Window on Humanity: a concise introduction to anthropology

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Window on Humanity, 1/e
Window on Humanity
A Concise Introduction to Anthropology
Conrad Phillip Kottak
University of Michigan
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WINDOW ON HUMANITY: A CONCISE INTRODUCTION TO ANTHROPOLOGY
Published by McGraw-Hill, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,
1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY, 10020. Copyright © 2005, by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or
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Publisher: Phillip A. Butcher
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Library of Congress Control Number: 2004104436
www.mhhe.com
Isabel Wagley Kottak
Ordinarily we are unaware of the special lens through which we look at life. It would hardly be
fish who discovered the existence of water. Students who had not yet gone beyond the horizon of
their own society could not be expected to perceive custom which was the stuff of their own think­
ing. Anthropology holds up a great mirror to man and lets him look at himself in this in­
finite variety.
(Kluckhohn 1944, p. 16—his emphasis)
Also available from McGraw-Hill by Conrad Kottak:
Mirror for Humanity: A Concise Introduction to Cultural Anthropology, 4th ed. (2005)
Anthropology: The Exploration of Human Diversity, 10th ed. (2004)
Cultural Anthropology, 10th ed. (2004)
Physical Anthropology and Archaeology (2004)
On Being Different: Diversity and Multiculturalism in the North American Mainstream,
2nd ed. (2003) (with Kathryn A. Kozaitis)
Assault on Paradise: Social Change in a Brazilian Village, 3rd ed. (1999)
The Teaching of Anthropology: Problems, Issues, and Decisions edited by Conrad Phillip
Kottak, Jane White, Richard Furlow, and Patricia Rice (1997*
Brief Contents
1
Chapter 1
Anthropology and Its Applications
Chapter 2
Ethics and Methods
22
Chapter 3
Evolution, Genetics, and Human Variation
49
Chapter 4
The Primates
73
Chapter 5
The First Hominids
107
Chapter 6
The First Humans
129
Chapter 7
The First Farmers
151
Chapter 8
The First Cities and States
172
Chapter 9
Culture
197
Chapter 10
Ethnicity and Race
214
Chapter 11
Language and Communication
242
Chapter 12
Making a Living
263
Chapter 13
Political Systems
288
Chapter 14
Families, Kinship, and Marriage
314
Chapter 15
Gender
340
Chapter 16
Religion
366
vi
Brief Contents
Chapter 17
The M odem World System
387
Chapter 18
Colonialism and Development
405 :
Chapter 19
Cultural Exchange and Survival
423
Contents
PREFACE
xvii
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
UST OF BOXES
xxvii
xxix
Chapter 1 Anthropology and Its Applications
1
Human Diversity
2
Anthropology
3
Applying Anthropology
5
The Role of the Applied Anthropologist
6
Academic and Applied Anthropology
8
Theory and Practice
8
Anthropology and Education
10
Urban Anthropology
10
Urban versus Rural
11
Medical Anthropology
12
Anthropology and Business
16
Careers and Anthropology
17
Box: Hot Asset in Corporate: Anthropology Degrees
Chapter 2
Ethics and Methods
18
22
Ethics and Anthropology
23
Research Methods in Physical Anthropology and Archaeology
Multidisciplinary Approaches
25
Primatology
25
Anthropometry
26
Bone Biology
26
Molecular Anthropology
27
Paleoanthropology
28
Survey and Excavation
28
viii
Kinds of Archaeology
30
Dating the Past
30
Relative Dating
31
Absolute Dating
32
Research Methods in Cultural Anthropology
34
Ethnography: Anthropology's Distinctive Strategy
34
Ethnographic Techniques
35
Observation and Participant Observation
35
Conversation, Interviewing, and Interview Schedules
37
The Genealogical Method
38
Key Cultural Consultants
38
Life Histories
39
Local Beliefs and Perceptions, and the Ethnographer's
40
Problem-Oriented Ethnography
41
Longitudinal Research
41
Team Research
42
Survey Research
42
Box: Who Owns the Bones?
44
Chapter 3 Evolution, Genetics, and Human Variation
Creationism and Evolution
49
Genetics
53
Mendel's Experiments
53
Independent Assortment and Recombination
55
Population Genetics
56
Mechanisms of Genetic Evolution
56
Natural Selection
56
Mutation
59
Random Genetic Drift
59
Gene Flow
60
Race: A Discredited Concept in Biology
61
Races Are Not Biologically Distinct
63
Explaining Skin Color
65
Lactose Tolerance
67
Box: American Anthropological Association (AAA)
Statement on "Race"
68
Chapter 4 The Primates
73
Our Place among Primates
74
Homologies and Analogies
76
Primate Tendencies
76
Prosimians
78
Anthropoids
78
Monkeys
80
New World Monkeys
81
49