Convencionalidade e linguística de corpus
Transcription
Convencionalidade e linguística de corpus
Convencionalidade e Lingüística de Corpus: sua relevância para a escrita científica em língua inglesa. Stella E. O. Tagnin FFLCH-USP Resumo O Jeito que a Gente Diz: • Convencionalidade e Fraseologia A Lingüística de Corpus – o que dá para fazer • na Tradução • na Terminologia • na Redação Convencionalidade “que é de uso ou de praxe; consolidado pelo uso ou pela prática” (Houaiss) “que obedece a padrões aceitos; não original, comum” (Houaiss) “Consagrado ou aprovado pelo uso, pela experiência” (Aurélio) Convencionalidade “que é de uso ou de praxe; consolidado pelo uso ou pela prática” (Houaiss) “que obedece a padrões aceitos; não original, comum” (Houaiss) “Consagrado ou aprovado pelo uso, pela experiência” (Aurélio) Combinações (semi)fixas Verbos: Substantivos: Adjetivos: insist on instructor in dressed in, good at Phrasal Verbs: look up, get on Colocações Adjetivas • public television – televisão educativa • Japanese current – corrente do Japão Nominais 1 • labor pains – dores de parto • seashore – beira-mar Nominais 2 • • • • justice of the peace – juiz de paz cost of living – custo de vida a round of applause – salva de palmas a litter of kitten – uma ninhada de gatinhos Colocações Verbais • pay a compliment – fazer um elogio • take a step – dar um passo • nose runs – nariz escorre Adverbiais • lavishly illustrated – fartamente ilustrado • lie outright – mentir descaradamente Binômios e Multinômios • dead or alive – vivo ou morto • cats and dogs – cães e gatos / gatos e cachorros • over and over and over; red, white and blue • cama, mesa e banho; casa, comida e roupa lavada Outras fraseologias Expressões Idiomáticas • kick the bucket – bater as botas • blow one’s top – perder a cabeça Provérbios • Not all that glitters is gold. Nem tudo que reluz é ouro. Fórmulas Situacionais • Act your age – Não seja criança. • It takes two to tango. Quando um não quer, dois não brigam. Pelo que vimos... há muito mais expressões fixas na língua do que se imagina! E como fazer para aprendê-las? Para reconhecê-las? É onde entra a Lingüística de Corpus O que é um corpus? É um (1) Conjunto de documentos, dados e informações sobre determinada matéria. (cf. Aurélio Eletrônico) O que é um corpus hoje? Uma coletânea de textos em formato eletrônico, compilada segundo critérios específicos, considerada representativa de uma língua (ou da parte que se pretende estudar), destinada à pesquisa O que permite... examinar uma grande quantidade de ocorrências de linguagem autêntica de uma só vez por meio de CONCORDÂNCIAS E descobrir Padrões lexicais Padrões gramaticais repetições O que é uma concordância? Lista de todas as ocorrências da palavra de busca em contexto Formato: KWIC: “key word in context” • em geral centralizada Leitura vertical: permite identificar padrões gramaticais e lexicais Leitura horizontal: permite identificar colocados e diferentes sentidos N Concordance 1 odeling, necessary to repair or reshape bone, also serves calcium homeostasis; o 2 activity and high calcium intakes. • Bone remodeling, necessary to repair or 3 rowth, with the largest accumulation of bone being concentrated in children with 4 5 risk, well before perceptible change in bone mass can occur. Introduct orotic bony fragility. • Reduction in bone remodeling by high calcium intakes 6 ons to the extracellular fluid, weakens bone locally, wherever in the skeleton i 7 intake is one of the causes of reduced bone mass during growth. • Physical ac 8 well prior to any appreciable change in bone mass. Key words: calcium, dairy, 9 ately pre-menopausal values and improve bone strength immediately, well prior to 10 11 contributes only structural weakness to bone. High calcium intakes in postmenopa , growth Key teaching points: • Low bone mass is associated with increased f 12 ey words: calcium, dairy, bone quality, bone remodeling, fracture, growth Key 13 bone mass. Key words: calcium, dairy, bone quality, bone remodeling, fracture, 14 Calcium serves two major functions for bone. First, calcium is the bulk cation 15 ratio for a fracture in those with low bone density compared to matched control 16 re milk avoiders had significantly less bone and were shorter than a birth cohor 17 childhood was related to a property of bone, i.e. massiveness, modifiable by li 18 19 een achievement of peak height and peak bone mass [12]. The timing of this decre nsient increase in porosity of cortical bone during puberty as a result of a pha 20 p. The milk avoiders had total skeletal bone mineral content (BMC) Z-scores aver 21 on the association of fracture with low bone density in 3–15 year old girls livi 22 ing understanding of the role played by bone remodeling in bony fragility and it 23 emerging as an important contributor to bone strength. Although there remain s 24 calcium is the bulk cation out of which bone mineral is constructed. As such it 25 ed to low bone mass, and that childhood bone mass in turn is influenced by diet N Concordance 1 odeling, necessary to repair or reshape bone, also serves calcium homeostasis; o 2 activity and high calcium intakes. • Bone remodeling, necessary to repair or 3 rowth, with the largest accumulation of bone being concentrated in children with 4 5 risk, well before perceptible change in bone mass can occur. Introduct orotic bony fragility. • Reduction in bone remodeling by high calcium intakes 6 ons to the extracellular fluid, weakens bone locally, wherever in the skeleton i 7 intake is one of the causes of reduced bone mass during growth. • Physical ac 8 well prior to any appreciable change in bone mass. Key words: calcium, dairy, 9 ately pre-menopausal values and improve bone strength immediately, well prior to 10 11 contributes only structural weakness to bone. High calcium intakes in postmenopa , growth Key teaching points: • Low bone mass is associated with increased f 12 ey words: calcium, dairy, bone quality, bone remodeling, fracture, growth Key 13 bone mass. Key words: calcium, dairy, bone quality, bone remodeling, fracture, 14 Calcium serves two major functions for bone. First, calcium is the bulk cation 15 ratio for a fracture in those with low bone density compared to matched control 16 re milk avoiders had significantly less bone and were shorter than a birth cohor 17 childhood was related to a property of bone, i.e. massiveness, modifiable by li 18 19 een achievement of peak height and peak bone mass [12]. The timing of this decre nsient increase in porosity of cortical bone during puberty as a result of a pha 20 p. The milk avoiders had total skeletal bone mineral content (BMC) Z-scores aver 21 on the association of fracture with low bone density in 3–15 year old girls livi 22 ing understanding of the role played by bone remodeling in bony fragility and it 23 emerging as an important contributor to bone strength. Although there remain s 24 calcium is the bulk cation out of which bone mineral is constructed. As such it 25 ed to low bone mass, and that childhood bone mass in turn is influenced by diet WordList N Word Freq. % Texts % 1 # 3,532 7.81 2 100.00 2 THE 1,942 4.30 2 100.00 3 OF 1,677 3.71 2 100.00 4 IN 1,203 2.66 2 100.00 5 AND 1,164 2.57 2 100.00 6 BONE 1,136 2.51 2 100.00 7 TO 705 1.56 2 100.00 8 A 630 1.39 2 100.00 9 CALCIUM 519 1.15 2 100.00 10 IS 476 1.05 2 100.00 11 WITH 352 0.78 2 100.00 12 FOR 335 0.74 2 100.00 13 THAT 325 0.72 2 100.00 14 FRACTURE 320 0.71 2 100.00 15 J 295 0.65 2 100.00 16 FRACTURES 250 0.55 2 100.00 17 AS 247 0.55 2 100.00 18 BY 237 0.52 2 100.00 19 RISK 220 0.49 2 100.00 20 ON 218 0.48 2 100.00 21 THIS 215 0.48 2 100.00 22 INTAKE 208 0.46 1 23 D 201 0.44 2 100.00 24 REMODELING 188 0.42 2 100.00 25 BE 180 0.40 2 100.00 50.00 Colocados N Word With elation 1 BONE bone 0.000 2 OF bone 3 THE 4 Texts Total otal Left al Right L5 L4 L3 L2 L1 Centre R1 R2 2 1,320 96 89 20 36 28 11 1 1,135 1 11 0.000 2 432 369 63 37 59 45 60 168 0 4 10 bone 0.000 2 375 242 133 53 57 60 25 47 0 5 16 AND bone 0.000 2 352 172 180 30 32 30 34 46 0 13 92 5 IN bone 0.000 2 330 180 150 20 30 16 31 83 0 7 78 6 TO bone 0.000 2 206 112 94 20 27 8 25 32 0 7 14 7 STRENGTH bone 0.000 2 131 22 109 4 6 5 5 2 0 97 1 8 DENSITY bone 0.000 2 118 6 112 0 2 1 3 0 0 41 67 9 MINERAL bone 0.000 2 114 8 106 3 2 3 0 0 0 96 3 10 TURNOVER bone 0.000 2 107 18 89 1 6 3 7 1 0 79 1 11 QUALITY bone 0.000 2 106 16 90 4 3 3 3 3 0 82 1 12 IS bone 0.000 2 104 33 71 12 16 3 1 1 0 9 37 13 MASS bone 0.000 2 101 11 90 0 5 0 4 2 0 85 1 14 ON bone 0.000 2 100 84 16 2 8 7 10 57 0 1 6 15 A bone 0.000 2 93 47 46 9 17 13 3 5 0 1 9 16 THAT bone 0.000 2 82 51 31 9 5 14 16 7 0 3 9 17 BY bone 0.000 2 78 36 42 8 4 6 7 11 0 5 14 18 WITH bone 0.000 2 76 50 26 7 12 5 19 7 0 1 4 19 REMODELING bone 0.000 2 74 13 61 2 2 2 7 0 0 55 0 20 J bone 0.000 2 73 70 3 0 0 0 0 70 0 0 2 21 CALCIUM bone 0.000 1 67 53 14 7 10 24 10 2 0 0 1 22 MINER bone 0.000 2 66 0 66 0 0 0 0 0 0 66 0 23 INCREASED bone 0.000 2 57 42 15 6 3 3 1 29 0 1 1 24 AS bone 0.000 2 50 14 36 3 1 4 5 1 0 6 13 25 RES bone 0.000 2 45 0 45 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 45 N Concordance 1 is that this type of electrical stimulation seems to cause bone cells to proliferate. There are other cellular effects of 2 cannot feel the current, but it does have an effect on the bone cells. How is electrical stimulation used to heal bone?: 3 of electrical currents on the broken bone, but by stimulating bone cells to divide, healing of bone is accelerated. The skin 4 were greater during the pubertal growth spurt than during bone consolidation [28]. The lack of main effects of calcium 5 of virtually everything within the measured bone site (i.e., bone cross-sectional size and dimensions, cortical thickness 6 of lack of intervention trials and the inability of then available bone densitometry to capture bone geometric characteristics 7 THIS ARTICLE ONLINE 21. Wilkin TJ, Devendra D (2001) Bone densitometry is not a good predictor of hip fracture. 8 of lack of intervention trials and the inability of then available bone densitometry to capture bone geometric characteristics 9 fractures because these were more likely to be due to lower bone density. High trauma fractures such as those from 10 11 between dietary calcium intake before adulthood and peak bone density (Cumming 1990, Dalen et al 1974, Horsman with a family history of osteoporosis or a diagnosis of low bone density. Ten hip fracture cases and 29 forearm fracture 12 Ensrud K, LaCroix AZ, Black DM: Improvement in spine bone density and reduction in risk of vertebral fractures during 13 GE: Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone density in men and women 65 years of age or older.N 14 predisposes to osteoporotic fracture by affecting bone density and quality. J Clin Invest. 2001;107(7):899-907. 15 in vertebral fractures without commensurate increases in bone density. J Bone Miner Res 17: 11–14. FIND THIS 16 and peak bone mass [12]. The timing of this decrease in bone density was recently characterized in a group of 17 in calcium intake suppress bone resorption without affecting bone formation (at least over the life of one remodeling cycle). 18 19 Figure 2. Bone strength paradigm: the balance between bone formation and resorption influences factors that impact of high bone resorption in the absence of increased bone formation on trabecular bone strength and provide a 20 in calcium intake suppress bone resorption without affecting bone formation (at least over the life of one remodeling cycle). 21 demographic and lifestyle factors with the risk of bone fracture among 6250 postmenopausal women in a 22 Keywords Obesity, height, diet, race, postmenopausal bone fracture, prospective study Accepted 15 July 1999 23 possible role of a number of risk factors for postmenopausal bone fractures. Methods We analysed the relationships of 24 25 33932, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA. Abstract Objective Bone fractures are an important cause of morbidity and drinking cow’s milk are at increased risk for prepubertal bone fractures.J Am Diet Assoc104 :250 –253,2004 NConcordance 1 stetter J. E. Do dairy products improve bone density in adolescent girls? Nutr. 2 00 and 1200 mg/d. The small increase in bone density and the nonsignificant redu 3 tures without commensurate increases in bone density. J Bone Miner Res 17: 11–14 4 ss [12]. The timing of this decrease in bone density was recently characterized 5 . Risk of fracture among women who lose bone density during treatment with alend 6 y of osteoporosis or a diagnosis of low bone density. Ten hip fracture cases and 7 rs state. The paradox is that while low bone density values are associated with 8 on the association of fracture with low bone density in 3–15 year old girls livi 9 ratio for a fracture in those with low bone density compared to matched control 10 ese were more likely to be due to lower bone density. High trauma fractures such 11 he effect of calcium supplementation on bone density in postmenopausal women. N. 12 alcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone density in men and women 65 years o 13 milk powder or tablets) and exercise on bone density in postmenopausal women.J B 14 alcium intake before adulthood and peak bone density (Cumming 1990, Dalen et al 15 roix AZ, Black DM: Improvement in spine bone density and reduction in risk of ve 16 (1997) Relationship of bone turnover to bone density and fractures. J Bone Miner 17 story of vertebral fracture.) Follow-up bone density testing has shown no chang 18 tin G, Goodman WG. Changes in vertebral bone density in black girls and white gi N Concordance 1 se intervention had improved BMD at the spine [19] and tibia and hip [20] compar 2 ols was 2.3 for the radius, 2.4 for the spine, and 2.0 for the hip. The milk avo 3 LaCroix AZ, Black DM: Improvement in spine bone density and reduction in risk 4 with bone mineral density in the lumbar spine and distal radius.47 In addition, 5 6 calcium nutritional deficiency prevents spine fractures in elderly women. J Bone LaCroix AZ, Black DM: Improvement in spine bone density and reduction in risk 7 r baseline bone density was –2.3 at the spine and –1.8 at the hip. (This highli 8 9 of osteoporosis and vertebral fracture. Spine 22: 25S–31S. FIND THIS tes rich in trabecular bone such as the spine. Role of Bone Matrix Properties i 10 se intervention had improved BMD at the spine [19] and tibia and hip [20] compar 11 ols was 2.3 for the radius, 2.4 for the spine, and 2.0 for the hip. The milk avo 33 ocorrências no total N Concordance 1 e bone density and reduction in risk of vertebral fractures during treatment wit 2 ne turnover are related to reduction in vertebral fracture risk during 3 years o 3 NB: Efficacy of risedronate on clinical vertebral fractures within six months.Cu 4 Early effects of raloxifene on clinical vertebral fractures at 12 months in post 5 e bone density and reduction in risk of vertebral fractures during treatment wit 6 of similar bone mass with and without vertebral fracture: II. Three-dimension 7 NB: Efficacy of risedronate on clinical vertebral fractures within six months.Cu 8 Early effects of raloxifene on clinical vertebral fractures at 12 months in post 9 ora S, Costin G, Goodman WG. Changes in vertebral bone density in black girls an 10 n SM. Lifetime risk of hip, Colles', or vertebral fracture and coronary heart di 11 S. M. Lifetime risk of hip, Colles', or vertebral fracture and coronary heart di 12 ucrose diet alters rat femoral neck and vertebral morphology, bone mineral conte 13 risk of fracture in women with existing vertebral fractures. Lancet 348: 1535–15 14 nts on femoral bone mineral density and vertebral fracture rate in vitamin-D-rep 15 PD: Effects of risedronate treatment on vertebral and nonvertebral fractures in 16 i LV, Lips P, Cummings SR: Reduction of vertebral fracture risk in postmenopausa 17 rchitecture, bone mineral density, and vertebral fractures in male osteoporosi 18 er CH (2001) The biomechanical basis of vertebral body fragility in men and wome 19 (1997) Biomechanics of osteoporosis and vertebral fracture. Spine 22: 25S–31S. F 20 21 evidenced by this patient’s history of vertebral fracture.) Follow-up bone dens py about 5 years ago after developing a vertebral fracture. Her baseline bone 22 atment paradox of dramatic decreases in vertebral fractures without commensurate 23 ] and also account for at least half of vertebral fractures [40–42]. Figure 1 24 1992) Incidence of clinically diagnosed vertebral fractures: A population-based 25 ends in the incidence of postmenopausal vertebral fractures. Calcif Tissue Int 5 26 de 33 = vertebral fracture* Concordance PD: Effects of risedronate treatment on vertebral and nonvertebral fractures in er CH (2001) The biomechanical basis of vertebral body fragility in men and wome ora S, Costin G, Goodman WG. Changes in vertebral bone density in black girls an S. M. Lifetime risk of hip, Colles', or vertebral fracture and coronary heart di nts on femoral bone mineral density and vertebral fracture rate in vitamin-D-rep evidenced by this patient’s history of vertebral fracture.) Follow-up bone dens py about 5 years ago after developing a vertebral fracture. Her baseline bone i LV, Lips P, Cummings SR: Reduction of vertebral fracture risk in postmenopausa (1997) Biomechanics of osteoporosis and vertebral fracture. Spine 22: 25S–31S. F n SM. Lifetime risk of hip, Colles', or vertebral fracture and coronary heart di of microarchitectural deterioration to vertebral fracture severity. A recent s of similar bone mass with and without vertebral fracture: II. Three-dimension differences in the factor of risk for vertebral fracture: a population-based e to therapy can have marked effects on vertebral fracture risk. The importance ne turnover are related to reduction in vertebral fracture risk during 3 years o itecture distinguished individuals with vertebral fracture, whereas BMD assesse cular microarchitecture in people with vertebral fracture13,15 and have related 1992) Incidence of clinically diagnosed vertebral fractures: A population-based ends in the incidence of postmenopausal vertebral fractures. Calcif Tissue Int 5 atment paradox of dramatic decreases in vertebral fractures without commensurate ] and also account for at least half of vertebral fractures [40–42]. Figure 1 Early effects of raloxifene on clinical vertebral fractures at 12 months in post e bone density and reduction in risk of vertebral fractures during treatment wit e bone density and reduction in risk of vertebral fractures during treatment wit NB: Efficacy of risedronate on clinical vertebral fractures within six months.Cu Conclusões Colocações: bone mass, bone remodelling, bone density, low density Dúvidas: • spine bone density (1) vs vertebral bone density (1) • spine fracture* (1) vs vertebral fracture* (26) Regência: • increase / decrease IN • supplementation ON N Word Freq. % Texts % 1 # 2,497 11.25 7 100.00 2 DE 989 4.46 7 100.00 3 A 632 2.85 7 100.00 4 E 586 2.64 7 100.00 5 DO 349 1.57 7 100.00 6 O 287 1.29 7 100.00 7 DA 271 1.22 7 100.00 8 COM 227 1.02 7 100.00 9 EM 225 1.01 7 100.00 10 QUE 203 0.91 7 100.00 11 ÓSSEA 173 0.78 7 100.00 12 OS 165 0.74 7 100.00 13 OF 163 0.73 5 14 PARA 152 0.68 7 100.00 15 NA 126 0.57 7 100.00 16 AS 123 0.55 7 100.00 17 NO 108 0.49 7 100.00 18 SE 106 0.48 7 100.00 19 BONE 100 0.45 5 20 POR 98 0.44 7 100.00 21 IN 96 0.43 5 22 É 93 0.42 7 100.00 23 AND 91 0.41 5 71.43 24 THE 91 0.41 5 71.43 25 P 90 0.41 6 85.71 71.43 71.43 71.43 N Concordance 1 primárias de compressão)(24). Consideraram-se como perda de massa óssea importante os graus III, II e I de Singh(24). O ângulo 2 técnica, repetido. A exemplo do que acontece na avaliação por densitometria óssea, o quadril direito foi padronizado para a realização 3 insuficiência renal), não usuários de drogas que causam redução da massa óssea (por exemplo: corticosteróides, tabaco), fora de 4 ). Os graus do índice de Singh foram agrupados em até III, II e I (má qualidade óssea) e VI, V e IV (boa qualidade óssea). Observou-se 5 média de idade significativamente maior do que aqueles com boa qualidade óssea. A tabela 6 fornece a média, desvio-padrão (DP) 6 graus do índice de Singh. Os participantes que apresentaram má qualidade óssea tinham média de idade significativamente maior 7 m agrupados em até III, II e I (má qualidade óssea) e VI, V e IV (boa qualidade óssea). Observou-se que existe diferença significativa 8 não portadores de condições específicas que acentuam a perda da massa óssea (por exemplo: hiperparatireoidismo, artrite reum 9 na patogênese da fratura osteoporótica(16-20). Atualmente, a resistência óssea é mensurada de forma satisfatória pela densito 10 freqüentemente relacionados à ocorrência dessas fraturas. Resistência óssea tem sido definida como uma variável dependente 11 tiva, uso de medicações que alteram a vigília, status neurológico e resistência óssea são fatores freqüentemente relacionados à oco 12 a resistência óssea é mensurada de forma satisfatória pela densitometria óssea (DXA). É recomendado pela OMS que pacientes 13 risco para ocorrência de fratura nessa região, utilizando análise da geometria óssea da extremidade proximal do fêmur em indivíduos 14 de fragilidade óssea aumentada(21). Associação de baixa densidade mineral óssea, grande comprimento do eixo do quadril, colo fe 15 ser avaliados por DXA ao menos uma vez por ano em busca de fragilidade óssea aumentada(21). Associação de baixa densidade 16 do índice de Singh, dividindo em má (III, II e I) e boa (VI, V e IV) qualidade óssea. Observou-se que existe associação significativa 17 divíduos de diferentes faixas etárias da população brasileira. Como resistência óssea tem sido descrita como uma variável dependente 18 sido visto como ferramenta epidemiológica importante na avaliação da massa óssea da região proximal do fêmur. Sua reprodutibilidade 19 ntre o índice radiográfico de Singh e a avaliação regional de densidade mineral óssea por DXA(31). A utilização de radiografias simples 20 ACD significativamente maior nos indivíduos que apresentavam má qualidade óssea (Singh III, II e I). Frost demonstrou que cargas 21 os graus do índice de Singh, demonstrando que indivíduos com má qualidade óssea apresentam colo femoral mais valgo. 3) A utiliz 22 de Singh, demonstrando que indivíduos mais jovens têm melhor qualidade óssea. 2) Na população com mais de 65 anos de idade, 23 da estática mecânica de Frost, demonstrando que idosos com boa massa óssea sofrem adaptação da geometria da extremidade 24 das medidas geométricas do quadril e a avaliação da densidade mineral óssea do colo femoral ou da região trocanteriana por 25 foi significativamente menor do que a de participantes com má qualidade óssea (Singh III, II e I). • Correlação entre os parâmetros N Concordance 1 primárias de compressão)(24). Consideraram-se como perda de massa óssea importante os graus III, II e I de Singh(24). O ângulo 2 técnica, repetido. A exemplo do que acontece na avaliação por densitometria óssea, o quadril direito foi padronizado para a realização 3 insuficiência renal), não usuários de drogas que causam redução da massa óssea (por exemplo: corticosteróides, tabaco), fora de 4 ). Os graus do índice de Singh foram agrupados em até III, II e I (má qualidade óssea) e VI, V e IV (boa qualidade óssea). Observou-se 5 média de idade significativamente maior do que aqueles com boa qualidade óssea. A tabela 6 fornece a média, desvio-padrão (DP) 6 graus do índice de Singh. Os participantes que apresentaram má qualidade óssea tinham média de idade significativamente maior 7 m agrupados em até III, II e I (má qualidade óssea) e VI, V e IV (boa qualidade óssea). Observou-se que existe diferença significativa 8 não portadores de condições específicas que acentuam a perda da massa óssea (por exemplo: hiperparatireoidismo, artrite reum 9 na patogênese da fratura osteoporótica(16-20). Atualmente, a resistência óssea é mensurada de forma satisfatória pela densito 10 freqüentemente relacionados à ocorrência dessas fraturas. Resistência óssea tem sido definida como uma variável dependente 11 tiva, uso de medicações que alteram a vigília, status neurológico e resistência óssea são fatores freqüentemente relacionados à oco 12 a resistência óssea é mensurada de forma satisfatória pela densitometria óssea (DXA). É recomendado pela OMS que pacientes 13 risco para ocorrência de fratura nessa região, utilizando análise da geometria óssea da extremidade proximal do fêmur em indivíduos 14 de fragilidade óssea aumentada(21). Associação de baixa densidade mineral óssea, grande comprimento do eixo do quadril, colo fe 15 ser avaliados por DXA ao menos uma vez por ano em busca de fragilidade óssea aumentada(21). Associação de baixa densidade 16 do índice de Singh, dividindo em má (III, II e I) e boa (VI, V e IV) qualidade óssea. Observou-se que existe associação significativa 17 divíduos de diferentes faixas etárias da população brasileira. Como resistência óssea tem sido descrita como uma variável dependente 18 sido visto como ferramenta epidemiológica importante na avaliação da massa óssea da região proximal do fêmur. Sua reprodutibilidade 19 ntre o índice radiográfico de Singh e a avaliação regional de densidade mineral óssea por DXA(31). A utilização de radiografias simples 20 ACD significativamente maior nos indivíduos que apresentavam má qualidade óssea (Singh III, II e I). Frost demonstrou que cargas 21 os graus do índice de Singh, demonstrando que indivíduos com má qualidade óssea apresentam colo femoral mais valgo. 3) A utiliz 22 de Singh, demonstrando que indivíduos mais jovens têm melhor qualidade óssea. 2) Na população com mais de 65 anos de idade, 23 da estática mecânica de Frost, demonstrando que idosos com boa massa óssea sofrem adaptação da geometria da extremidade 24 das medidas geométricas do quadril e a avaliação da densidade mineral óssea do colo femoral ou da região trocanteriana por 25 foi significativamente menor do que a de participantes com má qualidade óssea (Singh III, II e I). • Correlação entre os parâmetros N Word With elation Texts Total otal Left al Right L5 L4 L3 L2 1 ÓSSEA óssea 0.000 7 185 6 2 A óssea 0.000 7 88 3 E óssea 0.000 7 4 DE óssea 0.000 5 QUALIDADE óssea 6 DA 7 L1 Centre 6 2 2 1 1 0 173 70 18 8 10 3 49 0 0 72 41 31 5 9 10 17 0 0 7 68 38 30 4 6 3 25 0 0 0.000 6 55 51 4 1 1 2 0 47 0 óssea 0.000 7 48 35 13 1 4 4 26 0 0 DENSIDADE óssea 0.000 7 39 37 2 2 0 1 9 25 0 8 COM óssea 0.000 6 23 10 13 1 1 8 0 0 0 9 QUE óssea 0.000 7 22 15 7 8 3 4 0 0 0 10 EM óssea 0.000 6 20 5 15 1 1 3 0 0 0 11 QUANTIDADE óssea 0.000 2 19 18 1 1 1 6 0 10 0 12 MASSA óssea 0.000 5 18 16 2 0 0 0 0 16 0 13 PARA óssea 0.000 6 18 11 7 5 4 1 1 0 0 14 DO óssea 0.000 5 17 4 13 2 2 0 0 0 0 15 RESISTÊNCIA óssea 0.000 4 16 15 1 0 0 0 0 15 0 16 MINERAL óssea 0.000 6 15 13 2 1 1 1 1 9 0 17 NA óssea 0.000 5 14 9 5 0 5 0 4 0 0 18 ULTRA óssea 0.000 2 13 9 4 0 1 0 8 0 0 19 COMO óssea 0.000 4 11 2 9 0 1 0 1 0 0 20 OS óssea 0.000 6 10 5 5 2 3 0 0 0 0 21 O óssea 0.000 6 10 7 3 5 2 0 0 0 0 22 UMA óssea 0.000 5 10 1 9 0 0 0 1 0 0 23 SONOMETRIA óssea 0.000 1 10 10 0 1 0 1 0 8 0 24 AS óssea 0.000 4 9 2 7 2 0 0 0 0 0 25 DENSITOMETRIA óssea 0.000 3 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 Corpora na Tradução O Tradutor / Redator “Ideal” curiosidade:busca pela melhor redação gosto pela pesquisa conhecimento do assunto conhecimento de L1 e L2: português e inglês conhecimento das especificidades textuais: abstracts; artigos científicos conhecimento do vocabulário técnico discernimento - “desconfiômetro” Tipos de Corpora Comparáveis • originais nas duas línguas • textos equivalentes: tema, tipo de texto, período, procedência • linguagem natural em ambas as línguas Paralelos • originais e respectivas traduções • confirmação de equivalentes Tipos de corpora Quanto à língua •Monolíngues •Bi- ou multilíngues Quanto à atualização • Estáticos – fechados • Dinâmicos - abertos Projeto COMET www.fflch.usp.br/dlm/comet CorTec: www.fflch.usp.br/dlm/comet/consult a_cortec.html CorTrad: www.fflch.usp.br/dlm/comet/consult a_cortrad.html Continuar busca por goal Tela inicial do CorTrad Corpus especializado – Qualidade óssea Concordance ura; Força óssea WHAT IS BONE QUALITY? BONE STRENGTH IS DETERMINED by bone mass, geometry and quality. The latter includes several aspects of bone str 51 Bauer DC, Browner WS, Cauley JA et al. Factors associated with appendicular bone mass in older women. Ann Intern Med 1993;118:657–65.[Abstract/Free Full Tex ience] 47 Cooper C, Atkinson EJ, Hensrud DD et al. Dietary protein intake and bone mass in women. Calcif Tissue Int 1996;58:320–25.[Web of Science][Medline] n Britain. Br. Med. J. 1988; 297:1443-1446 * Cumming R. G. Calcium intake and bone mass: a quantitative review of the evidence. Calcif. Tissue Int. 1990; 47:1 d bone markers was shown to clearly diminish the fracture predictive ability of bone markers [17]. Thus, it remains quite utopian to envision that a pure bone-d ) increased bone turnover (mainly the increased bone resorption, as detected by bone markers) compromises the bone strength through deteriorated bone microarchi eletal risk factor (gait speed) into the predictive equation along with BMD and bone markers was shown to clearly diminish the fracture predictive ability of bo , calcium has been a centre of interest because of its known biological role in bone maintenance. Although some clinical trials using therapeutic doses have dem gs have not been consistent in spite of the known biological role of calcium in bone maintenance, raising doubts about whether a high calcium intake is a major decline in bone mass. Second, the reduction in bone strength was greater when bone loss occurred by introduction of resorption cavities than by trabecular th alisation, architecture and geometry may also be abnormal. Post-transplantation bone loss affects both cortical and cancellous bone (15), whilst in secondary hy predominantly cortical. Increased bone turnover is also likely to contribute to bone loss in the early stages of glucocorticoid therapy, although in the longer• Calcium intakes of 32.5–42.5 mmol (1300–1600 mg) per day minimize age-related bone loss and reduce fracture risk in the elderly, and an intake of 60 mmol (240 bone benefit. In the elderly that benefit consisted of reduction of age-related bone loss and lessened risk of fracture. Chapuy et al. [13] produced a 30% reduc l of optimal calcium nutrition in the elderly is not to reverse all age-related bone loss (which is not always possible by nutritional means), but to prevent ag in the young to greater bone gain, and in the elderly to decreased age-related bone loss [29]. But the matter is more complex than that. When an intervention t ange of 32.5–42.5 mmol (1300–1700 mg)/day have been shown to arrest age-related bone loss and to reduce fracture risk in individuals 65 and older and intakes of in the young to greater bone gain, and in the elderly to decreased age-related bone loss [29]. But the matter is more complex than that. When an intervention t of aging that had originally been judged to be the goal of stopping age-related bone loss. In truth, both effects occur. For example, in the study by Chapuy et TH AGE Several factors that accompany aging contribute both to age-related bone loss and to an increase in the calcium intake requirement. Contributing to of aging that had originally been judged to be the goal of stopping age-related bone loss. In truth, both effects occur. For example, in the study by Chapuy et ecifically, these nutrients enhance bone gain during growth, reduce age-related bone loss, and reduce fragility fractures, particularly in the elderly and proba Johnston Jr CC: Effect of calcium or 25OH vitamin D3 dietary supplementation on bone loss at the hip in men and women over the age of 60. J Clin Endocrinol Meta der Linden JC, Homminga J, Verhaar JA, Weinans H. Mechanical consequences of bone loss in cancellous bone. J Bone Miner Res. 2001;16(3):457-65. 12. Ciarell ich is achievable with an optimal calcium intake is determined by the amount of bone loss which would otherwise be due to insufficient intake. BONE ST from clinical trials show that calcium supplementation can retard nonvertebral bone loss (Cumming 1990), particularly in older women and those consuming low ca ng postmenopausal osteoporosis, Paget's disease of bone, immobilisation-induced bone loss, post-transplantation bone disease and secondary hyperparathyroidism. both cortical and cancellous bone (15), whilst in secondary hyperparathyroidism bone loss is predominantly cortical. Increased bone turnover is also likely to c ow energy expenditure means reduced work and a corresponding tendency to disuse bone loss. Calcium, no matter how high the intake, will not prevent that outcome . In truth, both effects occur. For example, in the study by Chapuy et al. [37] bone loss that amounted to greater than 3%/yr at the hip in the control subjects Corpus especializado – Qualidade óssea Concordance ura; Força óssea WHAT IS BONE QUALITY? BONE STRENGTH IS DETERMINED by bone mass, geometry and quality. The latter includes several aspects of bone str 51 Bauer DC, Browner WS, Cauley JA et al. Factors associated with appendicular bone mass in older women. Ann Intern Med 1993;118:657–65.[Abstract/Free Full Tex ience] 47 Cooper C, Atkinson EJ, Hensrud DD et al. Dietary protein intake and bone mass in women. Calcif Tissue Int 1996;58:320–25.[Web of Science][Medline] n Britain. Br. Med. J. 1988; 297:1443-1446 * Cumming R. G. Calcium intake and bone mass: a quantitative review of the evidence. Calcif. Tissue Int. 1990; 47:1 d bone markers was shown to clearly diminish the fracture predictive ability of bone markers [17]. Thus, it remains quite utopian to envision that a pure bone-d ) increased bone turnover (mainly the increased bone resorption, as detected by bone markers) compromises the bone strength through deteriorated bone microarchi eletal risk factor (gait speed) into the predictive equation along with BMD and bone markers was shown to clearly diminish the fracture predictive ability of bo , calcium has been a centre of interest because of its known biological role in bone maintenance. Although some clinical trials using therapeutic doses have dem gs have not been consistent in spite of the known biological role of calcium in bone maintenance, raising doubts about whether a high calcium intake is a major decline in bone mass. Second, the reduction in bone strength was greater when bone loss occurred by introduction of resorption cavities than by trabecular th alisation, architecture and geometry may also be abnormal. Post-transplantation bone loss affects both cortical and cancellous bone (15), whilst in secondary hy predominantly cortical. Increased bone turnover is also likely to contribute to bone loss in the early stages of glucocorticoid therapy, although in the longer• Calcium intakes of 32.5–42.5 mmol (1300–1600 mg) per day minimize age-related bone loss and reduce fracture risk in the elderly, and an intake of 60 mmol (240 bone benefit. In the elderly that benefit consisted of reduction of age-related bone loss and lessened risk of fracture. Chapuy et al. [13] produced a 30% reduc l of optimal calcium nutrition in the elderly is not to reverse all age-related bone loss (which is not always possible by nutritional means), but to prevent ag in the young to greater bone gain, and in the elderly to decreased age-related bone loss [29]. But the matter is more complex than that. When an intervention t ange of 32.5–42.5 mmol (1300–1700 mg)/day have been shown to arrest age-related bone loss and to reduce fracture risk in individuals 65 and older and intakes of in the young to greater bone gain, and in the elderly to decreased age-related bone loss [29]. But the matter is more complex than that. When an intervention t of aging that had originally been judged to be the goal of stopping age-related bone loss. In truth, both effects occur. For example, in the study by Chapuy et TH AGE Several factors that accompany aging contribute both to age-related bone loss and to an increase in the calcium intake requirement. Contributing to of aging that had originally been judged to be the goal of stopping age-related bone loss. In truth, both effects occur. For example, in the study by Chapuy et ecifically, these nutrients enhance bone gain during growth, reduce age-related bone loss, and reduce fragility fractures, particularly in the elderly and proba Johnston Jr CC: Effect of calcium or 25OH vitamin D3 dietary supplementation on bone loss at the hip in men and women over the age of 60. J Clin Endocrinol Meta der Linden JC, Homminga J, Verhaar JA, Weinans H. Mechanical consequences of bone loss in cancellous bone. J Bone Miner Res. 2001;16(3):457-65. 12. Ciarell ich is achievable with an optimal calcium intake is determined by the amount of bone loss which would otherwise be due to insufficient intake. BONE ST from clinical trials show that calcium supplementation can retard nonvertebral bone loss (Cumming 1990), particularly in older women and those consuming low ca ng postmenopausal osteoporosis, Paget's disease of bone, immobilisation-induced bone loss, post-transplantation bone disease and secondary hyperparathyroidism. both cortical and cancellous bone (15), whilst in secondary hyperparathyroidism bone loss is predominantly cortical. Increased bone turnover is also likely to c ow energy expenditure means reduced work and a corresponding tendency to disuse bone loss. Calcium, no matter how high the intake, will not prevent that outcome . In truth, both effects occur. For example, in the study by Chapuy et al. [37] bone loss that amounted to greater than 3%/yr at the hip in the control subjects Corpus especializado – Qualidade óssea Concordance ura; Força óssea WHAT IS BONE QUALITY? BONE STRENGTH IS DETERMINED by bone mass, geometry and quality. The latter includes several aspects of bone str 51 Bauer DC, Browner WS, Cauley JA et al. Factors associated with appendicular bone mass in older women. Ann Intern Med 1993;118:657–65.[Abstract/Free Full Tex ience] 47 Cooper C, Atkinson EJ, Hensrud DD et al. Dietary protein intake and bone mass in women. Calcif Tissue Int 1996;58:320–25.[Web of Science][Medline] n Britain. Br. Med. J. 1988; 297:1443-1446 * Cumming R. G. Calcium intake and bone mass: a quantitative review of the evidence. Calcif. Tissue Int. 1990; 47:1 d bone markers was shown to clearly diminish the fracture predictive ability of bone markers [17]. Thus, it remains quite utopian to envision that a pure bone-d ) increased bone turnover (mainly the increased bone resorption, as detected by bone markers) compromises the bone strength through deteriorated bone microarchi eletal risk factor (gait speed) into the predictive equation along with BMD and bone markers was shown to clearly diminish the fracture predictive ability of bo , calcium has been a centre of interest because of its known biological role in bone maintenance. Although some clinical trials using therapeutic doses have dem gs have not been consistent in spite of the known biological role of calcium in bone maintenance, raising doubts about whether a high calcium intake is a major decline in bone mass. Second, the reduction in bone strength was greater when bone loss occurred by introduction of resorption cavities than by trabecular th alisation, architecture and geometry may also be abnormal. Post-transplantation bone loss affects both cortical and cancellous bone (15), whilst in secondary hy predominantly cortical. Increased bone turnover is also likely to contribute to bone loss in the early stages of glucocorticoid therapy, although in the longer• Calcium intakes of 32.5–42.5 mmol (1300–1600 mg) per day minimize age-related bone loss and reduce fracture risk in the elderly, and an intake of 60 mmol (240 bone benefit. In the elderly that benefit consisted of reduction of age-related bone loss and lessened risk of fracture. Chapuy et al. [13] produced a 30% reduc l of optimal calcium nutrition in the elderly is not to reverse all age-related bone loss (which is not always possible by nutritional means), but to prevent ag in the young to greater bone gain, and in the elderly to decreased age-related bone loss [29]. But the matter is more complex than that. When an intervention t ange of 32.5–42.5 mmol (1300–1700 mg)/day have been shown to arrest age-related bone loss and to reduce fracture risk in individuals 65 and older and intakes of in the young to greater bone gain, and in the elderly to decreased age-related bone loss [29]. But the matter is more complex than that. When an intervention t of aging that had originally been judged to be the goal of stopping age-related bone loss. In truth, both effects occur. For example, in the study by Chapuy et TH AGE Several factors that accompany aging contribute both to age-related bone loss and to an increase in the calcium intake requirement. Contributing to of aging that had originally been judged to be the goal of stopping age-related bone loss. In truth, both effects occur. For example, in the study by Chapuy et ecifically, these nutrients enhance bone gain during growth, reduce age-related bone loss, and reduce fragility fractures, particularly in the elderly and proba Johnston Jr CC: Effect of calcium or 25OH vitamin D3 dietary supplementation on bone loss at the hip in men and women over the age of 60. J Clin Endocrinol Meta der Linden JC, Homminga J, Verhaar JA, Weinans H. Mechanical consequences of bone loss in cancellous bone. J Bone Miner Res. 2001;16(3):457-65. 12. Ciarell ich is achievable with an optimal calcium intake is determined by the amount of bone loss which would otherwise be due to insufficient intake. BONE ST from clinical trials show that calcium supplementation can retard nonvertebral bone loss (Cumming 1990), particularly in older women and those consuming low ca ng postmenopausal osteoporosis, Paget's disease of bone, immobilisation-induced bone loss, post-transplantation bone disease and secondary hyperparathyroidism. both cortical and cancellous bone (15), whilst in secondary hyperparathyroidism bone loss is predominantly cortical. Increased bone turnover is also likely to c ow energy expenditure means reduced work and a corresponding tendency to disuse bone loss. Calcium, no matter how high the intake, will not prevent that outcome . In truth, both effects occur. For example, in the study by Chapuy et al. [37] bone loss that amounted to greater than 3%/yr at the hip in the control subjects Corpora na Redação Os corpora: • podem ser construídos de acordo com as necessidades do pesquisador – BootCat (http://sketchengine.co.uk/) – 30 dias gratis • podem ser constantemente atualizados • conferem segurança ao pesquisador na escolha do termo a empregar • fornecem exemplos autênticos de uso naturalidade para o texto produzido Corpora Online 1. COBUILD http://collins.co.uk/Corpus/CorpusSea rch.aspx Corpora Online 1. COBUILD http://collins.co.uk/Corpus/CorpusSea rch.aspx 2. BNC (British National Corpus): http://www.natcorp.ox.ac.uk/using/in dex.xml.ID=simple http://corpus.byu.edu/bnc/ Corpora Online 1. COBUILD http://collins.co.uk/Corpus/CorpusSea rch.aspx 2. BNC (British National Corpus): http://sara.natcorp.ox.ac.uk/lookup.ht ml http://corpus.byu.edu/bnc/ 3. WebCorp: http://www.webcorp.org.uk /guide/ Corpora Online 1. COBUILD http://collins.co.uk/Corpus/CorpusSearch.a spx 2. BNC (British National Corpus): http://sara.natcorp.ox.ac.uk/lookup.html http://corpus.byu.edu/bnc/ 3. WebCorp: http://www.webcorp.org.uk/gui de/ 4. COCA (Corpus of contemporary American English) http://www.americancorpus.org / Corpora Online com Português COMPARA: http://www.linguateca.pt Lácio-Web: http://www.nilc.icmc.usp.br/laciow eb COMET / CorTec - CorTrad: http://www.fflch.usp.br/dlm/comet Corpora na Terminologia Glossários para Produtores de Textos Necessidades dos produtores de texto L.C. como abordagem em Terminologia: da lista de palavras-chave à entrada do dicionário técnico bilíngüe Um exemplo de aplicação: o Vocabulário para Culinária SBS (série 1001 Termos) Necessidades dos Produtores de Texto Obras de referência • Dicionários técnicos – ferramenta (que pode ser) útil para o produtor de texto tomada de decisões MAS... • Tradução apenas (termo LP termo LC) • Foco no conceito • Basicamente substantivos e verbos não há contextos de uso - exemplos não há colocações e fraseologias não há sugestões para casos problemáticos O produtor de textos precisa de: Linguística de Corpus • EQUIVALENTE – tradução • CONTEXTO – exemplo de uso • CONVENCIONALIDADE – padrões linguísticos e textuais • Informações sobre a TIPOLOGIA TEXTUAL • Especificidades da CULTURA L.C. e terminologia bilíngüe L.C. como abordagem • corpora: privilegiam textos mais usados pelos especialistas • parte-se da lista de palavras-chave do corpus • foco no co-texto, na freqüência e na coocorrência • entrada: padrões de freqüência significativa nos corpora Um exemplo de aplicação Dicionário: • Vocabulário para Culinária Autoras: • Elisa D. Teixeira • Stella E. O. Tagnin Línguas / direção: • Inglês Português Publicação: • 2008, pela SBS • Série: 1001 Termos Metodologia Compilação de corpora a partir da internet (principalmente) – usando offline browsers • receitas originalmente escritas em português brasileiro e inglês (+ britânico) • aprox. 1.5 milhão de palavras em cada língua Lista de palavras em inglês (Wordlist) Lista de palavras-chave (Keyword List) – comparação com corpus de referência: • Brown N 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 WORD MINUTES TBSP ADD MINS OIL UNTIL CHOPPED PAN OZ BUTTER INGREDIENTS HEAT SALT SUGAR PEPPER COOKING COOK TSP AND METHOD SERVES SERVE CREAM SAUCE TIME PREPARATION OVEN FLOUR GARLIC OLIVE STIR INTO JUICE MIXTURE BOWL N 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 WORD SOPA SAL CHÁ COLHERES XÍCARA MINUTOS PREPARO COLHER INGREDIENTES COLOQUE FOGO MANTEIGA LEITE DEIXE ÁGUA DE FARINHA LEVE AÇÚCAR MOLHO MISTURE PANELA AZEITE RETIRE ATÉ JUNTE FORNO CEBOLA CREME G MASSA ACRESCENTE ALHO TEMPERATURA QUENTE Seleção das entradas Dentre as 300 primeiras palavras-chave em inglês • • • • Substantivos Verbos Adjetivos Advérbios Privilegiamos: • Colocações: chopping board, ground cloves, finely sliced • Padrões: white (bread), crusts removed; cut the butter into cubes; freshly grated parmesan cheese Método de trabalho Equivalentes • gerar concordâncias para tradução prima facie da palavrachave • atestar o uso dos candidatos a equivalentes em corpora Casos de não-equivalência • Busca pelos colocados / pelo contexto • Consulta a materiais de apoio da área, especialistas Sugestão de adaptação / nota de tradução No futuro: • repetir o procedimento para a outra língua (em vez de simplesmente inverter a lista de entradas) Exemplo advérbio finely: • advérbio mais recorrente no corpus (+ de 3.000 ocs.) • primeiro advérbio entre as palavraschave • grande número e variedade de colocados 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Word FINELY FRESHLY GENTLY LIGHTLY ONLY SLIGHTLY ROUGHLY THINLY IMMEDIATELY CAREFULLY GRADUALLY THOROUGHLY OCCASIONALLY SLOWLY EVENLY APPROXIMATELY QUICKLY COMPLETELY COARSELY CONTINUOUSLY Freq. 3.251 3.244 2.543 1.629 1.491 803 750 699 687 663 501 494 423 405 334 332 327 308 230 198 Colocados do advérbio chopped (2.528 oc) sliced shredded (85 oc) chop (167 oc) finely grated (280 oc) (443 oc) diced (379 oc) Busca por equivalentes finely (2.987 oc.) = finamente (337 oc.)? clusters de “finamente” Não-equivalência (finely ≠ finamente) Método indireto: chop = picar colocados de “pique/picad*” no corpus de português Resultados para picad* advérbio com que “picad*” mais co-ocorre: • “bem” (621 ocorrências): “bem picada”, “bem picados”, “bem picadinho” etc. “picadinh*” = 396 ocorrências (sendo 28 de “bem picadinh*”) melhores equivalências para finely chopped “bem picad*” ou “picadinh*” Alguns exemplos do corpus 2 cebolas médias bem picadas ½ dente de alho bem picado junte os tomates pelados bem picados. Calabresa picadinha 100 g de bacon picadinho 2 dentes de alho picadinhos Polvilhar salsa bem picadinha ½ cebola bem picadinha finely sliced Slice = fatiar / cortar em fatias (ou rodelas?) 200 g de cebola cortada em fatias finas Calda 4 laranjas descascadas cortadas em fatias finas 1 pepino sem sementes cortado em fatias finas 6 rabanetes, cortados em fatias finas Juntar as batatas cortadas em fatias finas. Decore a quiche com um alho-poró cru cortado em rodelas finas. 1 cebola média cortada em rodelas finas 400 g de lingüiça portuguesa cortada em rodelas finas finely grated (188 oc.) = ralado fino? (19 oc.) em inglês, co-ocorre mais com: parmesan, cheese, zest, lemon, ginger em português, 3 ocorrências de “ralado fino” para queijo: 2 col. (sopa) de queijo parmesão ralado fino 80 g de queijo gruyère ralado fino parmesão ralado Ø – 118 oc / queijo ralado Ø – 393 oc. / queijo parmesão ralado Ø – 563 outros ingredientes com que “ralad*” forma cluster (sem ‘fino’): cebola, coco, gengibre, limão (casca), pimenta-do-reino, noz moscada, cenoura outras expressões com que “ralad*” forma cluster: grosseiramente, grosso, ralador Colocação e padronização no verbete chop (v.) picar ordem / uso opcional finely chop / chop finely picar bem exemplo / tradução Finely chop the onions = Pique bem as cebolas coarsely chop picar grosseiramente “sinonímia” chopped (adj) picado coarsely / roughly chopped picado grosseiramente / informações grosseiramente picado pragmáticas / extralingüísticas finely chopped bem picado, picadinho freshly chopped picado na hora peeled and chopped descascado e picado padrões típicos Em geral usado para cebola, alho, tomate Diferenciais do verbete Padrões (colocados): • “Bake”: loaves, bread, biscuits, cookies, cake, buns, rolls, pies, etc. • “Fold”: em geral, com egg whites Informações voltadas para a produção textual: • Atenção: red onion NÃO É cebola vermelha • Buttermilk leitelho, mas não se usa. Sugestão de substitutos • Variantes dialetais: biscuit (UK) ≠ biscuit (USA) • Diferenças culturais: lemongrass X erva-cidreira (parte usada é ≠) • Sinonímia, homonímia, hiperonímia, verbetes relacionados Abundância de exemplos (retirados do corpus) Outras informações incluídas Figuras ilustrativas em alguns verbetes Quadros: cortes de carne Tabela de Ervas e Condimentos Informações para a Conversão de Medidas Imagem Inglês Português Nome científico allspice pimenta-dajamaica Pimenta dioica anise / aniseed anis / semente de erva-doce Pimpinella anisum Exemplo de verbetes: “lemon*” Obrigada! Stella Projeto Comet: www.fflch.usp.br/dlm/comet