Specifications

Flui PROP SERIES
THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Flui PROP SERIES
THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Permeation and Diffusivity FluiDIFF
FluiPROP Application Examples
Permeation tubes are used to produce gas mixtures with
exactly controlled composition. In principle, they are closed
Selected experimental results measured with the FluiPROP series
containers whose walls allow the substance in the container
Vapor Pressure Measurement with Knudsen Cell FluiPV
permeates its way through the walls and mixes with the gas
The vapor pressure balance setup has been tested by measuring
flow.
different substances with known vapor pressures in a wide temperature
In so-called Stefan tubes a liquid substance is evaporated.
range. As an example for a typical result in the diagram measured vapor
The vapor diffuses through the surrounding gas atmosphere
pressures of Dibutylphthalate (C16 H22 O4 ) are compared to literature
to the open top end of the Stefan tube and leaves it by mixing
values.
completely with the surrounding gas flow. Both methods
allow generation of a well-defined mixture of the permeating/
diffusing substance and the gas flow.
Permeation and Diffusity Measurement FluiDIFF
To measure the temperature dependent permeability/
diffusivity behavior Magnetic Suspension Balances are used.
Long term measurement of the mass loss of a permeation tube at different
The tube is filled with a substance, connected to the balance,
temperatures with a FluiDIFF Magnetic Suspension Balance. The temperature
and the loss in mass is measured continuously. Only Magnetic
dependent permeation rate is determined with utmost accuracy from the
Suspension Balance instruments can provide the required
mass loss recorded continuously for 45 hours. The permeation rates range
long term stability and accuracy. This is realized by the unique
from 0.15 µg/h at 28°C to 0.2 µg/h at 32°C.
automatic base line drift correction and possibility of balance calibration
during the measurement.
Single Sinker Densitometer FluiDENS
The accurately measured mass loss can be converted into temperature
Experimental data of the pT surface of nitrogen measured with the
dependent permeation or diffusion rates. Meanwhile this measuring method
single sinker densimeter; each circle corresponds to a measured point.
is being used at several standard-institutes around the world for generating
Diagram taken from: W. Wagner and R. Kleinrahm, Densimeters for very
reference gas mixtures which are linked to the national primary standard.
accurate density measurements of fluids over large ranges of temperature,
These traceable mixtures are definitely needed to calibrate modern
pressure, and density. Metrologia 41 (2004) pp. 24–39.
gas analysers and sensors. The permeation and diffusivity
measurement with Rubotherm’s Magnetic Suspension Balance
offers the possibility of calibrating the permeation
and Stefan tubes themselves with utmost precision.
Rubotherm
FluiDIFF FOR
PERMEATION
measurement
Adsorption Isotherms & Kinetics +++ Surface Area & Porosity +++ Absorption & Solubilities +++ Gas Storage
+++ Diffusion & Permeation +++ Separations +++ Wetting & Drying Processes +++ Corrosion Studies +++ Filter
Material Testing +++ Catalyst TESTING
RUBOTHERM GMBH
Konrad-Zuse-StrASSE 4 · 44801 Bochum · Germany
Phone: +49 (0)2 34 - 70 99 6 - 0 · Fax: +49 (0)2 34 - 70 99 6 -22
E-Mail: [email protected] · www.rubotherm.de
Technical data are subject to change without prior notice in line with continuous product improvement.
If the tube is surrounded by a gas flow, the substance
© 2012 RUBOTHERM GMBH | Artwork: DesignBüro Schönfelder
in our customers’ laboratories are shown below.
to permeate through with a temperature-dependent rate.
Flui PROP SERIES
THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Flui PROP SERIES
THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Flui PROP SERIES
THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Rubotherm Single sinker densitometer FluiDENS
Vapor pressure measurement with Knudsen cell FluiPV
Compact design – wide pressure range
Density measurements of fluids (liquids, vapors, supercritical gases)
with reference data quality are a precondition for formulating thermal
equations of state. Highly accurate density measurements are necessary
Vapor pressure is an important characteristic property of chemicals.
In the FluiDENS instruments the magnetic suspension coupling housing
It has to be determined for any new substance which should be placed
optimally designed for flushing and easy temperature control.
Guideline 104 the effusion method with Knudsen cell is proposed as the
up to 300 bar for the standard version (up to 1000 bar for custom made
a wide range of vapor pressures. This method is applied in an
on the market according to the European REACH regulation. In OECD
and measuring cell including sinker are integrated as a single unit,
for the calibration of industrial densitometers which for example are
used in pipelines in order to account the supplied natural gas quantities.
The buoyancy method using Archimedes‘ principle is the acknowledged
reference method to obtain high precision density measurements.
A sinker, whose volume is known, is weighed in the measuring fluid.
The buoyancy that the sinker experiences is a measure for the density of
the fluid. By using a magnetic suspension balance this process can be applied in an extremely large
pressure and temperature
range to almost all substances
with the utmost accuracy.
The compact design allows measurement over a wide pressure range of
measuring method which provides accurate data and covers flexibly
version).
improved way using a Magnetic Suspension Balance instrument.
Two stage thermostat –
highly accurate temperature control
This setup allows highly accurate recording of the weight change
is achieved by means of a two stage thermostat. The first stage uses a
control of the Knudsen cell over a wide temperature range.
stage is a fast electrical heater around the densitometer cell that com-
of the baseline drift the regular cycling between Measuring Position (MP)
­setup of densitometer and two stage
In order to make sure the Knudsen cell has the same temperature as the
of the Knudsen cell under ultra-high vacuum conditions. Additionally
Highly accurate temperature control with a stability better than ± 10 mK
the special design of the instrument enables the reliable temperature
liquid thermostat to establish a constant temperature, and the second
For vapor pressure measurements additionally to the correction
pensates for the fine fluctuations of the liquid thermostat. The whole
and Zero Position (ZP) is used to thermostat the Knudsen cell.
thermostat is located in a vacuum vessel
for perfect thermal isolation.
Liquid Thermostat
(1st Stage)
Key specifications of Rubotherm’s FluiDENS instruments
for density measurement
reactor wall it is set down on the inner surface of the reactor while the
instrument is in ZP (shown as detail in the figure).
Temperature range:
-25°C up to 200°C
Under these conditions direct contact between the reactor wall and the
Pressure range:
Vacuum up to 300 bar
up to 1000 bar for customized version
which is an important feature, since in high vacuum the convective heat
Resolution in density: 0.001 kg/m3
Uncertainty in density:
< (0.05 % + 0.01 kg/m3)
< (0.0025 % + 0.001 kg/m3) for customized version
Knudsen cell is established. This allows heat exchange by conductivity
exchange is reduced. The Knudsen cell is picked up from time to time for
measuring the mass change due to vapor effusion. By this measuring
principle the temperature of the Knudsen cell is exactly controlled and
known from the temperature measurement in the reactor wall.
The instrument design combines a high flexibility for performing
vapor pressure measurements with different test substances
Electrical Heating
(2nd Stage)
(liquid or solid) over a wide temperature and vapor pressure range,
ease of operation, and high reproducibility and accuracy.
Thermostation and
Radiation Shield
TWO STAGE
THERMOSTAT
Vacuum Vessel
(Isolation)
Rubotherm
Single sinker
densitometer
FluiDENS
Rubotherm
FluiPV FOR
Vapor pressure
measurement
Knudsen Cell
Flui PROP SERIES
THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Flui PROP SERIES
THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Flui PROP SERIES
THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Rubotherm Single sinker densitometer FluiDENS
Vapor pressure measurement with Knudsen cell FluiPV
Compact design – wide pressure range
Density measurements of fluids (liquids, vapors, supercritical gases)
with reference data quality are a precondition for formulating thermal
equations of state. Highly accurate density measurements are necessary
Vapor pressure is an important characteristic property of chemicals.
In the FluiDENS instruments the magnetic suspension coupling housing
It has to be determined for any new substance which should be placed
optimally designed for flushing and easy temperature control.
Guideline 104 the effusion method with Knudsen cell is proposed as the
up to 300 bar for the standard version (up to 1000 bar for custom made
a wide range of vapor pressures. This method is applied in an
on the market according to the European REACH regulation. In OECD
and measuring cell including sinker are integrated as a single unit,
for the calibration of industrial densitometers which for example are
used in pipelines in order to account the supplied natural gas quantities.
The buoyancy method using Archimedes‘ principle is the acknowledged
reference method to obtain high precision density measurements.
A sinker, whose volume is known, is weighed in the measuring fluid.
The buoyancy that the sinker experiences is a measure for the density of
the fluid. By using a magnetic suspension balance this process can be applied in an extremely large
pressure and temperature
range to almost all substances
with the utmost accuracy.
The compact design allows measurement over a wide pressure range of
measuring method which provides accurate data and covers flexibly
version).
improved way using a Magnetic Suspension Balance instrument.
Two stage thermostat –
highly accurate temperature control
This setup allows highly accurate recording of the weight change
is achieved by means of a two stage thermostat. The first stage uses a
control of the Knudsen cell over a wide temperature range.
stage is a fast electrical heater around the densitometer cell that com-
of the baseline drift the regular cycling between Measuring Position (MP)
­setup of densitometer and two stage
In order to make sure the Knudsen cell has the same temperature as the
of the Knudsen cell under ultra-high vacuum conditions. Additionally
Highly accurate temperature control with a stability better than ± 10 mK
the special design of the instrument enables the reliable temperature
liquid thermostat to establish a constant temperature, and the second
For vapor pressure measurements additionally to the correction
pensates for the fine fluctuations of the liquid thermostat. The whole
and Zero Position (ZP) is used to thermostat the Knudsen cell.
thermostat is located in a vacuum vessel
for perfect thermal isolation.
Liquid Thermostat
(1st Stage)
Key specifications of Rubotherm’s FluiDENS instruments
for density measurement
reactor wall it is set down on the inner surface of the reactor while the
instrument is in ZP (shown as detail in the figure).
Temperature range:
-25°C up to 200°C
Under these conditions direct contact between the reactor wall and the
Pressure range:
Vacuum up to 300 bar
up to 1000 bar for customized version
which is an important feature, since in high vacuum the convective heat
Resolution in density: 0.001 kg/m3
Uncertainty in density:
< (0.05 % + 0.01 kg/m3)
< (0.0025 % + 0.001 kg/m3) for customized version
Knudsen cell is established. This allows heat exchange by conductivity
exchange is reduced. The Knudsen cell is picked up from time to time for
measuring the mass change due to vapor effusion. By this measuring
principle the temperature of the Knudsen cell is exactly controlled and
known from the temperature measurement in the reactor wall.
The instrument design combines a high flexibility for performing
vapor pressure measurements with different test substances
Electrical Heating
(2nd Stage)
(liquid or solid) over a wide temperature and vapor pressure range,
ease of operation, and high reproducibility and accuracy.
Thermostation and
Radiation Shield
TWO STAGE
THERMOSTAT
Vacuum Vessel
(Isolation)
Rubotherm
Single sinker
densitometer
FluiDENS
Rubotherm
FluiPV FOR
Vapor pressure
measurement
Knudsen Cell
Flui PROP SERIES
THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Flui PROP SERIES
THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Flui PROP SERIES
THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Rubotherm Single sinker densitometer FluiDENS
Vapor pressure measurement with Knudsen cell FluiPV
Compact design – wide pressure range
Density measurements of fluids (liquids, vapors, supercritical gases)
with reference data quality are a precondition for formulating thermal
equations of state. Highly accurate density measurements are necessary
Vapor pressure is an important characteristic property of chemicals.
In the FluiDENS instruments the magnetic suspension coupling housing
It has to be determined for any new substance which should be placed
optimally designed for flushing and easy temperature control.
Guideline 104 the effusion method with Knudsen cell is proposed as the
up to 300 bar for the standard version (up to 1000 bar for custom made
a wide range of vapor pressures. This method is applied in an
on the market according to the European REACH regulation. In OECD
and measuring cell including sinker are integrated as a single unit,
for the calibration of industrial densitometers which for example are
used in pipelines in order to account the supplied natural gas quantities.
The buoyancy method using Archimedes‘ principle is the acknowledged
reference method to obtain high precision density measurements.
A sinker, whose volume is known, is weighed in the measuring fluid.
The buoyancy that the sinker experiences is a measure for the density of
the fluid. By using a magnetic suspension balance this process can be applied in an extremely large
pressure and temperature
range to almost all substances
with the utmost accuracy.
The compact design allows measurement over a wide pressure range of
measuring method which provides accurate data and covers flexibly
version).
improved way using a Magnetic Suspension Balance instrument.
Two stage thermostat –
highly accurate temperature control
This setup allows highly accurate recording of the weight change
is achieved by means of a two stage thermostat. The first stage uses a
control of the Knudsen cell over a wide temperature range.
stage is a fast electrical heater around the densitometer cell that com-
of the baseline drift the regular cycling between Measuring Position (MP)
­setup of densitometer and two stage
In order to make sure the Knudsen cell has the same temperature as the
of the Knudsen cell under ultra-high vacuum conditions. Additionally
Highly accurate temperature control with a stability better than ± 10 mK
the special design of the instrument enables the reliable temperature
liquid thermostat to establish a constant temperature, and the second
For vapor pressure measurements additionally to the correction
pensates for the fine fluctuations of the liquid thermostat. The whole
and Zero Position (ZP) is used to thermostat the Knudsen cell.
thermostat is located in a vacuum vessel
for perfect thermal isolation.
Liquid Thermostat
(1st Stage)
Key specifications of Rubotherm’s FluiDENS instruments
for density measurement
reactor wall it is set down on the inner surface of the reactor while the
instrument is in ZP (shown as detail in the figure).
Temperature range:
-25°C up to 200°C
Under these conditions direct contact between the reactor wall and the
Pressure range:
Vacuum up to 300 bar
up to 1000 bar for customized version
which is an important feature, since in high vacuum the convective heat
Resolution in density: 0.001 kg/m3
Uncertainty in density:
< (0.05 % + 0.01 kg/m3)
< (0.0025 % + 0.001 kg/m3) for customized version
Knudsen cell is established. This allows heat exchange by conductivity
exchange is reduced. The Knudsen cell is picked up from time to time for
measuring the mass change due to vapor effusion. By this measuring
principle the temperature of the Knudsen cell is exactly controlled and
known from the temperature measurement in the reactor wall.
The instrument design combines a high flexibility for performing
vapor pressure measurements with different test substances
Electrical Heating
(2nd Stage)
(liquid or solid) over a wide temperature and vapor pressure range,
ease of operation, and high reproducibility and accuracy.
Thermostation and
Radiation Shield
TWO STAGE
THERMOSTAT
Vacuum Vessel
(Isolation)
Rubotherm
Single sinker
densitometer
FluiDENS
Rubotherm
FluiPV FOR
Vapor pressure
measurement
Knudsen Cell
Flui PROP SERIES
THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Flui PROP SERIES
THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Permeation and Diffusivity FluiDIFF
FluiPROP Application Examples
Permeation tubes are used to produce gas mixtures with
exactly controlled composition. In principle, they are closed
Selected experimental results measured with the FluiPROP series
containers whose walls allow the substance in the container
Vapor Pressure Measurement with Knudsen Cell FluiPV
permeates its way through the walls and mixes with the gas
The vapor pressure balance setup has been tested by measuring
flow.
different substances with known vapor pressures in a wide temperature
In so-called Stefan tubes a liquid substance is evaporated.
range. As an example for a typical result in the diagram measured vapor
The vapor diffuses through the surrounding gas atmosphere
pressures of Dibutylphthalate (C16 H22 O4 ) are compared to literature
to the open top end of the Stefan tube and leaves it by mixing
values.
completely with the surrounding gas flow. Both methods
allow generation of a well-defined mixture of the permeating/
diffusing substance and the gas flow.
Permeation and Diffusity Measurement FluiDIFF
To measure the temperature dependent permeability/
diffusivity behavior Magnetic Suspension Balances are used.
Long term measurement of the mass loss of a permeation tube at different
The tube is filled with a substance, connected to the balance,
temperatures with a FluiDIFF Magnetic Suspension Balance. The temperature
and the loss in mass is measured continuously. Only Magnetic
dependent permeation rate is determined with utmost accuracy from the
Suspension Balance instruments can provide the required
mass loss recorded continuously for 45 hours. The permeation rates range
long term stability and accuracy. This is realized by the unique
from 0.15 µg/h at 28°C to 0.2 µg/h at 32°C.
automatic base line drift correction and possibility of balance calibration
during the measurement.
Single Sinker Densitometer FluiDENS
The accurately measured mass loss can be converted into temperature
Experimental data of the pT surface of nitrogen measured with the
dependent permeation or diffusion rates. Meanwhile this measuring method
single sinker densimeter; each circle corresponds to a measured point.
is being used at several standard-institutes around the world for generating
Diagram taken from: W. Wagner and R. Kleinrahm, Densimeters for very
reference gas mixtures which are linked to the national primary standard.
accurate density measurements of fluids over large ranges of temperature,
These traceable mixtures are definitely needed to calibrate modern
pressure, and density. Metrologia 41 (2004) pp. 24–39.
gas analysers and sensors. The permeation and diffusivity
measurement with Rubotherm’s Magnetic Suspension Balance
offers the possibility of calibrating the permeation
and Stefan tubes themselves with utmost precision.
Rubotherm
FluiDIFF FOR
PERMEATION
measurement
Adsorption Isotherms & Kinetics +++ Surface Area & Porosity +++ Absorption & Solubilities +++ Gas Storage
+++ Diffusion & Permeation +++ Separations +++ Wetting & Drying Processes +++ Corrosion Studies +++ Filter
Material Testing +++ Catalyst TESTING
RUBOTHERM GMBH
Konrad-Zuse-StrASSE 4 · 44801 Bochum · Germany
Phone: +49 (0)2 34 - 70 99 6 - 0 · Fax: +49 (0)2 34 - 70 99 6 -22
E-Mail: [email protected] · www.rubotherm.de
Technical data are subject to change without prior notice in line with continuous product improvement.
If the tube is surrounded by a gas flow, the substance
© 2012 RUBOTHERM GMBH | Artwork: DesignBüro Schönfelder
in our customers’ laboratories are shown below.
to permeate through with a temperature-dependent rate.
Flui PROP SERIES
THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Flui PROP SERIES
THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Permeation and Diffusivity FluiDIFF
FluiPROP Application Examples
Permeation tubes are used to produce gas mixtures with
exactly controlled composition. In principle, they are closed
Selected experimental results measured with the FluiPROP series
containers whose walls allow the substance in the container
Vapor Pressure Measurement with Knudsen Cell FluiPV
permeates its way through the walls and mixes with the gas
The vapor pressure balance setup has been tested by measuring
flow.
different substances with known vapor pressures in a wide temperature
In so-called Stefan tubes a liquid substance is evaporated.
range. As an example for a typical result in the diagram measured vapor
The vapor diffuses through the surrounding gas atmosphere
pressures of Dibutylphthalate (C16 H22 O4 ) are compared to literature
to the open top end of the Stefan tube and leaves it by mixing
values.
completely with the surrounding gas flow. Both methods
allow generation of a well-defined mixture of the permeating/
diffusing substance and the gas flow.
Permeation and Diffusity Measurement FluiDIFF
To measure the temperature dependent permeability/
diffusivity behavior Magnetic Suspension Balances are used.
Long term measurement of the mass loss of a permeation tube at different
The tube is filled with a substance, connected to the balance,
temperatures with a FluiDIFF Magnetic Suspension Balance. The temperature
and the loss in mass is measured continuously. Only Magnetic
dependent permeation rate is determined with utmost accuracy from the
Suspension Balance instruments can provide the required
mass loss recorded continuously for 45 hours. The permeation rates range
long term stability and accuracy. This is realized by the unique
from 0.15 µg/h at 28°C to 0.2 µg/h at 32°C.
automatic base line drift correction and possibility of balance calibration
during the measurement.
Single Sinker Densitometer FluiDENS
The accurately measured mass loss can be converted into temperature
Experimental data of the pT surface of nitrogen measured with the
dependent permeation or diffusion rates. Meanwhile this measuring method
single sinker densimeter; each circle corresponds to a measured point.
is being used at several standard-institutes around the world for generating
Diagram taken from: W. Wagner and R. Kleinrahm, Densimeters for very
reference gas mixtures which are linked to the national primary standard.
accurate density measurements of fluids over large ranges of temperature,
These traceable mixtures are definitely needed to calibrate modern
pressure, and density. Metrologia 41 (2004) pp. 24–39.
gas analysers and sensors. The permeation and diffusivity
measurement with Rubotherm’s Magnetic Suspension Balance
offers the possibility of calibrating the permeation
and Stefan tubes themselves with utmost precision.
Rubotherm
FluiDIFF FOR
PERMEATION
measurement
Adsorption Isotherms & Kinetics +++ Surface Area & Porosity +++ Absorption & Solubilities +++ Gas Storage
+++ Diffusion & Permeation +++ Separations +++ Wetting & Drying Processes +++ Corrosion Studies +++ Filter
Material Testing +++ Catalyst TESTING
RUBOTHERM GMBH
Konrad-Zuse-StrASSE 4 · 44801 Bochum · Germany
Phone: +49 (0)2 34 - 70 99 6 - 0 · Fax: +49 (0)2 34 - 70 99 6 -22
E-Mail: [email protected] · www.rubotherm.de
Technical data are subject to change without prior notice in line with continuous product improvement.
If the tube is surrounded by a gas flow, the substance
© 2012 RUBOTHERM GMBH | Artwork: DesignBüro Schönfelder
in our customers’ laboratories are shown below.
to permeate through with a temperature-dependent rate.