUaS S dolariD 1,259,293 100 aTasi aSS dolari 1,715,254 ZiriTadi partniori qveynebi (sul) 366,527 80.4 906,053 71.9 1,272,580 ruseTi 72,062 15.8 162,382 12.9 234,444 13.7 TurqeTi 75,381 16.5 142,095 11.3 217,476 12.7 gaerTianebuli samefo 26,542 5.8 124,958 9.9 151,500 8.8 azerbaijani 14,792 3.2 107,797 8.6 122,589 7.1 TurqmeneTi 95,087 20.9 23,999 1.9 119,086 6.9 germania 10,264 2.3 101,281 8.0 111,545 6.5 ukraina 9,288 2.0 92,966 7.4 102,254 6.0 aSS 17,407 3.8 83,070 6.6 100,477 5.9 somxeTi 38,443 8.4 18,247 1.4 56,690 3.3 italia 7,261 1.6 49,258 3.9 56,519 3.3 89,434 19.6 353,240 28.1 442,674 25.8 sxva procenti savaWro brunva procenti procenti 100 74.2 wyaro: statistikis saxelmwif o departamenti 2004 wlis ianvar-seqtembris ganmavlobaSi, dsT-dan da evrokavSiridan Semotanili saqoneli Seadgenda saqarTvelos registrirebuli importis 69 procents. TurqeTis wilma 11 procenti Seadgina. SedarebiT umniSvnelo iyo aSS-s wili. nax. 5.1 : saqarTvelos registrirebuli importi regionebis/qveynebis mixedviT, 2004 wlis 9 Tve. sxva 20% dsT 35% TurqeTi 11% evrokavSiri 34% dsT evrokavSiri TurqeTi sxva wyaro: statistikis saxelmwifo departamenti rac Seexeba eqsports, saangariSo period Sic qarTuli produqciis ZiriTad bazrad kvlavac dsT rCeboda. TurqeTi iyo mxolod eqsportis 17 procentis daniSnulenis adgili. igive iyo evrokavSiris wili. 40 saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi _ 2004 weli, #4 saerTaSoriso vaWroba da sagareo ekonomikuri urTierTobebi nax. 5.3: saqarTvelos registrirebuli eqsporti daniSnulebis mixedviT, 2004 wlis 9 Tve . sxva 15% TurqeTi 17% dsT 51% evrokavSiri 17% dsT evrokavSiri TurqeTi sxva wyaro: statistikis saxelmwifo departamenti registrirebuli eqsportis struqtura cxrili 5.2 gviCvenebs registrirebuli eqsportis ZiriTad saxeobebs harmonizebuli sasaqonlo sisitemis mixedviT. 2004 wlis 9 Tvis mdgomareobiT 10 sasaqonlo jgufi Seadgenda qarTuli eqportis daaxloebiT 70 procents. cxrili 5. 2: saqarTvelos registrirebuli eqsportis struqtura, harmonizebuli sasaqonlo sistemis (HS96) mixedviT, 2004 wlis 9 Tve. aTasi aSS dolari eqsporti - sul procenti 455,961 100 samxedro TviTmfrinavebi -8802 66,416 14.6 Savi liTonebis jarTi - 7204 62,513 13.7 yurZnis Rvino naturaluri - 2204 34,112 7.5 feroSenadnobebi - 7202 28,685 6.3 spilenZis madani da koncentratebis - 2603 26,966 5.9 Saqari- 1701 26,455 5.8 wyali, maT Soris naturaluri an mineraluri - 2201, 2202 23,059 5.1 xorbali-1001 18,723 4.1 azotis sasuqebi 3102 daumuSavebeli oqro -7108 15,865 15,206 3.5 3.3 sxva wyaro: statistikis saxelmwifo departamenti 137,961 30.3 saqarTvelos registrirebuli eqsportis struqtura bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi Seicvala. 2004 wlis ianvar-seqtembris monacemebiT samxedro TviTmfrinavebis eqsportma gadaaWarba 66 milion aSS dolars da daikava pirveli adgili. Savi liTonis jarTis eqsporti (sasaqonlo kodi: 7204) kvlavac erT -erT pirvel adgilzea 62,5 milioni aSS dolariT. wina wlis analogiur periodTan SedarebiT eqsporti gaizarda 20 milioni aSS dolariT. didi nawili Savi liTonebis jarTis eqsportisa gadis mezobel TurqeTSi. feroSenadnobebis eqsporti (sasaqonlo kodi: 7202) 28,6 milioni dolariT me-4 adgilze iyo. saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi _ 2004 weli, #4 41 saerTaSoriso vaWroba da sagareo ekonomikuri urTierTobebi Rvino saqarTvelos erT-erTi mniSvnelovani saeqsporto produqciaa. 2004 wlis 9 Tvis monacemebiT misma eqsportma 34 milion dolars gadaaWarba. aRsaniSnavia is, rom qarTuli Rvinis eqsports aqvs stabilurad mzardi tendencia. Tumca aRniSnuli seqtori d idad aris damokidebuli ruseTis samomxmareblo bazarze. qarTuli Rvinis eqsportis daniSnulebis qveynebia ruseTi (75 procenti), ukraina (10 procenti) da aSS (4 procenti). evrokavSiris qveynebis wili umniSvnelo iyo da ar aRemateboda 3 procents. qarTuli Rvinis eqsportis xelisSemwyob faqtorad SeiZleba CaiTvalos a.w. 30 noembers saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis saministros mier evrokavSiris daxmarebiT Rvinis xarisxis kontrolis sagamocdo laboratoriis gaxsna. germaniis teqnikuri daxmarebis sazogadoebam laboratoriis dasamontaJeblad da uaxlesi aparaturiT aRWurvisaTvis 1,4 milioni evro gaiRo, xolo saqarTvelos mxaris Tanadafinansebam damatebiT Seadgina 400 aTasi lari. evrokavSiris specialur organoebSi akreditirebis gavlis Semdeg laboratorias SeeZleba gasces qarTuli Rvinis mwarmoeblebze VI1 sertifikati, rac udaod gaaadvilebs Rvinis eqsports, da Tavidan agvacilebs adre arsebul problemebs. CanarTi 5.1 evr okavSirTan saqarTvelos vaWroba GSP- s reJimiT aRsaniSnavia, rom bolo wlebSi SeiniSneba saqarTvelos GSP-is reJimiT vaWrobaSi zrdis tendencia. rogorc statistikuri monacemebi mowmoben, Tu 2000 wels saqarTvelos eqsporti evrokavSirSi Seadgenda daaxloebiT 70 milion aSS dolars da SeRavTiani (GSP- is) reJimiT isargebla 18.5 mil ioni aSS dolaris Rirebulebis saqonelma (evrokavSirSi saqarTvelos mTliani eqsportis 26.4 procenti), 2003 wlisaTvis saqarTvelos eqsporti gaizarda 76.0 milion dolaramde, xolo GSP-is reJimiT gan xorcielebuli iqna daaxloebiT 42 milion aSS dolaris Rirebulebis eqsporti (55.3 procenti). 2004 wlis 9 Tvis monacemebis mixedviT, evrokavSirSi saqarTvelos eqsportma Seadgina 75.8 m ilioni aSS dolari, saidanac GSP-is reJimSi moxvda 31.4 milioni aSS dolaris Rirebulebis produqcia (41.4 procenti). Sesabamisad gaizarda gacemuli GSP- is SeRavaTebiT sargeblobisaTvis saWiro warmoSobis damadasturebeli “forma A” sertifikatis raodenabamac: 2000 wels iyo 358, 2001 wels – 305, 2002 wels – 309, 2003 wels – 528. 2004 wlis 9 Tvis mixedviT gacemulia 283 sertifikati. GSP-is procents aRemateba. 2003 wels gamoyenebis evrokavSirSi (utilizaciis) GSP-is reJimiT maCvenebeli gasuli 2003-2004 saqarTvelos wlebSi 90 eqsportis umsxvilesi sasaqonlo poziciebia: ualkoholo sasmelebi – 11.1 milioni aSS dolari (evrokavSirSi mTliani eqsportis 14.6 procenti), amoniumis gvarjila – 12.3 milioni aSS dolari (16.2 procenti), feroSenadnobebi – 4.4 m ilioni aSS dolari (5.8 procenti), Txili – 7.9 milioni aSS dolari (10.4 procenti) . 2004 wels evrokavSirSi GSP- is reJimiT gasuli saqarTvelos eqsportis umsxvilesi sasaqonlo poziciebi ar Secvlila: ualkoholo sasmelebi – 10.5 milioni aSS dolari (evrokavSirSi mTliani eqsportis 13.9 procenti), amoniumis gvarjila – 9.0 milioni aSS dolari (11.9 procenti), feroSenadnobebi – 4.8 m ilioni aSS dolari (6.3 procenti), Txili – 3.9 m ilioni aSS dolari (5.1 procenti). 42 saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi _ 2004 weli, #4 saerTaSoriso vaWroba da sagareo ekonomikuri urTierTobebi qarTveli eqsportiorebis SeRavaTma 2003 wels Seadgina daaxloebiT 1.4 milioni aSS dolari, xolo 2004 wlis 9 Tvis monacemebiT – 1.2 m ilioni aSS dolari. wyaro: saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis samonistro registrirebuli importis struqtura cxrili 5.3 gviCvenebs umsxviles saimporto sasaqonlo jgufebs, romelTa saerTo wili registrirebul importSi aris daaxloebiT 42 procenti. 2004 wlis pirvel 9 Tvis ganmavlobaSi ZiriTadi saimporto sasaqonlo jgufebi iyo: navTobis airebi, navTobi Saqari da a.S. da navTobproduqtebi da eleqtroenergia, fqvili, medikamentebi, cxrili 5. 3: saqarTvelos registrirebuli importis struqtura, harmonizebuli sasaqonlo sistemis (HS96) mixedviT, 2004 wlis 9 Tve. aTasi aSS dolari 1,259,293 importi - sul navTobi da navTobproduqtebi – 2710 msubuqi avtomobilebi - 8703 procenti 100 126,442 69,892 10.0 5.6 xorbali- 1001 58,624 4.7 milebi -7305 56,789 4.5 bunebrivi gazi-2711 52,562 4.2 samkurnal o saSualebebi –3004 50,564 4.0 lerwmis an Warxlis Saqari - 1701 36,055 2.9 sxvadasxva danadgarebi-8411 27,807 2.2 eleqtroenergia – 2716 22,112 1.8 fqvili -1101 32,600 2.6 725,846 57.6 sxva wyaro: statistikis saxelmwifo departamenti preferenciebis stimulebi ganaxlebuli ganzogadoebuli sistema (GSP), sagangebo evrokavSiris amJamad arsebuli GSP-is sqemis garkveuli naklovanebebis gamo evrokomisiam SeimuSava proeqti, sadac mocemulia principebi, romlebic warmarTavs evrokavSiris savaWro preferenciebis sistemas ganviTarebadi qveynebisTvis momdevno aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi. xolo a.w. 20 oqtombers evrokomisiam daamtkica winadadebebi, romlebis gansazRvravs 2006- 2008 evrokavSiris GSP- is axali sqemis Ziridad momentebs. aRniSnuli dokumentis teqsti gadaeca evrokavSiris wevr qveynebs, evroparlaments, ekonomikuri da socialur sakiTxTa komitets, raTa moxdes misi miReba dokumentis ZalaSi Sesvlamde (1 ivlisi, 2005). GSP-s arsebuli sistema gamartivdeba da dReisaTvis arsebuli damatebiTi SeRavaTebis xuTi sistema mcirdeba samamde: saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi _ 2004 weli, #4 43 saerTaSoriso vaWroba da sagareo ekonomikuri urTierTobebi • preferenciis zogadi reJimi (a aramgrZnobiare produqtebze produqtebze tarifi mcirdeba general arrangement), rac gulisxmobs nulovani tarifs, xolo mgrZnobiare moqmedi tarifidan (MFN-is tarifidan) 3.5 procentuli punqtiT. aRniSnul kategoria emateba daaxloebiT 300 axali dasaxelebis sasqonlo jgufi. • `yvelaferi iaraRis garda~, romelic evrokavSiris bazarze nulovani tarifiT da qvotebis gareSe SeRwevis saSualebas aZlevs msoflios 50 uRaribes qveyanas, adre arsebulis analogiuria. • da axali GSP+ satarifo daTmobe bis daweseba im qveynebisaTvis, romlebsac gansakuTrebiT esaWiroebaT daxmareba ganviTarebisaTvis. axali GSP+ sqema: aramdgradi ekonomikis mqone qveynebisTvis (vulnerable countries), romlebsac esaWiroebaT ganviTarebisTvis gansakuTrebuli daxmareba. igi moic avs daaxloebiT 7,200 dasaxelebis produqcias, romlebic evrokavSiris bazarze SeiZleba daiSvas sabaJo gadasaxadebis gareSe. beneficiarebma unda daakmayofilon ramdenime kriteriumi, maT Soris stabiluri ganviTarebisa da kargi marTvis Sesaxeb 27 ZiriTadi saerTaSoriso konvenciis ratifikacia da efeqturi gamoyeneba. amasTanave, aucilebelia, maT daamtkicon, rom arian mcire zomis GSP-is beneficiari qveynebi da maTi ekonomika naklebad diversificirebulia. amisaTvs saWiroa, rom: • evrogaerTianebaSi preferenciebis ganzogadoebuli sistemiT xuT umsxviles seqtorSi ganxorcielebuli importis moculoba unda Seadgendes GSP- iT ganxorcielebuli importis saerTo moculobis 75 procentze mets, • preferenciebis ganzogadoebuli sistemiT am qveynidan importi unda Seadgendes evrokavSiris mier pref erenciebis ganzogadoebuli sistemiT ganxorcielebuli importis saerTo moculobis araumetes 1 procentisa. damatebiTi preferenciebi dauyovnebliv romlebmac moaxdines adamianis uflebebis eniWebaT im ganviTarebad qveynebs, da Sromis uflebebis dacvis maregulirebeli 16 ZiriTadi konvenciis da kargi marTvis da garemos dacvis sferos (11-dan) 7 konvenciis ratificireba da efeqturi ganxorcieleba. amave dros beneficiarma qveynebma unda ikisron im saerTaSoriso konvenciebis ratificirebisa da efeqturi ganxorcielebis valdebuleba, romlebic jer ar aris maT mier ratificirebuli. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, 2008 wlis 31 dekembramde yvela beneficiarma qveynebma unda moaxdinon 27 konvenciis ratificireba. saqarTvelo akmayofilebs yvela moTxovnas, raTa gaxdes GSP + -iT mosargeble qveyana. imis gamo, rom evrokavSiri 2008 wlis 31 dekembramde isedac mosTxovs yvela GSP-iT mosargeble qveyanas aRniSnuli 27 konvenciis ratificirebas, umjobesi iqneba droulad moxdes am sakiTxis ganxilva da amgvarad GSP+ -iT mosargeble qveynis statusis m iReba. dasawyisisaTvis sakmarisia moxdes adamianTa uflebebis dacvis, Sromis dacvis dargSi 16 ZiriTadi konvenciis, xolo bunebis dacvisa dargSi 7 (arsebuli 11 dan) konvenciis ratificireba. 44 saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi _ 2004 weli, #4 saerTaSoriso vaWroba da sagareo ekonomikuri urTierTobebi rigi zemoaRniSnuli konvenciebisa ukve iqna ratificirebuli. kerZod, ratificirebulia saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebi – ekonomikuri, socialuri da kulturuli uflebebis Sesaxeb, samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb; konvenciebi – rasobrivi diskriminaciis yvela formebis aRmosafxvrelad, qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb, wamebisa da sxva sastiki, araadamianuri Tu damamcirebeli mopyrobisa Tu sasjelis winaaRmdeg, bavSvTa uflebebis konvencia, kiotos protokoli klimaturi cvlilebebis Sesaxeb. evrokomisiis vaWrobis generaluri direqtoratis Tavisufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebebisa da soflis meurneobis produqciiT vaWrobis sakiTxebis direqtoratTan konsultaciebis Semdeg, aucilebeli iqneba Seiqmnas samuSao jgufi, romelic moaxdens danarCeni konvenciebis ratificirebasTan dakavSirebuli RonisZiebebis koordinaciasa winadadebebis wardgenas. da saqarTvelos saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi _ 2004 weli, #4 parlamentisaTvi s konkretuli 45 Tavi meeqvse. axalma mTavrobam saqarTveloSi privatizacia reformebis axali etapi daiwyo da privatizacia am procesis umniSvnelovanesi nawilia. igi gansakuTrebul rols asrulebs qveynis ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi. 1992 wels saqarTveloSi privatizebis procesis dawyebis Semdeg, privatizebul ia 15,000-ze meti sawarmo. saxelmwifos mflobelobaSi darCenilia sawarmoTa sakmaod didi raodenoba – daaxloebiT 1,800 mcire, saSualo da strategiuli mniSvnelobis sawarmo, romlebSic saxelmwifos wili aqvs da romelSic 180,000-ze meti adamiania dasaqmebuli. mimdinare privatizebis politikis mTavari tendenciebia darCenil sawarmoTa swrafad gadacema kerZo sakuTrebaSi da ekonomikis deregulireba kerZo investiciebis mobilizebisaTvis. axali mTavroba gegmavs ucxoeli investorebis mozidvas da biznesisaTvis ufro xelsayreli gar emos Seqmnas qveyanaSi. aWaris avtonomiur respublikaSi momxdari cvlilebebi, sadac gasul wlebSi privatizacia Zalze mcire masStabiT xorcieldeboda, dadebiT Sedegs iqoniebs mTlianad privatizaciisa da ekonomikuri reformebis procese bze. 2005 wels, axali sagadasaxado kodeqsis parametrebis dawesebis kvalobaze, saqarTvelo ufro momzidveli qveyana gaxdeba rogorc Sida, aseve gare investorebisaTvis. ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministrom gamoaqveyna 372 sawarmos sia, romelSic saxelmwifos wilis gayidva SeTavazebulia auqcionis wesiT. aRniSnuli privatizebis procesi 18 TveSi unda ganxorcieldes. privatizebis procesis obieqturobis, gamWvirvalobisa da msoflios masStabiT informaciis xelmisawvdomobis uzrunvelsayofad, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministro avrcelebs informacias priva tizebis Sesaxeb sakuTari oficialuri beWdviTi organosa da sxva gazeTebis meSveobiT da aseve internetis vebgverdze (www.privatization.ge). saSualo da msxvili sawarmoebis privatizeba saxelmwifo mflobelobaSi darCenili saSualo da msxvili sawarmoebis privatizacia kvlavac problematur sakiTxad rCeba. ganvlili wlebis gamocdilebam naTelyo, rom saqarTveloSi msxvili sawarmoebis privatizebis xerxebs Sedegi ar moaqvs. msxvili sawarmoebi metad didi zomisaa, maTi aqtivebi cud mdgomareobaSia; didi davalianebebi, samuSao Zalis siWarbe da sawarmoSi dainteresebis mqone jgufebis gavlena kidev ufro arTulebs situacias. aSkaraa, rom msxvili sawarmoebis privatizebisaTvis seriozuli zomebia misaRebi. iseT seqtorebSi, rogoricaa energetikis, satelekomunikacio, mrewvelobisa da transportis seqtorebi, bevri aqtivi ekonomikisaTvis mZime tvirTad gadaiqca da saswrafod saWiroebs restruqturizacias, reabilitacias an likvidacias. 2004 wlis mesame kvartalSi adgili hqonda zogierTi saSualo da msxvili saxelmwifo/municepaluri sawarmos privatizeba s. oTxi saSualo da msxvili sawarmo gaiyida am periodSi, maT Soris umsxvilesi aris sastumro “inturisti”, romelic aWaris avtonomiur respublikaSi mdebareobs. rac Seexeba municipalur sawarmoebs, 46 saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4 privatizacia saxelmwifo dawesebulebebs maTi privatizebis centralizebuli monacemebi ar gaaCniaT. faqtebis Sesaxeb dazustebuli mTavrobam SeimuSava axali politika, romelic iTvaliswinebs saxelmwifos mflobelobaSi myofi yvela sawarmos privatizebas, im sawarmoTa gamoklebiT, romlebic qveynisaTvi s gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis mqonea. ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministrom gamoaqveyna 372 saprivatizacio sawarmos nusxa, romelSic saxelmwifos wilis gayidva SeTavazebulia auqcionis wesiT. nusxaSi Setanilia iseTi umsxvilesi sawarmoebi, rogoricaa saaqcio kompania “TbilaviamSeni” qarxana), rusTavis metalurgiuli kombinati, WiaTurmanganumi, (saaviacio msxvili satelekomunikacio kompaniebi; Tbilisis, baTumisa da foTis aeroportebi; 5 hidroeleqtrosadguri imereTSi, mTeli rigi navTobterminalebisa da gazis gamanawilebeli kompaniebi. rusTavis metalurgiuli kombinati ganlagebulia 500 ha miwis farTobze da moicavs 38 sxvadasxva saamqros. winaswari informaciiT, saministro gegmavs kombinatis gasayidad SeTavazebas 30 milion aSS dolarad. axalma mflobelma aseve unda dafaros 130 milioni aSS dolaris davalianeba . Tumca, dawvrilebiTi informacia privatizebis pirobebis Sesaxeb jer -jerobiT cnobili ar aris. ar bevr sawarmoSi Sefasebisa da auditoruli Semowmebis procesi dasrulebuli aris. aucilebelia mkafiod ganisazRvros TiToeul saprivat izacio aqtivze pasuxismgebeli organo. yovel sawarmoze pasuxismgebeli organos dadgena gamoricxavs momavalSi sxvadasxva mxareebisagan SesaZlo pretenziebis warmoSobas, rac Seaferxebda privatizebis procesis uproblemod Catarebas. aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis privatizaciisaTvis gaxsnas Sedegad mohyva turizmis seqtoris 26 sawarmos CarTva saprivatizacio nusxaSi. mTavrobam ufro energiulad unda ganaxorcielos sawarmoTa restruqturizacia da gakotreba/likvidaciis procedurebi, raTa es sawarmoebi mimzidveli gaxdnen ucxoeli investorebisaTvis. gakotrebis saqmis warmoeba iwvevs valauvali sawarmos reorganizeba/reabilitacias an likvidacias. sicocxlisuunaro da aramimzidveli sawarmoebis likvidacia xSirad privatizaciis mtkivneuli procesis logikur dasasruls warmoadgens da masac moaqvs sargebeli ekonomikisaTvis: sagadasaxado da sxva davalianebebis nawili daifareba. miuxedavad imisa, rom zogierT sawarmoSi dawyebulia likvidacia da gakotrebis saqmis warmoeba, arc erTi msxvili sawarmos mimdinareobs sareabilitacio likvidacia ar dasrulebula. programis ganxorcieleba. Tu ki zog sawarmoSi reabilitacia warmatebiT iqna ganxorcielebuli, sawarmoebi SeZleben dafaron valebi, mTlianobaSi gaiumjobeson mdgomareoba da amgvarad ufro efeqturebi gaxdnen. efeqturi sawarmoebis privatizeba gacilebiT advili iqneba da saxelmwifos ufro did Semosavals moutans. zogierT SemTxvevaSi efeqturobis miRweva ararealuria, Tumca, aqtivebis likvidaciis gadawyvetilebis misaRebad ufro mtkice politikuri nebaa saWiro. saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4 47 privatizacia msxvili sawarmoebis SemTxvevaSi saWiroa TiToeuli konkretuli obieqtis ukeTesad Seswavla, raTa moxdes am saprivatizacio obieqtebis miyidva Zlieri investorisaTvis, romelsac eqneba unari da survili marTos esa Tu is sawarmo, ganaxorcielos saWiro investiciebi da miiRos mogeba. msxvili sawarmoebis likvidacia gad aarCens sawarmos sicocxlisunarian aqtivebs da SeaCerebs valebis dagrovebas. orive Sedegi mTlianobaSi sargebels moutans qveynis ekonomikas. mcire sawarmoTa privatizacia mcire sawarmoTa privatizacia saqarTveloSi 1993 wels daiwyo. naxati 6.1 gviCvenebs mcire privatizaciis dinamikas wlebis mixedviT. sawarmoTa yvelaze didi raodenoba privatizebul iqna 1995 wels, rodesac daiwyo saqarTvelos ekonomikis stabilizacia, da 1998 wels, rodesac Catarda yvelaze msxvili auqcionebi nulovani sawyisi fasiT. mas Semdeg, privatizebis procesi TiTqos dasasruls uaxlovdeba, vinaidan saprivatizacio sawarmoebis r aodenoba mcirdeba. m s x v i l i sawarmoebis privatizeba jer kidev mimdinareobs (telekomunikaciebis, energetikis, mrewvelobis seqtorebSi) da savaraudoa, rom restruqturizaciis Sedegad axali mcire sawarmoebi warmoiSveba. SesaZloa kidev gagrZeldes. maSasadame, mcire sawarmoTa privatizaciis procesi sawarmoTa Sesyidva insaiderebis mier kvlavac gavrcelebulia, rac bevr SemTxvevaSi amcirebs saxelmwifos Semosavlebs da xels uSlis mcire sawarmoTa efeqtur funqcionirebas. Tumca, rogorc Cans, arsebuli meoradi bazari sakmaod warmatebulad funqcionirebs imisaTvis, raTa uzrunvelyos sawarmoTa ukeTesi mepatroneebis xelSi gadasvla, xolo mzardi kompaniebze zewolas axdens efeqtianobis gazrdis TvalsazrisiT. naxati 6.1: konkurencia mcire sawarmoTa privatizacia 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 wyaro: saxelmwifo qonebis marTvis saministro 2004 wlis mesame kvartalSi mcire sawarmoTa privatizeba kvlav grZeldeboda. privatizebis regionaluri samsaxurebis reorganizaciis gamo, es informacia ar aris sruli. monacemTa umravlesoba aris gaerTianeba moiTxovs. 48 erTian dazustebas arTulebs is faqtic, rom mcire sawarmoTa municipalur sakuTrebaSi da am monacemebis Segroveba da monacemTa gadamuSavebis sistemaSi damatebiT Zalisxmevas saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4 privatizacia faqtiurad privatizebul da saprivatizaciod damtkicebul mcire sawarmoTa mTlian raodenobebs Soris arsebuli sxvaoba imaze miuTiTebs, rom bevri maTgani privatizebis procesSi gaiyo. saprivatizaciod damtkicebuli sawarmoebis mzardi ricxvi imaze metyvelebs, rom bevri maTgani saSualo da msxvili sawarmoebis nawils Seadgendnen da am ukanasknelTa restruqturizaciis Sedegad, damoukidebel erTeulebad Camoyalibdnen. privatizebul mcire sawarmoTa umetesoba vaWrobisa da momsaxurebis sferoebs ganekuTvneba - Sesabamisad 32 da 46 procenti. 2003 wlis ganmavlobaSi mcire sawarmoTa privatizeba yvela regionSi dafiqsirda. aWaris avtonomiur respublikaSi mcire sawarmoTa privatizebis procesi wlebis ganmavlobaSi SeCerebuli iyo. bolo drois movlenebma regionSi privatizebis procesis ganviTarebaze, rogorc Cans, dad ebiTi gavlena iqonia. mcire sawarmoTa privatizebis mxriv mniSnelovani zrdaa mosalodneli. adgilobrivma mewarmeebma ukve gamoTqves am procesSi monawileobis interesi. aWaraSi konkurenciis gazrda regionis momavali ganviTarebis mamoZravebeli Zala iqneba. CanarTSi 6.1 mocemulia debulebebi, romlebic SesaZloa daexmaros mTavrobas privatizebis optimaluri meTodis SerCevaSi. CanarTi 6.1 privatizebis gansxvavebuli meTodebis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi restitucia. restituciis mizania qoneba daubrundes mis yofil mflobelebs. es meTodi im SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba, rodesac mTavrobis mier qonebis dasakuTreba arasamarTliani meTodis gamoyenebiT moxda, magaliTad rodesac ar moxda qonebis Rirebulebis gadaxda misi mesakuTrisadmi. restitucia am SemTxvevaSi ganixileba, rogorc samarTlianobis forma da gamarTlebulia moraluri TvalsazrisiT. aRdgenis privatizebis am meTodis oponentebi miuTiTeben, rom es procesi atarebis SerCeviT xasiaTs da amitom samarTlianobis bolomde aRdgenas ar emsaxureba. realurad gardamavali ekonomikis qveyneb Si restituciis praqtika Zalian iSviaTad gamoiyeneboda. gamoyenebuli iqna mxolod estoneTSi da naklebi masStabiT CexeTSi. es meTodi pirdapiri gayidvis meTodi. gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, yofili socialisturi qveynebi gegmavdnen , rom privatizeba moexdinaT pirdapiri gayidvebis saSualebiT, baZavdnen ra didi britaneTisa da Ciles gamocdilebas. zogierTma qveyanam am meTodis gamoyeneba energiulad daiwyo, magram male warmoiSva politikuri da praqtikuli saxis naklovanebani. sabolood aRmosavleT germania, estoneTi, ungreTi, da naklebi masStabiT poloneTi, iyvnen is qveynebi, sadac gamoyenebul iqna aRniSnuli privatizebis meTodi. privatizebis am meTodis gamoyenebis umTavresi mizezi iyo is rom, mieyidaT saxelmwifo sakuTreba ucxoeli investorebisaTvis, im pirobebSi, rodesac saSinao kapit alis bazrebi iyo ganuviTarebeli. politikosebi moelodnen sami saxis mogebas: saxelmwifo biujetisTvis Semosavlis miRebas; sagareo profesionalizmis/eqspertizis swraf SemoRwevas; da imis albaTobas, rom ucxoeli mflobelebis mier ganxorcielebuli menejmenti ufro efeqturi iqneboda. privatizebis am formisas gamovlenil naklovanebebs Soris, yvelaze TvalsaCino iyo kapitalis bazris ganviTarebis Zalian dabali done. aseve ucxoel investorebs saSualeba ar hqondaT mieRoT srulyofili gamomdinare isini privatizebs informacia gasayidi sawarmoebis Sesaxeb, am mizezidan procesSi sakmaris interess ar avlendnen. garda amisa, saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4 49 privatizacia pirdapiri gayidvis meTodi aRmoCnda Zviri da administrirebisTvis rTuli. did Zalisxmevas moiTxovda gasayid sawarmoTa dokumentaciis individualurad momzadeba da aseve imis uzrunvelyofa, rom investori kontraqtiT gansazRvrul pirobebs damorCileboda. politikurad pirdapiri gayidvis meTodi SeiZleba CixSi Sesuliyo, rodesac sazogadoeba xedavda, rom privatizeba arasamarTlianad xorcieldeboda. Zlieri adgilobrivi interes jgufebi, magaliTad muSebi da menenjerebi xSirad blokavdnen privatizebis process. Sesyidva menejmentisa da personalis mier. privatizebis amdagvari midgoma gulisxmobda sawarmoebis garkveuli wilis Seyidvas menejmentisa da muSa personalis mier. Zlieri politikuri Z alaufleba, muSa personalisa, magaliTad poloneTSi da sawarmoTa menenjerebisa ruseTSi, xels uwyobda am qveynebSi amgvari praqtikis danergvas. amgvari meTodi aris swrafi da ioli gansaxorcielebeli. privatizebis amgvarma meTodma Ses aZloa zogjer dadebiTi Sedegi moitanos, radganac es aerTianebs muSebisa da mflobelebis interesebs. miuxedavad yvelafrisa, gamocdileba aCvenebs, rom amgvari Sesyidvebi xasiaTdeba seriozuli naklovanebebiT. sawarmoTa menejmentSi Sida interesebis arsebobas, xSirad Sedegad mohyveba araefeqturi da cudi marTva. procesi SeiZleba iyos arasamarTliani, romelic xels umarTavs momsaxure personals, da aranaer sargebels ar aZlevs mosaxleobas mTlianad. amgvari sawarmoebis gamocdileba uCvenebs, rom xdeba gaumarTleblad maRali xelfasebis da z edmeti muSaxelis SenarCuneba, da v e r xerxdeba sakmarisis investiciebis mozidva. gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebSi, Zvel personals SeiZleba ar moepovebodes is unarCvevebi rac sawarmos Tanamedrove meTodebiT marTvisTvis aris aucilebeli. miuxedavad arsebuli naklovanebebisa privatizebis es meTodi popularuli iyo ramodenime gardamavali ekonomikis qveyanaSi, kerZod xorvatiaSi, makedoniaSi, poloneTSi, rumineTSi, slovakeTSi, sloveniasa da ruseTSi. masobrivi privatizeba. masobrivi privatizebis dros mTavroba rogorc wesi gascems an nominalur fasad mosaxleobaze yidis vauCerebs, romelTa gamoyeneba unda moxdes sawarmoTa wilis Sesyidvisas. es meTodi iSviaTad Tu gamoiyeneboda sadme msoflioSi, garda aRmosavleT evropis qveynebisa, Tumca is farTod iqna gamoyenebuli CexeTSi, somxeTSi, yazaxeTSi, yirgizeTSi, latviasa da litvaSi. vauCerebiT privatizebis meTodi saSualebas iZleva gadailaxos saSinao kapitalis arsebobis deficiti. gardamavali periodis sawyis etapze es meTodi popularuli iyo, radganac is ufro samar Tlianad iTvleboda mosaxleobaSi da aseve xels uSlida imas, rom momxdariyo qonebis SeZena ucxoelebis mier. is siZneleebi, r ac Tan procesSi sawarmoTa Sefasebas, aseve Tavidan iqna acilebuli. rogorc saxeli „masobrivi“ gulisxmobs, privatizebis efeqturi saSualeba farTo masStabis privatizeba axlda privatizebis es meTodi aris martivi da Catardes swrafad. es iyo is, rac gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebs sWirdebodaT. misi momxreebi amtkicebdnen, rom vauCeruli privatizacia aamaRlebda reformebis avtoritets mosaxleobaSi da mas ufro warmatebuls gaxdida. procesis momxreTa azriT, is Seqmnida axal mesakuTreTa farTo fenas, romelic dainteresebuli iqneboda reformebis warmatebiT ganxorcielebaSi. masobriv privatizebas aseve hqonda SeniRbuli naklovanebanic, mTavari riski is iyo, rom gabneuli mesakuTreobis struqturas eqneboda naklebi SesaZlebloba raTa ganexorcielebina efeqturi korporaciuli marTva. es problema nawilobriv gadawyda sainvesticio fondebis SeqmniT. unda aRiniSnos, rom fondebs yovelTvis ar hqondaT adeqvaturi 50 marTveloba da sazedamxedvelo organo. menenjerebi zogjer vauCerebis saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4 privatizacia mflobelebs informaciul v a k u u m S i amyofebd nen. aseT SemTxvevebSi vauCeruli privatizeba axal mesakuTreebs ki ar qmnida, aramed ubralod arsebul qonebas realur mesakuTreTa gareSe tovebda xolme. wyaro: www.imf.org gakveTilebi; privatizacia gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebSi: pirveli dekadis oleg havriliSiani, ronald makgetigeni; energetikis seqtori 2004 wlis ianvar -seqtemberSi energetikis seqtoris sawarmoTa privatizebis mxriv progresi ar dafiqsirebula. energetikis saministro saprivatizaciod amzadebs 5 eleqtroenergiis generaciis kompanias imereTSi,. 29 gazis gamanawilebel kompaniasa da zogierT sxva aqtivs. yvela es aqtivi CarTuli iqneba saprivatizacio nusxaSi. privatizeba dagegmilia 2005 wlisTvis; Tumca, mosamzadebeli samuSao ukve dawyebulia. igi moicavs aqtivebis lotebad dajgufebas, rac aqtivebs investorisaTvis ufro mimzidvels gaxdis. magaliTad, dasavleT saqarTvelos 5 eleqtrogeneraciis kompania erT iuridiul pirad iqneba reorganizebuli. energetikis saministrom seqtoris Semdgomi ganviTarebisaTvis prioritetad energetikis politikis ori mTavari aspeqti gamoyo – energo usafrTxoeba da qmediTunarianoba. saministros mizania Seiqmnas momgebiani warmoeba, romelic momavalSi ar iqneba damokidebuli centraluri biujetidan da/an saerTaSoriso safina nso institutebidan moZiebul saxsrebze. aseve mTavrobis mizania Sida resursebis maqsimalurad efeqturi gamoyenebis uzrunvelyofa da qveyanaSi energiis miwodebis SesaZlo punqtebis diversifikacia. sistemis reabilitaciisa da funqcionirebis gaumjobesebisaTvis da sistemuri kolafsis riskis dasaSveb (anu ukiduresad dabal) donemde Sesamcireblad, saWiroa mniSvnelovani investiciebis ganxorcieleba; Sesabamisad mTavrobas aqvs survili daasrulos momzadeba institutebTan/donorebTan. da molaparakebebi saerTaSoriso safinanso samoqmedo gegmis proeqtSi mTavroba adasturebs mis mier aRebul valdebulebas donorebis eleqtroenergis generaciisa da miwodebis infrastruqturis reabilitaciis mimdinare programebis droul da warmatebul dasrulebasTan dakavSirebiT da aseve pirobas iZleva daxmareba gauwios am organizaciebs saWiro drois ganmavlobaSi, sanam saqarTvelos gamanawilebeli seqtori TviTon gamoimuSavebs mogebas. kerZod, mTavroba uzrunvelyofs, rom sabiujeto organizaciebma gadaixadon moxmarebuli droulad, naRdi fuliT da sruli odenobiT. eleqtroenergiis safasuri rac Seexeba istoriul vals, romelic ganapirobebs wamyvani saxelmwifo kompaniebidan finansuri da samenejero resursebis gadinebas, saqarTvelos mTavroba mxars uWers valebis gadaxdis saagentos oficialur Camoyalibebas, iseve rogorc kanonmdeblobis Seqmnas, romelic akrZalavs gadamwyveti mniSvnelobis mqone saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4 51 privatizacia energetikul erTeulebze finansuri zemoTxsenebuli saagento Camoyalibdeba. Setevebis ganxorcielebas, vidre gadasaxadebis amoRebis maCvenebelis gaumjobeseba saSualebas miscems energo kompaniebs gazardon Tavisi Semosavlebi da gaaumjobeson momsaxureobis done da miwodebis usafrTxoeba. Sesabamisad, seqtorSi aRricxvianoba da sagadamxdelo disciplina saministros umTavres prioritetebs warmoadgens. samoqmedo gegma iTvaliswinebs gazisa da eleqtroenergiis mricxvelebis damontaJebas dasawyisisTvis momxmarebelTa jgufebisaTvis, xolo Semdeg individualuri momxmareblebisaTvis. Tbilisis gamanawilebelma kompania Telasma, bolo wlebSi gamricxveliane baSi ganxorcielebuli mniSvnelovani investiciebis meSveobiT, eleqtroenergiis safasuris amoRebis maCvenebeli 60-70 procentamde gazarda. Tumca, srulebiT gansxvavebuli mdgomareobaa gaerTianebul sadistribucio kompaniasa da gazis seqtorSi. zusti aRricxvianoba mogvcems zogadad eleqtroenergiisa da gazis moxmarebis naTel suraTs, da aseve iqneba energetikis saministros yvelaze efeqturi iaraRi korufciis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi da urC gadamxdelTa gamovlenaSi. samoqmedo gegmis proeqti struqturul reformebs. adgens eleqtroenergiis aseve moicavs kanonmdeblobis modifikaciasa da mTavrobam moparvis unda gaaZlieros kanonmdebloba, romelic kriminalur xasiaTs da uzrunvelyos kanonmdeblobis aRsruleba da efeqturoba. kanonmdeblobis modifikaciasTan erTad, mTavroba gegmavs miiRos zomebi momxmarebl is midgomis Sesacvlelad da xeli Seuwyos im faqtis gacnobierebasa da aRiarebas, rom energiis miwodebis SenarCuneba SeuZlebelia, Tu ar moxdeba xarjebis dafarva moxmarebuli energiisaTvis gadaxdili safasuris TanxiT; da rom energiis moparva, rogorc pirdapir, aseve safasuris gadauxdelobiT, danaSaulia. struqturuli reformebis mxriv, samoqmedo gegma iTvaliswinebs saqarTvelos eleqtroenergiis sabiTumo bazrisa da saqarTvelos saxelmwifo eleqtrosistemis gaerTianebas da eleqtroenergiis seqtorSi moTxovna miwodebas Soris Tanafardobis miRwevaze saerTo pasuxismgebeli organos Seqmnas. struqturuli reforma aseve moicavs qvesadgurebis gadacemas saqarTvelos saxelmwifo eleqtrosistemisaTvis. amasTan, operatiuli efeqturobis qseli, qvesadgurebi da transformatorebi unda gamanawilebel kompanias, misi moqmedebis teritoriaze. gazis seqtorSic aris mosalodneli. kerZod, kargi gazsadenis operatorisa da gazis miwodebis politikis misaRwevad, dabali Zabvis gadaeces gaerTianebul struqturuli reformebi iqneboda maRali wnevis SemmuSaveblis funq ciebis gancalkeveba. samoqmedo gegmis Tanaxmad, mTavrobam unda mosTxovos saqarTvelos energetikis erovnul maregulirebel komisias SeimuSavos momsaxurebis standartebi da yovelTviurad gamoaqveynos monacemebi funqcionirebis Sesaxeb. amiT mosaxleoba, kompaniebi da saxelmwifo organizaciebi miiReben informacias miwodebis stabilurobasa da xarisxze; da aseve seqtoris erTeulebis funqcionirebis sxva parametrebze. mTavrobam unda uzrunvelyos, rom gamanawilebelma konpaniebma, romlebic 24 saaTian miwodebaze nakleb momsaxurebas ewevian, adgilobriv gazeTebSi gamoaqveynon miwodebis yovelkvireuli winaswari ganrigi. mTavrobam unda wamoiwyos 52 saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4 privatizacia sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis kampania, raTa asaxos eleqtroenergiis seqtoris mimdinare mdgomareoba da aCvenos drois ganmavlobaSi momsaxurebis donis gaumjobesebis realuri suraTi. igi aseve specialurad Seamzadebs mosaxleobas momavali zamTris periodSi mosalodneli momsaxureobis donis Sesaxeb. mTavroba gegmavs e nergetikis seqtoris sawarmoebSi (da sxva kompaniebSic) saerTaSoriso sabuRaltro standartebis danergvas. ganixileba PA Consulting- isaTvis eleqtroenergiis gaerTianebuli gamanawilebeli kompaniis marTvis kontraqtis gagrZelebis sakiTxi. kompaniam mniSvnelovan progress unda miaRwios, raTa mimzidveli gaxdes investorebisaTvis, sxvagvarad misi gayidva an marTvaSi gadacema gaZneldeba. eleqtroenergiis gaerTianebuli gamanawilebeli kompania saxelmwifo mflobelobaSi myofi eleqtroenergiis gamanawilebeli regionaluri kompaniebis erT kompaniad dajgufebis Sedegad Seiqmna da PA Consulting-s misi 18 Tvis ganmavlobaSi marTvis ufleba mieniWa. saqarTvelos erovnuli energo maregulirebeli komisia apirebs gaerTianebuli gamanawilebeli kompaniis teritoriis farglebSi momuSave kompaniebis 26 gamanawilebeli licenziis gauqmebas. rogorc Cans, mTavroba srulad iRebs pasuxism geblobas seqtorSi arsebuli mZime problemebis gadaWraze da samoqmedo gegmis warmatebuli ganxorcieleba Seqmnis safuZvels qmediTunariani, finansurad sicocxlisunariani energetikis seqtoris CamoyalibebisaTvis. saqarTveloSi msxvili sawarmoebis privatizeba kidev gagrZeldeba. bevr sferoSi momsaxureobas ZiriTadad saxelmwifo seqtori eweoda. dagegmili reformebis gaTvaliswinebiT, mTavrobam SesaZloa saxelmwifo-kerZo konkurenciis modeli gamoiyenos. saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4 53 Tavi meSvide. samuSao Zalis bazari, Semosavlebi da socialuri uzrunvelyofa saqarTveloSi e konomikuri mdgomareobisa d a b i z n e s garemos garkveulwilad gaumjobesebis miuxedavad, ramac rigi axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmna ganapiroba, Sromis bazris mdgomareoba kvlavac arasaxarbielo da arastabiluri rCeba. maSin roca umuSevrobis maCveneblebi zogadad Seesabameba gardamavali ekonomikis mqone qveynisaTvis damaxasiaTebel maCveneblebs da TavisTavad, Sromis bazris tendenciebis Sesaxeb optimisturi daskvnebis safuZvelsac SeiZleba iZleodes, saerTo suraTs auaresebs arasruli dasaqmeba, farTod gavrcelebuli faruli da SeniRbuli umuSevroba da xelfasebis donis CamorCena minimalur saarsebo donesTan SedarebiT . Sromisunariani asakis mosaxleobis umetesoba arasrulad dasaqmebuli an umuSevaria. axali stabiluri samuSao adgilebi iSviaTad iqmneba da Zalze cotaa Sed arebiT stabiluri samuSao adgilebi. Sromis bazarze Warbobs soflis meurneobaSi TviTdasaqmebis wili. dasaqmebulTa didi nawili dakavebulia araoficialuri da araregistrirebuli saqmianobiT, romelic dabalanazRaurebadia da metwilad TviTdasaqmebas warmoadgens. Sromisunariani asakis mosaxleobis mxolod procentamde iRebs xelfass, aqedan dasaqmebulTa didi nawili Zlivs irCens Tavs. 20 umuSevroba qvemoT moyvanili mosaxleobis ekonomikuri mdgomareobis analizi emyareba ssd -s 1 mimdinare SinameurneobaTa gamokvlevis monacemebs . aRniSnuli maCveneblebi, romlebic gaangariSebulia Sso-s principebisa da meTodologiis safuZvelze (mag. registrirebuli umuSevrobis monacemebi, saerTaSoriso standartebiT - anu Sso -s 2 ganmartebebis Tanaxmad, ar SeiZleba informaciis karg wyarod CaiTvalos) gvaZleven bevr saintereso informacias Sromis bazarsa da SinameurneobaTa biujetebis Sesaxeb. gamokvlevis monacemTa safuZvelze gakeTebuli Sefasebebi xelsayrelia samuSao Zalis, dasaqmebisa da umuSevrobis, samuSao Zalis monawileobis koeficientebsa da samuSao Zal is miRma darCenili mosaxleobis maCveneblebSi cvlilebebis asaxvisaTvis. ssd- s gamokvlevis Sedegebs udaod arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs Sromis bazarze saerTo tendenciebisa da SinameurneobaTa Semosavlebis bevri ram rCeba mocemuli maCveneblebisa da aRricxvis TvalsazrisiT. Tumca, gamokvlevebis miRma. msoflioSi gamoyenebuli meTodologiis Tanaxmad, aRniSnuli gamokvleva ar iTvaliswinebs anazRaurebis odenobas. amasTan, igi ar moicavs araformalur ekonomikaSi dasaqmebulTa wils d a s r u l a d ar asaxavs arasruli dasaqmebisa da siRaribis mdgomareobas. 1 mimdinare SinameurneobaTa gamokvlevas ssd-i awarmoebs 1996 wlis mesame kvartlidan, msoflio bankis finansuri mxardaWeriTa da kanadis statistikis departamentis daxmarebiT. 1998-1999 wlebSi ssd-i awarmoebda samuSao Zalis gamokvlevas, Sso-sa da gaeros ganviTarebis programis daxmarebiT da im periodis monacemebi eyrdnoba samuSao Zalis gamokvlevis monacemebs (ix. statistikuri danarTis cxrili A7.1). 2 Sso -s ganmartebis Tanaxmad, dasaqmebulad iTvleba is, vinc ganxilvis periodSi (erTi kvira) Tundac erTi saaTis ganmavlobaSi muSaobda. 54 saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4 samuSao Zalis bazari, Semosavlebi da socialuri uzrunvelyofa ssd- s gaerTianebuli gamokvlevis Sedegebis Tanaxmad, Sso-s “mkacri” meTodiT gaangariSebuli erovnuli umuSevrobis done, 2004 wlis meore kvartlis mdgomareobiT (sem- is am gamocemaze muSaobis periodSi, bolo xelmisawvdomi monacemebiT), wina welTan SedarebiT, daeca 0,5 procentuli punqtiT 11,9 procentamde, xolo “Serbilebuli” meTodiT gaangariSebuli umuSevrobis done sul 0,2 procentuli punqtiT gaizarda da 14,1 procenti Seadgina. maSasadame, am ori meTodiT gaangariSebul umuSevrobis doneebs Soris arsebuli sxvaoba, wina welTan SedarebiT, Semcirda, Tumca Zalze umniSvnelod. tendencia, romelic bolo wlebSi gamovlinda, migvaniSnebs samuSaos aqtiur dabrunebaze samuSao Zalis rigebSi. maZiebelTa ricxvis zrdaze, anu maT 2003 wlis meoTxe kvartalSi da 2004 wlis pirvel kvartalSi, axal reformebTan dakavSirebiT umuSevarTa mxridan samuSaos Sovnis aSkarad ufro didi imedi da axali molodinebi iyo, rac wliur gamosaxulebaSi, monawileobis koeficientis ufro maRal maCveneblebSi aisaxa. Tumca vinaidan arc SinameurneobaTa gaerTianebuli kvlevis monacemebi da arc praqtikuli dakvirvebis Sedegebi ar miuTiTebs Sromis bazarze samuSaos Sovnis SesaZleblobaTa masobrivad gaumjobesebaze da aRniSnuli molodinebis mxolod umniSvnelo nawili Sesrulda, 2004 wlis meore kvartalSi, gasul welTa n SedarebiT, monawileobis koeficientma daiwyo vardna da umuSevrobis donis zrda ganaxlda. amavdroulad, samuSao adgilebis dakargvas adgili hqonda rogorc saxelmwifo, aseve araformalur seqtorSic. yofili saxelmwifo moxeleebi, romelTac samuSao dakarges bolo periodSi mTavrobis mier ganxorcielebuli restruqturizaciis Sedegad, 2003 wlis bolos da 2004 wlis dasawyisSi, samuSaos aqtiuri maZieblebi unda gamxdariyvnen iseve, rogorc yofili T viTdasaqmebuli movaWreebi, romlebic Tbilisis mTavari bazris mimdebare teritoriaze vaWrobdnen da romelTac axali moTxovnebis Tanaxmad unda daekanonebinaT TavianTi saqmianoba. saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4 55 samuSao Zalis bazari, Semosavlebi da socialuri uzrunvelyofa maSin roca samuSao Zalis monawileobis koeficientma, 2004 wlis pirvel kvartalSi vardnis Semdeg, 2004 wlis meore kvartalSi zrda ganaaxla, umuSevrobis done ki piriqiT daeca, es mxolod sezonuri cvlilebebi iyo da erTi wlisaTvis Sedarebis Sedegebi miuTiTebs samuSaos maZiebelTa ricxvis klebaze anu imaze, rom samuSao Zalas umuSevarTa garkveuli raodenoba gamoakldeboda. cxrili 7.1: ekonomikuri mdgomareoba, 2000 w. I kv. – 2004 w. II kv. (aTasi kaci) 2003 w. 2002 w. I kv. II kv. III kv. IV kv. I kv. II kv. 2004 w. III kv. Q IV I kv. II kv. sul, 15 welze ufrosi asakis mosaxleoba ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleoba, sul (samuSao Zala ) (1) ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleoba, sul (samuSao Zala ) (2) dasaqmebuli daqiravebuli TviT-dasaqmebuli 1, 983 2, 036 2, 063 2, 015 2, 025 2, 095 2, 170 2, 160 2, 089 2, 106 1, 659 625 1, 028 1, 742 598 1, 141 1, 768 597 1, 168 1, 713 607 1, 102 1, 679 594 1, 083 1, 805 604 1, 200 1, 897 640 1, 255 1, 877 637 1, 240 1, 746 620 1, 125 1, 809 608 1, 201 umuSevari (1) umuSevari (2) mosaxleoba samuSao Zalis gareT (1) mosaxleoba samuSao Zalis gareT (2) umuSevrobis done (procenti ) (1) umuSevrobis done (procenti ) (2) 254 324 1,103 1,033 13.3 16.3 241 294 1,050 997 12.1 14.4 236 296 1,017 957 11.8 14.3 232 303 1,026 956 11.9 15.0 262 345 1,141 1,057 13.5 17.1 233 290 1,023 965 11.4 13.9 223 273 1,002 952 10.5 12.9 226 283 1, 028 971 10.7 13.1 260 342 1, 130 1,047 13.0 16.4 245 298 1, 065 1,013 11.9 14.1 63.4 65.7 53.7 62.0 65.4 67.1 57.5 65.5 66.3 68.3 58.3 66.1 65.5 67.8 56.6 64.3 63.0 65.7 55.8 64.5 66.6 68.5 58.9 66.5 67.7 69.3 59.2 66.2 67.1 68.9 59.0 66.1 63.9 66.5 56.1 64.4 samuSao Zalis monawileobis samuSao Zalis monawileobis TviT-dasaqmebis wili mTlian TviT-dasaqmebis wili mTlian koeficienti (1) koeficienti (2) samuSao ZalaSi dasaqmebaSi 3, 016 3, 033 3, 021 2, 971 3, 082 3, 060 3, 132 3, 134 3, 143 3, 122 1, 912 1, 983 2, 003 1, 945 1, 941 2, 037 2, 120 2, 103 2, 007 2, 054 65.8 67.5 58.5 66.4 wyaro: ssd -s SinameurneobaTa gamokvlevis monacemebi SeniSvna: (1 ) Sso -s standartiT (an “mkacri” kriteriumiT), "imedgacruebul" muSakTa ricxvis gareSe (2 ) Sso-s ,,Serbilebuli” kriteriumiT, "imedgacruebul" muSakTa ricxvis CaTvliT • • sem-is am gamocemaze muSaobis dros, monacemebi 2004 wlis II kvartlisTvis bolo xelmisawvdomi monacemebi iyo. ufro detaluri cxrili da 1998-2000 w.w. cifrebi ixileT statistikuri danarTis cxrilSi A7.1.1 da A7.1.2 2004 wlis meore kvartalSi samuSao Zalis monawileobis koeficienti, wliur gamosaxulebaSi, 0,8 procentuli punqtiT daeca 65,8 procentamde. Tumca es mniSvnelovani vardna ar aris da Seesabameba gasul wlebSi dafiqsirebul tendencias. SedarebiT maRali monawileobis koeficienti SeiZleba sxvadasxva procesebis amsaxveli iyos: erTis mxriv, rodesac Sinameurneobebis ukiduresad mZime ekonomikur mdgomareoba ubiZgebs samuSao Zalis miRma darCenil adamianebs daiwyon samuSaos Zebna da meores mxriv rodesac Sromis bazarze samuSaos Sovnis ukeTesi perspeqtivebi warmoiSveba , rac gavlenas axdens yofili “imedgacruebuli” muSakebis gadawyvetilebaze kvlav CaerTon samuSaos aqtiurad ZebnaSi. da bolos, is faqti, rom pensiebis zrdis miuxedavad, mimdinare sapensio ganakveTi (ix. paragrafi mocemul TavSi) metismetad dabalia saarsebo minimumis uzrunvelsayofad da monawileobis koeficienti izrdeba aseve samuSaos maZiebeli pensionerebis xarjze. umuSevrobis done soflad, Cveulebriv, bevrad ufro dabalia, vidre umuSevrobis done qalaqad (2004 wlis meore kvartalSi, daaxloebiT 7-jer) da mTlianad qveyanaSi (daaxloebiT 2- jer). damkvidrebuli tendenciisamebr, 2004 wlis pirvel kvartalSi, qalaqad umuSevrobis done Zalze gansxvavdeboda soflad umuSevrobis donisagan: 23,7 da 27 procenti, Sesabamisad, “mkacri” da “Serbilebuli” standartebiT (TbilisSi, Sesabamisad, 25,2 da 27,9 procenti). soflad umuSevrobis 56 saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4 samuSao Zalis bazari, Semosavlebi da socialuri uzrunvelyofa done, rogorc yovelTvis, bevrad dabali iyo, vidre qalaqad da erovnuli maCveneblebi ararealurad iyo warmodgenili – 3,5 procenti Sso-s “mkacri” meTodiT da 4,6 procenti Sso-s “Serbilebuli” meTodiT. dasaqmebis Sesaxeb arsebuli kanoni, romelic asaxvas hpovebs gamokvlevis kiTxvarebSi, xels uwyobs soflad da, aseve mTlianad qveyanaSi, dasaqmebis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb arazusti warmodgenis Seqmnas. imis gamo rom, sasoflo-sameurneo miwis 1 an meti heqtaris mflobeli da misi ojaxis wevrebi dasaqmebulad iTvlebian, soflis macxovrebelTa umetesoba avtomaturad gamoiricxeba umuSevarTa kategoriidan. amasTan, soflis bevri macxovrebeli dakavebulia saojaxo sawarmoSi, sadac usasyidlod muSaobs da TviTdasaqmebulad iTvleba – anu miekuTvne ba im kategorias, romelic mTliani dasaqmebis udides nawils Seadgens. amgvarad, es iwvevs rogorc soflad, aseve mTlianad qveyanaSi, umuSevrobis maCveneblebis xelovnurad Semcirebas, monawileobis koeficientis zrdasa da Sromis bazarze saerTo mdgomareobis arasworad asaxvas. sinamdvileSi, Tu miwis nakveTi Semosavlis ZiriTad wyaros warmoadgens soflad SinameurneobaTa umetesobisaTvis da uzrunvelyofs maT saarsebo minimumiT, soflis bevri macxovrebeli, gansakuTrebiT isini, vinc arc Tu ise didi nakveTis mflobelia da visac saSualeba ara aqvs daamuSaos sakuTari nakveTi, Zlivs axerxebs Tavis rCenas. soflad mosaxleobis udidesi nawili xandazmulebi arian, xolo axalgazrdebi samuSaos saZebnelad qalaqSi miemarTebian. maSin, roca zogierTi maTgani axerxebs samuSaos Sovnas da zogjer sofelSi naTesavebsac ki exmareba, sxvebi qalaqad umuSevarTa ricxvs ematebian. qalaqad “imedgacruebul” muSakTa raodenoba aseve aRemateba qalaqad umuSevarTa maCvenebels da, Tu zogierTi soflis macxovrebeli mainc axerxebs Tavis rCenas, qalaqad “imedgacruebul” umuSevrebs Semosavali saerTod ar gaaCniaT. rogorc wesi, umuSevarTa mxolod mcire nawili iwuxebs Tavs registraciis gavliT: 2004 wlis meore kvartlis bolos mdgomareobiT, registrirebulma umuSevrobam (53,400 aTasi umuSevari) “mkacri” standartiT gaangariSebuli umuSevrobis donis 22 procenti da “Serbilebuli” standartiT gaangariSebuli umuSevrobis donis 18 procenti Seadgina (45,000 aTasi umuSevari 2004 wlis mesame kvartlis bolos mdgomareobiT). umuSevarTa umravlesoba registraciis proceduris gavliT Tavs ar iwuxebs, vinaidan registraciis Sedegad samuSaos Sovnis albaToba mainc mcirea da miuxedavad imisa, rom cota xnis win umuSevrobis Semweoba TveSi 14 laridan 20 laramde gaizarda, es kvlavac susti stimulia umuSevarTaTvis registraciis gasavlelad. amavdroulad, SesaZloa, rom zogierTi registrirebuli umuSevari araoficialuri saqmianobiTaa dakavebuli. maSasadame, es maCvenebeli naklebad saimedoa. miuxedavaT imisa, rom praqtikuli dakvirveba axal reformebTan dakavSirebiT dasaqmebis ukeTes perspeqtivebze miuTiTebs, jer-kidev xSiria arasrulad dasaqmebisa da dabali anazRaurebis SemTxvevebi, soflis meurneobaSi TviTdasaqmebis Warbi wili da sapensio asakis muSakTa didi ricxvi, romlebic iZulebulni arian imuSaon TavianTi momatebuli, magram mainc Zalzed dabali, pensiebis kompensirebisTvis. saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4 57 samuSao Zalis bazari, Semosavlebi da socialuri uzrunvelyofa iseT pirobebSi, rodesac umuSevrebi ar arian daculi umuSevrobis sadazRvevo programebiT an nebismieri sxva formis daxmarebiT, romelic uzrunvelyofs Tundac saarsebo minimums, isini rogorc ekonomikuri, aseve socialuri TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebuli riskis wi naSe dgebian. umuSevrobis xangrZliv periods moaqvs ara mxolod Semosavlis dakargva, aramed igi amcirebs aseTi samuSaos maZiebelTa dasaqmebis SesaZleblobas. xangrZlivi umuSevroba grZeldeba da samuSaos gareSe yofnis Sedegad, umuSevrebi kargaven kvalifikacias da maTTvis naklebad xelmisawvdomi xdeba informacia samuSao adgilebis Sesaxeb. igi xels uwyobs siRaribis zrdas da Sedegad mohyveba socialuri izolacia da socialuri gariyva. aRniSnuli xangrZlivi da seriozuli problemis rogorc ekonomikur, aseve socialur aspeqtebs uzarmazari mniSvneloba aqvs da moiTxovs specialuri RonisZiebebisa da programebis ganxorcielebas, romlebic gamiznuli iqneba xangrZlivad umuSevrebis dasaqmebis SesaZleblobebis amaRlebaze da maT dabrunebaze Sromis bazarze. dasaqmeba daqiravebul muSakTa maCveneblebSi, 1998 wlidan klebis Semdeg, 2004 wlis pirvel kvartalSi, wina welTan SedarebiT, wliur gamosaxulebaSi, mateba aRiniSna da 2004 wlis meore kvartalSi es maCveneblebi praqtikulad ucvleli rCeboda. formalur seqtorSi Senelebul zrdas da samuSao adgile bis naklebobas Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, es cifrebi sakmaod damaimedebelia (ix. zemoT moyvanili cxrili). amave dros 2003 wlis mesame kvartlis Semdeg, daqiravebiT dasaqmebaSi klebis tendencia ikveTeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom saqmiani garemos gaumjobesebis mizniT ukve ganxorcielda konkretuli RonisZiebebi da mzaddeba Sesabamisi reformebi (mag. axali liberaluri sagadasaxado kodeqsis miReba , ix. Tavi III), kerZo seqtorSi didi raodenobiT samuSao adgilebis Seqmnis procesis stimulirebas didi dro dasWirdeba, vinaidan arasaxarbielo saqmiani garemos gamo, samuSao adgilebis Seqmnis SesaZlebloba jerjerobiT SezRudulia. yovelive zemoTqmulis miuxedavad, 2004 wlis meore kvartalSi, xelfasze momuSave muSakTa ricxvma saerTo dasaqmebis TiTqmis 34 procenti Seadgina; marTalia, saxelmwifo seqtori Semcirda, magram 2004 wlis meore kvartalSi daqiravebiT dasaqmebis 65 procentze meti m a i n c a m seqtoris wilad modioda. vinaidan xelfasze momuSave muSakebis udidesi nawili, miuxedavad Semcirebisa, mainc saxelmwifo seqtorSia dasaqmebuli, daqiravebiT dasaqmebis klebis tendencia axlo momavalSic gagrZeldeba, radganac mTavrobis Semdgom reorganizaciasTan dakavSirebul saStato Semcirebebs, savaraudod, saxelmwifo moxeleTa mier kidev ufro meti adgilebis dakargva mohyveba, romlis kompensacia sxva seqtorebSi samuSao adgilebis Seqmnis xarjze unda moxdes. daqiravebiT dasaqmeba mainc ZiriTadad ganixileba, rogorc tradiciuli “mudmivi dasaqmeba” miuxedavad imisa, rom calkeuli SemTxvevebis mixedviT, bevri daqiravebuli muSaki, gansakuTrebiT ki saxelmwifo seqtorSi, sadac metwilad dabali xelfasebia, savaraudod, aseve dakavebuli iyo TviTdasaqmebiT an meoradi saqmianobis saxiT sxva alternatiuli dasaqmebiT, ZiriTadad araformalur seqtorSi. aqtiuri dasaqmebis politika, romelic moicavs kadrebis momzadeba- gadamzadebas da 58 saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4 samuSao Zalis bazari, Semosavlebi da socialuri uzrunvelyofa sxva specialur RonisZiebebs, saWiro iqneba im yofili saxelmwifo moxeleebis samuSao adgilebiT uzrunvelsayofad, romlebic ver moaxerxeben dasaqmebas kerZo seqtorSi, umTavresad Sromis bazris mkacr pirobebSi maTi dabali konkurentunarianobis gamo. Tumca, Cveulebrivi aRmavlobis tendenciisagan gansxvavebiT, 2004 wels TviTdasaqmebis amsaxveli cifrebi, iseve rogorc daqiravebiT dasaqmebis maCveneblebi, pirvel kvartalSi zrdis Semdeg, meore kvartalSi aseve stabiluri rCeboda wliur gamosaxulebaSi. TviTdasaqmeba (umetesad ar aformalur seqtorSi) mudmivad Warbobs rogorc dasaqmebaSi, aseve samuSao ZalaSi. mis wilad 2004 wlis meore kvartalSi, pirvelis 64,4 procenti, xolo meoris 58,5 procenti modioda. TviTdasaqmebaSi, Tavis mxriv, Warbobs TviTdasaqmeba soflis meurneobaSi: 2004 wlis meore kvartalSi - 80 procenti. aRniSnuli 80 procenti Semdegnairad iyofa: 39 procenti – soflad saojaxo sawarmoSi usasyidlod TviTdasaqmebulebi, daaxloebiT 7 momuSaveebi, 34 procenti procenti – ara soflis – soflad meurneobaSi TviTdasaqmebulebi da mewarmeTa mcireodeni procenti. TviTdasaqmeba soflis meurneobaSi umeteswilad winaswar gansazRvruli statusia, radgan, rogorc zemoT avRniSneT, sasoflo -sameurneo miwis farTobis 1 heqtaris mflobeli da misi ojaxis wevrebi, dasaqmebis Sesaxeb kanonSi mocemuli ganmartebis safuZvelze, TviTdasaqmebulad iTvlebian. Tumca, vinaidan miwis nakveTi bevri ojaxisTvis, gansakuTrebiT soflad, ZiriTad saarsebo wyaros warmoadgens, sakamaTo sakiTxad rCeba is, sakmarisia Tu ara 1 heqtari sasoflo-sameurneo savarguli, raTa uzrunvelyos saSualo oTxsuliani ojaxi saarsebo minimumiT mainc. bevri aseTi T viTdasaqmebuli soflis meurneobis seqtorSi, siRaribis zRvarzea. miuxedavad amisa, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom umuSevrebsa da arasrulad dasaqmebulebs qalaqad saerTod ara aqvT miwis nakveTi, romelsac daamuSavebdnen, unda vivaraudoT, rom siRaribis mxriv, isini gacilebiT uares mdgomareobaSi imyofebian, vidre TviTdsaqmebulebi soflad. maSin roca soflad siRaribe ufro fuladi Semosavlebis naklebobas ukavSirdeba, qalaqad siRaribe ZiriTadad arasakmaris kvebaSi gamoixateba. TviTdasaqmebis Warbi wili miuTiTebs iseT viTarebaze Sromis bazarze, sadac matulobs im adamianTa ricxvi, vinc umuSevaria an dakavebulia mcireSemosavliani, naklebad produqtiuli da arastabiluri saqmianobiT, umetesad araformalur seqtorSi. ssd-s SinameurneobaTa gaerTianebuli kvlevis Sedegebi gviCvenebs, rom 2004 wlis meore kvartlis mdgomareobiT, dasaqmebulTa sul mcire 57 procenti momuSave Raribebi arian da aqedan 28 procentze meti soflad ojaxur sawarmoSi usasyidlod momuSaveebi (romlebic TviTdasaqmebulebad iTvlebian), TiTqmis 16,5 procenti sabiujeto organizaciebis muSakebi da kidev 12,5 procenti ara soflis meurneobaSi individualurad momuSave TviTdasaqmebulebi. saqarTvelos Sromis bazrisTvis damaxasiaTebelia farTod gavrcelebuli arasruli ganakveTiT dasaqmeba da droebiT dasaqmeba . dasaqmebis amgvari modelebi tipiuria yvela gardamavali ekonomikis mqone qveynebisaTvis da miuTiTebs imaze, Tu rogor cdiloben adamianebi moergon samuSao Zalaze dabal moTxovnas da stabiluri samuSaos xelmiuwvdomlobis gamo, arCeven dasjerdnen moklevadiani xelSekrulebebis saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4 59 samuSao Zalis bazari, Semosavlebi da socialuri uzrunvelyofa pirobebs d a naxevari ganakveTiT imuSaon. samuSao Zalis arasrulad gamoyenebis maCvenebelia e.w. “garedan mowveuli jgufebi”, saagentos an firmis droebiTi muSakebisa da subkontraqtorebis CaTvliT, anu moklevadiani kontraq tis safuZvelze daqiravebuli muSakebi, romlebic daqiravebiT dasaqmebis sakmaod mniSvnelovan nawils warmoadgenen. marTalia amgvari daqiravebiT dasaqmebis Sedegad saerTo dasaqmebis SesaZleblobebi matulobs, magram aseTi samuSao adgilebi Cveulebriv, ver uzrunvelyofs socialur dacvas da/an zRudavs Tanmimdevruli profesiuli zrdis SesaZleblobebs: dasaqmebis TvalsazrisiT, arasruli ganakveTiT momuSaveebi ufro daucvelni arian karieris susti perspeqtivebisa da Sromis bazarze dabali konkurentunarianobis gamo da anazRaurebis, upiratesobebis, usafrTxoebisa da samuSao adgilze profesiuli momzadebis mxriv. nax. 7.1: dasaqmebis maCveneblebi 15 wels zemoT mosaxleobisTvis, 2004 w. II kv. samuSao Zalis miRma, 34% saxelmwifo seqtorSi dasaqmebuli, 13% kerZo seqtorSi dasaqmebuli, 7% TviTdasaqmebuli, 39% umuSevari, 8% wyaro: ssd-s SinameurneobaTa gaerTianebuli gamokvlevis monacemebi SeniSvna: samuSao Zalis miRma darCenili mosaxleobis wili mocemulia Sefasebis mixedviT, anu “imedgacruebul” muSakTa ricxvis CaTvliT Sso -s “mkacri” standartiT Sromisunariani asakis mosaxleobis ekonomikuri mdgomareobis saerTo modeli bolo wlebis manZilz e, ZiriTadad, stabiluri iyo. aRniSnuli modelis mixedviT, 2004 wlis pirvel kvartalSi, 15 wels zemoT mosaxleobis umetesoba ekonomikuri mdgomareobis safuZvelze or udides jgufad daiyo: TviTdasaqmebulebi - 39 procenti da samuSao Zalis miRma darCenili muSakebi - 34 procenti (ix. zemoT moyvanili nax.7.1). sul 42 procenti iyo umuSevari (samuSao Zalis miRma darCenilebi da umuSevrebi). saxelmwifo seqtorSi dasaqmebulTa wili TiTqmis orjer aRemateboda kerZo seqtorSi dasaqmebulTa wils da TviTdasaqmebulTa wili TiTqmis or jer meti iyo, vidre xelfasze momuSaveTa. samuSao adgilebis Semcirebas adgili aqvs ara mxolod kerZo seqtorSi, rac kerZo biznesis arastabilurobis amsaxvelia, aramed aseve saxelmwifo seqtorSic. savaraudoa, rom kerZo seqtorSi bevri samuSao adgili, msxvili kerZo kompaniebis gamoklebiT, daucveli, arastabiluri da 60 saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4 samuSao Zalis bazari, Semosavlebi da socialuri uzrunvelyofa dabalanazRaurebadia da aseve savaraudoa, rom bevri aseTi samuSao adgili araformalur seqtorSia. amave dros, saxelmwifo seqtoris muSakTa didi umravlesoba saxelmwifo samoqalaqo moxeleebi iyvnen (2004 wlis meore kvartalSi 76 procentze meti) da, Tumca rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, garkveuli sakadro reformebi ukve ganxorcielda, maTi ricxvi savaraudod kidev unda Semcirdes. maSin roca maRalCinosani saxelmwifo moxeleebis xelfasebi m kveTrad gaizarda, saxelmwifo moxeleTa umetesobas kvlavac dabali xelfasebi aqvs da ojaxebis sarCenad iZulebuli arian damatebiTi Semosavlis miRebis gzebi gamonaxon. samuSao adgilebis umetesoba, gansakuTrebiT qalaqad, araformalur seqtorSi iqmneba. araformaluri seqtori, romelSic, iseve rogorc mTlianad ekonomikaSi, dominirebs arstabiluri TviTdasaqmeba, warmodgenilia mciremasStabiani saqmianobiT, romelic metwilad ar aris cnobili, aRricxuli da daregulirebuli. arasrulad dasaqmeba, faruli da SeniRbuli umuSevroba farTodaa gavrcelebuli. dasaqmebulTa umetesoba dakavebulia Sromis bazris dabalanazRaurebad da daucvel segmentebSi, sadac cudi samuSao pirobebia Seqmnili. stabiluri, grZelvadiani, sruli ganakveTis samuSao adgilebi iSviaTobas warmoadgens rogorc formalur, aseve araformalur seqtorSic. xangrZlivi umuSevroba aferxebs samuSao Zalis ricxvis zrdas da Sesabamisad, umuSevrobis donis amsaxveli maCvenebelic realurze dabalia. ekonomikuri mdgomareobis maCveneblebi srulad ver asaxaven realuri viTarebis mTel simwvaves imis gamo, rom Sso-s umuSevarTa r icxvis gaangariSebis meTodi ugulvelyofs Sromis anazRaurebis odenobasa da mis Sesabamisobas saarsebo minimumTan. donori organizaciebis mier axali mTavrobisaTvis gansaxilvelad warmodgenili ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da siRaribis daZlevis programa mTavar amocanebs Soris iT valiswinebs siRaribis daZlevas ekonomikuri zrdis xelSewyobis xarjze, rasac axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmna mohyveba. xelfasebi ssd- s SinameurneobaTa gaerTianebuli kvlevis monacemTa Tanaxmad, 2004 wlis 3 meore kvartalSi , daqiravebul muSakTa saSualo Tviuri nominaluri xelfasi, mTeli qveynis masStabiT, 116,2 lari iyo. saSualo wliuri xelfasis wili oTxsuliani ojaxis saarsebo minimumSi 50 procents Seadgenda. Sinameurneobis fuladi Semosavlis anazRaurebis wili 36 procenti iyo, xolo Sinameurneobis mTlian SemosavalSi 22 procentamde Seadgenda. 4 2004 wlis meore kvartalSi sabiujeto organizaciebis muSakTa (muSakTa saerTo ricxvis 49 procentamde) xelfasi, TveSi, saSualod, 78,9 lars Seadgenda. saxelmwifo sawarmoebisa da dawesebulebebis muSakTa (daqiravebul muSakTa 16 procentze meti) saSualo xelfasi TveSi 130,2 lars Seadgenda. sxva kategoriis saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4 61 samuSao Zalis bazari, Semosavlebi da socialuri uzrunvelyofa muSakTa da ucxouri organizaciebisa da erToblivi sawarmos muSakTa (daqiravebul muSakTa 3,7 procenti) Tviuri xelfasi saSualod 264,4 lars Seadgenda. saxelmwifo seqtoris muSakTa xelfasebi (daqiravebul muSakTa 64,2 procenti), iseve rogorc kerZo seqtoris muSakTa didi nawilis anazRaureba, kvlavac bevrad Camouvardeba saarsebo minimums. maSin, roca qalaqad daqiravebiT dasaqmeba SinameurneobaTa Semosavlis mTavar wyarod rCeba, igi iseTive arastabiluria, rogorc qveyanaSi SinameurneobaTa Semosavlis nebismieri sxva wyaro. amas emateba isic, rom mzardi sfi-sa da inflaciis gamo, xelfasebi mxolod nominalur gamosaxulebaSi izrdeba. minimaluri saarsebo done ssd- s safuZvelze Tanaxmad, 90- iani wlebis dasawyisSi SemoRebuli Zveli meTodis gaangariSebuli "oficialuri" saarsebo minimumi, 2004 wlis meore kvartalSi Seadgenda 117 lars saSualo momxmareblisTvis, 133,3 lars momuSave kacisTvis da 232 lars saSualo oTxsul iani ojaxisTvis (2004 wlis mesame kvartlis bolos mdgomareobiT, Sesabamisad 118,8, 135,5 da 235,7 lari). ssd-s ukve didi xania mzad aqvs saarsebo minimumis donis gaangariSebis axali meTodi, romelsac igi am 5 ukanasknel dromde aqveynebda rogorc "alternatiul" saarsebo minimums . Tumca, aRniSnuli meTodebidan romeli ukeT asaxavs realur kalaTas, romelic mizanSewonil saarsebo minimums uzrunvelyofs, SeiZleba sakamaTo sakiTxi iyos. axali "alternatiuli" meTodis safuZvelze gaangariSebuli minimaluri saarsebo doneebi ufro axlosaa qveyanaSi saSualo xelfasis doneebTan, doneze bevrad dabalia. anu "oficialur" rogorc ssd-s gaerTianebuli kvlevis Sedegebi gviCvenebs, 2004 wlis meore kvartalSi qveynis masStabiT daqiravebul muSakTa mxolod 3,7 procentis (ucxouri organizaciebis an erToblivi sawarmoebis muSakTa) anazRaureba aRemateboda oTxsuliani ojaxis saarsebo minimums. momuSave kacisTvis saarsebo minimumze maRali xelfasebi hqonda daqiravebul muSakTa TiTqmis 35 procents (kerZo sawarmoebis, ucxouri organizaciebisa da “sxva” kategoriis muSakebs) da, zemoaRniSnuli 35 procentis garda, kidev 15 procents (saxelmwifo sawarmoebis muSakebs), anu 50 procentis anazRaureba aRemateboda saarsebo minimums saSualo momxmareblisTvis (anu aramomuSave momxmareblisTvis). daqiravebul muSakTa kidev 50 procentis (romlebic Sedgeba saxelmwifo moxeleebisgan) saSualo Tviuri anazRaureba aRniSnul donesac ki bevrad Camouvardeboda da qveynis masStabiT Tanabari 3 sem-is am gamocemaze muSaobis dros, SinameurneobaTa gaerTianebuli kvlevis monacemebi 2004 wlis meore kvartlisTvis bolo xelmisawvdomi monacemebi iyo. 4 sabiujeto organizacia ewodeba saxelmwifo organizacias, romlis dafinanseba saxelmwifo biujetis subsidiebiT xdeba. 5 1999 wlis agvistoSi mTavrobis mier miRebul iqna gadawyvetileba "gaangariSebis meTodSi cvlilebebis Setanisa da minimaluri saarsebo donis gadaangariSebis" Taobaze da agreTve SemuSavda prezidentis dadgenilebis proeqti "saarsebo minimumis gansazRvrisa da gamoyenebis" Sesaxeb da mas Semdeg, aranairi nabijebi ar gadadgmula. 62 saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4 samuSao Zalis bazari, Semosavlebi da socialuri uzrunvelyofa ganakveTis pensiebma saSualo momxmareblisTvis aRniSnuli donis TiTqmis 15 procenti Seadgina. oTxsuliani ojaxisTvis TveSi 232 lariT Tavis rCena ioli amocana ar aris. Tumca zemoTqmulisa da praqtikuli dakvirvebis Tanaxmad, arsebobs bevri iseTi ojaxi, romelic aRniSnulze bevrad naklebi TanxiT irCens Tavs, gansakuTrebiT isini, visac mxolod erTi marCenali hyavs. amave dros, oTxsuliani ojaxic, sadac mxolod erTi wevri muSaobs, danarCenebi ki mis kmayofaze arian, yvelaze gaWirvebul ojaxTa kategorias ar miekuTvneba da, Sesabamisad, saxelmwifo socialuri daxmareba ar ekuTvnis (ix. qvemoT), vinaidan am kategoriaSi mosaxvedrad, ojaxi unda Sedgebodes mxolod umuSevari pensionerebisa da/an oboli bavSvebisgan. cxadia, aRniSnuli problema unda mogvardes iseve, rogorc sxva problemebi, romlebic prioritetebis nusxaSia SesaZleblobebis uzrunvelyofiT. da gansakuTrebiT, meti dasaqmebis socialuri politika da socialuri uzrunvelyofis sistema vinaidan saqarTvelos ekonomikis mniSvnelovani nawili jer kidev araformalur seqtorze modis, mosaxleobis udides nawils, araformaluri seqtoris muSakTa, TviTdasaqmebulTa da umuSevarTa CaTvliT, iseve rogorc maTi ojaxis wevrebs, saerTod aranairi socialuri dacva ar gaaCniaT da daxmareba, romelsac socialuri uzrunvelyofis sistema iTvaliswinebs, garkveulwilad simboluria. saxelmwifo socialuri dacvis sistema Zireul restruqturizacias saWiroebs imisaTvis, rom Seiqmnas ekonomikurad sicocxlisunariani, xelmisawvdomi da Tanabari socialuri uzrunvelyofis sistema, romelic uzrunvelyofs siRaribis warmatebiT daZlevas, da gansakuTrebiT, yvelaze gaWirvebuli mosaxleobis daxmarebas. araadeqvaturi sapensio daxmarebis pirobebSi, xandazmul asakSi myofi mosaxleobis siRaribis daZlevis problema metad mniSvnelovania. socialuri politika da reformebi mTavrobis mTavar prioritetebs Sorisaa da am mimarTulebiT, garkveuli nabijebi ukve gadadgmulia. amJamad, socialurad daucveli mosaxleobisTvis socialuri daxmarebis sami mTavari forma arsebobs (konkretuli j andacvis programebis garda): saxelmwifo socialuri daxmareba, umuSevrobis Semweoba da Tanabari ganakveTis pensiebi. saxelmwifo socialuri daxmareba socialurad daucveli ojaxebisTvis mimarTulia ojaxebze, romlebic Sedgeba mxolod da mxolod "gaWirvebuli umuSevari pensionerebisgan" an oboli bavSvebisagan, an invalidi bavSvebisa da Sromisuunaro wevrebisagan, da mravalSvilian ojaxebze, romelTac 7 da meti Svili yavT. faqtobrivad, es daxmareba warmoadgens erTgvar damatebas, romelic yvelaze Raribi xandazmuli mo saxleobis nawilma simbolur pensiebTan erTad unda miiRos da mcireoden bavSvTa daxmarebas yvelaze Rataki ojaxebisTvis. saxelmwifo socialuri daxmareba Sesabamisi erTsuliani ojaxisaTvis an TiToeuli meurveobaSi myofi oboli bavSvisTvis 22 lars, xolo 2 da metwevr iani pensioneris ojaxisaTvis da mravalSviliani ojaxebisaTvis, romelTac minimum 7 Svili yavT, 35 lars Seadgens. standartuli Tviuri umuSevrobis pirveli eqvsi uzrunvelyofis damatebiTi umuSevrobis Semweoba, romelic registrirebuli Tvis manZilze gaicema, “umuSevarTa socialuri zomebis Sesaxeb” prezidentis a.w. 28 agvistos saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4 63 samuSao Zalis bazari, Semosavlebi da socialuri uzrunvelyofa gankargulebis Tanaxmad, 6 lariT gaizarda da amJamad 20 lars Seadgens umuSevrobis mTeli periodisaTvis. am daxmarebis mimRebTa statusis misaRebad, umuSevarma unda gaiaros registracia da Sesabamisad, unda iqonios formalur seqtorSi muSaobis garkveuli staJi. amis registraciis gavliT, Sedegad, im umuSevarTa ricxvi, romelic Tavs iwuxebs Cveulebriv, realurze bevrad dabalia da Sesabamisad, daxmarebis mimRebTa ricxvi umniSvneloa. sapensio sistema moqmedi pay-as-you-go saxelmwifo sapensio sistemis Tanaxmad, fiqsirebuli ganakveTis xandazmulobis pensia, romelsac qveyanaSi pensionerTa umetesoba iRebs, prezidentis brZanebulebis safuZvelze, 2004 wlis maisSi, 14-dan 18 laramde gaizarda; aqedan 14 lari fiqsire buli ganakveTis sapensio daxmarebis ZiriTadi nawilia da kidev 4 lari gaTvaliswinebulia wina periodSi dagrovebuli sapensio davalianebis dasafaravad. (vinaidan, 2003 wlis aprilidan, TbilisSi pensionerebi damatebiT 3 lars iReben qalaqis biujetidan, maTi pensia 21 lars Seadgenda). premier ministris gankargulebiT, sapensio davalianebebis etapobrivad dasafaravad im pensionerebs, romelTac erTi Tvis yovelTviurad 2 lari unda mieRoT. pensiaze meti ekuTvnodaT, damatebiT Tanabari ganakveTis xandazmulobis pensia ar iTvaliswinebs arc samuSao staJs da arc xelfasis odenobas da momatebis miuxedavad, erTis mxriv, susti stimulia gadasaxadebis gadaxdisTvis da meores mxriv, bevrad Camouvardeba saarsebo minimumis dones (2004 wlis meoTxe kvartalSi, saSualo momxmareblis oficialuri saarsebo minimumis 15 procentze odnav meti). 2005 wlidan, prezidentisa da mTavrobis gadawyvetilebiT, sapensio ganakveTi 28 laramde gaizarda. Pay-as-you -go saxelmwifo sapensio sistema sapensio asakis mTeli mosaxleobisaTvis, didi xania mTeli rigi problemebis winaSe dgas. gardamavali periodis ekonomikis pirobebSi, saxelmwifo sapensio sistema, romelic sabWouri warsulis gadmonaSTs warmoadgens, didi xania araqmediTunariani da gadaxdisuunaro aRmoCnda da arsebiT restruqturizacias saWiroebs. axali mTavrobis ZalisxmeviT aseve miRweul iqna garkveuli winsvla gadasaxadebis Segrovebis mxriv, iklo gadasaxadebis Tavidan acilebisa da dafarvis SemTxvevebma da Sesabamisad, sagadasaxado bazac ramdenadme gafarTovda. amave dros, 2004 wlis 20 agvistodan, socuzrunvelyofis erTianma saxelmwifo fondma daiwyo pensionerebis xelaxali registracia. Tumca, PAYG -is (pay-as-you-go) sapensio sistemis gamarTulad funqcionirebisaTvis unda arsebobdes sxva aucilebeli winapirobebic iseT viTarebaSi, rodesac igi mTlianad gadasaxadebis Segrovebis donezea damokidebuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom axali mTavrobis mier ukve miRebuli iqna konkretuli zomebi mimdinare sapensio ganakveTis gazrdis mizniT da mas sxva RonisZiebebic aqvs SemuSavebuli, moqmedi PAYG -is sapensio sistema kvlavac ver axerxebs Tavisi ZiriTadi 64 funqciis Sesrulebas - uzrunvelyos pensionerebi minimaluri sabazo saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4 samuSao Zalis bazari, Semosavlebi da socialuri uzrunvelyofa pensiebiT. Tumca, maSin roca dasabegri saSualo xelfasis dabali ganakveTis gamo 8 PAYG- is u niversaluri sapensio s istema dRes dabali Canacvlebis koeficientiT xasiaTdeba, pensionerTa umravlesobis saSualo fiqsirebuli ganakveTis pensiebi izrdeba: Tu wina kvartalSi sapensio ganakveTi daqiravebul muSakTa Tviuri xelfasis daaxloebiT 12 procents Seadgenda, 2004 wlis meore kvartalSi 15,5 procentamde gaizarda. Tumca, jer kidev grZeli gzaa gasavleli, vidre pensiebi daakmayofileben pensionerTa minimalur moTxovnebs. dRes -dReobiT ki pensionerTa umetesobas Tavi gaaqvs ojaxis daxmarebiT an cdilobs iSovos nebismieri samuSao, romelic saarsebo minimums uzrunvelyofs. sapensio s istemis reforma mTavrobis prioritetebs Sorisaa, radganac moqmedi sapensio sistemis krizisiT gamowveuli ekonomikuri, politikuri d a socialuri Sedegebi siRaribis riskis winaSe ayenebs umweo pensionerebs, rasac SemdgomSi SeiZleba mohyves socialuri dezintegracia, gamijvna da socialuri gariyva. socialuri dazRveva da sapensio sistemis reforma 2003 wlis ivlisSi, parlamentis mier miRebul iqna mTeli rigi kanonebisa, romlebic SemuSavda msoflio bankTan konsultaciebis Sedegad da, romlebic uzrunvelyofen sadazRvevo principebze dafuZnebuli, socialuri sadazRvevo da axali sapensio sistemebis SemoRebisaTvis saWiro samarTlebriv bazas. esenia: kanoni "savaldebulo sadazRvevo pensiebis Sesaxeb", kanoni "savaldebulo socialuri dazRvevis Sesaxeb" da kanoni "savaldebulo socialuri dazRvevis sistemaSi individualuri (personificirebuli) aRricxvisa da individualuri angariSebis SemoRebis Sesaxeb". (aRniSnuli kanonebis mokle mimoxilva ix. sem -is wina gamocemebSi). miuxedavad imisa, rom parlamentis mier ukve miRebulia samive kanoni, romelmac unda daareguliros socialuri dazRvevisa da savaldebulo sadazRvevo pensiebi, mravalsafexuriani sapensio sistemis amuSavebas garkveuli dro dasWirdeba. Tumca manamde, mniSvnelovania gamWvirvale garemos garantireba sapensio sistemaSi; Sesabamisi kanonmdeblobis Semdgomi SemuSaveba da arsebuli normatiuli aqtebis srulyofa; mimdinare sapensio gasacemlebis regularuli gadaxdisa da dagrovebuli davalianebebis TandaTanobiT dafarvis uzrunvelyofa; personifikaciis ganxorcieleba da saidentifikacio baraTebis SemoReba; da bolos, TandaTanobiT sadazRvevo principebsa da diferencirebul sapensio sistemaze gadasvlis uzrunvelyofa. mravalsafexurianma sapensio sistemam unda uzrunvelyos SesaZleblobaTa nairsaxeoba da arCevanis ufleba maTTvis, visac SesaZlebloba aqvs izrunos momaval pensiebze, personaluri pasuxismg eblobis zrdasTan da investiciebis gansaxorcieleblad saWiro danazogebis fondis SeqmnasTan erTad. Tumca, sistemis SemoRebasa da gamarTuli muSaobis uzrunvelyofas dasWirdeba dro, Zalisxmeva da 8 saSualo pensiis Sefardeba saSualo xelfasTan. saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4 65 samuSao Zalis bazari, Semosavlebi da socialuri uzrunvelyofa investiciebi. reformis warmateba mniSvnelovanwilad damokidebuli iqneba qveyanaSi saerTo ekonomikur mdgomareobaze da ekonomikuri zrdis tempze, iseve rogorc sakanonmdeblo reformebis procesis ganviTarebaze. dResdReobiT, kerZo sapensio sqemebSi monawileobis SesaZlebloba mosaxleobis mxolod mcire nawils Tu eqneba da Tanac, grZe li gzaa gasavleli, vidre es sqemebi ndobas moipovebs maT Soris, visac amis SesaZlebloba gaaCnia. Tumca, maT, vinc endoba axal sqemebs, ukve SeuZlia 9 izrunon kerZo pensiaze . saqarTvelos pirobebSi, sadac amJamad SinameurneobaTa Semosavlebi ukiduresad dabal ia, kerZo sapensio sistema ver Secvlis universalur socialur sadazRvevo sistemas da mxolod da mxolod arCevans sTavazobs maT, visac SesaZlebloba aqvs gaakeTos danazogebi ufro maRali sapensio Semosavlis misaRebad. saxelmwifo sapensio sistemam unda uzrunvelyos pensiis mimRebTaTvis savaldebulo sadazRvevo pensia da damatebis saxiT, nebayoflobiT kerZo sapensio sqemebSi monawileobis SesaZlebloba mravalsafexuriani sapensio sistemis pirobebSic ki. vidre es moxdeba, socialuri gadasaxadis Segrovebisa da gadasaxadebis gadaxdis gaumjobeseba, sagadasaxado bazis Semdgomi gafarToeba, sapensio davalianebebis dafarva da pensionerebisaTvis pensiebis regularuli gadaxdis uzrunvelyofa da sapensio ganakveTis momavlisaTvis. gazrda, yvelaze mniSvnelovan amocanebad rCeba uaxloesi Ca narTi 7.1: sapensio fondebis liberalizacia sapensio fondebi xSirad awydebian samarTlebriv problemebs ucxour aqtivebSi investiciebis ganxorcielebisas. amasTan dakavSirebiT sxvadasxva mizezebi saxeldeba: kapital is angariSis SezRudvebi; mosazreba, r om danazogebi “ekuTvnis” adgilobriv ekonomikas da qveyanaSi unda iyos dabandebuli; an imis SiSi, rom arasruli informaciis Sedegad, finansuri resursebi wamgebianad SeiZleba iqnes dabandebuli da sapensio fonds danakargebi eqneba. magram, amasTan erTad gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoeba, rom sapensio fondebis saerTaSoriso masStabiT diversifikacias SeiZleba mohyves metad mniSvnelovani dadebiTi efeqti, gansakuTrebiT mcire erovnuli ekonomikis mqone qveynebisaTvis. ufro dabali riski da zogjer, ufro maRali Semosavlebis miReba SesaZlebelia grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi, saerTaSoriso investiciebis ganxorcielebis Sedegad, romelic icavs investorebs qveynisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli riskebisgan, rogoricaa magaliTad inflacia da maT aZlevs kapitalis iseT qveynebSi gadatanis SesaZleblobas, sadac yvelaze maRal Semosavlebis miRebis saSualeba arsebobs . kapitalis Tavisufal gadaadgilebaze gadasvla SeiZleba TandaTanobiT moxdes, 9 kanoni “arasaxelmwifo sapensio dazRvevis Sesaxeb” SemoRebul iqna 1998 wels. 2001 wlis maisSi daarsebuli kompania “saqarTvelos sapensio sainvesticio holdingi” (GPIH), moqmed universalur PAYG -is sapensio sistemasTan erTad, mosaxleobas aseve nebayoflobiT kerZo sapensio dazRvevas sTavazobs. 66 saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4 samuSao Zalis bazari, Semosavlebi da socialuri uzrunvelyofa rameTu sapensio fondebis xelmZRvanelobas hqondes dro imisaTvis, rom gaerkvnen ucxour investiciebSi da minimumamde daiyvanon is negatiuri Sedegebi, romelebic SeiZleba mohyves am operaciebi s gatarebas qveynis kapitalis angariSze. nebismieri SezRudvebi kapitalze gadasaxadiviT aris. mdidrebs xSirad exerxebaT Tavis daRweva kapitalis kontrolisgan, maSin roca finansuri represiis mTeli simZime awveba saSualo da dabali Semosvlis mqone moqalaqeebs, romelTac TavianTi danazogebis arsebiTi nawili Cadebuli aqvT sapensio gegmebSi. Tu ki fondebis garkveuli nawili sazRvargareT iqneba dabandebuli, es moqalaqeebi ukve daculi iqnebian nebismieri finansuri krizisisagan TavianT qveyanaSi. sapensio rezervebma, romelic qveynis Sida bazarzea mibmuli, SeiZleba droTa ganmavlobaSi kleba ganicados, realur gamosaxulebaSi Semosavlebis Tundac umniSvnelo vardnis gamo an erTbaSad Semcirdes, ekonomikis sxva dargebSi vardnis Sedegad, rogorc magaliTad im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mTavrobas msxvili sabanko sistemis an saxelmwifo sawarmos danakargebi gadaaqvs sapensio fondze da igi gakotrebuli rCeba. dafinansebuli sapensio sqemebi xSirad ganixileba rogorc erovnuli danazoge bis gazrdisa da grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi, Sida kapitalis formirebis saSualeba. xSirad sapensio fondebis finansuri saxsrebis gadineba qveynisaTvis danakargad miiCneva. mTavrobebs SeuZliaT am danakargis minimumade Semcireba adgilobrivi finansuri bazrebisaTvis pirobebis gaumjobesebis Sedegad da zogadad, kapitalze kontrolis SemsubuqebiT. kapitalis Tavisuflad gadineba exmareba kapitalis Semodinebis stimulirebas, vinaidan saerTaSoriso investorebi umTavresad dainteresebuli arian imaSi, rom saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi swrafad datovon bazari. ormxrivi an mravalmxrivi aqtivebi, romelSic sapensio fondebi ori an meti qveynidan Sesabamisad iyofen investiciebs, riskebsa da Semosavlebis albaTobas sakuTar qveynebSi, SesaZloa Camoyalibdes rogorc finansuri siaxle, romelmac SesaZlebeli unda gaxados qveynis riskis diversifikacia, anu ama Tu im qveynisaTvis gr Zelvadiani kapitaluri dabandebis ganxorcieleba finansuri (wminda) danakargis gareSe. sapensio fondebisaTvis diversifikaciis d aSveba xels uwyobs stabilizaciis Sida politikisadmi ndobis damkv idrebas da uzrunvelyofs adgilobrivi ekonomikis gaxsnis ufro farTo procesis dawyebis SesaZleblobas imisaTvis, rom igi msoflio ekonomikis nawili gaxdes, romlis gakontroleba martivad SeiZleba. wyaro: sapensio asakis uzrunvelyofa: xandazmulTa dacvisa da ekonomikuri zrdis xelSewyobis politika. msoflio bankis politikuri kvlevis angariSi saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4 67 Tavi merve. saqarTvelo-evrokavSiris urTierTobebi saqarTvelos vaWroba evrokavSirTan saqarTvelos statistikis departamentis 2004 wlis ianvar -seqtembris monacemebis mixedviT, saqarTvelos vaWrobam evrokavSiris qveynebTan (25 qveyana) 510,9 milioni aSS dolari Seadgina, rac 33,1 procentiT metia wina wlis Sesabamis maCvenebelTan SedarebiT. saqarTvelos eqsportma evrokavSiris bazarze Seadgina 75,8 milioni dolari (wina wlis Sesabamisi periodis 136,9 procenti). evropulma importma saqarTveloSi Seadgina 435,1 milioni aSS dolari (132,5 procenti). saangariSo periodSi evrokavSiris wevri qveynebis wilad modis saqarTvelos sagareo savaWro brunvis 29,8 procenti, maT Soris eqsportis 16,6 procenti da importis 34,5 procenti. 2004 wlis ianvar-seqtemberSi saqarTvelos umsxvilesi savaWro partniorebis pirvel aTeulSi Sedis evrokavS iris 3 qveyana – gaerTianebuli samefo, germania, italia da plus TurqeTi da maTi savaWro brunva Semdegnairad Camoyalibda: ixileT cxrili 8.1. cxrili 8.1 saqarTvelos vaWroba evrokavSiris 3 qveyanasTan da TurqeTTan 2004 wlis ianvari-seqtemberi (aTasi aSS dolari) 2004 wlis ianvari - seqtemberi eqsporti importi brunva 26542,3 124957,9 151500,2 germania 10263,6 102280,9 111544,5 italia 7261,5 49257,8 56519,2 TurqeTi sul: 75381,0 119448,0 142094,9 418591,5 217475.9 53039,8 gaerTianebuli samefo wyaro: saqarTvelos statistikis departamenti 68 saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4 saqarTvelo- evrokavSiris urTierTobebi cxrili 8.2. saqarTvelos seqtemberi (aTasi aSS dolari) vaWroba evrokavSiris 2004 wlis qveynebTan 2004 wlis ianvari- ianvari seqtemberi brunva importi eqsporti Bbalansi Aavstria 17528,9 17376,2 152, 7 -17223,5 Bbelgia 13092,2 9935,0 3157,2 -6777,7 dania safrangeTi 7035,8 53130,6 6897,8 46902,0 138,0 6228,6 -6759,8 -40673,4 germania 111544,5 101280,9 10263,6 -91017,4 saberZneTi 14299,2 10864,2 3435,0 -7429,2 irlandia 1527,5 1471,8 55,7 -1416,1 italia -41996,3 56519,3 49257,8 7261,5 luqsemburgi 297,3 177,2 120,1 -57,0 niderlandis 28963,8 22409,0 6554,8 -15854,2 portugalia 1591,8 1575,5 16,3 -1559,2 fineTi 4516,0 4516,0 - -4516,0 EespaneTi 11968,7 4787,3 7181,4 -2394,1 SvedeTi 2548,1 2494,2 53,9 -2440,3 151500,2 124957,9 26542,3 -98415,6 139,8 74,7 65,1 -9,6 Kkviprosi Llatvia 4640,0 297,3 4233,5 2106,8 406,5 661,8 -3827,0 -1445,0 Llitva 2377,9 1844,7 533,2 -1311,5 Mmalta 400,7 1,0 399,7 398,7 poloneTi 5950,6 5299,4 651,2 -4648,2 slovakeTi 1236,6 1073,1 1636,5 563,4 slovenia 2425,9 2425,9 - -2425,9 ungreTi 7153,3 7153,3 - -7153,3 6249,6 506935,5 5945,1 435060,3 304,5 75819,6 -5640,6 -364029 gaerTianebuli samefo estoneTi CexeTi sul wyaro: saqarTvelos statistikis departamenti cxril i 8.3 saqarTvelos vaWroba evrokavSirSi gawevrianebis kandidat qveynebTan 2004 wlis ianvari-seqtemberi (aTasi aSS dolari) 2004 wlis ianvari – seqtemberi brunva bulgareTi importi eqsporti balansi 33551,7 23193,5 10358,2 -12835,3 TurqeTi 217475,9 142094,9 75381,0 -66713,9 rumineTi sul 9758,1 260785,6 9324,3 174612,7 433,8 86173 -8890,5 -88439,7 wyaro: saqarTvelos statistikis departamenti saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4 69 saqarTvelo- evrokavSiris urTierTobebi uaxlesi movlenebi saqarTvelo- evrokavSiris urTierTobebSi evrokavSirisa da saqarTvelos urTierTobebSi wels mraval i mniSvnelovani movlena aRiniSna. evrokavSiris evropul samezoblo politikaSi urTierTTanamSromlobis sakiTxebis gafarToebasTan mocemulia uaxlesi miRwevebis sruli mimoxilva. dakavSirebiT qveTavSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani movlena, romelsac adgili hqonda evrokavSirisa da saqarTvelos urTierTobebSi am u axloes periodSi, aris saqarTvelos CarTva evrokavSiris samezoblo politikaSi (ENP). 2004 wlis 14 ivnisis daskvnebSi, evro sabWom gaiTvaliswina evroparlamentis, komisiis, evro sabWos/CFSP –sagareo da usafrTxoebis politi kis umaRlesi warmomadgenlebis (SG/HR) da samxreT kavkasiis sakiTxebSi evrokavSiris specialuri warmomadgen lebis rekomendaciebs da mivida im daskvnamde, rom somxeTi, azerbaijani da saqarTvelo CarTul iqnen ENP-Si. saqarTvelosaTvis gasagebia, rom ENP ar aris pirdapir dakavSirebuli evrokavSirSi axali mezobeli qveynebis gawevrianebis SesaZleblobasTan; Tumca, saqarTvelo evrokavSiris mier mezobel qveynebTan gasatarebel politikas miiCnevs erT-erT ZiriTad meqanizmad, romelic xels Seuwyobs misi evropaSi integraciis process. saqarTvelo acnobierebs, rom es ara marto xels Seuwyobs saqarTvelos ekonomikisa da politikis ganviTarebas da daaaxloebs mas evrokavSirTan, aramed daexmareba regionSi, samxreT kavkasiis qveynebs Soris mWidro kavSirebis ganviTarebas. saqarTvelo mii Cnevs, rom evrokavSirisa da saqarTvelos urTierTTanamSromloba ara mxolod im sferoebze unda iyos koncentrirebuli, romlebic romlebic dadgenilia PCA-s mier, aramed unda moagvaros iseTi sakiTxebic, ar aris ganxiluli arsebul SeTanxmebaSi, magaliTad terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZola. 2004 wlis aprilSi ministrTa kabinetis mier damtkicda saxelmwifo ministris Tanamdeboba evropuli integraciis sakiTxebSi, riTac saqarTvelos mTavrobam xazi gausva imas, Tu ra didi mniSvneloba aqvs saqarTvelos axali xelmZRvanelobisaTvis evropu l integracias. saxelmwifo ministri - qalbatoni Tamar beruCaSvili koordinirebas uwevs saqarTvelos mTavrobaSi im uwyebebs, romlebic CarTulni arian integraciis procesSi, saqarTveloSi da a.S. aseve PCA –s ganxorcielebas, evrokavSiris programebs 2004 wlis ivlisSi Seiqmna saqar Tvelos evrokavSirSi integraciis komisia, romlis mizans warmoadgens saqarTvelos evrokavSirSi integrirebis procesebis xelSewyoba da aRniSnuli kuTxiT saqarTvelos mTavrobis saqmianobis koordinacia, PCA SeTanxmebis ganxorcielebis xelSewyoba da evrokavSiris samezoblo politikaSi efeqturi monawileobis uzrunvelyofa. evropuli usafrTxoebisa da Tavdacvis politikis CarCoebSi, evrokavSiris sakanonmdeblo misiis dawyeba saqarTveloSi warmoadgenda m imdinare wlis meore metad mniSvnelovan sakiTxs. briuselSi saqarTvelos prezidentis vizitis dros mis mier wamoWrili winadadebisa da mogvianebiT doqtor solanasadmi premier- ministris 70 saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4 saqarTvelo- evrokavSiris urTierTobebi mier miwerili oficialuri werilis Tanaxmad, evrokavSiris komisiam gadawyvita saqarTveloSi gaexsna sakanonmdeblo misia (EUJUST THEMIS). unda aRiniSnos is garemoeba, rom am misiis saqmianobis dawyeba moxda Zalze mokle periodSi. da EUJUST THEMIS programis ganxorcieleba TbilisSi daiwyo 2004 wlis 22 ivliss unda gagrZeldes 12 Tvis ganmavlobaSi. es aris evrokavSiris evropuli usafrTxoebisa da Tavdacvis politikis (ESDP) konteqstSi, evrokavSiris mier dawyebuli sakanonmdeblo misiis pirveli piroba. agreTve evrokavSiris iniciativas warmoadgens evropaSi samxedro Zalebis moculobis gazrdis sakiTxi. 1999 wlis ivnisSi, kiolnSi evrosabWom gadawyvita evrokavS irisTvis garkveuli avtonomiuri moqmedebis miniWeba, saimedo samxedro Zalebis mxardaWeriT, raTa SesaZlebeli gaxdes maT gamoyenebasa da mzadyofnasTan dakavSirebuli gadawyvetilebebis miReba saerTaSoriso krizisis mogvarebis mizniT, NATO-s Carevis gareSe. centraluri xelisuflebis doneze misia mxars uWers, xelmZRvanelobas uwevs da rCevebs aZlevs ministrebsa da m aRali Tanamdebobis pirebs. m isiam agreTve xeli unda Seuwyos saqarTvelos mTavrobas reformebis procesebis koordinirebaSi, romlebic mTlianad damokidebulia evrokavSiris daxmarebasa da sxva donorebis saqmianobebze sakanonmdeblo sferos farglebSi. saqarTvelos prezidenti, misi aRmatebuleba batoni mixeil saakaSvili 2004 wlis 5-7 aprils oficialuri vizitiT imyofeboda briuselSi. prezidenti Sexvda komisiis prezidents romano prodis, sagareo urTierTobis komisiis wevrs kristofer patens, baton xavier solanas da gamovida evroparlamentis winaSe. prezidenti saakaSvili agreTve sityviT gamovida londonis saerTaSoriso urTierTobis samefo institutSi. saqarTvelos premier-ministri bato ni zurab Jvania ewvia briusels 2004 wlis 15- 18 ivniss, sadac mas hqonda Sexvedrebi komisiis wevr kristofer patenTan, baton solanasTan da komisiis wevr Janez potoCnikTan. premier -ministri Jvania agreTve sityviT gamovida evropuli politikis centrSi. SG/HR x avier solana oficialuri ianvarSi vizitiT ewvia da hqonda Sexvedrebi saqarTvelos axal saqarTvelos 2004 xelmZRvalobasTan. es wlis viziti qarTuli sazogadoebriobis mier saTanadod iqna Sefasebuli, rogorc evrokavSiris mier saqarTvelos mxardasaWerad gadadgmuli kid ev erTi nabiji. ENP-Si Sesvlis Semdeg, 2004 wlis 5-6 ivliss saqarTveloSi Sedga komisiis wevris b-n Janez potoCnikis viziti, romlis mizans warmoadgenda ENP-s mniSvnelobis axsna. xelisuflebis wevrebTan Sexvedris garda batoni potoCniki sityviT gamovida saqarTvelos sazogadoebis f arTo auditoriis winaSe d a isaubra im nabijebis Sesaxeb, romlebic unda gadaidgas qveyanis mier sabWos gadawyvetilebis Tanaxmad. 2004 wlis 16-17 seqtembers, saqarTvelos ewvia evrokomisiis prezidenti romano prodi. es iyo evrokomisiis prezidentis pirveli viziti saqarTveloSi, romlis drosac xazi gaesva evrokavSiris did dainteresebas saqarTvelos mimarT da mis CarTvas ENP-Si. prezidenti prodis sityvebiT “evrokavSiri mTlianad uWers mxars samxreT kavkasiis qveynebs, raTa demokratiul faseulobebze dayrdnobiT aSendes saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4 71 saqarTvelo- evrokavSiris urTierTobebi stabiluri sazogadoeba da am qveynebs hqondeT evrokavSirTan urTierTobis realuri perspeqtivebi, rac xels Seuwyobs maT kavSirs evropasTan.” 2004 wlis 14 seqtembers briuselSi Sedga evrokavSirisa da saqarTvelos urTierTTanamSromlobis rigiT VI sabWo. i g i imavdroulad warmoadgenda pirvel sabWos, romelic Sedga saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebuli 2003 wlis noembris politikuri movlenebisa da evrokavSiris gafarToebis Semdeg. sabWos hqonda gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba im faqtis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom igi Sedga ENP-Si saqarTvelos Sesvlis Semdeg. axali realobe bisa da arsebuli pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT sabWos ufro meti mniSvneloba mieniWa. evrokavSirisa da saqarTvelos urTierTTanamSromlobis rigiT IV komitetis Sexvedra Sedga 2004 wlis 16 ivliss. sakiTxebi, romlebic ganxiluli iqna am Sexvedraze exeboda mimdinare politikur da ekonomikur mdgomareobas, saqarTvelos damokidebulebas ENP-is mimarT, urTierTobebs ruseTTan, terorizmTan brZolas, sakanonmdeblo misiis principebis mniSvnelobas saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi da a.S. 2004 wlis 10 agvistos evrokavSiris saxeliT gakeTda warmomadgenlobis deklaracia samxreT oseTSi arsebuli mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, sadac evrokavSirma gamoxata Tavisi damokidebuleba samxreT oseTSi ganviTarebuli movlenebis Sesaxeb, Seafasa konfliqturi zonis ganiaraRebis procesi, rogorc winapiroba daZabulobis ganmuxtvis mxriv, gamoxata Tavisi mxardaWera euTo- s saqmianobasTan dakavSirebiT regionSi da kvlav daubrunda saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis sakiTxs. 2004 wlis 14 oqtombers, evroparlamentma miiRo rezolucia saqarTvelosTan dakavSirebiT, romelSic kidev erTxel gamoxata Tavisi mxardaWera saqarTvelos teritoriul mTlianobasTan dakavSirebiT. evroparlamentma TxovniT mimarTa evrokavSiris sabWos mxardaWerisTvis regionSi euTo-s misiis Semdgomi ganviTarebis mizniT, arakano nierad CaTvala afxazeTSi Catarebuli saprezidento arCevnebi, sabWosa da komisias mosTxova saqarTvelos teritoriul mTlianobasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxis dRis wesrigSi Setana ruseTTan dialogis dros. amasTan ruseTis federacias mimarTa winadadebiT S eesrulebina stambulSi aRebuli valdebulebebi da moiTxova evrokavSiris aqtiuri monawileoba regionSi dadebiTi Zvrebis ganxorcielebis mizniT. es rezolucia Zalzed mniSvnelovania, vinaidan is aris axladarCeuli evroparlamentis (EP) mier miRebuli pirveli rezolucia saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi. saqarTvelos sagareo politika saqarTvelos sagareo da usafrTxoebis politikis mizania Seiqmnas usafrTxo, demokratiuli da stabiluri garemo, mxari dauWiros demokratiul principebze agebuli Tavisufali sazogadoebis Camoyalibebas, sadac daculi iqneba moqalaqeTa uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi. politikam unda uzrunvelyos saqarTvelos saxelmwifos interesebis dacva, aamaRlos qveynis Tavdacvisunarianoba da xeli Seuwyos saerTaSoriso valdebulebebis Sesrulebas. evropuli integracia 72 saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4 saqarTvelo- evrokavSiris urTierTobebi saqarTvelos sagareo politik is mniSvnelovan prioritets warmoadgens evropis politikis, ekonomikisa da usafrTxoebis struqturebSi sruli integraciis miRweva. evrokavSirTan mWidro urTierTTanamSromloba sagareo politikis ZiriTad mizans. warmoadgens saqarTvelos 1999 wlis 1 ivliss ZalaSi S evida partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis SeTanxmeba (PCA), romelic evrokavSirisa da saqarTvelos urTierTobebSi axal etapad iqna aRiarebuli. Camoyalibda SeTanxmebiT gaTvaliswinebuli evrokavSirisa da saqarTvelos urTierTTanamSromlobis institutebi da maTi warmomadgenlobe bis Sexvedras mieca regularuli xasiaTi (Sexvedrebi tardeba weliwadSi erTxel). evrokavSiri saqarTveloSi axorcielebs ramodenime programa s: tasisis, sasursaTo usafrTxoebis programa, gansakuTrebuli finansuri daxmarebis pr ograma da reabilitaciis proeqti, romelic miznad isaxavs, saqarTveloSi (cxinvalis regionsa da afxazeTSi) konfliqturi procesebis mogvarebas. garda amisa, evrokavSirma mxari dauWira samxreT kavkasiaSi regionalur urTierTTanamSromlobas, romelic miznad isaxavs iseTi proeqtebis ganxorcielebas, rogoric aris traseka (evropis, kavkasiisa da aziis satransporto derefani) da INOGATE (saxelmwifoTaSoris navTobisa da gazis transporti). evrokavSir sa da saqarTvelos Soris partniorobisa da urTierTTanamSromlobis saqarTvelos samTavrobo komisiam 2003 wlis seqtemberSi miiRo saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis evrokavSiris kanonmdeblobasTan harmonizaciis erovnuli programa. 2003 wlis ivlisSi evrosabWom samxreT kavkasiaSi daniSna evrosabWos sagangebo warmomadgeneli. am Tanamdebobaze daniSnuli iqna batoni heiki talviti (fineTi). sagangebo warmomadgenlis mandati gulisxmobs samxreT kavkasiuri qveynebis mxardaWeras Semdeg sakiTxebSi: politikuri da ekonomikuri reformebis danergva, konfliqte bis mogvareba, regionaluri urTierTTanamSromloba da regionSi evrokavSiris politikis SesaZl eblobebis gazrda. evrokavSirsa da saqarTvelos warmoadgens ENP-Si saqarTvelos samezoblo politikaSi safuZveli urTierTobebSi umniSvnelovanes movlenas CarTva . saqarTvelos gawevrianebam evropis Cauyara axal urTierTobebs evrokavSirsa da saqarTvelos Soris da gza gauxsna or mxares Soris urTierTobebis axal SesaZleblobebs. saqarTvelo evrokavSiris samezoblo politikaSi monawileobas ganixilavs, rogorc instruments. evrokavSirSi saqarTvelos mWidro integraciis m niSvnelovan evro-atlantikuri integracia saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis politika efuZneba im princips, rom evroatlantikur arealSi usafrTxoebis dacva aucilebelia da saqarTvelo, rogorc samxreT-aRmosavleT evropis qveyana am yvelafris ganuyofeli nawilia. usafrTxoebis saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4 73 saqarTvelo- evrokavSiris urTierTobebi axali evropuli sistema, romelic emyareba ganaxlebul evropul da evroatlantikur organizaciebs, ar iqneba sruli, Tu ar Camoyalibda Savi zRvis usafrTxoebis saimedo sistema. saqarTvelo evropaSi erTaderT Tavdacvis organizaciad miiCnevs natos, romelic srulad emsaxureba Tavisi wevri qveynebis usafrTxoebis interesebs da pasuxobs arsebul muqarebsa da gamowvevebs. 1994 wels saqarTvelom aqtiurad daiwyo mravalmxrivi TanamSromloba aSS-sTan d a g a x d a natos programis - partnioroba mSvidobisaTvis - wevri. saqarTvelom warmatebiT ganaxorciela yvela am iniciativisaTvis saWiro RonisZieba. 2004 wlis maisSi stambulis natos samitze saqarTvelos prezidentma gamoacxada, rom oTx weliwadSi saqarTvelos eqneba aliansSi gawevrianebis SesaZlebloba. natos programaSi partnioroba mSvidobisaTvis - monawileobiT da aqtiuri partniorobiT saqarTvelom gamoxata Tavisi miswrafeba SeuerTdes evro-atlantikuri demokratiuli saxelmwifoebis ricxvs, raTa mSvidobis uzrunvelsayofad da evropis kontinentze stabilurobis SesanarCuneblad gainawilos pasuxismgebloba. 2004 wlis 28 oqtombers Crdilo atlantikurma sabWom saqarTvelosaTvis daamtkica individualuri partniorobis samoqmedo gegma, romelic saqarTvelo -natos urTierTobaSi warmoadgens axal etaps. saqarTvelo individualuri partniorobis samoqmedo gegmas im meqanizmad miiCnevs, romelic xels Seuwyobs saqarTvelosa da natos Soris politikur dialogsa da konsultaciebs, raTa uzrunvelyofil iqnas Sesabamisi urTierTTanamSromloba natosTan, aseve waaxalisebs da mxars dauWers demokratiul reformebs qveyanaSi. progresi am gegmis ganxorcielebaSi xels Seuwyobs saqarTvelos monawileobas samoqmedo gegmaSi. aSS-sTan strategiul partniorobas saqarTvelo evro-atlantikur struqturebSi integraciis saWiro winapirobad da erovnuli usafrTxoebis garantad miiCnevs. natoSi gawevrianeba da evrokavSirSi integracia saqarTvelos sagareo politikisa da usafrTxo ebis ZiriTadi prioritetia. rogorc partniori da SemdegSi rogorc evro -atlantikuri sazogadoebis wevrobis pretendenti, saqarTvelo miznad isaxavs, rom ara mxolod isargeblos usafrTxoebis saerTo sistemiT, aramed aqtiuri monawileoba miiRos am usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofaSi. brZola terorizmis winaaRmdeg saqarTvelo Tavidanve SeuerTda antiteroristul koalicias. avRaneTsa da eraySi kampaniebis mxardasaWerad man koalicias s a h aero sivrce da aeroportebi SesTavaza. saqarTvelos eraySi hyavs mSvidobisdamcveli kontingenti da apirebs am procesebSi Tavisi monawileobis gazrdas. qveynis SeiaraRebuli Zalebidan saqarTvelom avRaneTSi gaagzavna SenaerTi, romelic Sedis germaniis mSvidobisdamcveli samxedro SenaerTis SemadgenlobaSi da monawileobs samSvidobo misiaSi, romelsac axorcielebs saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis damxmare Zalebi (ISAF). saqarTvelos samxedro potenciali mniSvnelovnad gafarTovda “saqarTvelos wvrTnisa 74 da aRWurvis programis” saSualebiT, romelic 2002 wels aSS-is saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4 saqarTvelo- evrokavSiris urTierTobebi mxardaWeriT daiwyo da warmatebiT ganxorcielda. gawvrTnil batalio nebs gavlili aqvT antiteroristuli momzadeba. maTi gamoyeneba ki SesaZlebelia rogorc saqarTveloSi, ise mis gareT samSvidobo da antiteroristul moqmedebebSi monawileobis misaRebad. wvrTnisa da aRWurvis programa saqarTveloSi stabilizaciis Zlier faqtors warmoadgenda teroristuli da sxva aralegaluri qmedebebis sawinaaRmdegod. situaciis stabilizaciis mizniT, programam 2002 wels ukve iTamaSa dadebiTi roli pankisis xeobaSi, sadac TavSesafars poulobdnen CeCeni da alqaidasTan dakavSirebuli sxva ucxoeli teroristebi. pankisis xeobaSi saqarTvelom warmatebiT ganaxorciela antiteroristuli operacia. amJamad regioni Tavisaufalia teroristebisa da mebrZolebisagan. pankisSi situacia mSvidia da regioni saqarTvelos Zalovani struqturebis kontrolis qveS imyofeba. saqarTvelo ganagrZo bs sazRvris gaZlierebul dacvasa da politikuri RonisZiebebis gatarebas. amasTanave aRsaniSnavia, rom regionSi situaciis mTlianad daregulireba SeuZlebelia, Tu mSvidoba da stabiluroba ar iqna damyarebuli mezobel CeCneTSi (ruseTis federacia). saqarTvelosa da aSS-s Soris strategiuli, politikuri da samxedro urTierTobebi momavalSi gaRrmavdeba da gaZlierdeba gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu natos interesTa sfero gadainacvlebs. dasavleT evropidan aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi demokratiulma revoluciam saqarTvelos mimarT socialuri, sakanonmdeblo evropisa da Sua aziisken gaaZliera aSS -s daxmareba da ekonomikuri reformebis sferoSic. aSS -s administraciam SeimuSava “aTaswleulis mimarTulia saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi amerikuli kapitalis programa”, romelic dabandebisken. kerZo amerikuli Tanxebis Setana saqarTvelos bazarze magaliTis mimcemi iqneba sxva qveynebisTvisac, rac Tavis mxriv, gazrdis saqarTveloSi ekonomikuri reformebis warmatebiT ganxorcielebis Sansebs. urTierTobebi mezobel qveynebTan da regionaluri urTierTTanamSromloba urTierTobebi ruseTis federaciasTan ruseTis federaciasTan urTierTobebis ganviTareba, romelic emyareba ormxrivi pativiscemis princips, yovelTvis warmoadgenda saqarTvelos sagareo politikis umniSvnelovanes prioritets. saqarTvelos axalma xelmZRvanelobam ukve gadadga pirveli nabijebi rusul mxaresTan dialogis gamarTvis mizniT. miuxedavad imisa, rom ekonomikuri potenciali ar aris mTlianad gamoyenebuli, vaWrobis moculobis mxriv ruseTi saqarTvelosaTvis kvlav rCeba umniSvnelovanes savaWro partniorad. saqarTvelo-ruseTs Soris arsebuli molaparakebebi, romlebic exeba ruseTis gawevrianebas msoflio savaWro organizaciaSi, damTavrebulia, magram ruseTma unda miiRos gadawyvetilebebi am molaparakebebze saqarTvelos mxridan dayenebul sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT. saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4 75 saqarTvelo- evrokavSiris urTierTobebi saqarTvelo, rogorc antiteroristuli koaliciis aqtiurad TanamSromlobda rusul mxaresTan. orive mxare kontrols saqarTvelo-ruseTis sazRvarze yazbegis raionSi. 2000 wel s ruseTma calmxrivad SemoiRo wevri, am sferoSi awarmoebs erTobliv gansxvavebuli savizo reJimi saqarTvelos mimarT, romelic ar moicavda saqarTvelos separatistul regionebs. 2004 wlis damdegidan saqarTvelom TviTonve gaamartiva sakuTari savizo reJimi da vizebis gacema daiwyo saqarTvelos yvela kanonieri sazRvris gadamkveT punqtSi. am Jests ruseTi jer ar gamoxmaurebia. ruseTis samxedro bazebisgan gaTavisufleba saqarTvelos erovnul interesebSia. 1999 wels euTos samitze gamarTuli molaparakebebis dros, xelmoweril iqna stambulis erToblivi gancxadeba, romlis mixedviTac saqarTvelosa da ruseTis mxare SeTanxmdnen or ZiriTad principze: a) molaparakebebis saboloo Sedegia saqarTvelodan ruseTis samxedro Zalebis sruli gayvana; 2) ruseTis samxedro bazebis darCenis xangrZlivoba unda ganisazRvros maTi funqcionirebis SewyvetisaTvis aucilebeli periodiT. ruseTma mxolod nawilobriv Seasrula stambolis valdebulebebi. gudauTis (romelic mdebareobs afxazeTis konfliqtur zonaSi), baTumisa d a axalqalaqis samxedro bazebis daxurvisa da gayvanis sakiTxi kvlav gadauWrelia. ruseTi moiTxovs 11 weliwads baTumisa da axalqalaqis bazebis gasayvanad, romlebSic Sedis 3600 TanamSromeli. saqarTvelo ki moiTxovs, rom es yovelive weliwadSi. ganxorcieldes 3 ormxriv urTierTobaTa meore problematuri sakiTxia afxazeTisa da cxinvalis regionebSi konfliqtis mogvareba da saqarTvelos sasazRvro punqtebTan usafrTxoebis akontrolebs. dacva, romlebsac jer jerobiT saqarTvelos xelisufleba ver saerTaSoriso terorizmTan, aseve kontrabandasTan, narkotikebisa da iaraRis trefikingTan d a sxva aralegalur saqmianobebTan brZolis mizniT, saqarTvelos mxarem ruseTis mxares ramdenjerme mimarTa winadadebiT, rom afxazeTsa da samxreT oseTSi saqarTvelo-ruseTis sazRvarTan damyardes erToblivi kontroli. es SemoTavazeba ruseTs jer ar miuRia. ruseTma daarRvia 2003 wlis martSi saqarTvelosa da ruseTs Soris dadebuli soWis SeTanxmeba da calmxrivad aRadgina sarkinigzo kavSiri TviTgamocxadebul afxazeTTan. iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli mosaxleobis dabrunebis sakiTxi kvlav Ria rCeba. evrokavSirsa da damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa TanamegobrobaSi miRweuli SeTanxmebebis, aseve saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis ugulebelyofiT, ruseTi agrZelebs afxazeTis separatistuli regionis mcxovrebTaTvis moqalaqeobis micemas, axorcielebs aralegalur privatizacias, inarCunebs pirdapir kontaqts separatistuli reJimis aRmasrulebel da sakanonmdeblo struqturebTan. 76 saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4 saqarTvelo- evrokavSiris urTierTobebi ruseTi ar iRebs saqarTvelos winadadebebs, romlebic exeba cxinvalis demilitarizacias, euTos monitorings regionis mTel teritoriaze da erToblivi permanentuli sabaJo punqtis Seqmnas rokis uReltexilis saqarTvelo-ruseTis sazRvarze. saqarTvelo-ruseTis saxelmwifo sazRvris gamijvnisa da gamoyofis procesi SeCerebulia, radgan rusuli mxare ar daswrebia gamijvnisa da gamoyofis komisiis Sexvedras. aRniSnuli sakiTxebis gadasawyvetad saqarTvelo mzad aris, raTa aqtiuri dialogi gamarTos ruseTTan. urTierTobebi sxva mezobel qveynebTan istoriulad, saqarTvelo yovelTvis TamaSobda wamyvan rols kavkasiaSi regionaluri urTierTTanamSromlobis xelSesawyobad. bolo aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelom gadadga rigi nabijebi, raTa dialogi gamarTuliyo samxreT kavkasiis sam saxelmwifos Soris. saqarTvelom xeli moawera SeTanxmebebs, romlebic exeba somxeTTan da az erbaijanTan urTierTTanamSromlobas. 1996 wlis TebervalSi saqarTvelo gamovida mSvidobian i kavkasiis iniciativiT, ramac safuZveli unda moamzados kavkasiaSi xangrZlivi mSvidobisa da stabilurobis dasamyareblad. saqarTvelosaTvis TurqeTi mniSvnelovani partnioria. urTierTTanamSromlobaSi Sedis Tavdacvisa da usafrTxoebis sakiTxebi. TurqeTi did daxmarebas uwevs saqarTvelos samxedro wvrTnisa da ganaTlebis sakiTxSi. 2004 wels kidev ufro gaRrmavda sammxrivi TanamSromloba aSS -TurqeT-saqarTvelos Soris. or mTavar regionalur proeqts enrgetikis seqtorSi – baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis navTobsadeni da samxreT kavkasiis gazsadeni (baqo -Tbilisi-erzrumi) – ara mxolod ekonomikuri mniSveneloba gaaCnia, aramed regionSi stabilizaciis funqciac gaaCnia . rodesac 2 0 0 5-2006 wlebSi daiwyeba am proeqtebis ganxorcieleba, isini evropul bazarze Seitanen alternatiul energo resursebs. navTobsadenis usafrTxoebis dacvis mizniT saqarTvelo gegmavs azerbaijanTan erTad aucilebeli RonisZiebebis gatarebas. saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan Tan amSromloba saqarTvelo aqtiurad TanamSromlobs gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciasTan iseTi sakiTxebis gadaWraSi, rogoricaa saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobisa da mTel teritoriaze centraluri mTavrobis iurisdiqciis aRdgena, konfliqtebis mSvidobiani gziT mogvareba, adamianis uflebaTa dacva, saerTaSoriso danaSaulebebTan da terorizmTan brZola. saqarTvelo aseve monawileobs gaeros iseT programebSi, romlebic dakavSirebulia Semdeg sferoebTan: birTvuli ganiaraReba, adamianis uflebaTa dacva, saerTaSoriso danaSaulebaTa da terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZola, samSvidobo operaciebi, msoflio ekonomikis globalizacia da saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4 77 saqarTvelo- evrokavSiris urTierTobebi liberalizacia, saerTaSoriso kriminaluri sasamarTlos Seqmna da funqcionireba da TviT gaero-s reformebi. saqarTvelo evropis usafrTxoebisa da TanamSromlobis organizacias (euTo) miiCnevs evropis mSvidobisa da stabilurobis erT-erT sayrdenad. saqarTveloSi euTo dadebiT rols asrulebs konfliqte bis mogvarebis procesebSi (cxinvalis regionsa da afxazeTSi). situaciis mogvarebisa da sasazRvro zolis gamWirvalobis uzrunvelyofis mizniT saqarTvelo-ruseTis saxelmwifo sazRvris sasazRvro monitoringis misia warmatebiT ganxorcielda CeCneTSi, inguSeTsa da daRestanSi. 2004 wels saqarTvelo ganagrZo bda mkacr kontrols am regionis sazRvrebze. 1999 wlis 27 aprils saqarTvelo gaxda evrosabWos rig iT 41-e wevri. evrosabWoSi Sesvlas saqarTvelo unikalur SesaZleblobad Tvlis politikur, sakanonmdeblo, kulturul da socialur sferoebSi evropuli Rirebulebebisa da normebis warmatebiT gamoyenebisaTvis. sabWoSi Sesvlis dros saqarTvelom ikisra mniSvnelovani valdebulebebi, romelTa Sesrulebac daxmarebiT saqarTvelom ganaxorciela mniSvnelovani mas evaleba. evrosabWos reformebi samarTlebriv sistemaSi. saqarTvelo Savi zRvis ekonomikuri T anamSromlobis organizaciis wevria. sxva wevri saxelmwifoebis msgavsad, saqarTvelo am organizacias evrokavSirTan urTierTobis gaRrmavebis karg saSualebad miiCnevs. am TvalsazrisiT , Savi zRvis ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis organizaciasa da evrokavSiris TanamSromlobis platforma, romelic miRebul iqna TbilisSi gamarTul am organizaciis wevri qveynebis sagareo urTierTobaTa ministrebis rigiT me-13 Sexvedraze, myar safuZvels Seqmnis am or organizacias Soris urTierTobebis Camoyalibebisa da TanamSromlobis institutebis formirebisaTvis, . suuami (saqarTvelo, ukraina, uzbekeTi, azerbaijani, moldaveTi) warmoadgens im organizacias, romelic miznad isaxavs regionSi urTieTTanamSromlobis mxardaWeras. 1996 wlis gazafxulze Camoyalibebuli organizaciis saqmianobebi mimarTul iqna erToblivi gadawyvetilebebis miRebisaTvis politikur, ekonomikur, humanitarul da ekologiur sakiTxebSi. suuami-s kari Riaa im qveynebisaTvis, romlebic iziareben mis principebsa da interesebs. 1993 wlis dekemberSi saqarTvelo SeuerTda damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobas (dsT). am organizaciaSi wevrad yofnis gamocdilebidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelo masTan ekonomikuri urTierTTanamSromlobis potencials kvlav xedavs. 78 saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4 kalendari ianvari 2004 4 arCevnebi / saqarTveloSi Catarda saprezidento arCevnebi. mixeil saakaSvili saqarTvelos prezidentad iqna arCeuli. 6 aSS-saqarTvelo/6 ianvars aSS-s saxelmwifo departamentma gamosca dadgenileba, romelic mouwodebs saqarTvelos ufro mWidro TanamSromloba daamyaros saerTaSoriso savaluto fondTan (ssf-i). dadgenilebaSi naTqvamia, rom “saqarTvelom unda SeaTanxmos ssf-sTan konkretuli programa, Tu ki qveyanas surs rom valebis gadavadebis sakiTxi ganxiluli iqnes parizis klubSi”. dadgenilebaSi naTqvamia “Cven mzad varT viTanamSromloT saqarTvelos axal xelisuflebasTan, rameTu davexmaroT qveyanas Tavisufali bazris ganviTarebasa da demokratiuli reformebis ganxorcielebaSi. samwuxarod, saqarTvelos yofilma xelisuflebam ver SesZlo ssf -is siRaribis Semcirebi sa da ekonomikuri kriteriumebis dakmayofileba”. 7 sabaJo/ saqarTveloSi 2004 wlis 1 zrdis donis amaRlebis ianvridan gauqmda sabaJo tarifi xorbalis importze. 11 sabanko saqmianoba/ sabanko sistemis stabiluri da mdgradi funqcionirebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT , erovnulma bankma daafiqsira adgilobrivi komerciuli bankebisa da ucxouri komerciuli bankebis filialebisTvis sawesdebo kapitalis minimaluri odenoba 12 milion larze, rac sawesdebo kapitalis TandaTanobiT zrdis xarjze unda iqnes miRweuli. amrigad, 2004 wlis 31 dekembrisTvis sawesdebo kapitalis minimalurma odenobam unda Seadginos aranakleb 6,4 m ilioni larisa, 2005 wlis 31 dekembrisTvis – aranakleb 78 m ilioni larisa, 2006 wlis 31 dekembrisTvis – aranakleb 9,2 milionisa, 2007 wlis 31 dekembrisTvis – aranakleb 10,6 milionisa, 2008 wlis 31 dekembrisTvis – aranakleb 12 m ilionisa. sawesdebo kapitalis zrda unda moxdes fuladi saxiT da mxolod erovnul valutaSi. 12 sainvesticio klimati/ saqarTvelos prezidentma, mixeil saakaSvilma, ganacxada rom apirebs brZolas saqarTveloSi farTod gavrcelebuli korupciisa da oligarqebis winaaRmdeg da sagareo valebiT damZimebuli qveynis kavSirebis aRdgenas saerTaSoriso finansur organizaciebTan. “Cven gvsurs normaluri sainvesticio garemos Seqmna, raTa davarwmunoT investorebi, rom saqarTvelo dRes sxva qveyanaa. maT saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4 79 kalendari unda icodnen, rom saqarTvelos saxelmwifo daicavs maT investiciebsa da uflebebs da ar gaZarcvavs maT”, ganacxada mixeil saakaSvilma. 14 parlamenti/parlamentis mier 14 ianvris riggareSe sxdomaze erTxmad iqna miRebuli kanonproeqti “ganviTarebisa da reformirebis fondis Sesaxeb” samive wakiTxviT. dokumenti warmodgenili iqna iusticiis ministris, zurab adeiSvilis mier. misi sityvebiT, amgvari fondis moxeleebi SeZleben Sesabamisi daarsebis Semdeg saxelmwifo xelfasebis miRebas fondis resursebidan. b-ni adeiSvili acxadebs, rom saerTaSoriso donorma organizaciebma ukve gamoTqves mzadyofna gadaricxon finansuri resursebi aRniSnul fondSi. fondi aseve daafinansebs sakanonmdeblo aqtebis miRebisa da profesiuli momzadebis RonisZiebe bs. 13 saxelmwifo moxeleTa evrokavSiri-saqarTvelo/ evrokavSiri gamouyofs saqarTvelos 28 milion evros 2004- 2006 ww. indikaturi erovnuli programis ganxorcielebisaTvis. 1992-2003 wlebSi evrokavSiris daxmarebam saqarTvelosTvis 285 m ilioni Seadgina d a aqedan, 8 4 milioni evro gamoyofili iqna “tasis”- is erovnuli programis farglebSi. programa, romelsac xeli moewera 13 ianvars, TbilisSi, gansazRvravs zogad amocanebsa da meTodebs 2004-2006 wlebSi saqarTvelosTvis daxmarebis uzrunvelsayofad. programa ganxorcieldeba evrokavSiris “tasis”- is programis farglebSi. indikaturi programa mimarTuli iqneba evrokavSiris strategiis ganxorcielebaze, romelic iTvaliswinebs damoukideblobis ganmtkicebas, demokratiisa ekonomikis ganviTarebas. saqarTvelos da sabazro “2004-2006 moicavs indikaturi erovnuli programa ” rig prioritetul sferoebs, rogoricaa instituciuri, sakanonmdeblo da administraciuli reformis mxardaWera, romlisTvisac gaTvaliswinebulia 11,5 m ilioni evros gamoyofa. biujetma 12,5 milioni evros odenobiT xeli unda Seuwyos gardamavali periodis socialuri sirTuleebis Serbilebas, pirvel rigSi jandacvis seqtorSi. 4 milioni evro gamoyofili iqneba konfliqtis zonebis sareabilitacio programis ganxorcielebaze. 14 parlamenti/parlamentma erTxmad daamtkica irakli rexviaSvilis kandidatura ekonomikis, mrewvelobis a da vaWrobis ministris Tanamdebobaze. 14 parlamenti/saqarTvelos parlamentma 14 ianvars moaxdina germaniis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis banksa da saqarTvelos mTavrobas Soris sakredito SeTanxmebis 80 saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4 kalendari ratifikacia. SeTanxmeba iTvaliswinebs 12 milioni evros kreditis gamoyofas saqarTveloSi energokrizisis dasaZlevad 18 daxmareba /germaniis gamoyo 8 milioni rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis bankma evro saqarTveloSi miwis kadastrisa da registraciis sitemis ganviTarebis mizniT. 27 transporti/saqarTvelos sahaero informaciiT, saqarTveloSi Soris 7 qarTuli. 28 transportis moqmedebs 21 administraciis aviakompania da korupciis winaaRmdeg brZolis biuro/ gauqmda prezidentTan arsebuli antikorupciuli maT saqarTvelos politikis sakoordinacio biuro. 29 turizmi/saqarTvelos turizmisa da kurortebis departamentis informaciis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos ewvia 313,5 aTasi turisti, rac 15,000 metia, vidre gasul wels. 2003 wels saqarTvelos Semosavlebma turizmis xaziT 750 milioni lari Seadgina, rac 103 milioni lariT metia vidre 2002 wels. 30 turizmi/2004 wlis zafxulSi funqcionirebas daiwyebs bazaleTis turistuli kompleqsi. bazaleTis tbaze kompleqsis mSenebloba daiwyo oTxi wlis win, israeli- amerika -saqarTvelos kompania “nova menejment jorjias” mier. am periodSi aSenda ramodenime sastumro, sportuli da dasvenebis kompleqsi, pliaJi daifara zRvis qviSiT. bazaleTis turistuli kompleqsi 1600 damsvenebelzea gaTvlili. mSeneblobis Rirebuleba 2 5 m i l i o n aSS dolars Seadgens. daxmareba /prezident mixeil saakaSvilis germaniis kancler gerhard SroiderTan Sexvedraze mxareebma, saqarTvelosTvis germaniis mier daxmarebis uzrunvelyofis sakiTxTan erTad, ganixiles ormxrivi TanamSromlobis, saqarTveloSi arsebuli mdgomareobisa da qveyanaSi demokratiuli cvlilebebis ganxorcielebis sakiTxebi. Sexvedraze aRiniSna, rom germania gamouyofs saqarTvelos axal mTavrobas 12 milion evros energodeficitis dasafaravad da saqarTveloSi e nergosistemis reabilitaciisaTvis. Tebervali 4 evrokavSiri-saqarTvelo/hiugo mingarelma - aRmosavleTi evropis, kavakasiisa da Sua aziis sakiT xebSi evrokavSiris saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis direqtorma, 4 Tebervlis pres-konferenciaze ganacxada, rom evrokavSiri mzadaa gamouyos saqarTvelos 30 milioni evro qveynis dasaxmareblad gardamaval periodSi. misi saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4 81 kalendari sityvebiT aRniSnuli daxmareba ganawildeba Semdeg nairad: 12 milioni evro gamoyofili iqneba struqturuli reformebis ganxorcielebaSi teqnikuri daxmarebis saxiT, 12 milioni sasursaTo usafrTxoebis programaze, 4 milioni – konfliqtis zonebSi sareabilitacio programaze da 2 milioni adamianTa uflebebisa da demokratiis dacvvis iniciativaze. 6 parlamenti/ saqarTvelos parlamentma daamtica konstituciuri cvlilebebi, romlis Tanaxmadac prezidents daiTxovos parlamenti, Camoayalibos mTavroba ufleba aqvs da SeiTavsos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos funqciebis nawili. mTavroba gardaiqmneba ministrTa kabinetad (romelic gauqmebul iqna 1995 wels), romlis muSaobas koordinirebas gauwevs premier ministri. saqarTvelos prezidenti iTavsebs mTavrobis meTauris funqcias. parlaments ufleba aqvs daiTxovos mTavroba parlamentarTa xmebis sami me xuTediT. ministrTa kabinets, romelsac parlamenti undoblobas gamoucxadebs, ufleba aqvs sami Tve gaagrZelos muSaoba Zveli SemadgenlobiT. ministrTa postebze kandidaturebs parlaments warudgens prezidenti. 12 parlamenti/ saqarTvelos parlamentma 12 Tebervals miiRo kanoni “mTavrobis saqmianobis struqturis, Zalauflebisa da wesis Sesaxeb”. dokumenti gansazRvravs axali mTavrobis struqturas da muSaobis wesebs. kanonis Tanaxmad, Seiqmneba ministrTa kabineti, gansazRvruli iqneba premier ministris posti, ministrTa rao denoba Semcirdeba 17-dan 15- mde. yvela saxelmwifo departameti gadava saministroebis daqvemdebarebaSi. ministrTa kabinets saTaveSi Caudgeba premier ministri, romelsac konstituciaSi Setanili Sesworebebis konteqstSi da prezidentTan SeTanxmebis safuZvelze, ufleba aqvs warudginos parlaments momavali ministrebis kandidaturebi. 13 finansTa saministro/finansTa saministrom moamzada da parlamentSi waradgina kanonproeqti, romelic miznad isaxavs sawarmoTa finansuri da ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebas da qveyanaSi xelsayreli sainvesticio garemos Seqmnas. aRniSnuli kanonis Tanaxmad, sawarmos davalianebis gadavadebis ufleba aqvs mxolod erTxel da mxolod im pirobiT, rom misi gadaxdisunarianoba iqneba aRiarebuli. sagadasaxado davalianebis gadavadebis vada ar aRemateba 3 weliwads. sagadasaxado davalianebis gayinvis periodi ar aRemateba 12 Tves, xolo dagvianebis vada - 24 Tves, valis gayinvis periodis amowurvidan. sagadasaxado davalianebis gayinvis periodSi davalianebaze ar iricxeba procenti an jarima. dagvianebis periodSi gadauxdel Tanxaze yovelTviurad 0,5 procenti iricxeba. 82 saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4 kalendari 13 qarTuli Rvino/ qarTuli Rvino “Tamada” (mwarmoebeli – kompania “ji-vi- si”) dajildovda mTavari priziT nominaciaSi “dsT-s qveynebis saukeTeso mSrali Rvino” konkursze “prodeqspo-2004”, romelic 9-13 Tebervals gaimarTa moskovSi. aRniSnuli kompaniis ramodenime markis Rvinom moipova oqros medali da maRali xarisxis damadasturebeli sertifikati. dRes, kompania “ji- vi- si” awarmoebs 28 dasaxalebis Rvinos. warmoebis moculoba Seadgens 4 milion boTls weliwadSi, saeqsporto warmoebis wili – 90 procentze mets. kompania aseve awarmoebs brendsa da WaWas. 15 mTavroba /parlaments dasamtkiceblad gadaeca mTavrobis saqmianobis programa da ministrobis kandidatTa sia. mTavrobas eyoleba oTxi uportfelo saxelmwifo ministri. konfliqtebis mogvarebis sakiTxebSi saxelmwifo ministri iqneba giorgi xaindrava, saqarTvelos evropaSi integrirebis koordinirebis dargSi – Tamar beruCaSvili, mcire da saSualo sawarmoTa sakiTxebSi – jambul bakuraZe, erovnuli Tanxomobis saiTxebSi – guram absnaZe. saxelmwifo ministri zurab Jvania gaxdeba premier ministri. ministrTa postebze wardgenili kandidatebidan eqvsi amJamad uZRveba am samsaxurebs rogorc moqmedi ministrebi. esenia: Tedo jafariZe – sagareo saqmeTa ministri, gela beJuaSvili – Tavdacvis ministri, giorgi baramiZe – Sinagan saqmeTa ministri, zurab noRaideli – finansTa ministri, irakli rexviaSvili – ekonomikis, mrewvelobisa da vaWrobis ministri, eTer astemirova – ltolvilTa da gansaxlebis ministri. saxelmwifo uSiSroebis saministros saTaveSi Caudgeba zurab adeiSvili, amJamad moqmedi iusticiis ministri. mTavrobaSi axali pirebi arian: giorgi papuaSvili – iusticiis ministri, daviT ServaSiZe – soflis meurneobisa da sursaTis ministri, giorgi wereTeli – jandacvis ministri, Tamar suluxia – infrastruqturis ministri, nikoloz gilauri – saTbobenergetikisa da komunikaciebis ministri, kaxa lomaia – ganaTlebis ministri, giorgi gabaSvili – kolturisa da sportis ministri, Tamar lebaniZe – garemos dacvis ministri. moqmedi kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad, premier ministrisa da sami Zalovani ministris kandidaturebi (Tavdacvis, Sinagan saqmeTa da saxelmwifo uSiSroebis) parlamentSi prezidentis mier iqna wardgenili. premier kandidaturebs. 17 ministri waradgens ministrobis sxva parlamenti/ parlamentma Caatara riggareSe sxdoma, romelzec moismina mTavrobis saqmianobis 5- wliani programa da daamtkica ministrTa kabinetis Semadgenloba. saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4 83 kalendari 19 TanamSromloba/fabricio romanom, saqarTveloSi italiis elCma da Tedo jafariZem, saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa ministrma xeli moaweres TbilisSi “italiis respublikisa da saqarTvelos mTavrobebs Soris Semosavlebisa da kapitalis ormagi dabegvris Tavidan acilebis Sesaxeb” konvenciis protokolis ratifikacias. 20 sagadasaxado sfero/ prezidenti mixeil saakaSvili gamovida iniciativiT sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobisgan im biznesmenTa ganTavisuflebis Sesaxeb, romlebic 2004 wlis 1 aprilamde gaacxadeben sagadasaxado deklaraciaSi TavianT Semosavlebs, romlebsac adre saxelmwifosgan malavdnen da gamoTqvamen mzadyofnas gadaixadon gadasaxadebi aRniSnuli Tanxebidan. marti 1 momsaxurebis sfero/ TbilisSi, Tavisuflebis moedanze sastumro “qorTiard mariotma” pirveli stumrebi miiRo. mdebare 4 TanamSromloba/ saqarTvelos ministrTa kabinetma pirvel marts gamarTul Sexvedraze 37 donori organizaciisa da qveynis warmomadgenlebis winaSe warmoadgina qveynis ganviTarebisa da saxelmwifo marTvis sitemaSi reformebis ganxorcielebis axali xuTwliani programa (2004-2009 wlebisTvis). donorebTan Semajamebeli Sexvedra, romelzec miRebuli iqneba gadawyvetileba saqarTvelosTvis finansuri daxmarebis gamoyofis Taobaze, gaimarTeba 2004 wlis ivnisSi, q. bruselSi. 5 energetika/ ruseTis ucxoeTis ekonomikuri asociacia “teqnopromeqsportma” moigo saerTaSoriso tenderi enguris hes-s sareabilitacio samuSaoebis ganxorcielebaze. “teqnopromeqsportma” aiRo valdebulebebi 17,3 milioni aSS dolaris proeqtis ganxorcielebaze. aRniSnuli Tanxis 80 procents afinansebs ergb- i, xolo 20 procents – saqarTvelos mxare. kontraqtis Tanaxmad, rusuli kompania 2 weliwadSi ganaxorcielebs samSeneblo samuSaoebs, romlebic iTvaliswinebs dambis TaRovani kaskadis gamagreba- Cacementebas da sareabilitacio samuSaoebs hidroeleqtrosadguris saderivacio arxSi. 5 TanamSromloba/ TbilisSi Catarda SvedeTsa da saqarTvelos Soris SvedeTis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagentos sakoordinacio centris gaxsnis Taobaze samTavrobaTaSorisi SeTanxmebis xelmoweris ceremonia. dokuments xeli moaweres saqarTvelos mxridan saxelmwifo ministrma Tamar beruCaSvilma, xolo SvedeTis mxridan - saagentos generaluri direqtoris moadgilem jerker 84 saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4 kalendari Tanbergma. regionul sakoord inacio centrs uxelmZRvanelebs erik jonsoni. b- ni saagentos daxmarebis programa samxreT kavkasiis regionis qveynebSi miznad isaxavs demokratiasa da sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis procesSi sainstitucio reformebis ganxorcielebis xelSewyobas. saagentos daxmarebis mTavari mimarTulebebi 2005 wlamde periodisTvis iqneba marTvis demokratiuli sistemis SemuSaveba, socialuri da jandacvis seqtoris reformebis xelSewyoba, Sidsis winaaRmdeg brZola, socialurad daucvel ojaxTa daxmareba, bunebrivi resursebis marTva ganviTarebis xelSewyoba. 9 da mcire da saSualo sawarmoTa TanamSromloba / prezidenti mixeil saakaSvili Sexvda safrangeTis prezident Jak Siraks parizSi. safrangeTis prezidentma gamoTqva mzadyofna mxardaWera aRmouCinos saqarTvelos evrokavSirTan integrirebisa da daaxloebis procesSi. saqarTvelos prezidenti aseve Sexvda safrangeTis sagareo saqmeTa, Sinagan saqmeTa da ekonomikis ministrebs da sxva oficialur pirebs. 12 TanamSromloba / prezidenti mixeil saakaSvili vizitiT ewvia somxeTs da Sexvda prezident qoCarians. prezidentebma daadastures TavianTi mzadyofna ufro aqtiurad iTanamSromlon Savi zRvis ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis organizaciis farglebSi da xazgasmiT aRniSnes ufro mWidro TanamSromlobis mniSvneloba iseT regionul proeqtebSi, rogorebicaa TRACECA da INOGATE- i. mxareebma xazi gausves ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis saqarTvelo-somxeTis samTavrobaTaSorisi komisiis saqmianobis gaZlierebis saWiroebas. 14 soflis meurneoba/ TbilisSi ixsneba gaero-s soflis meurneobisa da sursaTis organizaciis (FAO) warmomadgenloba. FAO- s warmomad genlobis gaxsna TbilisSi SesaZlebels gaxdis saqarTvelos mTavrobis am organizaciis saTao ofisTan urTierTobebis gamartivebas da aseve saqarTveloSi meti proeqtebis ganxorcielebas. amJamad, FAO saqarTveloSi ramodenime proeqts axorcielebs, kerZod subtropikuli kulturebis, msxvili rqosani pirutyvis moSenebis, fermerebisTvis sakonsultacio centrebis Seqmnis, sanerge meurneobebis reabilitaciisa da aseve saqarTvelos sxvadasxva raionebSi xilisa da Txilis axali sanerge meurneobebis Seqmnis proeqtebs. 15 sabaJo / gaimarTa saqarTvelo -azerbaijanis sazRvarze axali, wiTeli xidis sabaJo gamSvebi punqtis mSeneblobis dawyebasTan dakavSirebuli ceremonia. samSeneblo samuSaoebi xorcieldeba amerikis “saqarTvelos sazRvrebis usafrTxoebisa da kanonis aRsrulebis xelSewyobis” programis farglebSi. saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4 85 kalendari 18-19 konferencia/ TbilisSi Catarda saerTaSoriso konferencia navTobis, bunebrivi airis, energetikisa da infrastruqturis sakiTxebze saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso navTobkorporaciis, britaneTis kompania ITE -Group- s, saqarTvelos saTbob- energetikis min istrisa da saqarTvelos erovnuli navTobkompania “saqnavTobi-s” iniciativiT da xelSewyobiT. konferenciaze ganxiluli sakiTxebi exeboda baqoTbilisi- jeihanis mTavari saeqsporto milsadenis, samxreT kavkasiis baqo-Tbilisi- erzrumis milsadenis, evropis satransporto derefnis proeqtebis SemuSavebas da navTobisa da bunebrivi airis saqarTvelos teritoriaze gadazidvis tendenciebsa da SesaZleblobebs. 22 sabaJo/ giorgi godabreliZe dainiSna finansTa saministros sabaJo departamentis ufrosad. 31 mTavroba/ saqarTvelos pr emier ministris zurab Jvanias gankargulebis Tanaxmad, Camoyalibda samuSao jgufi, romelmac unda moamzados axali sagadasaxado kodeqsi da warudginos igi mTavrobas gansaxilvelad maisSi. axali sagadasaxado kodeqsi ZalaSi Seva 2005 wlis ianvridan. aprili 7 daxmareba / evrokavSiris mier saqarTvelosTvis ekonomikuri daxmarebis saxiT 30 milioni evros gamoyofis Sesaxeb gancxadeba gakeTda saqarTvelos prezidentis, mixeil saakaSvilis evrokavSiris uzenaes komisar - xavier solanasTan Sexvedris Semdeg, romelic gaimarTa 7 aprils q. bruselSi. gamoyofili Tanxa unda moxmardes gzebis infrastruqturis gaumjobesebas; penitencialuri sistemis obieqtebis mSeneblobas; xorblis SeZenas da aseve zogierTi sxva proeqtis ganxorcielebas. 8 mTavroba / saqarTvelos premier ministrma, zurab Jvaniam, xeli moawera samTavrobo brZanebulebas (#23) investorTa momsaxurebis gaerTianebuli centris Seqmnis Sesaxeb, romelic SeiZleba Camoyalibdes vaWrobisa da investiciebis xelSewyobis saagentos farglebSi. centris mTavari amocanebia: sainformacio, sakonsultacio da analitikuri momsaxurebis gaweva arsebuli da potenciuri investorebisaTvis; sainvesticio saqmianobebis xelSewyoba licenzirebasa da nebarTvebze da saregistracio procedurebze ganacxadebis mxardaWeris meSveobiT; samarketingo, samarTlebrivi da finansuri kvlevebi; sainvesticio barierebis, investorTa problemebis gaanalizeba da maTi daregulireba; saqarTveloSi investorTa potencialisa da perspeqtivebis gamovlena da ganviTarebis xelSewyoba; adgilobrivi da ucxoeli investorebis erToblivi proeqtebisaTvis SesaZleblobaTa gansazRvra da maTi 86 saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4 kalendari xelSewyoba; mTavrobisTvis sainvesticio garemos dakavSirebiT SeTavazebebis SemuSaveba. 10 gaumjobesebasTan wyalmomarageba / Tbilisis sakrebulom SeTanxmebas miaRwia frangul kompania Generale des Eaux-Tan Tbilisis municipaluri wyalmomaragebisa da kanalizaciis kompania “Tbilwyalkanali-s” lizingze. am mizniT Tanabari uflebebis principze Camoyalibdeba erToblivi kompania. kompania Generale des Eaux- i saqarTveloSi udidesi T bilisis wyalmomaragebisa d a sakanalizacio s istemis Sps “Tbilwy alkanalis”- 10- wlian marTvaSi gadacemaze gamarTuli tenderis erTaderTi monawile iyo. 11 mTavroba/ saqarTvelos premier ministrma zurab Jvaniam xeli moawera brZanebas baqo -Tbilisi-jeihanis (bTj- s) navTobsadenis proeqtis dauyovnebliv ganxorcielebis uzrunvelmyofeli zomebis Sesaxeb. 15 transporti/ tudor draganelma, saqarTveloSi rumineTis saelCos warmomadgenelma ekonomikis sferoSi, ganacxada, rom 2004 wlis maisidan axali ruminuli samgzavri borani daiwyebs konstanca-odesa-novorosiiski-baTumi-stambulis marSrutze. 19 transporti/ saxelmwifo romelsac sargeblobs kompania Sps ramodenime “saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso muSaobas rkinigza”-m, finansuri organizaciis, kerZod ergb-s, KfW-sa da msoflio bankis, mxardaWeriT daiwyo rigi proeqtebis SemuSaveba saqarTvelos rkinigzis infrastruqturis ganviTarebisaTvis. aRniSnul proeqtebs Soris aris rkinigzis mSenebloba axalqalaqi (saqarTvelo) – yarsis (TurqeTi) seqtorze, rkinigzis cxinvalis seqtoris reabilitacia, sarginigzo sadguri foTSi, xaSuris salokomotivo deposa da Tbilisis sarkinigzo vagonebis depos modernizeba, baTumi-konstancas saborne gzis mowesrigeba, sarkinigzo vagonebis ganaxleba; amasTan SemuSavebis procesSia proeqti, romelic iTvaliswinebs saqarTvelos sarkinigzo sistemis sainstitucio reformas. arsebuli proeqtebis dafinanseba unda ganxorcieldes grantebisa da kreditebis saxiT. es iqneba grZelvadiani kreditebi 10- 30 wlis ganakveTi savaraudod 1,5- 6 procents Seadgens. 22 vadiT, saprocento socialuri dacva/ mTavrobis rezolucia wina wlis sapensio davalianebebis TandaTanobiT dafarv isa da mosaxleobis socialuri dacvisaTvis damatebiTi RonisZiebebis Sesaxeb, ZalaSia Sesuli. sapensio davalianebebis TandaTanobiT gadaxdis Sesaxeb dokumentis Tanaxmad, 2004 wlis aprilidan umuSevari pensionerebisTvis pensiebi gaizrdeba 3 lariT 17 laramde da 2 004 maisidan – kidev erTi lariT. saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4 87 kalendari maisi 2 daxmareba / zurab Jvaniam, saqarTvelos premier ministrma da en venmanma, SeerTebuli Statebis soflis meurneobis ministrma, xeli moaweres SeTanxmebas, romelic iTvaliswinebs saqarTvelosTvis 50,000 tona xorblis gamoyofas aSS-dan humanitaruli daxmarebis saxiT. 3 sabanko saqmianoba/ saaqcio sazogadoeba “saqarTvelos banki”, vaWrobis dafinansebisa da dokumentebTan dakavSirebuli operaciebis ganxorcielebis TvalsazrisiT, 2003 wlis Sedegebis safuZvelze, evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis bankis mier aRiarebulia rogorc dsT-s saukeTeso banki. 4 transporti/ parlamentma did britaneTsa da TurqeTTan sahaero mimosvlis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis ratifikacia moaxdina. parlamentarebma xazgasmiT aRniSnes amgvari gadawyvetilebis mniSvneloba. 4 gamofenebi/ TbilisSi pirvelad gaimarTa saerTaSoriso gamofena telkomunikaciebis sferoSi “saqarTvelos telekomi – 2004”. gamofenaSi monawileoba miiRo 20- ze metma kompaniam: ATDI (safrangeTi), “delta kom-i” (saqarTvelo), “eleqtrokavSiri” (saqarTvelo), “jeoseli” (saqarTvelo), “jeoneTi” (saqarTvelo), “global erTi” (ruseTi), “grinneT- i” (saqarTvelo), “hesfibel- i” (TurqeTi), “huavei teqnolojiz” (CineTi), “iberiaTel” (saqarTvelo), “sagem- i” (safrangeTi), “simens mobili” (germania), “teleneTi” (saqarTvelo), ZTE (CineTi). 6 turizmi/ TbilisSi Catarda VI-e saerTaSoriso turistuli gamofenagayidva “kavkasiis turizmi gamofena-gayidva 2004”. RonisZiebaSi monawileobda turistuli kompaniebi 9 qveynidan, kerZod ki avstriidan, italiidan, aSS-dan, ruseTidan, iranidan, TurqeTidan, somxeTsa da saqrTvelodan. 7 mTavroba / saqarTvelos premier ministrma, zurab Jvaniam, Camoayaliba specialuri komisia, romelmac unda Seiswavlos aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis ekonomikuri potenciali. 7 daxmareba / saqrTvelo aris 16 uRaribe s qveynebs Soris (somxeTi, benini, bolivia, vanua, gana, saqarTvelo, hondurasi, kabo -verde, lesoto, madagaskari, mali, mozambiki, monRoleTi, senegali, Srilanka, nikaragua), romelTac aSS exmareba ekonomikuri da demokratiuli refromebis ganxorcielebaSi. qvey nebma, romlebic miiReben daxmarebas, unda Seasrulon sami ZiriTadi moTxovna: efeqturi demokratiuli marTva, xalxis keTildReobaze zrunva, Tavisufali ekonomika. 88 saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4 kalendari 8 transporti/ holandiis aviakompania “KLM Royal Dutch Airlines -i” 2004 wlis 16 ivniss iwyebs regu laruli reisebis Sesrulebas Tbilisis mimarTulebiT. boingi 737-900 Seasrulebs reisebs Tbilisi- amsterdamiTbilisis mimarTulebiT kviraSi samjer. 11 parlamenti/ saqarTvelos parlamentma, plenarul sxdomaze, daamtkica saqarTvelos saxelmwifo biujeti 2004 wlisTvis. 14 TanamSromloba/ saqarTvelos prezidenti, mixeli saakaSvili, Sexvda 1 rumineTis prezidents ion ilieskus, rumineTSi oficialuri vizitiT Casvlisas. Sexvedraze ganxiluli iqna or qveyanas Soris momavali politikur-ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis perspeqtivebi. TanamSromloba/ saqarTveloSi amerikis savaWro palatam Caatara arCevnebi direqtorTa sabWos, sabWos prezidentisa da generalur asambleaSi sxva postebze kandidaturebis asarCevad. axalma direqtorTa sabWom daasaxela Tavis prioritetebi: wevrTa interesebis lobireba, sagadasaxado da sabaJo kodeqsebis xelSewyoba da liberalizacia, saqarTveloSi megobruli sainvesticio klimatis xelSewyoba da palatis wevrebisaTvis regularuli debatebis organizeba. amerikis savaWro palata, romelic ukve eqvsi welia aqtiurad moRvaweobs saqarTveloSi, miznad isaxavs biznesis xelSewyobas saqarTvelos, amerikasa da saqarTveloSi saerTaSoriso gaerTianebas Soris. 16 daxmareba/ ergb- is (EBRD) iniciativa, romelSic monawileobs yofili sabWoTa kavSiris 7 ganviTarebadi qveyana (azerbaijani, somxeTi, saqarTvelo, yirgizeTi, moldova, tajikeTi da uzbekeTi) gegmavs maTi dafinansebis gazrdas weliwadSi 30 milioni evroTi amjamindeli 10 milioni evrodan. 21 mTavroba/ saqarTvelos mTavrobis gankargulebis Tanaxmad, 21 maisidan saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze SemoRebuli iqneba moratoriumi tyis gaCexvaze erTi Tvis manZilze. mocemuli periodis ganmavlobaSi u nda gatardes seriozuli RonisZiebebi tyis ganadgurebis procesis SesaCereblad. 21 sruli biznesi/ ergb-i axorcielebs 1,2 milioni aSS dolaris investirebas Telianis velSi – saqarTvelos Rvinis gadamamuSavebeli, Camosasxmeli da sadistribucio kompaniis aqciebis SesaZenad, rac miznad isaxavs misi sawarmoo simZlavris gazrdis, samarketingo iniciativebis gaumjobesebis da maRali xarisxis Rvinoebis gayidvebis gazrdis xelSewyobas. bankis monawileoba SesaZleblobas miscems kompania “Telianis velis” mflobelebs aRadginon TelavSi axlad SeZenili Senoba im naxevrad dangreuli qarxnis nacvlad, romelic kompanias amJamad ijariT aqvT aRebuli. dafinansebis nawiliT kompania SeZlebs muxis kasrebisa da saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4 89 kalendari sxva aRWurvilobis SeZenas Rvinis xarisxis gasaumjobeseblad. dafinansebas uzrunvelyofs ergb- is pirdapiri sainvesticio programa, romelic iTvaliswinebs pirdapiri investiciebis dabandebas kerZo seqtoris kompaniis saSualo sawarmoTa saaqcionero kapitalSi. ergb-i aqciaTa sakontrolo paketis mflobeli ar aris. igi monawileobas miiRebs kompaniis mmarTvelobaSi. 22 sabanko saqmianoba/ saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis informaciiT, qveyanaSi 23 komerciuli banki moqmedebs. 25 TanamSromloba/ ruseTma da saqarTvelom xeli moaweres oqms ruseTis federaciis msoflio savaWro organizaciaSi gawevrianebaze ormxrivi molaparakebebis dasrulebis Sesaxeb. 28 maiss dokuments xeli moawera german grefma, ruseTis federaciis ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da vaWrobis ministrma da irakli rexviaSvilma, saqarTvelos ekonomikis ministrma. oqmi afiqsirebs molaparakebebis dasrulebas saqonlis, momsaxurebisa da soflis meurneobis sakiTxebze. dokumenti asaxavs sistematur sakiTxebs (ruseTis federaciis kanonmdeblobisa da savaWro-ekonomikuri Sesabamisobas vmo-s normebTan). mxareebi SeTanxmdnen politikis gamoiCinon maqsimaluri Zalisxmeva, raTa umokles vadaSi moagvaron is savaWro da ekonomikuri sakiTxebi, romlebic jer-jerobiT daregulirebuli ar aris. ministrebma aseve xeli moaweres “mxareTa Soris problemebis mogvarebis Sesaxeb” oqms da “ori qveynis ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis SeTanxmebas. 28-29 gafarToebis Sesaxeb” saqarTvelo-ruseTis biznes-konferencia/ TbilisSi gaimarTa saqarTveloSi rusuli biznesis pirveli konferencia. ruseTis delegacias xelmZRvanelobda ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da vaWrobis ministri german grefi. forumis monawileebma ganixiles perspeqtiuli proeqtebi rusuli kapitaldabandebebisaTvis. saqarTvelos mxaris mier gamoxatuli iyo gansakuTrebuli interesi rus biznesmenTa monawileobis mimarT saqarTvelos energetikisa da agrosamrewvelo seqtorSi. saqarTvelos mxarem SesTavaza rus mewarmeebs sainvesticio winadadebebis paketi, romlis sruli Rirebuleba ramodenime miliard dolars Seadgens. ivnisi 2004 7 daxmareba / ssf -ma daamtkica axali samwliani finansuri daxmarebis programa saqarTvelosTvis programa “aTaswleulis amocanis” farglebSi. es programa gamoirCeva ara mxolod gamoyofili resursebis odenobiT, aramed imiTac rom resursebs gankargavs daxmarebis mimRebi qveynis mTavroba. saqarTvelos eZleva SesaZlebloba aTaswleulis programis farglebSi 90 saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4 kalendari miRebuli Tanxebi moaxmaros im sferoebs, romlebic moiTxovs problemebis dauyovnebliv gadaWras. programa “aTaswleulis amocanis” umTavresi mizania waaxalisos ekonomikis swrafi da dinamiuri ganviTareba im qveynebSi, romlebic monawileoben programaSi. axali samwliani programis daxmarebiT (144 milioni aSS dolari) ssf-i apirebs xeli Seuwyos saqarTvelos siRaribis daZlevisa da ekonomikuri zrdis erovnul programis ganxorcielebas. 8 privatizacia/ ekonomikuri benduqiZis mier programas mxari “agresiuli ganviTarebis ministris, SemoTavazebuli ”totaluri dauWira premier ministrma kaxa privatizaciis” zurab Jvaniam. saprivatizacio politikis fundamentaluri principi niSnavs, rom nebismieri saxelmwifo qoneba unda gaiyidos, garda im obieqtebisa, romlebic saqarTvelos xelisuflebis gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze darCeba saxelmwifos an sazogadoebrivi sakuTrebis obieqtebad”. 9 parlamenti/ saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis ministrma, kaxa benduqiZem qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis programa warudgina safinanso-sabiujeto, dargobrivi ekonomikisa da ekonomikuri politikis saparlamento komitetebs. 11 TanamSromloba/ TbilisSi Catarda ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis saqarTvelo-azerbaijanis samTavrobaTaSoriso komisiis pirveli sxdoma, romelic win uZRoda azerbaijanis prezidentis, ilham alievis vizits saqarTveloSi. 11 daxmareba / saqarTvelos finansTa ministris, zurab noRaidelisa da germaniis rekonstruqciisa da sakredito bankis (KfW) direqtorTa sabWos wevris ingrid maTeus-meieris mier TbilisSi xeli moewera SeTanxmebebs 5,8 milioni evros gamoyofaze. pirveli SeTanxmebis farglebSi saqarTvelo miiRebs 3,3 m ilion evros, romelic unda moxmardes energetikis seqtorSi mravalmilioniani sesxis dafarvis meqanizmis SemuSavebas da, aseve energetikis seqtorSi valebis momsaxurebis saagentos Seqmnasa da amuSavebas. kerZod, germaneli eqspertebi daexmarebian saqarTvelos mTavrobas saagentos mmarTveli kompaniis SerCevaze tenderis momzadebasa da CatarebaSi. eqspertTa samuSaosa da tenderSi gamarjvebuli kompaniis saqmianobis dafinanseba moxdeba zemoT xsenebuli grantis meSveobiT ori wlis manZilze. meore SeTanxmeba iTvaliswinebs 2.5 milioni evros odenobiT grantis gamoyofas saqarTvelos mTavrobisaTvis. aRniSnuli Tanxa unda moxmardes im eqspertTa jgufis mier ganxorcielebuli samuSaos dafinansebas, saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4 romelic gansazRvravs mTavar 91 kalendari prioritetebs saqarTveloSi proeqtebis dasafinanseblad. 14 TanamSromloba/ germaniis saqarTveloSi KfW bankis azerbaijanis sxvadasxva prezidentis oficialuri vizitis dros saqarTvelos prezidentma mixeil saakaSvilma da azerbaijanis prezidentma ilham alievma ganixiles or qveyanas Soris momavali TanamSromlobis perspeqtivebi. saqarTvelosa da azerbaijanis mTavrobebs Soris xeli moewera SeTanxmebas sarkinigzo transportis koordinirebis Sesaxeb. aseve xeli moewera energetikis seqtorSi TanamSromlobis gafarToebis SeTanxmebas. saqarTvelos finansTa saministrom da azerbaijanis sagadasaxado Semosavlebis saministrom xeli moaweres TanamSromlobisa da urTierTdaxmarebis SeTanxmebas. xeli moewera saqarTvelosa da azerbaijanis aviakompaniebs Soris samoqalaqo aviaciis sferoSi TanamSromlobis Semdgomi ganviTarebis Sesaxeb protokols da saqarTvelos satelevizio da radio mauwyeblobis korporaciasa da azerbaijanis saxelmwifo satelevizio da radio mauwyeblobis kompanias Soris TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebas. saqarTvelos azerbaijanis ekonomikuri ekonomikuri ganviTarebis ganviTarebis saministrom da saministrom unda SeimuSaon or qveyanas Soris grZelvadiani TanamSromlobis SeTanxmebis proeqti. 16 ekonomikuri daxmareba / donori qveynebisa da saerTaSoriso safinanso institutebis briuselis konferenciaze, romlis organizatorebi iyvnen evrokavSiri da msoflio banki, miRebul iqna gadawyvetileba saqarTvelosTvis 1 miliardi aSS dolaris (850 milioni evros) gamoyofis Sesaxeb. es usasyidlo daxmarebaa, romelic miznad isaxavs qveynis axali mTavrobis mxardaWeras mis mier ekonomikuri reformebis gatarebasa da demokratiis damkvidrebaze mimarTul ZalisxmevaSi. konferenciis muSaobaSi monawileoba miiRo saqarTvelos mTavrobis delegaciam, premier ministr zurab Jvanias xelmZRvanelobiT. saqarTvelos mTavroba apirebs aRniSnuli finansuri daxmareba moaxmaros saxelmwifo marTvis sistemis, ekonomikis, energetikis, infrastruqturis ganviTarebas, ekonomikuri zrdisa da siRaribis daZlevis programis ganxorcielebas da sxva. Tanxebis xarjvis monitorings ganaxorcieleben evrokomisia da saerTaSoriso safinanso institutebi. 16 transporti/ holandiis aviakompania KLM-ma daiwyo regularuli reisebis ganxorcieleba amsterdamsa da Tbiliss Soris. reisebi 92 saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4 kalendari Sesruldeba orSabaTs, boingiT. 17 xuTSabaTsa da paraskevs 737-900 tipis safinanso seqtori/ Tbilisi p irvelad maspinZlobda gamofenas “finanseqspo”. gamofena organizebuli iyo momavali Taobis iniciativis kavSiris mier saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis, qarTul bankTa asociaciis, finansTa saministrosa da saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso savaWro palatis monawileobiT. gamofenis dros gamarTul konferenciaze monawileebma produqtebi da momsaxureba. amgvari warmoadgines gamofenebis TavianTi Catareba dagegmilia yovelwliurad. gamofenebis mizania saqarTvelos finansuri bazris mimdinare mdgomareobisa da misi ganviTarebis SesaZleblobaTa demonstrireba. 18 agroindustria/ TbilisSi gaimarTa saerTaSoriso agroindustriuli gamofena. 100-ze metma (maT Soris 70-ma ucxourma) kompaniam msoflios 11 qveynidan (azerbaijani, avstria, somxeTi, germania, saqarTvelo, indoeTi, italia, ruseTi, aSS, TurqeTi da safrangeTi) warmoadgina sakuTari nawarmi: alkoholuri da ualkoholo sasmelebi, rZis nawarmi, konservebi, sakonditro nawarmi, mrewvelobisaTvis da sxv a. 19 teqnologiebi gadamamuSavebeli daxmareba / niderlandebis mTavrobam gamoyo 178 aTasi aSS dolari “SinameurneobaTa gaerTianebuli kvlevis warmoebisaTvis statistikis saxelmwifo departamentis daxmarebis” proeqtis gansaxorcieleblad. proeqtis dafinansebaSi monawileobas iRebs saqarTvelos mTavrobac. SinameurneobaTa gaerTianebuli gamokvleva qveyanaSi siRaribis donis monitoringis mTavari instrumentia, romelic asaxavs siRaribis daZlevisa da misi zegavlenis Sefasebis programis ganxorcielebaSi miRweul winsvlas. 24 parlamenti/ parlamentma miiRo gadawyvetileba, romlis Tanaxmadac iqmneba droebiTi saparlamento komisia, romelmac unda Seiswavlos saqarTvelos energoseqtorSi arsebuli darRvevebi. komisiis SemadgenlobaSi parlamentis 15 wevria. 24 parlamenti/ saqarTvelos parlamentma litvasTan “Semosavlebisa da kapitalis ormagi dabegvris Tavidan acilebis Sesaxeb” SeTanxmebis ratifikacia moaxdina. SeTanxmebas xeli moewera 2003 wlis seqtembers saqarTveloSi litvis prezidentis vizitis dros. SeTanxmeba exeba erTi an orive xelmomweri qveynis moqalaqeebs. ormagi dabegvris Tavidan acilebis reJimis moqmedeba moicavs mogebaze gadasaxads, kapitalur Semosavlebs, uZravi qonebis Semosavlebs, saerTaSoriso operaciebs, kreditebs, kompaniebis xelmZRvanelTa xelfasebs, profesorebis, saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4 93 kalendari maswavleblebis, mecnierebis, studentebis stipendiebs; pensiebsa da a.S. 24 daxmareba / msoflio bankis direqtorTa sabWom daamtkica saqarTvelosTvis sami kreditis gamoyofis sakiTxi (sul, 47,6 milioni aSS dolaris odenobiT). aRniSnuli Tanxidan 24 milioni aSS dolari Seadgens kredits reformebis mxardasaWerad, 3,6 milioni aSS dolari – energetikis seqtorisTvis da 20 milioni aSS dolari proeqtisaTvis. – Sida daniSnulebis aRniSnuli proeqtebis gzebis mSeneblobis mTavari miznebia: ekonomikuri zrdis xelSewyoba korufciis winaaRmdeg brZolisa da marTvis sistemis gaumjobesebaze mimarTuli Zalisxmevis meSveobiT; saxelmwifo seqtoris efeqturobis donis amaRlebis xelSewyoba da aseve, misi CarTva siRaribis daZlevisa ekonomikuri zrdis programis ganxorcielebis procesSi. 30 da privatizacia/ ekonomikis ministrma kaxa benduqiZem, samTavrobo sxdomaze warmoadgina saprivatizacio politikis mTavari mimarTulebebi. ministrma ganacxada, rom amJamad saxelmwifos ekuTvnis aqciebi 1800 saaqcio da SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis kompaniaSi, romlebSic muSaobs 180,000 adamiani. samrewvelo sawar moTa privatizacia ZiriTadad e.w. “saerTaSoriso gayidvebis” formiT moxdeba. sawarmoebi gasxvisdeba Ria auqcionebze pirdapiri miyidvis wesiT rac SeiZleba maRal fasad. an privatizaciis procesSi saqarTvelos mTavrobas daxmarebas gauweven evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis banki (ergb) da saerTaSoriso safinanso korporacia (ssk). kerZod, gaTvaliswinebulia qarTuli komerciuli bankebisaTvis pirdapiri sakredito xazebis gaxsna, romlis daxmarebiTac saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi SesZleben monawileobis miRebas mcire da saSualo sawarmoTa privatizaciaSi. ergb-i d a s s k- i daxmarebas gauweven saqarTvelos mTavrobas msxvil sawarmoTa restruqturizaciasa da maT momzadebaSi saprivatizaciod. ivlisi 6 parlamenti/ saqarTvelos parlamentSi gaimarTa biznesisa da parlamentis saerTaSoriso asociaciis saqarTvelos erovnuli programis (IABP) prezentacia da misi saorganizacio komitetis pirveli sxdoma. saorganizacio komitetis SemadgenlobaSi arian 10-ze meti parlamentis wevri da daaxloebiT 20 cnobili qarTveli biznesmeni, romlebic warmoadgenen rogorc sakuTar kompaniebs, aseve biznes- asociaciebs. parlamentis erovnuli 94 spikerma programis nino burjanaZem dafuZnebis aRniSna, mizania, rom rom “IABP-s parlamentSi saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4 kalendari warmodgenil yvela politikur partiasa da saqmian wreebs mWidro TanamSromlobis SesaZlebloba hqondeT, rameTu parlamentis mier miRebulma kanonebma SesaZlebeli gaxados maqsimalurad xelsayreli ganviTarebisaTvis” 6 pirobebis uzrunvelyofa biznesis TanamSromloba/ saqarTvelos prezidentma, mixeil saakaSvilma da iranis islamuri respublikis prezidentma, mohamed haTamim, saqarTvelos prezidentis iranSi oficialuri vizitiT yofnis dros, ganixiles or qveyanas Soris samomavlo TanamSromlobis perspeqtivebi. prezidentebma imsjeles iransa da saqarTvelos Soris vaWrobisa da ekonomikis, transportis, kulturisa da sxva sferoebSi TanamSromlobis ganviTarebis mimarTulebebze. miRweul iqna SeTanxmeba iranis mier saqarTvelosTvis 2 gamoyofis Taobaze. 7 daxmareba / aTaswleulis amocanis milioni korporaciis dolaris (Millennium Challenge Corporation, MCC) saqarTvelos komitetis Tavmjdomarem, saqarTvelos prezentaciaze ganviTarebadi premier-ministri zurab Jvaniam programis ganacxada, rom “programa miznad isaxavs qveynebis daxmarebas ekonomikuri zrdisa da siRaribis daZlevis uzrunvelyofaSi, ekonomikuri da sakanonmdeblo reformebis gatarebaSi”. saqarTvelosTvis daxmarebis zusti moculobis gansazRvra moxdeba warmodgenili proeqtebis damtkicebis Semdeg. programis farglebSi saqarTvelos mTavroba gegmavs prioritetulad gamoacxados infrastruqturis ganviTarebis proeqtebi, kerZod ki gzebis, xidebis, sakanalizacio sistemebis da a.S. rekonstruqcia da mSenebloba. meore prioriteti iqneba soflis meurneobis dargis ganviTareba, romlisTvisac Seiqmneba specialuri sainvesticio fondi, romelic daafinansebs proeqtebs saqarTvelos regionebSi. 8 soflis meurneoba/ daarsda xorblisa da puris nawarmis mwarmoebelTa asociacia “global agro”. asociaciis mTavari mizania konkurenciuli garemos Seqmna da am sferoSi rogorc mwarmoebelTa, aseve momxmarebelTa interesebis dacva; mTavrobisaTvis daxmarebis gaweva qveyanaSi xorblisa da fqvilis kontrabandasTan brZolis RonisZiebebisa da meqanizmebis SemuSavebasa da am dargSi sakanonmdeblo da normatiuli bazis SemuSavebaSi. 12 daxmareba / Sveicariis mTavrobam gamoyo finansuri daxmareba (800,000 Sveicaruli franki) saqarTvelos socialurad daucveli mosaxleobisaTvis. aRniSnuli Tanxa daixarjeba pensiebze martoxela pensionerebisa da ojaxebisaTvis, romlebic ori an saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4 95 kalendari meti pensionerisgan Sedgeba. gaTvaliswinebulia erTjeradi daxmareba mosaxleobis Raribi nawilisTvis. 13 100 laris odenobiT daxmareba / germaniis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis banki (KfW) gamohyofs 10 milion evros saqarTvelos energosistemis reabilitaciisaTvis, kerZod ki “alaverdis” eleqtrogadamcemi xazis, romelic akavSirebs saqarTvelos energosistemas somxeTis energosistemasTan da zogierTi qvesadguris (lisis, marneulis, gardabnisa da didubis) sruli reabilitaciisaTvis. 15 privatizacia/ saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis ministris, kaxa benduqiZis mier warmodgenil iqna 372 saprivatizacio sawarmos sia. es mxolod nawilia im obieqtebisa, romelTa gayidvac dagegmilia 2004-2006 wlebSi, im obieqtebisa, romlebTan dakavSirebiTac samarTlebrivi samuSaoebi dasrulebulia da romlebic mzad arian sajaro procedurebis dasawyebad. saprivatizacio obieqtebis Semdgomi sia gamoqveyndeba 3-4 Tvis Semdeg. 17 energetika/ ”saqarTvelos saxelmwifo eleqtrosistemam” (kontrolisa da eleqtroenergiis gadamcemi samsaxuri) xeli moawera SeTanxmebas germaniis sakonsultacio kompania “Lahmeyer International-Tan” sakonsultacio momsaxurebis gawevaze saqarTvelos energosistemis reabilitaciis procesSi. kontraqtis Rirebuleba Seadgens 1,3 milion evros. kompania “Lahmeyer International-ma” moigo tenderi, romelic gaimarTa “saqarTvelos eleqtroenergiis sabiTumo bazris xelSewyobis” proeqtis farglebSi. proeqts afinansebs msoflio germaniis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis banki KfW . 18 transporti/ qarTulma aviakompaniam banki da “airzena- saqarTvelos aviaxazebi” moipova erToblivi aviaciis samsaxuris evropis organizaciis (JAA) sertifikati, “boing 737 - 500”, “boing 7 37- 400” da“boing 737-300” tipis aparatebisaTvis teqnikuri momsaxurebis samuSaoebis ganxorcielebaze. 23 daxmareba / TbilisSi muSaoba daiwyo ssf-s regularulma misiam. ssf -s misiis mizania ganixilos mTavrobasTan saqarTvelosTvis siRaribis daZlevisa da ekonomikuri zrdis farglebSi samwliani finansuri daxmarebis programa, romelic damtkicda am saerTaSoriso finansuri organizaciis aRmasrulebeli sabWos mier 2004 wlis 4 ivniss. 96 saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4 kalendari 25 TanamSromloba/ saqarTvelom da ukrainam xeli moaweres ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis memorandums. memorandums xeli moewera premier ministr zurab Jvanias kievSi vizitis dros. 30 TanamSromloba/ saqarTvelosa da niderlandebis mTavrobebis warmomadgenlebma xeli moaweres memorandums “axladwarmoqmnil” bazrebTan TanamSromlobis programis Sesaxeb”. programis farglebSi holandiis mTavroba yovelwliurad gamohyofs 500,000 evros orive ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis 2-3 mxaris kompaniebs Soris erToblivi proeqtisaTvis. gamoyofili Tanxa proeqtis Rirebulebis 50 procents Seadgens. proeqtebi unda gamoirCeodes sakorporacio socialuri pasuxismgeblobis maRali standartiT. proeqtebis dawyeba moxdeba specialuri tenderebis meSveobiT, romlebic weliwadSi erTxel gaimarTeba holandiis mTavrobis EDV saagentos mier, romelic ganaxorcielebs programas saqarTveloSi saqarTveloSi niderlandebis saelCosTan konsultaciebis gziT. saqarTvelos mxridan programas koordinirebas gauwevs saxelmwifo ministri evrointegraciis sakiTxebSi q- ni Tamar beruCaSvili. programa gaTvlilia or welze da SesaZlebelia gagrZeldes, Tu ki orive mxaris mier urTierTsasargeblod iqneba miCneuli. agvisto 2 mTavroba / ssf -s misiam, saqarTveloSi morigi vizitis dasrulebisas, dadebiTad Seafasa saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier ganxorcielebuli samuSao. misiam gamoxata kmayofileba saqarTvelos Semosavlebis mTavrobis mier biujetSi sagadasaxado zrdasa da Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos 2004 wlis saxelmwifo biujetSi cvlilebebis gegmasTan dakavSirebiT. 9 TanamSromloba/ israelis mTavrobam aiRo valdebuleba Tavisi qveynis biznesmenebs winaSe da dahpirda garantiebis micemas saqarTveloSi maT saxelmwifo ganxorciel ebuli investiciebis warumateblobis SemTxvevaSi. israelis mTavroba srulad aanazRaurebs israelis biznesmenTa savaraudo danakargebs gadawyvetilebis wyalobiT saqarTveloSi. riskis faqtori “aRniSnuli israelis biznesmenebisaTvis, romlebic mzad arian saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi daabandon TavianTi kapitali - nulovania”. 11 TanamSromloba / saqarTvelos ewvia TurqeTis samTavrobo delegacia. delegacias meTaurobda TurqeTis premier ministri resep erdogani, romelsac saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4 Tan axlda 120 Turqi biznesmeni. 97 kalendari TurqeTis mTavrobis meTauri Sexvda saqarTvelos prezident mixeil saakaSvils da qveynis premier ministr zurab Jvanias. maT ganixiles qarTul-Turquli ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis gafarToebis sakiTxebi. aRniSnuli vizitis dros Tbilisi qarTveli biznesmenebis biznes forums maspinZl obda. 12 da Turqi energetika/ amerikis sakonsultacio kompania “PA Consulting Groupma” da saqarTvelos bankma xeli moaweres sagarantio SeTanxmebas, USAID -s programa “saqarTvelos energousafrTxoebis iniciativis” farglebSi, PA Consulting-i axorcielebs soflis meurneobebis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis proeqts, romelic iTvaliswinebs saqarTvelos regionebSi energetikuli proeqtebis xelSewyobas. SerCeul meurneobebs, romelsac proeqti moicavs, grZelvadiani (7- wliani) da iafi 8- 12 procentiani kreditebis miRebis SesaZlebloba eZleva. proeqtis damfinanseblebi arian USAID -i (600,000 aSS dolari) da saqarTvelos banki (120,000 aSS dolari). 15 parlamenti/ saqarTvelos parlamentma daamtkica saqarTvelos 2004 wlis saxelmwifo biujetSi cvlilebebis Setana. aRniSnuli cvlilebebis Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos 2004 wlis saxelmwifo biujetis saSemosavlo nawili, grantebis CaTvliT, 1,655,030 aTas lars Seadgens, xolo saxelmwifo biujetis xarjviTi nawili 1,926,174 aTas lars. centraluri biujetis Semosavlebi da grantebi ganisazRvreba 1,257,330 aTasi laris odenobiT, xarjebi ki 1,426, 974 lariT. seqtemberi 1 TanamSromloba/ SeerTebuli Statebis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagentom da saqarTvelos sawarmoTa ganviTarebis proeqtma gegi-m, 271,965 aSS dolaris grantebi gasces Svid qarTul arasamTavrobo organizaciasa da biznes-asociaciaze (saqarTvelos tvirTis gadamzidvelTa asociacia, saqarTvelos profesionalur buRalterTa da auditorTa asociacia, ekonomikuri politikisa da kvlevis centri, arasamTavrobo organizacia organizacia “konstituciis muxli partnioroba socialuri 42”, arasamTavrobo iniciativebis dargSi, saqarTvelos damzRvevTa asociacia, qarTvel eqsportiorTa asociacia) saqarTvelos kerZo seqtorSi reformebis xelSewyobis proeqtebis gansaxorcieleblad da samewarmeo garemos gaumjobesebisaTvis. 98 saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4 kalendari 2 sabanko seqtori/ l a d o gurgeniZe dainiSna saqarTvelos bankis generalur direqtorad. 2 transporti/ Sps “saqaeronavigaciam” xeli moawera italiur kompaniasTan “alenia markoni sistems”, kontraqts romelmac Tbilisis aeroportSi unda daamontaJos damxmare sanavigacio sistema DMG- i, romelic Seesabameba saerTaSoriso standartebs. 6 TanamSromloba/ finansuri kontrolis umaRlesma organoebma, astanaSi Catarebul dsT -s qveynebis finansuri kontrolis samsaxurebis xelmZRvanelTa yovelwliuri Sexvedris dros, ikisres valdebuleba uzrunvelyon TavianTi saqmianobis gamWvirvaloba da xeli moaweres memorandums. 9 turizmi/ 2004 wlis 9 seqtembridan, ZalaSi Sevida cvlilebebi saqarTvelos kanonSi “sakonsulo gadasaxdelebis Sesaxeb”, romelic iTvaliswinebs saqarTvelos vizebis gacemas Semcirebuli tarifiT. cvlilebebis Tanaxmad, saqarTveloSi erTjeradi vizis safasuri Seadgens 10 aSS dolaris eqvivalents erovnul valutaSi erTTviani vizisTvis da 30 aSS dolaris eqvivalents samTviani vizisTvis. orjeradi vizis Rirebuleba Sesabamisi periodisTvis, erTjeradi vizis Rirebulebis 150 procents Seadgens. mravaljeradi viz a, erT wlamde vadiT, Rirs 100 aSS dolari. erTjeradi tranzituli vizis safasuria 5 aSS dolari, orjeradis ki 10 aSS dolari. savizo reJimis gamartivebis erT-erT mizez s warmoadgens qveyanaSi turizmis seqtoris ganviTarebis xelSewyoba. 9 mTavroba/ saqarTvelos prezidentma xeli moawera gankargulebas saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso navTobkorporacii s prezidentis, giorgi Wanturias Tanamdebobidan gaTavisuflebis Sesaxeb. 12 soflis meurneoba/ Tbilisi maspinZlobda saerTaSoriso gamofenas “interfud jorjia, 2004”. gamofena organizebuli iyo britaneTis sagamofeno kompania “ITE Group Plc-is” da saqarTveloSi misi eqskluziuri partnioris “iteka kavlasia -s” mier, saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis saministros, saqarTvelos fermerTa asociaciisa da saqarTvel os meRvineoba- mevenaxeobis kavSiris oficialuri mxardaWeriT. monawileoba miiRo 30-mde kompaniam msoflios 9 qveynidan. gamofenili iyo kvebis produqtebi, danamatebi, alkoholuri da ualkoholo sasmelebi, aRWurviloba da teqnologiebi kvebisa da gadamamuSavebeli mr ewvelobisaTvis da sxva. 19 kavSirgabmuloba/ fiWvuri kavSiris kompania “megakom-ma” Sewyvita funqcionireba. kavSirgabmulobis erovnulma komisiam gauuqma kompania “megakom- s” licenzia fiWvuri satelefono kavSiris saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4 99 kalendari momsaxurebaze, licenziis vadis amowurvisa kompaniis valis droulad argadaxdis gamo. 22 mTavroba/ monopolia saqarTvelos mTavrobas latariis gaTamaSebaze. da komisiisaTvis Semoaqvs Sesabamisi saxelmwifo cvlilebebi “latariebisa da sxva azartuli TamaSebis Sesaxeb” da “samewarmeo saqmianobisaTvis licenziebisa da nebarTvebis Sesaxeb” kanonebSi, momzadda kulturisa da sportis saministros mier. mTavrobam daamtkica warmodgenili kanonproeqtebi. 29 privatizacia/ baTumis sastumro “inturisti” auqcionze 3,02 milion aSS dolarad gaiyida. momavalSi “inturisti” xuTvarskvlavian sastumrod unda gadakeTdes. 30 daxmareba/ niderlandebis mTavrobam saqarTvelos 3 milioni evros granti gamouyo. aRniSnuli Tanxa unda moxmardes saxelmwifo marTvis reformebis xelSewyobas, antikorufciuli zomebis gatarebas, finansuri stabilurobis miRwevasa da siRaribesTan brZolas. oqtomberi 1 TanamSromloba/ TbilisS i gaimarTa biznesis sferoSi TanamSromlobis somxeTi-saqarTvelos asociaciis damfuZnebeli Sexvedra, romelSic monawileobdnen parlamentis, mTavrobis, saqmiani wreebis warmomadgenlebi da sazogado pirebi. saqarTvelos mxridan asociaciis Tavmjdomare aris parlamentis wevri da maJoritarTa fraqciis Tavmjdomare beso juReli,. saqarTvelos mxridan sapatio Tavmjdomarea saqarTvelos premier ministri b-ni zurab Jvania,. noembris dasawyisSi, msgavsi Sexvedra gaimarTeba erevanSi, sadac asociaciis Tavmjdomare da sapatio prezidenti somxeTis mxridan iqneba dasaxelebuli. damtkicebuli struqturis Sesabamisad, asociaciaSi iqneba 9 komisia TiToeuli mxridan: komisiebi biznesis, komunikaciebis, socialuri sakiTxebis, kulturisa da mecnierebis, sportisa da turizmis, jandacvis dargebSi da sxva, romelmac xeli unda Seuwyos saqarTvelosa da somxeTSi Sesabamis sferoebSi arsebuli problemebis daregulirebas. 8 mTavroba/ 8 oqtombris samTavrobo sxdomaze ganixilavdnen kanonproeqts “aradeklarirebuli sagadasaxado valdebulebebis, Tanxebisa da qonebis legalizaciis Sesaxeb”. qarTvel mewarmeebs SesaZlebloba eZleva moaxdinon aradeklarirebuli sagadasaxado valdebulebebis, Tanxebisa da qonebis legalizacia. kanonis ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdeg, makontrolebeli da kanonis aRsrulebis organoebs ekrZalebaT im samewarmeo saqmianobis Semowmeba, romelic mewarmeebis mier xorcieldeboda 2004 wlis 1 ianvramde. 100 saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4 kalendari kanonproeqti gadaecema parlaments, romelic man 20 oqtombramde unda ganixilos. kanonis amoqmedebis Semdeg, mewarmeebs 12 Tvis vada eZleva finansuri da qonebrivi deklaraciebis warsadgenad. 8 daxmareba/ TbilisSi Catarebul aSS-saqarTvelos biznes-sabWos farglebSi xeli moewera SeTanxmebas aSS -s kerZo sainvesticio korporaciis (OPIC ) mier saqarTvelos salizingo kompaniisaTvis 1 milioni aSS dolaris kreditis gamoyofaze . krediti gacemulia 10 wlis vadiT. saqarTvelos salizingo kompania gegmavs moaxmaros igi salizingo portfelis gafarToebas mcire da saSualo sawarmoebisaTvis, umTavresad soflis meurneobisa da momsaxurebis seqtorSi da daexmaros maT modernizebisa da aRWurvilobis ganaxlebis procesSi. 12 sabanko saqmianoba/ sainvesticio fondma “fairberd avrora fand ma”, romelic moRvaweobs dsT -sa da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi, Seisyida saqarTvelos bankis 512,248 aqcia. saqarTvelos safondo birJaze ganxorcielebuli garigebis mTlianma Tanxam 3,07 milion larze meti Seadgina. Sesabamisad, 1 aqciis Rirebuleba 6,0 lari iyo, rac yvelaze maRali ganakveTia, romelic dafiqsirda bolo 4 wlis ganmavlobaSi birJaze sabanko aqciebis SeTavazebisas. 14 energetika/ germanuli kompania “lahmeier interneSenal-i” daiwyebs SCADA-s (sameTvalyureo, kontrolisa da monacemTa mopovebis) sistemis damontaJebis samuSaoebis ganxorcielebas oqtombris bolosTvis. specialistebis azriT, mocemul proeqts didi mniSvneloba aqvs saqarTvelosTvis, radganac SCADA-s sistemis SemoRebis Sedegad, energosistemis marTva mniSvnelovnad gaumjobesdeba. 19 mTavroba/ nikoloz vaSakiZe dainiSna saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso navTobkorporaciis prezidentad. 22 TanamSromloba/ prezident i mixe il saakaSvili Sexvda saqarTveloSi oficialuri vizitiT myof somxeTis prezident robert qoCarians . Sexvedris dros ganxilul iqna sakiTxebis farTo wyeba, romlebic dakavSirebuli iyo ori qveynis TanamSromlobasTan energetikis, transportis, sabaJos, kanonmdeblobaTa SesabamisobaSi moyvanis sferoebSi. gaimarTa ori qveynis mTavrobaTa warmomadgenelebis erToblivi Sexvedra, romelsac eswrebodnen prezidentebi; Sexvedraze ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis perspeqtivebi. 23 ganixiles milsadeni/ kompania “briTiS petroliumma” ganacxada samxreT kavkasiis gazsadenis mSeneblobis dawyebis Sesaxeb, romelic miznad isaxavs “Sah-denizis” saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4 sazRvao sabadodan gazis 101 kalendari transportirebas. mSenebloba daiwyo milebis SeduRebiT gazsadenis 213 km sigrZis monakveTze, azerbaijanis centralur nawilSi. milebis SeduRebasTan dakavSirebuli samuSaoebi 10 TveSi unda dasruldes. am periodSi unda SeduRdes 39,000 mili milsadenis azerbaijanis seqtorze da 22,000 mili – saqarTvelos seqtorze. mSeneblobis dasruleba dagegmilia 2005 wlis meoTxe kvartlisTvis. 24 energetika/ saqarTvelos mTavrobam erTi wlis vadiT gaagrZela xelSekruleba, romlis safuZvelzec amerikuli kompania “PA Consulting” axorcielebs gaerTianebuli sadistribucio kompaniis (UDC) marTvas. energetikis ministrma aRniSna, rom “ukve dawyebulia molaparakebebi, ra drosac gansazRvruli unda iqnes SeTanxmebis detalebi. arsebuli xelSekrulebis vada, romliTac “PA Consulting ” axorcielebs gaerTianebuli sadistribucio kompaniis marTvas, mimdinare wlis noemberSi iwureba. USAID -s ukve gaTvaliswinebuli aqvs biujetSi “PA Consulting”- is dasafinanseblad saWiro Tanxebi muSakTa xelfasebs da faravs dakavSirebulia gaerTianebuli marTvasTan). 25 (USAID -i afinansebs kompaniis yvela xarjebs, sadistribucio romelic fondis soflis meurneoba/ saqarTvelos mTavrobam, specialuri samTavrobo gankargulebiT, 1,005,626 lari gamoyo mosaxleobisgan yurZnis Sesasyidad. aRniSnuli Tanxa gadanawilda Svid Rvinis qarxanaze, esenia: Sps “winandali”, “saqarTvelos Rvinis saganZuri”, “Wandari”, “xirsa”, “alTasi”, “sameba”, “alazan-irgsi”, “qinZmarauli”. 26 teqnologiebi/ saqarTvelom daiwyo “nouTbuqis” tipis kompiuterebis gamoSveba. saqarTveloSi, kompania “maqstop”- is (kompania “intel ”- is partniori saqarTveloSi) mier, intelis teqnologiis safuZvelze awyo bili pirveli aseTi kompiuterebi gayidvaSi iqneba noembris pirveli naxevridan. qarTuli warmoebis nouTbuqis tipis kompiuterebi, ZiriTadad, adgilobriv bazarze iqneba orientirebuli. 27 mTavroba/ saqarTvelos prezidentis gadawyvetilebiT, 2005 wlis ianvridan, minimaluri sapensio ganakveTi mTeli qveynis masStabiT unda gaormagdes . 28 parlamenti/ parlamentis plenarul sxdomaze, pirveli wakiTxviT miiRes sagadasaxado kodeqsis kanonproeqti. axal sagadasaxado kodeqsSi, saqarTveloSi moqmedi 22 saxis gadasaxadis nacvlad iqneba mxolod 8 saxis gadasaxadi: dRg (ganakveTi mcirdeba 20-dan 18 procentamde), saSemosavlo gadasaxadi (15-dan 20 procentamde 102 saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4 kalendari progresulad mzardi ganakveTi Seicvleba fiqsirebuli 12 procentis gadasaxadiT), mogebaze gadasaxadi (ganakveTi Seadgens 20 procents, iseve rogorc amJamad) da socialuri gadasaxadi (ganakveTi mcirdeba 33-dan 20 procentamde). amasTan, axali sagadasaxado kodeqsi iTvaliswinebs navTobproduqtebze, Tambaqos nawarmze, avtomobilebze da alkoholur sasmelebze saaqcizo gadasaxadisa da bunebrivi resursebiT sargeblobaze, qonebaze da azartul TamaSebze dawesebuli gadasaxadis SenarCunebas. 28 TanamSromloba/ saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa saministroSi gaimarTa saqarTvelosa da saberZneTs Soris ekonomikuri da teqnikuri TanamSromlobis erToblivi samTavrobaTaSoriso komisiis meore sxdoma. saqarTvelos delegacias xelmZRvanelobda q-ni Tamar beruCaSvili, saxelmwifo ministri evropasTan integraciis sakiTxebSi, saberZneTis delegacias ki evripidis stiliandisi, saberZneTis sagareo saqmeTa ministris moadgile. sxdomaze ganixiles soflis meurneobis, transportis, komunikaciebis, turizmis, energetikisa da sabanko ormxrivi savaWro-ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis sferoebSi arsebuli mdgomareoba. mxareebma aseve ganixiles evrokavSiris axali iniciativis “evropis samezoblo politikis” farglebSi ormxrivi urTierTobebis Semdgomi ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi. 29 daxmareba/ saqarTvelos samTavrobo delegacia, evropasTan integraciis sakiTxebSi saxelmwifo ministris, q- ni Tamar beruCaSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT , vizitiT ewvia germanias. bonSi, samTavrobo doneze gamarTuli Sexvedris dros, ganxilul iqna saqarTvelosTvis finansuri da teqnikuri daxmarebis gawevis sakiTxebi. mxareebi SeTanxmdnen 2004- 2005 wlebisTvis TanamSromlobis programisa da proeqtebis paketis Taobaze, romlis saerTo Tanxa 26 milion evros Seadgens. noemberi 1 transporti/ 18 -Tviani pauzis Semdeg, 1 noembers britanulma aviakompania “briTiS mediteranian earveiz-ma” (“briTiS earveizis”frenCaizuli partniori) ganaaxla reisebi saqarTveloSi. londonis hitrous aeroportidan TbilisSi reisebi Sesruldeba paraskevobiT da kviraobiT , 13.20 saaTze. TviTmfrinavi daeSveba TbilisSi 21.30 saaTze, adgilobrivi droiT. Tbilisidan londonis mimarTulebiT reisebi Sesruldeba orSabaTobiT da SabaTobiT, 10.30 saaTze. TviTmfrinavi Cafrindeba londonSi 13.15 saaTze, adgilobrivi droiT. reisebi Tbilissa da londons Siris Sesruldeba A320 da A321 tipis aerobusebiT. saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4 103 kalendari 3 TanamSromloba/ saqarTvelos bankma xeli moawera SeTanxmebas aSS -s saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagentosTan (USAID) erTiani sakredito sistemis Seqmnis Sesaxeb. dokumentis Tanaxmad, saaqcio kompania “saqarTvelos banki” gamouSvebs pirvel kerZo obligaciebs saqarTvelos safinanso bazarze 3 milioni aSS dolaris moculobiT, USAID- i ki uzrunvelyofs 50 procentis garantias (1,5 m ilioni aSS dolari). obligaciebis gayidvidan miRebuli Tanxebi moxmardeba mcire da saSualo sawarmoebisaTvis energetikis dargSi proeqtebis dafinansebas. proeqtis ganxorcieleba SesaZlebeli gaxda USAID -is teqnikuri daxmarebis wyalobiT da aseve kompaniebis “PA Consulting Group”, “vinroq interneSenal-i”, Sps “galt&Taggart siqiuriTis” da saaqcio kompania “saqarTvelos banki-s” mier erToblivi ZalisxmeviT. proeqti xorcieldeba USAID -is “saqarTvelos energousafrTxoebis iniciativis” farglebSi, romelic ”ganviTarebis kreditis” proeqtis Semadgeneli nawilia. Consulting Group” monawileobs proeqtis administrirebaSi. 3 “PA sabanko saqm ianoba/ ”Tbiluniversalbanki” gaerTianda “saqarTvelos bankTan”. am bankebis aqcionerebi SeTanxmdnen imaze, rom saqarTvelos banki Seisyidis “Tbiluniversalbankis” aqciebis 80,011 procents. saqarTvelos bankma aseve miaRwia SeTanxmebas evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis bankTan (ergb-i) “Tbiluniversalbankis” aqciebis 19,99 procentis Sesyidvis Taobaze. Sesabamis memorandums xeli ukve moewera da aRniSnuli gadawyvetileba unda damtkicdes aqcionerTa krebis mier, romelic dagegmilia 2004 wlis dekemberSi. 3 priva tizacia/ saqarTvelos mTavrobam daamtkica ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministros gegma saaqcio kompania “TbilaviamSenis” privatizebasTan dakavSirebiT. gadawyda, rom saaqcio kompania “TbilaviamSenis” privatizeba moxdeba pirdapiri miyidvis wesiT. sawarmo gasxvisebuli iqneba Sps “TbilaviamSenze”, romelic Seiqmna sawarmos amJamindel xelmZRvanelTa sainiciativo jgufis mier. aviamSeni qarxana gaiyideba 67 milion aSS dolarad. Tanxis naxevari Cairicxeba saqarTvelos saxelmwifo biujetSi mimdinare wlis bolos. privatizebis ZiriTadi pirobebia: sawarmos profilis SenarCuneba, pirvel rigSi saxelmwifo SekveTebis Sesruleba. sami wlis Semdeg, sawarmos xelmZRvanelobam unda uzrunvelyos Statis gazrda 20 procentiT da xelfasebis momateba 10 procentiT. 5 104 energetika/ Cinurma kompania “siCuan eleqtrik pauer import end eqsport korporeiSn-ma” (saqarTveloSi, xadoris hes- is mSeneblobis investorebi) xeli moawera Sualedur SeTanxmebas energoresursebis sabiTumo bazarTan, romelsac marTavs saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4 kalendari espaneTis kompania “iberdrola”, sadguris eqspluataciis Taobaze 2004 wlis 15 noembridan. xadori hesis mSenebloba mdinare alazanze pirveli proeqtia energetikis dargSi, romelic CineTis mxarem ganaxorciela saqarTveloSi. samSeneblo samuSaoebi daiwyo 2001 wlis gazafxulze. sainvesticio proeqtis mTliani Rirebuleba 25 milionamde aSS dolars Seadgens. sadguris saproeqto simZlavrea 24 mvt: ori obieqti - TiToeuli 12 mvt simZlavriT. sruli datvirTviT muSaobisas, xadori hesi, praqtikulad SesZlebs srulad daakmayofilos kaxeTis regionis moTxovna eleqtroenergiaze. 11 TanamSromloba/ “investiciebis londoni dabandeba organizebuli iyo rekonstruqciisa da maspinZlobda saqarTveloSi”. saqarTvelos mTavrobisa ganviTarebis bankis mier. konferencias konferencia da evropis konferenciaSi monawileoba miiRes saqarTvelos premier ministrma zurab Jvaniam, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis ministrma kaxa benduqiZem, finansTa ministrma zurab noRaidelma, erovnuli bankis prezidentma irakli managaZe, sxva oficialurma pirebma da qarTvelma biznesmenebma. konferencias aseve daeswro 250-ze meti biznesmeni didi britaneTidan da aSS-dan. biznes-konferencia londonSi, yvelaze didi ekonomikuri RonisZiebaa, romelic odesme yofila organizebuli saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier. konferencia miznad isaxavda saerTaSoriso politikuri da saqmiani wreebisaTvis qveyanaSi ekonomikuri da politikuri reformebis kursis, biznesis mdgomareobis gacnobas, qarTvel da ucxour mewarmeebs Soris ndobisa da saqmiani kavSirebis xelSewyobas, investiciebis mobilizebas saqarTvelos ekonomikis sxvadasxva seqtorebSi. saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4 105 danarTi I: ekonomikuri zrdis konkurentunarianoba da saqarTvelo dsT-s sivrceSi Tengiz lomitaSvili, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis magistranti Sesavali dinamizaciisa da sayovelTao neoliberaluri globalizaciis pirobebSi globaluri politikis yuradReba mimarTul unda iqnas im qveynebisaken, romlebic ganviTarebis problemis winaSe dganan. dauyovnebeli cvlilebebis gareSe es qveynebi ekonomikuri zrdis Sanss dakargaven. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs dsT-is qveynebi, romlebic cdiloben garkveuli zRvruli makro, mikroekonomikuri da humanuri ganviTarebis indikatorebis miRwevas, raTa usafrTxo da mdgradi ganviTarebis traeqtoriaze gavidnen. aranaklebi mniSvnelobisaa im sakiTxis garkveva ramdenad muSaobs am qveynebSi ekonomikuri zrda siRaribis daZlevis mimarTulebiT.[9]. ”pro-Raribebis” ekonomikuri zrdis koncefcia sakmao Zalas ikrebs.[12] Cveni naSromis mTavari mizania dsT-is qveynebSi ekonomikuri zrdis mamoZravebeli faqtorebis Sefaseba da indeqsebis ageba, romlis meSveobiTac SevadarebT am qveynebis ekonomikuri zrdis perspeqtivebs. Tezisi da Sedegi ki Cvens mier warmoebuli ranJirebaa. ranJirebis mixedviT saqarTvelos me-10 adgili ukavia qveynebis am jgufSi ekonomikuri zrdis perspeqtivebis TvalsazrisiT. Cveni kvlevis ZiriTadi Sedegis garda, Cven miviReT agreTve “Tanamdevi efeqtebis” Sedegebi, romlebic warmovadgineT, rogorc Cveni midgomis mTavari daSvebebi da winapirobebi. saqme isaa, rom ekonomistTa umravlesoba ewinaaRmdegeba ekonomikuri zrdisa da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis kategoriebis paralelurad xmarebas.[20]. gansxvaveba marTlac aSkaraa – meore moicavs pirvels, magram Cvenma midgomam moiTxova am gansxvavebis ugulebelyofa sami ZiriTadi mizezis gamo: 1) sakmaod farTod gavrcelebuli mosazreba arsebobs imis Taobaze, rom raodenobrioba, rogorc wesi, TvisebriobaSi gadadis. es niSnavs, rom ekonomikuri zrda, romelic upiratesad raodenobrivi maCvenebelia, adre Tu gvian aucileblad gadaiqceva ekonomikur ganviTarebad, romelic Tvisebrivi maCveneblebis cvlilebasac gulisxmobs. anu, mxolod drois da ekonomikuri zrdis tempis saqmea, rom zrda ganviTarebad gadaiqces. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom mecnierebi, romlebic am gansxvavebas uWeren mxars, terminologiuri diferenciaciis sakmaris kriteriumebad drois periods da ek. zrdis siCqares miiCneven. formaluri ekonomikuri mecniereba ki ar cnobs raime konkretulad gansazRvrul limitebs, rogorc obieqtur kriteriumebs msgavsi diferenciaciis mizniT. aseTi limitebis daweseba yoveli konkretuli, individualuri ekonomikuri movlenis SemTxvevaSi cnobili da gamocdili economist-eqspertebis prerogativaa. imis gadawyveta, Tu ekonomikuri zrda sad wyvets ubralo raodenobrivi maCveneblad yofnas da TvisebriobaSi gadadis, vfiqrobT, CvenTvis sakmaod Znelia 2) is faqtorebi, romlebzec Cven gavakeTeT aqcenti (ZiriTadad humanuri da teqnologiuri), rogorc zrdis mTavar faqtorebze, upiratesad Tvisebrivi indikatorebia. es faqtorebi gavlenas axdenen zrdaze da amave dros uku gavlenasac ganicdian. mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebi aSkarad or mimarTulebiania. aRniSnuli kvlav metyvelebs ubralo raodenobrivi maCvenebelis gamoyenebis aramizanSewonilobaze. 3) Cveni naSromi aRiarebs e.w. “sistemur midgomas” anu ganviTarebis yvela sferos (socialuri, ekonomikuri, politikuri) 106 saqarTvelo s ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4 ekonomikuri zrdis konkurentunarianoba da saqarTvelo dsT-s sivrceSi ) erTianobas. amitom nebismieri semantikuri gansxvaveba am or termins Soris arapragmatulia mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT. gansxvavebas SeuZlia mTliani suraTis gamartiveba, magram ekonomikuri faqtebis aseTi izolirebuli da gamartivebuli xedva ar amarTlebs economikuri mecnierebis mTavar mizans, rac mdgomareobs sazogadoebis simdidris gafarToebis gzebis SemuSavebaSi. globaluri azrovneba ukve didi xania iqca swori lokaluri qmedebis yvelaze kritikuli imperativad. zemoaRniSnuli argumentebi sakmarisi mizezia imisaTvis, rom aqcenti ar gavakeToT terminologiur diferenciaciaze, ufro zustebi rom viyoT, Cven vxmarobT am or termins urTierSenacvlebiT, imisaTvis, rom aRvweroT ekonomikuri movlenebis rTuli monacvleobis aRmavali procesi. gardamaval qveynebs garkveuli specifika aqvT ekonomikuri urTierTobis sferoSi, magram es ar niSnavs, rom ZiriTadi ekonomikuri kanonebi aq ar moqmedeben. amitom Cven Semogvaqvs daSveba, rom am qveynebs aqvT ekonomika, romelic garkveul doneze sabazro ZalebiT imarTeba. Cven viziarebT zogierTi ekonomistis ideas da maT ekonomikas ganvixilavT e.w. “postkomunisturi kapitalizmis” ekonomikad anu defeqtur, magram mainc sabazro ekonomikis ZalebiT marTul meurneobas.[1] yvelaze aSkara problema, rasac ki Cven (dsT -is qveynebi) wavawydiT sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg is iyo, rom davkargeT uzarmazar bazarTan xelmisawvdomoba. es ukanaskneli ki ganviTarebis da zrdis erT-erT faqtoradaa miCneuli. ekonomikuri zrdis Teorias mniSvnelovani geografiuli ganzomileba aqvs. arsebobs regionebTan siaxlovis ekonomikuri zrdis faqtorad ganxilvis didi tradicia (mag. krugmani, otaviano da puga, da a.S.). amitomaa, rom integraciul procesebs dsT-is sivrceSi alternativa ar gaaCnia, miTumetes roca am qveynebs saerTo ekonomikuri warsuli aqvT .[21]. amitomaa, rom Cvens mier agebuli indeqsebi saWiro da drouli xelsawyoebia Cveni savaWro partniorebis ekonomikuri aRmavlobis prognozirebisaTvis. garda amisa, naTeli ekonomikuri prognozi aucilebelia ucxouri investiciebis mozidvis mizniT. am azriT dsT -is qveynebi erTmaneTis konkurentebad gvevlinebian. ekonomikuri zrdis kavSirurTierTobebi – sistemuri midgoma Cveni naSromis erT-erT upiratesobad migvaCnia is, rom Teoriul fonad SevecadeT sistemuri midgomis arCeva ekonomikuri zrdis TvalsazrisiT. sistemuri midgoma klasikuri mecnierebis erT-erTi Zvirfasi memkvidreobaa. saqme isaa, rom ekonomikuri urTierTobebi socialuri mTlianis nawilia, amitom maTi fesvebi Rrmad aris masSi gadgmuli. Cveni yoveli samecniero naSromi ekonomikis dargSi miZRvnili unda iyos am sistemuri urTierTobebis gamoaSkaravebisaTvis, radganac, rogorc viciT, sistemas, rogorc mTels sxva Tviseba gaaCnia, vidre mis calkeuli kompomentebis Tvisebebis ubralo jams (sinergiuli efeqti). am urTierTobebis ufro Rrma Secnoba damokidebulia urTierTdakavSirebuli disciplinebis codnis doneze. Cven myarad varT darwmunebulebi, rom mxolod yvela ZiriTad socialuri disciplinis sistemur codnas SeuZlia ekonomikis marTvisTvis namdvilad efeqturi da praqtikuli berketebis formirebaSi dagvexmaros. Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT Tanamedrove mecnierTa mzard yuradRebas ganviTarebis Tanamedrove koncefciis sirTuleebis mimarT, Cveni midgoma myarad dasturdeba. isini Tvlian, rom Tanamedroveobis erTerTi ZiriTadi inovacia aris “sazogadoebriobis yvela sferoSi subieqtebis, obieqtebis da movlenebis urTierTdamokidebulebis, urTierTmimarTebis da urTierTkavSiris mudmivi asaxva”. [2][3]. Cveni naSromis erT-erTi nakli SeiZleba iyos is, rom gardamavali qveynebi jer ar gadasulan post-industriul stadiaze; magram gvjera, rom dinamizaciisa da globalizaciis Tanamedrove saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 #.4 107 ekonomikuri zrdis konkurentunarianoba da saqarTvelo dsT-s sivrceSi tendenciebis gavleniT aRniSnuli maxasiaTeblebi uaxloes momavalSi CvenTanac iqneba. maTi asaxva ki ekonomikuri zrdis wingamswrebi strategiis SemuSavebas moiTxovs. zemoaRniSnulma argumentebma saSualeba mogvces gagveanalizebina im mecnierTa ideebi, romlebmac scades TavianTi Sesabamisi disciplinebis (socialuri, politikuri, ekonomikuri) segmenturi SeboWiloba daeZliaT ganviTarebis problemasTan mimarTebaSi da epovnaT urTierTkavSiri aRniSnul disciplinebs Soris. karl marqsisaTvis sazogadoebis ekonomi kuri organizacia ufro farTo socialuri erTianobis nawili iyo. sazogadoebis ekonomikuri struqtura ganmsazRvrel gavlenas axdenda mis politikur urTierTobebze, kanonebis bunebaze, da zogadad kulturul Rirebulebebze. Tumca, mas urTierTkavSiris aRniSnuli xedva SemuSavebuli qonda Tavisi specifikuri problemis – socialuri uTanabrobis garSemo. ekonomikuri urTierTobebis mniSvneloba marqsisTvis gadmwyveti iyo – igi fundamenturi cvlilebis Zalas miawerda ekonomikur Zalebs, da amiT sxva Zalebs unda aereklaT aseTi saxis realoba.[5] maqs veberma ganavrco zogadi argumentebis da Teoriebis agebis marqsiseuli midgoma, agreTve sxvadasxva socialuri faqtorebis urTierTkavSiri, romelic iwvevda ekonomikuri zrdis, socialuri cvlis, politikuri ganviTarebis specifikur tipebs. veberis idea, rom protestanturi samuSao eTika iyo mTavari faqtori evropisa da amerikis warmatebis saqmeSi, kvlav CvenTanaa: cota xnis winaT niu-iorkis univrsitetis istorikosi, n. fergiusoni amtkicebda, rom germaniis da sxva evropuli qveynebis dRevandeli ekonomikuri stagnacia didadaa kavSirSi religiuri rwmenis SemcirebasTan.[36]. veberi dabejiTebiT Seecada eCvenebina, rom arcerT calkeul Zalas ar Seswevs mudmivi dominirebis unari. mas miaCnda, rom saWiro iyo yuradRebis gamaxvileba socialur istoriaSi gavlenis mqone Zalis cvlilebis mimarT, da am principis gamoyeneba Teoriebis agebis dros. mokled, veberma Semoitana ganviTarebis procesisadmi axali midgoma – socialuri Zalebis urTierTkavSiri. Cveni azriT, yvelaze Zlieri argumentebi am mxriv ekuTvnis, j. Sumpeters. igi ganuw yvetliv aswavlida Tavis studentebs, rom efiqraT ganviTarebaze, ara rogorc calkeul, segmentirebul procesze, aramed rogorc arsebiTad ufro farTo socialuri procesis nawilze. misi sityvebiT, “socialuri procesi aris realurad erTi ganuyofeli mTeli. uzarmazari nakadidan majgufebeli xeli xelovnurad gamoyofs ekonomikur faqtebs.”[6]. SumpeterisaTvis ekonomikuri analizis erTerTi mizezobrivi faqtori unda iyos araekonomikuri; ekonomikuri process gaaCnia an araekonomikuri wanamZRvrebi an araekonomikuri Sedegebi an orive erTdroulad. is amtkicebda, rom mecniers unda SeeZlos ganaxorcielos ekonomikuri analizi sxva faqtoebTan urTierTkavSirSi, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi mas ar SeeZleba namdvilad mecnieruli analizis Catareba. misi erTguleba am principis mimarT iseTi Zlieri iyo, rom man daikava ara ekonomikuri pozicia sxvadasxva ekonomikuri fenomenis asaxsnelad. misi sityvebiT, “SeuZlebelia ekonomikuri cvlilebis axsna mxolod wina ekonomikuri pirobebiT, radgan xalxis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba gamomdinareobs ara ubralod wina ekonomikuri mdgomareobidan, aramed wina mTliani situaciidan.”[5] socialuri mecnierebis yvela sferoSi arsebobs bevri cnobili avtori da samecniero naSromi, romelic eZRvneba sistemur princips. es avtorebia: giunar miurdali, albert hirSmani, bert hozelici, barington muri umcrosi, s. lipseti, samuel hanTingtoni, j. nelsoni, a. seni, j. burki, p. striteni. [5] Cvens mier zemoT ganxiluli Teoriebi gamomdinareoben socialuri mecnierebis sxvadasxva sferodan da Seabamisad Zirfesvianad gansxvavdebian SinaarsiT da struqturiT, magram yvela maTgani inarCuebs azrs, rom sxvadasxva socialuri fonis 108 saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4 ekonomikuri zrdis konkurentunarianoba da saqarTvelo dsT-s sivrceSi ) gamo, yvela qveyanas unda morgebul iqnas sakuTari socialuri identurobis Sesabamisi da adekvaturi ekonomi kuri zrdis modeli da politika. miurdalis mixedviT, ganviTarebul qveynebSi ekonomikuri zrdis procesisagan gansxvavebiT, sadac sxvadasxva socialuri da kulturuli Zalebi ekonomikuri zrdis mimarT damTmobebi gaxdnen, ekonomikuri zrda Camoyalibebis procesi myof ekonomikebSi Rrmad aris Cafluli sxvadasxva kulturul da socialur ZalebSi – institucionalur struqturaSi.[7] zemoaRniSnuli sakmaod mWidro kavSirSia dabali ganviTarebis mqone gardamavali qveynebis ekonomikasTan. Tu miurdalis azri ZiriTadad sworea, (Cven vTvliT, rom aris), maSin ekonomikuri zrdis nebismieri modeli, romelic Seqmnilia ganviTarebuli qveynebis ekonomikaze, ar SeiZleba Tanabrad misaRebi iyos ganviTrebadi da gardamavali qveynebis ekonomikisaTvis. es gaxlavT Ceni Teoriuli gamokvlevis kidev erTi Sedegi, ris gamoc Cveni indeqsebis agebis dros aqcenti gavakeTeT humanur da teqnologiur faqtorebze. Cvens gaangariSebebSi aRniSnuli faqtorebi ufro xSiradaa warmodgenili. zrdis konkurentunarianoba – konceptualuri siaxle am TavSi Cven Semogvaqvs zrdis konceptualuri modeli, romelic gamoyenebulia msoflio ekonomikuri forumis popularuli preqtis “globaluri konkurentunarianobis angariSis” CarCoebSi. neoklasikuri Teoriis cnobili ekonomistebi – m. porteri, j. saqsi, a. uorneri, x. martini xelmZRvaneloben aRniSnul proeqts. proeqtis ori ZiriTadi indeqsidan erT -erTia zrdis konkurentunarianobis indeqsi, romliTac fasdeba is faqtorebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen ekonomikur zrdaze, da Semdeg xdeba qveynebis ranJireba. zrda izomeba, rogorc mSp mosaxleobis erT sulze cvlilebis tempi. faqtorebi xsnian Tu ratom iumjobesebs zogierTi qveyana keTildReobas ufro swrafad, vidre sxva romelime. aRniSnuli indikatorebi fokusirebas axdenen im faqtorebze, romlebic zrdian mwarmoeblurobas, romelic cxovrebis stadartebis amaRlebis safuZvelia. mTliani Sida produqti mosaxleobis erT sulze cxovrebis donis yvelaze zogadi maCvenebelia. amitom konkurentunarianobis mTvari sarbieli aris ara mxolod bazarze wilis mopoveba da SenarCuneba, aramed is faqtorebi, romlebic ekonomikuri zrdisa da gaviTarebis process uwyoben xels. konkurenciis is tipi, romelic bazris wilTan iyo dakavSirebuli e.w. “zero-sam geimis” anu nulovani jamis mqone TamaSis saxeliT iyo cnobili. am TamaSis principi is aris, rom rasac erTi agebs, mas igebs meore. anu konkurenciaSi gamarjveba konkurentis xarjze xdeba. rogorc d. dipietre aRniSnavs, imis rwmena, rom aSS-Tvis konkurentunarianobis SenarCunebis erTaderTi gza aris sxva erebisTvis bazris wilis warTmeva sxvadasxva segmentSi, es fataluri Secdomaa. (37) ekonomikuri zrdasTan mimarTebiT globaluri “namcxvari” ar aris fiqsirebuli. msoflioSi aris ekonomikuri zrdis didi potenciali, rasac globaluri informaciuli, bio da socialuri teqnologiebis swrafi ganviTareba uwyobs xels. miT umetes ar aris aRniSnul sferoSi e.w. “nulovani TamaSis” principis moqmedebis adgili. Tumca konkurentunarianobis terminis am SemTxvevaSi gamoyeneba sakmaod mizanSewonilia, radgan mezoekonomikur doneze qveynebi marTlac ejibrebian keTildReobis donis amaRlebaSi erTmaneTs. globalizaciisa da lokalizaciis pirobebSi arc erTi movlena da subieqti izolirebulad ar viTardeba. amitom ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT mTavaria maTi saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 #.4 109 ekonomikuri zrdis konkurentunarianoba da saqarTvelo dsT-s sivrceSi pozicionireba am procesebSi, drevandel pirobebSi da momavalSi qveynis adgili saerTaSoriso ekonomikur sivrceSi. realuri Cawera globalur ekonomikur da sxva sivrceSi, saerTaSoriso logistikur qselSi, materialuri da aramaterialuri nakadebis qselSi CaweriT xorcieldeba [38]. msoflio Tanamegobrobis realuri wevroba CamorCenili ekonomikiT SeuZlebelia, radgan neoekonomiks pirobebSi msoflio informaciul da sasaqonlo nakadebis moZraobaSi qveynis monawilebis done da xarisxi mTlianad damokidebulia qveynis ekonomikuri struqturis efeqtianobaze, dinamiurobaze, ganaxlebis xarisxze, moqnilobaze, inteleqtualur potencialze, adamianuri kapitalis xarisxze, profesionalizmze, qveynis wminda codnis wilze msoflio wminda codnaSi, qveynaSi mosaxleobis cxovrebis xarisxze, maT Semosavlebze, erovnuli danazogebis doneze. zemoaRniSnuli Tvisebrivi kondiciebis miRweva SeuZlebelia neli raodenobrivi cvlilebis anu ekonomikuri zrdis dabali tempebis pirobebSi. dRevandel pirobebSi arsebuli mdgomareoba ukve naklebad mniSvnelovania, vidre momavlisaTvis konkuren cia. ekonomikuri zrdis konkurentunarianobis Cvens mier ganxiluli koncefcia sakmaod mniSvnelovan winaaRmdegobaSi modis saerTaSoriso ekonomikur urTierTobaTa TeoriaSi tradiciulad miRebul idasTan savaWro partnior qveyanaSi Semosavlis zrdis ukukavSirebis Sesaxeb [10]. kerZod, savaWro partnioris ekonomikuri zrda Cveni qveynis eqsportze moTxovnas zrdis da Sesabamisad Semosavlebic izrdeba. globalizaciis Tanamedrove pirobebSi garzrdili savaWro urTierTobebi amas kidev ufro uwyoben xels. dResReobiT saqonelze tarifebi 4%-ze naklebia vaWrobis msoflio organizaciis wevr qveynebs Soris. integraciuli gaerTianebebi, rogorebicaa “evrokavSiri” da “NAFTA ”, ganuwyvetliv xels uwyobdnen aRniSnuli tendenciis SenarCunebas. berlinis kedlis dangrevam da 90-ian wlebSi teqnologiurma revoluciam xeli Seuwyo gamWirvale da Ria msoflios Camoyalibebas [39]. Tumca, miuxedavad amisa, qveynis ekonomikur zrdaze partnioris zrdis gavlena naklebad igrZnoba. saqme isaa, rom Seicvala sasaqonlo da informaciuli nakadebis winaSe wayenebuli moTxovnebi. postindustriuli bazari araefeqtian da uxarisxo, arakonkurentunarian produqcias gverds uvlis, ris gamoc korelacia partnioris zrdasa da Cveni qveynis zrdas Soris mniSvnelovnad mcirdeba. amitom gasakviri ar aris, rom Tanamedrove saxelmwifo ufro dainteresebuli unda iyos postindustriul ekonomikur moTxovnebs ar CamorCes da sakuTari mwarmoeblurobis amaRlebasa da ekonomikur zrdaze izrunos. garda amisa, qveynis mzadyofna globalizaciisa gamowvevebisaTvis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis maRali donis gareSe ver Sedgeba. es gansakuTrebiT sayuradreboa ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvisaTvis, romlebic Semosavlebis zrdis mudmivi problemis winaSe dganan. msoflio meurneobaSi aqtiuri monawileobis gareSe dRes vercerTi individi, firma Tu qveyana keTildReobas ver miaRwevs da qronikulad CamorCenilTa jgufSi aRmoCndeba. aseTi monawileoba ki maTi inteleqtualuri, mecnierul-teqnologiuri potencialiT, msoflio bazrebze konkurentunarianobis xarisxiT izomeba. [2] zrdis perspeqtivebi dsT -is qveynebSi zrdis ranJirebis Cveneuli modeli ZiriTadad eyrdnoba msoflio ekonomikuri forumis midgomas. Cven veyrdnobiT maT mier gaangariSebul mza korelaciebs im faqtorebisTvis, romlebsac Cven vrTavT gaangariSebebSi. Cven aseve veyrdnobiT avstralieli ekonomistebis bloqisa da kenionis Sexedulebebs mwarmoeblurobis zrdis 110 saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4 ekonomikuri zrdis konkurentunarianoba da saqarTvelo dsT-s sivrceSi ) faqtorebTan dakavSirebiT.[11]. damatebiT, Cven mivmarTavT “humanuri ganviTarebis angariSs” (2003w), romelic iZleva sakmao safuZvels, rom ekonomikur zrdaze msjelobisas mxedvelobaSi miviRoT humanuri ganviTarebis indeqsi da saerTod adamianuri resursebis xarisxi. amitomac gamoviyeneT Cvens gaangariSebaSi sicocxlis xangrZlivobisa da ganaTlebis indeqsebi, romlebic “HDR” qve indeqsebia. is faqtorebi, romelTac akliaT korelaciis statistikuri dasabuTeba raRac doneze mainc aris CarTuli gaangariSebaSi, rogorc Sesabamisi avtorebis eqspertuli Sefasebani. faqtorTa umetesoba ekuTvnis 2000 da 2001 wels. Cven viyenebT agreTve wina wlis monacemTa rigebs dinamikuri indikatorebis gaangariSebisaTvis. Cven ganzrax moverideT bolo wlebis (2002-2003) monacemTa gamoyenebas ori mizezis gamo: 1) 2001 weli bolo welia msoflio ekonomikur Senelebamde; 2) 2001 weli bolo welia, romlisTvisac informaciis SedarebiT sruli kompleqti moipoveba qveyanaTa Soris SedarebisaTvis. faqtiurad, yvela faqtori TiToeuli qveynisaTvis erTi da imave welss ekuTvnis da Sesabamisad maRalSesadarisia. meTodologia aseTia: yoveli faqtoris mixedviT SedarebisTvis vagebT qveindeqsebs cnobili formuliT: (faqtobrivi mniSvneloba-minimaluri mniSvneloba)/(maqsimaluri mniSvneloba-minimaluri mniSvneloba). ase, rom yoveli qveyana TiToeuli faqtoris mixedviT Rebulobs raime qulas 0-1 SualedSi. nuli ekuTvnis yvelaze uperspeqtivo, xolo erTi yvelaze perspeqtiul qveyanas TiToeuli faqtoris mixedviT. saboloo ekonomikuri zrdis konkurentunarianobis formula Semdegnairad moi cema: zrdis indeqsi=Σ(Xi× Yi), sadac indeqsis gaangariSebis Xi aris qveynis qula i faqtoris mixedviT, xolo Yi aris i faqtoris Sesabamisi wona. Cvens konkretul SemTxvevaSi yvela faqtori warmodgenilia Tanabari woniT. anu Cven vangariSobT Sesabamisi qveindeqsebis mniSvnelobebis ubralo saSualo ariTmetikuls TiToeuli qveynisaTvis. faqtorebis CamonaTvali, romlebic Cven CavrTeT gaangariSebaSi, Semdegia: 1) mosaxleobis erT sulze realuri mSp-is zrdis tempi. determinacia mosaxleobis erT sulze mSp-sa da “mef” -is zrdis konkurentunarianobis indeqss Soris R²=0.8153-ia. Cven viRebT am maCvenebels, rogorc ekonomikuri zrdis kargad gamocdil winapirobas da niSans. statistikuri informacia 4) miviReT “HDR-2003”- dan. problema is iyo, rom 1990-2001 wlebis pediodma am qveynebSi negatiuri zrdis saSualo tempi gviCvena. es imas niSnavs, rom rac ufro dabalia am faqtoris absoluturi mniSvneloba, miT ufro meti perspeqtivaa zrdis TvalsazrisiT. amitom, qveindeqsis asagebad mogvixda eqsponenturi funqciis gamoyeneba. Semdeg gamoviyeneT indeqsis formula. Riadoba niSnavs, rom qveyana isargeblebs pirdapir da arapirdapir savaWro Riadobis zRvruli zrdis Sedegad misi mimdinare donis miuxedavad [23]. Cven gamoviyeneT savaWro Riadobis martivi maCveneblebi – eqsportisa da importis mSp-Tan fardobis maCveneblebi da gamovTvaleT Sesabamisi qveindeqsebi. eleqtroenergiis moxmareba aTasi kilovati mosaxleobis aTas sulze. aRniSnuli miuTiTebs qveynis zogad keTildReobaze, iseve, rogorc energiis xelmisawvdomobaze qveynis ekonomikuri zrdis faqtor-mamoZravebel etapze. patentebi mosaxleobis milion sulze wlis ganmavlibaSi aRniSnavs qveynis 5) teqnologiur SesaZleblobas. determinacia R²=0.530 [8]. mobiluri telefonis abonentTa ricxvi miuTiTebs 2) 3) kavSirebisa da transaqciebis siswrafeze. determinacia R²=0.782 [8]. saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 #.4 111 ekonomikuri zrdis konkurentunarianoba da saqarTvelo dsT-s sivrceSi 6) 7) 8) 9) internetis momxmareblebi mosaxleobis milionze aris agreTve informaciis xelmisawvdomobisa da ganaTlebis zogadi donis mniSvnelovani maCvenebeli. (R²=0.816) [8]. savaluto kursis meryeoba zrdaze momqmedi uaryofiTi faqtoria. igi ayovnebs da xels uSlis transaqciebs mocemuli qveynis mimarT. amitom aris rom Cven gamovTvaleT TiToeuli qveynis erovnuli valutis kursis meryeobis dispersia da saSualo kvadratuli gadaxra valutis SemoRebidan 2000 wlamde da Semdeg gardavqmeniT isisni logariTmuli(1/ln(mniSvneloba)) funqciiT ise, rom maRali meryeoba dabali perspeqtivis maCvenebeli yofiliyo. igive SeiZleba iTqvas inflaciis tempze, romelic izomeba samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsis meryeobiT. rogorc ganviTarebuli qveynebis praqtika mowmobs, maRali zrdis tempi, rogorc wesi miRweul iqna dabali inflaciis pirobebSi. [18]. magram dispersiis nacvlad Cven gamoviyeneT samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsis yovelwliuri saSualo cvlilebis tempi. ”HDR”-is ganaTlebisa da sicocxlis xangrZlivobis indeqsebi asaxaven qveynis adamianuri resursebis xarisxs. dawyebuli 1990 wlidan ekonomistTa mzardi ricxvi ganixilavs codnis ekonomikas [26]. bevri qveynis ekonomikis warmatebas pirdapir miaweren aRniSnul faqtorebs. yvelaze ukanaskneli, magaliTad, aris irlandia, romelic bolo periodamde yvelaze konkurentunarian qveynad iTvleboda pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis mozidvis sferoSi adamianuri garemos mimarT misi yuradRebis gamo [33]. “HDR- 2003” amtkicebs, rom arsebobs mWidro korelacia humanur ganviTarebasa da ekonomikur zrdas Soris. sinergiul efeqtebs didi mniSvneloba aqvs: ganaTlebisa da janmrTelobis dacva afarToebs samuSao Zalis xarisxs da piriqiT. Cven ar gardavqmeniT aRniSnuli ori indeqsi da pirdapir gamoviyeneT Cveni indeqsis agebaSi. 10) umuSevrobis done – maRali umuSevroba miuTiTebs zrdis potencialze. makroekonomikuri sferos cnobilma mkvlevarma, a. oukenma maTematikurad aCvena kavSiri umuSevrobasa da mSp-is CamorCenas Soris. es kavSiri, romelic “oukenis kanonis” saxeliTaa cnobili, uCvenebs, rom Tu faqtiuri umuSevroba 1% -iT maRalia bunebriv doneze, maSin mSp-is CamorCena 2.5%-ia. sabazro ekonomikis zogierTi mkvlevari umuSevari samuSao Zalis rezervebs yoveli normalurad momqmedi ekonomikis aucilebel pirobad miiCnevs. a. livSicis sityvebiT, samuSao Zalis 100%-iT datvirTvis SemTxvevaSi ekonomika kargavs manevrirebis unars, rodesac moTxovna icvleba [27]. 11) mwarmoebluroba aris ekonomikuri zrdis ZiriTadi mamoZravebeli, niSani da Sedegi. Cven gamovTvaleT ori indeqsi: 1) mimdinare mwarmoebluroba, romelic gamovTvaleT, rogorc mSp erT sul momuSaveze; 2) dinamiuri mwarmoebluroba, rogorc mwarmoeblurobis saSualo wliuri zrdis tempi 1995-2000 wlebis periodSi. mwarmoebluroba yvelaze metad gansazRvravs eris cxovrebis dones. istoria gviCvenebs, rom liderobas mwarmoeblurobis dargSi yovelTvis mosdevda lideroba economikis, politikis da samxedro sferoebSi [31]. 12) investiciebi fiqsirebul kapitalSi – mimdinare krizisis daZleva SesaZlebelia sawarmoo sistemis mxolod sruli ganaxlebis safuZvelze[29]. Cven SevadareT investiciebis moculobebi 2002 wlisaTvis qveynebis mixedviT. Cven gardavqmeniT erovnul valutis erTeulebSi gamoxatuli Tanxebi Sesabamisi sadolare kursiT. Tumca, Cven Cven gvjera, rom es indikatori cota ar iyos arasrulyofili sazomia zogadi investiciuri tendenciisa, radgan investiciebis nakadebi da sainvesticio aqtivoba SesaZlebelia 112 saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4 ekonomikuri zrdis konkurentunarianoba da saqarTvelo dsT-s sivrceSi ) mieweros droebiT faqtorebs da mdgradi investiciuri stimulebis aRweris unari mas ar Seswevs. Cven mainc gadavwyviteT, rom ar gavsuliyaviT am tradiciuli maCveneblis gareSe, radgan bevri ekonomisti miawers did mniSvnelobas investiciebs, gansakuTrebiT ki pirdapir ucxour investiciebs [19]. Cveni gaTvlebis Sedegebi aseTia: mSp mosaxl. erT sulze zrdis tempi 1990-2001 saqarTve -5,5 lo azerbaija -1,3 ni -1,3 somxeTi -3,5 ruseTi ukraina yazaxeTi -7,4 -1,9 Turqmene -6,1 Ti uzbekeTi -1,5 eleqtro energiis moxmareba saqonlisa mosax. da mSp–is saq. da erT momsaxure zrdis momsax. bis sulze(100 tempis importi kil. eleqtro eqsponent mSp –is eqsporti 0 (mSp-is % eqsportis (mSp-is % importis saaTi) uri zrdis energiis funqcia indeqsi 2001) indeqsi 2001) indeqsi indeqsi 2000 * 22,0 38,0 1,2 0,0041 0,0073 0,0000 0,2083 0,1471 42,0 0,2725 0,2725 0,4965 0,4965 0,0302 0,0006 0,0548 0,0009 0,1496 0,2724 56,0 46,0 0,0385 0,6538 0,0022 0,0039 0,0003 0,0001 0,4583 0,8077 10,000 saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 #.4 0,0000 2,1 10,000 43,0 0,6346 0,2647 0,7 76,0 55,0 0,5488 0,1875 10,000 0,0000 0,2647 1,6 50,0 64,0 belarusi -0,6 0,0000 0,2885 0,0003 tajikeTi -9,2 0,1176 1,6 37,0 74,0 10,000 0,4706 0,5588 0,3958 0,1154 0,0367 2,3 2,6 0,3529 0,0588 1,1 28,0 37,0 0,0202 0,1875 0,5417 0,9 4,1 0,4375 0,4808 0,4065 -8,2 54,0 49,0 1,9 0,2083 0,3750 47,0 28,0 0,2231 46,0 37,0 0,4615 47,0 yirgizeTi -3,9 moldova 26,0 24,0 38,0 0,3846 0,0769 0,4118 2,7 0,3125 0,5882 113 ekonomikuri zrdis konkurentunarianoba da saqarTvelo dsT-s sivrceSi mobiluri telefone bis abonenteb i 2001 patentebi (mosaxle obis million patentebi ze ) 2001 s indeqsi 38,0 0,061 0,3619 0,0 mobiluri telefone bis abonenteb is indeqsi internet. savaluto momxmareb kursis lebi meryeobis savaluto logariTm savaluto mosaxl. erT uli interneti kursis kursis sulze s momx. meryeobis funqcia(1/ meryeobis variacia ln(value) ) indeqsi indeqsi 2001 0,0093 831835 0,81 0,6413 0,094 0,0000 10,000 0,2100 0,0032 0,0644 0,0734 11045 0,1074 0,2414 0,6671 0,78 saqarTve lo azerbaijan i 46,0 0,4381 0,007 0,0543 0,0184 0,4272 9558 0,1091 0,6883 0,78 somxeTi 105,0 10,000 0,053 0,5543 0,0293 0,6874 108591467 0,0540 0,0000 0,69 ruseTi 12,0 0,1143 0,044 0,4565 0,0119 0,2721 48694 0,0926 0,4826 0,74 ukraina 79,0 0,7524 0,036 0,3696 0,0093 0,2100 25367 0,0986 0,3325 0,68 yazaxeTi 0,2119 0,69 TurqmeneTi 0,0710 0,4064 0,74 uzbekeTi 0,0866 0,1340 10,000 0,72 yirgizeTi 0,1198 0,8218 7,0 0,005 0,1238 0,4476 47,0 3,0 0,051 0,004 0,0286 39,0 0,89 0,003 0,1905 13,0 HDI –is ganaTleb is indeqsi 0,002 0,0667 20,0 0,014 0,3714 0,0000 0,0109 0,0326 0,5326 0,0217 0,1304 0,0017 0,0060 0,0302 0,0137 0,0005 0,0424 saSualo wliuri cvlileba sfi-Si % 1992-2000 21,8 0,88 5,6 0,86 19,7 0,93 0,93 Sebrunebu li sfi sfi –is umuSevro (1ln( mniSvn meryeobis umuSevro bis ba 2001 eloba )) indeqsi indeqsi 11,1 0,0000 1,2 5,3 15,3 0,5996 0,4227 0,0648 1,5 4,5 0,1028 0,3667 0,3832 0,92 6,9 0,5173 0,2962 3,1 0,2523 0,92 18,0 2,8 0,86 4,2 0,90 5,7 0,0748 0,9346 0,3150 0,0000 10,000 104148 1738 4223 5793 215291 0,0327 0,1754 0,6917 0,5642 0,5759 0,3861 0,0267 0,0433 7,4 0,5008 0,2708 0,9952 0,1804 0,0005 saqarTve lo 10,397 0,9143 21,036 0,0372 10,545 10,000 0,2718 0,0023 azerbaijan i somxeTi 0,9788 0,0714 10,037 0,9642 0,7064 0,4783 522,656 37,148 0,9924 0,0678 ruseTi ukraina 232,8 0,0962 0,2854 0,8813 0,0000 76,671 0,1431 yazaxeTi 0,9835 0,5897 0,7552 0,0115 TurqmeneTi 10,313 0,8662 10,340 0,0168 uzbekeTi 10,380 0,9047 0,1974 0,0009 yirgizeTi 0,9772 0,5534 0,1520 0,0000 moldova 0,9832 0,5881 526,667 10,000 tajikeTi 10,357 0,8912 22,078 0,0391 belarusi 0,0745 0,2098 0,3013 10,000 0,0246 31,9 0,0360 0,0470 0,1140 0,0253 0,0385 43,4 102,1 0,1776 10,537 0,0348 0,1776 2,3 investici ebi fiqsirebu kapitalS i 2002 mlrd investici U aSS ebis dol. indeqsi 0,2952 60,9 0,1495 belarusi mimdnare mwarm. (mSp/erT muSaze) 37,5 2,3 0,74 1050,0 1063,0 0,2523 2 0,3424 moldova tajikeTi 0,3670 0,0000 0,0000 10,000 0,7671 0,0814 0,72 0,72 0,1197 0,0143 146,8 0,2399 3,1 0,9755 116,0 0,1154 produqti uloba dinamikaS i (zrdis tempiwina mimdinare w-Tan dinamiuri produqti Sedarebi mwarmoeb 1995ulobis T ) lurobis 2000 indeqsi indeqsi 80,5 0,4 0,4386 0,94 10,4 3,0 0,3458 0,91 0,7088 1309149 46,8 0,3952 0,0171 9,8 0,1313 10,000 0,5817 0,3356 0,91 0,0286 dasaqmeba( aTasi kaci ) 2001 0,3245 114 HDI- is sicocxl is xangrZl. indeqsi 0,1195 0,3665 saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4 ekonomikuri zrdis konkurentunarianoba da saqarTvelo dsT-s sivrceSi ) zrdis gardaqmnili zrdis konkurentuna konkurentunarianobis rianobis indeqsi indeqsi 0,3704 0,3583 saqarTvelo 0,4415 0,6036 azerbaijani 0,4139 0,5085 somxeTi 10,000 ruseTi 0,5564 0,3819 0,3978 ukraina 0,3981 0,4539 yazaxeTi 0,2666 0,0000 TurqmeneTi 0,3489 0,2841 uzbekeTi 0,4311 0,5677 yirgizeTi 0,4358 0,5839 moldova 0,4565 0,6553 tajikeTi 0,5203 0,8756 belarusi ranJireba ruseTi belarusi tajikeTi azerbaijani moldova yirgizeTi somxeTi yazaxeTi ukraina saqarTvelo uzbekeTi TurqmeneTi 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 daskvna daskvnis saxiT SesaZlebelia naSromis Sejameba misi upiratesobebis, naklis da mTavari Tezisis srulyofilebis TvalsazrisiT. naSromis SesavalSi uxvad iyo saubari daSvebebsa da winapirobebze. meore nawilSi Cven SevecadeT, rom Teoriulad dagvesabuTebina Cvens mier arCeuli midgoma zogadi ekonomikuri procesebisadmi da maT Soris ekonomikuri zrdis mimarT. Cven SevecadeT gvepovna Cvens mier indeqsebis agebis dros gamoyenebuli faqtorebis arCevis Teoriuli safuZveli da davasabuTeT ekonomikuri zrdis modelebis modifikaciis aucilebloba sxvadasxva tipis ekonomikis mimarT. aRniSnulma Teoriulma kvlevam SesaZlebloba mogvca gamogveyenebina araekonomikuri faqtorebic ekonomikuri zrdis konkurenunarianobis indeqsis gaangariSebisaTvis. Cveni naSoromis mTavari Tezisi aris Cvens mier agebuli ranJirebaa ekonomikuri zrdis perspeqtivebis mixedviT dsT-is qveynebisaTvis. yvelaze maRali indeqsi da Sesabamisad reitingi am sistemiT ruseTs aqvs, rac niSnavs, rom am qveyanaSi ekonomikuri zrdis tempi dsT-is sivrceSi yvelaze maRali iqneba uaxloes momavalSi. saqarTvelo ki mxolod me-10 pozicias ikavebs, rac mosalodnel mokrZalebul saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 #.4 115 ekonomikuri zrdis konkurentunarianoba da saqarTvelo dsT-s sivrceSi ekonomikuri zrdis tempze miuTiTebs. yvela faqtori, romelic ki CavrTeT indeqsis gaangariSebaSi statistikurad mWidro korelaciur damokidebulebaSia ekonomikur zrdasTan, rac maTi cifrobrivi mniSvnelobebiTac mtkicdeba. faqtiurad, Cven mogvixda sakmao Sromis gaweva am maCveneblebis Cveni indeqsze morgebisaTvis. SegviZlia vaRiaroT, rom Cveni indeqsebi ar arian srulyofili da mravalganzomilebiani indikatorebi, romlebic moicaven zrdaze momqmed yvela faqtors. yvelaze aSkara problema albaT faqtorebisaTvis Tanabari wonebis miniWebaa. saqme isaa, rom yoveli faqtori gansxvavebuli zomiT axdens zegavlenas zrdaze da Sesabamisad saWiroa sxvadasxva wonebi ufro realuri prognozisaTvis. wonebis Secvla ara teqnikuri, aramed ufro eqspertuli problema. maTi SerCeva moiTxovs yovelmxriv eqspertul gansjas da sando statistikur mtkicebulebas. Cven asset did pasuxismgeblobas sakuTar Tavze ver viRebT. Cveni insdeqsis gaTvlaSi movicviT zrdis konkurentunarianobis indeqsis TiTqmis yvela mxare (Tumca sakmaod ganzogadebuli da saxeSecvlili, magram mainc) sazogadoebrivi institutebis garda, radgan am ukanasknelis Sefasebas esaWiroeba detaluri gamokiTxviTi informacia qveynebis residenti kompaniebiss umaRlesi rgolebis warmomadgenlebisgan, rac Cvens Zalisxmevas aRemateba. erT-erTi aSkara problemaa garemo faqtorebis ugulebelyofa gaangariSebebSi ekonomikuri zrdis mdgradobis aRsawerad, rac agreTve infomaciis simwires unda mieweros. dabolos, ranJirebis meTodologis daxvewas SeuZlia sagrZnoblad gaafarTovos Cveni prognozis sizuste. realuri gamocdilebis Sedareba ranJirebis SedegebTan sakmaod nayofieri iqneba. rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, mdeloba inicirebulia da Cveni Semdgomi nabiji iqneba Cveni ranJirebis CarTva “globaluri konkurentunarianobis ranJirebaSi” qveyanaTa ufro farTo jgufTa SedarebisaTvis. gamoyenebuli literatura 1. papava v. “post-komunisturi kapitalizmis politikuri ekonomia”. Tbilisi. 2002w 2. (v. melqaZis saxelobis socialur-ekonomikuri da regionuli problemebis instituti. “saqarTvelos ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis koncefcia”. Tbilisi. 2003w) 3. CikvaiZe T. “diskusia Temaze: globalizacia da axali msoflio wesrigi”. ganaTleba, s/k mecniereba, biznesi. aprili. 2003w 4. (ix. Temur basilia, avTandil silagaZe, Tamaz CikvaiZe. ,, postsocialisturi transformacia: saqarTvelos ekonomika XXI saukunis mijnaze “ Tb. 2001 w.) 5. 6. Somjee A. H. “Development Theory”.N.Y. 1991 Schumpeter J. “The Theory of Economic Development”. Harvard University Press.1934 7. Myrdal G. “An Approach to Asian Drama”. 1972 8. www. weforum.org 9. www.imf.org 10 Lindert P. “International Economics”. Tbilisi. 1998. (In Georgian) 11. Bloch H. and Kenyon P. “Creating Internationally Competitive Economy”. 2002 12 ISC of the CIS. “Main Macroeconomic Indicators of the CIS 1995-2000”. (In Russian) 13 ISC of the CIS. “The Economy of the CIS countries”. Express-report. 2000, 2001,2002, 2003 (In Russian) 14 ISC of the CIS “CIS 1991-2000” Moscow. 2001 (In Russian) 15 “Statistical Yearbook of South Caucasus”.2002 (In Russian) 16 Sundrum R.M. “Economic Growth in Theory and Practice”. N.Y. 1991 116 saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4 ekonomikuri zrdis konkurentunarianoba da saqarTvelo dsT-s sivrceSi ) 17 Grossman G.and Helpman E. “Innovation and Growth in the Global Economy”. N.Y. 1991 18 Achelashvili N.”Some Aspects of Application of Models of Economic Growth in Georgia`s Economic Conditions”. The Problems of Developing of Market Economy of Georgia. Tbilisi. 2003 (In Georgian) 19 Turnava N. “The Economic Growth in Georgia – Experience and Prospects”. The Problems of Developing of Market Economy of Georgia. Tbilisi. 2003 (In Georgian) 20 Abesadze R. “Economic Development and Its Pecularities in Post-communist Georgia”. The Problems of Developing of Market Economy of Georgia. Tbilisi. 2003 (In Georgian) 21 Chitanava “Commonwealth of Independent States – Economic Area of Sstrengthening of Integration Process”. The Problems of Developing of Market Economy of Georgia. Tbilisi. 2003 (In Georgian) 22 Bedi A. and Cies lik “Wages and Wage Growth in Poland - The Role of FDIs”. Economics of Transition.V.10(1) 2002 23 Grossfield I. and Tressel Th.”Competition and Ownership Structure:Substitutes or Components”.Economics in Transition. V.10(3) 2002 24 Kitson M. and Michie J.”The Political Economy of Competitiveness”. London.2000 25 Nelson R. and Winter C. “An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change” Moscow.2002 (In Russian) 26 Drucker P.”Post-Capitalist Society”. NY.1993 27 Lifshitz A. “Guidance to Market Economy”.Tbilisi.1991( In Georgian) 28 Nikitin S. “Modern Capitalism: The Problems of Labor Force”. Moscow.The Science.1985 (In Russian) 29 Rinkiashvili N. ”The Ways of Refining the Use of Economic Growth Factors in the Transitional Period to Market Economy” Tbilisi. 2002. (In Georgian) 30 Porter M. “Competition” Moscow.2000 31 Grayson J. “American Management at the thresholds of XXI Century“. M. The Economics.1991(In Russian) 32 Shengelia T. “ The Efficiency of Innovation Processes and Their Influence over Economic Growth“ Tbilisi. 2002 (In Georgian) 33 Vendpuriswar A. “Boosting National Competitiveness: The Lessons from Ireland“ . www.vedpuriswar.org/articles/ 34 Harry Hillman Chartrand.”The Competitiveness of Nations in a Global Knowledge-Based Economy”.2002. 35 Bagg D.”The Economics”.Tbilisi.1999 (In Georgian) 36 “God, Man and Growth”. The Economist. Nov.15 th-21 st. 2003 37 .D. DiPietre. “Beyond Today`s Technology: Keys to Global Competitiveness” 1997. 38. (CikvaiZe T. Wania m. “ganviTarebis mTavari dilemis gadaWris wesi: makroekonomikuri strate gireba da programireba”. J. ekonomika,3.2004w). 39. S. Gareli. “Competitiveness of Nations: The Fundamentals”.2002. www.imd.ch/wcy/ saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 #.4 117 danarTi I: gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebis rkinigzaTa SedarebiTi analizi ZiriTadi teqnikuri maCveneblebis mixedviT paata cagareiSvili, teqnikur mecnierebaTa kandidati gogita gvenetaZe , T.s.u magistranti (saqarTvelos rkinigzis marketingis samsaxuri) satransporto derefnis srulad amoqmedebasTan dakavSirebiT uaxloes momavalSi mniSvnelovnad gaizrdeba saqarTvelos rkinigzis strategiuli mniSvneloba. misi efeqtianobisadmi gazrdili moTxovnebis uzrunvelyofa upirveles yovlisa SesaZlebeli iqneba arsebuli sarkinigzo sistemis simZlavris (gamtarunarianobis, gadazidvisunarianobis) gazrdiT. simZlavris gazrdaSi igulisxmeba tvirTnakadebis saprognozo gaTvlebis safuZvelze misi ori Semadgeneli komponentis teqnikuri aRWurvilobis da saeqspluatacio parametrebis amaRlebis da srulyofis kuTxiT ganxorcielebuli RonisZiebebi. teqnikuri aRWurvilobis srulyofis TvalsazrisiT, saqarTvelos rkinigzaze saWiro iqneba SezRuduli gamtarunarianobis mqone ubnebis ganviTarebis mizniT saTanado samSeneblo-sarekonstruqcio RonisZiebebis gatareba da Tanamedrove teqnologiebis danergva. saeqspluatacio parametrebis gaumjobesebis RonisZiebebs ganekuTvneba moZravi Semadgenlobis gamoyenebis xarisxis gazrda, savagono parkis racionaluri struqturis SerCeva, gadazidvebis tarifebis optimizacia da, saboloo jamSi, marTvis faqtorebis gaumjobeseba. unda aRiniSnos, rom orive zemoxsenebuli komponenti arsebiTad gansxvavdeba investirebis moculobiT. radganac sainvesticio saxsrebi saqarTvelos rkinigzaze ganekuTvneba deficituri resursebis kategorias, amis gamo, maTi gaxarjva aucilebelia ganxorcieldes rac SeiZleba maRali ukugebiT. rogorc aRiniSna, sadReisod saqarTvelos sarkinigzo sistemis simZlavris gazrda moiTxovs damatebiT investiciebs, resursebi SezRudulia, mecnierulad dausabuTebeli, teqnikur-ekonomikuri gaangariSebis gareSe investiciebis intuiciuri dabandeba ki araefeqtiania. Tavis mxriv rkinigza imdenad rTul teqnologiur kompleqs warmoadgens, rom mxolod dargSi momuSave specialistebis gamocdilebis gamoyenebiT misi ganviTarebis strategiis SemuSaveba SeuZlebelia. am amocanis sirTule da masStaburoba Tavad gvkarnaxobs sainvesticio resursebis efeqtianad gamoyenebis aucileblobas. am mizniT Seswavlili iqna evraziis sivrceSi sabazro pirobebze orientirebuli qveynebis rkinigzebis teqnikuri aRWurvilobis da saeqspluatacio parametrebis kuTri maCveneblebi, raTa gagvesazRvra saqarTvelos rkinigzis adgili saerTo sarkinigzo sivrceSi, dagvedgina ganviTarebis saerTo orientirebi da Sesabamisad investiciebis racionalurad mimarTvis prioritetuloba. SerCeuli iqna gardamaval etapze myofi 19 qveyana: trasekas (azerbaijani, bulgareTi, TurqmeneTi, moldova, saqarTvelo, tajikeTi, ukraina, uzbekeTi, yazaxeTi, saqarTvelos ekonomik is mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4 119 gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebis rkinigzaTa SedarebiTi analizi ZiriTadi teqnikuri maCveneblebis mixedviT yirgizeTi). baltiis (estoneTi, latvia, litva). yofili soc-banakis da rigi aziis qveynebi (CineTi, ungreTi, poloneTi, ruseTi, belarusi, irani). am qveynebis rkinigzebis 2003 wlis ZiriTadi maCveneblebis safuZvelze SerCeuli iqna teqnikuri aRWurvilobis da saeqspluatacio parametrebi, sul - 24. teqnikuri aRWurvilobis maCveneblebs ganekuTvneba: sarkinigzo qselis sixSire anu qveynis teritoriis erTeul farTobze mosuli sarkinigzo qselis saeqspluatacio sigrZe, m.S. eleqtroficirebuli ubnebis mixedviT; sarkinigzo qselis sixSire anu qveynis erT sul mosaxleze mosuli sarkinigzo qselis saeqspluatacio sigrZe, m.S. eleqtroficirebuli ubnebis mixedviT; liandagis erT kilometrze mosuli eqspluataciaSi myofi elmavlebis raodenoba, m.S. eleqtroficirebuli ubnebis mixedviT; liandagis erT kilometrze mosuli eqspluataciaSi myofi satvirTo da samgzavro vagonebis saerTo raodenoba; liandagis erT kilometrze mosuli eqspluataciaSi myofi samgzavro vagonebis raodenoba; liandagis erT kilometrze mosuli eqspluataciaSi myofi satvirTo vagonebis raodenoba; erT wevis erTeulze (elmavali, Tbomavali) mosuli satvirTo da samgzavro vagonebis raodenoba; liandagis erT kilometrze mosuli rkinigzis personalis raodenoba. saeqspluatacio maCveneblebs ganekuTvneba: rkinigzis personalis erT muSakze mosuli tvirTbrunvis moculoba; liandagis erT kilometrze mosuli tvirTbrunvis moculoba; wevis erTeulze (elmavali, Tbomavali) mosuli tvirTbrunvis moculoba; moZravi Semadgenlobis erTeulze (satvirTo vagoni) mosuli tvirTbrunvis moculoba; moZravi Semadgenlobis erTeulze (samgzavro vagoni) mgzavrbrunvis moculoba; erTi samgzavro vagoniT gadayvanili mgzavrebis raodenoba; liandagis erT kilometrze mosuli gadayvanili mgzavrebis raodenoba; liandagis erT kilometrze mosuli mgzavrbrunvis moculoba; erT satvirTo vagonze mosuli tvirTzidvis moculoba; erTi satvirTo vagoniT gadaziduli tvirTebis moculoba; liandagis erT kilometrze mosuli gadaziduli tvirTebis moculoba; liandagis erT kilometrze mosuli tvirTzidvis moculoba. rkinigzebis teqnikuri aRWurvilobis da saeqspluatacio kuTri maCveneblebis mixedviT dadginda TiToeuli qveynis rkinigzisaTvis Sesabamisi adgili da ganxorcielda am qveynebis ranJireba maTematikuri lodinis Sefasebis sistemis gamoyenebiT. cxrili 1-Si gamosayofia saqarTvelos rkinigzis teqnikuri aRWurvilobis da saeqspluatacio parametrebis zogierTi maCvenebeli, kerZod, iseTi maCvenebeli, rogoricaa rkinigzis qselis erT saeqspluatacio kilometrze mosuli satvirTo da samgzavro vagonebis saerTo raodenoba. am maCveneblis mixedviT saqarTvelos rkinigza pirvel adgilzea kerZod erT kilometrze modis moZravi Semadgenlobis 14 erTeuli. rac miuTiTebs sarkinigzo qselis erT kilometrze mosuli satvirTo da samgzavro vagonebis siWarbeze, analogiuri maCvenebeli SedarebisaTvis baltiis qveynebSi saSualod 5-7 erTeuls Seadgens, xolo gadaziduli tvirTis moculoba am qveynebSi 3,03,5-jer aRemateba saqarTvelos rkinigzis tvirTzidvas. rac Seexeba saeqspluatacio maCveneblebs, gansakuTrebiT gamosayofia iseTi parametri romelic gviCvenebs erTi satvirTo vagonis saSualo tvirTzidvas. magaliTad: saqarTvelos rkinigzaze erT satvirTo vagonze saSualod weliwadSi modis 1800 tona gadaziduli tvirTi, maSin roca umetes Sesadarebel rkinigzebze analogiuri maCvenebeli 5_6-jer metia. vagonis gamoyenebis zemoaRniSnuli kuTri maCvenebliT 120 saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4 gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebis rkinigzaTa SedarebiTi analizi ZiriTadi teqnikuri maCveneblebis mixedviT) saqarTvelos rkinigza trasekas wevr qveynebSi TiTqmis bolo adgilzea, rac udavod miuTiTebs satvirTo vagonis dabali efeqtianobiT gamoyenebaze. analogiuri mdgomareobaa saqarTvelos rkinigzis samgzavro vagonebiT gadayvanili mgzavrebis raodenobis kuTri maCveneblebis mixedviT, kerZod erTi samgzavro vagoniT 2003 wels gadayvanili iqna 2500 mgzavri, maSin rodesac baltiis qveynebis rkinigzebis mier erTi samgzavro vagoniT gadayvanilia saSualod 40-jer meti mgzavri. gamosayofia teqnikuri aRWurvilobis iseTi parametri rogoricaa liandagis saeqspluatacio sigrZis erT kilometrze mosuli personalis raodenoba. saSualod saqarTvelos rkinigzis erT kilometrze modis 11 kaci, ZiriTad Sesadarebel rkinigzebTan mimarTebaSi es maCvenebeli 4-7 kacis farglebSi optimalurs warmoadgens, rac miuTiTebs saqarTvelos rkinigzis personalis optimizaciis aucileblobaze. magaliTisaTvis estoneTma 2003 wlis monacemebiT rkinigzaSi momuSave 2700 personaliT ganaxorciela 42 mln. tona tvirTis gadazidva (1 momuSaveze _ 6400 tona weliwadSi). analogiuri maCvenebeli saqarTvelos rkinigzaze 1000 tonaa weliwadSi anu estoneTma 6,4-jer ufro efeqturad gamoiyena muSa-personalis resursebi. rac axali teqnologiebis danergviT da marTvis faqtorebis optmizirebiT aris ganpirobebuli. warmodgenili midgomebis mixedviT saqarTvelos rkinigza teqnikuri aRWurvilobiT Sesadarebel qveynebs Soris pirvel adgilzea, xolo saeqspluatacio parametrebis mixedviT me-14 adgilze. daskvnis saxiT unda aRiniSnos rom, investiciebi pirvelyovlisa saeqspluatacio parametrebis da marTvis faqtorebis gaumjobesebisken unda iyos mimarTuli. saqarTvelos sarkinigzo sistemaSi sainvesticio resursebis prioritetulobis da miznobriobis gansazRvris mizniT maTematikuri lodinis Sefasebis meTodTan erTad gamoyenebuli iqna sxva maTematikur-statistikuri xerxebi kerZod: mediana, dispersia da eqspertuli Sefaseba. Ø mediana warmoadgens ganawilebis centris maxasiaTebels, xSirad mas iyeneben asimetriuli ganawilebis SemTxvevaSi, radganac mis Sedegebze naklebad gavlenas axdens ganawilebis kiduri wevrebi, medianas Sesafaseblad saWiroa maCveneblebis ganlageba sididis mixedviT. Ø dispersia ganawilebis kanonis gabneulobis maxasiaTebelia, romelic gviCvenebs teqnikuri aRWurvilobis da saeqspluatacio parametrebis mdgomareobas erTobliobaSi anu ramdenad stabiluria mocemuli maCveneblebis mdgomareoba. Ø eqspertuli Sefaseba emyareba eqspertebis mier balebiT Sefasebis (miniWebis) sistemas, Cvens SemTxvevaSi Sefasebis dros SerCeuli iqna xuT-baliani sistema, dadginda TiToeuli qveynisaTvis Sesabamisi adgili da moxda am Qqveynebis ranJireba. SefasebaTa aRniSnuli sistemis gamoyenebis Sedegad moxda medianis, maTematikuri lodinisa da eqspertuli SefasebiT miRebuli maCveneblebis dajameba da ranJireba. cxrili 2, diagrama 1. saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 #.4 121 gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebis rkinigzaTa SedarebiTi analizi ZiriTadi teqnikuri maCveneblebis mixedviT cxrili 1: gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebis rkinigzaTa kuTri teqnikuri maCveneblebi, sxvadasxva maTematikur-statistikuri xerxebis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi. teqnikuri aRWurvilobis maCveneblebi qveynebi eqspluataciis maCveneblebi ranJire ranJir dispersi median eqspertul lodin jam bis median eqspertul lodin jam ebis dispersia a a i Sefaseba i i adgile a i Sefaseba i i adgile bi bi azerbaijani 4 5 8 4 17 5 7 16 18 18 52 18 bulgareTi 13 10 10 8 28 9 12 17 14 17 48 16 TurqmeneTi 8 15 18 18 51 17 9 12 13 13 38 13 moldova 9 14 14 7 35 13 6 13 15 15 43 14 saqarTvelo 2 3 2 1 6 1 10 14 17 14 45 15 tajikeTi 18 19 17 17 53 18 18 18 16 16 50 17 ukraina 12 2 7 6 15 4 5 6 5 5 16 6 uzbekeTi 7 13 15 14 42 15 2 10 12 10 32 10 yazaxeTi 3 11 9 15 35 12 15 3 6 6 15 5 yirgizeTi 17 16 16 16 48 16 1 19 19 19 57 19 estoneTi 6 6 12 5 23 7 14 2 3 4 9 3 latvia 16 7 6 9 22 6 4 5 4 3 12 4 litva 1 9 13 10 32 11 13 7 7 7 21 7 irani 14 17 19 19 55 19 16 11 11 12 34 12 ruseTi 10 12 1 12 25 8 8 4 2 2 8 2 CineTi 15 8 11 11 30 10 3 1 1 1 3 1 belarusia 11 18 5 13 36 14 19 15 8 9 32 11 poloneTi 5 4 4 3 11 3 11 8 9 8 25 8 ungreTi 12 1 3 2 6 2 17 9 10 11 30 9 zemoaRniSnuli maTematikur-statistikuri meTodebis gamoyenebiT dadginda, rom saqarTvelos rkinigza teqnikuri aRWurvilobis maCveneblebis mixedviTac Sesadarebel qveynebis rkinigzebs Soris pirvel adgilzea, xolo saeqspluatacio parametrebiT ki me15 adgilze. diagrama1: 122 gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebis rkinigzaTa teqnikuri maCveneblebi. saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4 gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebis rkinigzaTa SedarebiTi analizi ZiriTadi teqnikuri maCveneblebis mixedviT) teqnikuri aRWurvilobis maCveneblebi 1 3 4 5 7 6 8 9 13 14 15 17 10 11 12 2 16 18 19 ungreTi poloneTi belarusia CineTi ruseTi irani litva latvia estoneTi yirgizeTi yazaxeTi uzbekeTi ukraina tajikeTi saqarTvelo moldova TurqmeneTi bulgareTi azerbaijani eqspluataciis xarisxobrivi maCveneblebi 3 5 6 2 4 7 10 13 16 14 15 18 1 8 9 11 12 17 19 ungreTi poloneTi belarusia CineTi ruseTi irani litva latvia estoneTi yirgizeTi yazaxeTi uzbekeTi ukraina tajikeTi saqarTvelo moldova TurqmeneTi bulgareTi azerbaijani warmodgenili diagrama 1-is analizi gviCvenebs iranis rkinigzis teqnikuri aRWurvilobis dabal dones, mas bolo me-19 adgili ukavia, xolo saeqspluatacio anu marTvis efeqtianoba maRalia. rac Seexeba ukrainis, latviis, litvis, estoneTis da poloneTis rkinigzebs, maTi rogorc saeqspluatacio ise teqnikuri aRWurvilobis maCveneblebi erTobliobaSi saukeTesoa warmodgenili qveynebis rkinigzebs Soris. xolo CineTis, ruseTis da yazaxeTis qveynebis rkinigzebis maCveneblebi sapirispiro tendeciiT xasiaTdeba kerZod, maRalia saeqspluatacio parametrebi da SedarebiT dabalia teqnikuri aRWurvilobis done. yovelive zemo aRniSnulidan gamomdinare SeiZleba gamovyoT qveynebis oTxi jgufi: I jgufi saqarTvelo, bulgareTi, moldova, azerbaijani, ungreTi (ganviTarebuli infrastruqtura da dabali saeqspluatacio parametrebi); saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 #.4 123 gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebis rkinigzaTa SedarebiTi analizi ZiriTadi teqnikuri maCveneblebis mixedviT II jgufi - yazaxeTi, belarusi, irani, ruseTi, CineTi (sustad ganviTarebuli infrastruqtura da maRali saeqspluatacio parametrebi); III jgufi - estoneTi, latvia, litva, ukraina, poloneTi (ganviTarebuli infrastruqtura da maRali saeqspluatacio parametrebi); IV jgufi - tajikeTi, yirgizeTi, TurqmeneTi, uzbekeTi (sustad ganviTarebuli infrastruqtura da dabali saeqspluatacio parametrebi). amrigad, S.p.s,,saqarTvelos rkinigza’’ teqnikuri aRWurvilobis parametrebis kuTri maCveneblebiT, sxva Sesadarebel rkinigzaTa Soris pirvel adgilzea. rac udavod miuTiTebs saqarTvelos rkinigzis infrastruqturis maRal doneze Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT calkeuli lokaluri SezRuduli gamtarunarianobis mqone ubnebs, romlebic saSualebas ar iZlevian srulad iqnes gamoyenebuli rkinigzebis simZlavre. saeqspluatacio parametrebis kuTri maCveneblebiT ki saqarTvelos rkinigza CamorCeba sxva Sesadarebeli qveynebis analogiur maCveneblebs, igi upiratesobiT sargeblobs mxolod iseT qveynebTan rogoricaa azerbaijani, tajikeTi, yirgizeTi, moldova. aRsaniSnavia rom, gadazidvebis specifikidan gamomdinare oTxidan sami qveyana e.w. ,,Cixur’’ qveynebs warmoadgens. zemo aRniSnulidan gamomdinare daskvnis saxiT unda aRiniSnos, rom sarkinigzo sferoSi deficituri sainvesticio resursebi pirvel rigSi mizanSewonilia mimarTuli iqnas rkinigzis saeqspluataco parametrebis anu marTvis faqtorebis gaumjobesebisaken, rac saSualebas mogvcems racionalurad gamoviyenoT rkinigzis ZiriTadi fondebi. gamoyenebuli literatura: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) O???? ? ???????????? ??? ? ?? 2003???. ???? ???. ?.?.?????? ? ???????? ? ???????????? ??????. ??????? ??????? ?????????? 19 99. ?.?. ??????, ? .?. ?????????, ????????? ??????????? ???????, ??????? ???????, ? ? ??-???, 1995 ?, l. vardosaniZe rkinigzis m uSaobis teqnikur-ekonomikuri maCveneblebi. Tbilisi 1994 w. g. baRaTuria gazomvaTa Sedegebis damuSavebis maTematikur-statistikuri safuZvlebi. Tbilisi 1986 w. 124 saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4 danarTi I: evrokavSiris partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba da evropis samezoblo politika saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi: rogor daexmareba evrokavSirTan ekonomikuri integracia reformebis ganxorcielebis process da ekonomikur ganviTarebas saqarTveloSi ivan samsoni da ole na vasilCenko 1 1. saqarTvelos ekonomikur reformasTan dakavSirebuli aqtualuri sakiTxebi saqarTveloSi makroekonomikuri situacia TandaTanobiT umjobesdeba, rac gamowveulia ekonomikuri reformis procesSi am ukanasknel periodSi momxdari cvlilebebiTa da gatarebuli RonisZiebebiT. ekonomikuri mdgomareoba stabiluri xdeba, wliuri inflaciis done 7 procentis farglebSia, ekonomikuri zrda 2003 wels 8,6 procents Seadgenda, xolo 2004 wlisaTvis pirveli xelmisawvdomi monacemebi kidev ufro maRal tempebze miuTiTebs. 2 Tumca, miuxedavad ukanasknel periodSi dafiqsirebuli winsvlisa, serio zuli ekonomikuri problemebi jer kidev arsebobs. siRaribe kvlavac ZiriTad ekonomikur problemas warmoadgens da mosaxleobis 50 procentze meti cxovrobs SemosavlebiT, romelic minimalur saarsebo dones Camouvardeba. siRaribis mTavari mizezi umuSevrobaa: formaluri samsaxuri Sromisunariani mosaxleobis mxolod 20 procents aqvs. maSin roca oficialuri monacemebiT umuSevrobis done 15 procentamdea, arasruli dasaqmeba ZiriTadad soflis mosaxl eobis wilad modis, sadac Sromis bazari ar arsebobs da adamianebi Tavs TviTdasaqmebiT irCenen d a aseve qalaqad araformaluri saqmianobis wilad. 2 0 0 3 wels, 8,6 procentiT zrda ZiriTadad Sida moTxovniT iyo ganpirobebuli (mrewveloba, mSenebloba da momsaxureba) da baqo-Tbilisi- jeihanis milsadenis mSeneblobiT. Tumca, aRsaniSnavia rom baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis milsadenis wili ekonomikuri zrdis maCveneblis naxevars Seadgens, xolo soflis meurneobis seqtorSi zrdis maCvenebeli uaryofiTia. saqarTveloSi arasruli dasaqmebis mT avar 3 mizezs arasakmarisi investireba warmoadgens: kapitaldabandebis maCvenebeli 11 procentia, baqo -Tbilisi-jeihanis milsadenis monacemTa gareSe ki Sida investiciebisaTvis Sesabamisi maCvenebeli sulac 6 procents Seadgens. aRniSnuli cifrebi SemaSfoTeblad dabalia, radgan ganviTarebad qveynebSi mocemuli niSnuli Seadgens 20- 25 procents da ufro metsac. sawyis etapze, 1 ivan samsoni ([email protected] ) da olena vasilCenko ([email protected]) grenoblis universitetis (safrangeTi) PEPSE laboratoriis ekonomisti mkvlevarebi arian. ivan samsoni muSaobs ufros ekonomistad evrokavSiri-tasisis proeqtSi “partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis ganxorcielebis xelSewyoba”, TbilisSi. 2 saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi, 2004/3, http://www.geplac.org/publicat/economic. 3 investiciebis maCvenebeli aris investiciebis Sefardeba mSp -sTan. es maCvenebeli Seadgens daaxloebiT 17 procents evrokavSirSi da Cveulebriv, ufro maRalia naklebad ganviTarebul qveynebSi. saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4 125 evrokavSiris partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba da evropis samezoblo politika saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi: rogor daexmareba evrokavSirTan ekonomikuri integracia reformebis ganxorcielebis process da ekonomikur ganviTarebas saqarTveloSi ekonomikuri reformis umTavres amocanas arasakmarisi investirebis problemis gadaWra warmoadgens. faqtobrivad, arasaTanadod ganxorcielebuli struqtu ruli reforma saqarTveloSi aferxebs ekonomikur ganviTarebas. saqarTvelom warmatebiT daiwyo antikorufciuli politikis ganxorcieleba da bolo periodSi sagadasaxado Semosavlebi 68 procentiT gaizarda. magram formaluri dasaqmebis 2/3 kvlavac saxelmwifo seqtorze mo dis da Zviri ujdeba erovnul ekonomikas. saqmian klimats rac Seexeba, aq moqmedebs Zlieri biurokratizmi da araprognozirebadi wesebi, sagadasaxado da sabaJo tvirTi metismetad maRali da araefeqturia, arasamarTliani 4 konkurenciaa maTi mxridan, vinc gadasaxadebs malavs . amasTan, saqarTvelos biznes asociaciebi gamoTqvamen ukmayofilebas dabali dafinansebisa da bankebis konservatiuli funqcionirebis gamo, romelic xels uSlis sainvesticio saqmianobas. msoflio ekonomikaSi, qveynis ekonomikuri gaxsniloba misi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mTavar parametrs warmoadgens da rac ufro mcirea qveyana, miT ufro aSkarad vlindeba aRniSnuli kanonzomiereba. faqtobrivad, saqarTvelos ekonomika arasaTanadod aris gaxsnili. marTalia korufciis winaaRmdeg gatarebulma RonisZiebebma gazarda sag areo vaWrobis oficialuri maCvenebeli, magram mcire da saSualo sawarmoTa arasakmarisad aqtiuri saqmianobis Sedegad Sida moTxovna importzea orientirebuli. es moTxovna, romelic amJamad saqarTvelos ekonomikuri zrdis safuZvels Seadgens, dakavSirebulia saqonlis tranzitidan miRebul SemosavlebTan, baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis milsadenis gamo gamoyofil ucxour investiciebTan da Semosavlis sxva wyaroebTan , magaliTad rogoricaa saerTaSoriso donorebi, sazRvargareT mcxovrebi qarTvelebisgan miRebuli gzavnilebi da kontrabandis gziT miR ebuli Semosavlebi. amgvari viTarebis Sedegad Seqmnilia didi savaWro deficiti 800 milioni aSS dolaris odenobiT, romelic biujetis mTlian xarjebs utoldeba. saqarTvelos vaWrobis geografiuli struqtura 2003 wels eqsporti 1000 aSS dolari importi % 1000$ % evrokavSiri ruseTi 70000 75600 15,8 17,0 380700 149800 36,0 14,2 TurqeTi azerbaijani ukraina aSS TurqmeneTi 78850 16000 27200 14600 56600 17,8 3,6 6,1 3,3 12,7 107530 92800 80700 53000 9500 10,2 8,8 7,6 5,0 0,9 32600 444000 7,3 100,0 13000 1057800 1,2 100,0 Sveicaria sul wyaro: saqarTvelos statistikis saxelmwifo departamenti 4 ix. GEGI-s saqarTvelos samewarmeo saqmianobis ganviTarebis proeqtisa da FIAS-s ucxouri investiciebis sakonsultacio samsaxuris 2004 w. angariSebi 126 saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004,weli, #4 evrokavSiris partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba da evropis samezoblo politika saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi: rogor daexmareba evrokavSirTan ekonomikuri integracia reformebis ganxorcielebis process da ekonomikur ganviTarebas saqarTveloSi saqarTvelos sagareo vaWrobis struqtura, romelic susti ekonomikuri zrdis amsaxvelia, Sorsaa optimaluridan. ramdenadme arsebiTi damatebuli R irebulebis datvirTva eqsportis sul 1/3 aqvs (aviacia, Rvinoebi da sasuqi). importSi Warbobs nedleulis wili da ZiriTadad energoresursebisa, romelic arsebiT moTxovnilebas warmoadgens. amavdroulad, samomxmareblo saqonlis wili importSi metismetad maRalia, miTumetes, rom am saqonlis warmoeba SesaZlebelia saqarTveloSi (magaliTad, xorci, xorbali, bostneuli da sxva), maSin, roca sainvesticio saqonlis wili ukiduresad dabalia: manqana-danadgarebi qveynis importis mxolod 2 procents Seadgens. garda amisa, saqarTvelom unda gaaumjobesos balansi mcire da did mezobel qveynebs Soris. samxreT kavkasiis mcire mezobeli qveynebia ruseTi, TurqeTi da ukraina. farTobisa da mosaxleobis mxriv isini didi qveynebia, magram mcirea ekonomikis T valsazrisiT: mSp-s mixedviT, ruseTi utoldeba holandias, TurqeTi avstrias, ukraina ki bevrad CamorCeba rumineTs. samxreT kavkasiis yvelaze d i d i mezobeli qveyana evrokavSiria, romelic mSp- s mixedviT 15-jer didia vidre samive CamoTvlili mcire mezobeli qveyana erTad. Tumca, saqarTvelos savaWro urTierTobebis 35 procenti mcire mezobel qveynebze modis, evrokavSiris s a x i T warmodgenili umsxvilesi mezoblis wilad ki mxolod 25 procenti modis. naTelia, rom saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris vaWroba SesaZlebelia ramodenimejer gaizardos. saqarTvelosTvis evrokavSiri savaWro urTierTobebis ganviTarebisa da integrirebisaTvis udidess potencials warmoadgens. Semdgomi 2. evrointegracia, evrokavSiris gafarToeba da saqarTvelo ganvixiloT evrointegraciis procesi. evrointegracia xangrZlivi procesia, romelic 50 wlis win daiwyo. misi mTavari mizania moiSalos sazRvrebi, romelic acalkevebs xalxs, romelTac erTi da igive cxovrebis standartebi aqvT da romlebic erTsa da imave Rirebulebebs iziareben. evropis xalxebi, romelTac erTmaneTTan xangrZlivi da rTuli istoria akavSirebT, axla cdiloben o mebis Tavidan acileba s, miiswrafian mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobisa da kanonis uzenaesobis damkvidrebisaken. SemuSavda regulirebadi da keTildReobaze orientirebuli sabazro ekonomikis dabalansebuli ekonomikuri modeli. evrokavSiris sust mxares warmoadgens is, rom misi mniSvneloba aras akmarisad aisaxeba mis xmaSi da sagareo saqmeebSi. misi siZliere emyareba universalur faseulobebs, rogoricaa demokratia, adamianTa uflebebis aRiareba da konfliqtebis mSvidobiani gziT mogvareba. ekonomikuri integrireba evrokavSirSi erTmaneTTan aaxloebs erebs da zrdis maT keTildReobas. msgavsi ganviTarebis donis mqone qveynebs Soris ekonomikuri integracia “yvelasaTvis momgebiani TamaSia”: erTmaneTTan urTierTintegrirebis gziT qveynebi ufro metad mdidrdebian vidre cal-calke. evrokavSiris ekonomikur integrirebas sami berketi amoZravebs: saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4 127 evrokavSiris partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba da evropis samezoblo politika saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi: rogor daexmareba evrokavSirTan ekonomikuri integracia reformebis ganxorcielebis process da ekonomikur ganviTarebas saqarTveloSi • savaWro sivrcis gaxsna: evrokavSiris qveynebis vaWrobis saerTo moculobis 2/3 erTmaneTTan vaWrobis wili Seadgens; • kapitalis mZlavri nakadebi: msoflioSi pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis 56 procenti evrokavSirze modis; • instituciu r doneze daaxloeba: ekonomikuri saqmianobis samarTlebrivi da maregulirebeli bazaa evrokavSiris acquis communautaire. amasTan, evrokavSiri emyareba saerTo an urTierTSeTanxmebul politikas (makroekonomikur, regionuli daaxloebis, soflis meurneobis, sainovacio politikas da sxva), vinaidan sabazro magaliTad regionebs Soris. Zalebs zogjer SeuZlia gaaRrmaos gansxvavebani, evrokavSiris erTiani bazari evrokavSiris ekonomikuri integrirebis ukiduresad mZlavr spontanur Zravas warmoadgens. igi axorcielebs oTx fundamentalur Tavisuflebas, anu saqonlis, momsaxurebis, kapitalisa da adamianebis Tavisufal moZraobas stabiluri, gaerTianebuli da nacnobi saqmiani garemos farglebSi. misi efeqturoba damokidebulia sam ekonomikur efeqtze: • savaWro efeqti liberalizaciis wyalobiT, aris is, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi ama Tu im saqonlis SeZena ufro iafia, vidre misi warmoeba qveynis Sida bazarze; • konkurenciis efeqti warmoiSveba mzardi konkurenciuli zewolidan, romelic bazris gafarToebasTan aris dakavSirebuli, rac fasebs amcirebs; • pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis efeqti mdgomareobs imaSi, rom nebismieri mzardi ekonomikuri integracia ufro rentabelurs xdis Semosul pirdapir ucxour investiciebs; da rac ufro meti wesia unificirebuli da rac ufro maRalia msyidvelobiTi unari, miT ufro rentabeluri iqneba pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi: evrokavSiri, msoflioSi pirvel adgilzea pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis miRebisa da dabandebis mxriv. erTiani bazari, romelsac 2004 wlis pirvel maiss 10 axali wevri Seemata, integrirebis Zlieri berketia. amasTan, erTiani bazris upiratesobebi SeiZleba evrokavSiris gareTac gavrceldes: • evropis saerTo ruseTs Soris; • evropis ekonomikuri sivrcis partniorobisa da (CEES) TanamSromlobis farglebSi evrokavSirsa Sesaxeb SeTanxmebisa da da samezoblo politikis farglebSi; • saTanado politikis meSveobiT, romelic evrokavSiris naklebad ganviTarebul partniorebs erTian bazarze daSvebis SesaZleblobas aZlevs. ekonomikuri integracia ganviTarebis sxvadasxva donis mqone qveynebs Soris sul sxvagvarad viTardeba da es avtomaturad yvelasaTvis momgebiani TamaSi ver iqneba. ekonomikuri Teoriis Tanaxmad, (magaliTad, ramodenime xnis win pol krugmanis mier SemuSavebul Teoria) ekonomikur integraciis Sedegebi dadebiTia mxolod maSin, 128 saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004,weli, #4 evrokavSiris partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba da evropis samezoblo politika saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi: rogor daexmareba evrokavSirTan ekonomikuri integracia reformebis ganxorcielebis process da ekonomikur ganviTarebas saqarTveloSi rodesac sawyisi uTanabroba mcirea (ix. kopenhagenis kriteriumebi)5. didi sxvaobebis SemTxvevaSi, yvelaze susti partniorisTvis Sedegebi aRmosavleT germaniis swrafma integrirebam dasavleT SeiZleba negatiuri iyos. germaniasTan, ganviTarebis SedarebiT maRali donis miuxedavad, didi ziani miayena yofil gdr-s, romelmac samuSao adgilebis 50 procenti dakarga: aRmosavleT germaniis f irmebi, romlis produqtiuloba 3-jer daeca, ver uwevdnen konkurencias dasavleT germaniis firmebs6 . saqarTvelom Sesabamisi daskvnebi unda gamoitanos aseve evropis saerTo ekonomikuri sivrcis (CEES) SemoRebidan, romlis ganxorcieleba daiwyo 2001 wels evrokavSirsa da ruseTs Soris7. GTAP -is ekonomikuri modelis Camoyalibebam daamtkica, rom savaWro liberalizacia an Tavisufali savaWro zona ar warmoSobs avtomatur upiratesobebs naklebad ganviTarebuli qveynebisaTvis, anu ruseTis federaciisTvis, evrokavSirTan SedarebiT. mxolod savaWro liberalizaciis kombinireba instituciur reformasTan, pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis nakadebsa da axali teqnologiebis SemoRebasTan, savaraudod SesaZlebels gaxdis naklebad ganviTarebuli qveynis CarTvas progresuli ganviTarebis sivrceSi. sainvesticio klimatis gaumjobeseba, rogorc Sida, aseve gare investorebisaTvis, yvelaze mniSvnelovani nabijia ekonomikuri integrirebis procesis wamosawyebad. es niSnavs, rom ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, iseTi qveyana, rogor ic saqarTveloa, mxolod da mxolod savaWro integraciis imedze ver iqneba. ufro srulma saintegracio RonisZiebebma, romelebic iTvaliswineben kapitalis moZraobasa da sainstitucio erTianobas, SesaZloa moutanos saqarTvelos upiratesobebi ekonomikis gaxsnis Sedegad. es zustad isaa, risi uzrunvelyofac SeuZlia evrokavSirs saqarTvelosTvis partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis farglebSi da kidev ufro metis - evropis samezoblo politikis safuZvelze. 3. partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis politika Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba da evropis samezoblo 3.1. evrokavSiris partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg 1989 wels, evrokavSirma aiRo pasuxismgebloba daexmaros aRmosavleT evropis axal, gardamavali ekonomikis mqone saxelmwifoebs ekonomikuri da politikuri cvlilebebis ganxorcielebaSi. evrokavSirsa da calkeul partnior qveynebs Soris urTierTobebis gaformeba moxda partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebebis meSveobiT, romelsac win uZRoda SeTanxmeba savaWro da ekonomikuri urTierTo bebis Sesaxeb, romelic 1989 wels daido evrokavSirsa da sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSirs Soris. partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebaSi SemoTavazebuli iyo axali samarTlebrivi baza, romelic ukeT iyo morgebuli ekonomikisa da sazogadoebis 5 pol krugmani (1991w.), “mrewveloba da vaWroba”, MIT i. samsoni, (1993 w.), "La douloureuse intégration allemande " Reflets et perspectives de la vie Économique, XXXII, n°3/4, briuseli. i. samsoni, k. grefe (2002 w.), “saerTo ekonomikuri sivrce: ruseTi-evrokavSiris urTierTobaTa perspeqtivebi” RECEP, moskovi, 2002 w., gv. 160. 6 7 saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4 129 evrokavSiris partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba da evropis samezoblo politika saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi: rogor daexmareba evrokavSirTan ekonomikuri integracia reformebis ganxorcielebis process da ekonomikur ganviTarebas saqarTveloSi gardaqmnis pirobebze post -sabWour politikur, savaWro da sainvesticio regionuli kavSirebis ganmtkicebas. qveynebSi. SeTanxmebam Seqmna platforma sakiTxebze dialogisTvis da xeli Seuwyo partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis arsi8 mdgomareobs imaSi, rom uzrunvelyos pirobebi Tavisufali savaWro zonis Sesaqmnelad, SemdgomSi momsaxurebisa da kapitalis Tavisufali moZraobis mizniT. SeTanxmebis xelmomweri qveynebi aniWeben erTmaneTs yvelaze xelSemwyob erovnul reJims vaWrobaSi da ar mimarTaven diskriminaciul zomebs saqonelTan, Sromis pirobebsa da kompaniebis dafuZnebasTan mimarTebaSi. evrokavSiri uzrunvelyofs asimetriul savaWro liberalizacias, romelic importze tarifebis SemcirebisaTvis ufro mokle vadas iTvaliswinebs, vidre partniori qveynebisaTvis. TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba moicavs daaxloebisaTvis, romelic Zalian farTo savaldebulo ar aris. partniorobisa da amas garda, partniorobisa da debulebebs kanonmdeblobaTa speqtrisaa magram mainc da mainc TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba saqarTvelosTan ZalaSi Sevida 1999 wels. evrokavSiris gafarToebis Semdeg 2004 wels, partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis pirobebi gavrcelda 10 9 axal wevr qveyanazec. partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb TiToeuli SeTanxmeba 10-wliani ormxrivi SeTanxmebaa, romelic xelmowerilia da ratificirebuli evrokavSirisa da Sesabamisi saxelmwifos mier. ormxrivi safuZveli, anu erTi qveynis meoresTan SeTanxmebis principi, romelsac emyareba partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba, udaod efeqturi aRmoCnda momsax urebis liberalizaciis SemTxvevaSi da saerTo regulirebis TvalsazrisiT. amave dros, ekonomikis dargSi ormxrivobas 10 akritikeben negatiuri gverdiTi efeqtebisa da efeqtebis Canacvlebis gamo . magaliTad, ukrainidan da yazaxeTidan foladis eqsporti evrokavSirSi za raldeba evrokavSirSi rusuli foladis eqsportirebaze ormxrivi SeTanxmebis Sedegad. aqedan gamomdinare, mizanSewonili iqneboda evrokavSiris ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis mravalmxrivi midgomis ganxorcieleba. partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebebma garkveuli Sedegebi ukve gamoiRo. es Sedegebi qveynebis mixedviT gansxvavdeba, rac damokidebulia reformebis dawyebis periodze, qveynis simdidreze bunebrivi da adamianuri resursebiT da kapitaliT, iseve rogorc politikur nebasa da gardaqmnis procesis intensiurobaze. ra Tqma unda Znelia am Sedegebis sxva ekonomikuri faqtorebisgan ganzogadoebiT ganxilva, magram partniori qveynebi Semdeg daskvnebze Tanxmdebian. warmatebuli partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis yvelaze 8 “ras warmoadgens partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba? saxelmZRvanelo SeTanxmebasTan dakavSirebiT, romelsac xeli moewera luqsemburgSi 1996 wlis 22 aprils evrokavSirsa da saqarTvelos Soris”, evrogaerTianebebis komisia, marti 2000 w. gv. 25. http://www.delgeo.cec.eu.int/en/pca/PCA%20guide%20DAVID.pdf. 9 ix. T. beruCaSvilis, evrokavSirTan integraciis dargSi saxelmwifo ministris, statia, sem-i 2004/3 10 i. samsoni (2003 w.), “saerTo evropis sivrcisaken”, evropis sakiTxebSi gaeros komisia ekonomikis dargSi, seminari, 2003 wlis 7 aprili, Palais des Nations, Jeneva, gamoqveynebulia “gafarToebuli evropis farglebs gareT: vaWroba, biznesi da investiciebi Secvlil evropaSi”, gaerTianebuli erebi, niu-iorki da Jeneva, gv. 73-93. ix. T. beruCaSvilis, evrokavSirTan integraciis dargSi saxelmwifo ministris, statia, sem-i 2004/3 130 saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004,weli, #4 evrokavSiris partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba da evropis samezoblo politika saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi: rogor daexmareba evrokavSirTan ekonomikuri integracia reformebis ganxorcielebis process da ekonomikur ganviTarebas saqarTveloSi TvalsaCino magaliTi ruseTia. ruseTsa da evrokavSirs Soris 1997 wels partnioruli urTierTobis dawyebis Semdeg, ruseTis ekonomika swrafad viTardeba miuxedavad imisa, rom kvlavac saWiroebs investiciebis gazrdas, ekonomikis diversifikacias, saerTaSoriso konkurentunarianobis donis amaRlebasa da xangrZlivi stabiluri zrdisaTvis niadagis Semzadebas. 2004 wlis 23 aprils, moskovSi, evrokomisiis prezidentma romano prodim, Tavis sityvaSi xazgasmiT aRniSna ruseTSi “bolo oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi miRweuli ekonomikuri progresi, 11 stabilurobis SenarCunebasa da mniSvnelovani reformebis gatarebasTan erTad ”. evrokavSirsa da ruseTs Soris evropis saerTo ekonomikuri sivrcis Seqmnis SesaZlebloba adasturebs ara mxolod im faqts, rom evrokavSiri ganixilavs ruseTs rogorc strategiul partniors, aramed ruseTis ekonomikuri da politikuri ganviTarebis maRal donesac, romelic SesaZlebels xdis partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebidan evrokavSirTan integraciis ufro Zlier da Rrma formaze gadasvlas, romelic gulisxmobs saqonlis, momsaxurebis, kapitalisa da aseve adamianebis Tavisufal moZraobas or partnior qveyanas Soris. 1998 wlis martSi, partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis ganxorcielebis dawyebidan, ukrainam mniSvnelovani nabiji gadadga sabazro ekonomikis principebisa da normebis damkvidrebis mimarTulebiT. dRes, ukrainaSi, ekonomikuri reformebis dadebiTi Sedegebi asocirdeba mSp-s zrdasTan, inflaciis stabilizaciasTan da realuri Semosavlebis matebasTan. Tumca, evrokavSirTan ukrainis kavSirebis ganviTarebisa da ganmtkicebis TvalsazrisiT, jer- kidev bevri ram rCeba gasakeTebeli: im institutebis gaZliereba da uzrunvelyofa, romlebic demokratiis, kanonis aRsrulebisa da adamianis uflebebis dacvis garantebad gvevlinebian; sasamarTlo sistemis Semdgomi reformis ganxorcieleba; administraciuli Zalauflebis gaZliereba; sabanko seqtoris reformis dasru leba; sagadasaxado reforma; masmediis Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofa da sxva. 2000 wels, moldovaSi, ekonomikuri zrda, 1998 wlis ruseTis finansuri krizisiT gamowveuli vardnis Semdeg (6,5 procenti 1998 wels, 3,4 procenti 1999 wels), 12 aRmavlobis tendencias daubrunda (1,9 procenti) . marTalia, 1991 wels damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg, moldovam gazarda samrewvelo produqciis moculoba, soflis meurneoba kvlavac savalalo mdgomareobaSi rCeba; produqtiulobis donis xangrZlivi vardnis pirobebSi, saswrafod ganxorcielebuli miwis privatizacia aRniSnuli problemis gadaWris sawindars warmoadgens. ekonomikur mdgomareobas amZimebs ukiduresi siRaribe da metad rTuli socialuri mdgomareoba. rac Seexeba politikas, moldovaSi demokratia damkvidrda, Tumca samoqalaqo sazogadoebis konsolidaciis, saxelmwifo marTvisa da kanonis aRsrulebis TvalsazrisiT Semdgomi winsvlaa saWiro. 11 r. prodi (2004 w.), “ruseTi da evrokavSiri” mtkice kavSirebi, horizontebis gafarToeba” gamosvla/04/198, moskovi, 23 aprili 2004 w., http://europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/news/prodi/sp04_198.htm. 12 “evrokavSiris urTierTobebi moldovasTan; mimoxilva”, evrokomisia http://europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/moldova/intro/index.htm saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4 131 evrokavSiris partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba da evropis samezoblo politika saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi: rogor daexmareba evrokavSirTan ekonomikuri integracia reformebis ganxorcielebis process da ekonomikur ganviTarebas saqarTveloSi saqarTvelos politikuri da ekonomikuri mdgomareobis mimoxilva13 gviCvenebs, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom mkveTri ekonomikuri gaumjobesebebi da kanonmdeblobaTa daaxloebis mimarTulebiT wamowyebuli arsebiTi samuSao ukve ganxorcielda, saqarTvelo mniSvnelovnad CamorCeba demokratiisa da kanonis aRsrulebis principebze gadasvlasTan dakavSirebiT nakisri valdebulebebis ganxorcielebis TvalsazrisiT. igi mniSvnelovnad CamorCeba ganrigs sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis TvalsazrisiTac, saerTaSoriso finansuri institutebisa da evrokavSiris winaSe nakisri v aldebulebebis CaTvliT. saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi evrokomisiis mier 14 2003 wlis 23 seqtembers miRebuli qveyn is strategiuli dokumenti xazs usvams vaWrobis moculobis gazrdis, sagareo investiciebis mozidvis, kontrabandis, korufciisa da Crdilovani ekonomikis winaaRmdeg brZolis aucileblobas. kerZod, mniSvnelovani Zalisxmeva mimarTuli unda iyos reformebis energetikis, soflis meurneobisa da sabanko seqtorebSi. ganxorcielebaze 3.2 axali evropis samezoblo politika 2003 wels daiwyo evropis axali samezoblo politikis ganxorcieleba, romelic uzrunvelyofs axal instrumentebs mesame qveynebis gafarToebul evrokavSirTan ekonomikuri integraciis gasaumjobeseblad. aRmosavleTiT, evrokavSiris mexuTed gafarToebis perspeqtivam, 2000 wlis dasawyisSi safuZveli 15 Cauyara “axali mezoblebis” Sesaxeb sakiTxis ganxilvas (ruseTi, ukraina, belorusia da moldova). marTalia es qveynebi esazRvreba evrokavSirs, magram maTi evrokavSirSi gawevrianeba axlo momavalSi mosalodneli ar iyo. aRniSnuli sakiTxis ganxilva Semdeg gadaizarda evropul samezoblo politikaSi, romelic koordinirebas uwevs da aerTianebs evrokavSiris sagareo politikas, romelic moicavs gafarToebul evrokavSirTan saerTo saxmeleTo an sazRvao sazRvrebis mqone saxelmwifoebs. esenia evrokavSiris aRmosavleTiT mdebare mezobeli qveynebi, xmelTaSua zRvis samxreTi da axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebi (alJiri, egvipte, israeli, iordania, libani, libia, maroko, palestina, siria da tunisi). 2004 wels, politika gavrcelda samxreT kavkasiis qveynebze – somxeTze, azerbaijansa da saqarTveloze. samezoblo koncefcia evrokavSiris dokumentebSi pirvelad 2003 wlis martSi dafiqsirda16, sadac evrokavSiri iTvaliswinebda ra axal viTarebas evrokavSiris 2004 wlis gafarToebasTan dakavSirebiT, sTavazobda evrokavSiris axal uSualo mezobel qveynebs evrokavSiris “faseulobebsa da keTildReobas”: “yvela mezobel qveyanas 13 “evrokavSiris urTierTobebi saqarTvelosTan; mimoxilva”, evrokomisia http://europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/georgia/intro/index.htm. 14 “qveynis strategiis amsaxveli dokumenti 2003-2006 ww: tasisis erovnuli indikatiuri programa 2004-2006 ww., saqarTvelo” evrokomisia, 23 seqtemberi, 2003 w., gv. 48., http://europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/georgia/csp/index.htm . 15 a. guJoni, "L'Union Européenne élargie et son voisinage: vers une nouvelle politique étrangère ? ", Synthèse n° 127, IEP, parizi, www.robert -schuman.org/Synth127.htm. 16 “gafarToebuli evropa – samezoblo: axali CarCoebi aRmosavleT da samxreT mezoblebTan urTierTobebisaTvis”, komisiis Setyobineba sabWosTvis da evroparlamentisaTvis, briuseli, 11.03.2003 w. gv.26., http://europa.eu.int/comm/world/enp/pdf/com03_104_en.pdf. 132 saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004,weli, #4 evrokavSiris partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba da evropis samezoblo politika saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi: rogor daexmareba evrokavSirTan ekonomikuri integracia reformebis ganxorcielebis process da ekonomikur ganviTarebas saqarTveloSi unda mieces evrokavSiris erTian bazarSi monawileobis SesaZlebloba da Semdgomi integracia da liberalizacia adamianebis, saqonlis, momsaxurebisa da kapitalis 17 Tavisufali moZraobis xelSewyobisaTvis (oTxi Tavisufleba)” . xsenebuli oTxi Tavisufleba evrokavSiris erTian Tu Sida bazarze, mniSvnelovani SemoTavazebuli nabijia ufro Rrma integraciisaken. “aRniSnulma integraciam ufro metad dagvaaxlova Cven mezoblebTan aRmosavleT evropasa da xmelTaSua zRvis regionSi”, aRniSna gi unter verhogenma, komisiis wevrma evrokavSiris gafarToebisa da evropis samezoblo politikis sakiTxebSi, “dRes Cven gTavazobT kavSirebis ganmtkicebas am partnior qveynebTan TanamSromlobisa da daxmarebis mTeli rigi axali formebis meSveobiT. Cven gvsurs, rom maT realurad miiRon monawileoba gafarToebul evrokavSirSi, rameTu maT aseve hqondeT ganviTarebisa da ayvavebis SesaZlebloba. evrokavSiris garSemo stabiluri, ekonomikurad ganviTarebuli qveynebis arseboba, romelTac demokratiisa da ekonomikuri zrdis axali perspeqtivebis SeTavazeba 18 SeuZliaT, mTeli evropis interesebSia” . evropis samezoblo politikis winamorbedi – gafarToebis koncefcia, romelic evrokavSiris paradigmas warmoadgenda 10-ze meti wlis ganmavlobaSi, prioritetad miiCnevda gafarToebis process, rogorc ekonomikuri restruqturizaciisa da politikuri demokratizaciis gzas aRmosavleTSi19. m asze didi moTxovna iyo aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi, d a f a r T o d i y o gaziarebuli centralur evropaSi. evrokavSiris gafarToeba sagareo politikis yvelaze warmatebul instrumentad iyo miCneuli. amis magaliTia evropis 10 yofili perspeqtiuli kandidati: evrokavSirSi gawevrianebis perspeqtiva iyo Zlieri mastimulirebeli faqtori reformebis gansaxorcieleblad gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebSi. im periodSi, vidre evropis gaerTianebisaken mniSvnelovani nabiji gadaidgmeboda, aRmosavleTis gardamavali ekonomikis mqone qveynebis mdgomareoba Zalian gansx vavebuli iyo. gawevrianebis procesSi myof qveynebSi, bolo 10 wlis manZilze aRiniSneboda mZlavri ekonomikuri zrda da struqturuli cvlilebebi, maSin roca ekonomikuri, politikuri da socialuri mdgomareoba dsT- s qveynebSi imedgamacruebeli da metad arasaxarbielo rCeboda. 90- iani wlebis bolos arasaTanado pirobebSi swrafad ganxorcielebuli struqturuli reformebis fonze, am qveynebis gardamavali periodis maCveneblebi bevrad Camouvardeba central uri, aRmosavleTi evropisa da baltiispireTis qveynebis maCveneblebs. empiriulma monacemebma gviCvena, rom: • gardamavalma periodma gazarda sxvaoba aRmosavleT evropis or nawils Soris; 17 “gafarToebuli evropa – samezoblo: axali CarCoebi aRmosavleT da samxreT mezoblebTan urTierTobebisaTvis”, op.cit 18 g. verhogeni, :gafarToebuli evropis farglebs gareT: komisias gadaaqvs evropis samezoblo politika ufro maRal safexurze” pres relizi, IP/04/632, 12 maisi, 2004 w. http://europa.eu.int/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/04/632&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en. 19 i. samsoni (2003 w.), “saerTo evropis sivrcisaken”, evropis sakiTxebSi gaeros komisia ekonomikis dargSi, seminari, 2003 wlis 7 aprili, Palais des Nations, Jeneva, gamoqveynebulia “gafarToebis farglebs gareT:vaWroba, biznesi da investiciebi Secvlil evropaSi”, gaerTianebuli erebi, nu-iorki da Jeneva, gv. 7393. saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4 133 evrokavSiris partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba da evropis samezoblo politika saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi: rogor daexmareba evrokavSirTan ekonomikuri integracia reformebis ganxorcielebis process da ekonomikur ganviTarebas saqarTveloSi • CEB -is qveynebis evrokavSirSi gawevrianebis procesma gaaZliera aRniSnuli tendencia; • evrokavSiris adrindeli gamocdilebis safuZvelze unda vivaraudoT, rom CEB-is qveynebis gawevrianeba evrokavSirSi kidev ufro metad gaaZlierebs am tendencias. evropis samezoblo politikis koncefcia gvTavazobs aRniSnuli sxvaobis aRmofxvris, ganviTarebis, stabilurobisa da usafrTxoebis procesis xelSewyobis SesaZleblobas evrokavS iris 25 qveyanasa da dsT-s qveynebs Soris ekonomikuri barierebis moSlis gziT. amis Sedegad evrokavSirs gauadvildeboda SeRweva im bazrebze, romelic CineTis CaTvliT, msoflioSi yvelaze dinamiurad ganviTarebad bazrebs warmoadgens. aseve gaZlierdeboda stabiluroba da usafrTxoeba, romelsac mTels msoflioSi sul ufro didi mniSvneloba eniWeba. evropis samezoblo politika, romelic evrokavSiris calmxriv iniciativas warmoadgens, amavdroulad pasuxobs mis Sida interessa da sagareo moTxovnas. evropis samezoblo politikasTan dakavSirebuli sxvadasxva dokumentebi amarTlebs am iniciativas “evropaSi axali gamyofi zRvrebis gavlebis Tavidan acilebisa da kavSiris axal sazRvrebSi da am sazRvrebs gareT stabilurobisa da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis procesebis 20 xelSewyobis” aucileblobiT. evropis samezoblo politikis mizans yvelaze ukeT gamoxatavs evrokomisiis prezidentis, romano prodis, sityvebi “mzardi urTierTdamokidebuleba gulisxmobs, rom usafrTxoebisa da keTildReobis sakiTxebi dRes ukve qveynis sazRvrebiT ar Semoifargleba. evrokavSiris gafarToeba gvTavazobs mezobel qveynebTan TanamSromlobis gafarToebis SesaZleblobas, sazRvrebis marTvidan transevropis satransporto qselebamde da erebs Soris kavSirebamde”21. evropis samezoblo politika moiTxovs, rom axalma mezoblebma SesabamisobaSi moiyvanon TavianTi kanonmdeblobebi acquis communautaire-sTan, 22 “evrokavSirTan, gawevrianebis gareSec ki, maqsimalurad daaxloebis” miscemda. rac SesaZleblobas miuxedavad imisa, rom evrokavSiris SeTanxmebis muxli 49 iTvaliswinebs, rom nebismier evropul saxelmwifos Seu Zlia gaakeTos ganacxadi, raTa evrokavSiris wevri gaxdes, realobaSi, nebismieri gadawyvetileba evrokavSiris Semdgom gafarToebasTan dakavSirebiT, iwvevs debatebs kavSiris saboloo geografiuli sazRvrebis Taobaze. evropis samezoblo politikis qveynebis saerTo damaxasiaTebeli niSani isaa, rom maTi ganviTarebis done da sabazro ekonomikis ganviTarebis done bevrad dabalia vidre gafarToebul evrokavSirSi. es niSnavs rom maTi evrokavSirSi gawevrianebis perspeqtiva amJamad Zalze arasaxarbieloa da dakavSirebuli iqneboda gaumarTlebel xarjebTan. magaliTad, 10 axali wevrisTvis, ekonomikuri suverenitetisa da ekonomikuri politikis Tavisuflebis garkveulwilad dakargvis garda, evrokavSiris aquis communautaire-s SemoRebis sruli Rirebuleba evrokomisiis 20 “gafarToebuli evropa – samezoblo:axali CarCoebi aRmosavleT da samxreT mezoblebTan urTierTobebisaTvis”, komisiis Setyobineba sabWosTvis da evroparlamentisaTvis, briuseli, 11.03.2003 w. gv.26., http://europa.eu.int/comm/world/enp/pdf/com03_104_en.pdf. 21 r. prodi (2004 w.), “ruseTi da evrokavSiri” mtkice kavSirebi, horizontebis gafarToeba” gamosvla/04/198, moskovi, 23 aprili 2004 w., http://europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/news/prodi/sp04_198.htm. 22 “gafarToebuli evropa – samezoblo:axali CarCoebi aRmosavleT da samxreT mezoblebTan urTierTobebisaTvis”, op.cit. 134 saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004,weli, #4 evrokavSiris partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba da evropis samezoblo politika saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi: rogor daexmareba evrokavSirTan ekonomikuri integracia reformebis ganxorcielebis process da ekonomikur ganviTarebas saqarTveloSi SefasebiT 120 miliard aSS dolars Seadgens23 . mezobeli qveynebisaTvis, xarjebi bevrad ufro maRali iqneba da cxadia dakavSirebuli iqneba iseT Rrma ekonomikur, socialur da politikur krizisTan da ekonomikuri damoukideblobis dakargvis iseT maRal xarisxTan, rom SesaZloa safrTxe Seeqmnas mTel i evropis xalxebs da evrokavSiris gafarToebis procesi SeiZleba SeCerdes da ukuiqces, rac Seuqcevad xarjebs gamoiwvevda. evropis samezoblo politika warmoadgens mezobeli qveynebis mdgomareobasTan morgebul instruments, romelic maT SesaZleblobas aZlevs umokles vadebSi miiRon udidesi Sedegebi evrokavSirTan ekonomiuri integraciidan gamomdinare. 3.3 evropis samezoblo politikis instrumentebi da ekonomikuri ganzomilebebi 24 evropis samezoblo politikis mTavari miznebia : • • axal mezobel qveynebTan keTildReobis, stabi lurobisa da uSiSroebis saerTo sivrce Seiqmnas, maT Soris: o sasazRvro teritoriebze, mdgradi ekonomikuri da socialuri ganviTarebis xelSewyoba; o funqcionaluri samarTlebrivi sistemis ganxor cieleba; o o regionuli da regionTaSorisi TanamSromlobis xelSewyoba; erToblivad muSaoba saerTo amocanebis gadasaWrelad iseT sferoebSi, rogoricaa garemos dacva, janmrTeloba da organizebuli danaSaulis o winaaRmdeg brZola; iseTi tipis qmedebebis o urTierTobebi; efeqturi da usafrTxo sazRvari; xelSewyoba, rogoricaa erebs Soris Sida evrokavSirsa da mis mezobel qveynebs Soris axali gamyofi zRvrebis warmoSobis Tavidan acileba; • maTTvis evrokavSiris sxvadasxva SesaZleblobis SeTavazeba, ufro kulturuli TanamSromlobis gziT. evropis samezoblo politikis ori saqmianobebSi farTo ZiriTadi monawileobis politikuri, 25 principia miRebis ekonomikuri “erToblivad da marTvis” principi - evrokavSiri da mezobeli qveynebi scnoben TavianT interess erToblivad marTon saerTo sazRvari da “diferenciaciis” principi – evrokavSiri gamoiyenebs individualur midgomas TiToeul qveyanasTan urTierTobebisas, am ukanasknelis ekonomikur, politikur da socialur TaviseburebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT. 23 “L’Elargissement de l’Union européenne / Effets de l'élargissement“, http://www.eu2001.se/static/fr/eu_info/utvidgning_effekter.asp. 24 “gafarToebuli evropa – samezoblo:axali CarCoebi aRmosavleT da samxreT mezoblebTan urTierTobebisaTvis”, komisiis Setyobineba sabWosTvis da evroparlamentisaTvis, briuseli, 11.03.2003 w. gv.26., http://europa.eu.int/comm/world/enp/pdf/com03_104_en.pdf. 25 “evropis samezoblo politika, strategiis amsaxveli dokumenti”, evrokomisiis komunike, briuseli, 12.5.2004, gv. 35 http://europa.eu.int/comm/world/enp/pdf/strategy/Strategy_Paper_EN.pdf. saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4 135 evrokavSiris partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba da evropis samezoblo politika saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi: rogor daexmareba evrokavSirTan ekonomikuri integracia reformebis ganxorcielebis process da ekonomikur ganviTarebas saqarTveloSi bratislavaSi 2004 wlis 19 marts, premier ministre bis konferenciaze, giunter verhogenma, komisiis wevrma evrokavSiris gafarToebisa da evropis samezoblo 26 politikis sakiTxebSi, Tavis gamosvlaSi gamoyo evropis samezoblo politikis oTxi elementi, romelic SeTavazebuli unda iqnes evropis samezoblo politikis wevrebisaTvis: • strategiis amsaxveli dokumenti, politikis Sesaxeb xedvis CamoyalibebisaTvis da • ZiriTadi saerTo sakiTxebis mosagvareblad; qveynis Sesaxeb angariSebi, dainteresebuli qveynebis politikuri, ekonomikuri, socialuri da institucionaluri mdgomareobis aRweris mizniT; • • samoqmedo gegmebi, samezoblo politikis mTavari saoperacio instrumentebi; axali evropis samezoblo politikis instrumenti sasazRvro TanamSromlobisaTvis. 27 samoqmedo gegemebi aris evrokavSirTan SeTanxmebuli moklevadiani, 2- 5 wliani gegmebi, romelic moicavs mTel rig sakiTxebs specialuri moqmedebisaTvis, esenia: politikuri dialogi da reforma, vaWroba da RonisZiebebi, romelmac unda Seamzados partniorebi, raTa TandaTanobiT moipovon evropis Sida bazarze sruli SeRwevis ufleba; samarTali da saSinao saqmeebi; energetika, transporti, sainformacio sazogadoeba, garemo da axali teqnologiebi; da socialuri politika da xalxebs Soris kavSirebi. samoqmedo gegmebi moicavs erToblivad gansazRvrul prioritetebs, romelic unda ganxorcieldes partniori qveynebis mier evrokavSirTan daaxloebis mizniT. samoqmedo gegmebi Tavad ar qmnian aranair damatebiT valdebulebebs. arsebuli partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebebi da asociaciis SeTanxmebebi gaagrZeleben partnior qveynebTan urTierTobebisaTvis samarTlebrivi bazis Camoyalibebis process. samezoblo politika vrcel bazas uqmnis safuZvels. samoqmedo gegmebi agebu li iqneba arsebul ormxriv an regionul iniciativebze da uzrunvelyofen amosaval wertils dainteresebuli qveynebisaTvis daxmarebis dagegmvisaTvis. arsebul finansur instrumentebs Soris (INTERREG, PHARE–s sasazRvro sakiTxebSi TanamSromlobis programa, tasisis sasazRvro sakiTxebSi TanamSromlobis programa, CARDS da MEDA) moklevadiani SezRudvebis gaTvaliswinebiT, aucilebelia 28 or -safexuriani midgomis SemoReba. 2004-2006 ww. periodisTvis evropis mezoblobis programebi dafuZnebuli u nda iyos. marTalia, am programebs safuZvlad daedeba moqmedi kanonmdebloba, magram SemoTavazebuli iqneba axali gadawyvetilebebi im problemebisaTvis, romlis winaSec savaraudod dadgebian sasazRvro TanamSromlobis 26 g. verhogeni, evropis samezoblo politika” gamosvla/04/141, premier ministrTa konferencia, vilniusi da vaisgradi, demokratiebi: “gafarToebuli evropisken:axali programa” 19 marti, 2004 w. http://europa.eu.int/comm/commissioners/verheugen/pdf/Bratislava_speech_final_190304.pdf. 27 “evropis samezoblo politika, strategiis amsaxveli dokumenti”, op.cit “gafarToebuli evropa: komisia axal mezoblebTan sasazRvro TanamSromlobis gaZlierebis sakiTxebSi”, IP/03/922, briuseli, 1 ivlisi, 2003 w. http://europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/w27/1.htm. 28 136 saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004,weli, #4 evrokavSiris partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba da evropis samezoblo politika saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi: rogor daexmareba evrokavSirTan ekonomikuri integracia reformebis ganxorcielebis process da ekonomikur ganviTarebas saqarTveloSi proeqtebi, romelic dafuZnebulia iqneba ganxorcieldeba mimdinare evrokavSiris INTERREG gafarToebis programebze Semdeg. isini evrokavSiris gare sazRvrebTan mimarTebaSi (da bulgareTisa da rumineTis, PHARE-s CBC programebis SemTxvevaSi). 2 0 0 4 -06 ww. manZilze, komisiis gaangariSebiT aRniSnuli programebis dafinanseba arsebuli da SesaZlo instrumentebis f arglebSi mTlianobaSi 95529 milion evromde Seadgens (700 milioni evro – INTERREG-s, 75 milioni evro tasisis, 45 milioni evro CARD-s, 45 milioni evro – Meda-sa da 90 milioni evro PHARE-s xaziT). arsebuli safinanso wyaroebidan, mimdinare dafinansebis nawili moxmardeba sasazRvro regionebsa da regionul TanamSromlobas. procedurebi, romelic marTaven arsebuli instrumentebis ganxorcielebis process, mizanmimarTuli iqneba samezoblo programebis moTxovnilebebze. axali meore safexuri, romelic moicavs 2006 wlis Semdgom periods, iTvaliswinebs samezoblo instrumentis Seqmnas, romelic miznad isaxavs sasazRvro TanamSromlobis gaZlierebas, farTo gagebiT, gafarToebuli evrokavSiris sazRvrebs gareT teritoriaze. mimdinare sasazRvro saqmianobebi mezobel qveynebTan emyareba sxvadasxva saSinao da sagareo programebs da amitom, maTi erToblivad ganxorcielebis pirobebSi efeqturobis miRweva, sakmaod rTuli iqneba. samezoblo iniciativam unda gadawyvitos sxvadasxva regionebisaTvis arsebuli instrumentebis harmonizaciis problema erTiani, martivi instrumentis Seqmnis Sedegad, romelic qmediTi iqneba evrokavSiris sagareo sazRvris orive mxares. aRniSnuli instrumenti unda iTvaliswinebdes sagareo politikisa da ekonomikuri da socialuri erTianobis miznebs da aseve sasazRvro da regionul TanamSromlobasTan dakavSirebul saqmianobas. aRniSnuli sakiTxebis kombinacias SeuZlia uzrunvelyos ukve dawyebuli adgilobrivi da regionuli TanamSromlobis gagrZeleba da amavdroulad, Semoitanos SesaZlo, ufro farTo amocanebi aRniSnuli TanamSromlobis sivrceSi. rac Seexeba ekonomikur Sinaarss, evropis samezoblo politika iTvaliswinebs konkretuli upiratesobebis da evrokavSirTan preferenciuli urTierTobebis uzrunvelyofas, rac efeqturi politikuri da ekonomikuri reformebis ganxorcielebaze iqneba damokidebuli. aRniSnuli refo rmebis efeqturoba Sefasdeba amosavali kriteriumis safuZvelze, romelic TiToeul mezobel qveyanasTan erTad iqneba Camoyalibebuli. daxmarebis pirobiToba ukve Cadebuli iyo mezobel qveynebTan gaformebul SeTanxmebebSi, magram evropis samezoblo politikis farglebSi igi xelaxla da meti sizustiT iqneba gansazRvruli, rac gazrdis evrokavSiris RonisZiebisadmi ndobas. kerZod, evrokavSiri gegmavs uzrunvelyos Sida bazarze srulfasovani monawileobis ufleba kapitalis Tavisufali moZr aoba im 30 da adamianebis, saqonlis, momsaxurebisa da mezobeli qveynebisaTvis, romelic iziareben evrokavSiris faseulobebs. evrokavSiris samezoblom unda isargeblos evrokavSirTan ufro axlo urTierTobis perspeqtividan gamomdinare upiratesobebiT: 29 a. guJoni, "L'Union Européenne élargie et son voisinage: vers une nouvelle politique étrangère ? ", Synthèse n° 127, IEP, parizi, www.robert-schuman.org/Synth127.htm 30 “gafarToebuli evropa – samezoblo: axali CarCoebi aRmosavleT da samxreT mezoblebTan urTierTobebisaTvis”, komisiis Setyobineba sabWosaTvis da evroparlamentisaTvis, briuseli, 11.03.2003 w. gv.26., http://europa.eu.int/comm/world/enp/pdf/com03_104_en.pdf. saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4 137 evrokavSiris partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba da evropis samezoblo politika saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi: rogor daexmareba evrokavSirTan ekonomikuri integracia reformebis ganxorcielebis process da ekonomikur ganviTarebas saqarTveloSi igi sTavazobs mezobel qveynebs evrokavSiris Sida bazarze monawileobis SesaZleblobas sakanonmdeblo da maregulirebeli sferoebis daaxloebis safuZvelze da iTvaliswinebs gaumjobesebul preferenciul savaWro urTierTobebsa da mzard finansur da teqnikur daxmarebas. TanamSromloba samecniero kvlevis dargSi waaxalisebs teqnolog iur winsvlas, iseve rogorc ufro farTo speqtris RonisZiebebis gatareba, maT Soris garemos dacvis dargSi, xels Seuwyobda ufro swraf ekonomikur zrdas. gazrdili da ukeT gamiznuli evrokavSiris ganviTarebis daxmareba reformebis ganxorcielebis procesSi, daexmareboda administraciuli resursebis formirebasa da socialuri gardaqmnis xarjebis Serbilebas. zogadad, evropis samezoblo politikis ekonomikuri Sinaarsi jer- jerobiT zustad ar aris gansazRvruli, Tumca, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom bevri saerTo eqneba 31 evrokavSirsa da ruseTs Soris evropis ekonomikuri sivrcis proeqtTan . maT Soris msgavseba gamoixateba SemdegSi: • orive proeqti (evropis samezoblo politika da saerTo evropis ekonomikuri sivrce) miznad isaxavs partniorebis ufro Rrma integrirebas, saSualo da grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi, upirveles yovlisa ekonomikis sferoSi, romelsac kavSirebi eqneba TanamSromlobis sxva dargebTan; • proeqtebis ideas warmoadgens evrokavSirsa da partnior qveyanas Soris Ria da integrirebuli bazris Seqmna saerTo an Sesabamisi wesebisa da reglamentebis safuZvelze da maT Soris, ufro did bazrebze konkurenciisaTvis Sesabamisi administraciuli praqtikis dafuZneba; • TanamSromloba unda moicavdes ekonomikis TiTqmis yvela seqtors da didia albaToba, rom gamoyenebuli iqneba ori midgomis kombinacia: 32 horizontalurisa da vertikaluris . horizontaluri midgoma gulisxmobs “sasazRvro” integracias, romelic moicavs Tavisufali gadaadgilebis principis oTxive elements: saqonels, momsaxurebas, kapitalsa da adamianebs. vertikaluri midgoma niSnavs, rom CarTuli iqneba rigi specialuri seqtoruli politikuri mimarTulebebisa. miuxedavad imisa, rom evropis samezoblo politika exeba yvela im mezobel qveyanas, romelic miuaxlovda evrokavSirs gafarToebis Sedegad (ruseTi, ukraina, belorusi da moldova), ruseTs ar gamouxatavs saTanado interesi evropis samezoblo politikasTan mimarTebaSi imis safuZvelze, rom gansakuTrebuli geo-ekonomikuri adgilmdebareobidan gamomdinare, igi isedac mezobeli qveyanaa. amgvarad, ruseTTan mimarTebaSi, romelic evrokavSiris yvelaze did mezobel qveyanad da strategiul partniorad rCeba, gansakuTrebuli midgoma arsebobs. 31 “evrokavSiris urTierTobebi ruseTTan: mimoxilva”, http://europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/russia/intro/index.htm. 32 e. vinokurovi (2004w.), “evrokavSiri-ruseTis saerTo ekonomikuri sivrcis koncefciis Camoyalibeba”, Chair Interbrew Baillet -Latour samuSao dokumenti No.22. Fall . 138 saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004,weli, #4 evrokavSiris partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba da evropis samezoblo politika saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi: rogor daexmareba evrokavSirTan ekonomikuri integracia reformebis ganxorcielebis process da ekonomikur ganviTarebas saqarTveloSi sanqt- peterburgis maRali donis Sexvedraze, 2003 wlis maisSi, evrokavSirma da ruseTma gadawyvites, rom Semdgomi moxdes grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi, strategiuli p artniorobis ganviTareba unda partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis farglebSi oTxi saerTo sivrcis Seqmnis Sedegad, esenia: saerTo ekonomikuri sivrce, Tavisuflebis, uSiSroebisa da marTlmsajulebis saerTo sivrce, sagareo uSiSroebis dargSi TanamSromlobis sivrce da aseve samecniero kvlevisa da ganaTlebis sivrce, kulturis sakiTxebis CaTvliT. rac Seexeba saerTo ekonomikur sivrces, 2003 wels, romSi gamarTulma evrokavSiri-ruseTis umaRlesi donis Sexvedram daamtkica saerTo evropis ekonomikuri sivrcis koncefcia, romelic miznad isaxavda Ria d a integrirebuli bazris Seqmnas ruseTsa da evrokavSirs Soris. saerTo evropis ekonomikuri sivrcis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebaSi mniSvneloba eniWeba politikur dialogs, energetikis, investiciebis xelSewyobis, sainvesticio klimatis gaumjobesebis, erTiani maregulirebeli politikis gatarebas, transportis ganviTarebis sakiTxebs, TanamSromlobas garemosdacviTi sakiTxebis mogvarebas. telekomunikaciebis sferoSi da mosalodnelia, rom samoqmedo gegma, romelic gansazRvravs konkretul amocanebsa da ganxorcielebis ganrigs, orive mxaris urTierTvaldebulebebs, romelic SeTanxmebuli unda iyos or mxares Soris ufro farTo evropis iniciativaSi gaTvaliswinebuli mimarTulebebis Sesabamisad, sasargeblo instrumenti iqneba evrokavSiri-ruseTis saerTo sivrceebisadmi midgomis Semdgomi ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT. gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba arsebuli politikuri mimarTulebebi da CarCoebi: magaliTad, Sida bazarTan dakavSirebiT SesaZlo samoqmedo gegma ruseTTan unda asaxavdes saerTo evropis ekonomikuri sivrcis koncefcias. daxmarebis arsebuli formebis garda, strategiuli partniorobis gansaxorcieleblad ruseTs SesTavazeben daxmarebas SeTavazebuli evropis samezoblo instrumentidan. evrokavSiri gamoiyenebs evropis samezoblo politikis elementebs evrokavSiriruseTis iniciativis stimulirebisa da gaZlierebisaTvis, romlis Sedegadac gaizrdeba SesaZleblobebi sasazRvro da regionuli TanamSromlobisaTvis. 4. ra siaxles moutans evropis samezoblo politika saqarTvelos? 4.1. partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba da evropis samezoblo politika uwinares yovlisa unda gavarkvioT, ramd enad ufro farTo da Rrmaa evropis samezoblo politika vidre evrokavSiri-saqarTvelos TanamSromloba partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis farglebSi. faqtobrivad, evropis samezoblo politika da partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba sxvadasxva kategoriebs miekuTvnebian: pirveli warmoadgens politikas, axal midgomas evrokavSiris mezobel qveynebTan urTierTobebisadmi, xolo ukanaskneli warmoadgens SeTanxmebas, samarTlebriv bazas TanamSromlobisaTvis. mizanSewonili iqneba ganvixiloT upiratesobebi evrokavSiris partniori qveynebisaTvis maTi evropis saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4 139 evrokavSiris partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba da evropis samezoblo politika saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi: rogor daexmareba evrokavSirTan ekonomikuri integracia reformebis ganxorcielebis process da ekonomikur ganviTarebas saqarTveloSi samezoblo politikis iniciativaSi monawileobidan gamomdinare partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis safexurze darCenasTan SedarebiT. miznad isaxavs r a evrokavSirsa da partnior qveyanas Soris politikuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli urTierTobisa da samarTlebriv da samecniero sferoSi TanamSromlobis gaZlierebas, partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba adgens “TamaSis wesebs” – kanonebs, reglamentebs, qcevis praqtikasa da normebs da amgvarad xels uwyobs politikuri, ekonomikuri da institucionaluri reformebis ganxorcielebas evrokavSiris partnior qveynebSi. partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis erT-erT Zlier qmediT mxares warmoadgenda prioritetebis wyeba, romelic gansazRvruli iyo saqarTvelos partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis 43-e muxlSi (ukrainis SemTxvevaSi 51-e muxlSi da sxva). amave dros, is faqti, rom prioritetebis gansazRvra TiToeuli qveynisTvis individualurad ar moxda, mniSvnelovani xarvezi iyo. partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis upiratesoba isaa, rom igi afuZnebs institucionalur, politikur da administraciul bazas ormxrivi TanamSromlobis yvela formis waxalisebisaTvis. partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba scnobs qveynis arsebul da tradiciulad axlo kavSirebs uSualo mezobel saxelmwifoebTan, rac partniorebis keTildReobisa da stabilurobisaTvis arsebiT faqtorad miiCneva. partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebebSi kritikas iwvevda33 reformebis Senelebuli tempiT ganxorcieleba imis Sedegad, rom erToblivi komitetebi, romelic muSaobdnen partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebaze udides yuradRebas uTmobdnen teqnikur diskusiebs. sakmaod xSirad evrokavSirTan daaxloebis suliskveTeba TandaTanobiT ikargeboda partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis komitetebisa da qvekomitetebis teqnikur samuSaoSi. evropis samezoblo politikis SemoTavazeba iyo evrokavSiris reaqcia axal geopolitikur viTarebaze, romelic Seiqmna misi gafarToebis Sedegad 2004 wels da adeqvaturi qmediTi sagareo politikis uqonlobaze, romelic uzrunvelyofda politikuri da ekonomikuri stabilurobisa da evrokavSiris axal sazRvrebSi da maT gareT usafrTxoebasTan dakavSirebiT axali sakiTxebis daregulirebis garantias. Tu evrokavSiris gafarToebis sagareo politika, romlis farglebSic xeli moewera partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebebs, nakarnaxevi iyo ufro aRmosavleTi qveynebis surviliT daaxloebodnen da/an gawevrianebuliyvnen evrokavSirSi, axali samezoblo politika evrokavSiris iniciativas warmoadgens, rasac arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs misi realizebisaTvis da reformebis realizebisaTvis axal mezobel qveynebSi, romlebic CarTuli arian evropul samezoblo politikaSi. evropis samezoblo politikis axal safexurs warmoadgens evrokavSiris Sida bazarze SeRwevis u f l e bis mopovebaze orientireba, romelSic calsaxad aris naxsenebi oTxi fundamentaluri Tavisufleba da maT Soris adamianebis Tavisufali gadaadgileba. es faqti miuTiTebs imaze, rom raoden Soreuli ar unda iyos aRniSnuli perspeqtiva, evropis samezoblo politika ara a. guJoni, "L'Union Européenne élargie et son voisinage: vers une nouvelle politique étrangère ? ", Synthèse n° 127, IEP, parizi, www.robert -schuman.org/Synth127.htm. 33 140 saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004,weli, #4 evrokavSiris partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba da evropis samezoblo politika saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi: rogor daexmareba evrokavSirTan ekonomikuri integracia reformebis ganxorcielebis process da ekonomikur ganviTarebas saqarTveloSi teqnokratiuli instrumenti, aramed realuri politikaa, romelsac SeuZlia mezobeli qveynebis xalxis mobilizeba da maTTvis samomavlod Tavisuflebisa da ayvavebis perspeqtivis SeTavazeba. evropis samezoblo TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb politika vrcel bazas afuZnebs. partniorobisa da SeTanxmebisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic ZiriTadad TanamSromlobis samarTlebriv bazas warmoadgenda, evropul samezoblo politikaSi 34 monawileoba iTvaliswinebs : • politikur TanamSromlobas, TanamSromlobas saerTo safrTxisa da konfliqtebis Tavidan acilebis sakiTxebSi; • ekonomikur reformasa da ganviTarebas da qmediTunariani sabazro ekonomikis • Camoyalibebas; sakiTxebs, romelic dakavSirebulia Sida bazarTan, maT Soris savaWro liberalizacias, TanamSromlobas iseT sferoebSi, rogoricaa energetika da transporti; • TanamSromlobas marTlmsajulebisa da saSinao saqmeebis dargSi; • energetikis, transportisa da telekomunikaciebisaTvis infrastruqturuli qselebisa da bazrebis ganviTarebas da TanamSromlobas garemos dacvis sferoSi; • “erebs Soris” kavSirebis xelSewyobis politikas, magaliTad ganaTlebis, teqnologiebis, kulturis sferoebSi da, gaerTianebis konkretul programebSi TandaTanobiT CarTvis gziT. evropis samezoblo politikis sxva upiratesobebs warmoadgens specialuri seqtoruli politikis SemuSavebis perspeqtiva monawile qveynebisaTvis. evrokomisiis komunikeSi “gzis gakafva axali samezoblo institutisTvis” 35 aRniSnuli iyo, rom seqtorul daxmarebasa da reformebs (liberalizacia, samarTlebrivi bazis daaxloeba da sxva) udidesi mniSvneloba ganviTarebisaTvis gardamaval periodSi. aqvs qveynebis ekonomikuri saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi, prioritetul seqtorebad evropis samezoblo politikisaTvis ukve dasaxelda energetikis, transportisa da telekomunikaciebis seqtorebi; am sias udaod daemateba soflis meurneobis, turizmisa da finansuri momsaxurebis seqtorebi. seqtoruli midgoma, romelic evropis samezoblo politikis samoqmedo gegmebSi, evrokavSiris TiToeul mezobel qveyanasTan xelSekrulebis safuZvelze gadawydeba, uzrunvelyofs TiToeul sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi evrokavSirTan ekonomikuri integraciis kompleqsuri midgomis ganxorcielebas, 34 g. verhogeni, evropis samezoblo politika” gamosvla/04/141, premier ministrTa konferencia, vilniusi da vaisgradi, demokratiebi: “gafarToebuli evropisken:axali programa” 19 marti, 2004 w. http://europa.eu. int/comm/commissioners/verheugen/pdf/Bratislava_speech_final_190304.pdf. 35 “axali samezoblo politikis instrumentisaTvis gzis gakafva”, evrokomisiis komunike, briuseli, 1 ivlisi 2003 w. gv.14 http://europa.eu.int/comm/world/enp/pdf/com03_393_en.pdf. saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4 141 evrokavSiris partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba da evropis samezoblo politika saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi: rogor daexmareba evrokavSirTan ekonomikuri integracia reformebis ganxorcielebis process da ekonomikur ganviTarebas saqarTveloSi romelic moicavs vaWrobis liberalizacias, samarTlebrivi bazis SesabamisobaSi moyvanasa da mniSvnelovani pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebisa da teqnologiebis Semodinebas. igi aseve gansazRvravs gzebsa da saSualebebs, romliTac partn iori qveynebi TandaTanobiT monawileobas midgomebsa da programebSi. miiReben evrokavSiris politikis ZiriTad evropis samezoblo politikis kidev erTi siaxle mdgomareobs imaSi, rom igi iTvaliswinebs regionuli ekonomikuri integraciis gaZlierebas, magaliTad “samxreT kavkasiis dialogis” farglebSi. aRniSnuli dialogis geopolitikuri aspeqtis garda, igi SesaZlebels xdis partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis ganxorcielebis Sedegebis meqanikurad Canacvlebis Tavidan acilebas da iTvaliswinebs arsebul saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebs dsT -s farglebSi an Savi zRvis qveynebis SeTanxmebebs. garda imisa rom Tavisufali vaWrobis RonisZiebebTan regionuli ekonomikuri integracia SesabamisobaSi iqneba moyvanili evrokavSirTan ekonomikur integraciis donesTan, igi aseve ukanasknelTan mimarTebaSi impuls aZlevs am pirvels, ufro did bazarze pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis mzardi mimzidvelobis xarjze. Tumca, xSirad kritikas iwvevs evropul samezoblo politikis farglebSi gaTvaliswinebuli finansuri saSualebebis SedarebiT dabali done, ramac SeiZleba ver uzrunvelyos sakmarisi stimuli Semdgomi integraciisaTvis. es didi danaklisi iqneba da amitom mniSvnelovania, rom aRniSnuli sakiTxi dRis wesrigSi iqnes CarTuli evropis samezoblo politikis Semdgom diskusiebSi, rameTu SenarCunebuli iqnes integraciis Zlieri suliskveTeba, romelic arsebobs evropul samezoblo politikasTan dakavSirebiT, miT ufro rom evropis samezoblo politikis momxre qveynebs Soris saqarTvelo erT-erTi yvelaze metad dainteresebuli qveyanaa36 . 4.2 evropis samezoblo politikis mniSvneloba saqarTvelosTvis ganacxada ra demokratiis dafuZnebis, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis xelSewyobis, sagareo usafrTxoebis, teritoriuli mTlianobisa da evropul da evroatlantikur struqturebSi integraciis Sesaxeb, rogorc strategiuli miznebisa, saqarTvelo gverds ver auvlis evrokavSiris mier wamowyebul axal samezoblo politikas. evrokavSirs Zlieri interesi aqvs samxreT kavkasiis regionis stabilurobasa da ganviTarebaSi. evropis usafrTxo ebis strategia, romelic SemoRebuli iqna evrosabWos mier 2003 wlis dekemberSi, mkafiod gamoyofs samxreT kavkasias, rogorc erT-erT regions, romlis mimarTac evrokavSirma “ufro Zlieri da ufro aqtiuri interesi”37 unda gamoiCinos. amgvari pozicia saqarTvelosTvis momgebiani unda iyos. evrokavSirisa da axali mezobeli qveynebisaTvis evropis same zoblo politikis ganxorcielebis Sedegad SesaZlebeli unda gaxdes : 36 k. gogolaSvili (2004w.), “saqarTvelos evropis ganzraxvis Sesaxeb gancxadeba: konkretuli nabijebi am mimarTulebiT ” gazeTi “24 saaTi”, Tbilisi, 29 seqtemberi 37 “usafrTxo evropa ukeTes msoflioSi” evropis uSiSroebis strategia. briuseli. 12 dekemberi 2003w. gv.15 http://ue.eu.int/uedocs/cmsUpload/78367.pdf. 142 saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004,weli, #4 evrokavSiris partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba da evropis samezoblo politika saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi: rogor daexmareba evrokavSirTan ekonomikuri integracia reformebis ganxorcielebis process da ekonomikur ganviTarebas saqarTveloSi • regionSi samxedro konfliqtebis kontroli, mogvareba da Tavidan acileba da stabilurobis, usafrTxoebisa da arsebiTi ganviTarebis sivrcis Seqmna; • evropis samezoblo politikaSi TanamSromlobis ganviTareba; • saerTo evropul doneze Ria da integrirebuli bazris dafuZneba, romelic dainteresebul qveynebs Soris regionuli ifunqcionirebs harmonizebuli wesebisa da Semdgomi liberalizaciis safuZvelze da romelsac mohyveba mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri, socialuri da sxva Sedegebi; • mezobeli qveynebis investorebisaTvis mimzidvelobis xarisxis amaRleba da sagareo negatiuri cvlilebebisagan daucvelobis donis Semcireba politikuri, maregulirebeli da savaWro struqturis Seqmnisa da funqcionirebis Sedegad, rac gazrdis ekonomikur stabilurobas da daafuZnebs samarTlis damkvidrebis princips. miuxedavad imisa, rom evropis samezoblo politika evrokavSiris iniciativas warmoadgens, saqarTvelos interesebSia aqtiuri monawileoba miiRos axal samezoblo politikaSi. amis ZiriTadi mizezebia: • partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis susti mxareebi, ramac ganapiroba ufro Rrma da farTo TanamSromlobis aucilebloba saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris; • saqarTveloSi Semdgomi ekonomikuri da politikuri reformebis saWiroeba, romlis xelSewyobis mizniT evropis samezoblo politika iTvaliswinebs specialurad SemuSavebul individualur midgomas, romelic emyareba qveynis prioritetebis gansazRvrasa da maT safuZvelze, samoqmedo gegmebis ganxorcielebas; • usafrTxoebisa da stabilurobis aspeqti, gansakuTrebiT kavkasiis regionSi, romelic mezobel qveynebTan TanamSromlobisa da saqarTveloSi reformebis ganxorcielebis tempis TvalsazrisiT, mniSvnelovani faqtori xdeba. evrokavSiri SesZlebda konfliqtebis Tavidan acilebasa da daregulirebaze mimarTuli Zalisxmevis Semdgom mxardaWeras, iseve rogorc samxreT kavkasiaSi konfliqtebis Semdgomi reabilitaciis procesSi monawileobas. saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi, evrokavSiris yuradRebis centrSi kvlavac moeqceva konfliqtebi, kerZod ki afxazeTsa da cxinvalSi (samxreT oseTi). Sida ekonomikuri ganviTareba da siRaribesTan brZola saqarTvelos erT-erT mTavar amocanad rCeba. ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da siRaribis daZlevis programa, romelic miRebul iqna 2003 wlis ivnisSi, • 38 xazs usvams or umTavres strategiul mizans : swrafi da mdgradi ekonomikuri ganviTareba: realuri mSp- s saSualo wliuri zrdis maCvenebeli 5- 8 procentis farglebSi uzrunvelyofs 2015 wlisaTvis, realuri mSp- s moculobis gaormagebas an gasammagebas 2001 welTan SedarebiT. “saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da siRaribis daZlevis programa”, Tbilisi, ivnisi 2003w., gv. 100 http://www.psigeorgia.org/pregp/files/EDPRP%20_ENG_%20FINAL.pdf. 38 saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4 143 evrokavSiris partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba da evropis samezoblo politika saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi: rogor daexmareba evrokavSirTan ekonomikuri integracia reformebis ganxorcielebis process da ekonomikur ganviTarebas saqarTveloSi • 2015 wlisaTvis, siRaribis donis Semcireba mosaxleobis 15-dan 4- 5 procentamde da siRaribis zRvarze (romelic ganimarteba rogorc oficialuri saarsebo minimumi) myofTa ricxvis kleba mosaxleobis 52 procentidan 20-25 procentamde. aRniSnuli miznebis misaRwevad mniSvnelovania saqarTvelos ekonomikis prioritetuli seqtorebis (soflis meurneoba, eqsportze orientirebuli mrewvelobis satelekomunikacio, turizmisa da dargebi, energetikis, safinanso, mSeneblobis seqtorebi) daxmareba da ganviTareba da aseve specializirebuli seqtoruli politikis romelic gaTvaliswinebulia evropul samezoblo po litikaSi. SemuSaveba, evropis samezoblo politika uzrunvelyofs stimulebs reformebisaTvis, romelic dadebiTi Sedegebis momtani iqneba ekonomikuri da socialuri ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT. ekonomikis sferoSi kanonmdeblobis d aaxloeba, evrokavSirisa da saqarTvelos ekonomikebis erTmaneTisTvis gaxsna da savaWro barierebis Semcirebis gagrZeleba waaxalisebs saqarTveloSi investiciebis Semodinebas da ekonomikur zrdas. evrokomisia swavlobs gaerTianebis konkretuli programebis TandaTanobiT gaxsnis SesaZleblobebs, romelic xels Seuwyobs kavSirebis ganviTarebas kulturis, ganaTlebis, garemos dacvis, teqnologiebisa da mecnierebis sferoebSi. saqarTvelo aseve dainteresebulia evrokavSiris finansur daxmarebaS i. 1992 - 2002 wlebSi, evrokavSirma saqarTvelos grantebis saxiT 387,79 milioni evro gamouyo. amasTan, saqarTvelo sargeblobs tasisis regionuli TanamSromlobis programis farglebSi uzrunvelyofili daxmarebiT. tasisi warmoadgenda mTavar finansur instruments, romelic exmareboda partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis SeTanxmebis ganxorcielebas da uzrunvelyofda grantebis gamoyofas iseTi proeqtebisaTvis, romelic xorcieldeboda prioritetul dargebSi. 1992 wlidan, saqarTvelosTvis 39 gamoyofili iqna 84 milioni evro samTavrobo politikis dasafinanseblad, romelic uzrunvelyofda gadasvlas demokratiasa d a sabazro e k o n omikaze da maT Soris xelsayreli sainvesticio klimatis Seqmnas. tasisi aseve monawileobda saxelmwifo sawarmoTa privatizaciaSi. indikatoruli biujeti tasisis 2004 -2006 indikatoruli 40 programisaTvis 28 milion evros Seadgens , rac instituciuri, samarTlebrivi da administraciuli reformebisa da gardamavali periodis socialuri Sedegebis daxmarebazea gamiznuli. garda amisa, tasisi gamoyofs daxmarebas sareabilitacio programisTvis 4 milioni evros odenobiT (konfliqtis zonebisTvis). da bolos, evrokavSirTan ekonomikurma integracia miscems mniSvnelovan stimuls saqarTveloSi struqturuli reformebis process, romelic moiazreba rogorc institucio naluri cvlileba. marTalia, es institutebi mxolod ekonomikuri TamaSis wesebs warmoadgens, magram isini moicaven ara mxolod formalur wesebs, rogoricaa kanonebi da qveynis sxva reglamentebi, aramed aseve araformalur da dauwerel wesebsac, romlebic farTodaa gavrcelebuli sazogadoebebSi ekonomikuri 39 “evrokavSiris urTierTobebi saqarTvelosTan, mimoxilva”, evrokomisia http://europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/georgia/intro/index.htm. 40 qveynis strategiis amsaxveli dokumenti, 2003-2006ww.: tasisis erovnuli saqarTvelosTvis 2004-2006”. evrokomisia, 23 seqtemberi 2003w. gv. 48., 144 indikatoruli programa saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004,weli, #4 evrokavSiris partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba da evropis samezoblo politika saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi: rogor daexmareba evrokavSirTan ekonomikuri integracia reformebis ganxorcielebis process da ekonomikur ganviTarebas saqarTveloSi konvenciebis, qcevis normebisa da Sesabamisi faseulobebis farglebSi, rac arc Tu ise martivia. erT-erT mniSvnelovan problemas, romlis winaSec dgebian dsT-s qveynebi gardamaval periodSi, warmoadgens ekonomikuri reformis moTxovnebSi arsebuli sxvaoba da sazogadoebis damokidebuleba. aRniSnuli sxvaoba Cveulebriv aisaxeba iseT situaciebSi, rodesac kargi kanone bi ar xorcieldeba ara mxolod imis gamo, rom ar arsebobs saTanado aRsrulebis politika, aramed imitomac, rom sazogadoebis saqarTvelos mier ar aris struqturuli arasaxarbielos dabalia. xdis saqmian miRebuli. aseTi situacia reformebis ekonomikur garemos da ris gamoc Zalian kargad aRwers problemebs, romelic investiciebis done Zalian gafarToebis procesis gamocdilebam gviCvena, rom evrokavSiris avtoriteti, ekonomikuri da moraluri Zala, Zlieri sayrdeni iyo instituciuri cvlilebebis waxalisebisaTvis gardamavali periodi s qveynebSi. man uzrunvelyo ara mxolod amosavali baza ekonomikisa da sazogadoebis ganviTarebisaTvis samarTlebriv sferoSi, aramed aseve kanonebis gansaxorcieleblad saWiro instrumentebic, rameTu isini sazogadoebis mier yofiliyo miRebuli. amasTan, sazogado ebisaTvis momavalSi evrokavSiris erTian bazarze SeRwevis uflebis mopovebis SesaZlebloba, Zlier daxmarebas uzrunvelyofs im mTavrobebisaTvis, romlebic aRniSnul politikas anxorcieleben, rac aadvilebs struqturuli reformebis politikis gatarebas. 42 SeiZleba iTqvas, rom evrokavSiri asrulebs erTgvari instituciuri Ruzis rols . es is mTavari Sedegia, romelsac evropis samezoblo politika savaraudod moutans saqarTvelos da xels Seuwyobs qveyanaSi social-ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebas arasruli dasaqmebisa da siRaribis aRmofxvris TvalsazrisiT. danarTi evrokavSiris evropul samezoblo politikaSi gawevrianebis procesi evropis samezoblo politikis zemoxsenebuli oTxi elementis gaTvaliswinebiT, SegviZlia evropis samezoblo politikaSi qveynis gawevrianebis proceduris warmodgena da ganvixiloT aRniSnul procesSi qveynebis gawevrianebis etapebi: 1) 2004 wlis 21 maiss, damtkicebuli iqna evropis samezoblo politikis amsaxveli dokumenti. igi warmogvidgens evropis samezoblo politikis principebsa da moqmedebis sferos da aseve miznebsa da instrumentebs evropis samezoblo politikis ganxorcielebisaTvis. http://europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/georgia/csp/index.htm. 42 i. samsoni (2002w), “evropis saerTo ekonomikuri sivrce ruseTsa da evrokavSirs Soris” instituciuri Ruza ruseTSi reformebis p rocesis dasaCqareblad”, ruseTis ekonomikis mimarTulebebi, t. 11 #3, blekueli. saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4 145 evrokavSiris partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba da evropis samezoblo politika saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi: rogor daexmareba evrokavSirTan ekonomikuri integracia reformebis ganxorcielebis process da ekonomikur ganviTarebas saqarTveloSi 2001 wels, evrokomisiam daamtkica qveynis strategiis amsaxveli dokumentebi ukrainisTvis, moldovisTvis, belorusisTvis, somxeT isa da azerbaijanisTvis; 2003 wels - saqarTvelosa da ruseTisTvis. qveynis strategiis amsaxvel dokumentSi Camoyalibebulia evrokavSiris TanamSromlobis miznebi, politikuri reaqcia da TanamSromlobis prioritetuli sferoebi politikuri RonisZiebebis programis da qveynis politikuri da socialur -ekonomikuri mdgomareobis Sefasebaze dayrdnobiT. aRniSnuli strategiis amsaxveli dokumenti Seadgens indikatiur programas, romelic ufro detalurad aRwers qmedebebs ; gamoyofs programis miznebs, mosalodnel Sedegebsa da qveynis programas sferoebSi 2-4 wliani periodisTvis. tasisisaTvis, TanamSromlobis prioritetul saqarTvelos axali strategiis amsaxveli dokumenti, romelic komisiis mier damtkicda 2003 wlis 23 seqtembers, moicavs 2003-2006 wlebs da warmoadgens strategiul programas, romlis daxmareba aRniSnuli periodisTvis. 2) CarCoebSic iqneba gamoyofili evrokomisiis 2004 wlis maisi, qveynis angariSebi gamoqveynda ukrainisTvis, moldovasTvis, tunisisTvis, marokosTvis, iordaniasa da israelisTvis. aRniSnuli dokumentebi uzrunvelyofs evrokavSirsa da partnior qveyanas Soris ormxrivi urTierTobebis Sefasebas, Seicavs moxsenebas partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis ganxorcielebis Sedegebis Sesaxeb da aRwers mimdinare mdgomareobas aRniSnuli partniorobisaTvis gansakuTrebuli interesis mqone sferoebSi. qveynis angariSebi moicavs politikur sakiTxebs (esenia: demokratia, kanonis damkvidreba, adamianis uflebebis dacva, fundamentaluri Tavisuflebebi, regionuli da saerTo stabiluroba, marTlmsajuleba da Sinagani saqmeebi da sxva), ekonomikur da socialur mdgomareobas (makroekonomikuri mdgomareoba, struqturuli reforma, vaWroba, sabazro da maregulirebeli reforma, transporti, energetika, sainformacio sazogadoeba, garemos dacva, miRwevebi samecniero da kvleviT dargSi). 3) 146 erToblivi samoqmedo gegmebi, evropis samezoblo politikis ganxorcielebisaTvis mTavari instrumentebi arc erTi qveynis mier ar iqna SemuSavebuli. ukrainasa da moldovasTan konsultaciebis ramodenime raundi gaimarTa, imisaTvis rom samoqmedo gegmasTan d akavSirebiT SeTanxmeba rac SeiZleba swrafad iqnes miRweuli. saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004,weli, #4 ekonomikuri glosariumi absoluturi upiratesoba qveynis unari awarmoos ufro meti saqoneli vidre sxva qveyana awarmoebs resursebis igive moculobisas (ix. fardobiTi upiratesoba) (Absolute advantage) arasruli dasaqmeba (Under-employment) ekonomikuri situacia, rodesac muSaxelis mi wodeba aWarbebs masze moTxovnas auTsaideri (bankis) ara-insaideri (Outsider) aqcia (Share, Stock ) saxsrebis mopovebis mizniT saaqcio sazogadoebis mier gamoSvebuli grZelvadiani fasiani qaRaldi. aqciis myidveli gadaxdili fulis sanacvlod xdeba kompaniis sruluflebiani TanamesakuTre, anu monawileobs mis marTvasa da mogebaSi. (ix. fasiani qaRaldebi, obligacia, saxazino valdebuleba) SeniSvna: zogierT qveyanaSi, magaliTad did britaneTSi, sityva stock gansxvavdeba mniSvnelobiT sityva share-sagan, da aRniSnavs kompaniis an saxelmwifos mier gamoSvebul grZelvadian sasesxo valdebulebas. balansis balansi aRricxvis furceli - dokumenti, romelic asaxavs firmis aqtivebisa da valdebulebebis moculobas da struqturas. (Balance sheet) biujeturi SezRudva (Budget constraint) xarjebis SezRudva gamowveuli sxvadasxva mizeziT, magaliTad, Semosavlebis simciriT. gadasaxadebi begara dawesebuli saxelmwifos mier kerZo pirebis an sawarmoebis Semosavalze an mogebaze (pirdapiri gadasaxadi), saqonlis gamoyenebze an momsaxurebiT sargeblobaze (iribi gadasaxadi) da qonebaze. saqarTveloSi arsebuli ZiriTadi gadasaxadebia: (Taxes) 1. sawarmos mogebaze gadasaxadi (Profit tax); 2. kerZo pirebis Semosavalze gadasaxadi (Personal income tax ); 3. damatebul Rirebulebaze gadasaxadi _ dRg (Value Added Tax ). misi bazaa iuridiuli Tu fizikuri pirebis mier Seqmnili damatebuli Rirebuleba _ sxvaoba saqonlis an momsaxurebis sarealizacio fassa da mis warmoebasa da mowodebasTan dakavSirebuli materialur xarjebisa; saqarTvelos ekonomik is mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4 147 ekonomikuri glosariumi 4. sabaJo gadasaxadi (Customs duties ) _ saxelmwifo biujetSi savaldebulo Senatani saqarTvelos sabaJo sazRvarze saqonlis gadaadgilebisaTvis; 5. aqcizi (Excise) _ garkveuli saxis saqonlis moxmarebaze iribi gadasaxadi, romelic CarTulia am saqonlis fasSi; 6. gadasaxadebi xelfasebis fondidan (Payroll taxes) _ specialuri saxelmwifo fondebis (jandacvis, socuzrunvelyofis da a.S.) mosakrebeli, romlis gadaxda damqiraveblisa da muSakis mier xdeba sawarmos xelfasebis fondidan, fiqsirebuli ganakveTiT. (ix. sagadasaxado baza) gamoSveba, warmoebis moculoba (Output) saqoneli da momsaxureba periodis ganmavlobaSi. depoziti kerZo piris an sawarmos angariSi komerciul bankSi, romelzedac momxmarebels SeuZlia fulis an Cekebis ganTavseba da maTi gamotana bankis winaswar gafrTxilebis pirobiT. (Deposit) deflatori (mSp-is deflatori ) (Deflator - GDP deflator) deflacia warmoebuli garkveuli fasebis indeqsi, romelic warmoadgens garkveul wels gamoSvebuli saqonlis Rirebulebis fardobas sabaziso wlis fasebSi gamosaxul RirebulebasTan. mSp-is deflatori gansazRvravs damoki debulebas nominalur da realur (sabaziso wlis) mSp-s Soris. fasebis saerTo donis daweva. (ix. inflacia) (Deflation) ekonomikuri zrda realuri gamoSvebis zrda. (Economic growth) erovnuli angariSebi (National accounts) drois garkveul periodSi (rogorc wesi, erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi), erovnuli ekonomikis amsaxveli statistikuri monacemebis erToblioba. kerZod, erovnuli angariSebi asaxaven qveyanaSi warmoebuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis mTlian moculobas da qveynis ekonomikuri aqtiurobis indikators warmoadgenen. valdebuleba (pasivi ) (Liability) vali; pirovnebis an sawarmos gankargvaSi arsebuli saxsrebi da qoneba, romelzedac sxva mxares garkveuli pretenzia SeiZleba gaaCndes. 148 saqarTvelos ekonomik is mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4 ekonomikuri glosariumi qveynis valutis sxva qveynis valutaSi gamosaxuli fasi, romelic dadgenilia am valutebis realuri msyidvelobiTi unaris gaTvaliswinebiT. valutis gamyareba (kursis zrda ) (Appreciation) valutis dacema (kursis dacema ) (Depreciation) savaluto bazarze valutis dacema) valutis savaluto bazarze valutis valutebTan SedarebiT. fasis zrda. gaiafeba (ix. sxva SeniSvna: ekonomikur literaturaSi sityvas “Depreciation’ SeiZleba hqondes sxva mniSvnelobac _ cveTa, cveTis sabuRaltro asaxva, amortizacia. investicia (kapitaldabandeba ) (Investment) 1. fizikuri qonebis, magaliTad qarxn is, manqanadanadgarebis, SesaZenad gaweuli xarji. (realuri investicia) 2. fasiani qaRaldebis, magaliTad aqciebis, SesaZenad gaweuli xarji. (finansuri investicia) SeniSvna: realuri investicia qmnis axal aqtivebs, e. i. zrdis qveynis sawarmoo potencials; maSin rodesac finansuri investicia, ubralod, aqtivebis flobis uflebis gadacemaa. insaideri (bankis ) (Insider) inteleqtualuri kapitali (Human capital) intervencia (Intervention) inflacia bankis administraciuli muSaki an aqcioneri, misi ojaxis wevri an masTan saqmiani interesebiT dakavSirebuli piri. (sapir. - auTsaideri) saerTo codna romelic gamoiyeneba warmoebaSi. investiciebs inteleqtualuri kapitalis gazrdaSi, anu sxvadasxva saxis gamokvlevebSi, Sedegad sdevs axali, teqnikurad gaumjobesebuli produqciis warmoeba da ekonomikis efeqturobis zrda. ama Tu im ekonomikuri subieqtis erTjeradi intensiuri zemoqmedeba bazarze. magaliTad erovnuli bankis mier ucxouri valutis gayidvis mkveTri gazrda. fasebis saerTo donis aweva. (ix. deflacia) (Inflation) kalaTa (Basket) ama Tu im sidideTa kompleqti, nakrebi, mag.: 1. samomxmareblo kalaTa _ pirobiTi momxmareb-lis mier moxmarebuli saqonlisa da misTvis gaweuli momsaxurebis erToblioba; 2. savaluto kalaTa _ sxvadasxva qveynis valutis ama Tu im wesiT Seqmnili nakrebi (ECU _ ekiu, saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4 149 ekonomikuri glosariumi evropuli savaluto erTeuli; SDR _ sesxebis specialuri ufleba; unaris standarti). PPS _ msyidvelobiTi kapitaldabandeba (Investment) ix. investicia. kapitali (Capital) warmoebis materialuri (fabrikebi, ofisebi, manqanadanadgarebi) da aramaterialuri (“nou-hau”) saSualebebis erToblioba. kapitalis dena (Capital flight) fondebis moZraoba adgilobriv ekonomikasa da gare samyaros Soris, dakavSirebuli fasiani qaRaldebis an fizikuri aqtivebis yidva-gayidvasTan da saerTaSoriso sesxebTan. kapitaluri angariSi (Capital account) 1. sagadamxdelo balansis nawili, romelic aRwers grZelvadiani aqtivebis yidva-gayidvasTan da kerZo seqtoris sesxebTan dakavSirebul saxsrebis moZraobas (ix. mimdinare angariSi ) 2. erovnuli angariSebis nawili, romelic moicavs mTavrobis mier saxelmwifo infrastruqturis sferoSi (gzebi, skolebi, saavadmyofoebi) gaweul xarjebs da kerZo seqtoris realur investiciebs. likviduri aqtivebi (bankis ) (Liquid assets) fuladi aqtivebi romlebic advilad SeiZleba iqnas gamoyenebuli angariSsworebisTvis: oqro, bankis fuladi saxsrebi salaroSi (larebi da ucxouri valuta), sakorespondento angariSebi erovnul da ucxour valutaSi (maT Soris sazRvargareTac), savaldebulo rezervebis angariSze arsebuli saxsrebi (Tu isini sakredito auqcionze nayidi kreditis uzrunvelyofas ar waroadgenen). lorencis mrudi (Lorenz curve) raime sididis, magaliTad Semosavlebis, ganawilebis amsaxveli mrudi. diagonalsa da lorencis mruds Soris moqceuli farTobis Sefardebas diagonalis qvemoT moqceul farTobTan ewodeba jinis (Gini) koeficienti. igi warmoadgens ganawilebis araTanabrobis sazoms da icvleba nolidan (Tanabari ganawileba) erTamde (absoluturad araTanabari ganawileba). M0 sxvanairad _ “viwro fuli”. monetarul TeoriaSi fuladi maragis erT -erTi sazomi (fuladi agregati), romelic moicavs fuladi aqtivebis yvelaze likvidur nawils _ bankebis gareT arsebul naRd fuls. (ar moicavs im naRd fuls, romelic rezervebis saxiT komerciuli bankebis 150 saqarTvelos ekonomik is mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4 ekonomikuri glosariumi sacavebSi inaxeba). M2 sxvanairad _ “farTo fuli”, moicavs M0-sa da komerciul bankebSi arsebul arasabanko da arasaxelmwifo depozitebs adgilobriv valutaSi. ganisazRvreba rogorc fuli, romelic, garkveuli periodis amowurvis Semdeg, SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas angariSsworebisTvis. M3 aseve, xSirad moixsenieba rogorc “farTo fuli”; moicavs M2-sa da mosaxleobis ucxour valutaSi denominirebul anabrebs komerciul bankebSi. makroekonomika (Macroeconomics) materialuri aqtivebi (bankis ) (Fixed assets) meoradi kapitali (bankis ) (Secondary capital) mikroekonomika (Microeconomics) mimdinare angariSi (Current account) mimdinare aqtivebi (bankis ) ekonomikuri mecnierebis nawili, romelic swavlobs ekonomikas rogorc erT mTlians da cdilobs daadginos fundamenturi ekonomikuri cnebebis _ warmoebisa da dasaqmebis donis, fasebis saerTo donis ganmsazRvreli ZiriTadi faqtorebi. Senoba-nagebobani, sameurneo inventari gaweuli kapitaluri danaxarjebi da maTze materialuri aqtivebis gadafasebis nawili, miznobrivi fondebi, saimedo sesxebis SesaZlo danakargebis gaTvaliswinebiT Seqmnili rezervebi. (ix. pirveladi kapitali) ekonomikuri mecnierebis nawili, romelic swavlobs momxmareblebisa da firmebis qmedebas; aanalizebs sawarmoo faqtorebis, saqonlisa da momsaxurebis sabazro fasebsa da moculobas. agreTve, ganixilavs SezRuduli ekonomikuri resursebis ganawilebis efeqturobas. 1. drois garkveul monakveTSi (rogorc wesi, erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi) qveynis danarCen msofliosTan sasaqonlo (xiluli) da samomsaxureo (uxilavi) vaWrobis amsaxveli angariSi. (ix. sagadamxdelo balansi; savaWro balansi ) 2. bankSi fizikuri piris Tu kompaniis moTxovnamde angariSi. (Current assets) likviduri aqtivebi da bankis mier dafarvis erT Tvemde vadiT gacemuli sesxebi. agreTve bankis sxva moTxovnebi dafarvis erT Tvemde vadiT. moTxovnebi (Claims) finansuri aqtivebi, saxeldobr gacemuli kreditebi, saxazino da komerciuli Tamasuqebi. monetaruli politika ix. fuladi politika. saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4 151 ekonomikuri glosariumi (Monetary policy) mwarmoebelTa fasebis mfi (Producer price index - PPI) indeqsi mep- mTliani erovnuli produqti (GNP) mSp - mTliani Sida produqti (GDP) nominaluri (Nominal) obligacia (Bond) pirveladi kapitali (bankis ) (Primary capital) realuri (Real) _ indeqsi romelic asaxavs adgilobrivi mwarmoeblebis mier sakuTar produqciaze dadebuli fasebis donis saSualo cvlilebas. (ix. samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi) drois garkveul monakveTSi (rogorc wesi, erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi) qveynis mSp-sa da sazRvargareTidan miRebuli wminda Semosavlis jami. drois garkveul monakveTSi, (rogorc wesi, erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi) adgilobrivad warmoebuli saqonlisa da gaweuli momsaxurebis jamuri fuladi Rirebuleba. (ix. erovnuli angariSebi) gazomili mimdinare fasebSi, liswineblad. (ix. realuri) inflaciis gauTva- rogorc wesi, mTavrobis an komerciuli organizaciis mier, sesxis aRebis mizniT gamoSvebuli, myari saprocento ganakveTis mqone, grZelvadiani fasiani qaRaldi. (ix. aqcia, saxazino Tamasuqi). aqciebis realizaciidan miRebuli kapitali, kapitaluri rezervebi (ganawilebuli mogebis nawili, romelic gankuTvnilia gauTvaliswinebe-li zaralis dasafaravad), gaunawilebeli mogeba. (ix. meoradi kapitali) gazomili namdvil (sabaziso wlis fasebTan Sesadar) fasebSi, inflaciis gaTvaliswinebiT. sagadasaxdelo balansi (Balance of payments) drois garkveul monakveTSi, (rogorc wesi, erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi) qveynis danarCen msofliosTan savaWro da safinanso urTierTobis amsaxveli angariSi. igi Sedgeba ori ZiriTadi nawilisagan: mimdinare angariSi da kapitaluri angariSi . sagadasaxado baza mTliani fuladi fondi romelic eqvemdebareba gadasaxadebis gadaxdas. magaliTad, saSemosavlo gadasaxadis baza aris am gadasaxads daqvemdebarebuli mTliani Semosavlebi, xolo mogebis gadasaxadis baza aris yvela im mogebis jami, romelic am gadasaxads eqvemdebareba. (Tax base) sagadasaxado fardoba Tanafardoba damqiraveblis mier gaweuli mTliani 152 saqarTvelos ekonomik is mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4 ekonomikuri glosariumi (Tax wedge) xarjebisa daqiravebulis xelfasis odenobasTan. savaWro balansi drois garkveul monakveTSi, (rogorc wesi, erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi) danarCen msofliosTan qveynis sasaqonlo (xiluli) vaWrobis amsaxveli angariSi. (ix. sagadamxdelo balansi; mimdinare angariSi). (Balance of trade) savaldebulo rezervebi sakorespondento angariSebi (Correspondent accounts) samuSao Zala (Labour) saprocento ganakveTi (Interest rate) miRebul wminda komerciuli bankebis saerTo aqtivebSi, rezervebis savaldebulo proporcia, romelsac centraluri banki awesebs. es Tanxebi uzrunvelyofen momxmareblebis yoveldRiuri moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebas da zRudaven kreditebis gacemas. saqarTveloSi komerciuli bankebis es rezervebi inaxeba seb-Si. (Reserve requirements) samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi sfi (Consumer price index - CPI) mier bankebis angariSebi sxva bankebSi, romlebic gamoiyeneba klientTa saxeliT bankTaSoris angariSsworebaSi. maTi moculoba damokidebulia saangariSsworebo sistemis moqnilobaze da bankebis survilze gascen sesxi. _ inflaciis sazomi indeqsi, romelic warmoadgens samomxmareblo saqonlis da momsaxurebis fiqsirebuli kalaTis nominaluri Rirebulebis fardobas amave kalaTis sabaziso wlis fasebSi gamosaxul RirebulebasTan. rogorc fizikuri (magaliTaT, manqanis awyoba), ise inteleqtualuri (magaliTad, maragis aRricxvis sistemis Seqmna) Sromis SenaZeni sawarmoo procesSi. msesxeblis mier kreditorisTvis ZiriTadi valis garda gadasaxdeli Tanxa, gamoxatuli ZiriTadi valis procentebSi; fuladi resursebis gadacemis sabazro fasi. sarezervo fuli aseve moixsenieba rogorc fulis baza an “Zlieri (Reserve money) fuli”, Seicavs M0-sa da komerciul bankebSi arsebul sxvadasxva rezervebs. sarezervo fulis moculobas uSualod centraluri banki akontrolebs. saxazino Tamasuqi (valdebuleba ) (Treasury bill) finansTa saministros an centraluri bankis mier gamoSvebuli, gansazRvruli saprocento ganakveTis mqone, moklevadiani (erT welze naklebi) fasiani qaRaldi, romelic warmoadgens mTavrobis mier Tamasuqis mflobelisagan sesxis aRebis saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4 153 ekonomikuri glosariumi damamtkicebel sabuTs. saxazino Tamasuqi erT -erTi instrumentia, romlis meSveobiTac centraluri banki akontrolebs mimoqcevaSi arsebuli fulis moculobas. (ix. obligacia) socialuri uzrunvelyofis sistema (Social Safety Net) savaluto rezervebi ucxouri valutisa da oqros maragi, romelic gamoiyeneba sagadamxdelo balansis deficitis Sesavsebad. (Foreign currency (exchange) reserves) sterilizacia ama Tu im eknomikuri RonisZiebis Tanmdevi arasasurveli efeqtis gabaTileba sxva ekonomikuri RonisZiebiT. magaliTad, samTavrobo dakreditebis gazrdis Sedegad fuladi maragis zrdis Tavidan asacileblad, erovnuli banki ucxouri valutis gayidviT amcirebs mimoqcevaSi arsebuli adgilobrivi valutis moculobas. (Sterilisation) uimedo sesxi gasesxebuli Tanxa, romlis ukan dabruneba aRar aris mosalodneli (magaliTad, mevale gakotrda). aseTi sesxebi miekuTvneba xarjebs da Camoiwereba. (Bad loan) fardobiTi upiratesoba qveynis unari ufro naklebi danaxarjebiT awarmoos garkveuli saqoneli vidre meore qveyanam. (ix. absoluturi upiratesoba) (Comparative advantage) fasiani qaRaldebi (Securities) faqtoruli faqtorebi socialurad naklebad uzrunvelyofili fenebisTvis _ mcireSemosavliani ojaxebisTvis, umuSevrebisTvis, pensionerebisTvis, invalidebisTvis, martoxela mSoblebisTvis da a.S. daxmarebis aRmoCenis sistema. resursebi, kapitalis mozidvis finansuri instrumenti. ZiriTadi fasiani qaRaldebia: aqcia, obligacia, Tamasuqi, saxazino valdebuleba. warmoebis (Factors of production) faqtoruli Rirebuleba saqonlis an momsaxurebis Rirebuleba daxar-juli faqtoruli resursebis gamosaxulebaSi. (Factor cost) faqtoruli Semosavali erovnuli Semosavali (Factor income or national income) resursebi romlebic gamoiyeneba firmebis mier saqonlis an momsaxurebis warmoebisas. gamoyofen sawarmoo faqtorebis sam ZiriTad jgufs: miwa, samuSao Zala da kapitali. an drois mocemul periodSi SinameurneobaTa saerTo fuladi Semosavali miRebuli biznesisTvis faqtoruli resursebis mowodebis sanacvlod. fiskaluri politika (Fiscal policy) sagadasaxado-sabiujeto politika. sagadasaxado sistemisa da saxelmwifo xarjebis struqturis saTanado marTviT qveynis ekonomikur aqtiurobaze 154 saqarTvelos ekonomik is mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4 ekonomikuri glosariumi zemoqmedebis meqanizmi. fuladi baza (Monetary base) ix. sarezervo fuli fuladi politika (Monetary policy) qveynis ekonomikur aqtiurobaze zemoqmedeba fu-lis moculobis, dakreditebisa da saprocento ganakveTebis struqturis saTanado marTviT. fulis mimoqcevis siCqare (Velocity of money circulation) indeqsi, romelic gviCvenebs Tu, periodis ganmavlobaSi, saSualod gamoiyeneba angariSsworebisTvis fuladi erTeuli. gamoiTvleba V = PY M , sadac, V aris fulis siCqare; M _ fulis moculoba (M2 an realuri mSp; P _ mSp-s deflatori. garkveuli ramdenjer TiToeuli formuliT: mimoqcevis M3); Y _ fulis multiplikatori (Money multiplier) sabanko sistemas, sadepozito angariSebze miRebuli Tanxebis gasesxebiT, axali depozitebis Seqmnis (anu fulis gamravlebis) unari gaaCnia. fulis multiplikatori aris am gamravlebis koeficienti. sem-Si fulis multiplikatori gamoiTvleba M2-is an M3-is sarezervo fulTan SefardebiT. arsebobs misi gamoTvlis sxva gzebic. (ix. sarezervo fuli; rezervebi; savaldebulo rezervebi) Sinameurneoba (Household) erT saerTo sacxovrebel farTobze da erTi saojaxo biujetiT mcxovreb adamianTa erToblioba. SeRavaTiani periodi (Grace period) kreditis dabrunebis ganmavlobaSi mxolod gadaxda xdeba. Crdilovani ekonomika (Black, grey, underground, shadow economy) faruli ekonomikuri garigebebis erToblioba, romlis arsebobis safuZveli _ gadasaxadebisagan Tavis aridebis an aralegaluri qmedebis damalvis survilia. centraluri banki (Central bank) qveynis mTavari banki, romelic moqmedebs rogorc mTavrobisa da sxva bankebis banki da pasuxismgebelia qveyanaSi fuladi politikis ganxorcielebaze. saqarTveloSi _ saqarTvelos erovnuli banki (seb). wminda adgilobrivi aqtivebi _ waa rogorc wesi, jami ama Tu im sakredito dawesebulebis adgilobrivi sakuTrebisa da ekonomikis adgilobrivi subieqtebis mimarT moTxovnebisa da valdebulebebis sxvaobisa. semSi, rogorc wesi saubaria saqarTvelos erovnuli (Net domestic assets - NDA) saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4 periodi, saprocento romlis ganakveTis 155 ekonomikuri glosariumi bankis waa-ze aqtivebi) wminda ucxouri aqtivebi _ wua (Net foreign assets - NFA) jinis koeficienti (ix. aqtivebi, wminda ucxouri rogorc wesi, jami ama Tu im sakredito dawesebulebis ucxoeTSi mdebare sakuTrebisa da sazRvargareT ganlagebuli ekonomikuri subieqtebis mimarT moTxovnebis da valdebulebebis sxvaobisa. ix. lorencis mrudi. (Gini coefficient) hiperinflacia (Hyperinflation) Zalian maRali inflacia. xSirad ganisazrvreba rogorc inflacia romlis Tviuri done, drois xangrZlivi monakveTis (eqvsi Tve da meti) ganmavlobaSi, 50 procents aRemateba. PAYG (Pay-as-you-go) sistema am sistemis sapensio programebi mTels msopliosi xorcieldeba. PAYG sistemis safuZvelze mTavroba momuSaveTagan agrovebs gadasaxadebs pensionerTaTvis pensiebis gasacemad. sistema mdgrad mistemad iTvleba, Tuki muSakTa Sesabamisi raodenoba sapensio valdebulebis dasafarad gadaixdis gadasaxads, romlis ganakveTi damamZimebeli ar iqneba. es sistema momuSaveTa da pensionerTa individualur sapensio angariSebs ar iTvaliswinebs; muSakis mier Sesatani gadasaxadebis ganakveTi ar aris dafuZnebuli im ganakveTze, romelsac konkretuli muSaki miiRebs pensiaze gasvlis semdeg, xolo xandazmulTa pensiebi ar aris dafuZnebuli konkretuli pensioneris mier Setanili gadasaxadebis odenobaze. PAYG-is sistema gansazRvruli odenobis sapensio daxmarebis sistemaa. gansazRvruli ganakveTis sapensio daxmarebis sistemebisTvis damaxasiaTebalia pensionerebisTvis dabali riskfaqtori da amave dros dabali mogebac. 156 saqarTvelos ekonomik is mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4 statistikuri danarTi sarCevi * cxrili A 3.1: saxelmwifo biujetis Semosavlebi, 2004 w. Ikv - IIIkv cxrili A 3.2: saxelmwifo biujetis xarjebi ekonomikuri da funqcionaluri klasifikaciiT, 2004 w. Ikv - IIIkv . cxrili A 4.1: saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis angariSebi, 2004 w. Ikv - IIIkv cxrili A 4.2: komerciuli bankebis angariSebi, 2004 w. Ikv - IIIkv cxrili A 4.3: monetaruli mimoxilva, 2004 w. Ikv - IIIkv cxrili A 4.4: samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi da inflacia 2004 w. Ikv - IIIkv cxrili A 5.2.1: saqarTvelos registrirebuli eqsportis da importis struqtura, harmonizebuli sasaqonlo sistemis (HTS 96) mixedviT, 2004 w. Ikv - IIIkv cxrili A 5.2.2: saqarTvelos registrirebuli eqsportis da importis struqtura, harmonizebuli sasaqonlo sistemis (HTS 96) mixedviT, 2004 w. Ikv - IIIkv cxrili A 7.1: ekonomikuri statusi, 1998 w. I kv. – 2000 w. IV kv. cxrili A 7.2: ekonomikuri statusi, 2000 w. I kv. – 2004 w. II kv. * cxrilis nomris pirveli cifri miuTiTebs imaze, Tu romel Tavs ekuTvnis esa Tu is cxrili. 158 saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4 cxrili A3.1: saxelmwifo biujetis Semosavlebi, 2004 wlis cxra Tve (milioni lari) 2004 2004 wlis wlis wlis cxra Tvis cxra gadaxra gegma faqtiuri Tvis Semosavlebi gegma Sul Semosavlebi da grantebi 1655.03 sagadasaxado semosavlebi centrtaluri biujetis sagadasaxado Semosavlebi saSemosavlo gadasaxadi mogebis gadasaxadi dRg 1197.98 adgilobriv produqciaze importze aqcizi adgilobriv produqciaze importze sabaJo gadasaxadi sxva gadasaxadebi arasagadasaxado Semosavlebi Semosavlebi kapitalis operaciebidan specialuri saxelmwifo fondebis semosavlebi socuzrunvelyofis fondi sagzao fondi grantebi wyaro: finansTa saministro 811.33 16.38 11.31 543.9 244.8 299.1 143.4 46.2 97.2 81.2 15.14 256.61 81.4 397.7 332.55 65.15 119.04 1076.0 880.5 1144.4 926.6 592.7 16.4 11.3 388.1 176.8 211.3 106.9 36.2 70.7 57.0 13.0 623.6 16.4 11.3 410.2 185.3 225.0 110.9 37.8 73.1 58.4 16.4 167.3 181.7 5.2 3.0 295.5 240.1 55.4 23.1 312.3 254.0 58.3 33.2 procenti wliuri mTlian gegmis Sesruleba zrda SemosavlebS i 9 Tvis gegma wliur gegmasTan 68.4 106 166 100 69 46.0 105 151 81 77 30.9 105 144 54 77 0.0 0.0 22.1 8.4 13.6 4.0 1.6 2.4 1.4 3.4 100 100 106 105 106 104 104 103 103 126 115 125 134 106 171 193 245 174 140 280 1 1 36 16 20 10 3 6 5 1 100 100 75 76 75 77 82 75 72 109 14.4 109 357 16 71 -2.2 58 0 4 16.8 106 173 27 79 13.9 2.9 10.2 106 105 144 169 191 147 22 5 3 76 90 28 cxrili A 3.2: saxelmwifo biujetis xarjebi ekonomikuri da funqcionaluri klasifikaciiT, 2004 wlis cxra Tve (milioni lari) Sromis socialu sul anazRaur mivlinebebi ri xarjebi eba Senatnebi saxelmwifos marTva Tavdacva kanoniereba da wesrigi ganaTleba jandacva socuzrunvelyofa sabinao meurneoba kultura sporti religia energetika soflis meurneoba mSenebloba da wiaRiseulis mopoveba transporti da kavSirgabmuloba sxva ekonomikuri sxva xarjebi sul wyaro: finansTa saministro sxva saqoneli da 217.6 73.4 142.9 40.8 20.7 316.1 2.7 25.8 37.3 19.0 35.7 24.5 39.5 4.7 12.1 0.2 0.1 1.2 0.3 3.5 10.9 0.4 3.8 1.1 0.7 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.1 1.5 3.1 0.7 1.3 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.1 43.5 37.5 49.6 1.5 4.0 239.5 1.1 4.7 0.1 13.3 0.7 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.2 41.8 2.5 269.2 1210.5 0.5 0.1 0.0 0.1 1.4 0.8 124.8 0.5 0.2 19.9 0.1 0.5 6.5 0.4 1.5 397.1 procente subsidiebi programu wminda kapitaluri bis da mimdinare li dakredit xarjebi gadaxada transfertebi xarjebi eba 65.2 7.2 25.7 33.3 3.8 76.1 0.9 19.1 36.6 2.3 3.1 23.0 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 41.1 0.1 101.4 369.5 0.0 0.5 71.7 57.0 0.4 0.1 0.7 0.0 109.1 109.1 0.0 55.1 112.1 cxrili A4.1: saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis angariSebi (aTasi lari) dek-03 wminda saerTaSoriso rezervebi ian-04 Teb-04 mar-04 apr-04 mai-04 ivn-04 ivl-04 agv-04 seq-04 -311,364 -314,764 -286,372 -240,660 -189,578 -168,086 -115,378 -84,496 32,642 1,604 1,604 1,604 1,575 1,575 1,575 1,405 1,405 1,405 1,409 ucxouri valuta 395,678 403,388 395,274 422,750 429,559 442,047 526,236 535,531 611,591 670,113 ssf-s resursebis gamoyeneba -593,162 -603,449 -571,041 -556,030 -515,900 -506,695 -539,196 -520,198 -484,754 -495,809 sxva ucxouri valdebulebebi -115,483 -116,307 -112,208 -108,955 -104,812 -105,013 -103,823 -101,234 -95,598 -101,021 891,225 872,449 862,896 834,669 763,922 783,308 771,047 734,604 685,439 672,697 782,912 770,352 776,091 740,220 693,301 712,243 702,859 682,626 634,603 670,936 816,532 821,484 821,484 815,639 811,349 811,349 811,349 811,349 811,349 816,652 701,125 707,497 707,497 701,125 701,125 701,125 701,125 667,702 667,702 621,952 samTavrobo seqtoris depozitebi -33,620 -51,132 -45,393 -75,419 -118,048 -99,106 -108,490 -128,723 -176,746 -145,716 centraluri mTavrobis depozitebi oqro wminda adgilobrivi aqtivebi wminda moTxovnebi samTavrobo seqtorisadmi wminda moTxovnebi centraluri mTavrobisadmi centralur mTavrobaze gacemuli sesxebi 74,693 -11,066 -19,102 -19,304 -38,732 -81,181 -48,464 -67,465 -75,743 -117,335 -71,915 adgilobrivi mTavrobis angariSebi -2,135 -2,972 -676 -6,711 -1,457 -11,072 -5,338 -4,025 -16,958 -15,706 sxva sanTavrobo dawesebulebebis angariSebi -3,845 -4,764 -7,344 -4,189 -470 -1,180 -2,583 -3,502 -4,323 -4,220 specialuri fondebis angariSebi -7,352 -12,342 -12,760 -21,213 -23,870 -27,582 -25,657 -29,872 -27,581 -43,532 -10,343 sxva biujetgareSe fondebi (sul) moTxovnebi ekonomikis sxva seqtorebisadmi energetikis seqtoris dakrediteba wminda moTxovnebi bankebisadmi -9,223 -11,951 -5,308 -4,573 -11,071 -10,809 -7,447 -15,581 -10,550 112,005 112,740 108,823 105,672 101,650 101,818 100,694 98,328 93,344 98,618 109,997 110,782 106,878 103,780 99,834 100,025 98,891 96,426 91,058 96,222 6,320 -1,051 0 8,200 0 3,900 0 0 0 -41,795 -10,011 -9,593 -22,018 -19,424 -31,030 -34,654 -32,506 -46,350 -42,507 -55,062 sarezevo fuli (M1) 579,862 557,686 576,525 594,008 574,344 615,221 655,670 650,108 718,082 747,389.69 fuli mimoqcevaSi 473,242 443,545 446,411 466,212 463,219 479,409 504,188 514,172 555,415 600,255 bankebis depozitebi 106,620 114,141 130,113 127,796 111,124 135,813 151,482 135,936 162,667 147,135 81,405 84,138 89,785 89,946 93,473 98,961 74,223 73,767 71,983 75,342 25,214 30,003 40,328 32,550 14,651 35,852 71,259 56,170 90,684 71,793 0 0 0 5,300 3,000 1,000 6,000 6,000 0 0 sxva aqtivebi (wminda) savaldebulo rezervebi balansi sakorespondento angariSze bankebis erTdRiani depozitebi wyaro: saqarTvelos erovnuli banki cxrili A4.2: komerciuli bankebis angariSebi (aTasi lari) dek-03 wminda ucxouri aqtivebi ian-04 Teb-04 mar-04 apr-04 mai-04 ivn-04 ivl-04 agv-04 seq-04 42,456 80,082 84,491 85,595 50,965 67,816 66,743 91,115 76,765 2.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 242,456 276,156 269,808 275,537 245,912 252,679 254,241 269,925 247,179 206,663 ucxouri valdebulebebi -200,002 -196,076 -185,319 -189,944 -194,949 -184,865 -187,501 -178,812 -170,416 -187,353 wminda adgilobrivi aqtivebi 576,396 587,167 580,138 600,354 615,810 659,741 649,842 687,766 688,222 764,206 747,413 748,757 725,463 751,088 778,370 758,731 783,998 834,183 833,884 880,643 -16,527 -18,252 -21,359 32,977 42,426 30,998 37,643 55,316 42,361 20,119 32,225 33,451 36,404 46,239 55,915 54,697 62,919 77,443 75,481 58,944 oqro ucxouri valuta adgilobrivi krediti wminda moTxovnebi samTavrobo seqtorisadmi wminda moTxovnebi centraluri mTavrobisadmi 19,311 kreditebi adgilobrivi mTavrobis dasafinanseblad 10,612 8,367 6,445 4,282 2,038 1,836 1,757 1,609 1,265 669 sxva moTxovnebi adgilobrivi mTavrobisadmi (wminda) -54,530 -54,578 -55,354 -11,983 -11,263 -20,012 -19,289 -17,849 -26,257 -30,764 sxva biujetgareSe fondebi (wminda) -1,470 -1,364 -1,969 -1,330 -1,042 -1,254 -1,323 -1,210 -1,683 -1,759 specialuri fondebi -2,814 -3,127 -5,053 -2,241 -1,645 -2,309 -4,553 -2,920 -3,774 -3,885 moTxovnebi ekonomikis sxva seqtorebisadmi 763,940 767,009 746,822 718,111 735,944 727,733 746,355 778,867 791,524 860,523 moTxovnebi iuridiuli pirebisadmi (wminda) 55,995 50,289 54,637 52,700 52,016 49,423 55,290 56,180 64,464 64,544 moTxovnebi fizikuri pirebisadmi (wminda) 37,829 36,671 39,962 37,651 39,109 33,802 32,851 35,617 36,547 38,302 670,115 680,049 652,223 627,761 644,819 644,508 658,213 687,069 690,513 757,677 -171,017 -161,591 -145,326 -150,735 -162,561 -98,989 -134,156 -146,417 -145,662 -116,437 618,852 667,249 664,628 685,948 666,774 727,558 716,584 778,881 764,987 783,517 85,863 96,643 120,817 115,454 109,293 119,701 127,018 146,321 166,251 173,273 532,989 570,606 543,812 570,494 557,481 607,857 589,566 632,560 598,736 610,244 kreditebi ucxour valutaSi (iuridiuli da fizikuri pirebi) sxva wminda aqtivebi sadepozito valdebulebebi depozitebi erovnul valutaSi depozitebi ucxour valutaSi wyaro: saqarTvelos erovnuli banki cxrili A4.3: monetaruli mimoxilva (aTasi lari) dek-03 wminda ucxouri aqtivebi oqro ucxouri valuta ucxouri valdebulebebi wminda adgilobrivi aqtivebi adgilobrivi krediti wminda moTxovnebi samTavrobo seqtorisadmi ian-04 Teb-04 mar-04 apr-04 mai-04 ivn-04 ivl-04 agv-04 seq-04 -268,907 -234,681 -201,881 -155,065 -138,614 -100,270 -48,635 6,619 109,408 1,606 1,606 1,606 1,577 1,577 1,577 1,407 1,407 1,407 94,004 1,411 638,133 679,544 665,082 698,287 675,471 694,725 780,478 805,456 858,769 876,776 -908,647 -915,831 -868,569 -854,929 -815,661 -796,572 -830,519 -800,244 -750,768 -784,182 1,329,295 1,318,263 1,288,982 1,272,158 1,239,195 1,273,438 1,232,969 1,249,972 1,164,023 1,227,176 1,642,329 1,631,850 1,610,377 1,596,981 1,573,322 1,572,792 1,587,551 1,615,137 1,561,831 1,650,196 766,385 752,100 754,732 773,197 735,727 743,240 740,503 737,942 676,963 691,055 wminda moTxovnebi centraluri mTavrobisadmi 837,692 835,833 838,584 823,147 786,084 817,582 806,803 813,049 769,495 803,681 wminda moTxovnebi adgilobrivi mTavrobisadmi -46,053 -49,183 -49,586 -14,413 -10,682 -29,248 -22,870 -20,265 -41,950 -45,801 wminda moTxovnebi suesf-sadmi -10,166 -15,469 -17,814 -23,454 -25,514 -29,890 -30,211 -32,793 -31,355 -47,418 sxva arasabiujeto fondebi (wminda) -10,692 -13,315 -7,277 -5,903 -12,113 -12,062 -8,770 -16,791 -12,233 -12,102 875,944 879,750 855,645 823,784 837,595 829,551 847,048 877,195 884,868 959,141 -313,034 -313,587 -321,396 -324,823 -334,127 -299,354 -354,582 -365,165 -397,808 -423,020 1,060,388 1,083,581 1,087,101 1,117,092 1,100,581 1,173,168 1,184,334 1,256,591 1,273,431 1,321,181 527,398 512,976 543,289 546,598 543,100 565,311 594,768 624,031 674,695 710,937 441,536 416,333 422,472 431,144 433,807 445,610 467,749 477,710 508,444 537,663 moTxovnebi ekonomikis sxva seqtorebisadmi sxva wminda aqtivebi farTo fuli (M3) farTo fuli ucxouri depozitebis gamoklebiT (M2) erovnuli valuta bankebis gareT (M0) erovnuli valuta mimoqcevaSi 473,242 443,545 446,411 466,212 463,219 479,409 504,188 514,172 555,415 600,255 naRdi fuli k/b-is sacavebSi -31,707 -27,212 -23,939 -35,069 -29,413 -33,798 -36,438 -36,462 -46,971 -62,592 depozitebi erovnul valutaSi 85,863 96,643 120,817 115,454 109,293 119,701 127,018 146,321 166,251 173,273 depozitebi ucxour valutaSi 532,989 570,606 543,812 570,494 557,481 607,857 589,566 632,560 598,736 610,244 wyaro: saqarTvelos erovnuli banki cxrili A4.4: samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi da inflacia periodi inflacia (%) fasebis indeqsi wina periodTan SedarebiT 2000 dek 100.00 2001 ian Teb mar apr mai ivn ivl agv seq oqt noe dek 100.00 100.70 101.30 101.30 102.32 101.29 100.89 100.18 100.48 99.88 100.58 101.99 103.42 0.7 0.6 0.0 1.0 -1.0 -0.4 -0.7 0.3 -0.6 0.7 1.4 1.4 2002 ian Teb mar apr mai ivn ivl agv seq oqt noe dek 100.00 102.00 103.22 103.64 105.50 105.50 103.08 101.94 101.84 102.25 102.66 103.79 105.55 105.48 106.75 107.18 109.11 109.11 106.60 105.42 105.32 105.74 106.16 107.33 109.15 2.0 1.2 0.4 1.8 0.0 -2.3 -1.1 -0.1 0.4 0.4 1.1 1.7 2003 ian Teb mar apr mai ivn ivl agv seq oqt noe dek 100.00 102.10 101.59 101.59 102.10 102.30 102.40 101.48 101.38 101.89 101.89 106.78 106.99 107.77 107.23 107.23 107.76 107.98 108.09 107.11 107.01 107.54 107.54 112.70 112.93 111.45 110.89 110.89 111.44 111.67 111.78 110.77 110.66 111.22 111.22 116.55 116.79 2.1 -0.5 0.0 0.5 0.2 0.1 -0.9 -0.1 0.5 0.0 4.8 0.2 2004 ian Teb mar apr mai ivn ivl agv seq 100.40 100.80 100.90 100.70 100.74 99.13 99.92 99.32 100.81 107.42 107.85 107.96 107.74 107.78 106.06 106.91 106.27 107.86 113.38 113.84 113.95 113.72 113.77 111.95 112.84 112.16 113.85 117.25 117.72 117.84 117.61 117.65 115.77 116.70 116.00 117.74 0.4 0.4 0.1 -0.2 0.04 -1.6 0.8 -0.6 1.5 wyaro: GEPLAC -is gamoTvlebi statistikis saxelmwifo departamentis monacemebze dayrdnobiT cxrili A5.2.1: saqarTvelos registrirebuli eqsportis da importis struqtura, harmonizebuli sasaqonlo sistemis (HTS 96) mixedviT, 2004 w. 9Tve (aTasi aSS dolari) 1 832 167 importi 367 12,090 2,875 2,593 - 13,713 62 147 1,040 522 2,522 6,969 3,548 18,901 2,437 3,812 60,759 11 -fqvil-burRuleulis mrewvelobis produqcia; qeri; saxamebeli; puris webovana 12 -zeTovaniinulini; nayofi da Tesli; sxva Tesli, nayofi da marcvali; 473 37,844 samkurnalo da teqnikuri daniSnulebis mcenareebi; Cala da furaJi 13 -fisebi da balzamebi, mcenareuli wvenebi da eqstraqtebi 385 81 590 339 35 55 406 15,392 56 27,319 1,007 3,694 41,721 10,546 HTS 01 - cocxali pirutyvi 02 - xorci da xorcis subproduqtebi 03 - Tevzi, kiborCxalismagvari, moluskebi da sxv. 04 - rZe da rZis produqtebi, frinvelis kvercxi, naturaluri Tafli,cxoveluri warmoSobis sxva sasursaTo produqtebi 05 -cxoveluri warmoSobis sxva produqtebi 06 -cocxali mcenare, mcenareebis bolqvebi da Zirebi, soko, dakrefili yvavilebi da sxv. 07 -bostneuli 08 -nayofi da kakali, citrusebis an baRCeuli kulturebis kani da qerqi 09 -yava, Cai, saneblebi 10 -pur-marcvleuli 14 -dawnuli nakeTobebis dasamzadebeli mcenareuli warmoSobis masala; mcenareuli warmoSobis sxva produqtebi, romlebic ar aris miTiTebuli sxva adgilas 15 -cxoveluri da mcenareuli warmoSobis cximebi da zeTebi; maTi daSlis produqtebi; damzadebuli sakvebi cximebi; cxoveluri an mcenareuli warmoSobis cvili 16 -xorcis, Tevzisa da kiborCxalasmagvarTa, moluskebisa da zRvis sxva uxerxemloTa nawarmi 17 -Saqari da Saqris sakonditro nawarmi 18 -kakao da misi nawarmi 19 -puris marcvlis, fqvilis, kraxmalis da rZis nawarmi; fqvilis sakonditro nawarmi 20 -bostneulis, nayofis, kaklis da mcenareTa sxva nawilebis gadamuSavebis produqtebi 21 -sxva saxis sakvebi produqtebi 22 -alkoholiani da ualkoholo sasmelebi da Zmari 23 -gemo-kvebis mrewvelobis narCenebi; mza sakvebi cxovelebisaTvis 24 -Tambaqo da Tambaqos samrewvelo Semcvlelebi 25 -marili; gogirdi; miwa da qva; sabaTqaSe masala; kiri da cementi 26 -madani, wida da nacari 27 -mineraluri sawvavi, navTobi da maTi amoqaCvis produqtebi; bitumizebuli nivTierebebi; mineraluri cvili 28 -araorganuli qimiis produqtebi; Zvirfasi da iSviaTi liTonebis, radioaqtiuri elementebis an izotopebis organuli da araorganuli SenaerTebi 29 -organuli qimiuri SenaerTebi 30 -farmacevtuli produqtebi 31 -sasuqebi 32 -saTrimlavi da saRebavi eqstraqtebi; tanini da misi warmoebulebi; saRebavebi, pigmentebi da sxva saRebavebi nivTierebebi; melani (topografiuli saRebavebi) 33 -eTerzeTebi da rezinoidebi; parfiumeriis, kosmetikisa da tualetis saSualebani 34 -saponi, zedapirulad-aqtiuri organuli nivTierebebi, sarecxi saSualebebi, sapoxi masalebi, xelovnuri da mza sanTlebi, sawmendi da saprialebeli saSualeblebi, sanTeli da misi msgavsi nawarmi, saZerwi pastebi, plastelini, kbilis samkurnalo sanTlebi 35 -cilovani nivTierebebi; modificirebuli saxamebeli; webo; fermentebi 36 -asafeTqebeli nivTierebebi; piroteqnikuri nakeTobebi; asanTi; piroforuli Senadnobebi; sawvav nivTierebaTa zogierTi saxeobebi 37 -foto da kino saqoneli 38 -Sereuli qimiuri produqtebi 39 -plasmasi da misgan damzadebuli nakeTobani 40 -kauCukisa da rezinis nawarmi 41 -tyavis nedleuli (garda bewvisa) da tyavi 42 -tyavis nawarmi; sasarajo-saunagire nawarmi da akazmuloba; samgzavro nivTebi, qalis CanTebi da maTi msgavsi saqoneli; cxovelebis tyavisagan damzadebuli nawarmi (garda naturaluri abreSumis ketgutisa) wyaro: statistikis saxelmwifo departamenti eqsporti 94 8,623 1,850 953 70,600 4,985 7,548 7,580 114 975 2,772 25,765 3,484 31,793 8,473 1,174 14,799 212,182 4,047 1,646 1,854 4,689 2,103 54,989 15,963 738 239 7,230 2,593 15,096 161 9,090 0 1,319 14 193 579 892 1,736 554 9,322 22,271 13,986 990 412 96 1,173 cxrili A5.2.2: saqarTvelos registrirebuli eqsportis da importis struqtura, harmonizebuli sasaqonlo sistemis (HTS 96) mixedviT, 2004w. 9 Tve (aTasi aSS dolari) HTS 44 -merqani da misgan damzadebuli nawarmi; xis naxSiri 45 -korpi da misi nawarmi 46 -Calis nawarmi, mcenareuli da sxva warmoSobis dasawnavi masala; kalaTis da sxva wnuli nakeToba eqsporti 8,082 4 47 -saqaRalde masa merqanis an sxva mcenareuli boWkovani masalisagan; qaRaldisa da muyaos narCenebi da makulatura 48 -qaRaldi da muyao; qaRaldisa da muyaos nawarmi 49 -nabeWdi wignebi, gazeTebi, reproduqciebi da poligrafiuli mrewvelobis sxva nawarmi; xelnawerebi, nabeWdi teqstebi da gegmebi 50 -abreSumi 51 -matyli, cxovelebis wminda da uxeSi bewvi; cxenis Zuis narTi da qsovili 52 -sxva -bamba mcenareuli safeiqro boWkoebi; qaRaldis narTi da misi 53 qsovilebi 54 -qimiuri Zafebi 55 -qimiuri Stapelis boWkoebi 56 -bamba, nabadi da uqsovadi masalebi; specialuri narTi; bawari da Tokis nawarmi; bagiri da misi nawarmi 57 -xaliCebi da sxva safeiqro iatakis safenebi importi 5,172 2,195 1 8 - 38 668 23,289 146 4,529 - 123 15 1 - 503 247 15 1,185 2,338 7 3 527 350 - 58 -specialuri qsovilebi; qsovilebi xaoiani arSiiT; maqmani, gobelini, mosarTavi masalebi; naqargebi 59 -safeiqro qsovilebi, gaJRenTili, gaormagebuli, safarveliT; teqnikuri nawarmi misgan 60 -manqaniTa da xeliT naqsovi trikotaJis tilo 61 -trikotaJis tansacmeli 62 -naqsovi tansacmeli (garda trikotaJisa) 63 -sxva mza safeiqro nawarmi - 133 38 581 556 321 600 1,114 3,154 15,017 4,939 64 -fexsacmeli, windebi da analogiuri nawarmi; maTi nawilebi 65 -Tavsaburebi da maTi nawilebi 122 2 6,229 268 0 133 107 576 1,376 6,753 9,959 9,602 16,392 92,249 4,647 6,347 129 8,406 147 53 112 1,163 19,361 82,133 1,924 2 3,719 130 127 13 58 102 2,725 66 -qolgebi, xeljoxebi, Soltebi, maTraxebi da maTi nawilebi 67 -damuSavebuli bumbuli da misgan damzadebuli nawarmi; xelovnuri yvavilebi; adamianis Tmisagan damzadebuli nakeTobani 68 -nakeTobani qvis, TabaSiris, cementis, qarsisa da sxva msgavsi masalisagan 69 -keramikis nawarmi 70 -SuSa da misi nawarmi 71 -bunebrivi an kultivirebuli margaliti, Zvirfasi an naxevradZvirfasi qvebi, Zvirfasi liTonebi, Zvirfas liTonebSi 72 -Savi liTonebi 73 -Savi liTonebis nawarmi 74 -spilenZi da misi nakeTobani 75 -nikeli da misi nakeTobani 76 -alumini da misi nakeTobani 78 -tyvia da misi nakeTobani 79 -TuTia da misi nakeTobani 80 - kala da misi nakeToba 81 araZvirfasi liTonebi; maTiaraZvirfasi nakeTobani 82 -sxva -instrumentebi, danis nawarmi,liTonkeramika; kovzebi, Canglebi liTonebisagan; maTi nawilebi araZvirfasi liTonebisagan 83 -araZvirfasi liTonebisagan damzadebuli sxva nakeTobani, romlebic sxva adgilas ar aris miTiTebuli 84 -atomuri reaqtorebi, qvabebi, danadgarebi da meqanikuri mowyobilobebi; maTi nawilebi 85 -eleqtruli manqanebi da mowyobilobebi, maTi nawili; xmis Camweri da xmis aRmdgeni aparatura; satelevizio gamosaxulebisa da xmis Camweri da aRmdgeni aparatura; maTi nawilebi da mowyobilobebi 86 -sarkinigzo lokomotivebi da moZravi Semadgenlobebi, tramvai, maTi nawilebi; tramvais da rkinigzis qselis sagzao mowyobilobani, maTi kvanZebi da detalebi; meqanikuri da eleqtromeqanikuri signalizaciis mowyobilobebi 87 -miwiszeda satransporto saSualebebi, sarkinigzo da tramvais moZravi Semadgenlobebis garda, da maTi nawilebi da mowyobilobebi 88 -safreni aparatebi, kosmosuri aparatebi maTi nawilebi 89 -gemebi, navebi da sxva mcuravi saSualebebi 90 -optikuri, fotografiuli, kinematografiuli, sazomi, sakontrolo, precizionuri, samedicino da qirurgiuli mowyobilobebi da aparatebi; maTi nawilebi da mowyobilobebi 91 -saaTebi da maTi nawilebi 92 -musikaluri instrumentebi; maTi nawilebi 93 - iaraRebi da saomari saSualebebi; maTi nawilebi analogiuri avejis kuTvnilobani; gasanaTebeli mowyobilobebi 95 -saTamaSoebi, TamaSobebi da sportuli inventari; maTi nawilebi 96 -sxvadasxva mza nawarmi 97- xelovnebis nimuSebi, sakoleqcio da antikvaruli sagnebi wyaro: statistikis saxelmwifo departamenti - 14 70 5,812 12,118 145,138 4,377 94,094 4,979 3,527 5,509 67,673 91,157 17,028 61 1,442 1,464 18,835 4 27 210 223 38 96 29 380 56 12,326 20,480 2,653 2,636 34 cxrili A7.1: ekonomikuri statusi, 1998 w. I kv. - 2000 w. IV kv. (aTasi kaci) 1998 w. I kv. sul, 15 welze ufrosi asakis mosaxleoba ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleoba, sul (samuSao Zala ) (1) ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleoba, sul (samuSao Zala ) (2) dasaqmebuli daqiravebuli TviT-dasaqmebuli umuSevari (1) umuSevari (2) mosaxleoba samuSao Zalis gareT (1) mosaxleoba samuSao Zalis gareT (2) umuSevrobis done (procenti ) (1) umuSevrobis done (procenti ) (2) 3, 099 II kv. 1999 w. III kv. 3, 136 3, 194 IV kv. 3, 008 2,332 2,462 2,146 1,990 2,457 2, 101 714 1,387 231 356 1,162 1,108 9.9 14.5 2,555 2,283 737 1,546 179 272 1,054 1,019 7.3 10.6 2,195 1,887 786 1,092 260 309 975 937 12.1 14.1 2,042 1,741 741 990 249 301 1,039 980 12.5 14.7 78.5 81.5 62.8 67.7 67.2 68.7 50.9 57.9 66.2 67.9 49.7 56.9 samuSao Zalis monawileobis koeficienti (1) 75.3 samuSao Zalis monawileobis koeficienti (2) 79.3 TviT-dasaqmebis wili mTlian samuSao ZalaSi 59.5 TviT-dasaqmebis wili mTlian dasaqmebaSi 66.0 wyaro: statistikis saxelmwifo departamenti, samuSao Zalis gamokvleva SeniSvna: (1 ) Sso-s standartiT (an “mkacri” kriteriumiT) (2 ) Sso-s ,,Serbilebuli” kriteriumiT I kv. II kv. 2000 w. III kv. IV kv. I kv. II kv. III kv. IV kv. 3, 032 3, 049 3, 092 3, 018 3, 123 3, 151 3, 133 3, 199 2, 018 2, 052 2, 058 1, 917 1, 951 2, 102 2, 064 2, 095 2, 058 2, 093 2, 106 1, 975 2, 087 2, 199 2, 181 2, 215 1, 725 737 973 1, 784 743 1, 023 1, 792 741 1, 030 1, 633 710 905 1, 705 679 912 1, 890 695 1, 087 1, 890 675 1, 095 1, 878 691 1, 080 292 333 1,110 1,000 14.5 16.2 268 308 1,078 997 13.0 14.7 266 314 1,049 962 12.9 14.9 284 342 1,158 1,044 14.8 17.3 246 382 1,172 1,035 12.6 18.3 212 309 1,048 952 10.1 14.0 174 292 1,069 952 8.4 13.4 217 337 1,104 985 10.4 15.2 66.6 67.9 48.2 56.4 67.3 68.6 49.8 57.3 66.6 68.1 50.1 57.5 63.5 65.4 47.2 55.4 62.5 66.8 46.7 53.5 66.7 69.8 51.7 57.5 65.9 69.6 53.0 57.9 65.5 69.2 51.6 57.5 cxrili A7.1: ekonomikuri statusi, 2000 w. I kv. - 2004 w. II kv. (aTasi kaci) 2001 w. I kv. sul, 15 welze ufrosi asakis mosaxleoba ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleoba, sul (samuSao Zala ) (1) ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleoba, sul (samuSao Zala ) (2) dasaqmebuli daqiravebuli TviT-dasaqmebuli umuSevari (1) umuSevari (2) mosaxleoba samuSao Zalis gareT (1) mosaxleoba samuSao Zalis gareT (2) umuSevrobis done (procenti ) (1) umuSevrobis done (procenti ) (2) II kv. 2002 w. III kv. IV kv. I kv. II kv. 2004 w. 2003 w. III kv. IV kv. I kv. II kv. III kv. Q IV I kv. 3, 277 3, 269 3, 139 3, 083 3, 016 3, 033 3, 021 2, 971 3, 082 3, 060 3, 132 3, 134 3, 143 2, 066 2, 197 2, 144 2, 048 1, 912 1, 983 2, 003 1, 945 1, 941 2, 037 2, 120 2, 103 2, 007 2, 195 2, 314 2, 246 2, 165 1, 983 2, 036 2, 063 2, 015 2, 025 2, 095 2, 170 2, 160 2, 089 1, 818 681 1, 034 1, 944 672 1, 189 1, 913 636 1, 194 1, 838 630 1, 127 1, 659 625 1, 028 1, 742 598 1, 141 1, 768 597 1, 168 1, 713 607 1, 102 1, 679 594 1, 083 1, 805 604 1, 200 1, 897 640 1, 255 1, 877 637 1, 240 1, 746 620 1, 125 248 377 1,210 1,082 12.0 17.2 253 370 1,072 955 11.5 16.0 231 333 995 893 10.8 14.8 210 327 1,034 918 10.3 15.1 254 324 1,103 1,033 13.3 16.3 241 294 1,050 997 12.1 14.4 236 296 1,017 957 11.8 14.3 232 303 1,026 956 11.9 15.0 262 345 1,141 1,057 13.5 17.1 233 290 1,023 965 11.4 13.9 223 273 1,002 952 10.5 12.9 226 283 1, 028 971 10.7 13.1 260 342 1, 130 1,047 13.0 16.4 samuSao Zalis monawileobis koeficienti (1) 63.1 67.2 samuSao Zalis monawileobis koeficienti (2) 67.0 70.8 TviT-dasaqmebis wili mTlian samuSao ZalaSi 50.1 54.1 TviT-dasaqmebis wili mTlian dasaqmebaSi 56.9 61.2 wyaro: statistikis saxelmwifo departamenti, samuSao Zalis gamokvleva SeniSvna: (1 ) Sso-s standartiT (an “mkacri” kriteriumiT) (2 ) Sso-s ,,Serbilebuli” kriteriumiT 68.3 71.5 55.7 62.4 66.4 70.2 55.0 61.3 63.4 65.7 53.7 62.0 65.4 67.1 57.5 65.5 66.3 68.3 58.3 66.1 65.5 67.8 56.6 64.3 63.0 65.7 55.8 64.5 66.6 68.5 58.9 66.5 67.7 69.3 59.2 66.2 67.1 68.9 59.0 66.1 63.9 66.5 56.1 64.4 abreviaturebi gaero gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia vmo vaWrobis msoflio organizacia vssk vaWrobis saerTaSoriso standartuli klasifikacia dsT damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobroba dRg damatebuli Rirebulebis gadasaxadi epkc ekonomikuri politikisa da kvlevis centri Tbsb Tbilisis bankTaSorisi savaluto birJa kvt•sT kilovatsaaTi (mgvt•sT - megavatsaaTi, gvt•sT - gigavatsaaTi) mep mTliani erovnuli produqti mSp mTliani Sida produqti mfi mwarmoebelTa fasebis indeqsi sd saxelmwifo sagadasaxado departamenti seb saqarTvelos erovnuli banki sem saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi sesf socuzrunvelyofis erTiani saxelmwifo fondi sv saxazino valdebuleba (Tamasuqi) ssd statistikis saxelmwifo departamenti sss saxelmwifo sagadasaxado samsaxuri sssf saqarTvelos socialuri sainvesticio fondi ssu specialuri sasesxo uflebebi ssf saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi sf sarezervo fuli sfi samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi sqms saxelmwifo qonebis marTvis saministro Sso Sromis saerTaSoriso organizacia waa wminda adgilobrivi aqtivebi wfi warmoebis fasebis indeqsi wmp wminda materialuri produqti wsr wminda saerTaSoriso rezervebi wua wminda ucxouri aqtivebi ha heqtari ACDI soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis organizacia BSEC Savi zRvis ekonomikuri TanamSromloba BSTDB Savi zRvis vaWrobisa da ganviTarebis banki CAP saerTo agraruli politika saqarTvelos ekonomik is mimarTulebebi _ 2004 weli, #4 169 abreviaturebi CASE socialuri da ekonomikuri kvlevis centri CEFTA centraluri evropis Tavisufali vaWrobis SeTanxmeba EBRD evropis rekonstruqciisa sa ganviTarebis banki ECB evropis centraluri banki ECCC evrokavSiris sabajo kodeqsi EFSA evropis sasursaTo usafrTxoebis administracia EFTA evropis Tavisufali vaWrobis SeTanxmeba EMI evropis monetaruli instituti EMS evropis monetaruli sistema EMU ekonomikuri da monetaruli kavSiri ESAF struqturul gardaqmnaTa gafarToebuli dafinansebis meqanizmi EUR evro FTA Tavisufali vaWrobis SeTanxmeba GATT generaluri SeTanxmeba vaWrobasa da tarifebze GEPLAC ekonomikuri politikisa da samarTlebrivi sakiTxebis qarTulevropuli sakonsultacio centri GET saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi (ix. sem) GSP preferenciebis zogadi sistema GUUAM (suuam) saqarTvelos, ukrainis, uzbekeTis, azerbaijanisa da moldovas mier 1997 wels Camoyalibebuli regionaluri organizacia HS harmonizebuli sasaqonlo sistema ICC saerT aSoriso savaWro palata IEA energetikis saerTaSoriso saagento IFAD soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso fondi INOGATE evropisaken navTobisa da gazis saxelmwifoTaSoriso transportireba ISIC saerTaSoriso standartuli dargobrivi klasifikacia MRAs urT ierTaRiarebis SeTanxmebebi NTR normaluri savaWro urTierToba OECD ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizacia OPEC navTobis eqsportiori qveynebis organizacia PREGP saqarTvelos siRaribis daZlevisa da ekonomikuri zrdis programa SAC msofli bankis struqturul gardaqmnaTa krediti SDR is. ssu SIS TurqeTis statistikis saxelmwifo instituti TEN trans-evropuli qselebi TRI vaWrobis SezRudulobisi indeqsi TRIMs vaWrobasTan dakavSirebuli sainvesticio RonisZiebebi TRIPS vaWrobasTan dakavSirebuli intel eqtualuri sakuTrebis uflebebi 170 saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi _ 2004 weli, #4 abreviaturebi TRACECA satransporto koridori evropa-kavkasia-azia UNCTAD gaeros vaWrobisa da ganviTarebis konferencia UNCITRAL gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis saerTaSoriso savaWro kanonmdeblobis komisia USAID amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagento USITC amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saerTaSoriso vaWrobis komisia USTR amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis savaWro warmomadgenloba WTO vaWrobis msoflio organizacia (ix. vmo) WTO msoflio turistuli organizacia saqarTvelos ekonomik is mimarTulebebi _ 2004 weli, #4 171
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