403892_Precision_tech_manual_d7.qxd:pg 1

Transcription

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WELCOME TO
PRECISION STEEL.
Precision Steel thanks you for the opportunity to introduce our company. In this
catalog, we’ll show you what you need to know about your steel service center.
For almost 70 years, the daily contribution of each employee has helped
Precision Steel attain and continue our excellent reputation in the steel industry.
Purchasing raw material from only prime quality mill sources, all incoming
shipments are carefully recorded and tagged for size, grade and temper.
A series of three critical inspections follows to assure product quality: (1) when
material is put into inventory (2) when it is drawn from stock to slit an order
(3) during processing.
Precision offers custom processing, ISO Certification, Statistical Process
Control (SPC), Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) and Bar Coding. Our goal is to
provide our customers with products that meet or exceed their quality requirements. As a business partner, we continuously strive to improve the quality and
on-time delivery.
We rely on our customers, employees, and suppliers to help us prepare for the
future. We thank them and look forward to moving through the next century
together.
Visit us at our web site.
Terry A. Piper
Chairman, President & CEO
www.precisionsteel.com
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QUALITY PRODUCTS BEGIN
CHARLOTTE, NC
The Charlotte Service Center is committed to: “100% satisfaction of the quality
and service requirements by our customers.” This is accomplished through
written procedures for each job performance, which is constantly updated to
assure on-going, top-grade performance. This extends to internal personnel
procedures as well as raw materials provided by vendors. If their products don’t
meet PSW standards, the vendor is replaced.
Precision Steel Warehouse, Inc.
Charlotte Service Center
2027 Gateway Blvd.
Charlotte, NC 28208-2741
704-394-3341 Fax 704-393-3312
e-mail: [email protected]
2
Precision Steel Warehouse
is an ISO
Certified Company
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WITH COMMITMENT
FRANKLIN PARK, IL
Precision Steel’s Quality Policy Statement says everything you want and need to
know about us: It is the policy of Precision Steel Warehouse, Inc. to provide our
customers with products that meet or exceed their quality requirements. We will
continually strive to improve the quality and on-time delivery of our products. Top
management of Precision Steel Warehouse promotes continuous improvement
of customer satisfaction by maintaining and reviewing the ISO quality system.
Precision Steel Warehouse, Inc.
3500 N. Wolf Rd., Franklin Park, IL 60131-1395
847-455-7000 Fax 847-455-1341
Precision Steel Warehouse
is an ISO
Certified Company
DOWNERS GROVE, IL
Precision Brand Products, Inc. manufactures and supplies high quality toolroom
specialty and maintenance products to a diverse, value-conscious, worldwide
customer base. Our commitment is to 100% conformance to customer requirements for quality, service, and delivery, without exception. Our employees’
commitment to this principle is exemplified in the constant refinement of our
business processes to better anticipate and respond to the changing needs of
our customers.
Precision Brand Products, Inc.
2250 Curtiss St., Downers Grove, IL 60515-4038
630-969-7200 Fax 630-969-0310
www.precisionbrand.com
Precision Brand Products
is an ISO
Certified Company
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PRODUCT GROUP INDEX
LOW CARBON SHEET AND STRIP
C.R. Sheet - All Tempers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-26
C.R. Strip Steel - All Tempers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-27
C.R. Accuracy Strip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Shim Steel (Hard C.R. Bright) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Flat Wire (C.R. Round Edge) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30-31
COATED METALS
Useful Tin Plate Facts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34-35
Electrolytic Tin Coated Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Comparison of Coated Metals (Chart) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Electro Galvanized Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
SPRING STEEL
Suggested Heat Treatments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Cold Rolled Annealed Spring Steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43-45
Special Temper Strip, 75 Carbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4130 Aircraft Alloy Strip Annealed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
1074-1075 Tempered (Scaleless) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
STAINLESS STEELS
Stainless Types - Chemical Compositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Types 301, 302, 304, 305, 316, 321, 410,
420, 430, 17/7 PH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53-72
BRASS AND PHOSPHOR BRONZE STRIP
Brass Strip (All Tempers) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76-79
Phosphor Bronze Strip - 5% A. (Spring Temper) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
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TOOL ROOM SPECIALITIES
Arbor Spacers and Shims and Coupling Nuts . . . . . . . . . . . . 82-83
Drill Rod, First TryTM and Hot Melt Coating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82-83
Feeler Gage Stock and Hose Clamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82-83
Key Stock and Layout Fluid and Remover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82-83
Lengthening and Shortening Shim and
Maintenance Kits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82-83
Plastic Shim and Poc-Kit® Feeler Gage Assortment . . . . . . . . 82-83
Sof’ Shoe® and Shim Stock Punch and Die Set . . . . . . . . . . . 82-83
Laminated and Slotted Shim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82-83
Stainless Steel Tool Wrap and Stainless Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . 82-83
Wire and Music Wire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82-83
Steel, Brass, Blue Tempered and Stainless
Steel Shim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82-83
Threaded Rod and Tool Black® Kit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82-83
TECHNICAL DATA
Useful Tin Plate Facts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Comparison of Coated Metals (Chart) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Heat Treatment Chart (For High Carbon Steels) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Brass Mill Temper - Numbering System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Blanking and Shearing Pressure Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Weight Tables (Strip Steel, Wt. Per Lin. Ft.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85-87
Definitions (Glossary of Trade Terms) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88-114
Metric Conversion Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114-118
Tolerance Tables (All Products this Catalog) . . . . . . . . . . . 119-135
AISI-SAE Chemical Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136-137
Rockwell Hardness Chart and Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138-141
Cross Reference Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142-143
Coil Weight Tables (For Strip Steel) Per Inch of Width . . . . 144-145
Fractions as Decimals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Standard Gage Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Order Information - Trade Customs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148-149
Manufacturing Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Custom Processing of Your Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Oscillated Coil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Statistical Process Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Electronic Data Interchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Bar Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
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ALPHABETICAL INDEX
Accuracy Strip - Tempers 2, 3 and 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Aircraft Alloy Strips - AISI and SAE 4130 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
AISI Compositions - Carbon and Stainless Steels . . . . . 136-137
Aluminum Killed C.R. Sheet Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Aluminum Killed C.R. Strip Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Arbor Spacers, Shims (Pkgd. and Bulk) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Brass Strip - All Tempers including Spring Temper . . . . . . . 76-79
Bronze Strip - Phosphor Bronze - 5% A. Spring Temper . . . . . 80
Clock Spring Steel or Blue Tempered Spring Steel Strip . . . . . 49
Coated Metals Comparison Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Coated Steel Sheet and Strip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Coil Weight Tables Per Inch of Width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144-145
Cold Rolled Sheet Steel - All Tempers and Finishes Plain and Coated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-30
Cold Rolled Strip Steel - All Tempers including C.R.
Flat Wire and Shim Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-30
Conditions of Sale, Trade Customs and Order Information . . 148-149
Copper Base Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76-80
Cross Reference Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142-143
Custom Processing of Your Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Definitions - Glossary of Trade Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88-114
Drawing Quality Cold Rolled Sheet - Strip . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26-27
Drill Rod (Pkgd. and Bulk) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82-83
Feeler Stock or Thickness Gage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82-83
Flat Wire - Low Carbon C.R. Rd. Edge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Galvannealed Sheet (Slit Coils or Flat Sheets) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Galvanized Sheets - Electro (Coiled and Flat) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Heat Treatment Chart - For High Carbon Strip Steels
(.50, .65, .74 and .95) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Long Terne Coated Sheet Steel - Hot Dipped . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Manufacturing Limitations Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Metric System and Conversion Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114-118
Music Wire (Pkgd.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82-83
Order Information, Trade Customs and Terms of Sale . . 148-149
Phosphor Bronze Strip - 5% A. Spring Temper . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Pressure Chart - For Computing Blanking Pressure . . . . . . . . 84
Rockwell Hardness Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138-141
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SAE-AISI Compositions - Carbon and Stainless Steels . . . . . . . . . . 136-137
Sheet Steel - Aluminum Killed, Low Carbon C.R. Drawing Quality . . . . . . 26
Sheet Steel - Low Carbon C.R. - Full Hard to Soft 18-26
and Aluminum Killed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-26
Sheet Steel - Electro Galvanized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Sheet Steel - Long Terne, Hot Dipped . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Sheet Steel - Electro Tin Coated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Shim Brass (Pkgd.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82-83
Shim Steel (Pkgd.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82-83
Shim Steel (Bulk) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Spring Steel - 4130 Aircraft Alloy Spring Steel Strip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Spring Steel - C.R. Annealed Strip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43-45
Spring Steel - Stainless Hard C.R. Strip - Types 301, 302 . . . . . . . . . . 53-62
Stainless Steel Strip - Type 301 Tempers, 1/4 Hard to Ext. Hard Incl. . 53-57
Stainless Steel Strip - Type 302 Tempers,
Soft to Full Hard Incl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58-62
Stainless Steel Strip - Types 304, 305, 316, 321, 410, 420, 430,
17/7 PH Cond. A and C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63-72
Stainless Types Chart - Chem. Compositions Mechanical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Strip - C.R. Brass, Bronze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76-80
Strip Steel - Special Accuracy - Tempers 2, 3 and 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Strip Steel - All Tempers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-28
Strip Steel - Annealed Spring Steel (.50, .75 and .95 Carbon) . . . . . . . 43-45
Strip Steel - Special Temper .75 Carbon Spring Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Strip Steel - 4130 Aircraft Alloy Spring Steel - Annealed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Strip Steel - Stainless - Types 301, 302, 304, 305, 410,
420, 430, 17/7 PH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53-72
Thickness Gage Steel (Feeler Stock) (Pkgd.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82-83
Threaded Rods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82-83
Tin Coated Sheet and Strip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Tolerances for Over and Under Shipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Tolerance Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119-135
Tool Wrap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82-83
Weight Tables - Coil Weights Per Inch of Width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144-145
Weight Tables - Strip Steel (Weight Per Lineal Foot) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86-87
Wire - Cold Rolled Round Edge Flat Wire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Wire - Music Wire for Mechanical Springs (Pkgd.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82-83
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QUALITY SERVICES
P
recision Steel people constantly innovate services that will help our
customers reach their goals. Not only must we help them stay competitive in
today’s marketplace, but provide products and services to enable our industry
and their individual companies to compete globally.
STATISTICAL PROCESS CONTROL
Precision Steel was among the first in the American metal working industry to
provide an SPC program. It’s available from both of our plants, to assist our customers in their pursuit of zero defects. Real time data is collected from the time
a customer order is entered until the actual product is shipped. Real data is collected six or seven times so our customers can more efficiently run their own
operations. In addition, our SPC program provides customers with savings on
inspection, set-up and production costs.
Order Acknowledgement and Shipping Notice
Service Programs.
As orders are entered into our system, each customer will automatically receive
a computer-generated e-mail. This e-mail can be sent to a single or multiple individuals within the company. It will contain an actual order acknowledgement form
on each line item ordered. The information provided is the complete detail of the
order with an in house delivery date .In addition to that, it will also contain order
status on every order scheduled to ship within the next thirty days. Perfect for
your ISO program!
Also available is our Shipping Notice e-mail. The information provided is the bill
of lading documentation. When your order ships, a computer generated e-mail
will be sent to any one or multiple e-mail addresses within the customers organization.
The information provided includes, total weight shipped, number of coils,your PO
or part number, and a description of the material. All this information will be at
your fingertips before the material hits your dock.
BAR CODE
Bar Coding provides precise, accessible information. It’s an efficient way to keep
track of products as they are shipped or received while simultaneously controlling production and inventory. It provides exact, real time data at every step of
the production process. If a customer doesn’t have a bar coding system, PSW
can advise on the steps to put a program in place.
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SUPPORTQUALITY COMMITMENT
ISO CERTIFICATION
Precision Steel Warehouse Centers
in Franklin Park, IL and Charlotte, N.C.
have both earned their Certification to
ISO. This means work produced for our
customers also measures up to most
curent international standards.
ELECTRONIC DATA INTERCHANGE
With Precision Steel’s EDI system, customers can eliminate as many as eight
documents with the accurate, up-to-the-minute information that can always be
available on their system. This system works effectively with Just-In-Time (JIT)
methods to dramatically help reduce inventory levels and order cycle time. Once
in place, EDI enables PSW to respond to customer needs with greater reliability,
speed and cost-saving efficiency than ever, to further help improve their profitability.
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QUALITY PRODUCTS
...TO ELECTRONIC DATA PROCESSING
Once we have state-of-the-art
people in place, we must complete the package with stateof-the-art equipment. Batteries
of high speed, integrated data
processing equipment takes
control of each order from
entry to shipping for maximum
efficiencies. This results in time
and money
savings for our customers in
terms
of planning and availability of
product they need for their own
businesses.
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START WITH QUALITY PEOPLE
...FROM INSIDE SALES
From a purely selfish point of view,
Precision Steel makes sure that we have
only the most qualified and
dedicated people handling our inside sales
team. We are extremely proud of the service they provide and how our customers
feel about them. They are as fine a team
of experienced steel specialists as there is
working anywhere in the world. From the
time a customer calls with an inquiry about
a price, availability of product or check on
their order, it is processed with personal
interest and efficient follow-through until
the customer is served.
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FROM RECEIVING AND INSPECTION...
Materials come into both Precision Steel Service Centers from mill sources we
have carefully selected to provide products that meet our higher than industry
standard qualifications. At that point, our carefully trained and very concerned
people take charge. Each shipment is recorded and tagged for size, thickness
and temper. Then, it’s routed to our inspection stations for the first of three
inspections for finish, thickness, Rockwell hardness.
...TO INVENTORY CONTROL
Our customers count on Precision Steel for more sizes, grades and tempers of
spring, stainless, genuine strip steels, coated metals and copper base alloys
immediately available from our stock. This is only possible through inventory
control guidelines that are maintained every day in every manner. Again, our
people’s concern for what they do makes this a reality.
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...AND QUALITY CONTROL
Precision Steel quality control starts when the product is drawn from stock. For
the second time, it’s checked for finish, thickness, and Rockwell hardness. Any
deviation from PSW standards and it goes back to the mill. Every step of processing a customer’s order is monitored and measured to assure delivery of
exactly what the customer has ordered. All of these techniques must remain in
place at all times to maintain our ISO Certification.
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FROM PROCESSING...
Yes, Precision Steel has state-of-the-art the equipment, but more important we
have state-of-the art people operating it. That’s the only way to assure quality
products all of the time. Our modern slitting lines can slit steel from .001”
through .187” thickness. Modern x-ray gauge systems accurately record metal
tolerances to assure performance within specifications. Coils up to 10 tons are
flattened and then precision sheared to length on our leveling and blanking line.
Positive control assures square blanks and close tolerances. We can process
widths from 3/8” to 60” and specialty edges are available with deburring, edge
rolling and skiving equipment.
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Tab
Low Carbon Sheet & Strip
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Tab
Low Carbon Sheet & Strip
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PRECISION STEEL®
LOW
CARBON
STEELS
INDEX
Many of these gauges, hardnesses and grades are also
available in our Charlotte Service Center up to
60 Inches wide.
C.R. SHEET STEEL (All Tempers
including Aluminum Killed) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-26
C.R. STRIP STEEL (All Tempers
including Aluminum Killed) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-27
SPECIAL ACCURACY C.R. STRIP STEEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
SHIM STEEL (Hard C.R. Bright) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
FLAT WIRE (Cold Rolled Round Edge) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30-31
TOLERANCE TABLES
Accuracy Strip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
C.R. Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120-122
C.R. Strip and Shim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123-124
C.R. Flat Wire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Refer to COATED METALS section for Tin, Terne, Zinc, and Aluminized
TO CONVERT POUNDS TO KILOGRAMS multiply by .4536 (pounds x .4536 = kg.)
TO CONVERT KILOGRAMS TO POUNDS multiply by 2.2046 (kg. X 2.2046 = pounds)
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PRECISION BRAND® LOW CARBON COLD ROLLED
STEEL SHEET SLIT COILS OR FLAT SHEETS
FULL HARD TEMPER
Prime Steel Sheets
Low Carbon Cold Rolled-Oiled
ROCKWELL Approx. B84 Min.
.070 and Thicker
ROCKWELL Approx B90 Min.
.069 and Thinner
Meets AISI Standards
FULL HARD ROLLED – This is a PRIME QUALITY Low Carbon Cold Rolled
Commercial Finish Steel Sheet which has been cold reduced to gage and hardness as indicated. It is priced lower than genuine cold rolled strip steel. It is
recommended and generally used in applications where sheet steel’s broader
chemical and physical tolerances will permit. Available from stock in full sheet
sizes: exact size blanks or in coil form to width for press feeding. This temper is
intended for flat work only. It can be roller leveled to remove coil set.
COMPLETE FACILITIES for Slitting – Shearing – Blanking and Edging
Thickness
Max. Width
Dec. Inches Equiv. MM Inches
Lbs. Per
Sq. Ft.
Thickness
Max. Width
Dec. Inches Equiv. MM
Inches
Lbs. Per
Sq. Ft.
.010
.015
.020
.2540
.3810
.5080
36
48
48
.4080
.6120
.8160
.042
.048
.050
1.0668
1.2192
1.2700
48
48
48
1.7136
1.9584
2.0400
.025
.030
.035
.6350
.7620
.8890
48
48
48
1.0200
1.2240
1.4280
.060
.062
.072
.093
1.5240
1.5748
1.8288
2.3622
48
48
48
48
2.4480
2.5296
2.9376
3.7944
NOTE - All thicknesses thinner than .015 have been rolled on tin mill equipment and have a brighter
finish. Suggested Rockwell Tests • B scale for .040 and thicker • 30T scale for .025 to .039 • Under
.025 use 15T Scale.
18
10/17/08
12:33 PM
Page 19
STRIP STEEL
SLIT COILS OR FLAT STRIP
NO. 1 TEMPER
Full Hard Prime Quality
Strip Steel
Low Carbon Cold Rolled
MEAN TENSILE 80,000 P.S.I.
ROCKWELL B84 MIN. .070
and Thicker
ROCKWELL B90 MIN. .069
and Thinner
AISI 1010, ASTM A 109
Meets all AISI Standards
Bright No. 2 Finish Oiled
A SUPERIOR PRODUCT – FULL HARD ROLLED.
Genuine Cold Rolled Strip Steel. The product of modern
Grain
strip mills to strip steel (not sheet) tolerances. See the sheet
and strip tolerance pages in this catalog. This temper intended for flatwork and
punching only as it has not been annealed after final cold rolling and is very stiff
and springy. It will take a slight set across the grain before fracture. Can be roller
leveled to remove coil set. Can be furnished in coils or lengths, slit to width as
required or edged.
Thickness
Max. Width
Lbs. Per
Sq. Ft.
Thickness
Max. Width
Lbs. Per
Sq. Ft.
.032
.035
.037
.040
.042
.8128
.8890
.9398
1.0160
1.0668
23
23
23
23
23
15⁄16
15⁄16
1.3056
1.4280
1.5096
1.6320
1.7136
.2448
.2856
.3264
.4080
.4896
.045
.048
.050
.058
.062
1.1430
1.2192
1.2700
1.4732
1.5748
23
23
23
23
23
15⁄16
15⁄16
.5508
.6120
.6528
.7344
.8160
.064
.065
.072
.078
.093
1.6256
1.6510
1.8288
1.9812
2.3622
23
23
23
23
23
15⁄16
15⁄16
.8976
.9792
1.0200
1.1424
1.2240
1.2648
.095
.105
.125
.134
.156
.187
2.4130
2.6670
3.1750
3.4036
3.9624
4.7498
23
23
23
23
23
23
15⁄16
15⁄16
NOTE - For sizes .001” to .005”
inclusive refer to Shim
Classification. Complete slitting
facilities all thicknesses.
.006*
.007*
.008*
.010
.012
.1524
.1778
.2032
.2540
.3048
23
23
23
23
23
15⁄16
15⁄16
.0135
.015
.016
.018
.020
.3429
.3810
.4064
.4572
.5080
23
23
23
23
23
15⁄16
15⁄16
.022
.024
.025
.028
.030
.031
.5588
.6096
.6350
.7112
.7620
.7874
23
23
23
23
23
23
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
1.8360
1.9584
2.0400
2.3664
2.5296
2.6110
2.6520
2.9376
3.1824
3.7944
3.8760
4.2835
5.1000
5.4672
6.3648
7.6296
Suggested Rockwell Tests • B Scale for .040 and thicker • 30T Scale for .025 to .039 • Under .025
use 15T Scale. *Coils only. All other sizes available in coil or cut lengths.
TO CONVERT KILOGRAMS TO POUNDS multiply by 2.2046 (kg. x 2.2046 = pounds)
19
10/17/08
12:33 PM
Page 20
STEEL SHEET SLIT COILS OR FLAT SHEETS
HALF HARD TEMPER
Prime Steel Sheets
Low Carbon Cold
Rolled – Oiled
ROCKWELL B70/85 Approx.
HALF HARD. This is a Prime Quality Low Carbon Cold Rolled Commercial
Finish Steel Sheet which has been cold reduced to gage and hardness as
indicated. It is priced lower than Genuine Strip Steel. It is recommended and
generally used in applications where sheet steel’s broader chemical and physical
tolerances will permit. Available from stock in full sheet sizes, exact size blanks
or in coil form to width for press feeding. This temper is intended for easy forming across the grain and a limited amount along the grain.
Thickness
Max. Width
Lbs. Per
Sq. Ft.
Thickness
Max. Width
Inches
Lbs. Per
Sq. Ft.
.015
.018
.020
.025
.3810
.4572
.5080
.6350
48
48
48
48
.6120
.7344
.8160
1.0200
.042
.048
.050
.060
1.0668
1.2192
1.2700
1.5240
48
48
48
48
1.7136
1.9584
2.0400
2.4480
.030
.032
.035
.040
.7620
.8128
.8890
1.0160
48
48
48
48
1.2240
1.3056
1.4280
1.6320
.062
.065
.074
.090
1.5748
1.6510
1.8796
2.2860
48
48
48
48
2.5296
2.6520
3.0192
3.6716
WHEN ORDERING LENGTHS,
save by specifying in multiples.
Suggested Rockwell Tests • B Scale for .040 and thicker • 30T Scale for .025 to .039 • Under .025
use 15T Scale.
20
10/17/08
12:33 PM
Page 21
STRIP STEEL SLIT COILS OR FLAT STRIP
NO. 2 TEMPER
Half Hard Prime Quality Strip
Steel
ROCKWELL B70/85
Across The Grain
A SUPERIOR PRODUCT – HALF HARD. Genuine Cold
Rolled Strip Steel. The product of modern strip mills to
strip steel (not sheet) tolerances. See sheet and strip
steel tolerance pages in this catalog. This temper has
had considerable cold rolling after annealing. Will take a
right angle bend across the grain and a limited amount with the grain. Can be
furnished in coils or cut lengths, slit to width as desired.
Thickness
Max. Width
.008*
.010
.012
.014
.015
.2032
.2540
.3048
.3556
.3810
23
23
23
23
23
15⁄16
15⁄16
.016
.018
.020
.022
.025
.4064
.4572
.5080
.5588
.6350
23
23
23
23
23
15⁄16
15⁄16
.028
.030
.031
.032
.035
.7112
.7620
.7874
.8128
.8890
23
23
23
23
23
15⁄16
15⁄16
.040
.042
.048
.050
.058
1.0160
1.0668
1.2192
1.2700
1.4732
23
23
23
23
23
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
Lbs. Per
Sq. Ft.
Thickness
Max. Width
Inches
.3264
.4080
.4896
.5712
.6120
.060
.062
.065
.074
.078
1.5240
1.5748
1.6510
1.8796
1.9812
23
23
23
23
23
15⁄16
15⁄16
.6528
.7344
.8160
.8976
1.0200
.083
.090
.093
.095
.109
2.1082
2.2860
2.3622
2.4130
2.7686
23
23
23
23
23
15⁄16
15⁄16
1.1424
1.2240
1.2648
1.3056
1.4280
.120
.125
.134
.156
.187
3.0480
3.1750
3.4036
3.9624
4.7498
23
23
23
23
23
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
Lbs. Per
Sq. Ft.
2.4480
2.5296
2.6520
3.0192
3.1824
3.3864
3.6720
3.7944
3.8760
4.4472
4.8954
5.1000
5.4672
6.3648
7.6296
1.6320
1.7136
1.9584
2.0400
2.3664
Suggested Rockwell Tests • B Scale for .040 and thicker • 30T for .025 to 039 • Under .025 use 15T
Scale. *Coils only. All other sizes available in coil or cut lengths.
21
10/17/08
12:33 PM
Page 22
STEEL SHEETSLIT COILS OR FLAT SHEETS
QUARTER HARD TEMPER
Prime Steel Sheets
Low Carbon Cold
Rolled – Oiled
ROCKWELL B60/75 Approx.
QUARTER HARD. This is a PRIME QUALITY Low Carbon Cold Rolled
Commercial Finish Steel Sheet which has been cold reduced to gage and hardness as indicated. It is priced lower than Genuine Strip Steel. It is recommended
and generally used in applications where sheet steel’s broader chemical and
physical tolerances will permit. Available from stock in full sheet sizes, exact size
blanks or in coil form to width for press feeding. It is used where some
stiffness is required, will take fairly severe bends and shallow draws.
Thickness
Max. Width
Lbs. Per
Sq. Ft.
Thickness
Max. Width
Inches
Lbs. Per
Sq. Ft.
.015
.018
.020
.025
.3810
.4572
.5080
.6350
48
48
48
48
.6120
.7343
.8160
1.0200
.060
.062
.065
.072
1.5240
1.5748
1.6510
1.8288
48
48
48
48
2.4480
2.5296
2.6520
2.9376
.028
.030
.032
.035
.7112
.7620
.8128
.8890
48
48
48
48
1.1424
1.2240
1.3056
1.4280
.074
.090
.093
1.8796
2.2860
2.3622
48
48
48
3.0192
3.7620
3.7944
.040
.042
.048
.050
1.0160
1.0668
1.2192
1.2700
48
48
48
48
1.6320
1.7136
1.9584
2.0400
Suggested Rockwell Tests • B scale for .040 and thicker • 30T scale for .025 to .039 • Under .025
use 15T Scale.
22
10/17/08
12:33 PM
Page 23
NO. 3 TEMPER
Quarter Hard Prime Quality
Strip Steel
ROCKWELL B60/75
A Superior Product – QUARTER HARD. Genuine Cold
Rolled Strip Steel. The product of modern strip
mills to strip steel (not sheet) tolerances. See sheet
Across The Grain
and strip steel tolerance pages in this catalog. This
temper has had a moderate amount of cold rolling after annealing. Will bend at
right angles either way of the grain, and down on itself across the grain. Will
take a moderate amount of shallow draw. Used for parts requiring more severe
bends than possible with harder tempers and when greater stiffness is required
than in softer tempers. Can be supplied in either coils, cut lengths or slit to width
as specified.
Thickness
Max. Width
.010
.012
.015
.016
.018
.020
.022
.2540
.3048
.3810
.4064
.4572
.5080
.5588
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
15⁄16
15⁄16
.024
.025
.028
.030
.031
.032
.035
.6096
.6350
.7112
.7620
.7874
.8128
.8890
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
15⁄16
15⁄16
.037
.040
.042
.045
.048
.050
.9398
1.0160
1.0668
1.1430
1.2192
1.2700
23
23
23
23
23
23
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
Lbs. Per
Sq. Ft.
Thickness
Max. Width
Inches
Lbs. Per
Sq. Ft.
2.3664
2.4480
2.5296
2.6109
2.6520
2.9376
3.0192
.4080
.4896
.6120
.6528
.7344
.8160
.8976
.058
.060
.062
.064
.065
.072
.074
1.4732
1.5240
1.5748
1.6256
1.6510
1.8288
1.8796
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
15⁄16
15⁄16
.9792
1.0200
1.1424
1.2240
1.2648
1.3056
1.4280
.078
.083
.090
.093
.095
.100
.109
1.9812
2.1082
2.2860
2.3622
2.4130
2.5400
2.7686
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
15⁄16
15⁄16
1.5096
1.6320
1.7136
1.8360
1.9584
2.0400
.119
.125
.134
.156
.187
3.0226
3.1750
3.4036
3.9624
4.7498
23
23
23
23
23
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
3.1824
3.3864
3.7620
3.7944
3.8760
4.0795
4.4472
4.8495
5.1000
5.4672
6.3648
7.6296
Suggested Rockwell Tests • B scale for .040 and thicker • 30T scale for .025 to .039 • Under .025 use
15T Scale. All sizes available in coil or cut lengths.
23
10/17/08
12:33 PM
Page 24
SOFT TEMPER
Prime Steel Sheets
Commercial Quality-Oiled*
Commercial Finish
ROCKWELL B65 Max.– Approx.
ASTM A1008
*Some may now call this
“Commerical Steel Type B”
SOFT and WORKABLE. This is a Prime Quality Low Carbon Cold Rolled
Commercial Finish Steel Sheet which has been lightly pinch rolled after its final
annealing. It is priced lower than Genuine Strip Steel. It is recommended and
generally used in applications where sheet steel’s broader chemical and physical tolerances will permit. Available from stock in full sheet sizes, exact size
blanks or in coil form to width for press feeding. It may be stamped, formed or
easily drawn but not guaranteed for deep drawing.
Thickness
Max. Width
Lbs. Per
Sq. Ft.
Thickness
Max. Width
Inches
Lbs. Per
Sq. Ft.
.008*
.010
.012
.015
.018
.2032
.2540
.3048
.3810
.4572
36
36
36
48
48
.3264
.4080
.4896
.6120
.7344
.042
.048
.050
.058
.060
1.0668
1.2192
1.2700
1.4732
1.5240
48
48
48
48
48
1.7136
1.9584
2.0400
2.3661
2.4480
.020
.024
.025
.028
.030
.5080
.6096
.6350
.7112
.7620
48
48
48
48
48
.8160
.9792
1.0200
1.1424
1.2240
.062
.065
.074
.078
.083
1.5748
1.6510
1.8796
1.9812
2.1082
48
48
48
48
48
2.5296
2.6520
3.0192
3.1824
3.3864
.031
.032
.035
.038
.040
.7874
.8128
.8890
.9652
1.0160
48
48
48
48
48
1.2648
1.3056
1.4280
1.5552
1.6320
.090
.093
.104
.119
.125
2.2860
2.3622
2.6416
3.0226
3.1750
48
48
48
48
48
3.6720
3.7944
4.2427
4.8852
5.1000
NOTE-All thicknesses thinner than .015 have been rolled on tin mill equipment and have a brighter
finish. Suggested Rockwell Tests • B scale for .040 and thicker • 30T scale for .025 to .039 • Under
.025 use 15T Scale.
*Coils only
24
10/17/08
12:33 PM
Page 25
NO. 4 TEMPER
Pinch Pass or Skin Rolled
Prime Quality Strip Steel
ROCKWELL B65 Maximum
A SUPERIOR PRODUCT -SKIN ROLLED OR PINCH PASS
TEMPER. A genuine Cold Rolled Strip Steel. The product of
modern strip mills to strip steel (not sheet) tolerances. See
Grain
Sheet and Strip Steel tolerance pages in this catalog. This
steel has had a very light skin pass after the final anneal to improve the finish
and to avoid the possibility of surface strains showing after material has been
worked. Recommended for moulding, tubular or moderate drawing requirements. Can be furnished in either coils or cut lengths. Slit to width as required.
Thickness
Max. Width
Lbs. Per
Sq. Ft.
.010
.012
.014
.015
.016
.2540
.3048
.3556
.3810
.4064
23
23
23
23
23
15⁄16
.4080
.4896
.5712
.6120
.6528
.058
.060
.062
.065
.072
1.4732
1.5240
1.5748
1.6510
1.8288
23
23
23
23
23
15⁄16
.018
.020
.025
.028
.030
.4572
.5080
.6350
.7112
.7620
23
23
23
23
23
15⁄16
.7344
.8160
1.0200
1.1424
1.2240
.074
.078
.083
.090
.093
1.8796
1.9812
2.1082
2.2860
2.3622
23
23
23
23
23
15⁄16
.031
.032
.035
.037
.040
.7874
.8128
.8890
.9398
1.0160
23
23
23
23
23
15⁄16
1.2648
1.3056
1.4280
1.5096
1.6320
.095
.104
.109
.119
.125
2.4130
2.6416
2.7686
3.0226
3.1750
23
23
23
23
23
15⁄16
.042
.048
.050
1.0668
1.2192
1.2700
23
23
23
15⁄16
1.7136
1.9584
2.0400
.134
.156
.187
3.4036
3.9624
4.7498
23
23
23
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
Thickness
Max. Width
Inches
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
Lbs. Per
Sq. Ft.
2.3664
2.4480
2.5296
2.6520
2.9376
3.0192
3.1824
3.3864
3.7620
3.7944
3.8760
4.2427
4.4472
4.8552
5.1000
5.4672
6.3648
7.6296
25
10/17/08
12:33 PM
Page 26
ALUMINUM KILLED
DRAWING QUALITY*
Commerical Finish
PRIME QUALITY
ASTM A1008 .018 and over
ASTM A623 .015 and under
*Some may call this
“Drawing Steel Type B”
THIS QUALITY is produced especially for fabricating into parts requiring severe
forming or drawing operations too difficult for the drawing properties of
Commercial Quality Cold Rolled Steel Sheet, but only with the breakage
allowances as negotiated to meet specific requirements. It comes with a dull
surface texture suitable for the application of various organic finishes, such as
paints, enamels or lacquers, but is not suitable for electroplating where surface
uniformity of the finished product is essential.
Thickness
Max. Width
Lbs. Per
Sq. Ft.
Thickness
Max. Width
Inches
Lbs. Per
Sq. Ft.
.010
.012
.015
.018
.020
.2540
.3048
.3810
.4572
.5080
36
36
36
48
48
.4080
.4896
.6120
.7344
.8160
.045
.048
.050
.060
.062
1.1430
1.2192
1.2700
1.5240
1.5748
48
48
48
48
48
1.8360
1.9584
2.0400
2.4480
2.5296
.022
.024
.025
.028
.030
.5588
.6096
.6350
.7112
.7620
48
48
48
48
48
.8976
.9792
1.0200
1.1424
1.2240
.070
.074
.090
.093
.105
1.7780
1.8796
2.2860
2.3622
2.6670
48
48
48
48
48
2.8556
3.0192
3.6720
3.7944
4.2835
.032
.035
.037
.040
.042
.8128
.8890
.9398
1.0160
1.0668
48
48
48
48
48
1.3056
1.4280
1.5096
1.6320
1.7136
.109
.120
2.7686
3.0480
48
48
4.4467
4.8954
(1) All thicknesses thinner than .016 have been rolled on Tin Mill equipment and have a brighter finish. Suggested Rockwell Tests • B scale for .040 and thicker • 30T scale for .025 to .039 • Under .025
use 15T Scale.
26
10/17/08
12:34 PM
Page 27
NO. 5 TEMPER
ALUMINUM KILLED
Soft and Ductile
Prime Quality Strip Steel
Low Carbon C.R. and
Annealed
ROCKWELL B55 Max.
Approx. AISI 1008,
ASTM A 109 Meets all
AISI Standards
ALUMINUM KILLED, SOFT and DUCTILE- This Prime Quality
Cold Rolled Strip Steel has been manufactured for us by
America’s leading producers of fine quality strip steels. This is
Grain
the Standard Type Low Carbon Aluminum Killed Steel most
generally specified and meets all AISI specifications for quality. It has been
produced specifically to meet the requirements for difficult drawing and forming
operations. It combines uniformity of chemical composition with mechanical
properties best suited for these operations. It is non-aging to an exceptionable
degree and almost wholly free from fluting. This is an excellent material in
sustained demand.
Thickness
Max. Width
.008
.010
.012
.015
.016
.2032
.2540
.3048
.3810
.4064
23
23
23
23
23
15⁄16
.018
.020
.025
.026
.028
.4572
.5080
.6350
.6604
.7112
23
23
23
23
23
15⁄16
.030
.031
.032
.035
.039
.7620
.7874
.8128
.8890
.9906
23
23
23
23
23
15⁄16
.040
.041
1.0160
1.0414
23
23
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
Lbs. Per
Sq. Ft.
.3264
.4080
.4896
.6120
.6528
.7344
.8160
1.0200
1.0608
1.1424
1.2240
1.2648
1.3056
1.4280
1.5910
1.6320
1.6726
Thickness
Max. Width
Inches
.042
.048
.050
.058
.060
.062
.065
1.0668
1.2192
1.2700
1.4732
1.5240
1.5748
1.6510
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
15⁄16
.072
.074
.078
.083
.090
1.8288
1.8796
1.9812
2.1082
2.2860
23
23
23
23
23
15⁄16
.093
.095
.109
.120
.125
.187
2.3622
2.4130
2.7686
3.0480
3.1750
4.7498
23
23
23
23
23
23
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
Lbs. Per
Sq. Ft.
1.7136
1.9584
2.0400
2.3664
2.4480
2.5296
2.6520
2.9373
3.0192
3.1824
3.3864
3.6720
3.7944
3.8760
4.4472
4.8954
5.0994
7.6287
Suggested Rockwell Tests • B scale for .040 and thicker • 30T for .025 to .039 • Under .025
use 15T Scale.
27
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12:34 PM
Page 28
STEEL STRIP SLIT COILS OR FLAT STRIP
SPECIAL ACCURACY STRIP
Rolled to Restricted
(± .001) Thickness
Tolerances
RESTRICTED THICKNESS TOLERANCES – The following listing represents
stock sizes of special accuracy strip rolled to plus or minus .001” in thickness
(including Crown), regardless of width. Intended for use where great thickness
accuracy in finished parts is necessary. The tempers listed conform to analysis
and hardness ranges listed elsewhere in this catalog and the material is Prime
Quality C.R. Strip Steel.
Thickness
Max. Width
Lbs. Per
Sq. Ft.
Thickness
Max. Width
Inches
NO. 3 TEMPER QUARTER HARD
NO. 2 TEMPER HALF HARD
.018
.020
.025
.030
.4572
.5080
.6350
.7620
23
23
23
23
15⁄16
15⁄16
.032
.035
.040
.042
.8128
.8890
1.0160
1.0668
23
23
23
23
15⁄16
15⁄16
.045
.048
.050
.062
1.1430
1.2192
1.2700
1.5748
23
23
23
23
15⁄16
15⁄16
.018
.020
.022
.025
.4572
.5080
.5588
.6350
23
23
23
23
15⁄16
15⁄16
.030
.032
.035
.7620
.8128
.8890
23
23
23
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
Lbs. Per
Sq. Ft.
.7344
.8160
1.0200
1.2240
.018
.020
.022
.025
.4572
.5080
.5588
.6350
23
23
23
23
15⁄16
15⁄16
1.3056
1.4280
1.6320
1.7136
.030
.032
.035
.040
.7620
.8128
.8890
1.0160
23
23
23
23
15⁄16
15⁄16
1.8360
1.9584
2.0400
2.5296
.042
.048
.050
.062
1.0668
1.2192
1.2700
1.5748
23
23
23
23
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
.7344
.8160
.8976
1.0200
1.2240
1.3056
1.4280
1.6320
1.7136
1.9584
2.0400
2.5296
NO. 4 TEMPER SKIN ROLLED
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
.7344
.8160
.8976
1.0200
.040
.042
.048
.050
1.0160
1.0668
1.2192
1.2700
23
23
23
23
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
1.6320
1.7136
1.9584
2.0400
1.2240
1.3056
1.4280
.058
.062
1.4732 23
1.5748 23
15⁄16
15⁄16
2.3664
2.5296
Available in coils or cuts lengths. Sizes other than those listed and in all thicknesses .001
and heavier are obtainable and may be ordered for you.
Suggested Rockwell Tests • B scale for .040 and thicker • 30T scales for .025 to .039 • Under .025 use
15T Scale.
28
10/17/08
12:34 PM
Page 29
SHIM STEEL AN ACCURACY STRIP MILL PRODUCT
HARD COLD ROLLED
SHIM QUALITY
Bright No. 2 Finish
Rolled to Restricted (+/-.0005)
Thickness Tolerances.
Coils or Lengths
Rolled specifically for us to restricted tolerances, this is a Low Carbon Cold
Rolled Strip Steel with a maximum carbon content up to 0.25% and extremely
accurate in thickness, with a Rockwell range of B90/100. It is universally used
for automobile and truck axle shims, for tool and die alignment purposes, arbor
spacers and where combined hardness, flatness and accuracy is important.
Thickness
Max. Width
Lbs. Per
Sq. Ft.
Thickness
Max. Width
Inches
Lbs. Per
Sq. Ft.
.001
.0015
.002
.003
.004
.0254
.0381
.0508
.0762
.1016
12”
12”
14”
14”
14”
.0408
.0612
.0816
.1224
.1632
.032
.035
.037
.040
.042
.8128 23
.8890
.9398
1.0160
1.0668
1.3056
1.4280
1.5096
1.6320
1.7136
.005
.006
.007
.008
.010
.1270
.1524
.1778
.2032
.2540
14”
14”
14”
14”
14”
.2040
.2448
.2856
.3264
.4080
.048
.050
1.2192
1.2700
1.4732
1.5748
1.9584
2.0400
.012
.0135
.015
.016
.018
.3048
.3429
.3810
.4064
.4572
14”
14”
14”
14”
14”
.4896
.5508
.6120
.6528
.7344
IN STOCK .001” to .031” THICK,
6” AND 12” WIDE, PACKAGES OR
BULK COILS. For pre-packaged
items write for free catalog:
.020
.022
.025
.028
.031
.5080
.5588
.6350
.7112
.7874
14”
14”
14”
14”
14”
.8160
.8976
1.0200
1.1424
1.2648
Precision Brand Products, Inc.
Subsidiary of Precision Steel
Warehouse, Inc.
2250 Curtiss Street
Downers Grove, IL 60515-4038
29
10/17/08
12:34 PM
Page 30
FLAT WIRE COILS OR LENGTHS
HALF HARD NO. 2 TEMPER
No. 4 Round Edge
No. 2 Bright Finish
ROCKWELL B65/80
Precision Brand® FLAT WIRE comes with a bright cold rolled surface with nicely
rounded rolled edges (mill product). Stocked as it comes from our mill source
both in coils and straightened 12-foot lengths. Coils may be straightened and cut
to any convenient multiple of your blank sizes.
MILL COILS or STANDARD 12’ MILL LENGTH
Width
Thickness
in
Dec. In. Equiv. MM Inches
.032
.035
.8128
.8890
.050
1.2700
.062
1.5748
.083
2.1082
1/4
5/16
3/8
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
1 1/4
1 1/2
3/16
1/4
5/16
3/8
7/16
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
1 1/4
1 1/2
3/16
1/4
5/16
3/8
7/16
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
3/16
1/4
5/16
3/8
7/16
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
1 1/4
1 1/2
1/4
5/16
3/8
1/2
5/8
Est. Wt.
12’ Bar
Wt. Per
Lin Ft.
Thickness
Pounds Dec. In. Equiv. MM
.324
.408
.492
.648
.816
.984
1.140
1.308
1.632
1.956
.264
.360
.444
.540
.624
.720
.888
1.068
1.248
1.428
1.788
2.148
.384
.516
.636
.768
.888
1.020
1.272
1.536
1.788
2.040
.474
.629
.791
.949
1.106
1.265
1.582
1.898
2.214
2.530
3.162
3.794
.847
1.058
1.271
1.693
2.117
.027
.034
.041
.054
.068
.082
.095
.109
.136
.163
.022
.030
.037
.045
.052
.060
.074
.089
.104
.119
.149
.179
.032
.043
.053
.064
.074
.085
.106
.123
.149
.170
.040
.053
.066
.079
.092
.105
.132
.158
.185
.211
.264
.316
.071
.088
.106
.141
.176
.083
2.1082
.093
2.3622
.109
2.7686
.125
3.1750
.156
3.9624
.187
4.7498
Width
in
Inches
3/4
1
1/4
5/16
3/8
7/16
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
1 1/8
1 1/4
1 1/2
1 3/4
3/8
1/2
5/8
3/4
1
1/4
5/16
3/8
7/16
1/2
9/16
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
1 1/8
1 1/4
1 3/8
1 1/2
1 3/4
2
3/8
1/2
3/4
1
3/8
7/16
1/2
5/8
3/4
1
1 1/4
1 1/2
Est. Wt.
12’ Bar
Wt. Per
Lin Ft.
Pounds
2.540
3.386
.949
1.186
1.423
1.661
1.897
2.372
2.846
3.310
3.794
4.268
4.744
5.386
6.283
1.668
2.220
2.784
3.336
4.452
1.272
1.596
1.908
2.232
2.556
2.869
3.192
3.828
4.464
5.100
5.737
6.372
7.013
7.656
8.926
10.200
2.388
3.192
4.776
6.372
2.868
3.337
3.828
4.776
5.736
7.656
9.564
11.472
.212
.282
.079
.099
.119
.138
.158
.198
.237
.277
.316
.356
.395
.449
.524
.139
.185
.232
.278
.371
.106
.133
.159
.186
.213
.239
.266
.319
.372
.425
.478
.531
.584
.638
.744
.850
.199
.266
.398
.531
.239
.278
.319
.398
.478
.636
.795
.954
NOTE – In addition to the MILL EDGED Product as above we offer Round Edging Service on all
metals – all tempers. And in odd widths up to 3” wide.
30
10/17/08
12:34 PM
Tab
Coated Merals
Page 31
10/17/08
12:34 PM
Tab
Coated Merals
Page 32
10/17/08
12:34 PM
Page 33
PRECISION STEEL®
COATED
METALS
INDEX
available in our Charlotte Service Center.
Tin Plate Facts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34-35
Electrolytic Tin Coated Steel All Tempers, Bright And Matte Finishes . . . . 36
Useful Coated Metal Facts (Comparisons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Electro Galvanized Steel Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
TOLERANCE TABLES
Long Terne, and Galvannealed Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120-122
Electro Tin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Electro Zinc Coated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
TO CONVERT POUNDS TO KILOGRAMS multiply By .4536 (pounds x .4536 = kg.)
TO CONVERT KILOGRAMS TO POUNDS multiply By 2.2046 (kg. x 2.2046 = pounds)
33
10/17/08
12:34 PM
Page 34
USEFUL TIN PLATE FACTS
BASE WEIGHT TABLE for TIN PLATE
Wt., lb. Equiv. Wt.
Per Base Lb Per
Box
Sq. Ft.
Theoretical
Thickness
Inch
Eqiv.
MM
Wt., lb. Equiv. Wt.
Per Base Lb Per
Box
Sq. Ft.
Theoretical
Thickness
Inch
Eqiv.
MM
55
60
65
70
0.2526
0.2755
0.2985
0.3214
0.0061
0.0066
0.0072
0.0077
.1549
.1676
.1829
.1956
155
168
175
180
0.7117
0.7714
0.8036
0.8265
0.0171
0.0185
0.0193
0.0198
.4343
.4699
.4902
.5029
75
80
85
90
0.3444
0.3673
0.3903
0.4133
0.0083
0.0088
0.0094
0.0099
.2108
.2235
.2388
.2515
188
195
208
210
0.8633
0.8954
0.9551
0.9643
0.0207
0.0215
0.0229
0.0231
.5258
.5461
.5817
.5867
95
100
107
112
0.4362
0.4592
0.4913
0.5143
0.0105
0.0110
0.0118
0.0123
.2667
.2794
.2997
.3124
215
228
235
240
0.9872
1.0469
1.0791
1.1020
0.0237
0.0251
0.0259
0.0264
.6020
.6375
.6579
.6706
118
128
135
139
148
0.5418
0.5878
0.6199
0.6383
0.6796
0.0130
0.0141
0.0149
0.0153
0.0163
.3302
.3581
.3785
.3886
.4140
248
255
268
270
275
1.1388
1.1709
1.2306
1.2398
1.2628
0.0273
0.0281
0.0295
0.0297
0.0303
.6934
.7137
.7493
.7544
.7696
TIN PLATE TEMPER DESIGNATIONS
Temper designations as applied to Tin Mill products are diametrically opposite to
those used to indicate the degree of hardness for Cold Rolled Strip and Sheet
Steels. To illustrate. #1 Temper (T-1) in the Tin Mill numbering system indicates a
Dead Soft condition, whereas #1 Temper as concerns C.R. Strip and Sheet
Steel indicates a Full Hard Rolled Condition. For Temper refer to definitions, in
this catalog.
34
10/17/08
12:34 PM
Page 35
USEFUL TIN PLATE FACTS
FOR REFERENCE ONLY- To avoid confusion specify Rockwell hardness.
Characteristics
Temper Aim Rockwell
53 Max. Soft for drawing
T-2
49 – 57 For Moderate
Drawing – Some
Stiffness Required T-5 CA
TU
53 – 59 Shallow Drawing
for General
Purpose with Fair T-6
Degree
of Stiffness
T-4
Approximate Only
T-1
T-3
57 – 65 For General
Purpose with
Increased
Stiffness
Characteristics
30 -T Scale
T-5
T-6 CA
61 – 69 Rephosphorized
Steel – Stiffness
to resist buckling
Approximate Only
Temper Aim Rockwell
30 -T Scale
61 – 69 Continuous
Anneal Not
Rephosphorized
67 – 73 Rephosphorized
Steel – for great
stiffness
67 – 73 Continuous
Anneal
Rephosphorized
for Great
Stiffness
DEFINITIONS
BRIGHT REFLOW FINISH – This is a bright Tin Coated thin Steel Sheet that
has been electroplated on both sides with commercially pure tin. Its high luster
tin finish results from an in-process melt and quench and is similar in appearance to the familiar hot dipped tin plate. Because of its strength, corrosion resistance, high luster and comparative low price, it finds wide acceptance for tin
cans, crown caps, bottle tops, kitchen utensils, toys, electrical and electronic
parts, etc. It is stocked by us in 1/4, 1/2, 3/4 pound and 1 pound coatings and in
a wide range of tempers.
DULL MATTE FINISH – Dull Matte Finish Electrolytic Tin Plate is in all respects
identical to Bright Reflow Tin Plate except in appearance which is grey-white
and semi-lustrous as it comes from the plating bath. It is non-toxic. This Dull
Matte Finish serves as an excellent base for paints, enamels and lithograph
applications. It can be soldered readily, formed on high speed equipment and is
relatively inexpensive. We stock this in a wide range of tempers and sizes.
BASE BOX TIN PLATE – (For reference only - our prices are based per 100
pounds.) A base box is measured in terms of pounds per base box. (112 sheets
14” x 20”) a unit peculiar to the tin plate industry and refers to thickness indirectly.
This corresponds to an area of sheet totaling 31,360 square inches of any gage
and is applied to tin plate weighing from 55 to 275 pounds per base box. TO
CONVERT weight per base box to decimal thickness multiply by .00011.
SAVE PLATING COSTS – USE PRE-COATED STEEL
35
10/17/08
12:34 PM
Page 36
PRECISION BRAND
ELECTROLYTIC
TIN COATED STEEL SLIT COILS OR FLAT SHEETS
®
PRIME COMMERCIAL
QUALITY
Meets all ASTM Standards
Tin Plate under .0149 ASTM A624
Tin Coated Sheet ASTM A 599
Listed below, we catalog the many thicknesses of Electrolytic – Tin Plate sizes
regularly stocked by us and immediately available for slitting to required widths.
This represents substantial on-hand tonnages in a wide range of tin plate tempers both in the Bright and in the Dull Matte finishes.
In Stock: Bright Reflow and/or Dull Matte Finish
Tempers from Soft Deep Draw to Stiff Temper T-5 CA. Inc’l.
Thickness
Max. Width Lbs. Per
Sq. Ft.
Thickness
Max. Width
Inches
Lbs. Per
Sq. Ft.
.0061*
.0077*
.0083*
.0088*
.1549
.1956
.2108
.2235
36
36
36
36
0.2526
0.3214
0.3444
0.3673
.0141
.0149
.016
.018
.3581
.3785
.4064
.4572
36
36
36
36
0.5878
0.6199
0.6528
0.7344
.0094*
.0099*
.0105
.0110
.2388
.2515
.2667
.2794
36
36
36
36
0.3903
0.4133
0.4362
0.4592
.020
.023
.024
.025
.5080
.5842
.6096
.6350
36
36
36
36
0.8160
0.9384
0.9792
1.0200
.0118
.0123
.0130
.0135
.2997
.3124
.3302
.3429
36
36
36
36
0.4913
0.5143
0.5418
0.5636
.030
.031
.035
.7620
.7874
.8890
36
36
36
1.2240
1.2648
1.4278
Sizes and finishes not in stock are available on special order.
* Coils only. All other sizes available in coil or cut length.
AVERAGE THICKNESS OF TIN COATING (each surface)
1/4 Pound Per Base Box 0.000015”
1 Pound Per Base Box 0.000060”
Note – HOT DIPPED Tin Coated – Special Service Cold Rolled Strip Steel in
your required sizes may be Tin Coated by the hot dipped process.
36
Appearance
EXCELLENT
POOR
Can be spot or seam welded.
EXCELLENT
Equal to forming qualities of the
base metal used.
Coating tightly adheres to surface in
forming, embossing and shallow
drawing.
12:34 PM
GOOD
Need good fluxing agent.
GOOD
Forms similar to hot dipped galvanized however, the iron-zinc
alloy may powder on the compression side when severely
formed.
EXCELLENT
base metal used.
Coating tightly adheres to surface
in forming and drawing applications.
May require different lubrication
from uncoated metals.
Type I – GOOD
Type 2 – EXCELLENT
For exterior applications.
EXCELLENT
Type 1 and Type 2
EXCELLENT
Used without further finishing for
interior parts subjected to elevated
temperatures.
Soft, Satiny Finish.
Type 1 – Sheet steel hot – dip
coated on both sides with
aluminum-silicon alloy by the
continuous method.
Type 2 – Available on special order
where atmospheric corrosion resistance is of primary importance.
Coils or cut lengths.
ALUMINIZED SHEET
10/17/08
GOOD
EXCELLENT
For long-lasting corrosion protection when painted properly.
GOOD
Used in interior auto instruments,
brackets, hinges, where some
corrosion resistance is required.
GOOD
EXCELLENT
Can be painted in the as
shipped condition. Some
applications may need a primer
before painting.
EXCELLENT
When bonderized finish is used.
Used in sign blanks and other
applications where added rust
protection is required.
NOT RECOMMENDED
Where appearance is essential.
EXCELLENT
base metal used.
in forming and drawing application
s. Self lubricating.
GOOD
Best use is for painted
applications.
GOOD
Finish generally acceptable on
interior parts.
Dull Grey.
EXCELLENT
base metal used.
in forming and drawing
applications.
Light Grey Matte Finish.
Silver Grey Matte Finish.
(Soft and Ductile) Sizes .015 to
.062. Standard Coating. Stocked in
Prime Commercial quality meets
all AlSl standards.
Other tempers available upon
request. Coils or cut lengths.
GOOD
Used in automotive gas tanks,
roofing shingles, etc.
Carbon Sheet Steel with a zinc
coating both sides that has been
heat treated to form an iron-zinc
alloy layer underneath the zinc
and on top of steel.
SHEET Standard commercial
quality coat, plain or bonderized.
Will not flake or peel under the
most severe forming or drawing
operations. Sizes from .010 to
.062. Available in coils or cut
lengths. All tempers.
FAIR
Used on interior parts not subject
to weathering or excessive
moisture.
GALVANNEALED
ELECTRO GALVANIZED SHEET
LONG TERNE STEEL SHEET
GOOD
Paint usually not required.
Bright Reflow or Dull Matte Finish
.
EXCELLENT
Because of bright, shiny surface
used in manufacture of toys,
kitchen utensils, etc.
STEEL 1/4 lb., 1/2 lb., 3/4 lb.
and 1 lb. coated. Soft and Deep
draw quality – also Aluminum
killed, 1/4 hard and 1/2 hard in
many gages. Size Range .005 to
.035 up to 37” wide.
ELECTROLYTIC TIN
COATED STEEL
GOOD
Particularly in matte finish,
accepts paint well. Bright finish
can be color coated with Gold or
Brass to simulate plated finish.
Paintability
Forming
Qualities
Solderability
Corrosion
Resistance
Page 37
37
10/17/08
12:34 PM
Page 38
PRECISION BRAND
ELECTRO
GALVANIZED SHEET SLIT COILS OR FLAT SHEETS
®
PRIME COMMERCIAL
QUALITY
Meets all ASTM Standards
All Tempers Available
DEEP DRAW
1/4 HARD
1/2 HARD
FULL HARD
This is a Standard Commercial Quality Electro Galvanized Steel Sheet which
has been electrolytically zinc coated in coils by modern methods. Its zinc coating is so completely bonded to the base metal that it will not flake or peel under
the most severe forming or drawing operations. It is available with a plain commercial finish where further processing is not required or bonderized for enameled, lacquered or painted parts. This listing represents substantial on hand tonnages available for immediate coil slitting to your widths for press feeding or for
processing to your exact blank sizes or multiples.
COILS – CUT LENGTHS – FLAT SHEETS
Bonderized or Plain
Thickness
Dec. Inches
Equiv. MM
.010
.012
.013
.014
.015
.018
.020
.025
.028
.030
.032
.035
.042
.048
.050
.060
.062
.065
.074
38
.2540
.3048
.3302
.3556
.3810
.4572
.5080
.6350
.7112
.7620
.8128
.8890
1.0668
1.2192
1.2700
1.5240
1.5748
1.6510
1.8796
Max. Width
Inches
Lbs. Per
Sq. Ft.
36
36
36
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
0.4080
0.4896
0.5304
0.5712
0.6120
0.7344
0.8160
1.0200
1.1424
1.2240
1.3056
1.4280
1.7136
1.9584
2.0400
2.4480
2.5296
2.6520
3.0192
10/17/08
12:34 PM
Tab
Spring Steels
Page 39
10/17/08
12:34 PM
Tab
Spring Steels
Page 40
10/17/08
12:34 PM
Page 41
PRECISION STEEL®
SPRING
STEEL
INDEX
Suggested Heat Treatments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
50 Carbon C.R. Annealed Spring Steel Strip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Special Temper High Carbon Spring Steel Strip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
AISI-SAE 4130 Heat-Treatable Alloy Strip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
1074/1075 Tempered Scaleless Spring Steel Strip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
TOLERANCE TABLES
C.R. Carbon Spring Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126-128
41
42
“
“
“
“
“
“
“
400o F.
600o F.
700o F.
800o F.
900o F.
1000o F.
1100o F.
1200o F.
Rc
Rc
Rc
Rc
Rc
Rc
Rc
52
45
39
35
31
27
22
250,000
210,000
180,000
160,000
139,000
124,000
112,000
Rc
Rc
Rc
Rc
Rc
Rc
Rc
Rc
57
50
46
42
39
35
28
22
295,000
240,000
215,000
190,000
180,000
160,000
125,000
112,000
Rc
Rc
Rc
Rc
Rc
Rc
Rc
Rc
59
53
47
44
40
36
32
26
Rockwell
305,000
255,000
230,000
205,000
182,000
162,000
140,000
122,000
Tensile PSI
Rc
Rc
Rc
Rc
Rc
Rc
Rc
Rc
62
55
49
45
41
38
34
30
Rockwell
320,000
270,000
238,000
212,000
189,000
176,000
155,000
138,000
Tensile PSI
Rc 66
1440O – 1475O F.
1400O – 1500O F.
1550O – 1650O F.
AISI - 1095 - SAE
10/17/08
12:34 PM
*The proper drawing range and time cycles should be determined by experiment calculated to develop those properties best suited for intended end usage.
SPECIAL NOTE – These temperature ranges and their resultant values are given as information only and not to be followed without experimentation. However, as these steels are held
to close uniformity tolerances little difficulty should be experienced.
“
“
“
“
“
“
“
*Drawing Temp.
Tensile PSI
Rc 64
Rc 62
Rc 58
Rockwell
1475O – 1550O F.
1475O – 1550O F.
1500O – 1550O F.
Hardening Temperature
Tensile PSI
1400O – 1500O F.
1400O – 1500O F.
1400O – 1500O F.
Annealing Temperature
Rockwell
1550O – 1650O F.
1550O – 1650O F.
1550O – 1650O F.
Normalizing Temperature
As Oil Quenched
AISI - 1074 - SAE
AISI - 1065 - SAE
AISI - 1050 - SAE
Formed Springs
Requiring Heat Treatment
FOR HEAT TREATABLE GRADES OF HIGH CARBON STRIP STEELS
SUGGESTED HEAT TREATMENTS
Page 42
10/17/08
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Page 43
PRECISION BRAND COLD ROLLED
ANNEALED
SPRING STEEL “50 CARBON”
®
AISI 1050
ASTM A 684
Soft Annealed
Spheroidized Structure
Analysis
C
.48/.55
MN
.60/.90
P
.030 Max.
S
.035 Max.
FIFTY CARBON, COLD ROLLED ANNEALED STRIP STEEL – A quality product
manufactured expressly for us to rigid quality standards for the purpose of greatest
uniformity with Rockwell held to the medium or low side of range. It can be easily
formed, blanked, shaped or slightly drawn, heat treated, hardened and tempered.
Used for flat springs, coiled springs, spring latches, prong lock washers, etc.
We Can Slit – Roller Level – Cut To Length – or Round Edge by Filing or Edge Rolling
ROCKWELL Approx. B84 Max.
Thickness
Max. Width
Lbs. Per
Sq. Ft.
Thickness
Max. Width
Inches
Lbs. Per
Sq. Ft.
.010
.012
.013
.014
.2540
.3048
.3302
.3556
2315⁄16
2315⁄16
2315⁄16
2315⁄16
.4080
.4896
.5304
.5712
.048
.050
.058
.060
1.2192
1.2700
1.4732
1.5240
48
48
48
48
1.9582
2.0400
2.3644
2.4480
.015
.016
.017
.018
.020
.3810
.4064
.4318
.4572
.5080
48
48
48
48
48
.6120
.6528
.6935
.7344
.8160
.062
.065
.072
.074
.078
1.5748
1.6510
1.8288
1.8796
1.9812
48
48
48
48
48
2.5296
2.6517
2.9376
3.0192
3.1824
.022
.025
.028
.030
.032
.5588
.6350
.7112
.7620
.8128
48
48
48
48
48
.8976
1.0200
1.1424
1.2240
1.3056
.083
.090
.093
.109
.125
2.1082
2.2860
2.3622
2.7686
3.1750
48
48
48
48
48
3.3860
3.6720
3.7944
4.4467
5.1000
.035
.040
.042
.8890
1.0160
1.0668
48
48
48
1.4280
1.6320
1.7136
.134
.156
.187
3.4036
3.9624
4.7498
48
48
48
5.4666
6.3641
7.6287
To Estimate Steel Weights
Wt. per blank (T x W x L) .2833
Coil Weights per inch of width (OD2 – ID2) .2223 Wt. per lin. ft. (T x W) 3.4
Suggested Rockwell Tests • B Scale for .040 and Thicker • 30T Scale for .025 to .039 • 15T Scale
for .024 to .010. All sizes available in coil or cut length.
43
10/17/08
12:34 PM
Page 44
ANNEALED
®
Soft Annealed
Analysis
C
.70/.80
MN
.50/.80
P
.030 Max.
S
.035 Max.
SEVENTY-FOUR CARBON, COLD ROLLED ANNEALED STRIP STEEL is an
excellent choice for an all purpose Spring Steel Strip. It is of fine grain structure,
has been completely spheroidized with Rockwell held to the medium or low side
of range. Can be easily formed and heat treated – substantial tonnages stocked in
an unusually wide thickness range available for immediate processing to widths
as required. Manufactured expressly for us to highest quality standards.
We Can Slit – Roller Level – Cut to Length – or Round Edge by Filing or Edge Rolling
Thickness
Max. Width
Lbs. Per
Sq. Ft.
.008*
.010
.012
.013
.014
.2032
.2540
.3048
.3302
.3556
23
23
23
23
23
.015
.016
.018
.020
.022
.3810
.4064
.4572
.5080
.5588
48
48
48
48
48
.6120
.6528
.7344
.8160
.8976
.025
.028
.030
.031
.032
.6350
.7112
.7620
.7874
.8128
48
48
48
48
48
1.0200
1.1424
1.2240
1.2648
1.3056
.035
.040
.042
.8890
1.0160
1.0668
48
48
48
1.4280
1.6320
1.7136
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
15⁄16
.3264
.4080
.4896
.5304
.5712
Thickness
Max. Width
Inches
Lbs. Per
Sq. Ft.
.045
.048
.050
.058
.060
.062
.065
.072
.075
.077
.078
1.1430
1.2192
1.2700
1.4732
1.5240
1.5748
1.6510
1.8288
1.9050
1.9558
1.9812
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
1.8360
1.9584
2.0400
2.3644
2.4480
2.5296
2.6520
2.9376
3.0600
3.1412
3.1824
.083
.093
.094
.095
.109
2.1082
2.3622
2.3876
2.4130
2.7686
48
48
48
48
48
3.3864
3.7944
3.8361
3.8760
4.4472
.125
.134
.156
.187
3.1750
3.4036
3.9624
4.7498
48
48
48
48
5.1000
5.4672
6.3648
7.6296
for .024 to .010. *Coils only. All other sizes available in coil or cut lengths.
ORDER FROM THE HOUSE THAT CATERS TO THE SPRING TRADE
44
10/17/08
12:34 PM
Page 45
ANNEALED
®
Soft Annealed
Analysis
C
.90/1.03
MN
.30/.50
P
.030 Max.
S
.035 Max.
NINETY-FIVE CARBON, COLD ROLLED ANNEALED STRIP STEEL is the
very finest of commercial quality (standard grade) High Carbon Spring Steel
Strip available. It has been manufactured expressly for us to rigid quality standards for the purpose of greatest uniformity. It is of fine grain structure, has been
completely spheroidized with Rockwell held to the medium or low side of range.
Can be easily formed, blanked or shaped, heat treated, hardened and tempered. Intended for springs or other applications such as mechanical springs,
computer parts, saw blades, scrappers, etc. – Large tonnages stocked in all
sizes.
Thickness
Max. Width
Lbs. Per
Sq. Ft.
Thickness
Max. Width
Inches
Lbs. Per
Sq. Ft.
.008*
.010
.012
.015
.016
.2032
.2540
.3048
.3810
.4064
23 15⁄16
23 15⁄16
23 15⁄16
23 15⁄16
23 15⁄16
.3264
.4080
.4896
.6120
.6523
.040
.042
.050
.058
.062
1.0160
1.0668
1.2700
1.4732
1.5748
23 15⁄16
23 15⁄16
23 15⁄16
23 15⁄16
23 15⁄16
1.6320
1.7136
2.0400
2.3664
.018
.020
.022
.025
.028
.4572
.5080
.5588
.6350
.7112
23 15⁄16
23 15⁄16
23 15⁄16
23 15⁄16
23 15⁄16
.7344
.8160
.8976
1.0200
1.1424
.065
.072
.093
.109
.125
1.6510
1.8288
2.3622
2.7686
3.1750
23 15⁄16
23 15⁄16
23 15⁄16
23 15⁄16
23 15⁄16
2.6520
2.9376
3.7944
4.4472
5.1000
.030
.032
.035
.7620
.8128
.8890
23 15⁄16
23 15⁄16
23 15⁄16
1.2240
1.3056
1.4280
for .024 to .010. *Coils only. All other sizes available in coil or cut lengths.
45
10/17/08
12:34 PM
Page 46
PRECISION BRAND® SPRING STEEL STRIP
SPECIAL TEMPER
High Carbon
AISI 1075
Analysis
C
MN
P
S
.68/.90
.60/.90
.040 Max.
.050 Max.
With its Rockwell at approximately C40 and tensile strength at 200,000 PSI
minimum this SPECIAL TEMPER SPRING STEEL STRIP has been produced
to fill a need between Annealed and Tempered Spring Steel. It is lower in cost
than Tempered, it does not require hardening after forming and can be used for
flat spring clips and other parts where warpage in heat treatment is a problem.
Stress relief is not recommended or required. The formability of this material is
good for the Rockwell range, performance, and fatigue life compares very favorably with that of Black Oil Tempered Spring Steel of the same hardness. The
flatness of this material does not compare with that of Tempered Spring Steel
but may have a “coil set” similar to that found in Type 302 Full Hard Stainless.
Sold only on approval of samples.
ROCKWELL Approx. C40 Min.
Also available C37 – 40 and C33 – 37
Thickness
Max. Width
Inches
Lbs. Per
Sq. Ft.
.010
.012
.015
.018
.2540
.3048
.3810
.4572
24
24
24
24
.4080
.4896
.6120
.7344
.020
.025
.031
.035
.5080
.6350
.7874
.8890
24
24
24
24
.8160
1.0200
1.2648
1.4280
.042
.050
.062
1.0668
1.2700
1.5748
24
24
24
1.7136
2.0400
2.5296
We would be happy to supply this same quality direct
from Mill – Minimum quanities 6,000 to 10,000 lbs.
Suggested Rockwell Tests • C Scale for .025 and thicker • 30N Scale for .015 to .024 • 15N
Scale for .007 to 014. Note – Most Gauges carried in C40 Min. Hardness.
46
10/17/08
12:34 PM
Page 47
PRECISION BRAND® SPHEROIDIZED-SOFT
4130 ALLOY STRIP
AISI SAE 4130
AIRCRAFT QUALITY
AMS Spec. 6350 and
6351 Cond. A
Analysis
C
.28/.33 Si .20/.35
Mn
.40/.60 Cr .80/1.10
P .025 Max. Mo .15/.25
S .025 Max.
COILS or LENGTHS
This HEAT-TREATABLE LOW ALLOY C.R. STRIP STEEL is available from
warehouse and mill. It is rolled to close tolerances and in widths of 20” to 24”.
Thickness
Max. Width
Inches
Lbs. Per
Sq. Ft.
.025
.031
.042
.050
.6350
.7874
1.0668
1.2700
24
24
24
24
1.0200
1.2648
1.7136
2.0400
.058
.062
.074
.078
.093
1.4732
1.5748
1.8796
1.9812
2.3622
24
24
24
24
24
2.3664
2.5296
3.0192
3.1824
3.7944
Note-We will be glad to stock this Type 4130 in other thicknesses and other tempers depending
on usage.
for .024 to .015.
For Quality Spring Steel Strip
Insist on Precision Brand ® Products
47
10/17/08
12:34 PM
Page 48
PRECISION BRAND® SPRING STEEL STRIP
1074-1075 TEMPERED
SCALELESS
SPRING STEEL STRIP
CARBON – .70/.80
ROCKWELL – C44/47
COILS or LENGTHS
TOPS IN ITS CLASS. This Tempered Spring Steel Strip looks and acts much like
Blue Tempered. The difference being that Scaleless Tempered is of medium high
carbon, has been tempered and has better forming qualities. With a Rockwell of
C44 to C47 it finds a strong demand from the makers of mechanical springs and
where the full quality of Blue Tempered at .90 to 1.03 carbon and a polished surface is not needed. Used for snap springs, lock springs, hold down springs, trap
springs and countless other applications.
Scaleless Tempered is available in widths from .187 up to 12.375 with a standard
mill rolled edge, filed edge
or a slit edge.
Standard gauges available .008 up to .062 in stock with the occasional exception
of those items "not in demand" but promptly available from the mill. Your inquiries
are welcome
48
10/17/08
12:34 PM
Tab
Stainless Steel
Page 49
10/17/08
12:34 PM
Tab
Stainless Steel
Page 50
10/17/08
12:34 PM
Page 51
PRECISION STEEL®
STAINLESS
STEEL
INDEX
CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
TYPE 301 1/4 Hard, 1/2 Hard, 3/4 Hard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53-55
TYPE 301 Full Hard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
TYPE 301 Extra Hard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
TYPE 302 Annealed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
TYPE 302 1/4 Hard, 1/2 Hard, 3/4 Hard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59-61
TYPE 302 Full Hard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
TYPE 304 Annealed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
TYPE 305 Annealed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
TYPE 316 Annealed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
TYPE 321 Annealed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
17/7-PH Conditions A and C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67-68
TYPE 410 Annealed, Pre-Tempered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69-70
TYPE 420 Annealed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
TYPE 430 Annealed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
TOLERANCE TABLES
Stainless and Heat Resisting Cold Rolled Strip Steels . . . . . . . . . . . 132-133
51
52
19500F
21500F
18500F
20000F
18500F
20000F
B88 Max.
14000F
15000F
B88 Max.
22% Min.
35,000
Min.
30,000
Min.
65,000
Min.
1 % Min. 20% Min.
175,000
Min.
200,000
Min.
15000F
16500F
C40-45
180,000
Approx.
200,000
Approx.
Annealed Tempered
B-92 Max. C-41 Min. B95 Max
20% Min.
55,000
Max.
150,000
Max.
Cond.C
For Stainless Type Descriptions and their respective characteristics refer to “TYPE CHARACTERISTICS” this section.
NOTE - Is temper a problem? We cannot tell you what temper of Stainless to use. This will depend on the degree of forming or the nature of drawing required to
do the job at hand. If you do have a problem, however, call on us. Our representative will be happy to help you select the proper material for your needs.
Solution Annealing. Cool
Rapidly from Deg. F.
Tensile Test only
40% Min.
30,000
Min.
65,000
Min.
75,000
Min.
Cond. A
11.50/13.50
0.030
0.040
1.00
1.00
0.15
Type 410
12:34 PM
19250F
20750F
B87 Max.
C40/45
B87 Max.
Rockwell (Approx.)
40% Min.
2% Min.
40% Min.
40% Min.
Elongation in 2” %
30,000
Min.
Annealed
Annealed
0.75/1.50
6.50/7.75
16.00/18.00
0.030
0.040
1.00
1.00
0.09
17-7PH
Aero. MtI. Spec.
10/17/08
8% Min.
140,000
Min.
30,000
Min.
140,000
Min.
30,000
Min.
75,000
Min.
Yield Strength
Offset: 0.2% PSI.
170,000
Min.
75,000
Min.
185,000
Min.
Tensile Strength PSI
Annealed
75,000
Min.
Full
Hard
Full
Hard
Annealed
MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES
Annealed
10.50/13.00
8.00/10.50
8.00/10.00
6.00/8.00
Ni
AL
0.030
16.00/18.00
0.030
17.00/19.00
0.030
0.040
.040
.040
0.045
18.00/20.00
0.030
S-Max.
1.00
.750
.750
.750
0.030
.040
P-Max.
1.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
17.00/19.00
.750
Si-Max.
0.12
0.12
0.08
0.15
16.00/18.00
2.00
Type 430
Type 305
Type 304
Type 302
CR
0.15
Mn-Max.
Type 301
C-Max.
CHEMICAL
COMPOSITION
STAINLESS TYPES-CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS AND
TYPICAL MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Page 52
10/17/08
12:34 PM
Page 53
PRECISION BRAND® C.R. STAINLESS STEEL STRIP
TYPE 301 • 1/4 HARD
AISI 301
ASTM A 666
AMS 5517
Analysis
C .15 Max. S
.030 Max.
Mn 2.00 Max. Cr 16.00/18.00
Si .750 Max. Ni 6.00/8.00
P .040 Max.
QUARTER HARD COLD ROLLED TYPE 301 – (chrome-nickel) Stainless Steel
Strip. This is one of the group of five different tempers stocked by us in this alloy.
This quarter hard temper is used in many ways for light drawing, stretching and
forming operations where heat and corrosion resistant properties are required. It
possesses greater ductility and elongation than its counterparts Types 302 and
304 but work hardens much more rapidly. At 1/4 Hard, Type 301 develops a tensile strength of 125,000 PSI minimum, a minimum yield strength of 75,000 PSI
and elongation in 2 inches of 25% minimum.
Some Gauges Available Up To 48 Wide
Thickness
Max. Width
.004
.008
.010
.012
.015
.018
.020
.022
.025
.028
.1016
.2032
.2540
.3048
.3810
.4572
.5080
.5588
.6350
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
Lbs. Per
Sq. Ft.
.1670
.3340
.4176
.5011
.6264
.7517
.8352
.9187
1.0440
Thickness
Max. Width
Lbs. Per
Sq. Ft.
.031
.035
.042
.050
.060
.062
.078
.109
.125
To Estimate Type 301 Weights-Weight per Blank (T x W x L) .29
Factor-Steel Weight x 1.024-Weight per Lin. Ft. (T x W) 3.48
This temper is not specified to Rockwell hardness-but to tensile strength and elongation.
TYPE 301 CHARACTERISTICS
TYPE 301 – (chrome-nickel) Austenitic. The chemistry of this alloy permits cold
working to the ideal combination of mechanical properties desired for springs. To
illustrate; in the Full Hard condition, it will maintain a minimum of 9% elongation
in 2” as compared with Type 302 Full Hard at 2% approximately. This retained
elongation on the part of 301 accounts for its great hardness, toughness and
superior fatigue life in the finished part. In addition, it possesses a high strengthto-weight ratio. Type 301 work hardens excessively – For this reason its general
demand is in the harder tempers. It is not heat-treatable for hardening purposes,
is non-magnetic as annealed but slightly magnetic following cold working. Type
301 possesses good heat and corrosion resistance and welds easily. To solution
anneal, cool rapidly in air or water from about 20000 F.
53
10/17/08
12:35 PM
Page 54
AISI 301
ASTM A 666
AMS 5518
Analysis
C
.15 Max. S
.030 Max.
Mn 2.00 Max. Cr 16.00/18.00
Si .750 Max. Ni 6.00/8.00
P .040 Max.
HALF HARD COLD ROLLED – This Type 301 – (chrome-nickel) Stainless Strip
has been produced to meet a need for an in-between forming Quality Strip within a hardness range calling for minimum tensile and yield strengths at 150,000
PSI and 110,000 PSI respectively with elongation in 2 inches at 15-18%. Its
ductility and elongation are superior to Types 302 and 304, but it work hardens
much more rapidly.
Thickness
.004*
.005*
.008*
.010
.012
.0135
.015
.018
.020
.023
.025
.028
.031
.035
.038
.042
.048
.050
.0585
.062
.1016
.1270
.2032
.2540
.3048
.3449
.3810
.4572
.5080
.5842
.6350
.7112
.7874
.8890
.9652
1.0668
1.2192
1.2700
1.4859
1.5748
Max. Width
Inches
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
Lbs. Per
Sq. Ft.
.1670
.2088
.3342
.4176
.5011
.5638
.6264
.7517
.8352
.9605
1.0440
1.1693
1.2946
1.4616
1.5869
1.7539
2.0045
2.0880
2.4430
2.5891
To Estimate Type 301 Weights - Weight per Blank (T x W x L) .29
Factor-Steel Weight x 1.024 - Weight per Lin. Ft. (T x W) 3.48
This temper is not specified to Rockwell Hardness – but to tensile strength and elongation.
*Coils only. All other sizes available in coil or cut lengths.
54
10/17/08
12:35 PM
Page 55
AISI 301
ASTM A 666
AMS 5902
Analysis
C
.15 Max. S
.030 Max.
Mn 2.00 Max. Cr 16.00/18.00
Si .750 Max. Ni
6.00/8.00
P .040 Max.
THREE QUARTER HARD COLD ROLLED – This temper in Type 301 (chromenickel) Stainless Strip differs from our other Type 301 stainless strip steels only
to the degree to which it has been hard cold rolled to its 3/4 hard condition. Its
minimum tensile and minimum yield strengths are cataloged at 175,000 PSI and
135,000 PSI respectively with elongation in 2 inches at 10 – 12%. Like all Type
301 Stainless Steels it possesses great hardness and toughness. Although it
work hardens much more rapidly than the other Austenitic Stainless Steels, this
very property makes it altogether suitable for many applications.
Thickness
Max. Width
Inches
Lbs. Per
Sq. Ft.
.010
.012
.015
.016
.2540
.3048
.3810
.4064
24
24
24
24
.4176
.5011
.6264
.6682
.020
.025
.030
.032
.5080
.6350
.7620
.8128
24
24
24
24
.8352
1.0440
1.2528
1.3363
.036
.044
.062
.9144
1.1176
1.5748
24
24
24
1.5034
1.8374
2.5891
Weight Factor - Steel Weight x 1.024
To Estimate Type 301 Weights-Weight per blank (T x W x L) .29
Weight per blank (T x W) 3.48
This temper is not specified to Rockwell hardness – but to tensile strength and elongation.
55
10/17/08
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Page 56
TYPE 301 • FULL HARD
AlSl 301
ASTM A 666
AMS 5519
Analysis
C .15 Max. S .030 Max.
Mn 2.00 Max. Cr 16.00/18.00
Si .750 Max. Ni 6.00/8.00
P .040 Max.
FULL HARD COLD ROLLED – Type 301 – (chrome-nickel) Stainless Steel
permits cold working to the ideal combination of mechanical properties desired
for springs. Its unique combination of hardness and toughness makes for better
forming quality in this Full Hard Temper plus increased fatigue life in the finished
spring. In this temper, it develops an approximate minimum tensile strength of
185,000 PSI and 140,000 PSI yield strength with elongation in 2 inches at 8%
to 9% minimum.
Thickness
.005*
.0055
.006*
.007*
.0075
.008*
.010
.012
.013
.015
.016
.018
.020
.022
.025
.028
.031
.035
.042
.050
.062
.1270
.1397
.1524
.1778
.1905
.2032
.2540
.3048
.3302
.3810
.4064
.4572
.5080
.5588
.6350
.7112
.7874
.8890
1.0668
1.2700
1.5748
Max. Width
Inches
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
Lbs. Per
Sq. Ft.
.2088
.2297
.2506
.2923
.3132
.3342
.4176
.5011
.5429
.6264
.6682
.7517
.8352
.9187
1.0440
1.1693
1.2946
1.4616
1.7539
2.0880
2.5891
To Estimate Type 301 Weights – Weight per Blank (T x W x L) .29
Factor-Steel Weight x 1.024 – Weight per Lin. Ft. (T X W) 3.48
This temper is not specifed to Rockwell hardness-but to tensile strength and elongation.
56
*Coils only. All other sizes available In coil or cut lengths.
10/17/08
12:35 PM
Page 57
TYPE 301 • EXTRA HARD
AlSl 301 Chemistry Only
Analysis
C
.15 Max. S .030 Max.
Mn 2.00 Max. Cr 16.00/18.00
Si .750 Max. Ni 6.00/8.00
P .040 Max.
EXTRA HARD COLD ROLLED – Type 301 – (chrome-nickel) Stainless Steel
Strip has been stocked to meet the demand for exceptionally high strength and
where a high strength-to-weight ratio is desired and good corrosion and heat
resistance are necessary. Type 301 excels Type 302 in its high strength due to
its lower nickel content causing it to work harden more rapidly. Its principal use
is for mechanical springs and parts where exceptional hardness and toughness
are required.
COMPLETE FACILITIES For Slitting – Length Cutting – Blanking
ROCKWELL C45/50 - Tensile 200,000 PSI Min.
Thickness
Max. Width
Inches
Lbs. Per
Sq. Ft.
.008*
.010
.012
.015
.2032
.2540
.3048
.3810
24
24
24
24
.3342
.4176
.5011
.6264
.018
.020
.025
.031
.4572
.5080
.6350
.7874
24
24
24
24
.7517
.8352
1.0440
1.2946
To Estimate Type 301 Weights-Weight per Blank (T x W x L) .29
Factor-Steel Weight x 1.024-Weight per Lin. Ft. (T x W) 3.48
Use Rockwell Hardness Tests for this Temper.
57
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12:35 PM
Page 58
TYPE 302 • SOFT ANNEALED AND SKIN PASSED
AlSl 302
ASTM A 240
ASTM A 666
AMS 5516
Analysis
C .15 Max. S .030 Max.
Mn 2.00 Max. Cr 17.00/19.00
Si .750 Max. Ni 8.00/10.00
P .040 Max.
SOFT and DUCTILE – Type 302 (18/8 chrome-nickel) Stainless Steel Strip. This is the
BASIC and most widely used of all the Chrome-Nickel steels. It is recognized as the best
all purpose drawing and forming quality type in this stainless group with mechanical and
forming qualities intermediate to Types 301 and 304. Type 302 offers the benefits and
avoids the shortcomings of both of these types. Note – Deep Drawing and Extra Deep
Drawing qualities are available but only as negotiated to meet special requirements. Type
302 applications are wide and various including formed products, drawn parts, flexible
metal hose, household appliances, certain spinning operations, tubing and countless other
stainless fabricated parts.
ROCKWELL B87 MAX.
Thickness
Max. Width
.005*
.006*
.007*
.008*
.010
.012
.015
.018
.020
.024
.025
.028
.031
.032
.035
.037
.1270
.1524
.1778
.2032
.2540
.3048
.3810
.4572
.5080
.6096
.6350
.7112
.7874
.8128
.8890
.9398
24
24
24
24
24
24
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
Lbs. Per
Sq. Ft.
.2088
.2506
.2923
.3342
.4176
.5011
.6264
.7517
.8352
1.0022
1.0440
1.1693
1.2946
1.3363
1.4616
1.5451
Thickness
Max. Width
Inches
.040
.042
.048
.049
.050
.058
.060
.062
.065
.075
.078
.090
.094
.100
.105
.125
1.0160
1.0668
1.2192
1.2446
1.2700
1.4732
1.5240
1.5748
1.6510
1.9050
1.9812
2.2860
2.3876
2.5400
2.6670
3.1750
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
Lbs. Per
Sq. Ft.
1.6704
1.7539
2.0045
2.0462
2.0880
2.4221
2.5056
2.5891
2.7144
3.1320
3.2573
3.7584
3.9254
4.1760
4.3848
5.2200
To Estimate Type 302 Weights-Weight per Blank T x W x L) .29
Factor – Steel Weight x 1.024 – Weight per Lin. Ft. (T x W) 3.48
Rockwell values for Nickel Bearing Stainless are not altogether reliable and only approximate.
* Coils only. All other sizes available in coil or cut lengths.
TYPE 302 (18/8 chrome-nickel) Austenitic. This type differs but little from its companion
Alloy Type 301. However, the slight increase in Chromium and Nickel contents in Type 302
over 301 develops marked changes in its mechanical properties and in its forming behavior. Type 302 work hardens much less rapidly than does Type 301 but with strength and
toughness second only to 301. It possesses excellent heat and corrosion resistance and
welds easily. To solution anneal, cool rapidly in air or water from about 20000 F. It is not
heat treatable for hardening purposes and is slightly magnetic following cold working. We
stock Type 302 in five different tempers – Soft to Full Hard inclusive. Note – We do not
guarantee mechanical properties on Type 302 tempers. We do for Type 301.
58
11/3/08
12:49 PM
Page 59
AMS 5903 Chemistry Only
Analysis
C
.15 Max. S .030 Max.
Mn 2.00 Max. Cr 17.00/19.00
Si .750 Max. Ni 8.00/10.00
P .040 Max.
QUARTER HARD COLD ROLLED TYPE 302 (18/8 chrome-nickel) Stainless
Steel Strip. At C25 – 30 this quarter hard temper differs from Soft Temper Type
302 Stainless Strip Steel ONLY in its hardness. This added hardness or stiffness
makes it possible to use in place of somewhat thicker material in numerous
applications. It can be stamped, blanked, formed and lightly drawn. It does not
work harden as quickly as Type 301. Note – We do not guarantee mechanical
properties for Type 302 in Tempers. We do for Type 301.
ROCKWELL C25/30 APPROX.
Thickness
Max. Width
Inches
Lbs. Per
Sq. Ft.
.010
.012
.015
.018
.020
.2540
.3048
.3810
.4572
.5080
24
24
24
24
24
.4176
.5011
.6264
.7517
.8352
.025
.031
.045
.048
.062
.6350
.7874
1.1430
1.2192
1.5748
24
24
24
24
24
1.0440
1.2946
1.8792
2.0045
2.5891
Slit Coils or Cut to Lengths
To estimate Type 302 weights – weight per blank (T x W x L) .29
weight per Lin. Ft. (T x W) 3.48
59
10/17/08
12:35 PM
Page 60
Analysis
C .15 Max. S .030 Max.
Mn 2.00 Max. Cr 17.00/19.00
Si .750 Max. Ni 8.00/10.00
P .040 Max.
HALF HARD Cold Rolled Type 302 (18/8 chrome-nickel) Stainless Steel Strip.
This temper has been accurately cold rolled to its half hard condition (Rockwell –
approx. C30-35) ready for stamping, blanking or forming. Its higher nickel
content causes it to work harden less rapidly than Type 301 and its higher
percentage of chromium makes for greater corrosion and heat resistance.
(Note – The AISI Stainless Manual does not show tensile, yield or elongation for
this temper.) We stock the Half Hard temper in both Type 302 and Type 301. Your
choice will depend on the nature of the job at hand and its specifications.
ROCKWEILL C30/35 APPROX.
Thickness
Max. Width
Inches
Lbs. Per
Sq. Ft.
.006*
.008*
.010
.012
.015
.1524
.2032
.2540
.3048
.3810
24
24
24
24
24
.2506
.3342
.4176
.5011
.6264
.018
.020
.025
.031
.4572
.5080
.6350
.7874
24
24
24
24
.7517
.8352
1.0440
1.2946
To estimate Type 302 weights-weight per blank (T x W x L) .29
60
10/17/08
12:35 PM
Page 61
Analysis
C
.15 Max. S .030 Max.
Mn 2.00 Max. Cr 17.00/19.00
Si .750 Max. Ni 8.00/10.00
P .040 Max.
THREE QUARTER HARD Cold Rolled Type 302 (18/8 chrome-nickel) Stainless
Steel Strip at C-35/40. Due to demand this temper is stocked alongside of its
3/4 Hard counterpart in Type 301. Both have their place in the Austenitic family
of hard rolled tempers. The 302 is characterized as possessing somewhat less
hardness, toughness, elongation and spring back but easier to form. Also Type
302 possesses greater heat and corrosion resistance. Your choice will depend
on the degree of forming required to do the job at hand or to the specifications.
If you have temper problems, we invite your inquiries. We will be happy to help
you select the proper material for your needs. Note – The AISI Stainless Manual
does not show tensile, yield or elongation for Type 302.
Thickness
.015
.020
.025
.031
.3810
.5080
.6350
.7874
Max. Width
Inches
Lbs. Per
Sq. Ft.
24
24
24
24
.6264
.8352
1.0440
1.2946
Complete Facilities For Slitting – Shearing
Length Cutting – Blanking and Deburring
To estimate Type 302 weights-weight per blank (T x W x L) .29
61
11/3/08
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Page 62
TYPE 302 • FULL HARD
Analysis
C .15 Max. S .030 Max.
Mn 2.00 Max. Cr 17.00/19.00
Si .750 Max. Ni 8.00/10.00
P .040 Max.
FULL HARD COLD ROLLED – Type 302 (18/8 chrome-nickel) Stainless Steel
Strip at C-40/45. Note –The AISI Stainless Manual does not show tensile, yield
or elongation for Type 302. This is the most often used temper in the Type 302
grade. Wide application for spring clips, washers, retainers, etc. We stock a full
range of sizes in this temper.
COMPLETE FACILITIES for Slitting – Shearing – Length Cutting – Blanking
and Deburring
Thickness
Max. Width
Inches
Lbs. Per
Sq. Ft.
.002*
.003*
.004*
.005*
.006*
.0508
.0762
.1016
.1270
.1524
24
24
24
24
24
.0835
.1253
.1670
.2088
.2506
.007*
.008*
.009*
.010
.012
.1778
.2032
.2286
.2540
.3048
24
24
24
24
24
.2923
.3342
.3758
.4176
.5011
.015
.018
.020
.025
.031
.3810
.4572
.5080
.6350
.7874
24
24
24
24
24
.6264
.7517
.8352
1.0440
1.2946
To estimate weights – weight per blank (T x W x L) .29
62
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Page 63
TYPE 304 • SOFT ANNEALED SKIN PASSED
AlSl 304
ASTM A 240/666
AMS 5513
Analysis
C .08 Max. S .030 Max.
Mn 2.00 Max. Cr 18.00/20.00
Si .750 Max. Ni 8.00/10.50
P .040 Max.
SOFT and DUCTILE – This type 304 (18/8 chrome-nickel) Stainless Steel Strip differs from Type 302 only in its low carbon content and in its slight increase in the
chrome and nickel percentages. It has a high degree of ductility, excellent drawing,
forming and spinning properties. Type 304 is used extensively in the chemical, refrigeration, paper and food processing industries. Also for bellows, flexible metal hose,
spinning, tubing and numerous other stainless applications. Like Type 302, Type 304
finds its larger demand in the soft tempers. In its annealed condition the tensile
strength is listed at approximately 75,000 PSI minimum and its yield strength at
approximately 30,000 PSI minimum with approximate elongation in 2 inches at 40%
ROCKWELL B87 MAX.
Thickness
Max. Width
Lbs. Per
Sq. Ft.
.005*
.006*
.007*
.008*
.010
.012
.015
.018
.020
.022
.025
.028
.031
.032
.035
.2088
.2506
.2923
.3342
.4176
.5011
.6264
.7517
.8352
.9187
1.0440
1.1693
1.2946
1.3363
1.4616
.1270
.1524
.1778
.2032
.2540
.3048
.3810
.4572
.5080
.5588
.6350
.7112
.7874
.8128
.8890
24
24
24
24
24
24
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
Thickness
Max. Width
Inches
.037
.040
.042
.048
.049
.050
.058
.060
.062
.065
.078
.090
.093
.119
.125
.9398
1.0160
1.0668
1.2192
1.2446
1.2700
1.4732
1.5240
1.5748
1.6510
1.9812
2.2860
2.3622
3.0226
3.1750
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
Lbs. Per
Sq. Ft.
1.5451
1.6704
1.7539
2.0045
2.0462
2.0880
2.4221
2.5056
2.5891
2.7144
3.2573
3.7584
3.8836
4.9694
5.2200
Weight Factor-Steel Weight x 1.024
To estimate Type 304 weights-weight per blank (T x W x L) .29 — weight per Lin. Ft. (T x W) 3.48
TYPE 304 (18/8 chrome-nickel) Austenitic Stainless Steel Strip. This is a companion
grade to Types 301 and 302 and characterized by an especially low carbon content
while its chromium and nickel are somewhat higher.
Because of its lower carbon content Type 304 is not so prone to give trouble after welding, due to carbide precipitation and resultant corrosion. Type 304 possesses heat and
corrosion resistant properties superior to Types 301 and 302. Its strength, work hardening
and drawing qualities are slightly less than Type 302. Type 304 is not heat-treatable for
hardening purposes. It is non-magnetic as annealed but slightly magnetic following cold
working. To solution anneal, cool rapidly in air or water from about 18500 to 20500 F.
63
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Page 64
AMS 5514
ASTM A 240
Analysis
C
.12 Max. S .030 Max.
Mn 2.00 Max. Cr 17.00/19.00
Si .75 Max. Ni 10.50/13.00
P .030 Max.
ROLLED TO RESTRICTED THICKNESS TOLERANCES
BRIGHT ANNEALED – The bright cold rolled finish is retained by final annealing
in a controlled atmosphere furnace.
FOR DEEP DRAWING – Type 305 Stainless Strip Steel possesses the same excellent corrosion resistance as Type 302, but has a much lower rate of work hardening. It is well suited for cold forming operations in which this low rate of work hardening is desirable. Its yield, tensile strength, and hardness increase at rates which
are exceptionally low. However, its initially good elongation falls off rapidly.
Type 305 is widely used for the production of parts by free spinning and cold
heading operations, and it is particularly suitable for severe cold drawing, especially
where the part can be completely formed in two draws. In many instances, the
intermediate anneal can be eliminated when Type 305 is used. In drawing, the
metal should be allowed to slip freely through the hold-down pads, thus holding
stretching to a minimum. Used widely for electronic parts and other drawn applications.
ROCKWELL B88 MAX APPROX.
COMPLETE FACILITIES for Slitting – Shearing – Leveling and Blanking
Thickness
.010
.012
.015
.018
.020
.025
.031
.062
.2540
.3048
.3810
.4572
.5080
.6350
.7874
1.5875
Max. Width
Inches
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
Lbs. Per
Sq. Ft.
.4176
.5011
.6264
.7517
.8352
1.0440
1.2946
2.6100
Slit Coils or Cut Lengths
Other sizes available on request.
To estimate Type 305 weights – weight per blank (T x W x L) .29 – weight per Lin. Ft. (T x W) 3.48
64
10/17/08
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Page 65
AMS 5524
ASTM A 240
Analysis
C
.08 Max. S
.030 Max.
Mn 2.00 Max. Si
.750 Max.
P .040 Max. Cr 16.00/18.00
Mo 2.00/3.00 Ni 10.00/14.00
Type 316 has better corrosion resistance to most chemicals, salts and acids
and is more resistant to marine atmosphere because of an addition of 2.0 to
3.0% molybdenum. This addition improves the corrosion resistance of austenitic
steels and imparts hot strength characteristics. Another valuable property of
Type 316 is high creep strength at elevated temperatures. Fabrication characteristics of Type 316 are similar to Type 302 or 304.
Type 316 has extensive use in chemical processing equipment when better
corrosion resistance is required than is afforded by chromium-nickel steels. Also
316 is specified for use with high purity products where product contamination
must be held to a minimum. Typical applications are Food Processing, Chemical
Processing, Photographic, Pharmaceutical and Textile Finishing Equipment and
Marine Exterior Trim.
ROCKWELL B88 MAX
Thickness
Max. Width
Inches
Lbs. Per
Sq. Ft.
.007
.010
.015
.018
.1778
.2540
.3810
.4572
24
24
24
24
.2923
.4176
.6264
.7517
.020
.025
.032
.037
.5080
.6350
.8128
.9398
24
24
24
24
.8352
1.0440
1.3363
1.5451
.048
.059
.065
.075
.093
1.2192
1.4986
1.6510
1.9050
2.3622
24
24
24
24
24
2.0045
2.4638
2.7144
3.1320
3.8836
65
10/17/08
12:35 PM
Page 66
AMS 5510
ASTM A 240
Analysis
C
.08 Max. Ti .70 Max.
Mn 2.00 Max. P .040 Max.
Cr 17.00 /19.00 S .030 Max.
Ni 9.00/12.00 Si .75 Max.
Type 321 is similar to Type 304, however, it contains a Titanium addition of at
least five times the carbon content. This addition is made to reduce or eliminate
chromium carbide precipitation – resulting from welding or exposure to high
temperatures. Maximum stabilization is accomplished by annealing between
17500 and 18500 F. Type 321 has extensive use in aircraft parts, such as exhaust
systems where operating temperatures are higher than 8000 F. and where corrosive conditions are not too severe; also because of its resistance to scaling and
vibration fatigue.
Typical applications: Aircraft Exhaust Stacks and Manifolds, Chemical
Processing Equipment, Welded Equipment, Jet Engine Parts, etc.
ROCKWELL B-92 MAX.
Thickness
Dec. In. Equiv. MM
.0075
.010
.015
.020
.025
.042
.050
66
.1905
.2540
.3810
.5080
.6350
1.0668
1.2700
Max. Width
Inches
Lbs. Per
Sq. Ft.
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
.3132
.4176
.6264
.8352
1.0440
1.7539
2.0880
10/17/08
12:35 PM
Page 67
17/7-PH CONDITION A
No. 2 Dull Finish–Annealed
Heat Treatable
Analysis
C
.09 Max. S .030 Max.
Mn 1.00 Max. Cr 16.00/18.00
Si
1.00 Max. Ni 6.50/7.75
P
.040 Max. AL .75/1.50
17/7-PH Condition A (Annealed 17/7 Cr-Ni 1 % AL) Precipitation Hardenable
Stainless Steel Strip. This alloy provides design and production advantages
possessed by none of the standard stainless grades. Easily formed in its
Condition A, it can be hardened to high strength levels by subsequent heat
treatment. It work hardens rapidly and with forming behavior similar to Type 301.
Type 17/7-PH was designed primarily for manufacture into parts requiring corrosion resistance and high strength up to 6000 F and where such parts may
require welding during fabrication. Condition A has a tensile strength of 150,000
PSI maximum, a yield strength of 55,000 PSI maximum and elongation in 2
inches at 20% minimum. This Condition A conforms to SAE aeronautical material specification AMS 5528.
ROCKWELL B92 OR EQUIVALENT
Thickness
Max. Width
.008
.012
.015
.018
.020
.025
.2032
.3048
.3810
.4572
.5080
.6350
36
36
36
36
36
36
Lbs. Per
Sq. Ft.
.3342
.5011
.6264
.7517
.8352
1.0440
Thickness
Max. Width
Inches
Lbs. Per
Sq. Ft.
.7874
.8890
1.0160
1.0668
1.2700
1.5748
1.2946
1.4616
1.6704
1.7539
2.0880
2.5891
.031
.035
.040
.042
.050
.062
36
36
36
36
36
36
To estimate weights – weight per blank (T x W x L) .29 – weight per Lin. Ft. (T x W) 3.48
67
10/17/08
12:35 PM
Page 68
17/7-PH CONDITION C
Hard Rolled No. 2
as Rolled Finish
Heat Treatable
+ Analysis – Same as
previous page
17/7-PH Condition C (Hard Rolled Temper 17/7 Cr – Ni 1 % AL) Precipitation
Hardenable Stainless Steel Strip. This alloy provides design and production
advantages possessed by none of the standard stainless steels. It can be
formed in about the same way as hard rolled Type 301 with the added advantage of subsequent heat treatment for further hardening purposes and has minimum distortion on heat treatment. Its corrosion resistance is superior to that of
the straight chromium grades. This temper conforms to the SAE Aeronautical
Material specification AMS 5529. Condition C has a tensile strength of 200,000
PSI minimum, a yield strength of 175,000 PSI minimum and elongation in 2
inches of 1% minimum.
ROCKWELL C41 OR EQUIVALENT
Thickness
Max. Width
.005
.008
.010
.012
.015
.018
.1270
.2032
.2540
.3048
.3810
.4572
36
36
36
36
36
36
Lbs. Per
Sq. Ft.
.2088
.3342
.4176
.5011
.6264
.7517
Thickness
Max. Width
Inches
.020
.025
.031
.035
.050
.062
.5080
.6350
.7874
.8890
1.2700
1.5748
36
36
36
36
36
36
Lbs. Per
Sq. Ft.
.8352
1.0440
1.2946
1.4616
2.0880
2.5891
Weight Factor – Steel Weight x 1.024
To Estimate weights – weight per blank (T x W x L) .29 – weight per Lin. Ft. (T x W) 3.48
Rockwell values for Nickel Bearing Stainless are not altogether reliable and approximate only.
68
10/17/08
12:35 PM
Page 69
TYPE 410 • COLD ROLLED AND ANNEALED
Hardened by
Thermal Treatment
ASTM A 240
AISI 410
Analysis
C .10/.15 Max. S .030 Max.
Mn 1.00 Max. Si 1.00/Max.
P .040 Max. Cr 11.50/13.50
SOFT and DUCTILE – This type 410 (Martensitic) Stainless Steel Strip is the
general purpose and most widely used of all the Martensitic grades of stainless
steels. In its annealed condition it may be drawn, formed or shaped and
because it is an air or oil quench hardening grade it can be hardened to high
strength levels by subsequent heat treatments. While Type 410 offers very good
resistance to scaling up to 12000 F., and its mechanical properties are excellent,
it is NOT recommended for applications in which severe corrosion is encountered. Type 410 is used for springs, scrapers, fasteners, hardware brackets,
furnace parts and burners. It is magnetic in all conditions. Tensile strength (as
annealed) min. 65,000 PSI, yield strength minimum 30,000 PSI, and elongation
in 2 inches at 20%. For solution annealing, slow controlled cooling from
1500/16000 F. For hardening, heat to 1700/18500F. Quench in air or oil.
ROCKWELL B95 MAX
Thickness
.005*
.006*
.008*
.010
.012
.014
.015
.016
.018
.020
.022
.025
.030
.032
.035
.040
.042
.045
.050
.055
.059
.062
.090
.105
.125
.165
.187
* coils, only
.1270
.1524
.2032
.2540
.3048
.3556
.3810
.4064
.4572
.5080
.5588
.6350
.7620
.8128
.8890
1.0160
1.0668
1.1430
1.2700
1.3970
1.4986
1.5748
2.2860
2.6670
3.1750
4.1910
4.7498
Max. Width
Inches
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
Lbs. Per
Sq. Ft.
.2016
.2419
.3226
.4032
.4838
.5645
.6048
.6451
.7258
.8064
.8870
1.0080
1.2096
1.2902
1.4112
1.6128
1.6934
1.8144
2.0160
2.2176
2.3789
2.4998
3.6288
4.2336
5.0400
6.6528
7.5398
69
10/17/08
12:35 PM
Page 70
TYPE 410 • PRE HARDENED AND TEMPERED
AlSl 410
Analysis
C .15 Max. S .030 Max.
Mn 1.00 Max. Si 1.00 Max.
P .040 Max. Cr 11.50/13.50
Type 410 Stainless in its cold rolled, hardened and tempered condition is used
in countless applications similar to Cold Rolled High Carbon Spring Steel Strip
but with the advantages inherent in being stainless and at moderate cost. Its
formability is good for its yield strength and hardness range. Type 410 in its
pre-hardened condition is stocked by us in coils ready for slitting to exact widths
for press feed operations or to exact size blanks. At C45 Type 410 develops a
tensile strength of 200,000 PSI with yield at 180,000 PSI and elongation in 2
inches of 2%.
ROCKWELL RANGE C40/45
Thickness
Max. Width
Inches
Lbs. Per
Sq. Ft.
.005*
.008*
.010
.012
.1270
.2032
.2540
.3048
26
26
26
26
.2016
.3226
.4032
.4838
.015
.020
.025
.3810
.5080
.6350
26
26
26
.6048
.8064
1.0080
Weight Factor – Steel Weight x .9883
Slit Coils or Cut Lengths
* coils only
70
10/17/08
12:36 PM
Page 71
TYPE 420 • SOFT ANNEALED
Analysis
C .22–.27 P
.040 Max.
Mn 1.00 Max. S
.030 Max.
Si 1.00 Max. Cr 12.5/14.00
Type 420, a modification of 410, has a higher carbon content to increase hardness, improve strength and give better wear resistance. This type maintains its
best corrosion resistance in the heat treated condition. Tempering temperatures
above 7000 F. are not normally recommended and Type 420 must be preheated
before and annealed after welding.
Principal applications: Bushings, Dental and Surgical Instruments, Pump Parts,
Valve Parts, and Shafts. Our 420 is not bought or recommended to a cutlery
grade.
ROCKWELL B-96 MAX.
Thickness
Max. Width
Inches
Lbs. Per
Sq. Ft.
.015
.018
.022
.028
.032
.3810
.4572
.5588
.7112
.8128
24
24
24
24
24
.6048
.7258
.8870
1.1290
1.2902
.042
.050
.062
.077
.094
1.0668
1.2700
1.5748
1.9558
2.3876
24
24
24
24
24
1.6934
2.0160
2.4998
3.1046
3.7901
71
10/17/08
12:36 PM
Page 72
AMS 5503
ASTM A 240
Analysis
C .12 Max. S .030 Max.
Mn 1.00 Max. Cr 16.00/18.00
Si 1.00 Max.
P .040 Max.
Coils or Lengths
EXTRA BRIGHT ANNEALED SOFT TEMPER TYPE 430 – Stainless Strip Steel
is the most popular of all the straight chrome stainless steels. Its principal use is
for decorative purposes. Because of its excellent heat and corrosion resistant properties, its ductility and because it costs less than the chrome-nickel grades, this Type
430 Stainless Steel Strip is used in countless applications. These uses are primarily
for stainless and decorative purposes including household appliances, metal molding,
metal trim, cabinet hardware, hinges, drawn and formed parts and stampings.
ROCKWELL B88 MAX
Thickness
Max. Width
Lbs. Per
Thickness
Max. Width
Sq. Ft. Dec. Inches Equiv. MM
Inches
COMPLETE
FACILITIES for Coil Slitting,
Blanking and Sheet Shearing
36
.007
.1778
.2822
.032
.8128 36
36
.008*
.2032
.3226
.035
.8890 36
36
.010
.2540
.4032
.037
.9398 36
36
.012
.3048
.4838
.040
1.0160 36
36
.015
.3810
.6048
.048
1.2192 36
36
.018
.4572
.7258
.050
1.2700 36
36
.020
.5080
.8064
.059
1.4986 36
36
.022
.5588
.8870
.062
1.5748 36
36
.025
.6350
1.0080
.075
1.9050 36
36
.030
.7620
1.2096
.094
2.3876 36
36
.031
.7874
1.2499
Lbs. Per
Sq. Ft.
1.2902
1.4112
1.4918
1.6128
1.9354
2.0160
2.3789
2.4998
3.0240
3.7901
To estimate Weights Type 430. Weight per blank (T x W x L) .28 – weight per Lin. Ft. (T x W) 3.36
Suggested Rockwell Tests • B Scale for .040 and thicker • 30T Scale for .025 to .039 • 15T Scale for .024 to .010
TYPE 430 (17% straight chrome) Ferritic Stainless Steel Strip. This is the basic
and most generally used straight chromium (Ferritic) Stainless Strip Steel.
Because of its high chromium content, it is highly corrosion and heat resistant
but somewhat less than Types 301, 302 and 304. It possesses good physical and
mechanical characteristics but with ductility at about 75% of low carbon strip and
inferior to that of the chrome-nickel grades. Like other straight chromium grades,
Type 430 Annealed is subject to stretcher strains. Skin passing following annealing greatly reduces this possibility although this reduces ductility somewhat.
Likewise a condition akin to stretcher strains may sometimes develop during
deep drawing known as roping. Roping is characterized by the appearance of
shallow ridges and valleys in the side walls and caused by excessive stretching.
Type 430 is magnetic in all conditions, is not heat-treatable for hardening purposes and is weldable but its welds are not suitable in rigorous service. The tensile
strength for Type 430 in the annealed condition is cataloged at 65,000 PSI minimum, its yield at 30,000 PSI minimum and elongation at 22%.
72
10/17/08
12:36 PM
Tab
Brass & Phos.
Bronze Strip
Page 73
10/17/08
12:36 PM
Tab
Brass & Phos.
Bronze Strip
Page 74
10/17/08
12:36 PM
Page 75
PRECISION STEEL®
COPPER
BASE
ALLOYS
INDEX
Soft Brass (Drawing and Spinning) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Quarter Hard Brass* (1 Number Hard) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Half Hard Brass* (2 Numbers Hard) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Hard Temper Brass* (4 Numbers Hard) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Phosphor Bronze* (8 Numbers Hard) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
TOLERANCE TABLES
Copper Base Alloy Strip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134-135
*Indicates B & S numbers reduction (refer to comparison of properties and
temper designations – pages 84 & 85).
75
11/3/08
12:49 PM
Page 76
PRECISION BRAND®
C.R. BRASS STRIP
(70%) CDA 260
SOFT TEMPER
For Easy Drawing
Forming, Spinning
SAE CA260
Cu. 70% Zn. 30%
Grain Size .035/.055 approx.
Soft Temper Brass Strip (analysis above) for drawing and spinning. This material
has been cold rolled to its finished thickness and annealed to a controlled grain
size and has an approximate tensile strength of 48,000 PSI. It has most excellent
cold forming and drawing qualities. Note – Extra deep drawing quality available
but only with the breakage allowances as negotiated to meet specific requirements.
It is used for eyelets, flashlight shells, lamp fixtures, rivets, drawn and spun parts.
Thickness
Max. Width
Lbs. Per
Sq. Ft.
Thickness
Max. Width
Inches
Lbs. Per
Sq. Ft.
COMPLETE FACILITIES for Coil Slitting, Blanking and Sheet Shearing
.0080
.0100
.0126
.0159
.2032
.2540
.3200
.4039
24
24
24
24
.355
.444
.559
.706
.0320
.0359
.0403
.0453
.8128
.9119
1.0236
1.1506
24
24
24
24
1.419
1.573
1.788
2.009
.0179
.0201
.0253
.4547
.5105
.6426
24
24
24
.794
.892
1.122
.0508
.0641
.0720
1.2903
1.6281
1.8288
24
24
24
2.253
2.844
3.172
TEMPER DESIGNATIONS of Wrought Copper – Base Alloys
Brass and Phosphor Bronze
B & S Numbers
Reduction
Description
Approximate % Reduction
by Cold Working Strip
0
1
2
3
4
6
8
10
Soft Temper
Quarter Hard Temper
Half Hard Temper
Three Quarter Hard Temper
Hard Temper
Extra Hard Temper
Spring Temper
Extra Spring Temper
None
10.9%
20.7%
29.4%
37.1%
50.0%
60.5%
68.7%
NUMBERS HARD – (Brown and Sharpe). A standard system wherein temper is
expressed by the number of B & S gage numbers as cold reduced in thickness
from a previous annealing – for each B & S gage number in thickness as cold
reduced there is assigned a hardness value of 1/4 hard. To illustrate: one
number hard = 1/4 hard temper, two numbers hard = 1/2 hard, etc.
76
10/17/08
12:36 PM
Page 77
PRECISION BRAND®
C.R. BRASS STRIP (70%) CDA 260
QUARTER HARD TEMPER
SAE CA260
Cu. 70% Zn. 30%
ROCKWELL 30T 43/60
approx.
Quarter Hard Brass Strip (analysis above) has been cold reduced (By one
B & S gage number) 10.9% from its annealed condition to a tensile strength of
approximately 54,000 PSI and elongation in 2” at 43%. It has excellent cold
forming qualities and is suitable for moderate drawing or forming and in general
where dead soft quality would be objectionable and some slight stiffness is
required. It is used for rolled formed and drawn parts, lamp fixtures, etc.
In Coils or Lengths for Blanking, Stamping and Forming
Thickness
Dec. Inches Equiv.MM
Max. Width
Inches
Lbs. Per
Sq. Ft.
.010
.0126
.0159
.0179
.2540
.3200
.4039
.4547
24
24
24
24
.444
.559
.706
.794
.0201
.0253
.0320
.0403
.5105
.6426
.8128
1.0236
24
24
24
24
.892
1.122
1.419
1.788
.0453
.0508
.0641
1.1506
1.2903
1.6281
24
24
24
2.009
2.253
2.844
Other sizes not shown available on special order
TO ESTIMATE BRASS WEIGHTS:
Weight per blank (T x W x L) .308 Weight per Lineal Foot (T x W) 3.696.
FACTOR – Steel weight x 1.087
77
10/17/08
12:36 PM
Page 78
PRECISION BRAND®
HALF HARD TEMPER
SAE CA260
Cu. 70% Zn. 30%
ROCKWELL 30T 56/68
approx.
Half Hard Brass Strip (analysis above) has been cold reduced (By two B & S
gage numbers) 20.7% from its annealed condition to a tensile strength of
approximately 62,000 PSI and elongation in 2” at 23%. It has excellent cold
forming qualities and may be lightly drawn, blanked or stamped; is used where
some stiffness is required and deep drawing or severe forming is not. It is used
for continuous hinges, cabinet hardware, etc.
Thickness
Max. Width
Lbs. Per
Sq. Ft.
Thickness
Max. Width
Inches
.0010
.0020
.0031
.0040
.0254
.0508
.0787
.1016
6
6
6
12
.044
.089
.138
.177
.0253
.0285
.0320
.0359
.6426
.7239
.8128
.9119
24
24
24
24
1.122
1.264
1.419
1.593
.0050
.0063
.0071
.0080
.1270
.1600
.1803
.2032
12
12
12
12
.221
.280
.315
.355
.0403
.0453
.0508
.0571
1.0236
1.1506
1.2903
1.4503
24
24
24
24
1.788
2.009
2.253
2.533
.0100
.0126
.0142
.0159
.0201
.2540
.3200
.3607
.4039
.5105
24
24
24
24
24
.444
.559
.630
.706
.892
.0641
.0780
.0808
.0907
.1250
1.6281
1.9812
2.0523
2.3037
3.1750
24
24
24
24
24
2.844
3.459
3.583
4.022
5.544
70-30 ALLOY–
The most generally used Brass Strip
78
Lbs. Per
Sq. Ft.
10/17/08
12:36 PM
Page 79
PRECISION BRAND®
HARD TEMPER
SAE CA260
Cu. 70% Zn. 30%
ROCKWELL 30T 70/74
approx.
Hard Temper Brass Strip (analysis above) has been cold reduced (By four B & S
gage numbers) 37.1% from its annealed condition to a tensile strength of approximately 76,000 PSI and elongation in 2” at 8%. It has excellent cold working qualities
and may be lightly formed, stamped, or blanked. Used for fasteners, electrical parts,
shims, etc.
Thickness
Max. Width
Lbs. Per
Sq. Ft.
Thickness
Max. Width
Inches
Lbs. Per
Sq. Ft.
.0100
.0126
.2540
.3200
24
24
.444
.559
.0320
.0403
.8128
1.0236
24
24
1.419
1.788
.0159
.0179
.4039
.4547
24
24
.706
.794
.0508
.0641
1.2903
1.6281
24
24
2.253
2.844
.0201
.0253
.5105
.6426
24
24
.892
1.122
.0907
.1285
2.3037
3.263
24
24
4.023
5.699
PRECISION BRAND®
SPRING TEMPER
SAE CA260
Cu. 70% Zn. 30%
ROCKWELL 30T 76/78
approx.
Spring Temper Brass Strip has been cold reduced (by eight B & S gage numbers)
60.5% from its annealed condition to a tensile strength of 94,000 PSI and elongation
in 2” at 3%. This spring temper cold rolled strip is widely used for mechanical springs
where resistance to corrosion is required and where the more expensive copper
base alloys are not necessary.
Thickness
Max. Width
.0100
.0126
.0159
.0180
.2540
.3200
.4039
.4572
24
24
24
24
Lbs. Per
Sq. Ft.
.444
.559
.706
.798
Thickness
Max. Width
Inches
.0201
.0253
.0320
.0403
.5105
.6426
.8128
1.0236
24
24
24
24
Lbs. Per
Sq. Ft.
.892
1.122
1.419
1.788
79
10/17/08
12:36 PM
Page 80
C.R. PHOSPHOR PRECISION BRAND
BRONZE STRIP (5% A) CDA 510
®
SPRING TEMPER
SAE CA510
Cu. 95% Sn. 5%
ROCKWELL B92/98 approx.
Spring Temper Phosphor Bronze – 5% Cold Rolled Strip (analysis above)
has been cold reduced (By eight B & S gage numbers) 60.5% from its annealed
condition to a tensile strength of approximately 100,000 PSI and elongation in
2” of 4%. It has high tensile strength, good resistance to corrosion and fatigue
and excellent forming properties. It is used for fuse clips, lock washers, contacts
for relays, mechanical springs, etc.
Thickness
Max. Width
Inches
Lbs. Per
Sq. Ft.
.005
.0071
.008
.010
.0126
.1270
.1803
.2032
.2540
.3200
8
8
8
8
8
.230
.327
.369
.461
.581
.0142
.0159
.0179
.0201
.0230
.3607
.4039
.4547
.5105
.5842
8
8
8
8
8
.654
.733
.825
.926
1.059
.0253
.0320
.0359
.0403
.0508
.0641
.6426
.8128
.9119
1.0236
1.2903
1.6281
8
8
8
8
8
8
1.166
1.475
1.654
1.857
2.341
3.034
TO ESTIMATE WEIGHTS – GRADE A BRONZE
Weight per blank (T x W x L) .32 Weight per Lineal Foot (T x W) 3.84
FACTOR – Steel Weight x 1.1295
80
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Page 81
Tab
Tool Room Specialties
10/17/08
12:36 PM
Page 82
Tab
Tool Room Specialties
10/17/08
12:36 PM
Tab
Technical Data
Page 83
10/17/08
12:36 PM
Tab
Technical Data
Page 84
10/17/08
12:36 PM
Page 85
PRECISION BRAND®
HANDY FORMULA FOR
ESTIMATING STRIP WEIGHTS
Coil Wt.
Pounds
per Inch
per
Blank
of Width
(OD2-1D2) (T x W x L)
Pounds Pounds
per
per
Lineal
Lineal
Inch
Foot
(T x W) (T x W)
Pounds
per
Square
Inch
Strip Product
Wt. Per
Cubic
Inch
Times
Steel
Weight
STRIP STEEL
.2833
–
.2223
.2833
.2833
3.40
Tx .2833
1.024
.2276
.29
.29
3.48
Tx .29
Tx .28
STAINLESS STRIP
– Type 302
.29
STAINLESS STRIP
– Type 430
.28
.9883
.2201
.28
.28
3.36
.098
.345
.0769
.098
.098
1.176 Tx .098
.308
1.087
.2416
.308
.308
3.696 Tx .308
.320
1.13
.2512
.320
.320
3.84
ALUMINUM
– Alloy 1100
BRASS STRIP
– Yellow
BRONZE STRIP
– Grade A 5%
Tx .320
Note – T = Decimal thickness. W = Width in inches. L = Length in inches.
Black Plate Weight per Base Box – To convert to decimal thickness multiply
by .00011.
INDEX
Weight Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86-87
Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88-114
Metric Conversion Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115-118
Tolerance Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119-135
Standard Chemical Analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136-137
Rockwell Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140-141
Cross Reference Of Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142-143
Coil Weight Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144-145
Fractions As Decimals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Standard Gage Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Trade Customs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Order Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Manufacturing Limits Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Custom Processing of Your Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Oscillated Coils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Statistical Process Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Electronic Data Interchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Bar Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
85
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Page 86
WEIGHT OF COLD ROLLED
STRIP STEEL
TABLE of POUNDS per LINEAL FOOT
DEC.
THICK
.125
1/8”
Width In Decimal Inches and Fractions of an Inch
.1875
.3125
.4375
.250
.375
3/16”
5/16”
7/16”
1/4”
3/8”
.500
1/2”
.001
.002
.003
.004
.005
.0004
.0009
.0013
.0017
.0021
.0006
.0013
.0019
.0026
.0032
.0009
.0017
.0026
.0034
.0043
.0011
.0021
.0032
.0043
.0053
.0013
.0026
.0038
.0051
.0064
.0015
.0030
.0045
.0060
.0074
.0017
.0034
.0051
.0068
.0085
.006
.007
.008
.009
.010
.0026
.0030
.0034
.0038
.0043
.0038
.0045
.0051
.0057
.0064
.0051
.0060
.0068
.0077
.0085
.0064
.0074
.0085
.0096
.0106
.0077
.0089
.0102
.0115
.0128
.0089
.0104
.0119
.0134
.0149
.0102
.0119
.0136
.0153
.0170
.012
.013
.014
.015
.016
.0051
.0055
.0060
.0064
.0068
.0077
.0083
.0089
.0096
.0102
.0102
.0111
.0119
.0128
.0136
.0128
.0138
.0149
.0159
.0170
.0153
.0166
.0179
.0191
.0204
.0179
.0193
.0208
.0223
.0238
.0204
.0221
.0238
.0255
.0272
.018
.019
.020
.022
.023
.0077
.0081
.0085
.0094
.0098
.0115
.0121
.0128
.0140
.0147
.0153
.0162
.0170
.0187
.0196
.0191
.0202
.0213
.0234
.0244
.0230
.0242
.0255
.0281
.0293
.0268
.0283
.0298
.0327
.0342
.0306
.0323
.0340
.0374
.0391
.024
.025
.026
.028
.030
.0102
.0106
.0111
.0119
.0128
.0153
.0159
.0166
.0179
.0191
.0204
.0213
.0221
.0238
.0255
.0255
.0266
.0276
.0298
.0319
.0306
.0319
.0332
.0357
.0383
.0357
.0372
.0387
.0417
.0446
.0408
.0425
.0442
.0476
.0510
.031
.032
.035
.040
.042
.0132
.0136
,0149
.0170
.0179
.0198
.0204
.0223
.0255
.0268
.0264
.0272
.0298
.0340
.0357
.0329
.0340
.0372
.0425
.0446
.0395
.0408
.0446
.0510
.0536
.0461
.0476
.0521
.0595
.0625
.0527
.0544
.0595
.0680
.0714
.045
.048
.050
.058
.060
.0191
.0204
.0213
.0247
.0255
.0287
.0306
.0319
.0370
.0382
.0383
.0408
.0425
.0493
.0510
.0478
.0510
.0531
.0616
.0637
.0574
.0612
.0638
.0740
.0765
.0669
.0714
.0744
.0863
.0892
.0765
.0816
.0850
.0986
.1020
.062
.065
.072
.074
.078
.0264
.0276
.0306
.0315
.0332
.0395
.0414
.0459
.0472
.0497
.0527
.0553
.0612
.0629
.0663
.0659
.0691
.0765
.0786
.0829
.0791
.0829
.0918
.0944
.0995
.0922
.0967
.1071
.1101
.1160
.1054
.1105
.1224
.1258
.1326
.083
.090
.093
.109
.119
.0353
.0383
.0395
–
–
.0529
.0574
.0593
.0695
.0759
.0706
.0765
.0791
.0927
.1012
.0882
.0956
.0988
.1158
.1264
.1058
.1148
.1186
.1390
.1517
.1235
.1339
.1383
.1621
.1770
.1141
.1530
.1581
.1853
.2023
.125
.134
.156
.187
–
–
–
–
.0787
.0854
.0995
.1192
.1063
.1139
.1326
.1590
.1328
.1424
.1658
.1987
.1594
.1709
.1989
.2384
.1859
.1993
.2321
.2782
.2125
.2278
.2652
.3179
86
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Page 87
WEIGHT OF COLD ROLLED
STRIP STEEL
TABLE of POUNDS per LINEAL FOOT
DEC.
THICK
.5625
9/16”
Width In Decimal Inches and Fractions of an Inch
.8125
.625
.6875
.750
.875
.9375
13/16”
5/8”
11/16”
3/4”
7/8”
15/16”
1.000
1”
.001
.002
.003
.004
.005
.0019
.0038
.0057
.0077
.0096
.0021
.0043
.0064
.0085
.0106
.0023
.0047
.0070
.0094
.0117
.0026
.0051
.0077
.0102
.0128
.0028
.0055
.0083
.0111
.0138
.0030
.0060
.0089
.0119
.0149
.0032
.0064
.0096
.0128
.0159
.0034
.0068
.0102
.0136
.0170
.006
.007
.008
.009
.010
.0115
.0134
.0153
.0172
.0191
.0128
.0149
.0170
.0191
.0213
.0140
.0164
.0187
.0210
.0234
.0153
.0179
.0204
.0230
.0255
.0166
.0193
,0221
.0249
.0276
.0179
.0208
.0238
.0268
.0298
.0191
.0223
.0255
.0287
.0319
.0204
.0238
.0272
.0306
.0340
.012
.013
.014
.015
.016
.0230
.0249
.0268
.0287
.0306
.0255
.0276
.0298
.0319
.0340
.0281
.0304
.0327
.0351
.0374
.0306
.0332
.0357
.0383
.0408
.0332
.0359
.0387
.0414
.0442
.0357
.0387
.0417
.0446
.0476
.0383
.0414
.0446
.0478
.0510
.0408
.0442
.0476
.0510
.0544
.018
.019
.020
.022
.023
.0344
.0363
.0383
.0421
.0440
.0383
.0404
.0425
.0468
.0489
.0421
.0444
.0468
.0514
.0538
.0459
.0485
.0510
.0561
.0587
.0497
.0525
.0553
.0608
.0635
.0536
.0565
.0595
.0655
.0684
.0574
.0606
.0638
.0701
.0733
.0612
.0646
.0680
.0748
.0782
.024
.025
.026
.028
.030
.0459
.0478
.0497
.0536
.0574
.0510
.0531
.0553
.0595
.0638
.0561
.0584
.0608
.0655
.0701
.0612
.0638
.0663
.0714
.0765
.0663
.0691
.0718
.0774
.0829
.0714
.0744
.0774
.0833
.0893
.0765
.0797
.0829
.0893
.0956
.0816
.0850
.0884
.0952
.1020
.031
.032
.035
.040
.042
.0593
.0612
.0669
.0765
.0803
.0659
.0680
.0744
.0850
.0893
.0725
.0748
.0818
.0935
.0982
.0791
.0816
.0893
.1020
.1071
.0856
.0884
.0967
.1105
.1160
.0922
.0952
.1041
.1190
.1250
.0988
.1020
.1116
.1275
.1339
.1054
.1088
.1190
.1360
.1428
.045
.048
.050
.058
.060
.0861
.0918
.0956
.1109
.1147
.0956
.1020
.1063
.1233
.1275
.1052
.1122
.1169
.1356
.1402
.1148
.1224
.1275
.1479
.1530
.1243
.1326
.1381
.1602
.1657
.1339
.1428
.1488
.1726
.1785
.1434
.1530
.1594
.1849
.1912
.1530
.1632
.1700
.1972
.2040
.062
.065
.072
.074
.078
.1186
.1243
.1377
.1415
.1492
.1318
.1381
.1530
.1573
.1658
.1449
.1519
.1683
.1730
.1823
.1581
.1658
.1836
.1887
.1989
.1713
.1796
.1989
.2044
.2155
.1845
.1934
.2142
.2202
.2321
.1976
.2072
.2295
.2359
.2486
.2108
.2210
.2448
.2516
.2652
.083
.090
.093
.109
.119
.1587
.1721
.1779
.2085
.2276
.1764
.1913
.1976
.2316
.2529
.1940
.2104
.2174
.2548
.2782
.2117
.2295
.2372
.2780
.3035
.2293
.2486
.2569
.3011
.3287
.2469
.2678
.2767
.3243
.3540
.2646
.2869
.2964
.3474
.3793
.2822
.3060
.3162
.3706
.4046
.125
.134
.156
.187
.2391
.2563
.2984
.3576
.2656
.2848
.3315
.3974
.2922
.3132
.3647
.4371
.3188
.3417
.3978
.4769
.3953
.3702
.4310
.5166
.3719
.3987
.4641
.5563
.3984
.4271
.4973
.5961
.4250
.4556
.5304
.6358
87
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Page 88
DEFINITIONS
ACCORDION REED STEEL – Hardened, tempered, polished and blued, or yellow flat steel with
dressed edges. Carbon content about 1.00. Material has to possess good flatness, uniform hardness
and high elasticity.
ACID-BRITTLENESS – Brittleness resulting from pickling steel in acid; hydrogen, formed by the
interaction between iron and acid, is partially absorbed by the metal, causing acid brittleness.
ACID-PROCESS – A process of making steel, either Bessemer, open-hearth or electric, in which the
furnace is lined with a siliceous refractory and for which low phosphorous pig iron is required as this
element is not removed.
ACID STEEL – The term has no reference to the acidity of the steel. (See acid process.)
AGE HARDENING – The term as applied to soft, or low carbon steels, relates to a wide variety of
commercially important, slow, gradual changes that take place in properties of steels after the final
treatment. These changes, which bring about a condition of increased hardness, elastic limit, and
tensile strength with a consequent loss in ductility, occur during the period in which the steel is at
normal temperatures.
AGING – Spontaneous change in the physical properties of some metals, which occurs on standing,
at atmospheric temperatures after final cold working or after a final heat treatment. Frequently
synonymous with the term “Age-Hardening.”
AIR COOLING – Cooling of the heated metal, intermediate in rapidity between slow furnace cooling
and quenching, in which the metal is permitted to stand in the open air.
AIR HARDENING STEEL – Alloy steel which may be hardened by cooling in air from a temperature
above the transformation range. Such steels attain their martensitic structure without going through the
quenching process. Additions of chromium, nickel, molybdenum and manganese are effective toward
this end.
AISI STEELS – Steels of the American Iron and Steel Institute. Common and alloy steels have been
numbered in a system essentially the same as the SAE. The AISI system is more elaborate than the
SAE in that all numbers are preceded by letters: “A” represents basic open-hearth alloy steel, “B” acid
Bessemer carbon steel, “C” basic open-hearth carbon steel, “CB” either acid Bessemer or basic
open hearth carbon steel, “E” electric furnace alloy steel.
ALCLAD – The common name for a type of clad wrought aluminum products, such as sheet and wire,
with coatings of high-purity aluminum or an aluminum alloy different from the core alloy in composition.
The coatings are anodic to the core so they protect exposed areas of the core electrolytically during
exposure to corrosive environments.
ALLOTROPY – See Polymorphism.
ALLOY – (Met.) Metal prepared by adding other metals or non-metals to a basic metal to secure
desirable properties.
ALLOY STEEL – Steel containing substantial quantities of elements other than carbon and the
commonly-accepted limited amounts of manganese, sulfur, silicon, and phosphorus. Addition of such
alloying elements is usually for the purpose of increased hardness, strength or chemical resistance.
The metals most commonly used for forming alloy steels are: nickel, chromium, silicon, manganese,
tungsten, molybdenum and vanadium. “Low Alloy” steels are usually considered to be those containing
a total of less than 5% of such added constituents.
ALPHA BRASS – A copper-zinc alloy containing up to 38% of zinc. Used mainly for cold working.
ALPHA BRONZE – A copper-tin alloy consisting of the alpha solid solution of tin in copper.
Commercial forms contain 4 or 5% of tin. This alloy is used in coinage, springs, turbine, blades, etc.
ALPHA IRON – The polymorphic form of iron, stable below 16700 F. has a body centered cubic lattice,
and is magnetic up to 14100 F.
ALUMINUM – (Chemical symbol Al) Element No. 13 of the periodic system; Atomic weight 26.97;
silvery white metal of valence 3; melting point 12200 F.; boiling point approximately 41180 F.; ductile and
malleable; stable against normal atmospheric corrosion, but attacked by both acids and alkalies. Aluminum
is used extensively in articles requiring lightness, corrosion resistance, electrical conductivity, etc. Its
principal functions as an alloy in steel making; (1) Deoxidizes efficiently (See Aluminum Killed) (2)
Restricts grain growth (by forming dispersed oxides or nitrides) (3) Alloying element in nitriding steel.
(See Nitriding Steel)
ALUMINUM KILLED STEEL – A steel where aluminum has been used as a deoxidizing agent.
(See Killed Steel.)
AMORPHOUS – Noncrystalline.
ANNEALING – A heating and cooling operation implying usually a relatively slow cooling. Annealing is
a comprehensive term. The purpose of such a heat treatment may be: to remove stresses; to induce
softness; to alter ductility; toughness; electrical magnetic, or other physical properties; to refine the
crystalline structure; to remove gases; to produce a definite micro-structure. In annealing, the temperature of the operation and the rate of cooling depend upon the material being heat treated and the
purpose of the treatment.
ANODIZING – (Aluminum Anodic Oxide Coating) – A process of coating aluminum by anodic
treatment resulting in a thin film of aluminum oxide of extreme hardness. A wide variety of dye colored
coatings are possible by impregnation in process.
88
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Page 89
DEFINITIONS (continued)
ARTIFICIAL AGING – An aging treatment above room temperature. See precipitation heat treatment
and compare with natural aging.
A.S.T.M – Abbreviation for American Society For Testing Material. An organization for issuing standard
specifications on materials, including metals and alloys.
AUSTEMPERING – A trade name for a patented heat treating process that consists in quenching a ferrous alloy from a temperature above the transformation ranges, in a medium having a rate of heat
abstraction sufficiently high to prevent the formation of high-temperature transformation products; and
in maintaining the alloy, until transformation is complete, at a temperature below that of pearlite
formation and above that of martensite formation.
AUSTENITE – Phase in certain steels, characterized as a solid solution, usually of carbon or iron
carbide, in the gamma form of iron. Such steels are known as “austenitic.” Austenite is stable only
above 13330 F. in a plain carbon steel, but the presence of certain alloying elements, such as nickel
and manganese, stabilizes the austenitic form, even at normal temperatures.
AUSTENITIC STEEL – Steel which, because of the presence of alloying elements, such as manganese,
nickel, chromium, etc., shows stability of Austenite at normal temperatures.
BAINITE – A slender, needle-like (acicular) microstructure appearing in spring steel strip characterized
by toughness and greater ductility than tempered Martensite. Bainite is a decomposition product of
Austenite (see Austenite) best developed at interrupted holding temperatures below those forming fine
pearlite and above those giving Martensite.
BANDED STRUCTURE – Appearance of a metal, under a microscope or viewed by the naked eye, on
fractured or smoothed surfaces, with or without etching, showing parallel bands in the direction of
rolling or working.
BAND SAW STEEL – (WOOD) – A hardened tempered bright polished high carbon cold rolled spring
steel strip produced especially for use in the manufacture of band saws for sawing wood, non ferrous
metals, and plastics. Usually carries some nickel and with a Rockwell value of approximately C40/45.
BARK – Surface of metal, under the oxide-scale layer, resulting from heating in an oxidizing environment. In the case of steel, such bark always suffers from decarburization.
BASE BOX – See Tin Plate Base Box.
BASIC OPEN HEARTH – (See Open Hearth Process.)
BASIC OXYGEN PROCESS – A steel making process wherein oxygen of the highest purity is blown
onto the surface of a bath of molten iron contained in a basic lined and ladle shaped vessel. The
melting cycle duration is extremely short with quality comparable to Open Hearth Steel.
BASIC PROCESS – A steel making process either Bessemer, open hearth or electric, in which the
furnace is lined with a basic refractory. A slag, rich in lime, being formed and phosphorus removed.
BASIC STEEL – (See Basic Process.)
BATH ANNEALING – Is immersion in a liquid bath (such as molten lead or fused salts) held at an
assigned temperature-when a lead bath is used, the process is known as lead annealing.
BAUXITE – The only commercial ore of aluminum, corresponding essentially to the formula A1203XH20.
BEADING – Raising a ridge on sheet metal.
BEND TEST – Various tests used to determine the toughness and ductility of flat rolled metal sheet,
strip or plate, in which the material is bent around its axis or around an outside radius. A complete test
might specify such a bend to be both with and against the direction of grain. For testing, samples
should be edge filed to remove burrs and any edgewise cracks resulting from slitting or shearing. If a
vice is to be used then line the jaws with some soft metal or brass, so as to permit a free flow of the
metal in the sample being tested.
BERYLLIUM COPPER – An alloy of copper and 2-3% beryllium with optionally fractional percentages
of nickel or cobalt. Alloys of this series show remarkable age-hardening properties and an ultimate
hardness of about 400 Brinell (Rockwell C43). Because of such hardness and good electrical conductivity, beryllium – copper is used in electrical switches, springs, etc.
BESSEMER PROCESS – A steel making process in which air is blown through the molten iron so that
the impurities are thus removed by oxidation.
BILLET – (See Bloom.)
BINARY ALLOY – An alloy containing two elements, apart from minor impurities, as brass containing
the two elements copper and zinc.
BLACK ANNEALING – A process of box annealing or pot annealing ferrous alloy sheet, strip or wire
after hot working and pickling. (See box annealing.)
BLACK OIL TEMPERED SPRING STEEL STRIP – (Scaleless Blue.) A flat cold rolled usually .70/.80
medium high carbon spring steel strip, blue-black in color, which has been quenched in oil and drawn
to desired hardness. While it looks and acts much like blue tempered spring steel and carries a
Rockwell hardness of C44/47, it has not been polished and is lower in carbon content. Used for less
exacting requirements than clock spring steel, such as snaps, lock springs, hold down springs, trap
springs, etc. It will take a more severe bend before fracture than will clock spring, but it does not have
the same degree of spring-back.
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BLACK PLATE – A light weight or a thin uncoated steel sheet or strip so called because of its dark
oxide coloring prior to pickling. It is manufactured by two different processes. (1) From sheet bar on single stand sheet mills or sheet mills in tandem. This method is now almost obsolete. (2) On modern,
high speed continuous tandem cold reduction mills from coiled hot rolled pickled wide strip into ribbon
wound coils to finished gage. Sizes range from 12” to 32” in width, and in thicknesses from 55 lbs. to
275 lbs. base box weight. It is used either as is for stampings, or may be enameled or painted or tin or
terne coated.
BLAST FURNACE – A vertical shaft type smelting furnace in which an air blast is used, usually hot, for
producing pig iron. The furnace is continuous in operation using iron ore, coke, and limestone as raw
materials which are charged at the top while the molten iron and slag are collected at the bottom and
are tapped out at intervals.
BASE BOX – Refer to Tin Plate Base.
BLISTER – A defect in metal produced by gas bubbles either on the surface or formed beneath the
surface while the metal is hot or plastic. Very fine blisters are called “pin-head” or “pepper” blisters.
BLOOM – (Slab, Billet, Sheet-Bar.) Semifinished products, hot rolled from ingots. The chief differences
are in their cross sectional areas in ratio of width to thickness, and in their intended use.
BLOOMING-MILL – A mill used to reduce ingots to blooms, billets, slabs, sheet-bar etc., (See
Semi-finished Steel).
BLOWHOLE – A cavity produced during the solidification of metal by evolved gas, which in failing to
escape is held in pockets.
BLUE ANNEALING – A process of softening ferrous alloys in the form of hot rolled sheet, by heating
in the open furnace to a temperature within the transformation range and then cooling in air. The
formation of bluish oxide on the surface is incidental.
BLUE BRITTLENES – Reduced ductility occurring as a result of strain aging, when certain ferrous
alloys are worked between 300 and 7000 F. This phenomenon may be observed at the working
temperature or subsequently at lower temperatures.
BLUE TEMPERED SPRING STEEL STRIP – (See Tempered Spring Steel Strip.)
BLUING – (1) Sheets – A method of coating sheets with a thin, even film of bluish – black oxide,
obtained by exposure to an atmosphere of dry steam or air, at a temperature of about 10000 F.,
generally this is done during box-annealing. (2) Bluing of tempered spring steel strip; an oxide film blue
in color produced by low temperature heating.
BODY-CENTERED – (concerning space lattices.) Having the equivalent lattice points at the corners of
the unit cell, and at its center; sometimes called centered, or space-centered.
BONDERIZING – The coating of steel with a film composed largely of zinc phosphate in order to develop a better bonding surface for paint or lacquer.
BORON – (Chemical Symbol B) – Element N. 5 of the periodic system. Atomic weight 10.82. It is gray
in color, ignites at about 11120 F. and burns with a brilliant green flame, but its melting point in a non oxidizing atmosphere is about 40000 F. Boron is used in steel in minute quantities for one purpose only –
to increase the hardenability as in case hardening and to increase strength and hardness penetration.
BOTTLE TOP MOLD – Ingot mold, with the top constricted; used in the manufacture of “capped steel,”
the metal in the constriction being covered with a cap fitting into the bottleneck, which stops “rimming”
action by trapping escaping gases.
BOW – (See Camber.)
BOX ANNEALING – A process of annealing a ferrous alloy in a suitable closed metal container, with or
without packing materials, in order to minimize oxidation. The charge is usually heated slowly to a
temperature below the transformation range, but sometimes above or within it, and is then cooled
slowly. This process is also called “close annealing” or “pot annealing.” (See black annealing.)
BRAKE – A piece of equipment used for bending sheet; also called a “bar folder.” If operated manually,
it is called a “hand brake”; if power driven, it is called a “press brake.”
BRALE – A diamond penetrator, conical in shape, used with a Rockwell hardness tester for hard metals.
BRASS – (Cartridge) Strip. 70% copper 30% zinc. This is one of the most widely used of the copperzinc alloys; it is malleable and ductile; has excellent cold-working; poor hot working and poor machining
properties; develops high tensile strength with cold - working. Temper is imparted by cold rolling and
classified in hardness by the number of B & S Gages of rolling (reduction in thickness) from the
previous annealing gage. Rated excellent for soft-soldering; good for silver alloy brazing or oxyacetylene
welding and fair for resistance of carbon arc welding. Used for drawn cartridges, tubes, eyelet machine
items, snap fasteners, etc.
BRASS SHIM – (See SHIM.)
BRASS – (Yellow) Strip. 65% copper and 35% zinc. Known as “High Brass” or “Two to One Brass”. A
copper-zinc alloy yellow in color. Formerly widely used but now largely supplanted by Cartridge Brass.
BRASSES – Copper base alloys in which zinc is the principal added element. Brass is harder and
stronger than either of its alloying elements copper or zinc; it is malleable and ductile; develops high
tensile strength with cold - working and is not heat treatable for purposes of hardness development.
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BRAZING – Joining metals by fusion of nonferrous alloys that have melting points above 8000 F., but
lower than those of the metals being joined. This may be accomplished by means of a torch (torch
brazing), in a furnace (furnace brazing) or by dipping in a molten flux bath (dip or flux brazing). The
filler metal is ordinarily in rod form in torch brazing; whereas in furnace and dip brazing the work
material is first assembled and the filler metal may then be applied as wire, washers, clips, bands, or
may be integrally bonded, as in brazing sheet.
BREAK TEST – (For tempered steel.) A method of testing hardened and tempered high carbon spring
steel strip wherein the specimen is held and bent across the grain in a vice – like calibrated testing
machine. Pressure is applied until the metal fractures at which point a reading is taken and compared
with a standard chart of brake limitations for various thickness ranges. (See Bend Test.)
BRIDLING – The cold working of dead soft annealed strip metal immediately prior to a forming, bending,
or drawing operation. A process designed to prevent the formulation of Luder’s lines. Caution – Bridled
metal should be used promptly and not permitted to (of itself) return to its pre-bridled condition.
(See Luder’s Lines)
BRIGHT ANNEALED WIRE – Steel wire bright drawn and annealed in controlled non-oxidizIng
atmosphere furnace.
BRIGHT ANNEALING – A process of annealing usually carried out in a controlled furnace atmosphere
so that surface oxidation is reduced to a minimum and the surface remains relatively bright.
BRIGHT BASIC WIRE – Bright steel wire, slightly softer than Bright Bessemer Wire. Used for round
head wood screws, bolts and rivets, electric welded chain, etc.
BRIGHT BESSEMER WIRE – Stiff bright steel wire of hard drawn temper. Normally drawn to size
without annealing. Used for nails, flat head wood screws, cheap springs, etc.
BRIGHT COMMERCIAL FINISH – Refer to FINISHES.
BRIGHT DIP – An acid solution into which articles are dipped to obtain a clean, bright surface.
BRINELL HARDNESS – (Test) – A common standard method of measuring the hardness of certain
metals. The smooth surface of the metal is subjected to indentation by a hardened steel ball under
pressure or load. The diameter of the resultant indentation, in the metal surface, is measured by a
special microscope and the Brinell hardness value read from a chart or calculated by formula.
BRITTLENESS – A tendency to fracture without appreciable deformation.
BROACHING – Multiple shaving, accomplished by pushing a tool with stepped cutting edges along the
work, particularly through holes.
BRONZE – Primarily an alloy of copper and tin, but the name is now applied to other alloys not
containing tin; e.g., aluminum bronze, manganese bronze, and beryllium bronze. For varieties and uses
of tin bronze see (Alpha-bronze and Phosphor bronze).
BROWN & SHARPE GAGES – (B&S) – A standard series of sizes arbitrarily indicated, as by numbers, to which the diameter of wire or thickness of sheet metal is usually made and which is used in
the manufacture of brass, bronze, copper, copper-base alloys and aluminum. These gage numbers
have a definite relationship to each other. By this system the decimal thickness is reduced by 50%
every six gage numbers – while temper is expressed by the number of B & S gage numbers as cold
reduced in thickness from previous annealing. For each B & S gage number in thickness reduction,
there is assigned a hardness value of 1/4 hard. To illustrate: One number hard = 1/4 hard, two
numbers hard = 1/2 hard, etc.
BUCKLE – Alternate bulges or hollows recurring along the length of the product with the edges
remaining relatively flat.
BURNING – Heating a metal beyond the temperature limits allowable for the desired heat treatment, or
beyond the point where serious oxidation or other detrimental action begins.
BURNT– A term applied to a metal permanently damaged by overheating.
BURR – A thin ridge or roughness left by a cutting operation such as in metal slitting, shearing,
blanking or sawing. This is common to a No. 3 slit edge in the case of steel.
BUTCHER SAW STEEL – A hardened, tempered, and bright polished high carbon spring steel strip
(carbon content a bit higher than in wood band saw quality) with a Rockwell value of approximately
C47/49.
BUTT WELDING – Joining two edges or ends by placing one against the other and welding them.
CAKE – A copper ingot rectangular in cross section intended for rolling.
CAMBER OR BOW – Edgewise curvature. A lateral departure of a side edge of sheet or strip metal
from a straight line.
CAMERA SHUTTER STEEL – Hardened, tempered and bright polished extra flat and extra precision
rolled. Carbon content 1.25 – Chromium .15.
CAPPED STEEL – (See Bottle Top Mold.)
CARBIDE – A compound of carbon with one or more metallic elements.
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CARBON – (Chemical symbol C) – Element No. 6 of the periodic system; atomic weight 12.01; has
three allotropic modifications, all non-metallic. Carbon is present in practically all ferrous alloys, and has
tremendous effect on the properties of the resultant metal. Carbon is also an essential component of
the cemented carbides. Its metallurgical use, in the form of coke, for reduction of oxides, is very extensive.
CARBON FREE – Metals and alloys which are practically free from carbon.
CARBON RANGE – In steel specifications, the carbon range is the difference between the minimum
and maximum amount of carbon acceptable.
CARBON STEEL – Common or ordinary steel as contrasted with special or alloy steels, which contain
other alloying metals in addition to the usual constituents of steel in their common percentages.
CARBURIZING – (Cementation.) Adding carbon to the surface of iron-base alloys by absorption
through heating the metal at a temperature below its melting point in contact with carbonaceous solids,
liquids or gases. The oldest method of case hardening.
CASE HARDENING – Carburizing and subsequently hardening by suitable heat-treatment, all or part
of the surface portions of a piece of iron-base alloy.
CAST– (1) A term indicating in the annealed state as “Cast Spring Steel Wire.” (2) In reference to
Bright or Polished Strip Steel or Wire, the word cast implies discoloration as a shadow. (3) A term
implying a lack of straightness as in a coil set.
CAST STEEL – Any object made by pouring molten steel into molds.
CEMENTITE – A compound of iron and carbon known as “Iron carbide,” which has the approximate
chemical formula Fe3C containing 6.69% of carbon. Hard and brittle, it is the hard constituent of cast iron,
and the normal form in which carbon is present in steel. It is magnetizable, but not as readily as ferrite.
CHARCOAL TIN PLATE – Tin Plate with a relatively heavy coating of tin (higher than the “Coke Tin
Plate” grades).
CHATTER MARKS – (Defect) – Parallel indentations or marks appearing at right angles to edge of
strip forming a pattern at close and regular intervals, caused by roll vibrations.
CHIPPING – A method for removing seams and other surface defects with chisel or gouge so that such
defects will not be worked into the finished product. Chipping is often employed also to remove metal
that is excessive but not defective. Removal of defects by gas cutting is known as “deseaming” or
“scarfing.”
CHROMIUM – (Chemical symbol Cr) – Element No. 24 of the periodic system; atomic weight 52.01. It
is of bright silvery color, relatively hard. It is strongly resistant to atmospheric and other oxidation. It is
of great value in the manufacture of Stainless Steel as an iron-base alloy. Chromium plating has also
become a large outlet for the metal. Its principal functions as an alloy in steel making; (1) increases
resistance to corrosion and oxidation (2) increases hardenability (3) adds some strength at high
temperatures (4) resists abrasion and wear (with high carbon).
CHROMIUM-NICKEL STEEL – Steel usually made by the electric furnace process in which chromium
and nickel participate as alloying elements. The stainless steel of 18% chromium and 8% nickel are the
better known of the chromium-nickel types.
CIGARETTE KNIFE STEEL – Hardened, tempered and bright polished. 1.25 Carbon content –
Chromium .15. Accurate flatness necessary and a high hardness with Rockwell C 51 to 53. Usual sizes
are 4 3/4” wide and 6” wide x .004 to .010.
CLADDING – A process for covering one metal with another. Usually the surfaces of fairly thick slabs
of two metals are brought carefully into contact and are then subjected to co-rolling so that a clad
composition results. In some instances a thick electroplate may be deposited before rolling.
CLAD METAL – A composite metal containing two or three layers that have been bonded together. The
bonding may have been accomplished by co-rolling, welding, heavy chemical deposition or heavy
electroplating.
CLOCK SPRING STEEL – (See Tempered and Polished Spring Steel Strip .90/103 carbon range.)
CLUSTER MILL – A rolling mill where each of the two working rolls of small diameter is supported by
two or more back-up rolls.
COBALT – (Chemical symbol Co) – Element No. 27 of the periodic system; atomic weight 58.94. A
gray magnetic metal, of medium hardness; it resists corrosion like nickel, which it resembles closely;
melting point 26960 F., boiling point about 52500 F., specific gravity 8.9. It is used as the matrix metal in
most cemented carbides and is occasionally electroplated instead of nickel, the sulfate being used as
electrolyte. Its principal function as an alloy in tool steel; it contributes to red hardness by hardening ferrite.
COIL SET OR LONGITUDINAL CURL – A lengthwise curve or set found in coiled strip metals
following its coil pattern. A departure from longitudinal flatness. Can be removed by roller or stretcher
leveling from metals in the softer temper ranges.
COILS – Coiled flat sheet or strip metal – usually in one continuous piece or length.
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COINING – A process of impressing images or characters of the die and punch onto a plane metal
surface.
COKE PLATE – (Hot Dipped Tin Plate.) Standard tin plate, with the lightest commercial tin coat, used
for food containers, oil canning, etc. A higher grade is the best cokes, with special cokes representing
the best of the coke tin variety. For high qualities and heavier coatings, see Charcoal Tin Plate.
COIL BREAKS – Creases or Ridges appearing in sheets as parallel lines transverse to the direction of
rolling and generally extending across the width of the sheet.
COIL WELD – A joint between two lengths of metal within a coil – not always visible in the cold
reduced product.
COLD REDUCED STRIP – Metal strip, made from hot-rolled strip, by rolling on cold-reduction mills.
COLD REDUCTION – Reduction of metal size, usually by rolling or drawing particularly thickness, while
the metal is maintained at room temperature or below the recrystallization temperature of the metal.
COLD ROLLED FINISH – Finish obtained by cold rolling plain pickled sheet or strip with a lubricant
resulting in a relatively smooth appearance.
COLD ROLLING – Rolling metal at a temperature below the softening point of the metal to create
strain hardening (work-hardening). Same as cold reduction, except that the working method is limited
to rolling. Cold rolling changes the mechanical properties of strip and produces certain useful
combinations of hardness, strength, stiffness, ductility and other characteristics known as tempers.
COLD SHORT – The characteristic of metals that are brittle at ordinary or low temperatures.
COLD SHUT – A defect produced during casting, causing an area in metal where two portions of the
metal in either a molten or plastic condition have come together but have failed to unite, fuse, or blend
into a solid mass. (See Lamination.)
COLD WORKING – Plastic deformation, such as rolling, hammering, drawing, etc., at a temperature
sufficiently low to create strain-hardening (work-hardening). Commonly, the term refers to such
deformation at normal temperatures.
COLUMBIUM – (Chemical Symbol Cb) – Element No.41 of the periodic system. Atomic weight 92.91. It
is steel gray in color and brilliant luster. Specific gravity 8.57. Melting point at about 43790 F. It is used
mainly in the production of stabilized austenitic chromium-nickel steels, also to reduce the air-hardening characteristics in plain chromium steels of the corrosion resistant type. (Now known as Niobium
(Nb), Element No. 41 of the periodic system.)
COMMERCIAL BRONZE – A copper-zinc alloy (brass) containing 90% copper and 10% zinc; used for
screws, wire, hardware, etc. Although termed “commercial-bronze” it contains no tin. It is somewhat
stronger than copper and has equal or better ductility.
COMMERCIAL FINISH – Refer to FINISHES.
COMMERCIAL QUALITY STEEL SHEET – Normally to a ladle analysis of carbon limit at 0.15 max.
A Standard Quality Carbon Steel Sheet.
CONTINUOUS CASTING – A casting technique in which the ingot is continuously solidified while it is
being poured, and the length is not determined by mold dimensions.
CONTINUOUS FURNACE – Furnace, in which the material being heated moves steadily through the
furnace.
CONTINUOUS PICKLING – Passing sheet or strip metal continuously through a series of pickling and
washing tanks.
CONTINUOUS STRIP MILL – A series of synchronized rolling mill stands in which coiled flat rolled
metal entering the first pass (or stand) moves in a straight line and is continuously reduced in thickness
(not width) at each subsequent pass. The finished strip is recoiled upon leaving the final or finishing pass.
CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERE FURNACES – A furnace used for bright annealing into which specially
prepared gases are introduced for the purpose of maintaining a neutral atmosphere so that no
oxidizing reaction between metal and atmosphere takes place.
CONVERTER – A furnace in which air is blown through the molten bath of crude metal or matte for the
purpose of oxidizing impurities.
COOLING STRESSES – Stresses developed by uneven contraction or external constraint of metal during cooling; also those stresses resulting from localized plastic deformation during cooling, and retained.
COPPER – (Chemical symbol Cu) – Element No. 29 of the periodic system, atomic weight 63.57. A
characteristically reddish metal of bright luster, highly malleable and ductile and having high electrical
and heat conductivity; melting point 19810 F., boiling point 42370 F., specific gravity 8.94. Universally and
extensively used in the arts in brasses, bronzes. Universally used in the pure state as sheet, tube, rod
and wire and also as alloyed by other elements (see Brass and Bronze), as an alloy with other metals.
CORE WOUND FLAT WIRE – (See Oscillated Wound Coils.)
CORROSION – Gradual chemical or electrochemical attack on a metal by atmosphere, moisture or
other agents.
CORROSION EMBRITTLEMENT – The embrittlement caused in certain alloys by exposure to a
corrosive environment. Such material is usually susceptible to the intergranular type of corrosion attack.
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CORRUGATED – As a defect. Alternate ridges and furrows. A series of deep short waves.
CREEP – The flow or plastic deformation of metals held for long periods of time at stresses lower than
the normal yield strength. The effect is particularly important if the temperature of stressing is above
the recrystallization temperature of the metal.
CRITICAL POINTS – Temperatures at which internal changes or transformations take place within a
metal either on a rising or falling temperature.
CRITICAL RANGE – A temperature range in which an internal change takes place within a metal. Also
termed transformation range.
CROP – The defective ends of a rolled or forged product which are cut off and discarded.
CROSS BREAK – See Luder’s Lines. This term also applied to transverse ribs or ripple.
CROSS DIRECTION – (in rolled or drawn metal). The direction parallel to the axes of the rolls during
rolling. The direction at right angles to the direction of rolling or drawing.
CROSS ROLLING – Rolling at an angle to the long dimension of the metal; usually done to increase width.
CROWN OR HEAVY CENTER – Increased thickness in the center of metal sheet or strip as compared
with thickness at the edge.
CRUCIBLE – A ceramic pot or receptacle made of graphite and clay, or clay or other refractory
material, and used in the melting of metal. The term is sometimes applied to pots made of cast iron,
cast steel or wrought steel.
CRYSTAL – (1) A physically homogeneous solid in which the atoms, ions or molecules are arranged in
a three-dimensional repetitive pattern. (2) A coherent piece of matter, all parts of which have the same
anisotropic arrangement of atoms in metals, usually synonymous with “grain” and “crystallite.”
CRYSTALLINE – Composed of crystals.
CRYSTALLIZATION – The formation of crystals by the atoms assuming definite positions in a crystal
lattice. This is what happens when a liquid metal solidifies. (Fatigue, the failure of metals under
repeated stresses, is sometimes falsely attributed to crystallization.)
CUBE-CENTERED – Metallography – (Concerning space Iattices) – Body-centered cubic. Refers to
crystal structure.
CUP FRACTURE – A type of fracture in a tensile test specimen which looks like a cup having the
exterior portion extended with the interior slightly depressed.
CUP TEST – (See Olsen Ductility Test.)
CYANIDING – Surface hardening of an iron-base alloy article or portion of it by heating at a suitable
temperature in contact with a cyanide salt, followed by quenching.
DEAD FLAT – Perfectly flat. As pertaining to sheet, strip or plate. Refer to Stretcher Leveling.
DEAD SOFT ANNEALING – Heating metal to above the critical range and appropriately cooling to
develop the greatest possible commercial softness or ductility.
DEAD SOFT STEEL – Steel, normally made in the basic open-hearth furnace or by the basic oxygen
process with carbon less than 0.10% and manganese in the 0.20 - 0.50% range, completely annealed.
DEAD SOFT TEMPER – (No. 5 TEMPER) – Condition of maximum softness commercially attainable in
wire, strip, or sheet metal in the annealed state.
DEBURRING – A method whereby the raw slit edge of metal is removed by rolling or filing.
DECARBURIZATION – Removal of carbon from the outer surface of iron or steel, usually by heating in
an oxidizing or reducing atmosphere. Water vapor, oxygen and carbon dioxide are strong decarburizers. Reheating with adhering scale is also strongly decarburizing in action.
DEEP DRAWING – The process of cold working or drawing sheet or strip metal blanks by means of
dies on a press into shapes which are usually more or less cup-like in character involving considerable
plastic deformation of the metal. Deep-drawing quality sheet or strip steel, ordered or sold on the basis
of suitability for deep-drawing.
DEGASSING PROCESS – (In steel making) – Removing gases from the molten metal by means of a
vacuum process in combination with mechanical action.
DELTA IRON – Allotropic modification of iron, stable above 25520 F., to melting point. It is of bodycentered cubic crystal structure.
DEOXIDIZING – Removal of oxygen. In steel sheet, strip, and wire technology, the term refers to heat
treatment in a reducing atmosphere, to lessen the amount of scale. (See Controlled Atmosphere
Furnaces.)
DIE-LINES – Lines of markings caused on drawn or extruded products by minor imperfections in the
surface of the die.
DIE SINKING – Forming or machining a depressed pattern in a die.
DISH – A concave surface departing from a straight line edge to edge. Indicates transverse or across
the width.
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DOCTOR BLADE STEEL STRIP – A hardened and tempered spring steel strip, usually blued,
produced from approximately .85 carbon cold rolled spring steel strip specially selected for straightness
and good edges. Sometimes hand straightened or straightened by grinding and cut to desired lengths.
This product is used in the printing trade as a blade to uniformly remove excess ink (“dope”) from the
rolls; hence its name.
DRAWING BACK – Reheating after hardening to a temperature below the critical for the purpose of
changing the hardness of the steel. (See Tempering.)
DRILL ROD – A term given to an annealed and polished high carbon tool steel rod usually round and
centerless ground. The sizes range in round stock from .013 to 1-1/2” diameter. Commercial qualities
embrace water and oil hardening grades. A less popular but nevertheless standard grade is a nondeforming quality. Drill Rods are used principally by machinists and tool and diemakers for punches,
drills, taps, dowel pins, screw machine parts, small tools, etc.
DRY ROLLED FINISH – Finish obtained by cold rolling on polished rolls without the use of any coolant
or metal lubricant, of material previously plain pickled, giving a burnished appearance.
DUCTILITY – The property of metals that enables them to be mechanically deformed when cold,
without fracture. In steel, ductility is usually measured by elongation and reduction of area as
determined in a tensile test.
DURALUMIN – The trade name applied to the first aluminum – copper – magnesium type of age-hardenable alloy (17S), which contains nominally 4% Cu, 1/2% Mn and 1/2% Mg. The term is sometimes
used to include the class of wrought aluminum – copper – magnesiurn alloys that harden during aging
at room temperature.
EARING – Wavy projections formed at the open end of a cup or shell in the course of deep drawing
because of differences in directional properties. Also termed scallop. (See nonscalloping.)
EDGES – Many types of edges can be produced in the manufacture of flat rolled metal products. Over
the years the following types of edges have become recognized as standard in their respective fields.
COPPER BASE ALLOYS – Slit, Slit and Edge Rolled, Sheared, Sawed, Machined or Drawn.
SHEET STEELS OR ALUMINUM SHEET – Mill Edge, Slit Edge or Sheared Edge.
STRIP STEELS and STAINLESS STRIP
No. 1 Edge – A smooth, uniform, round or square edge, either slit or filed or slit and edge rolled as
specified, width tolerance + .005”.
No. 2 Edge – A natural round mill edge carried through from the hot rolled band. Has not been slit,
filed, or edge rolled. Tolerances not closer than hot-rolled strip limits.
No. 3 Edge – Square, produced by slitting only. Not filed. Width tolerances close.
No. 4 Edge – A round edge produced by edge rolling either from a natural mill edge or from slit
edge strip. Not as perfect as No. 1 Edge. Width tolerances liberal.
No. 5 Edge – An approximately square edge produced by slitting and filing or slitting and rolling to
remove burr.
No. 6 Edge – A square edge produced by square edge rolling, generally from square edge hotrolled occasionally from slit strip. Width tolerances and finish not as exacting as No. 1 Edge.
EDGE FILING – A method whereby the raw or slit edges of strip metal are passed or drawn one or
more times against a series of files, mounted at various angles. This method may be used for deburring
only or filing to a specific contour including a completely rounded edge.
EDGE STRAIN OR EDGE BREAKS – Creases extending in from the edge of the temper rolled sheet.
EDGEWISE CURVATURE – (See Camber.)
EDGING – The dressing of metal strip edges by rolling, filing or drawing.
ELASTIC LIMIT – Maximum stress that a material will stand before permanent deformation occurs.
ELECTRIC FURNACE STEEL – Steel made in any furnace where heat is generated electrically,
almost always by arc. Because of relatively high cost, only tool steels and other high-value steels are
made by the electric furnace process.
ELECTROCLEANING – (Electrolytic Brightening) – An anodic treatment. A cleaning, polishing, or
oxidizing treatment in which the specimen or work is made the anode in a suitable electrolyte; an inert
metal is used as cathode and a potential is applied.
ELECTRO - GALVANIZING – Galvanizing by electro deposition of zinc on steel. (See Galvanizing)
ELECTROLYTIC POLISHING – (See Electrocleaning.)
ELECTROLYTIC TIN PLATE – Black Plate (See definition) that has been Tin plated on both sides with
commercially pure tin by electrodeposition (refer Tin Plating).
ELECTROPLATING – The production of a thin coating of one metal on another by electrodeposition. It
is very extensively used in industry and is continuing to enlarge its useful functions. Various plated
metals and combinations thereof are being used for different purposes, to illustrate:
1. Decoration and protection against corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . copper, nickel and chromium
2. Protection against corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cadmium or zinc
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3. Protection against wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . chromium
4. Build-up of a part or parts undersize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . chromium or nickel
5. Plate for rubber adhesion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . brass
6. Protection against carburization and for brazing operations . . . . . . . . . . . . copper and nickel
ELONGATION – increase in length which occurs before a metal is fractured, when subjected to stress.
This is usually expressed as a percentage of the original length and is a measure of the ductility of the
metal.
EMBOSSING – Raising or indenting a design in relief on a sheet or strip of metal by passing between
rolls of desired pattern. (See patterned or embossed this catalog.)
ENDURANCE LIMIT – Maximum alternating stress which a given material will withstand for an
indefinite number of times without causing fatigue failure.
ERICHSEN TEST – Similar to the Olsen Test. (See Olsen Test.) Readings are in millimeters.
ETCHING – In metallography, the process of revealing structural details by the preferential attack of
reagents on a metal surface.
EUTECTOID STEEL– Steel representing the eutectoid composition of the iron - carbon system, with
about 0.80% to 0.83% carbon, the eutectoid temperature being about 1333o F. Such steel in the
annealed condition consists exclusively of pearlite. Steels with less than this quota of carbon are known
as hypo-eutectoid and contain free ferrite in addition to the pearlite. When more carbon is
present, the steel is known as hyper-eutectoid and contains free cementite. The presence of certain
elements, such as nickel or chromium, lowers the eutectoid carbon content.
EXPANDER STEEL – Hardened and tempered, blue polished. Carbon content about 1.00, Chromium
.17. Used for the expanders in oil piston rings. Hardness 30 N 70 to 73. Range of sizes run for grooves
3/32” to 1/4” wide with the steel approximately .003 less than the grooves and thickness from .012 to
.020.
EXTENSOMETER – An apparatus for indicating the deformation of metal while it is subjected to stress.
EXTENSOMETER TEST – The measurement of deformation during stressing in the elastic range,
permitting determination of elastic properties such as proportional limit, proof stress, yield strength by
the offset method and so forth. Requires the use of special testing equipment and testing procedures
such as the use of an extensometer or the plotting of a stress-strain diagram.
EXTRA HARD TEMPER – In brass mill terminology, Extra Hard is six B & S numbers hard or 50.15%
reduction from the previous annealing or soft stage.
EXTRA SPRING TEMPER – In brass mill terminology. Extra Spring is ten numbers hard or 68.55%
reduction in thickness from the previous annealing or soft stage.
EXTRUSION – Shaping metal into a chosen continuous form by forcing it through a die of appropriate
shape.
FACE CENTERED – (Concerning cubic space lattices) – Having equivalent points at the corners of the
unit cell and at the centers of its six faces. A face-centered cubic space lattice is characteristic of one
of the close-packed arrangements of equal hard spheres.
FATIGUE – The phenomenon leading to fracture under repeated or fluctuating stress. Fatigue fractures
are progressive beginning as minute cracks and grow under the action of fluctuating stress.
FERROALLOY – An alloy of iron with a sufficient amount of some element or elements such as manganese, chromium, or vanadium for use as a means in adding these elements into molten steel.
FERRO-MANGANESE – An alloy of iron and manganese (80% manganese) used in making additions
of manganese to steel or cast-iron.
FERROUS – Related to iron (derived from the Latin ferrum). Ferrous alloys are, therefore, iron base alloys.
FIBER OR FIBRE – Direction in which metals have been caused to flow, as by rolling, with
microscopic evidence in the form of fibrous appearance in the direction of flow.
FIBER STRESS – Unit stress which exists at any given point in a structural element subjected to load;
given as load per unit area.
FILED EDGES – Finished edges, the final contours of which are produced by drawing the strip over a
series of small steel files. This is the usual and accepted method of dressing the edges of annealed
spring steel strip after slitting in cases where edgewise slitting cracks are objectionable or slitting burr
is to be removed.
FINISHED STEEL – Steel that is ready for the market without further work or treatment. Blooms,
billets, slabs, sheet bars, and wire rods are termed “semifinished.”
FINISHES – The surface appearance of the various metals after final treatment such as rolling, etc.
Over the years the following finishes have become recognized as standard in their respective fields.
ALUMINUM SHEET
(A) Commercially Bright.
(B) Bright one side.
(C) Bright both sides.
(D) Embossed Sheets (Produced by using embossed rolls).
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BLACK PLATE
(A) Dull finish without luster produced by use of roughened rolls.
(B) Bright finish – a luster finish produced by use of rolls having a moderately smooth surface.
COLD ROLLED STEEL SHEETS
(A) Commercial Finish. A dull satin surface texture produced by roughened rolls.
(B) Commercial – Bright Finish. Bright in appearance with a texture between luster and a very
fine matte finish.
(C) Luster Finish produced by use of ground and polished rolls. (Note – This is not a number 3
finish.)
COLD ROLLED STRIP STEELS
No.1 Finish – A dull finish produced without luster by rolling on roughened rolls.
No.2 Finish – A regular bright finish produced by rolling on moderately bright rolls.
No.3 Finish – Best Bright Finish – A lustrous or high gloss finish produced by rolling on highly
polished rolls– Also referred to as “Mirror Finish.”
COPPER BASE ALLOYS
Acid Dipped-Dry Rolled Finish. Produced by dry cold rolling bichromate dipped alloy with
polished rolls, resulting in a burnished appearance and retaining the color obtained by dipping
(True Metal Color).
Bright Dipped Finish – Finish resulting from an acid dip.
Buffed or Polished Surface – A finish obtained by buffing, resulting in a high gloss or polished finish.
Cold Rolled Finish –- A relatively smooth finish obtained by cold rolling plain pickled strip with
a lubricant.
Dry Rolled Finish – A burnished finish resulting from dry cold rolling by use of polished rolls
without any metal lubricant.
Hot Rolled Finish – A dark relatively rough oxidized finish resulting from rolling the metal while
hot. May subsequently be pickled or bright dipped but the rough surface remains.
Scratched Brushed Finish (Satin Finish) –-Obtained by mechanically brushing with wire
brushes or by buffing.
FLAT WIRE
No.2 Finish – A regular bright finish.
No.3 Finish – Best Bright High Gloss Finish produced by use of polished rolls. Or by special
buffing-this is a negotiated finish.
STAINLESS COLD ROLLED SHEET and STRIP Nos. 1, 2B & 3B.
No.1 Finish – C.R. Annealed and pickled appearance varies from dull gray matte finish to a fairly
reflective surface.
No.2B Finish – Same as number 1 Finish followed by a final light cold rolled pass generally on
highly polished rolls.
No.2D Finish – A dull cold rolled finish produced by cold rolling on dull rolls.
STAINLESS C. R. SHEET – Polished Finishes
No. 3 Finish – This is an intermediate polished finish.
No. 4 Finish – Ground and Polished.
No. 6 Finish – Ground, Polished and Tampico Brushed.
No. 7 Finish – Ground and High Luster Polished.
No. 8 Finish – Ground and Polished to Mirror Finish.
TEMPERED and UNTEMPERED COLD ROLLED CARBON SPRING STEEL STRIP
Classified by description as follows:
(A) Black Oil Tempered.
(B) Scaleless Tempered
(C) Bright Tempered.
(D) Tempered and Polished.
(E) Tempered, Polished and Colored (Blue or straw).
TIN PLATE
(A) Bright hot dipped finish.
(B) Electro Matte Dull Finish.
(C) Electro Bright Reflow Finish produced by the in-the-line thermal treatment following
electrodeposition.
FINISHING TEMPERATURE – Temperature of final hot-working of a metal.
FLAME ANNEALING – A process of softening a metal by the application of heat from a high temperature flame.
FLAME HARDENING – A process of hardening a ferrous alloy by heating it above the transformation
range by means of a high-temperature flame, and then cooling as required.
FLAPPER VALVE STEEL – An extremely flat, very smooth, very accurate to gage, polished, hardened
and tempered spring steel produced from approximately 1.15 carbon. The name is derived from its
common and principle usage.
FLATTENING – (See Roller and Stretcher Leveling.)
FLAT LATCH NEEDLE STEEL – Supplied cold rolled and annealed. Carbon content .85. Supplied
both in coil and flat length. Used to make flat latch needles which are used in the manufacture of
knitted goods.
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FLAT WIRE – A flat Cold Rolled, prepared edge section up to 1-1/4” wide, rectangular in shape.
Generally produced from hot rolled rods or specially prepared round wire by one or more cold rolling
operations, primarily for the purpose of obtaining the size and section desired. May also be produced
by slitting cold rolled flat metal to desired width followed by edge dressing.
FLOWLINES – Always visible to a greater or less degree when a longitudinal section has been
subjected to Macro etching, indicating the direction of working or rolling.
FLOW STRESS – The shear stress required to cause plastic deformation of solid metals.
FLUTING – Kinking or breakage due to curving of metal strip on a radius so small, with relation to
thickness, as to stretch the outer surface above its elastic limit. Not to be confused with the specific
product, Fluted Tubes.
FOIL – Metal in any width but no more than about 0.005” thick.
FOLDS – Defects caused in metal by continued fabrication of overlapping surfaces.
FRACTURE – Surface appearance of metals when broken.
FRACTURE TEST – Nicking and breaking a bar by means of sudden impact, to enable macroscopic
study of the fractured surface.
FRICTION GOUGES OR SCRATCHES – A series of relatively short surface scratches variable in form
and severity. (Refer to Galling.)
FULL ANNEALING – Used principally on iron and steel, means heating the metal to about 1000 F.,
above the critical temperature range, followed by “soaking” at this point and slow cooling below the
critical temperature.
FULL FINISH PLATE – Steel sheet or strip, reduced either hot or cold, cleaned, annealed, and then
cold-rolled to a bright finish.
FULL HARD TEMPER – (A) (No. 1 Temper.) In low carbon sheet or strip steel, stiff and springy, not
suitable for bending in any direction. It is the hardest temper obtainable by hard cold rolling. (B) In
Stainless Steel Strip, tempers are based on minimum tensile or yield strength. For Chromium-Nickel
grades Full Hard temper is 185,000 TS, 140,000 YS Min. Term also used in connection with copper
base alloys and considered synonymous with Hard Temper.
GAGES – (Metal) – Mfrs. standard numbering systems indicating decimal thicknesses or diameters.
GALLING – The damaging of one or both metallic surfaces by removal of particles from localized
areas due to seizure during sliding friction.
GALVANIZING – Coating steel with zinc and tin (principally zinc) for rustproofing purposes. Formerly
for the purpose of galvanizing, cut length steel sheets were passed singly through a bath of the molten
metal. Today’s galvanizing processing method consists of uncoiling and passing the continuous length
of successive coils either through a molten bath of the metal termed Hot Dipped Galvanizing or by
continuously zinc coating the uncoiled sheet electrolytically – termed ELECTRO-GALVANIZING.
GAMMA IRON – The form of iron stable between 16700 F., and 25500 F., and characterized by a
face - centered cubic crystal structure.
GILDING METAL – A copper-zinc alloy containing 95% copper and 5% zinc. While similar to deoxidized
copper in physical properties, it is somewhat stronger and very ductile. It has thermal and electrical
conductivity slightly better than half that of electrolytic copper and corrosion resistance comparable to
copper.
GRAIN – A solid polyhedral (or many sided crystal) consisting of groups of atoms bound together in a
regular geometric pattern. In mill practice grains are usually studied only as they appear in one plane.
(1) (Direction of.) Refers to grain fiber following the direction of rolling and parallel to edges of strip or
sheets. (2) To bend across the grain is to bend at right angles to the direction of rolling. (3) To bend
with the grain is to bend parallel to the direction of rolling. In steel, the ductility in the direction of rolling
is almost twice that at right angles to the direction of rolling.
GRAIN BOUNDARY – Bounding surface between crystals. When alloys yield new phases (as in
cooling), grain boundaries are the preferred location for the appearance of the new phase. Certain
deteriorations, such as season cracking and caustic embrittlement, occur almost exclusively at grain
boundaries.
GRAIN GROWTH – An increase in metallic crystal size as annealing temperature is raised; growth
occurs by invasion of crystal areas by other crystals.
GRAINS – Individual crystals in metals.
GRAIN SIZE – Average diameter of grains in the metal under consideration, or alternatively, the
number of grains per unit area. Since increase in grain size is paralleled by lower ductility and impact
resistance, the question of general grain size is of great significance. The addition of certain metals
affects grain size, for example vanadium and aluminum tend to give steel a fine grain. The ASTM has
set up a grain size standard for steels, and the McQuaid-Ehn Test has been developed as a method of
measurement.
GRANULATED – A coarse grain or pebbly surface condition which becomes evident during drawing.
Refer to Orange Peel.
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GRANULATION – The formation of grains immediately upon solidification.
GRAPHITIZING – A heating and cooling process by which the combined carbon in cast iron or steel is
transformed, wholly or partly, to graphitic or free carbon.
GROUND FLAT STOCK – Annealed and preground (to close tolerances) tool steel flats in standard
sizes ready for tool room use. These are three common grades; water hardening, oil hardening, and air
hardening quality.
GUIDE – Device for holding the metal in the proper position, during rolling, or slitting.
GUIDE SCRATCH – (Defect) – Scratches or marks appearing parallel to edges of cold rolled strip
caused by scale or other particles which have become imbedded in or have adhered to the rolling mill
guide. Also applies to similar scratches appearing as a result of slitting.
HALF HARD TEMPER – (A) (No. 2 Temper.) In low carbon cold-rolled strip steel, produced by cold
rolling to a hardness next to but somewhat softer than full hard temper. (B) In brass mill terminology,
half hard is two B & S numbers hard or 20.70% thickness reduction. (C) In Stainless Steel Strip,
Tempers are based on minimum tensile or yield strength. For Chromium-Nickel grades Half-Hard
Temper 150,000 T.S., 110,000 Y.S. Min.
HARD DRAWING – Drawing metal wire through a die to reduce cross section and increase tensile
strength.
HARD DRAWN – Wire or tubing drawn to high tensile strength by a high degree of cold work.
HARD DRAWN SPRING STEEL WIRE – A medium high carbon cold drawn spring steel wire. Used
principally for cold wound springs.
HARDENABILITY – The ability of a metal, usually steel, to harden in depth as distinguished from the
terms “hardness.” (See Hardness.)
HARDENED AND TEMPERED SPRING STEEL STRIP – A medium or high carbon quality steel strip
which has been subjected to the sequence of heating, quenching and tempering.
HARDENING – Any process which increases the hardness of a metal. Usually heating and quenching
certain iron base alloys from a temperature either within or above the critical temperature range.
HARDNESS – Degree to which a metal will resist cutting, abrasion, penetration, bending and stretching. The indicated hardness of metals will differ somewhat with the specific apparatus and technique of
measuring. For details concerning the various types of apparatus used in measuring hardness. (See
Brinell Hardness, Rockwell Hardness, Vickers Hardness, Scleroscope Hardness.) Tensile Strength also
is an indication of hardness.
HARD TEMPER – (A) (For Steel see Full Hard Temper.) (B) In brass mill terminology. Hard Temper is
four B & S numbers hard or 37.1% reduction.
HEAT OF STEEL – The product of a single melting operation in a furnace, starting with the charging
of raw materials and ending with the tapping of molten metal and consequently identical in its
characteristics.
HEAT TREATMENT – Altering the properties of a metal by subjecting it to a sequence of temperature
changes, time of retention at specific temperature and rate of cooling therefrom being as important as
the temperature itself. Heat treatment usually markedly affects strength, hardness, ductility, malleability,
and similar properties of both metals and their alloys.
HIGH BRASS – A copper-zinc alloy containing 65% copper and 35% zinc. Possesses high tensile
strength. Used for springs, screws, rivets, etc. (See Brass.)
HOOKE’S LAW – Stress is proportional to strain in the elastic range. The value of the stress at which a
material ceases to obey Hooke’s law is known as the elastic limit.
HOT DIP – In steel mill practice, a process whereby ferrous alloy base metals are dipped into molten
metal, usually zinc, tin, or terne, for the purpose of fixing a rust resistant coating.
HOT SHORT – Brittleness in hot metal.
HOT TOP – (See Sinkhead.)
HOT WORKING – Plastic deformation of metal at a temperature sufficiently high not to create strain
hardening. The lower limit of temperature for this process is the recrystallization temperature.
HYDROGEN EMBRITTLEMENT – (1) Brittleness of metal, resulting from the occlusion of hydrogen
(usually as a by-product of pickling or by co-deposition in electroplating. (2) A condition of low ductility
resulting from hydrogen absorption and internal pressure developed subsequently. Electrolytic copper
exhibits similar results when exposed to reducing atmosphere at elevated temperatures.
HYPEREUTECTOID STEEL – A steel having more than the eutectoid percentage of carbon. (See
Eutectoid Steel.)
HYPOEUTECTOID STEEL – Steel with less than the eutectoid percentage of carbon. (See Eutectoid
Steel.)
IMPACT TEST – Test designed to determine the resistance of metal to breakage by impact, usually by
concentrating the applied stress to a notched specimen.
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INCLUSIONS – Particles of impurities (usually oxides, sulfides, silicates, etc.) that are held mechanically or are formed during the solidification or by subsequent reaction within the solid metal.
INDENTATION HARDNESS – The resistance of a material to indentation. This is the usual type of
hardness test, in which a pointed or rounded indenter is pressed into a surface under a substantially
static load.
INDUCTION HARDENING – A process of hardening a ferrous alloy by heating it above the transformation range by means of electrical induction, and then cooling as required.
INDUCTION HEATING – A process of heating by electrical induction.
INGOT– A casting for subsequent rolling or forging.
INHIBITOR – A substance which retards some specific chemical reaction. Pickling inhibitors retard the
dissolution of metal without hindering the removal of scale from steel.
INTERLEAVING – The placing of a sheet of paper between two adjacent layers of metal to facilitate
handling and shearing of rectangular sheets, or to prevent sticking or scratching.
INTERMEDIATE ANNEALING – An annealing treatment given to wrought metals following cold work
hardening for the purpose of softening prior to further cold working. (See Process Annealing.)
INTERRUPTED AGING – The aging of an alloy at two or more temperatures by steps, and cooling to
room temperature after each step. Compare with progressive aging.
IRON – (Chemical symbol Fe.) – Element No. 26 of the periodic system; Atomic weight 55.85. A
magnetic silver-white metal of high tensile strength, ductile and malleable. Melting point of pure iron
about 27950 F. Chemically iron is chiefly base forming. The principal forms of commercial iron are steel,
cast iron and wrought iron.
IRONING – Thinning the walls of deep drawn articles by reducing the clearance between punch and die.
ISOTHERMAL ANNEALING – A process in which a ferrous alloy is heated to produce a structure
partly or wholly austenitic, and is then cooled to and held at a temperature that causes transformation
of the austenite to a relatively soft ferrite-carbide aggregate.
JIG SAW STEEL – Hardened, tempered and bright polished with round edges. Carbon content .85.
Range of sizes .039 to .393 in width and .016 to .039 in thickness.
KILLED STEEL – The term “killed” indicates that the steel has been sufficiently deoxidized to quiet the
molten metal when poured into the ingot mold. The general practice is to use aluminum ferrosilicon or
manganese as deoxidizing agents. A properly killed steel is more uniform as to analysis and is comparatively free from aging. However, for the same carbon and manganese content Killed Steel is harder
than Rimmed Steel. In general all steels above 0.25% carbon are killed, also all forging grades,
structural steels from 0.15% to 0.25% carbon and some special steels in the low carbon range. Most
steels below 0.15% carbon are rimmed steel.
LAMINATIONS – A defect appearing in sheets or strips as a segregation or in layers. To become
divided, caused by gas pockets in the ingot. (See Cold Shut.)
LADLE ANALYSIS – A term applied to the chemical analysis representative of a heat of steel as
reported by the producer. It is determined by analyzing a test ingot sample obtained during the pouring
of the steel from a ladle.
LAP – A surface defect appearing as a seam, caused by folding over hot metal, fins or sharp corners
and then rolling or forging them into the surface, but not welding them.
LAP-WELD – A term applied to a weld formed by lapping two pieces of metal and then pressing or
hammering, and applied particularly to the longitudinal joint produced by a welding process for tubes or
pipe, in which the edges of the skelp are beveled or scarfed so that when they are overlapped they can
be welded together.
LATTICE – Space lattice. Lattice lines and lattice planes are lines and planes chosen so as to pass
through collinear lattice points, and noncollinear lattice points, respectively.
LEAD ANNEALING – (See Bath Annealing.)
LEVELING – Flattening rolled metal sheet or strip. (See Roller and Stretcher Leveling.)
LIGHT METALS – Metals and alloys that have a low specific gravity, such as beryllium, magnesium
and aluminum.
LITHOGRAPHIC SHEET ALUMINUM – Sheet having a superior surface on one side with respect to
freedom from surface imperfections and supplied with a maximum degree of flatness, for use as a plate
in offset printing.
LONG TERNE – A term applying to steel sheets that have been terne coated (Lead and Tin) by
immersion in a bath of Terne Metal. (See Terne Plate.)
LOW BRASS – 80% Cu. – A Copper-Zinc alloy containing 20% zinc. Is a light golden color, very
ductile, suitable for cupping, drawing, forming, etc. Because of its good strength and corrosion
resistance it is used for flexible metal hose, metal bellows, etc.
LOW CARBON STEELS – Contain from 0.10 to 0.30% carbon and less than 0.60% manganese. (The
product of Basic Oxygen, Bessemer, Open Hearth or Electric Processes.)
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LUDER’S LINES – (Steel) – (Characteristic of No. 5 Temper – Not a defect in No. 5 dead soft temper.)
Long vein-like marks appearing on the surface of certain metals, in the direction of the maximum shear
stress, when the metal is subjected to deformation beyond the yield point. Also called stretcher strains,
similar occurrence in certain aluminum alloys, etc. (See Stretcher Strains.)
LUSTER FINISH – Refer to FINISHES.
M B GRAOE – A term applied to Open - Hearth steel wire in the .45/.75 carbon range either hard
drawn or oil tempered. Oil tempered wire of M B and W M B types are the most widely used of all
spring wires. Oil tempered wire is more suitable to precision forming and casting operations than hard
drawn wire, because of close control of tensile strength and superior straightness.
NOTE – M B, H B and extra H B designate Basic Open-Hearth steels, while W M B, W H B and extra
W H B designate Acid Open-Hearth Steels. The chemical composition (see Analysis Page 144) and the
mechanical properties are the same for both basic and acid steel.
MACROETCH TEST – Consists of immersing a carefully prepared section of the steel in hot acid and
of examining the etched surface to evaluate the soundness and homogeneity of the product being tested.
MACROGRAPH – A photographic reproduction of any object that has not been magnified more than
ten times.
MACROSCOPIC – Visible either with the naked eye or under low magnification (as great as about ten
diameters).
MACROSTRUCTURE – The structure of metal as revealed by macroscopic examination.
MALLEABILITY – The property that determines the ease of deforming a metal when the metal is
subjected to rolling or hammering. The more malleable metals can be hammered or rolled into thin
sheet more easily than others.
MALLEABILIZING – A process of annealing white cast iron in such a way that the combined carbon is
wholly or partly transformed to graphitic or free carbon or, in some instances, part of the carbon is
removed completely.
MANGANESE – (Chemical symbol Mn.) – Element No. 25 of the periodic system; atomic weight 54.93.
Lustrous, reddish-white metal of hard brittle and, therefore, non-malleable character. The metal is used
in large quantities in the form of Spiegel and Ferromanganese for steel manufacture as well as in
manganese and many copper-base alloys. Its principal function is as an alloy in steel making: (1) It is
ferrite-strengthening and carbide forming element. It increases hardenability inexpensively, with a
tendency toward embrittlement when too high carbon and too high manganese accompany each other.
(2) It counteracts brittleness from sulfur.
MARTENSITE – A distinctive needlelike structure existing in steel as a transition stage in the transformation of austenite. It is the hardest constituent of steel of eutectoid composition. It is produced by
rapid cooling from quenching temperature and is the chief constituent of hardened carbon tool steels.
Martensite is magnetic.
MartINSite® – is a trade name for low carbon alloy free sheet steel.
MATRIX – The principal phase in which another constituent is embedded.
MATT OR MATTE FINISH – (Steel) – Not as smooth as normal mill finish. Produced by etched or
mechanically roughened finishing rolls.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES – Those properties of a material that reveal the elastic and inelastic
reaction when force is applied, or that involve the relationship between stress and strain; for example,
the modulus of elasticity, tensile strength and fatigue limit. These properties have often been designated
as “physical properties,” but the term “mechanical properties” is much to be preferred. The mechanical
properties of steel are dependent on its microstructure. (See Physical Properties.)
MECHANICAL SPRING – Any spring produced by cold forming from any material with or without
subsequent heat treatment.
MECHANICAL WORKING – Plastic deformation or other physical change to which metal is subjected,
by rolling, hammering, drawing, etc. to change its shape, properties or structure.
MEDIUM – CARBON STEEL – Contains from 0.30% to 0.60% carbon and less than 1.00%
manganese. May be made by any of the standard processes.
MELTING RANGE – The range of temperature in which an alloy melts; that is the range between
solidus and liquidus temperatures.
METALLOGRAPHY – The science concerning the constituents and structure of metals and alloys as
revealed by the microscope.
METALLOID – (A) Element intermediate in lustre and conductivity between the true metals and nonmetals. Arsenic, antimony, boron, tellurium, and selenium, etc., are generally considered metalloids; frequently one allotropic modification of an element will be non-metallic, another metalloid in character.
Obviously, no hard and fast line can be drawn. (B) In steel metallurgy, metalloid has a specialized, even
if erroneous, meaning; it covers elements commonly present in simple steel; carbon, manganese, phosphorus, silicon and sulfur.
METAL SPRAYING – A process for applying a coating of metal to an object. The metal, usually in the
form of wire, is melted by an oxyhydrogen or oxyacetylene blast or by an electric arc and is projected at
high speed by gas pressure against the object being coated.
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MICROSTRUCTURE – The structure of polished and etched metal and alloy specimens as revealed by
the microscope.
MILL EDGE – The edge of strip, sheet or plate in the as roiled state. Unsheared.
MILL FINISH – A surface finish produced on sheet and plate. Characteristic of the ground finish used
on the rolls in fabrication.
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY – (Tension) – Force which would be required to stretch a substance to
double its normal length, on the assumption that it would remain perfectly elastic, i.e., obey Hooke’s
Law throughout the test. The ratio of stress to strain within the perfectly elastic range.
MODULUS OF RIGIDITY – Of a material suffering shear, the ratio of the intensity of the shear stress
across the section to the shear strain, i.e., to the angle of distortion in radians; expressed in pounds or
tons per square inch.
MOLD – A form of cavity into which molten metal is poured to produce a desired shape.
MOLYBDENUM – (Chemical symbol Mo.) – Element No. 42 of the periodic system; atomic weight
95.95. Hard, tough metal of grayish-white color, becoming very ductile and malleable when properly
treated at high temperatures; melting point 47480 F., boiling point about 66000 F., specific gravity 10.2.
Pure molybdenum can best be obtained as a black powder, by reduction of molybdenum trioxide or
ammonium molybdate with hydrogen. From this powder, ductile sheet and wire are made by powder
metallurgy techniques; these are used in radio and related work. Its principal functions as an alloy in
steel making: (1) Raises grain-coarsening temperature of austenite. (2) Deepens hardening. (3)
Counteracts tendency toward temper brittleness. (4) Raises hot and creep strength, red hardness. (5)
Enhances corrosion resistance in stainless steel. (6) Forms abrasion-resisting particles.
MUNTZ METAL – (A Refractory Alloy) – Alpha-beta brass, 60% copper and 40% zinc. Stronger than
alpha-brass and used for castings and hot-worked (rolled, stamped, or extruded) products. High
strength brasses are developed from this by adding other elements.
MUSIC WIRE – A polished high tensile strength cold drawn wire with higher tensile strength and higher
torsional strength than any other material available. These high mechanical properties are obtained by
a combination of the high carbon content, the patenting treatment and by many continuous passes
through drawing dies. The high toughness characteristic of this material is obtained by the patenting.
Such wire is purchased according to tensile strength, not hardness.
NATURAL AGING – Spontaneous aging of a supersaturated solid solution at room temperature.
NEEDLE CUTTER STEEL – Usually supplied quarter hard rolled, extra precision rolled with sheared
edges. Carbon content 1.25 – Chromium .15. Usually supplied in a 2” width from .002 to .035. Used
for cutting the eyes of needle and milling the latch in a latch needle.
NETWORK STRUCTURE – A structure in which the crystals of one constituent are surrounded by
envelopes of another constituent which gives a network appearance to an etched test specimen.
NICKEL – (Chemical symbol Ni.) – Element No. 28 of the periodic system; atomic weight 58.69. Silvery
white, slightly magnetic metal, of medium hardness and high degree of ductility and malleability and
resistance to chemical and atmospheric corrosion; melting point 26510 F.; boiling point about
52500 F., specific gravity 8.90. Used for electroplating. Used as an alloying agent, it is of great importance in iron-base alloys in stainless steels and in copper-base alloys such as Cupro-Nickel, as well as
in nickel-base alloys such as Monel Metal. Its principal functions as an alloy in steel making: (1)
Strengthens unquenched or annealed steels. (2) Toughens pearlitic-ferritic steels (especially at low
temperature). (3) Renders high-chromium iron alloys austenitic.
NICKEL SILVER – Copper base alloys that contain 10-45% Zn. and 5-30% Ni.
NICKEL STEEL – Steel containing nickel as an alloying element. Varying amounts are added to
increase the strength in the normalized condition to enable hardening to be performed in oil or air
instead of water.
NIOBIUM – (Chemical symbol Nb.) – Element No. 41 of the periodic system. (See Columbium.)
NITRIDING – Process of surface hardening certain types of steel by heating in ammonia gas at about
935 - 1000o F., the increase in hardness being the result of surface nitride formation. Certain alloying
constituents, principal among them being aluminum, greatly facilitate the hardening reaction. In general,
the depth of the case is less than with carburizing.
NITRIDING STEEL – Steel which is particularly suited for the nitriding process, that is, it will form a
very hard and adherent surface upon proper nitriding (heating in a partially dissociated atmosphere of
ammonia gas). Composition usually .20 -.40 carbon, .90 - 1.50 chromium, .15 -1.00 molybdenum, and
.85-1.20% aluminum.
NON-FERROUS METALS – Metals or alloys that are free of iron or comparatively so.
NON-METALLIC INCLUSIONS – Impurities (commonly oxides), sulphides, silicates or similar substances held in metals mechanically during solidification or formed by reactions in the solid state.
NON-REFRACTORY ALLOY – A term opposed to refractory alloy. (See Refractory Alloy.) A non-refractory alloy has malleability, that is, ease of flattening when subjected to rolling or hammering.
NON-SCALLOPING QUALITY STRIP STEEL – Strip steel ordered or sold on the basis of absence of
uneveness, or ears, on the edges of the steel, when subjected to deep drawing.
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NORMALIZING – A heat treatment applied to steel. Involves heating above the critical range followed
by cooling in still air. Is performed to refine the crystal structure and eliminate internal stress.
NUMBER AS PERTAINING TO EDGE – (See Edge.)
NUMBER AS PERTAINING TO HARDNESS – In copper base alloys industry; temper is referred to as
so many numbers hard, i.e. Yellow Brass Half Hard is termed 2 numbers hard. This term is derived from
terminology used on the mill floor whereby temper or hardness is imparted by cold working and classified as to hardness by the number of Brown & Sharpe gages away from the soft or as-annealed state.
NUMBER AS PERTAINING TO TEMPER – (See Temper.)
OIL HARDENING – A process of hardening a ferrous alloy of suitable composition by heating within or
above the transformation range and quenching in oil.
OIL-HARDENING STEEL – Steel adaptable to hardening by heat treatment and quenching in oil.
OIL STAIN ALUMINUM – Stain produced by the incomplete burning of the lubricants on the surface of
the sheet. Rolling subsequent to staining will change color from darker browns to lighter browns down
to white.
OLSEN (DUCTILITY) TEST – A method of measuring the ductility and drawing properties of strip or
sheet metal which involves determination of the width and depth of impression. The test simulating a
deep drawing operation is made by a standard steel ball under pressure, continuing until the cup
formed from the metal sample fractures. Readings are in thousandths of an inch. This test is sometimes used to detect stretcher straining and indicates the surface finish after drawing, similar to the
Erichsen ductility test.
OPEN-HEARTH PROCESS – Process of making steel by heating the metal in the hearth of a regenerative furnace. In the basic open-hearth steel process, the lining of the hearth is basic, usually magnesite; whereas in the acid open-hearth steel process, an acid material, silica, is used as the furnace
lining and pig iron, extremely low in phosphorous (less than 0.04%), is the raw material charged in.
OPEN SURFACE – Rough surface on black plate, sheet or strip, resulting from imperfections in the
original steel bars from which the plate was rolled.
ORANGE PEEL – (effect) – A surface roughening (defect) encountered in forming products from metal
stock that has a coarse grain size. It is due to uneven flow or to the appearance of the overly large
grains usually the result of annealing at too high a temperature. Also referred to as “pebbles” and
“alligator skin.”
ORE – A mineral from which metal is (or may be) extracted.
ORIENTATION – (crystal) – Arrangement of certain crystal axes or crystal planes in a polycrystalline
aggregate with respect to a given direction or plane. If there is any tendency for one arrangement to
predominate, it is known as the preferred orientation; in the absence of any such preference, random
orientation exists.
OSCILLATED WOUND OR SCROLL WOUND – A method of even winding metal strip or wire on to a
reel or mandrel wherein the strands are uniformly over-lapped. Sometimes termed “stagger wound” or
“vibrated wound.” The opposite of ribbon wound.
OVERAGING – Aging under conditions of time and temperature greater than those required to obtain
maximum strength.
OXIDATION – The addition of oxygen to a compound. Exposure to atmosphere sometimes results in
oxidation of the exposed surface, hence a staining or discoloration. This effect is increased with
temperature increase.
OXIDE – Compound of oxygen with another element.
OXYGEN LANCE – A length of pipe used to convey oxygen onto a bath of molten metal.
PACK ROLLING – Rolling two or more pieces of thin sheet at the same time, a method usually
practiced in rolling sheet into thin foil.
PASS – A term indicating the process of passing metal through a rolling mill.
PATENTING – Treatment of steel, usually in wire form, in which the metal is gradually heated to about
18300 F., with subsequent cooling, usually in air, in a bath of molten lead, or in a fused salt mixture held
between 8000 F., and 10500 F.
PATENT LEVELING – (See Stretcher Leveling.)
PATTERNED OR EMBOSSED SHEET – A sheet product on which a raised or indented pattern has
been impressed on either one or both surfaces by the use of rolls.
PEARLITE – Lamellar structure resembling mother of pearl. A compound of iron and carbon occurring
in steel as a result of the transformation of austenite into aggregations of ferrite and iron carbide.
PERMALLOY – Nickel alloys containing about 20 to 60% Fe, used for their high magnetic permeability
and electrical resistivity.
PERMANENT SET – Non-elastic or plastic, deformation of metal under stress, after passing the elastic
limit.
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PHOSPHOR BRONZE – Copper base alloys, with 3.5 to 10% of tin, to which has been added in the
molten state phosphorus in varying amounts of less than 1% for deoxidizing and strengthening purposes. Because of excellent toughness, strength, fine grain, resistance to fatigue and wear, and chemical
resistance, these alloys find general use as springs and in making fittings. It has corrosion resisting
properties comparable to copper.
PHOSPHOR BRONZE STRIP – A copper-base alloy containing up to 10% tin, which has been deoxidized with phosphorus in varying amounts of less than 1% (see Phosphor Bronze). Temper is imparted
by cold rolling, resulting in greater tensile strength and hardness than in most copper-base alloys or
either of its alloying elements copper or tin. The various tempers from “One Number Hard” to “Ten
Numbers Hard” are classified in hardness by the number of B & S Gages reduction in dimension from
the previous soft or as-annealed state (See Brown & Sharpe Gages). Phosphor Bronze is not heat
treatable for purposes of hardness development. It does not withstand elevated temperatures very well
and should not be used in service above 2250 F., even after stress relieving treatment at 3250 to 3500 F.
It has excellent electrical properties, corrosion resistant comparable to copper; great toughness and
resistance to fatigue. Rated good for soft soldering, silver alloy brazing, oxyacetylene, carbon arc and
resistance welding.
PHOSPHORUS – (Chemical symbol P) – Element No. 15 of the periodic system; atomic weight 30.98.
Non-metallic element occurring in at least three allotropic forms; melting point 1110 F.; boiling point 5360
F.; specific gravity 1.82. In steels it is usually undesirable with limits set in most specifications. However,
it is specified as an alloy in steel to prevent the sticking of light-gage sheets; to a degree it strengthens
low carbon steel; increases resistance to corrosion, and improves machinability in free-cutting steels. In
the manufacture of Phosphor Bronze it is used as a deoxidizing agent. (See Deoxidizing.)
PHOTOMICROGRAPH – A photographic reproduction of any object magnified more than ten
diameters. The term micrograph may be used.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES – Those properties familiarly discussed in physics, exclusive of those
described under mechanical properties; for example, density, electrical conductivity, co-efficient of thermal expansion. This term often has been used to describe mechanical properties, but this usage is not
recommended. (See Mechanical Properties.)
PICKLING – The process of chemically removing oxides and scale from the surface of a metal by the
action of water solutions of inorganic acids.
PICKLING PATCH – A defect in tin plate, galvanized or terne plated steel due to faulty pickling, leaving
areas from which the oxide has not been completely removed.
PIG IRON – Iron produced by reduction of iron ore in a blast furnace. Pig iron contains approximately
92% iron and about 3.5% carbon. Balance largely silicone and manganese with small percentages of
phosphorus, sulphur, and other impurities.
PINCH PASS TEMPER – (See Soft Skin Rolled Temper.) – See Temper Rolling.
PINCHERS – Long fern like creases usually diagonal to the direction of rolling.
PINHOLES – Microscopic imperfections of the coatings, that is, microscopic bare spots, also microscopic holes penetrating through a layer or thickness of light gage metal.
PIPE – (Defect) – Contraction cavity, essentially cone-like in shape, which occurs in the approximate
center, at the top and reaching down into a casting; caused by the shrinkage of cast metal.
PIT – (Defect) –- A sharp depression in the surface of the metal.
PLANIMETRIC METHOD – A method of measuring grain size, in which the grains within a definite
area are counted.
PLASTIC DEFORMATION – Permanent distortion of a material under the action of applied stresses.
PLASTICITY – The ability of a metal to be deformed extensively without rupture.
PLATING – A thin coating of metal laid on another metal. Refer to Electroplating, Galvanizing, Tinning
and Tinplating.
POLISHED SURFACE – (Buffed Surface) – The finish obtained by buffing with rouge or similar fine
abrasive, resulting in a high gloss or polish.
POLYMORPHISM – The ability of a material to exist in more than one crystallographic structure.
Numerous metals change in crystallographic structure at transformation temperatures during heating or
cooling. If the change is reversible, it is allotropy. The allotropy of iron, particularly the changes between
the alpha body-centered and the gamma face centered form, is of fundamental importance in the hardening of steel.
POT – A vessel for holding molten metal. Also used to refer to the electrolytic reduction cell employed
in winning certain metals, such as aluminum, from a fused electrolyte.
POT ANNEALING – Is the same as box annealing.
POURING – The transfer of molten metal from the ladle into ingot molds or other types of molds; for
example, in castings.
POWDER METALLURGY – Powd met. The art of producing metal powders and of utilizing metal
powders for the production of massive materials and shaped objects.
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PRECIPITATION HARDENING – A process of hardening an alloy in which a constituent precipitates
from a supersaturated solid solution. (See also Age Hardening and Aging.)
PRECIPITATION HEAT TREATMENT – Nonfer met. Any of the various aging treatments conducted at
elevated temperatures to improve certain of the mechanical properties through precipitation from solid
solution. See artificial aging, interrupted aging, and progressive aging.
PREHEATING – (1) A general term used to describe heating applied as a preliminary to some further
thermal or mechanical treatment. (2) A term applied specifically to tool steel to describe a process in
which the steel is heated slowly and uniformly to a temperature below the hardening temperature and
is then transferred to a furnace in which the temperature is substantially above the preheating temperature. (3) Nonfer. met. – Heating a metal to a relatively high temperature for a relatively long time in
order to change the structure before working. Ingots are homogenized by preheating.
PRIMES – Metal products, such as sheet and plate, of the highest quality and free from visible surface
defects.
PROCESS ANNEALING – In the sheet and wire industries, a process by which a ferrous alloy is heated
to a temperature close to, but below, the lower limit of the transformation range and is subsequently
cooled. This process is applied in order to soften the alloy for further cold working.
PROGRESSIVE AGING – An aging process in which the temperature of the alloy is continuously
increased during the aging cycle. The temperature may be increased in steps or by any other progressive method. Compare with interrupted aging.
PROPORTIONAL LIMIT – The greatest stress that the material is capable of sustaining without a
deviation from the law of proportionality of stress to strain (Hooke’s Law).
PUNCH – The movable part that forces the metal into the die in equipment for sheet drawing, blanking,
coining, embossing and the like.
PUNCHING – Shearing holes in sheet metal with punch and die.
PYROMETER – An instrument of any of various types used for measuring temperatures.
QUARTER HARD (No. 3 TEMPER) – (A) In low carbon cold-rolled strip steel, a medium soft temper
produced by a limited amount of cold rolling after annealing. (B) In brass mill terminology. Quarter Hard is one B&S number hard or 10.95% reduction. (C) In stainless steel terminology tempers are
based on minimum tensile, or yield strength. For Chromium-Nickel grades Quarter Hard Temper is
125,000 T.S., 75,000 Y.S. min.
QUENCHING – In the heat treating of metals, the step of cooling metals rapidly in order to obtain
desired properties; most commonly accomplished by immersing the metal in oil or water. In the case of
most copper base alloys, quenching has no effect other than to hasten cooling.
QUENCH HARDENING – (Steel) – A process of hardening a ferrous alloy of suitable composition by
heating within or above the transformation range and cooling at a rate sufficient to increase the hardness substantially. The process usually involves the formation of martensite.
RADIANT TUBE ANNEALING BOX – (See annealing.) A box which is heated, inside, by means of
tubes in which gas is burned; the hot tubes radiate their heat to the covered pile of metal, standing on
the base of the box. Usually a protective atmosphere is maintained in the box to protect the metal from
oxidation.
RADIOGRAPHY – A nondestructive method of internal examination in which metal objects are
exposed to a beam of X-ray or gamma radiation. Differences in thickness, density or absorption,
caused by internal defects or inclusions, are apparent in the shadow image either on a fluorescent
screen or on photographic film placed behind the object.
RAGGED EDGES – Edges of Sheet or Strip which are torn, split, cracked, ragged or burred or otherwise disfigured.
RECIPROCAL LATTICE – (For a crystal) – A group of points arranged about a center in such a way
that the line joining each point to the center is perpendicular to a family of planes in the crystal, and the
length of this line is inversely proportional to their interplanar distance.
RECOVERY – (1) The removal of residual stresses by localized plastic flow as the result of low temperature annealing operations; performed on cold worked metals without altering the grain structure or
strength properties substantially.
RECRYSTALLIZATION – A process whereby a distorted grain structure of cold worked metals is
replaced by a new, stress-free grain structure as a result of annealing above a specific minimum
temperature for a specific time.
RED BRASS – 85% Copper – A copper–zinc alloy containing approximately 15% zinc, used for
plumbing pipe, hardware, condenser tubes. Because of its color, is used for vanity cases, coins,
plaques, badges, etc. It is somewhat stronger than commercial bronze and is hardened more rapidly by
cold working.
RED SHORTNESS – Brittleness in steel when it is red hot.
REFINING TEMPERATURE – A temperature, usually just higher than the transformation range,
employed in the heat treatment of steel to refine the structure – in particular, the grain size.
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REFLECTOR SHEET – An alclad product containing on one side a surface layer of high-purity
aluminum superimposed on a core or base alloy of commercial-purity aluminum or an aluminum –
manganese alloy. The high-purity coating imparts good polishing characteristics and the core gives
adequate strength and formability.
REFRACTORY – A heat-resistant material, usually nonmetallic, which is used for furnace linings and such.
REFRACTORY ALLOY – A term applied to those alloys which due to hardness or abrasiveness
present relative difficulty in maintaining close dimensional tolerances.
REPHOSPHORIZING – (Steel) – A Ladle-chemical treatment consisting of the addition of phosphorus
as a work hardening agent when temper rolling black plate or sheet steel resulting in greater hardness
and stiffness and with a corresponding loss in ductility.
NOTE: – Black Plate in tempers T5 and T6 (R/B range 68/84) are temper rolled from Rephosphorized
steel.
RESIDUAL STRESS – Macroscopic stresses that are set up within a metal as the result of nonuniform
plastic deformation. This deformation may be caused by cold working or by drastic gradients of temperature from quenching or welding.
RESIDUALS – “Incidental” or “tramp” elements not named in a specification. These inclusions are
usually due to contaminated scrap.
RESILIENCE – The tendency of a material to return to its original shape after the removal of a stress
that has produced elastic strain.
RESISTANCE WELDING – A type of welding process in which the work pieces are heated by the
passage of an electric current through the contact. Such processes include spot welding, seam or line
welding and percussion welding. Flash and butt welding are sometimes considered as resistance
welding processes.
RIBBON WOUND – A term applied to a common method of winding strip steel layer upon layer around
an arbor or mandrel.
RIFFLES – Waviness at the edge of sheet or strip.
RIMMED STEEL – Low-carbon steel in which incomplete deoxidation permits the metal to remain
liquid at the top of the ingot, resulting in the formation of a bottom and side rim of considerable thickness. The rim is of somewhat purer composition than the original metal poured. If the rimming action is
stopped shortly after pouring of the ingot is completed, the metal is known as capped steel. Most steels
below 0.15% carbon are rimmed steels. For the same carbon and manganese content rimmed steel is
softer than killed steel.
RIPPLE – (Defect) – A slight transverse wave or shadow mark appearing at intervals along the piece.
ROCKWELL HARDNESS (TEST) – A standard method for measuring the hardness of metals. The
hardness is expressed as a number related to the depth of residual penetration of a steel ball or
diamond cone (“brale”) after a minor load of 10 kilograms has been applied to hold the penetrator in
position. This residual penetration is automatically registered on a dial when the major load is removed
from the penetrator. Various dial readings combined with different major loads, give “scales” designated
by letters varying from “A” to “H”; the “B” and “C” scales are most commonly in use.
ROENTGEN RAYS – (See X-rays.)
ROLL FORMING – An operation used in forming sheet. Strips of sheet are passed between rolls of
definite settings that bend the sheet progressively into structural members of various contours,
sometimes called “molded sections”.
ROLLED EDGES – Finished edges, the final contours of which are produced by side or edging rolls.
The edge contours most commonly used are square corners, rounded corners and rounded edge.
ROLLED IN SCALE – A surface defect consisting of scale partially rolled into the surface of the sheet.
ROLLER LEVELING – Passing sheet or strip metal through a series of staggered small rolls so as to
flatten the metal. This method is relatively ineffective in removing defects such as buckles, wavy edges,
corrugations, twists, etc., or from steel in the higher hardness ranges.
ROLLING – A term applied to the operation of shaping and reducing metal in thickness by passing it
between rolls which compress, shape and lengthen it following the roll pattern.
ROLLING DIRECTION – (In rolled metal) – The direction, in the plane of the sheet, perpendicular to
the axes of the rolls during rolling.
ROLLING MILLS – Equipment used for rolling down metal to a smaller size or to a given shape
employing sets of rolls the contours of which determine or fashion the product into numerous, intermediate and final shapes, e.g., blooms, slabs, rails, bars, rods, sections, plates, sheets and strip.
ROTARY SHEAR – (Slitting Machine) – A cutting machine with sharpened circular blades or disc-like
cutters used for trimming edges and slitting sheet and foil.
NOTE – cutter discs are also employed in producing circles from flat sheets but with differently
designed machines.
RULE DIE STEEL – A hardened and tempered medium high carbon spring steel strip sufficiently low
in hardness to take moderately sharp bends without fracture, intended for manufacture into rule dies for
the purpose of cutting or stamping fabrics, paper, cardboard, plastics, and metal foil into desired shape.
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SAE – Abbreviation for Society of Automotive Engineers. This organization has specified common and
alloy steels and copper base alloys in accordance with a numerical index system allowing approximation
of the composition of the metal. The last two digits always indicate the carbon content, usually within
0.05%. (See AISI-SAE specifications.)
SALT SPRAY TEST – An accelerated corrosion test in which the metal specimens are exposed to a
fine mist of salt water solution either continuously or intermittently.
SATIN FINISH – (See Scratch Brushed Finish.)
SCAB – (scabby) – A blemish caused on a casting by eruption of gas from the mold face, or by uneven
mold surfaces; or occurring where the skin from a blowhole has partly burned away and is not welded.
SCALE – (Refer to “Scaling”.)
SCALELESS BLUE – (See “Black Oil Tempered Spring Steel”.)
SCALING – (1) Oxidation of metal due to heat, resulting in relatively heavy surface layers of oxide. (2)
Removal of scale from metal.
SCALLOP – (See Ear.)
SCALPING – Machining the surface layers from ingots, billets and slabs before fabrication.
SCARFING – Cutting surface areas of metal objects, ordinarily by using a gas torch. The operation
permits surface defects to be cut from ingots, billets, or the edges of plate that is to be beveled for butt
welding. (See chipping.)
SCLEROSCOPE HARDNESS (TEST) – A method for measuring the hardness of metals; a diamondpointed hammer drops from a fixed distance through a tube onto the smoothed metal surface and the
rebound measured. The scleroscope hardness value is empirically taken from the rebound distance,
with a specified high-carbon steel as 100.
SCRAP – Material unsuitable for direct use but usable for reprocessing by remelting.
SCRATCH BRUSHED FINISH – Finish obtained by mechanically brushing the surface with wire bristle
brushes, by buffing with greaseless compound or by cold rolling with wire bristled rolls on scratch
etched finish.
SEAM – (A defect.) On the surface of metal a crack that has been closed but not welded; usually produced by some defect either in casting or in working, such as blowholes that have become oxidized or
folds and laps that have been formed during working. Similar to cold shut and laminations.
SEAM WELDING – An electric-resistance type of welding process, in which the lapped sheet is passed
between electrodes of the roller type while a series of overlapping spot welds is made by the intermittent application of electric current.
SECONDS – The designation given to sheet or strip that has imperfections in moderate degree or
extent, which may be classified in two general groups – imperfections in the base material, or other
manufacturing defects. This term not used in connection with non-ferrous alloys.
SEGMENT STEEL – Used for laminated piston rings. Carbon content about .70%. Hardened and blue
tempered with round edges. Hardness usually Rockwells 30 N 68 to 71, widths vary from .058 to .163
and thicknesses are .020, .024 and .030.
SEGREGATION – In an alloy, concentration of alloying elements at specific regions, usually as a result
of the primary crystallization of one phase with the subsequent concentration of other elements in the
remaining liquid.
SELF-HARDENING STEEL – A steel containing sufficient carbon or alloying element, or both, to form
martensite either through air hardening or, as in welding and induction hardening, through rapid
removal of heat from a locally heated portion by conduction into the surrounding cold metal. (See also
air-hardening steel.)
SEMI-FINISHED STEEL – Steel in the form of billets, blooms, etc., requiring further working before
completion into finished steel ready for marketing.
SEMI-KILLED STEEL – Steel incompletely deoxidized, to permit evolution of sufficient carbon monoxide to offset solidification shrinkage.
SEMI-STEEL – Cast iron (not steel) of high quality, obtained by using a large percentage of steel scrap
with the pig iron.
SHEAR – A type of cutting operation in which the metal object is cut by means of a moving blade and
fixed edge or by a pair of moving blades that may be either flat or curved.
SHEAR CRACK – A diagonal, transgranular crack caused by shear stresses.
SHIM – A thin flat hard metal strip produced to close tolerances; used primarily for tool, die and
machine alignment purposes. In steel there are four general types: (1) Low Carbon Rockwell B 80/100;
(2) Hard Rolled High Carbon Rockwell C 28/33. (3) Hardened and Tempered Spring Steel Rockwell C
44/51; (4) Austenitic Stainless Steel Rockwell C 35/45. Brass shim of commercial quality is also used
and most generally specified is 2 Nos. Hard but may be 4 Nos. Hard.
SHORE HARDNESS TEST – (See scleroscope hardness.)
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SHORT – Brittle.
SHORT TERNE – A term applying to terne coated (Lead and Tin) sheets with reference to Base Box
sizes (14” x 20”) Refer to terne plate.
SHOT BLASTING – Cleaning surface of metal by air blast, using metal shot as an abrasive.
SHRINKAGE CAVITY – A void left in cast metals as a result of solidification shrinkage and the progressive freezing of metal towards the center.
SILICON – (Chemical Symbol Si.) – Element No. 14 of the periodic system; atomic weight 28.06.
Extremely common element, the major component of all rocks and sands; its chemical reactions,
however, are those of a metalloid. Used in metallurgy as a deoxidizing scavenger. Silicon is present, to
some extent, in all steels, and is deliberately added to the extent of approximately 4% for electric
sheets, extensively used in alternating current magnetic circuits. Silicon cannot be electrodeposited.
SILICON STEEL – Steel usually made in the basic open-hearth or electric furnace, with about 0.50 5.% silicon, other elements being usually kept as low as possible. Because of high electrical resistance
and low hysteresis loss, silicon sheet and strip are standard in electric magnet manufacture.
SILKY FRACTURE – A steel fracture that has a very smooth fine grain or silky appearance.
SILVER SOLDERS – Alloys of silver, copper, zinc and other metals, melting between 650 and 8750 C.
used for making strong yet moderately ductile joints that resist corrosion.
SINGLE-ACTION PRESS – A forming press that operates with a single function, such as moving a
punch into a die with no simultaneous action for holding down the blank or ejecting the formed work.
SINKER STEEL – Used for making sinkers in hosiery making machinery. Supplied both hardened and
tempered and cold rolled and annealed. Usually extra precision rolled and extra flat. Carbon content
about 1.25.
SINKHEAD OR HOT TOP – A reservoir insulated to retain heat and to hold excess molten metal on top
of an ingot mold, in order to feed the shrinkage of the ingot. Also called “shrink head” or “feeder head.”
SINTERED CARBIDE – Composite, containing carbides of extremely refractory metals, such as tungsten, tantalum, titanium, etc., cemented together by a relatively low-melting metal, such as cobalt acting
as a matrix.
SINTERING – Converting powder into a continuous mass by heating to a temperature considerably
below fusion, usually after preliminary compacting by pressure.
SKELP– A plate of steel or wrought iron from which pipe or tubing is made by rolling the skelp into
shape longitudinally and welding or riveting the edges together.
SKIN – A thin surface layer that is different from the main mass of a metal object, in composition,
structure or other characteristics.
SLAB – (See bloom.)
SLAG – A product resulting from the action of a flux on the nonmetallic constituents of a processed ore,
or on the oxidized metallic constituents that are undesirable. Usually slags consist of combinations of
acid oxides with basic oxides, and neutral oxides are added to aid fusibility.
SLIT EDGES – The edges of sheet or strip metal resulting from cutting to width by rotary slitters.
SLITTING – Cutting sheet or strip metal to width by rotary slitters.
SLIVER – (Defect) – Loose metal piece rolled down onto the surface of the metal during the rolling
operations.
SOAKING – Prolonged heating of a metal at selected temperature.
SOFT SKIN ROLLED TEMPER – (No. 4 Temper.) In low carbon-rolled strip steel, soft and ductile.
Produced by subjecting annealed strip to a pinch pass or skin rolling (a very light rolling).
SOLDER EMBRITTLEMENT – Reduction in ductility of a metal or alloy, associated with local penetration by molten solder along grain boundaries.
SOLDERING – Joining metals by fusion of alloys that have relatively low melting points – most
commonly, lead-base or tin-base alloys, which are the soft solders. Hard solders are alloys that have silver, copper, or nickel bases and use of these alloys with melting points higher than 8000 F. is
generally termed brazing.
SOLUTION HEAT TREATMENT– A process in which an alloy is heated to a suitable temperature, is
held at this temperature long enough to allow a certain constituent to enter into solid solution and is
then cooled rapidly to hold the constituent in solution. The metal is left in a supersaturated, unstable
state and may subsequently exhibit age-hardening.
SORBITE – Structure of steel, resulting from the tempering of martensite. In a truly sorbitic structure,
the cementite is completely dispersed in the matrix. The trend is to call this structure tempered
martensite.
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SORBITIC PEARLITE – Structure of steel resulting, on cooling under the proper conditions, from the
decomposition of austenite; has a fine, lamellar appearance.
SPACE-CENTERED – (concerning space lattices) – Body-centered.
SPACE LATTICE – (crystal) – A system of equivalent points formed by the intersections of three sets
of planes parallel to pairs of principal axes; the space lattice may be thought of as formed by the
corners of the unit cells.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY – A numerical value representing the weight of a given substance as compared
with the weight of an equal volume of water, for which the specific gravity is taken as 1.0000.
SPECTOGRAPH – An optical instrument for determining the presence or concentration of minor metallic constituents in a material by indicating the presence and intensity of specific wave lengths of
radiation when the material is thermally or electrically excited.
SPECTOGRAPH – (X-rays) – An instrument using an extended surface – a photographic plate or film,
or a fluorescent screen – for receiving the X-ray diffraction pattern.
SPELTER – (Prime Western Spelter) – A low-grade of Virgin Zinc containing approximately 98% Zinc
used in Galvanizing processes.
SPHEROIDIZING – Any process of prolonged heating and slow cooling of steel which will convert the
carbide content into rounded or spheroid form.
SPIEGEL – High-manganese pig iron, containing 15-30% manganese, approximately 5% carbon, and
less than 1% silicon, used in the manufacture of steel by the Bessemer, or basic open-hearth process.
SPINNING – The procedure of making sheet metal discs into hollow shapes by pressing the metal
against a rotating form (spinning chuck) by a tool.
SPOT WELDING – An electric-resistance welding process in which the fusion is limited to a small area.
The pieces being welded are pressed together between a pair of water-cooled electrodes through
which an electrical current is passed during a very short interval so that fusion occurs over a small
area at the interface between the pieces.
SPRING-BACK – An indicator of elastic stresses, frequently measured as the increase in diameter of a
curved strip after removing it from the mandrel about which it was held. The measurement is employed
as an indicator of the extent of recovery or relief of residual stresses that has been achieved by the
transformation of elastic strain to plastic strain during heating or stress relieving.
SPRING STEEL – Steel, normally of the high-carbon or alloy type, used in the manufacture of springs,
lending itself to appropriate heat treatment; usually rnade in the open-hearth or electric furnace.
SPRING STEEL STRIP – Any of a number of strip steels produced for use in the manufacture of steel
springs or where high tensile properties are required marketed in the annealed state, hard rolled or as
hardened and tempered strip.
SPRING TEMPER – In brass mill terminology, Spring Temper is eight numbers hard or 60.50%
reduction.
STABILIZING ANNEAL – A treatment applied to austentic stainless steels that contain titanium or
columbium. This treatment consists of heating to a temperature below that of a full anneal in order to
precipitate the maximum amount of carbon at titanium carbide or columbium carbide. This eliminates
precipitation at lower temperatures, which might reduce the resistance of the steel to corrosion.
STABILIZING TREATMENT – A thermal treatment designed to precipitate material from solid solution,
in order to improve the workability, to decrease the tendency of certain alloys to age-harden at room
temperature, or to obtain dimensional stability under service at slightly elevated temperatures.
STAINLESS STEEL – Corrosion resistant steel of a wide variety, but always containing a high percentage of chromium. These are highly resistant to corrosion attack by organic acids, weak mineral acids,
atmospheric oxidation, etc.
STAMPING – A term used to refer to various press forming operations in coining, embossing, blanking,
and pressing.
STEAM BLUED – (See Bluing.)
STEEL – Iron, malleable in at least one range of temperature below its melting point without special
heat treatment, substantially free from slag, and containing carbon more than about 0.05% and less
than about 2.00%. Other alloying elements may be present in significant quantities, but all steels
contain at least small amounts of manganese and silicon, and usually as undesirable constituents, also
sulfur and phosphorus.
STICKER – Steel sheets or strip adhering. Usually by fusion spots caused by overheating during box
annealing.
STRAIGHT-CHROME – An iron alloy. A term indicating a group of stainless steels the principal alloying
element of which is chromium in varying amounts from 4.00 to 27.00%.
STRAIN – Deformation produced on a body by an outside force. (See also Stress and Hooke’s Law.)
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STRAIN AGING – Aging induced by cold working. (See aging.)
STRAIN HARDENING – An increase in hardness and strength caused by plastic deformation at
temperatures lower than the recrystallization range.
STRESS – Deforming force to which a body is subjected, or, the resistance which the body offers to
deformation by the force. (See also Strain and Hooke’s Law.)
STRESS RELIEF – Low temperature annealing for removing internal stresses, such as those resulting
in a metal from work hardening or quenching.
STRETCH FORMING – A process of forming panels and cowls of large curvature by stretching sheet
over a form of the desired shape. This method is more rapid than hammering and beating.
STRETCHER LEVELING – (Also termed “patent leveling.”) A method of making metal sheet or strip
dead flat by stretching.
STRETCHER STRAINS – Long vein-like marks appearing on the surface of certain metals, in the
direction of the maximum shear stress, when the metal is subjected to deformation beyond the yield
point. Also termed Luders Lines. (Not a defect in No. 5 dead soft temper.)
STRIP STEEL – (Cold rolled.) – A flat cold rolled steel product (Other than Flat Wire) 23 15/16” and
narrower; under .250” in thickness, which has been cold reduced to desired decimal thickness and temper on single stand, single stand reversing, or tandem cold mills in coil form from coiled hot rolled pickled strip steel.
STRUCTURE – The arrangement of parts; in crystals, especially, the shape and dimension of the unit
cell, and the number, kinds and positions of the atoms within it.
SULFUR – (Chemical Symbol S.) – Element No. 16 of the periodic system; atomic weight 32.06. Nonmetal occurring in a number of allotropic modifications, the most common being a pale yellow brittle
solid. In steel most commonly encountered as an undesired contaminant. However, it is frequently
deliberately added to cutting stock, to increase machinability.
TANDEM MILL – Arrangement of rolling mills, in direct line, allowing the metal to pass from one set of
rolIs into the next.
TAPPING – Transferring molten metal from melting furnace to ladle.
TARNISH – Surface discoloration on a metal, usually from a thin film of oxide or sulfide.
TEEMING – Pouring metal into ingot molds.
TELESCOPING – Transverse slipping of successive layers of a coil so that the edge of the coil is conical rather than flat.
TEMPER – (Met.) – The state of or condition of a metal as to its hardness or toughness produced by
either thermal treatment or heat treatment and quench or cold working or a combination of same in
order to bring the metal to its specified consistency. Each branch of the metal producing industry has
developed its own system of temper designations. In flatrolled products including sheet and strip steel,
tin mill products, stainless strip, and copper base alloy strip they are shown as folows:
COPPER BASE ALLOYS (Cold Rolled) – B&S Gage Numbers (Note – Hardness is indicated
condition while hardness varies with alloy changes).
Temper
Hardness
Annealed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercially Soft
Quarter Hard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . One Number Hard
Half Hard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Two Numbers Hard
Hard Temper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Four Numbers Hard
Extra Hard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Six Numbers Hard
Spring Temper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eight Numbers Hard
Extra Spring Temper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ten Numbers Hard
SHEET STEEL (Low Carbon Cold Rolled) – Temper Classifications.
Temper
Rockwell
Full Hard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .070 and thicker B 84 min.
.069 and thinner B 90 min.
Half Hard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Approx. R/B 70/85
Quarter Hard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Approx. R/B 60/75
Soft Commercial Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Approx. R/B 65 max.
Drawing Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Approx. R/B 55 max.
{
STAINLESS STRIP STEEL (Cold Rolled) – Temper Classifications – Type 301.
Note – The various stainless strip tempers are based on specified minimum values for tensile
strength or yield strength or both. Here at Precision Steel there is on file a complete record of all
such detail including chemical analysis on each item in stock. However, because of custom, both
distributors and customers alike rely on approximate Rockwell readings for temper classification.
To illustrate:
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TEMPERS – (Continued)
Temper (Type 301)
Rockwell
Soft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Approx. B 75/85
Quarter Hard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Approx. C 25/30
Half Hard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Approx. C 30/35
Three Quarter Hard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Approx. C 35/40
Full Hard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Approx. C 40/45
Extra Hard (Type 301) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Approx. C 45 min.
Type 430 Soft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Approx. B 75/85
Tensile PSI
110,000 Min,
125,000 Min.
150,000 Min.
175,000 Min.
185,000 Min.
200,000 Min.
75/85,000
STRIP STEEL (Low Carbon Cold Rolled) – Temper Classifications.
Temper
Rockwell
No. 1 Full Hard . . . . . . . . . . . . .070 and thicker B 84 min.
.069 and thinner B 90 min.
No. 2 Half Hard . . . . . . . . . . . .
B 70/85
No. 3 Quarter Hard . . . . . . . . .
B 60/75
No. 4 Skin Rolled . . . . . . . . . . .
B 65 max.
No. 5 Dead Soft . . . . . . . . . . . .
B 55 max.
{
Mean Tensile
80,000
80,000
64,000
54,000
48,000
TEMPERED SPRING STEELS (Strip) – Temper indication is to Rockwell Hardness only.
TIN MILL PRODUCTS (Steel) Temper Classifications – NOT STANDARDIZED. FOR INFORMATION
ONLY. (Not to be confused with the Cold Rolled Strip Steel Temper Numbering System wherein No. 1
Temper indicates Full Hard, while in the TIN MILL Product Numbering System No. 1 Temper indicates a
soft condition.) The following Rockwell ranges are approx. only.
Temper Number
Rockwell – 30 T Scale
No. 1 Temper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aim at 46/52
No. 2 Temper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aim at 50/56
No. 2 1/2 Temper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aim at 52/58
No. 3 Temper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aim at 54/60
No. 4 Temper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aim at 58/64
*No. 5 Temper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aim at 62/68
*No. 6 Temper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aim at 67/73
Rockwell B Scale
Aim at 45/53
Aim at 51/59
Aim at 53/62
Aim at 56/66
Aim at 62/71
Aim at 68/77
Aim at 75/84
*Note: Tempers 5 and 6 are temper rolled from rephosphorized steel in order to develop desired
hardness and stiffness.
The above temper classifications are used principally by producing mills and can manufacturers but
are not in general use in the sheet and strip industry.
TEMPERED and POLISHED SPRING STEEL STRIP – .90/1.03 carbon range (Also known as clock
spring steel.) – This product, while similar to general description under heading of Tempered Spring
Steel Strip, is manufactured and processed with great and extreme care exercised in each step of its
production. Manufactured from carbon range of .90/1.03 with Rockwell range C 48/51. Clock spring
quality has been ground and polished with edges dressed. It is usually supplied dark blue in color and
has a wide range of uses, such as coiled and flat mechanical springs, ignition vibrator springs, springs
for timing devices, springs for the electric and electronic fields, steel tapes, rules, etc.
TEMPERED SPRING STEEL STRIP – Any medium or high carbon (excluding clock spring) strip steel
of spring quality which has been hardened and tempered to meet specifications. Where specification
calls for blue or straw color, same is accomplished by passing through heat prepared at proper temperature depending on color required. Blue is developed at approximately 6000 F.
TEMPERING – (Also termed “drawing.”) A process of reheating quench-hardened or normalized steel
to a temperature below the transformation range and then cooling at any rate desired. The primary purpose of tempering is to impart a degree of plasticity or toughness to the steel to alleviate the brittleness
of its martensite.
TEMPER ROLLING – Subjecting metal sheet or strip to a slight amount of cold rolling following
annealing (usually 1/2 to 1-1/2%) to forestall stretcher strains. Also termed “Pinch Pass” or “Skin
Rolled.” (Also See Cold Rolling.)
TENSILE STRENGTH – (also called ultimate strength) – Breaking strength of a material when subjected
to a tensile (stretching) force. Usually measured by placing a standard test piece in the jaws of a
tensile machine, gradually separating the jaws, and measuring the stretching force necessary to break
the test piece. Tensile strength is commonly expressed as pounds (or tons) per square inch of original
cross section.
TENSILE TEST– (See Tensile Strength.)
TERNARY ALLOY – An alloy that contains three principal elements.
TERNE PLATE – Sheet steel, coated with a lead-tin alloy. The percentage of tin is usually kept as low
as possible because of its high cost; however, about 15% is normally necessary in order to obtain
proper coating of the steel, since pure lead does not alloy with iron and some surface alloying is
necessary for proper adhesion.
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THERMOCOUPLE – A device for measuring temperatures by the use of two dissimilar metals in
contact; the junction of these metals gives rise to a measurable electrical potential with changes in temperature.
THICKNESS GAGE OR FEELER STOCK – A hardened and tempered, edged, ground, and polished
thin section, high carbon strip steel. Usually 1/2” in width and in thicknesses from .001” to .050” manufactured to extremely close tolerances. It is used primarily for determining measurement of openings by
tool and die makers, machinists, and automobile technicians. It is prepared in handy pocket size knifelike holders containing an assembly of various thicknesses. Also prepared in standard 12” lengths with
rounded ends and in 10’ and 25’ coils. Universally used in the metal industry.
THREE-QUARTER HARD TEMPER – (A) In stainless steel strip tempers are based on a minimum tensile or yield strength. For Chromium-Nickel grades three-quarter hard temper is 175,000 T.S., 135,000
Y.S. min. (B) In Brass mill terminology, this temper is three B&S numbers hard or 29.4% thickness
reduction.
TIN – (Chemical Symbol Sn.) – Element No. 50 of the periodic system; atomic weight 118.70. Soft
silvery white metal of high malleability and ductility, but low tensile strength; melting point 4490 F., boiling point 43840 F., yielding the longest molten-state range for any common metal; specific gravity 7.28.
Principal use as a coating on steel in tin plate; also as a constituent in alloys.
TINNING – Coating with tin, commonly either by immersion into molten tin or by electrodeposition; also
by spraying.
TIN PLATE BASE BOX – A Tin Plate Base Box is measured in terms of pounds per Base Box (112
sheets 14” x 20”) a unit peculiar to the tin industry. This corresponds to its area of sheet totaling to
31.360 square inches of any gage and is applied to tin plate weighing from 55 to 275 pounds per base
box. To convert to decimal thickness multiply weight per base box by .00011.
TIN PLATING – Electroplating metal objects with tin; the object to be coated is made cathode
(negative electrode) in an electrolytic bath containing a decomposable tin salt.
TITANIUM – (Chemical Symbol Ti.) – Element No. 22 of the periodic system; atomic weight 47.90;
melting point about 32700 F., boiling point over 54300 F., specific gravity 4.5. Bright white metal, very
malleable and ductile when exceedingly pure. Its principal functions as an alloy in the making of steel
(1) Fixes carbon in inert particles (A) reduces martensitic hardness and hardenability in medium
chromium steels (B) prevents formation of austenite in high-chromium steels (C) prevents localized
depletion of chromium in stainless steel during long heating. Now finding application in its own right
because of its high strength and good corrosion resistance.
TOLERANCE LIMIT – The permissible deviation from the desired value.
TOOL STEEL – Any high carbon or alloy steel capable of being suitably tempered for use in the manufacture of tools.
TOUGHNESS – Property of resisting fracture or distortion. Usually measured by impact test, high
impact values indicating high toughness.
TRACE – Extremely small quantity of an element, usually too small to determine quantitatively.
TRANSFORMATION – A constitutional change in a solid metal, e.g., the change from gamma to alpha
iron, or the formation of pearlite from austenite.
TRANSFORMATION RANGE – Temperature range over which a chemical or metallurgical change
takes place.
TRANSFORMATION TEMPERATURE – The temperature at which transformation occurs. The term is
sometimes used to denote the limiting temperature of a transformation range.
TROOSITE – Tempered martensite that etches rapidly, usually appears dark, and is not resolved by the
microscope.
TROWEL STEEL – Hardened and tempered spring steel .90 to 1.05 carbon content. Ordinary tolerances, but rolled extra flat – Rockwell C 50. Used in the manufacture of plastering trowels.
TRUSS SPRING STEEL – Supplied cold rolled and bright annealed. Carbon content about .70 –
Manganese .74. Must be formed very severely and must be as free as possible from decarburization.
TUKON HARDNESS TEST – A method for determining microhardness by using a Knoop diamond
indenter or Vickers square-base pyramid indenter.
TUMBLING – Cleaning articles by rotating them in a cylinder with cleaning materials.
TUNGSTEN – (Chemical Symbol M.) – Element No. 74 of the periodic system; atomic weight 183.92.
Gray metal of high tensile strength, ductile and malleable when specially handled. It is immune to
atmospheric influences and most acids, but not to strong alkalies. The metal is used as filament and in
thin sheet form in incandescent bulbs and radio tubes. (1) Forms hard abrasion – resistant particles in
tool steels. (2) Promotes hardness and strength at elevated temperatures.
TUNGSTEN CARBIDE – Compound of tungsten and carbon, of composition varying between WC and
W2C; imbedded in a matrix of soft metal; such as cobalt, extensively used for Sintered Carbide Tools.
(See Sintered Carbide.)
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TWIST– A winding departure from flatness.
ULTIMATE STRENGTH – (See Tensile Strength.)
UTILITY SHEET ALUMINUM – Mill finish coiled or flat sheet of unspecified composition and properties
produced in specific standard sizes and suitable for general building trade usage.
UPSETTING – (1) A metal working operation similar to forging. (2) The process of axial flow under
axial compression of metal, as in forming heads on rivets by flattening the end of wire.
VACUUM DEGASSING – (Refer to Degassing Process.)
VANADIUM – (Chemical Symbol V.) – Element No. 23 of the periodic system; atomic weight 50.95.
Gray-white, hard metal, unaffected by atmospheric influences or alkalies but soluble in most strong
acids; melting point 31190 F., boiling point about 61500 F., specific gravity 5.87. It cannot be electrodeposited. Its principal functions as an alloy in the making of tool steels (1) Elevates coarsening temperature of austenite (promotes fine grain) (2) Increases hardenability (when dissolved) (3) Resists tempering and causes marked secondary hardening.
VIBRATED WOUND – (See Oscillated Wound coils.)
VIBRATOR REED STEEL – Hardened, tempered and white polished extra precision rolled. Carbon
content about 1.00. Steel must withstand great fatigue stresses.
VICKERS HARDNESS (TEST) – Standard method for measuring the hardness of metals, particularly
those with extremely hard surfaces; the surface is subjected to a standard pressure for a standard
length of time by means of a pyramid-shaped diamond. The diagonal of the resulting indention is
measured under a microscope and the Vickers Hardness value read from a conversion table.
VIRGIN METAL – Metal obtained directly from ore and not used before.
WMB, WHB and EXTRA WHB GRADES – Spring steel wires produced from acid open-hearth steels
(See notes at MB GRADE).
WASTERS – Sheets that have prohibitive defects, for example, seams and buckled plates. Generally fit
for remelting purposes only.
WATCH MAIN SPRING STEEL – Usually supplied cold rolled and annealed in large widths and cut
and hardened by the spring manufacturers. Carbon content about 1.15 and Tungsten .17, extra
precision rolled.
WATER HARDENING – Process of hardening high carbon steels by quenching in water or brine, after
heating.
WAVY – Not flat. A slight wave following the direction of rolling and beyond the standard limitation for
flatness.
WEDGE – A hardwood stick used as a forming tool in spinning.
WELDING – A process used to join metals by the application of heat. Fusion welding, which includes
gas, arc, and resistance welding, requires that the parent metals be melted. This distinguishes fusion
welding from brazing. In pressure welding joining is accomplished by the use of heat and pressure
without melting. The parts that are being welded are pressed together and heated simultaneously, so
that recrystallization occurs across the interface.
WORK HARDENING – Increase in resistance to deformation (i.e. in hardness) produced by cold
working.
WORKABILITY – The characteristic or group of characteristics that determines the ease of forming a
metal into desired shapes.
WORMS – (See Stretcher Strains.)
WROUGHT IRON – Iron containing only a very small amount of other elements, but containing 1 - 3%
by weight of slag in the form of particles elongated in one direction, giving the iron a characteristic
grain. Is more rust-resistant than steel and welds more easily.
X-RAYS – Light rays, excited usually by the impact of cathode rays on matter, which have wave lengths
between about 10 - 6 cm, and 10 - 9 cm; also written X-rays, same as Roentgen rays.
YIELD POINT – The load per unit of original cross section at which, in soft steel, a marked increase in
deformation occurs without increase in load.
YOUNG’S MODULUS – The coefficient of elasticity of stretching. For a stretched wire, Young’s
Modulus is the ratio of the stretching force per unit cross-sectional area to the elongation per unit
length. The values of Young’s Modulus for metals are of the order 1012 dynes per square cm. (See
Modulus of Elasticity.)
ZINC – (Chemical Symbol Zn.) – Element No. 30 of the periodic system; atomic weight 65.38. Bluewhite metal; when pure, malleable and ductile even at ordinary temperatures; melting point 7870 F., boiling point 16650 F., specific gravity 7.14. Can be electrodeposited; it is extensively used as a coating for
steel (see Galvanizing) and sheet zinc finds many outlets, such as dry batteries, etc. Zinc-base alloys
are of great importance in die casting. Its most important alloy is brass.
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ZIRCONIUM – (Chemical Symbol Zr.) – Element No. 40 of the periodic system. Atomic weight 91.22.
Specific gravity 6.5 and melting point at about 32000 +13000 F. Because of its great affinity for oxygen
and combines readily with nitrogen and sulphur it is used as a deoxidizer and scavenger in steel making. It is used as an alloy with nickel for cutting tools and is used in copper alloys.
Many of the definitions as shown in this section of the catalog have been printed through the courtesy
and permission of
“Metals Handbook”– American Society of Metals.
“Metals and Alloys Dictionary”– Chemical Publishing Co., Inc.
THE
METRIC
SYSTEM
The United States Congress in 1975 passed a law leading to the change over to
the Metric System of weights and measures in the United States. Many industries are taking a position of leadership in the conversion to Metrics. We have
included in this catalog conversion of standard thickness to the Metric equivalent. We are also showing conversion tables and the most often used
formulas for converting inches and pounds to metric millimeters and kilograms.
TO CONVERT FROM
TO
Inch
Inch
Inch
Ounce Mass
Pound Mass
Square Inches
Square Feet
Meter (m)
Centimeter (cm)
Millimeter (mm)
Kilogram (kg)
Kilogram (kg)
Square Centimeters (cm2)
Square Meters (m2)
114
MULTIPLY BY
.0254
2.54
25.4
.0283
.4536
6.452
.0929
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Page 115
METRIC CONVERSION TABLES
Inches to Millimeters
Inch
mm
Inch
mm
Inch
mm
Inch
mm
.001
.002
.003
.004
.005
.006
.007
.008
.009
.010
.011
.012
.013
.014
.015
.016
.017
.018
.019
.020
.021
.022
.023
.024
.025
.026
.027
.028
.029
.030
.031
.032
.033
.034
.035
.036
.037
.038
.039
.040
.041
.042
.043
.044
.045
.046
.047
.048
.049
.050
.051
.052
.053
.054
.055
.056
.057
.058
.059
.060
0.0254
0.0508
0.0762
0.1016
0.1270
0.1524
0.1778
0.2032
0.2286
0.2540
0.2794
0.3048
0.3302
0.3556
0.3810
0.4064
0.4318
0.4572
0.4826
0.5080
0.5334
0.5588
0.5842
0.6096
0.6350
0.6604
0.6858
0.7112
0.7366
0.7620
0.7874
0.8128
0.8382
0.8636
0.8890
0.9144
0.9398
0.9652
0.9906
1.0160
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21.4376
21.4630
21.4884
21.5138
21.5392
21.5646
21.5900
.851
.852
.853
.854
.855
.856
.857
.858
.859
.860
.861
.862
.863
.864
.865
.866
.867
.868
.869
.870
.871
.872
.873
.874
.875
.876
.877
.878
.879
.880
.881
.882
.883
.884
.885
.886
.887
.888
.889
.890
.891
.892
.893
.894
.895
.896
.897
.898
.899
.900
21.6154
21.6408
21.6662
21.6916
21.7170
21.7424
21.7678
21.7932
21.8186
21.8440
21.8694
21.8948
21.9202
21.9456
21.9710
21.9964
22.0218
22.0472
22.0726
22.0980
22.1234
22.1488
22.1742
22.1996
22.2250
22.2504
22.2758
22.3012
22.3266
22.3520
22.3774
22.4028
22.4282
22.4536
22.4790
22.5044
22.5298
22.5552
22.5806
22.6060
22.6314
22.6568
22.6822
22.7076
22.7330
22.7584
22.7838
22.8092
22.8346
22.8600
.901
.902
.903
.904
.905
.906
.907
.908
.909
.910
.911
.912
.913
.914
.915
.916
.917
.918
.919
.920
.921
.922
.923
.924
.925
.926
.927
.928
.929
.930
.931
.932
.933
.934
.935
.936
.937
.938
.939
.940
.941
.942
.943
.944
.945
.946
.947
.948
.949
.950
22.8854
22.9108
22.9362
22.9616
22.9870
23.0124
23.0378
23.0632
23.0886
23.1140
23.1394
23.1648
23.1902
23.2156
23.2410
23.2664
23.2918
23.3172
23.3426
23.3680
23.3934
23.4188
23.4442
23.4696
23.4950
23.5204
23.5458
23.5712
23.5966
23.6220
23.6474
23.6728
23.6982
23.7236
23.7490
23.7744
23.7998
23.8252
23.8506
23.8760
23.9014
23.9268
23.9522
23.9776
24.0030
24.0284
24.0538
24.0792
24.1046
24.1300
118
Inch
.951
.952
.953
.954
.955
.956
.957
.958
.959
.960
.961
.962
.963
.964
.965
.966
.967
.968
.969
.970
.971
.972
.973
.974
.975
.976
.977
.978
.979
.980
.981
.982
.983
.984
.985
.986
.987
.988
.989
.990
.991
.992
.993
.994
.995
.996
.997
.998
.999
1.000
Page 118
mm
24.1554
24.1808
24.2062
24.2316
24.2570
24.2824
24.3078
24.3332
24.3586
24.3840
24.4094
24.4348
24.4602
24.4856
24.5110
24.5364
24.5618
24.5872
24.6126
24.6380
24.6634
24.6888
24.7142
24.7396
24.7650
24.7904
24.8158
24.8412
24.8666
24.8920
24.9174
24.9428
24.9682
24.9936
25.0190
25.0444
25.0698
25.0952
25.1206
25.1460
25.1714
25.1968
25.2222
25.2476
25.2730
25.2984
25.3238
25.3492
25.3746
25.4000
10/17/08
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Page 119
TOLERANCE TABLES FOR
Pages
C.R. Steel Sheets, Long Terne and
Galvannealed Sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120-122
C.R. Strip Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123-124
Flat Wire 1/2” and Under . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Spring Steel Strip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126-128
Electro Tin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Electro Zinc Coated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
C.R. Stainless Strip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132-133
Copper Base Alloy Strip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134-135
MISCELLANEOUS
Pages
Tolerances for Over and Under Shipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Chemical Analysis for Carbon Steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Chemical Analysis for Stainless Steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Suggested Rockwell Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138-139
Rockwell Hardness Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140-141
Cross Reference of Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142-143
Coil Weight Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144-145
Fractions Expressed as Decimals – Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Standard Gages – Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Trade Customs/ Terms of Sale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Order Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Manufacturing Limitations Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Oscillated Coils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Statistical Process Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Electronic Data Interchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Bar Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
119
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Page 120
STANDARD TOLERANCE TABLES
C.R. CARBON STEEL SHEETS
Note: Tolerances for Terne Sheets and Galvannealed
Sheets are the same as for C.R. Sheets
THICKNESS TOLERANCES* Over and
Under – Inches
Coils and Cut Lengths
Specified Thickness
Specified
Width
Inches
Over .098 Over .071 Over .057 Over .039 Over .019 Over.014
to .142
to .098
to .071
to .057
to .039
to .019
incl.
incl.
incl.
incl.
incl.
incl.
Over 12 to
15 incl.
Over 15 to
72 incl.
.006
.005
.005
.004
.003
.002
.007
.006
.005
.004
.003
.002
* Thickness is measured at any point across the width not less than 3/8” from a
side edge. The specified thickness range captions noted above apply when
sheet is specified to NOMINAL THICKNESS, NOT minimum thickness.
WIDTH TOLERANCES not resquared
Coils and Cut Lengths over 12” in width
Tolerances Over Specified Width,
Inch. No Tolerance Under
Specified Width, Inches
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
12
30
48
60
80
to
to
to
to
30
48
60
80
incl.
incl.
incl.
incl.
1/8
3/16
1/4
5/16
3/8
Coils and Cut Lengths 2” to 12” in width
Tolerances Over and Under, Inch
Specified Minimum
Thickness, Inches
Over .014 to .068 incl.
2 to 6
inclusive
Over 6 to 9
inclusive
Over 9 to 12
inclusive
.008
.012
.016
.016
.032
.032
Note 1 - This table applies to widths produced by slitting from wider sheet.
Note 2 - The specified width range captions noted above also apply when sheet
is specified to width tolerances all over, nothing under. In such cases,
the above tolerances are doubled.
120
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Page 121
C.R. CARBON STEEL SHEETS (Cont.)
LENGTH TOLERANCES not resquared
Cut Lengths over 12” in width
Specified Length, Inches
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Tolerances Over Specified Length,
Inches. No Tolerances Under
1/8
1/4
1/2
3/4
1
1-1/4
1-1/2
1-3/4
12 to 30 incl.
30 to 60 incl.
60 to 96 incl.
96 to 120 incl.
120 to 156 incl.
156 to 192 incl.
192 to 240 incl.
240
Cut Lengths 2” to 12” in width
Tolerances Over Specified Length, Inch
No Tolerance Under
Specified Width,
Inch
24 to 60
incl.
Over 60 to 120
incl.
Over 120 to 240
incl.
2 to 12 incl.
1/2
3/4
1
This table applies to widths produced by slitting from wider sheet.
OUT-OF-SQUARE TOLERANCES not resquared
Out-of-square is the greatest deviation of an end edge from a straight line at
right angle to a side and touching one corner. It is also obtained by measuring
the difference between the diagonals of the cut length sheet. The out-of-square
deviation is one-half of that difference. The tolerance for all thicknesses and all
sizes is 1/16 inch per 6 inches of width or fraction thereof.
RESQUARED TOLERANCES
When cut lengths are specified resquared, the width and length are not less
than the dimensions specified. The individual tolerance for over-width, overlength, camber or out-of-square should not exceed 1/16 inch up to and including
48 inches in width and up to and including 120 inches in length. For cut lengths
wider or longer, the applicable tolerance is 1/8 inch.
CAMBER TOLERANCES
Cut Lengths, not resquared (over 12” in width)
Cut Length, Feet
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
to 4 incl.
4 to 6 incl.
6 to 8 incl.
8 to 10 incl.
10 to 12 incl.
12 to 14 incl.
Camber Tolerances, Inches
Note-The camber
tolerance for coils
is one inch in any
20 feet.
1/8
3/16
1/4
5/16
3/8
1/2
Coils 2” to 12” in width
1/4 Inch in any 8 feet: This table applies to widths produced by slitting from wider sheet
121
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Page 122
C.R. CARBON STEEL SHEETS (Cont.)
FLATNESS TOLERANCES
Cut Lengths over 12” in width not specified to
Stretcher Level Standard of Flatness
Specified Minimum
Thickness Inch
Specified Width
Inches
Flatness Tolerances (maximum
deviation from a horizontal
flat surface), Inch
.044 and thinner
To 36 incl.
Over 36 to 60 incl.
Over 60
3/8
5/8
7/8
Over .044
To 36 incl.
Over 36 to 60 incl.
Over 60 to 72 incl.
Over 72
1/4
3/8
5/8
7/8
Note 1 - The above table also applies to lengths cut from coils by the consumer
when adequate flattening measures are performed.
Note 2 - The above table does not apply when product is ordered:
(a) Full Hard or to a hardness range. (b) Class 2
Cut Lengths over 12” in width specified to
Stretcher Level Standard of Flatness
Specified Minimum
Thickness Inch
Specified Width Specified Length
Inches
Inches
Flatness Tolerances
(maximum deviation
from a horizontal
flat surface), Inch
To 36 incl.
To 120 incl.
Wider or Longer
1/4
3/8
Over .028
To 48 incl.
To 120 incl.
Wider or Longer
1/8
1/4
Tolerances shown throughout this
section include size ranges within
our production capabilities only. –
For longer lengths or wider widths
refer to Association Tolerance booklets
for the product in question.
122
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Page 123
C.R. CARBON STRIP STEEL
LOW CARBON*
STRIP STEEL TOLERANCES
Ordered Thickness
Inches
.143
.060
.030
.020
.010
.004
to
to
to
to
to
to
.1875
.142
under
under
under
under
All Widths Up
to 23 15/16
+
+
+
+
+
+
.060
.030
.020
.010
.0025
.002
.0015
.001
.00075
.0005
* Measured 3/8 inch or more in from the edge on 1 inch or wider; and on
narrower than 1 inch at any place between the edges.
WIDTH TOLERANCES for Edges No. 1, 4, 5, and 6
Edge
No.
Specified Width
Inches
Specified Thickness Width Tolerances Over
Inch
and Under, Inch
1
1
Over 1/2 to 3/4 incl.
Over 3/4 to 5 incl.
0.0938 and thinner
0.125 and thinner
0.005
0.005
4
4
4
4
Over
Over
Over
Over
1/2 to 1 incl.
1 to 2 incl.
2 to 4 incl.
4 to 6 incl.
0.1875
0.2499
0.2499
0.2499
0.015
0.025
0.047
0.047
5
5
5
5
5
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
1/2 to 3/4 incl.
3/4 to 5 incl.
5 to 9 incl.
9 to 20 incl.
20 to 23-15/16 incl.
0.0938 and thinner
0.125 and thinner
0.125 to 0.008 incl.
0.105 to 0.015 incl.
0.080 to 0.023 incl.
0.005
0.005
0.010
0.010
0.015
6
6
6
6
Over
Over
Over
Over
1/2 to 1 incl.
1 to 2 incl.
2 to 4 incl.
4 to 6 incl.
0.1875
0.2499
0.2499
0.2499
0.015
0.025
0.047
0.047
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
0.025
0.025
0.035
0.047
0.025
0.025
0.035
0.047
incl.
incl.
incl.
incl.
incl.
incl.
incl.
incl.
123
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Page 124
C.R. CARBON STEEL STRIP (Cont.)
WIDTH TOLERANCES for No. 2 Edge (Mill Edge)
Width Tolerances
Over and Under
Inch
Over
To and Including
1/2
2
5
10
15
20
2
5
10
15
20
23-15/16
1/32
3/64
5/64
3/32
1/8
5/32
WIDTH TOLERANCES for No. 3 Edge (Slit Edge)
Width Tolerances, Over and Under, Inch
Specified Thickness
Inch
Over
To and
incl.
Over 1/2
to 6
incl.
Over 6
to 9
incl.
Over 9
to 12
incl.
Over 12
to 20
incl.
Over 12 to
23-15/16
incl.
0.160
0.099
0.068
0.016
Up to
0.2499
0.160
0.099
0.068
0.016
0.016
0.010
0.008
0.005
0.005
0.020
0.016
0.010
0.005
0.005
0.020
0.016
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.031
0.020
0.016
0.016
0.016
0.031
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.020
LENGTH TOLERANCES
Length Tolerance Over, Inch. No Tolerance Under
Specified Length, Inch
Specified Width, Inch
Over 1/2 to 12 incl.
Over 12 to 23-15/16 incl.
24 to 60
incl.
1/4
1/2
Over 60 to
120 incl.
1/2
3/4
Over 120 to
240 incl.
3/4
1
CAMBER TOLERANCES
Camber is the deviation of a side edge from a
straight line. The standard for measuring this
deviation is based on any 8-foot length. It is
obtained by placing an 8-foot straight edge on
the concave side and measuring the maxmum
distance between the strip edge and the
straight edge as shown in the following sketch:
Width, Inches
Over 1/2 to 1-1/2 incl.
Over 1-1/2 to 23–15/16 incl.
(Applicable To All Types of Edges)
W=Width of strip in inches.
C= Camber in inches.
Standard Camber Tolerance, Inch
1/2
1/4
FLATNESS TOLERANCES
It has not been practicable to formulate flatness tolerances for cold rolled
carbon steel strip to represent the wide range of widths and thicknesses and
variety of tempers produced in coils or cut lengths. Flatness on temper rolled
steel strip cannot be guaranteed.
124
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Page 125
C.R. CARBON STEEL FLAT WIRE
WIDTH TOLERANCES
Edge No. Specified Width, Inches
Specified Thickness, Inch
Tolerances for
Specified Width Plus
and Minus, Inch
1
0.500 to 0.126, incl.
0.2499 to 0.126
Under 0.126 to 0.0625 incl. Under 0.126 to 0.0625
Under 0.0625
Under 0.0625
0.005
0.004
0.003
4 and 6
0.2499 to 0.126
0.500 to 0.126 incl.
Under 0.126 to 0.0625 incl. Under 0.126 to 0.0625
Under 0.0625
Under 0.0625
Under 0.126 to 0.0625
0.500 to 0.125 incl.
Under 0.0625
0.010
0.008
0.006
3 and 5
0.008
0.005
THICKNESS TOLERANCES 1/2” or Less Wide
Specified Thickness, Inch
Tolerances for Specified
Thickness, Plus and Minus, Inch
0.002
0.0015
0.001
0.0005
0.2499 to 0.0625, incl.
Under 0.0625 to 0.029, incl.
Under 0.029 to 0.010, incl.
Under 0.010 to 0.005, incl.
Thickness measurements are customarily made with a one-inch opening, flat
faced, one quarter–inch spindle micrometer. The measurement is made at room
temperature and the full spindle diameter is used where the width of the flat wire
permits. NOTE – Tolerances shown are generally followed by the producer.
LENGTH TOLERANCES
24 to 60, incl.
Over 60 to 120, incl.
Over 120 to 240, incl.
Tolerances Over the Specified
Length, Inch. No tolerance under
1/4
1/2
3/4
Note: Tolerances shown are generally followed by the producer.
Camber is the deviation of a side edge
from a straight line. The standard for
measuring this deviation is based on any
8-foot length. It is obtained by placing an
8-foot straight edge on the concave side
and measuring the maximum distance
between the flat wire edge and the
straight edge as shown in the sketch to
the right: Camber in flat wire is influenced
by many factors.The producer should be
consulted for camber tolerances.
CAMBER
W = Width of flat wire in inches
C = Camber in inches
125
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Page 126
C.R. CARBON SPRING STEEL
Annealed
Untempered
THICKNESS TOLERANCES*
Thickness Tolerances, Over and Under, Inch
Specified
Thickness,
Inch
Under Under 3 to
Over
Over
Over
Over Over 20 to
To
1 to
3 to
6
6 to
9 to
12 to
16 to 23-15/16
and
Under
Incl. 1/2 Excl. 1 Incl. Incl. 9 Incl. 12 Incl. 16 Incl. 20 Incl.
Incl.
.250
.200
.161
.100
.200
.161
.100
.069
.003
.0025
.002
.002
.004
.0035
.002
.002
.0045
.004
.003
.0025
.0045
.004
.003
.003
.005
.0045
.003
.003
.0055
.0045
.0035
.0035
.0055
.005
.0045
.0035
.0055
.005
.005
.0035
.069
.050
.040
.035
.050
.040
.035
.032
.002
.002
.002
.0015
.002
.002
.002
.0015
.0025
.0025
.002
.002
.0025
.0025
.002
.002
.0025
.0025
.002
.002
.003
.0025
.002
.002
.003
.0025
.002
.002
.003
.0025
.002
.002
.032
.029
.026
.023
.029
.026
.023
.020
.0015
.001
.001
.001
.0015
.0015
.001
.001
.0015
.0015
.001
.001
.002
.002
.0015
.0015
.002
.002
.0015
.0015
.002
.002
.002
.0015
.002
.002
.002
.0015
.002
.002
.002
.0015
.020
.013
.009
.007
.013
.009
.007
–
.00075
.00075
.00075
.0005
.00075
.00075
.00075
.0005
.00075 .001
.00075 .001
.00075 _
–
.0005
.001
.001
_
–
.0015
.001
_
–
.0015
.001
_
–
.0015
.001
_
–
* Measured 3/8 inch or more in from the edge on 1 inch or wider; and at any
place between the edges on narrower than 1 inch.
NOTE – Excepting for thickness tolerances this page and the absence of camber tolerances under 1/2” (subject to negotiation) for untempered and tempered
C.R. Spring Steel Strip, all tolerances for thickness, width, edge and length are
identical with those for Cold Rolled Carbon Steel Strip. There are no published
Flatness Tolerances for either tempered or untempered C.R. Carbon Spring
Steel Strip.
Tempered
Specified Thickness
Inch
Over
To and
Incl.
.160
.099
.068
.049
.034
.031
.028
.025
.019
.013
.009
.007
.0049
.2499
.160
.099
.068
.049
.034
.031
.028
.025
.019
.013
.009
.007
126
THICKNESS TOLERANCES*
Thickness Tolerances, Over and Under, Inch
Over 1/2 to
Less than 1
.002
.002
.002
.002
.002
.0015
.0015
.0015
.001
.001
.001
.00075
.0005
1 to less
than 3
.0035
.003
.003
.0025
.0025
.002
.0015
.0015
.0015
.001
.001
.00075
.0005
3 to
6 Incl.
.004
.0035
.003
.003
.0025
.002
.002
.002
.002
.0015
.001
.00075
.00075
Over 6
to 9 Incl.
.0045
.004
.0035
.003
.003
.003
.003
.0025
.002
.002
.0015
.001
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Page 127
C.R. CARBON SPRING STEEL (Cont.)
WIDTH TOLERANCES for SPECIAL EDGES
Edge
No.
Specified Width
Inches
Specified Thickness Width Tolerances
Inches
Over and Under, Inch
1
1
4
4
4
4
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
1/2 to 3/4 incl.
3/4 to 7 incl.
1/2 to 1 incl.
1 to 2 incl.
2 to 4 incl.
4 to 6 incl.
.0938 and thinner
.125 and thinner
.1875 to 0.025 incl.
.2499 to 0.025 incl.
.2499 to 0.035 incl.
.2499 to 0.047 incl.
.005
.005
.015
.025
.047
.047
5
5
5
5
5
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
1/2 to 3/4 incl.
3/4 to 5 incl.
5 to 9 incl.
9 to 20 incl.
20 to 23-15/16 incl.
.0938 and thinner
.125 and thinner
.125 to 0.008 incl.
.105 to 0.015
.080 to 0.023
.005
.005
.010
.010
.015
6
6
6
6
Over
Over
Over
Over
1/2 to 1 incl.
I to 2 incl.
2 to 4 incl.
4 to 6
.1875
.2499
.2499
.2499
.015
.025
.047
.047
to
to
to
to
0.025
0.025
0.035
0.047
incl.
incl.
incl.
incl.
WIDTH TOLERANCES for No. 2 Edge (Mill Edge)
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Tolerances, Over and Under, Inch
1/2 to 2 incl.
2 to 5 incl.
5 to 10 incl.
10 to 15 incl.
15 to 20 incl.
20 to 23-15/16 incl.
1/32
3/64
5/64
3/32
1/8
5/32
WIDTH TOLERANCES for No. 3 Edge (Slit Edge)
Width Tolerances, Over and Under, Inch
Specified
Thickness Inch
Over
To and
incl.
Over 1/2
to 6
incl.
Over 6
to 9
incl.
Over 9
to 12
incl.
.160
.099
.068
.016
Up to
.2499
.160
.099
.068
.016
.016
.010
.008
.005
.005
.020
.016
.010
.005
.005
.020
.016
.010
.010
.010
Over 12
Over 20
to 20 to 23-15/16
incl.
incl.
.031
.020
.016
.016
.016
.031
.020
.020
.020
.020
127
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Page 128
C.R CARBON SPRING STEEL (Cont.)
LENGTH TOLERANCES
Length Tolerance, Over Inch. No Tolerance Under
Specified Width,
Inch
24 to 60
Incl.
Over 60 to
120 Incl.
Over 120 to
240 Incl.
1/4
1/2
1/2
3/4
3/4
1
Over 1/2 to 12 incl.
Over 12 to 23-15/16 incl.
CAMBER TOLERANCES
Over 1/2 to 1-1/2 incl.
Over 1-1/2 to 23-15/16
Standard Camber Tolerances, Inch
1/2
1/4
For strip less than 8 feet, tolerances are to be established in each instance.
FLATNESS TOLERANCES
It has not been practical to formulate flatness tolerances for cold rolled carbon
spring steel to represent the range of widths and thicknesses and variety of
properties produced in coils and cut lengths.
Tolerances shown throughout this section include size ranges within our production capabilities only. – For longer lengths or wider
widths refer to Association Tolerance booklets for the product in
question.
128
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Page 129
ELECTROLYTIC TIN COATED
SHEET STEEL*
Except for thickness tolerances the dimensional tolerances for Electrolytic Tin
Coated Sheet Steel are the same as those for Cold Rolled Sheet Steel.
THICKNESS TOLERANCES
Thickness Tolerance – Over & Under, Inch
Specified Nominal Thickness, Inch
Over .020 to .036 Over .015 to .020 incl.
Over 12 to 36 incl.
.003
.002
Note - Thickness is measured at any point across the width not less than 3/8
inch from a side edge.
* Thickness tolerances for Electrolytic Tin Plate and Black Plate (under .015
thick) are normally 10% of the ordered thickness.
WEIGHT OF COATING
Electrolytic tin coated sheet steel may be specified in one of five different coating weight designation numbers. The weight of coating is the total amount on
both surfaces of the sheet expressed in ounces per square foot.
COATING DESIGNATION AND
MINIMUM COATING TEST LIMITS
Coating
Designation
Number
25
50
75
100
125
Nominal
Coating
Weight
Check Limit
Minimum by
Triple-Spot
Test
Check Limit
Minimum by
Single-Spot
Test
Oz./Sq. Ft.
Oz./Sq. Ft.
Oz./Sq. Ft.
.018
.037
.055
.073
.092
.012
.024
.036
.048
.060
.009
.018
.027
.036
.045
NOTE - The weight of coating in oz./sq. ft. refers to the total coating on both surfaces. The coating designation number is the term by which this product is traditionally specified.
129
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Page 130
ELECTROLYTIC ZINC COATED
SHEET STEEL
(ELECTRO GALVANIZED SHEET STEEL)
Specified Width,
Thickness Tolerances Over and Under, Inch
Inches
Specified Nominal Thickness, Inch
Over .057
Over .039
Over .020
Over .014 .014 and
to .100 incl. to .057 incl. to .039 incl. to .020 incl. thinner
Up to 40
Over 40 to 60
.005
.005
.004
.004
.003
.003
.002
.002
.0015
–
Note 1 - Thickness is measured at any point across the width not less than 3/8
inch from a side edge.
Note 2 -The specified thickness range captions noted above apply when sheet
is specified to a nominal thickness.
Note 3 - Tolerances generally followed by producers.
WEIGHT OF COATING
Electrolytic zinc coated sheet steel is produced in light coating weights and is
not intended to withstand outside exposure without chemical treating and painting. The weights of coating shall conform to the requirements prescribed in
ASTM specification A879.
ORDERED COATING AND
MINIMUM COATING TEST LIMITS
Coating
Class
A
B
C
Minimum Check Limit Triple Spot
Coating Weight
Decimal
oz. per sq. ft.
Equivalent
(Total Both
Inch (One Surface)
Surfaces)
none
.000065
.000140
none
.075
.165
Minimum Check Limit Single Spot
Decimal
Equivalent
Inch
(One Surface)
Coating Weight
oz. per sq. ft.
(Total Both
Surfaces)
none
.000060
.000125
none
.070
.150
PAINTING ELECTROLYTIC ZINC COATED SHEET STEEL
Generally, electrolytic zinc coated sheet steel is not recommended for outdoor
service unless it is protected with paint finishes. As in the case of hot dipped,
this product must be treated with special primers or phosphate treatments in
order to attain satisfactory paint results. Most producers of electrolytic zinc coated sheet steel can supply material pretreated at the mill. Such treated product
makes the use of primers unnecessary and can be painted without extensive
surface preparation other than the removal of oil and drawing compound. If the
painting operation involves baking for curing, then the blanks or parts should be
prebaked at time and temperature not less than that employed in curing the paint.
130
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Page 131
TOLERANCES FOR OVER
AND UNDER SHIPMENT
High speed processing from mill size coils makes it impractical to
deliver exact weights on individual items.
For this reason the following tolerances for over and under shipments
will apply on all orders.
Items
Items
Items
Items
1,000 lbs. or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ±
300/999 lbs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +
100/299 lbs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +
1/99 lbs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +
10%
15% –10%
20% –10%
30% –10%
131
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Page 132
STAINLESS AND HEAT RESISTING
COLD ROLLED STRIP STEELS
Thickness Tolerances, Inch, for the Thicknesses
and Widths Given, Over and Under
Width, Inch
Specified thickness, inch
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
0.005
0.010
0.011
0.013
0.017
0.020
0.029
0.035
0.050
0.069
0.100
0.125
0.161
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
0.010 incl.
0.011 incl.
0.013 incl.
0.017 incl.
0.020 incl.
0.029 incl.
0.035 incl.
0.050 incl.
0.069 incl.
0.100 incl.
0.125 incl.
0.161 incl.
3/16 excl.
3/16 to
6 incl.
Over 6 to
12 incl.
Over 12 to
48 excl.
10%
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.002
0.002
0.0025
0.003
0.003
0.004
0.0045
0.005
10%
0.0015
0.0015
0.002
0.002
0.0025
0.003
0.0035
0.0035
0.004
0.0045
0.0045
0.005
10%
0.0015
0.002
0.002
0.0025
0.0025
0.003
0.0035
0.0035
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.006
Note 1 - Thickness measurements are taken at least 3/8 inch in from edge of
the strip, except that on widths less than 1 inch the tolerances are
applicable for measurements at all locations.
Note 2 - Above tolerances include crown.
WIDTH TOLERANCES
Edge Numbers 1 and 5
Specified
Edge No.
1 and 5
1 and 5
1 and 5
5
5
5
132
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Width Inch
Thickness, Inch
9/32 and under
9/32 to 3/4 incl.
3/4 to 5 incl.
5 to 9 incl.
9 to 20 incl.
20 to 24 excl.
1/16 and under
3/32 and under
1/8 and under
1/8 to .008 incl.
0.105 to 0.015 incl.
0.080 to 0.023 incl.
Width Tolerance,
Inch, for Thickness
and Width Given
Over and Under
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.010
0.010
0.015
10/17/08
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Page 133
STAINLESS AND HEAT RESISTING
C.R. STRIP STEELS (Cont.)
WIDTH TOLERANCES
Edge Number 3
Width Tolerance, Inch, Over and Under,
for Thickness and Width Given
Specified Thickness,
Inch
Under 1/2 1/2 Over 6 Over 9 Over 12 Over 20
to 48
to 20
to 12
to 9
to 3/16 to 6
0.005
0.008
0.010
—
0.068 and under
Over 0.068 to 0.099 incl.
Over 0.099 to 0.160 incl.
Over 0.160 to under
3/16 in. excl.
0.005
0.008
0.010
0.016
0.005
0.010
0.016
0.020
0.010
0.010
0.016
0.020
0.016
0.016
0.020
0.031
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.031
LENGTH TOLERANCES
Cut Lengths
Specified Length, Inches
Tolerance, Inch, Over Specified Length,
No Tolerance Under
3/8
1/2
5/8
Up to 60 incl.
Over 60 to 120 incl.
Over 120 to 240 incl.
CAMBER TOLERANCES
Camber is the deviation of a side edge from a straight line, and measurement is
taken by placing an eight - foot straight edge on the concave side and measuring the greatest distance between the strip edge and the straight edge.
Tolerance Inch Per Unit
Length of any 8 ft.
Up to 1-1/2 incl.
Over 1-1/2 to 48 excl.
1/2
1/4
Note - Sizes 1/2” and under are considered flat wire sizes and camber
tolerances do not apply.
FLATNESS
Because of the wide range of widths and thicknesses and the variety of tempers
produced in coils and cut lengths, no flatness tolerances have been established
for cold rolled stainless strip. Flatness on temper rolled stainless steel strip
cannot be guaranteed.
133
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Page 134
COPPER BASE ALLOY STRIP
Non – Refractory Alloys – (Brass)
Over 12 Over 14 Over 20
Up to 8 Over 8
incl. to 12 incl. to 14 incl. to 20 incl. to 28 incl.
Thickness
(In Inches)
Up to .004 incl.
.0003
Over .004 to .006 incl. .0004
Over .006 to .009 incl. .0006
Over .009 to .013 incl. .0008
.0006
.0008
.0010
.0013
.0006
.0008
.0010
.0013
–
.0013
.0015
.0018
–
–
–
.0025
Over
Over
Over
Over
.013
.017
.021
.026
to
to
to
to
.017
.021
.026
.037
incl.
incl.
incl.
incl.
.0010
.0013
.0015
.002
.0015
.0018
.002
.002
.0015
.0018
.002
.002
.002
.002
.0025
.0025
.0025
.003
.003
.0035
Over
Over
Over
Over
.037
.050
.073
.130
to
to
to
to
.050
.073
.130
.188
incl.
incl.
incl.
incl.
.002
.0025
.003
.0035
.0025
.003
.0035
.004
.0025
.003
.0035
.004
.003
.0035
.004
.0045
.004
.005
.006
.007
REFRACTORY ALLOYS (Phosphor Bronze,
Beryllium Copper, Nickel Silver)
.0004
Up to .004 incl.
Over .004 to .006 incl. .0006
Over .006 to .009 incl. .0008
Over .009 to .013 incl. .0010
Over .013 to .017 incl. .0013
Over .017 to .021 incl. .0015
Over .021 to .026 incl. .002
Over .026 to .037 incl. .0025
Over .037 to .050 incl. .003
Over .050 to .073 incl. .0035
Over .073 to .130 incl. .004
Over .130 to .188 incl. .0045
.0008
.0010
.0013
.0015
.0008
.0010
.0013
.0015
–
.0015
.002
.0025
–
–
–
–
.002
.0025
.0025
.003
.002
.0025
.0025
.003
.0025
.003
.003
.0035
–
–
.004
.005
.0035
.004
.0045
.005
.0035
.004
.0045
.005
.004
.0045
.005
.006
.006
.007
.008
.010
WIDTH TOLERANCES - Plus and Minus
PHOSPHOR BRONZE – BERYLLIUM COPPER – NICKEL SILVER – BRASS
Width
(in Inches)
For Thicknesses
.004 to .032 inches incl.
For Thicknesses Over
.032 to .125 inches incl.
Up to 2 incl.
Over 2 to 8 incl.
Over 8 to 24 incl.
.005
.008
1/64
.010
.013
1/64
LENGTH TOLERANCES - Plus
Lengths
Specific Lengths, up to 10’ incl.
Specific Lengths, Over 10’ to 20’ incl.
Specific Lengths, With Ends
Stock Lengths, With or Without Ends
134
Applicable Only to
Full Length Pieces-Inches
1/4
1/2
1
1
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Page 135
COPPER BASE ALLOY STRIP (Cont.)
CAMBER TOLERANCES - Plus or Minus in 72”
SLIT METAL
Tolerances in Inches
WIDTH
(In Inches)
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
1/4 to 3/8 incl.
3/8 to 1/2 incl.
1/2 to 1 incl.
1 to 2 incl.
2 to 4 incl.
4
AS SLIT ONLY
AS SLIT and either
Straightened or Edge Rolled
Shipped
in Rolls
Shipped
Flat
2
1-1/2
1
5/8
1/2
3/8
1-1/2
1
3/4
5/8
1/2
3/8
Shipped Flat,
in Rolls or on Bucks
1/2
1/2
1/2
3/8
3/8
3/8
SQUARE SHEARED METAL (Flat Straight Lengths)
Not applicable to metal over 10 feet long.
Maximum Edgewise Curvature (depth of arc) in any 6–foot Portion of
the Total Length.
TOLERANCES (In Inches)
Thickness
(In Inches)
Up to 1/8 incl.
Over 1/8 to 3/16 incl.
Over 3/16
For Widths
Up to 10 in. Incl.
For Widths
Over 10 in.
1/16
1/8
1/8
1/32
3/64
1/16
135
10/17/08
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Page 136
STANDARD CHEMICAL ANALYSIS SPECIFICATIONS
FOR CARBON STEELS
Chemical Composition Limits, Per Cent
AISI
Number
C
1008
1010
1012
1015
1016
.10
.08
.10
.13
1017
1018
1019
1020
1022
.15 –
–
–
.18 –
–
1023
1025
1030
1035
1040
.20
.22
.28
.32
.37
1043
1045
1050
1055
1060
P. Max. S. Max.
Mn
Max.
– .13
– .15
– .18
– .18
.30
.30
.30
.30
.60
–
–
–
–
–
.50
.60
.60
.60
.90
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
1008
1010
1012
1015
1016
.20
.20
.20
.23
.23
.30
.60
.70
.30
.70
–
–
–
–
–
.60
.90
1.00
.60
1.00
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
1017
1018
1019
1020
1022
–
–
–
–
–
.25
.28
.34
.38
.44
.30
.30
.60
.60
.60
–
–
–
–
–
.60
.60
.90
.90
.90
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
–
1025
1030
1035
1040
.40
.43
.48
.52
.55
–
–
–
–
–
.47
.50
.55
.60
.65
.70
.60
.60
.60
.60
–
–
–
–
–
1.00
.90
.90
.90
.90
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
1043
1045
1050
1055
1060
1065
1070
1074
1080
1085
.59
.65
.70
.74
.80
–
–
–
–
–
.70
.76
.80
.88
.94
.60
.60
.50
.60
.70
–
–
–
–
–
.90
.90
.80
.90
1.00
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
1065
1070
1074
1080
1085
1095
.90 – 1.03
.050
1095
.30 – .50
Facilities for immediate
processing to your requirements
136
Similar
SAE
Number
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Page 137
TYPICAL AISI CHEMICAL ANALYSIS SPECIFICATIONS
FOR STAINLESS AND
HEAT RESISTANT STEELS
Chemical Composition Limits, Percent
Type
Number
C
201
0.15 Max.
202
0.15 Max.
301
0.15 Max.
302
0.15 Max.
302B
0.15 Max.
303
0.15 Max.
304
0.08 Max.
304L
0.03 Max.
305
0.12 Max.
308
0.08 Max.
309
0.20 Max.
309S
0.08 Max.
310
0.25 Max.
310S
0.08 Max.
314
0.25 Max.
316
0.08 Max.
316L
0.03 Max.
317
0.08 Max.
321
0.08 Max.
347
0.08 Max.
348
0.08 Max.
403
0.15 Max.
405
0.08 Max.
410
0.15 Max.
414
0.15 Max.
416
0.15 Max.
416 Se.
0.15 Max.
420
Over 0.15
430
0.12 Max.
430F
0.12 Max.
430F Se.
0.12 Max.
431
0.20 Max.
440A
0.60/0.75
440B
0.75/0.95
440C
0.95/1.20
446
0.20 Max.
501
Over 0.10
502
0.10 Max.
17-7 PH
0.09 Max.
Mn
Max.
Si
Max.
7.50
10.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.25
1.25
1.00
1.00
1.25
1.25
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.50
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
2.00/3.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.50
1.50
1.50/3.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.50
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Cr.
16.00/18.00
17.00/19.00
16.00/18.00
17.00/19.00
17.00/19.00
17.00/19.00
18.00/20.00
18.00/20.00
17.00/19.00
19.00/21.00
22.00/24.00
22.00/24.00
24.00/26.00
24.00/26.00
23.00/26.00
16.00/18.00
16.00/18.00
18.00/20.00
17.00/19.00
17.00/19.00
17.00/19.00
11.50/13.00
11.50/14.50
11.50/13.50
11.50/13.50
12.00/14.00
12.00/14.00
12.00/14.00
16.00/18.00
14.00/18.00
14.00/18.00
15.00/17.00
16.00/18.00
16.00/18.00
16.00/18.00
23.00/27.00
4.00/6.00
4.00/6.00
16.00/18.00
Ni
3.50/ 5.50
4.00/ 6.00
6.00/ 8.00
8.00/10.00
8.00/10.00
8.00/10.00
8.00/10.50
8.00/12.00
10.50/13.00
10.00/12.00
12.00/15.00
12.00/15.00
19.00/22.00
19.00/22.00
19.00/22.00
10.00/14.00
10.00/14.00
11.00/15.00
9.00/12.00
9.00/13.00
9.00/13.00
–
–
–
1.25/2.50
–
–
–
–
–
–
1.25/2.50
–
–
–
–
–
–
6.50/7.75
Other
Elements
0.25 Max. N
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Mo 2.00/3.00
Mo 2.00/3.00
Mo 3.00/4.00
Ti 5xC Min.
Cb 10xC Min.
Cb-Ta10xC Min.
–
Al 0.10/0.30
–
–
–
Se 0.15 Min.
–
–
–
Se 0.15 Min,
–
Mo 0.75 Max.
Mo 0.75 Max.
Mo 0.75 Max.
N 0.25 Max.
Mo 0.40 /0.65
Mo 0.40/ 0.65
Al 0.75/1.5
NOTE 1 – In the 200 Series the phosphorus and sulphur contents are 0.060
and 0.030 percent maximum respectively. N 0.25 Max.
NOTE 2 – The phosphorus and sulphur contents in the above Type 300
Series are 0.045 and 0.030 per cent maximum respectively with the exception
of Type 303 with phosphorus at 0.20 maximum and sulphur at 0.15 maximum.
NOTE 3 – In the 400 Series as above the phosphorus and sulphur are 0.040
and 0.030 percent maximum excepting Types 416 and 430 F with phosphorus
at 0.06 maximum and sulphur at 0.15 per cent minimum.
NOTE 4 – In Types 416 Se and 430 F Se the phosphorus and the sulphur are
both at 0.06 percent maximum.
137
10/17/08
12:37 PM
Page 138
ROCKWELL
SCALES
which
to use?
SPRING STEEL STRIP
SINGLE THICKNESS
.040” AND THICKER
SINGLE THICKNESS
.039” TO .025”
SINGLE THICKNESS
.024” TO .015”
Black Oil Tempered (Scaleless) – .70-.80 C
C-Scale
C-Scale
30N-Scale
Blue Tempered Spring Steel – .90-1.03 C
C-Scale
C-Scale
30N-Scale
Cold Rolled-Annealed – .48-1.03 C
B-Scale
30T-Scale
15T-Scale
Hard Rolled-High Carbon – .70-1.03 C
C-Scale
C-Scale
30N-Scale
High Carbon-Flat Wire – .70-.80 C Ann’ld
B-Scale
30T-Scale
15T-Scale
Thickness Gage Steel Strip – Tempered
C-Scale
C-Scale
30N-Scale
Types 302, 304, 410 and 430 Annealed
Also 17/7 PH Cond. A
B-Scale
30T-Scale
15T-Scale
Types 301 & 302 – 1/4 Hd. to Ex. Hd. Inc’l.
Tempered Type 410
C-Scale
C-Scale
30N-Scale
17/7 PH Cond. C
C-Scale
C-Scale
30N-Scale
Cold Rolled Strip – All Tempers
B-Scale
30T-Scale
15T-Scale
Cold Rolled Sheet – All Tempers
B-Scale
30T-Scale
15T-Scale
30T-Scale
15T-Scale
STAINLESS STRIP
LOW CARBON SHEET and STRIP
Electrolytic Tin Coated Sheet
Flat Wire – 1/4 and 1/2 Hard
B-Scale
30T-Scale
Shim Steel – 1/2 Hard and Full Hard
B-Scale
30T-Scale
15T-Scale
Beryllium Copper – Annealed and 1/2 Hard
B-Scale
30T-Scale
15T-Scale
Brass Strip – All Tempers
B-Scale
30T-Scale
15T-Scale
Nickel Silver – All Tempers
B-Scale
30T-Scale
15T-Scale
Phosphor Bronze Strip – Spring Temper
B-Scale
30T-Scale
15T-Scale
COPPER BASE ALLOY STRIP
SOME DO’S AND DON’TS – Based on our experience
NOTE - We believe in the use of Rockwell Hardness Testers in determining hardness values for the above flat
cold rolled products, (in fact have 7 of them in daily use). But, remember that these values are approximate and
vary somewhat from one tester to another and from person to person.
(A)
(B)
(C)
138
We do not recommend the attempt to substitute B-scale Testers for Superficial Testers or vice versa.
We suggest frequent use of test blocks for accuracy (use good side of blocks only). Change steel
balls often and record changes.
Never use a diamond point penetrator and a diamond anvil together.
10/17/08
12:37 PM
Page 139
Because conversions are not altogether reliable, the actual work of checking should
be done on similar and identical testing machines – and to the same scale without
conversions. The following listings, because of space limitations are confined to
those products and tempers regularly stocked by us at PRECISION STEEL. As other
metals and alloys are added, this list will be amended accordingly.
NOTE – Not all technicians would agree with our testing procedures, viz., with the
scales prescribed for different conditions. However, these are the standards we have
set up for ourselves and so used by us.
Of greatest importance however, is IDENTICAL MACHINES –
Coupled with IDENTICAL SCALES
SINGLE THICKNESS
.014” TO .007”
(I)DOUBLE THICKNESS
.006” AND LIGHTER
Reference – Rockwell Scales Used
15N-Scale
15N-Scale
INSTRUCTIONS
15N-Scale
15N-Scale
15T-Scale
15T-Scale
15N-Scale
15N-Scale
B-Scale. Use the A, B, C Standard
Rockwell Hardness Tester with a 100 kg.
load, the 1/16” steel ball penetrator and
the steel anvil.
15N-Scale
15N-Scale
15T-Scale
15T-Scale
15N-Scale
15N-Scale
15N-Scale
15N-Scale
15T-Scale
15T-Scale
15T-Scale
15T-Scale
(D)
(E)
(F)
(G)
(H)
(I)
(1)
15T-Scale
15T-Scale
15T-Scale
15T-Scale
15T-Scale
15T-Scale
15T-Scale
15T-Scale
15T-Scale
15T-Scale
C-Scale. Use the A, B, C Standard
Rockwell Hardness Tester with a 150 kg.
load, the diamond point brale penetrator
and the steel anvil.
15N-Scale. Use the Superficial Rockwell
Hardness Tester with a 15 kg. load, the
diamond point N-Brale penetrator and
the steel anvil.
*30N-Scale. Use the Superficial Rockwell
diamond point N-Brale penetrator and the
steel anvil.
15T-Scale. Use the Superficial Rockwell
1/16” steel ball penetrator and the
diamond anvil.
30T-Scale. Use the Superficial Rockwell
1/16” steel ball penetrator and either the
diamond or the steel anvil.
Keep tester clean-in a warm dry room-frequently oil elevator screw with proper oil.
Avoid locating tester where subject to noticeable floor vibration.
Be gentle in tripping lever–let the machine do the work. This is an instrument, not a production machine.
Use care in selecting samples. They should be quite flat and free from distortion resulting from
careless hand shearing.
Samples should never be bent by hand or otherwise prior to testing. This results in inaccuracies.
Inspect steel anvils for penetration damage at each using. Inspect diamond point penetrator and
diamond anvil at each using.
Values resulting from double or multiple thickness testing are approximate only.
139
10/17/08
12:37 PM
Page 140
ROCKWELL HARDNESS
CONVERSION CHART
FOR HARDENED STEEL AND HARD ALLOYS
Approximate Relationships Between Hardness Values Determined on
“ROCKWELL” and “ROCKWELL Superficial” Hardness Testers and
Values Determined on Other Testers.
C.
150
Kg
“Brale”
A.
60
Kg
“Brale”
30-N
30
Kg
N
“Brale”
45-N
45
Kg
N
“Brale”
Brinell
Tensile
Hardness Strength
3000
Kg
Thousand
“ROCKWELL” “ROCKWELL” “ROCKWELL” HULTGREN
Lbs. per
10MM
Superficial
Superficial
Superficial
sq. in.
Ball
72.0
71.0
70.0
69.0
67.5
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
TENSILE STRENGTH
INEXACT AND ONLY
FOR STEEL
“ROCKWELL” “ROCKWELL”
15-N
15
Kg
N
“Brale”
77.5
76.5
75.5
75.0
74.0
66.5
65.5
64.0
63.0
62.0
614
600
587
573
560
314
306
299
291
284
88.0
87.5
87.0
86.5
86.0
73.0
72.0
71.0
70.5
69.5
61.0
59.5
58.5
57.5
56.0
547
534
522
509
496
277
270
263
256
250
76.0
75.5
74.5
74.0
73.5
85.5
85.0
84.5
84.0
83.5
68.5
67.5
66.5
66.0
65.0
55.0
54.0
52.5
51.5
50.0
484
472
460
448
437
243
236
230
223
217
45
44
42
40
38
73.0
72.5
71.5
70.5
69.5
83.0
82.5
81.5
80.5
79.5
64.0
63.0
61.5
59.5
57.5
49.0
48.0
45.5
43.0
41.0
426
415
393
372
352
211
205
194
182
171
36
34
32
30
28
68.5
67.5
66.5
65.5
64.5
78.5
77.0
76.0
75.0
74.0
56.0
54.0
52.0
50.5
48.5
38.5
36.0
33.5
31.5
29.0
332
313
297
283
270
162
153
144
136
129
26
24
22
20
63.5
62.5
61.5
60.5
72.5
71.5
70.5
69.5
47.0
45.0
43.0
41.5
26.5
24.0
22.0
19.5
260
250
240
230
123
117
112
108
70
69
68
67
66
86.5
86.0
85.5
85.0
84.5
94.0
93.5
–
93.0
92.5
86.0
85.0
84.5
83.5
83.0
77.5
76.5
75.5
74.5
73.0
65
64
63
62
61
84.0
83.5
83.0
82.5
81.5
92.0
–
91.5
91.0
90.5
82.0
81.0
80.0
79.0
78.5
60
59
58
57
56
81.0
80.5
80.0
79.5
79.0
90.0
89.5
–
89.0
88.5
55
54
53
52
51
78.5
78.0
77.5
77.0
76.5
50
49
48
47
46
Printed with permission of Wilson Mechanical Instrument Co., Inc.
140
11/3/08
12:49 PM
Page 141
ROCKWELL HARDNESS
CONVERSION CHART
“ROCKWELL”
Superficial
“ROCKWELL”
Superficial
“ROCKWELL”
Superficial
Standard
BRINELL
Thousand Lbs. TENSILE
Per sq. in.
STRENGTH
“ROCKWELL”
“ROCKWELL”
Superficial
“ROCKWELL”
Superficial
100
99
98
93.0
92.5
–
82.0
81.5
81.0
72.0
71.0
70.0
201
195
189
116
112
109
66
64
62
82.0
81.5
80.5
60.5
59.5
58.0
39.5
37.5
35.5
104
101
98
97
96
95
92.0
–
91.5
80.5
80.0
79.0
69.0
68.0
67.0
184
179
175
106
103
101
60
58
56
80.0
79.5
79.0
56.5
55.0
54.0
33.5
31.0
29.0
95
92
90
94
93
92
–
91.0
90.5
78.5
78.0
77.5
66.0
65.5
64.5
171
167
163
98
96
93
54
52
50
78.0
77.5
77.0
52.5
51.0
49.5
27.0
25.0
23.0
87
85
83
91
90
89
–
90.0
89.5
77.0
76.0
75.5
63.5
62.5
61.5
160
157
154
91
89
87
48
46
44
76.0
75.5
75.0
48.5
47.0
45.5
20.5
18.5
16.5
81
79
78
88
87
86
–
89.0
88.5
75.0
74.5
74.0
60.5
59.5
58.5
151
148
145
85
83
81
42
40
38
74.0
73.5
73.0
44.0
43.0
41.5
14.5
12.5
10.0
76
74
73
85
84
83
–
88.0
87.5
73.5
73.0
72.0
58.0
57.0
56.0
142
140
137
80
78
77
36
34
32
72.0
71.5
71.0
40.0
38.5
37.5
8.0
6.0
4.0
71
70
68
82
81
80
–
87.0
86.5
71.5
71.0
70.0
55.0
54.0
53.0
135
133
130
75
74
72
30
28
24
70.5
69.5
68.5
36.0
34.5
32.0
2.0
–
–
67
66
64
79
78
77
–
86.0
85.5
69.5
69.0
68.0
52.0
51.0
50.0
128
126
124
20
16
12
67.0
66.0
64.5
29.0
26.0
23.5
–
–
–
62
60
58
76
75
74
–
85.0
–
67.5
67.0
66.0
49.0
48.5
47.5
122
120
118
8
4
0
63.5
62.0
61.0
20.5
18.0
15.0
–
–
–
56
55
53
72
70
68
84.0
83.5
83.0
65.0
63.5
62.0
45.5
43.5
41.5
114
110
107
30-T
30
Kg
1/16”
Ball
45-T
45
Kg
1/16”
Ball
Br’I
500
Kg
10MM
Ball
15-T
15
Kg
1/16”
Ball
30-T
30
Kg
1/16”
Ball
45-T
45
Kg
1/16”
Ball
Br’l
500
Kg
10MM
Ball
Standard
BRINELL
15-T
15
Kg
1/16”
Ball
“ROCKWELL”
Superficial
B.
100
Kg
1/16”
Ball
Tensile Strength
Inexact and
ONLY for Steel
B.
100
Kg
1/16”
Ball
“ROCKWELL”
For SOFT STEEL AND MOST NON-FERROUS METALS
Approximate Relationships Between Hardness Values Determined on
“‘ROCKWELL” and “ROCKWELL Superficial” Hardness Testers and
Values Determined on Other Testers.
Even for steel, Tensile Strength relation to hardness is inexact, unless determined for specific
material.
The 15N, 30N, 45N, and the 15T, 30T and 45T scales pertain to our ‘’ROCKWELL’’ Superficial
Hardness Testers which apply exceedingly light minor and major loads for very shallow indentations, as required for testing nitrided steel or thin sheet metal.
“All relative values on this card are averages of tests on various metals whose differences in
coldworking and other properties prevent establishment of exact mathematical conversion.
Hardness values here given were carefully determined in our own Standard Laboratory.”
Printed with permission of Wilson Mechanical Instrument Co., Inc.
141
142
510
PHOSPHOR BRONZE 5% GRADE A
SPRING TEMPER (8 NUMBERS HARD)
1010
410
430
J403
1010
51410
51430
30304
30305
30302
302
Anid.
1/4 H
304
305
J405
30301
J461 & J463
CA 510
J461 & J463
CA 260
SOCIETY OF
AUTOMOTIVE
ENGINEERS
SAE
301
AMERICAN
IRON & STEEL
INSTITUTE
AISI
QQB-750
QQB-613
FEDERAL
SPECIFICATION
QQ
A 109
A 240
A 240
A 693
A 240 & A 666
A 240
A 666
A 666
B 103
B 19 & B 36
AMERICAN SOCIETY
FOR TESTING &
MATERIALS
ASTM
5517
5518
5902
5519
5516
5045
5044
–
5042
(5041)
(5047)
Single & Double
Reduced A623
Full Hard
1/2 Hard
1/4 Hard
SOFT
5T-AK
5504
5503
5528
5529
5513
5514
1/4 Hard
1/2 Hard
3/4 Hard
Full Hard
Soft
4510
4505 & 4507
AEROSPACE
MATERIAL
SPECIFICATION
AMS
25043
25043
MIL. C-50
MILITARY
SPECIFICATIONS
MIL-S
10/17/08
COLD ROLLED LOW CARBON
STRIP STEEL - ALL TEMPERS
T410 - ANNEALED
T430 - ANNEALED
17-7 PH — CONDITION A
CONDITION C
T304 – ANNEALED
T305 – ANNEALED
T302
STAINLESS STRIP STEEL
T301 - ALL TEMPERS
260
COPPER
DEVELOPMENT
ASSOCIATION
CDA
BRASS STRIP ALL TEMPERS
DESCRIPTION
COMMON PRODUCT
CROSS REFERENCE OF SIMILAR SPECIFICATIONS FOR MOST COMMON
GRADES OF FLAT ROLLED STRIP AND SHEET PRODUCTS
12:37 PM
Page 142
1074
TEMPERED SPRING STEEL
“75” CARBON
QQS-775
Where material is required to meet one of the above specifications, complete
information should be given at time order is placed.
Specifications of one issuing agency may differ from other agencies. Material
meeting one agency’s specification may not meet all of the requirements of another agency.
General Services Administration
230 S. Dearborn, Room 3670
Chicago, IL 60604
QQ
AISI American Iron & Steel Institute
100 16 th Street, N.W
Washington, DC 20036
SAE Society of Automotive Engineers
AMS 400 Commonwealth Drive
Warrendale, PA 15096
CDA Copper Development Association
405 Lexington Avenue
New York, NY 10017
A 653
A 653
A 308
MIL-S Naval Forms & Publications
5801 Tabor
Philadelphia, PA 19120
ASTM American Society for
Testing & & Material
1916 Race Street
Philadelphia, PA 19103
5122
5085
5120
5121
6350
6351
Aluminum Association
of America
750 Third Avenue
New York, NY 10017
7947
7947
12:49 PM
The above chart is a cross reference only of similar specifications for most
common grades of flat rolled sheet and strip products.
HOT-DIPPED GALVANIZED SHEET
GALVANNEALED SHEET
TERNE COATED SHEET
A 879
A 599
ELECTROLYTIC TIN COATED SHEET
ELECTRO-GALVANIZED SHEET
A 623
A 624
A 684
A 684
A 684
ELECTROLYTIC TIN PLATE
1095
QQS-700
ASTM A1008
Single Reduced A625
Full Hard 5045
1/2 Hard 5044
1/4 Hard
–
Soft
5042
DDAK
(5041)
(5047)
10/17/08
*
1050
1074
1095
COLD ROLLED ANNEALED SPRING
STEEL “50” CARBON
“75” CARBON
“95” CARBON
1095
4130
COLD ROLLED ALLOY STRIP
STEEL 4130
TEMPERED SPRING STEEL
“95” CARBON
J403
1010
J404
4130
1010
COLD ROLLED LOW CARBON
FLAT WIRE
J403
1050
1074
1095
J411
1074
J411
COLD ROLLED SHEET STEEL–
ALL TEMPERS
COLD ROLLED BLACK PLATE
Page 143
143
11/3/08
12:50 PM
Page 144
COIL WEIGHT TABLE
COLD ROLLED STRIP STEEL IN POUNDS PER INCH OF WIDTH
OUTSIDE
DIAMETER
IN INCHES
INSIDE DIAMETER IN INCHES
5
6
7
6
7
8
9
10
2.4
5.3
8.7
12.4
16.6
2.9
6.3
10.0
14.2
11
12
13
14
15
21.3
26.4
32.0
38.0
44.4
16
17
18
19
20
12
8
9
3.4
7.1
11.3
3.7
7.9
4.2
18.9
24.0
29.6
35.6
42.0
16.0
21.1
26.7
32.7
39.1
12.6
17.7
23.3
29.3
35.7
8.9
14.0
19.6
25.6
32.0
4.7
9.8
15.4
21.4
27.8
5.6
11.6
18.0
51.3
58.6
66.4
74.6
83.3
48.9
56.2
64.0
72.2
80.9
46.0
53.3
61.1
69.3
78.0
42.6
49.9
57.7
65.9
74.6
38.9
46.2
54.0
62.2
70.9
34.7
42.0
49.8
58.0
66.7
24.9
32.2
40.0
48.2
56.9
21
22
23
24
25
92.4
102.0
112.0
112.4
113.3
90.0
99.6
109.6
120.0
130.9
87.1
96.7
106.7
117.1
128.0
83.7
93.3
103.3
113.7
124.6
80.0
89.6
99.6
110.0
120.9
75.8
85.4
95.4
105.8
116.7
66.0
75.6
85.6
96.0
106.9
26
27
28
29
30
144.7
156.4
168.7
181.3
194.4
142.3
154.0
166.3
178.9
192.0
139.4
151.1
163.4
176.0
189.1
136.0
147.7
160.0
172.6
185.7
132.3
144.0
156.3
168.9
182.0
128.1
139.8
152.1
164.7
177.8
118.3
130.0
142.3
154.9
168.0
31
32
33
34
35
208.0
222.0
236.5
251.3
266.7
205.6
219.6
234.1
248.9
264.3
202.7
216.7
231.2
246.0
261.4
199.3
213.3
227.8
242.6
258.0
195.6
209.6
224.1
238.9
254.3
191.4
205.4
219.9
234.7
250.1
181.6
195.6
210.1
224.9
240.3
36
37
38
39
40
282.5
298.7
315.4
332.5
350.0
280.1
296.3
313.0
330.1
347.6
277.2
293.4
310.1
327.2
344.7
273.8
290.0
306.7
323.8
341.3
270.1
286.3
303.0
320.1
337.6
265.9
282.1
298.8
315.9
333.4
256.1
272.3
289.0
306.1
323.6
41
42
43
44
45
368.0
386.5
405.4
424.7
444.5
365.6
384.1
403.0
422.3
442.1
362.7
381.2
400.1
419.4
439.2
359.3
377.8
396.7
416.0
435.8
355.6
374.1
393.0
412.3
432.1
351.4
369.9
388.8
408.1
427.9
341.6
360.1
379.0
398.3
418.1
10
For Sizes other than those listed (OD2 – ID2) .2223 = Wt. in lbs. per inch of width.
To find the weight in pounds of FLAT STEEL BLANKS (T x W x L in inches) .2833.
To find the weight in pounds of STEEL PER LINEAL FOOT (T x W in inches) 3.4
144
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Page 145
COIL WEIGHT TABLE
COLD ROLLED STRIP STEEL IN POUNDS PER INCH OF WIDTH
OUTSIDE
DIAMETER
IN INCHES
INSIDE DIAMETER IN INCHES
14
15
16
18
20
22
24
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
6.4
16
17
18
19
20
13.3
20.6
28.4
36.6
45.3
6.9
14.2
22.0
30.2
38.9
7.3
15.1
23.3
32.0
8.2
16.9
21
22
23
24
25
54.4
64.0
74.0
84.4
95.3
48.0
57.6
67.6
78.0
88.9
41.1
50.7
60.7
71.1
82.0
26.0
35.6
45.6
56.0
66.9
9.1
18.7
28.7
39.1
50.0
10.0
20.4
31.3
10.9
26
27
28
29
30
106.7
118.4
130.7
143.3
156.4
100.3
112.0
124.3
136.9
150.0
93.4
105.1
117.4
130.0
143.1
78.3
90.0
102.3
114.9
128.0
61.4
73.1
85.4
98.0
111.1
42.7
54.4
66.7
79.3
92.4
22.3
34.0
46.3
58.9
72.0
31
32
33
34
35
170.0
184.0
198.5
213.3
228.7
163.6
177.6
192.1
206.9
222.3
156.7
170.7
185.2
200.0
215.4
141.6
155.6
170.1
184.9
200.3
124.7
138.7
153.2
168.0
183.4
106.0
120.0
134.5
149.3
164.7
85.6
99.6
114.1
128.9
144.3
36
37
38
39
40
244.5
260.7
277.4
294.5
312.0
238.1
254.3
271.0
288.1
305.6
231.2
247.4
264.1
281.2
298.7
216.1
232.3
249.0
266.1
283.6
199.2
215.4
232.1
249.2
266.7
180.5
196.7
213.4
230.5
248.0
160.1
176.3
193.0
210.1
227.6
41
42
43
44
45
330.0
348.5
367.4
386.7
406.5
323.6
342.1
361.0
380.3
400.1
316.7
335.2
354.1
373.4
393.2
301.6
320.1
339.0
358.3
378.1
284.7
303.2
322.1
341.4
361.2
266.0
284.5
303.4
322.7
342.5
245.6
264.1
283.0
302.3
322.1
For Sizes other than those listed (OD2 – ID2) .2223 = Wt. in lbs. per inch of width.
To find the weight in pounds of FLAT STEEL BLANKS (T x W x L in inches) .2833.
To find the weight in pounds of STEEL PER LINEAL FOOT (T x W in inches) 3.4
145
11/3/08
12:50 PM
Page 146
DECIMAL EQUIVALENTS
Fractions Expressed as Decimals
1
32
1
64
3
64
1
16
3
32
5
64
7
64
1/8
5
32
3
16
9
64
11
64
13
64
7
32
15
64
1/4
17
64
9
32
5
16
11
32
19
64
21
64
23
64
3/8
13
32
7
16
15
32
25
64
27
64
29
64
31
64
1/2
.015625
.03125
.046875
.0625
.078125
.09375
.109375
.125
.140625
.15625
.171875
.1875
.203125
.21875
.234375
.25
.265625
.28125
.296875
.3125
.328125
.34375
.359375
.375
.390625
.40625
.421875
.4375
.453125
.46875
.484375
.5
17
32
9
16
33
64
35
64
37
64
19
32
39
64
5/8
41
64
21
32
11
16
43
64
45
64
23
32
3/4
47
64
49
64
25
32
13
16
51
64
53
64
27
32
55
64
7/8
57
64
29
32
15
16
61
64
31
32
1
59
64
63
64
.515625
.53125
.546875
.5625
.578125
.59375
.609375
.625
.640625
.65625
.671875
.6875
.703125
.71875
.734375
.75
.765625
.78125
.796875
.8125
.828125
.84375
.859375
.875
.890625
.90625
.921875
.9375
.953125
.96875
.984375
1.
Conversion inches to millimeters (inches x 25.4) Millimeters to inches (millimeters x .03937)
146
10/17/08
12:37 PM
Tab
Terms Of Sale
Page 147
10/17/08
12:37 PM
Tab
Terms Of Sale
Page 148
10/17/08
12:37 PM
Page 149
ORDER INFORMATION
Your needs may begin with a sample for die tryouts. Next – material for a trial
run and later – material for a quantity production run. From start to finish you
need one type, one thickness, one width.
You can help assure this consistent quality by supplying complete and accurate
information covering all pertinent specifications. We wiII do the rest.
Records are maintained of all material supplied against every order, including
Material Source, Chemical Analysis and Mechanical Properties where applicable. This complete record enables us to supply certified test reports on all
Precision Brand® materials.
At Precision, filling orders is a matter of careful procedure, a proven method
that assures consistent quality from sample, to trial run, to material for production.
CHECK LIST
Type Analysis or Quality of Metal _____________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Exact Thickness __________________________Tolerance ________________
Exact Width _____________________________ Tolerance ________________
Quantity ________________________________________________________
Temper Designation or Rockwell Hardness _____________________________
________________________________________________________________
Finish __________________________________________________________
Type of Edge Desired ______________________________________________
Coil ___________________ I.D.___________________ O.D.______________
Cut Length _________________________ Tolerance ____________________
Packing Instructions _______________________________________________
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Routing _________________________________________________________
Invoicing and Shipping Instructions ___________________________________
________________________________________________________________
P.O. Number ____________________________ Part Number _____________
149
150
MANUFACTURING LIMITS CHART
No Exceptions
.042 Max. Tempered Spring
No Exceptions
No Exceptions
48
48
48
48
48
24
24
5/32
1/4
5/16
3/8
1/2
5/8
1
.026-.031
.032-.065
.066-.083
.084-.095
.096-.108
.109-.125
.126-.187
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
High Carbon
Stainless and
Alloy Steel 1/8”
max. Sheared
Strips 1/8” and
heavier. Low
Carbon Steel 1“
to 1-1/2” may
need flattening
after shearing.
This may have
camber as a
result.
3/4
3/4
3/4
1
1
1
1-1/2
–
–
144
144
3-3/4
3-3/4
–
–
–
–
–
–
3-3/4
3-3/4
3-3/4
Deburred Edge
only on all
products.
3/8
3/8
–
–
–
––
–
1/4
1/4
1/4
Inches
Min.
Max.
Length in Inches
Min. Max.
–
–
3/4
3/4
Edge
Filing
Sheet
Shearing
–
3
3
3
3
3
3
–
–
–
–
–
36
36
36
36
36
36
–
–
–
–
–-168
168
168
168
168
168
–
–
–
–
Length in
Inches
Min. Max.
All Tempers Low Carbon
Steel, Aluminum, Copper
Alloys, Soft High Carbon,
and Stainless. Oscillated
Coils 4-1/2” Face 16” I.D.
1000 lb. max. Ribbon
Wound Coils 40” max.
O.D. 16” I.D. Round Edge
only.
–
3/8
3/8
3/8
3/8
3/8
3/8
–
–
–
–
Width in
Inches
Min. Max.
Edge Rolling
5
5
5
–
–
–
–
–
–
5
5
Thickness Limitation
.010 min. – .070 max.
Edge: .010 – .030
Rounded Edge
.031 – .050
Good Safety Edge
.051 – .070
Safety Edge
Squared
1/4
1/4
1/4
–
–
–
–
–
–
1/4
1/4
Inches
Min.
Max.
Skiving
5
5
5
5
5
5
–
168
168
168
168
168
168
–
Flatness not guaranteed on 1/4
Hard, Half Hard, 3/4 Hard, or
Full Hard Stainless Steel,
Spring Temper Phosphor
Bronze. Tempered Spring Steel
is made flat in coil and flattening and cutting to length does
not improve its flatness. Sizes
3/8” to 3” .084 to .125 may be
flattened and cut to length on
the Edge Rolling Machine.
3/8
3/8
3/8
1/2
1/2
5/8
–
48
48
48
48
48
48
–
–
–
168
168
–
–
5
5
–
–
–
48
––3/8
3/8
Length in
Inches
Min. Max.
Width in
Inches
Min. Max.
Cut Length
10/17/08
Flat sheets from coils to exact blank sizes.
Thickness range .015 to .109 inc’l. Widths
and Lengths from 1 “ x 5” to 48” x 168”.
Coil weight 20,000 lbs. maximum 16” to 24” I.D. Hot Rolled Pickled or
Cold Rolled. Sizes narrower than those shown can be slit with no guarantee as to camber and burr. In some instances, heavier sizes can be slit.
Refer to office on Annealed Spring Steel heavier than shown.
Except Soft Copper or Aluminum
No Exceptions
24
36
48
48
All Metals and Alloys
5/32
3/32
3/32
1/8
Width in Inches
Min.
Max.
.001-.005
.006-.009
.010-.014
.015-.025
Thickness Range
Coil Slitting
20,000 lbs. Max. .095 Max. 48”. 10,000 lbs. Max. .187 Max. 24”
Slitting-Shearing-Edge Rolling-Edge Filing-Flattening and Cut to Length
12:37 PM
Page 150
10/17/08
12:37 PM
Page 151
OSCILLATED COILS
MATERIAL
SPECIFICATIONS
Gauges ranging from
.010 to .060
and widths from 1/4 “
to 1-1/2 “.
Coil weight up to 2000 lbs.
on wooden or fibre cores.
OSCILLATED COILS are profitable for long run production jobs by reducing
machine downtime, loading and unloading of individual coils. Precision Steel
Warehouse can provide their entire product line on oscillated coils: Strip Steel,
Stainless Steel, Low Carbon Sheet, Coated Metals, and Brass Phosphor
Bronze.
The next time you place a large order with Precision Steel, inquire about
Oscillated Coils. When it’s right for the job, your savings will be substantial.
CUSTOM PROCESSING
OF YOUR MATERIAL
Precision Steel Warehouse can convert your obsolete inventory into productive
material. Many of our customers send their obsolete inventory to us to be slit or
sheared into narrower sizes for new jobs. We also accept custom slitting orders
for new material that is supplied directly to us from you or your mill source.
If you have obsolete material that you wish to convert, or new material direct
from your supplier, call our offices at Franklin Park, Illinois or Charlotte, North
Carolina.
151
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12:38 PM
Page 152
PRECISION STEEL® IS YOUR ASSURANCE OF QUALITY.
SPC STATISTICAL PROCESS CONTROL
While Statistical Process Control programs have been used by companies
around the world, Precision Steel is among the first to address the specific
needs of the American metal working industry. We will continue to work closely
with our customers to refine our procedures to their specific needs.
The Precision Steel SPC program at both our Franklin Park and Charlotte
facilities is designed to assist our customers in their pursuit of zero defects as
required by their customers. Such elements as these provide the foundation for
our procedures.
1. Quality Policy Manual The explains the basics of our team approach
to the program as it is used in both our Franklin Park and Charlotte operations.
2. Documentation of Controlled Processes A hard copy documentation of
such program procedures as gauge control, CPK, CP, and Histograms as
well as X and R charting on width tolerance readings.
3. Chemical and Mechanical Properties We maintain complete records of
chemical and mechanical properties as well as the heat numbers as they are
provided by our mill suppliers. We provide these on every order.
Precision can help you reach your goal of zero defects, as required by your
customers. For more information, give us a call today.
152
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12:38 PM
Page 153
EDI ELECTRONIC DATA INTERCHANGE
EDI, Electronic Data Interchange, is a major step toward making volumes of
paperwork a thing of the past. Using ASC X12 standards, you’ll be able to send
and receive a wide variety of important, daily business documents. The result is
much faster and more accurate communications.
EDI will give you access to documented information on such topics as:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Request of Quote and Response
Purchase Orders
Purchase Order Acknowledgments
Purchase Order Change Request and Response
Order Status
Planning Schedule
Shipping Notice
Invoice
With EDI, we’ll be able to replace these documents with accurate, up-to-theminute information that can always be available on your system. You’ll save time
as well as money. This system will work effectively with your JIT (Just In Time)
methods to help dramatically reduce your inventory levels and order cycle time.
Your partners in progress at Precision Steel are ready to work closely with you
to help you realize all the benefits EDI has to offer. We know how to successfully
share information on planning as well as scheduling while avoiding potential
start-up problems.
Once in place, EDI will help Precision Steel work as if we were part of your own
inventory and warehousing team. We’ll be able to respond to your needs with
greater reliability, speed and cost-saving efficiency than ever before.
Simply call us for more information. EDI offers all the financial and business
returns you’ve come to expect.
153
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12:38 PM
Page 154
BAR CODE
Precision Steel Warehouse, Inc. takes advantage of all the benefits of bar code
technology in both internal and external operations. The result has been faster
and more efficient service plus greater assurance of accuracy. The same benefits can accrue to you.
Bar code technology can convey a wide range of information to help improve
your productivity, accuracy and timeliness throughout all phases of materials
handling. This includes:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Bar Code Material Receipts
Coil Identification
Location Identification
Shop Floor Control
Labor Reporting
Shipments
Bar coding provides tools for access to accurate information. It’s an ideal way to
keep track of products as they are shipped or received while simultaneously
controlling production and inventory.
In short, bar coding can provide real improvements in productivity.
We can work with you so that you can gain all benefits of a bar code program
for your internal and external use, by providing the information you need for
hardware, software, and how the system can work.
For more information, please call your Precision Steel representative. Bar coding is just one more way that we can help improve productivity.
154

403892_Precision_tech_manual_d7.qxd:pg 1

Transcription

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