Final doc.indd - transborder kirkenes

TRANSBORDER
KIRKENES
HANS JØRGEN WETLESEN AND ØYSTEIN RØ
TRANSBORDER
KIRKENES
MASTER THESIS, 2006
DEPARTMENT OF URBAN DESIGN AND PLANNING
FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE AND FINE ART
NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
TUTOR: ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR GERRIT MOSEBACH
“If the 20th century has been
the era of the modernist and
postmodernist city, the 21st
century will likely be the age of the
“global city.” In the new millennium,
urban places will respond to more
than national political, economic,
and social forces. Given the rise
of transnational banking, off-shore
manufacturing, multinational trade
blocs, global communications, and
the international division of labor,
cities will be profoundly enmeshed
in a network of world systems. In
the new millennium, urban places
will respond to global, political,
economical, and social forces.”
Lawrence A. Herzog
CONTENTS
18
INTRODUCTION
20
CONTEXTUAL UNDERSTANDING
22
24
26
32
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
A New Understanding of the North
The Barents Euro Arctic Region
Enormous Natural Resources –
the Foundations of an Industrial Super Region
Region Analysis
Russia – the Return of the Bear
Logistic Bottlenecks
New Global Trade Routes
An Area of Conflicts
New Global Geographies
Growing Border Regions in the World
The Norwgian-Russian border
56
KIRKENES
58
60
62
64
66
Historical Review
Historical Chart
Sør-Varanger Municipality
The Urban Dense Field
Kirkenes
16
68
OBJECTIVE
70
A NEW STRATEGY: TRANSBORDER KIRKENES
72
84
88
Transborder Kirkenes Narrative
Understanding Kirkenes as a Transnational Field
Physical and Non-Physical Actions
90
SYSTEMS OF TRANSBORDER KIRKENES
92
94
96
98
100
101
102
104
106
108
110
112
114
116
118
120
122
124
126
128
Cross-Border Competance
Competance Diagram
Barents District
Knowledge Net
A New Industrial Model
Comparative Shopping
Industry Diagram
Shopping Diagram
Transnational Industry and Trade Zone
Regional Tourist Hot Spot
Tourism Diagram
Transnational Culture
Culture Diagram
Culture Hub
The New West Side
Infrastructure
Infrastructure Projects
A New Idea - A Regional Highway
Human Mobility
The New Kirkenes
130
EPILOGUE
132
BIBLIOGRAPHY
17
INTRODUCTION
A new understanding of the northernmost areas of Europe is emerging. Oil and gas
found in the Barents Sea could become Europe’s most important petroleum source.
The Barents Region has large natural resources such as fish, forests and minerals.
East-West conflict has been replaced with East-West co-operation. Russia is stepping up as an economic super power. The North has become “the new loud” and the
small Norwegian city of Kirkenes finds itself in the midst of this super region. This is
the starting point for our master thesis. What potential could be found in the new
situation? How should Kirkenes react? How can the city grasp the possibilities?
Strategically important, unexplored, international, and brim filled with potential,
Kirkenes, the city once founded as an act of national sovereignty, is in the process of
redefinition.
Our thesis is a contribution to that process.
The assignment consists of two parts: The first part is a study of the contextual and
local conditions. This approach is of a multi-disciplinary nature, containing studies
of political, economical, sociological, historical, geographical and cultural aspects.
Through this research, which includes interviews, documentation, data collection,
analysis and a continuous discussion, a broad understanding of the situation is created, enabling us to create a strategy for the future.
The second part presents our idea for a new proactive strategy for urban development. Redefining itself in a time where the national state’s role is reduced, Kirkenes
must face the challenges, but also the possibilities, of maneuvering in the interwoven
complex systems of the 21st century society. Urban development is multi-faceted
and multi-linear. It is driven by internal and external processes, actors, economics,
and innovations. The flow of information, capital, goods and people has turned the
world into a neighborhood, and the planning of the Kirkenes of tomorrow must be
done in this light. We want to create an overall concept for urban development in
Kirkenes, a strategy that, if implemented, could help the city operate globally, regionally and locally. This assignment aims to illustrate the framework of such a new
system.
Combined, these two parts form a visionary strategic document for a future urban
Kirkenes, addressed to the decision makers in the North. Our master thesis is to be
viewed as a comment on future urban development in Kirkenes,
18
19
CONTEXTUAL UNDERSTANDING
20
21
CANADA
TERRITORIAL CONFLICTS
CONFLICTS CONSERNING THE CONTINENTAL SHELF AND
BORDERS, ARE STRENGTHENING BECAUSE OF A NEW
UNDERSTANDING OF THE RESOURCES IN THE ARCTIC
OIL AND GAS
25 % OF WORLDS UNDISCOVERED
PETROLEUMS-RESOURCES ARE
PREDICTED TO BE IN THE ARCTIC
UNITED STATES
A NEW UNDERSTANDING OF THE NORTH
NEW TRADE ROUTES
THE NORTHERN SEA CORRIDORS CAN SAVE UP
TO 10-15 DAYS OF TRANSPORTATION TIME.
A new understanding of the northernmost areas of Europe is emerging
THE BIG MELT
80 % OF ARCTIC ICE IS PREDICTED TO
DISSAPEAR BY THE END OF THE 21ST CENTURY
KIRKENES
A NEW REGION IN THE NORTH
THE BARENTS REGION IS FULL OF NATURAL
RESOURCES. OIL, GAS, FISH, MINERALS, AND
FORESTS CAN BE THE FOUNDATION OF A NEW
EUROPEAN SUPER REGION.
RUSSIAN COMEBACK
RUSSIA
RUSSIA ENDED 2005 WITH A SEVENTH YEAR OF GROWTH, AVERAGING 6,4 %
ANNUALLY SINCE 1998. RUSSIAN TRADE IS INCREASING, RESULTING IN
LOGISITCAL CHALLENGES DUE TO THE COUNTRY’S LIMITED HARBOR CAPACITY.
JAPAN
Arctic
Ocean
THE BARENTSNorth
EURO-ARCTIC REGION
SEVERNAYA
ZEMLYA
H
RUSSIA
Pole
Noril'sk
Ellesmere
Island
Yenise
y
Kirkenes has a central location in the new Barents Euro-Arctic Region. Mostly referred
to as the Barents Region, this region includes the northernmost areas of Sweden,
Norway, Finland and Northwest Russia. Formalized in 1993, the Barents Cooperation
was set up to strengthen people-to-people contacts resulting in a regional network
that would create a bilateral interdependence and hence contribute to the economic
cultural and social development. The idea was to create stabile and peaceful relationships. International disputes between Norway and Russia could be solved in the climate
of mutual dependence and good relations.
Kara
Sea
Novaya
Zemlya
Greenland
Svalbard
Barents Sea
Greenland
Sea
Kirkenes
Murmansk
Hammerfest
Arkhangelsk
Tromsø
Norwegian
ICELAND
THE BARENTS REGION
Sea
Polar C
ircle
6 million people live in the region, an area of 1.75 million km2, the total of France, Portugal, Spain and Germany combined. 75% of the territory and population is Russian.
A national north-south dimension dominates the respective Barents-countries areas in
the region. Infrastructure, communications, administration and economy are dominated by this. The Barents Region has to develop inter-regional networks and systems if it
is to become a competitive regional entity.
RUSSIA
FINLAND
The region has in the last year become increasingly relevant due to its greatly promising petroleum resources. The wealth and diversity of natural resources such as oil
and gas, fish, minerals and forests are enormous and represent a future potential of
colossal character.
KAZ.
SWEDEN
NORWAY
Oslo
Stockholm
500 km
North
Sea
IRELAND
24
St. Petersburg
Helsinki
Moscow
EST.
LATVIA
LITH.
Baltic
Sea RUS.
BELARUS
DENMARK
UKRAINE
U.K.
GERMANY
POLAND
25
ENOURMOUS NATURAL RESOURCES.
THE FOUNDATIONS FOR AN INDUSTRIAL
SUPER REGION.
OIL AND GAS
The Barents Sea is considered the possible next important petroleum province in
the world. According to US Geologic Services 25% of the world’s unexploited oil and
gas resources are expected to be in the Arctic, whereof the easiest accessible part
of the offshore resources is in the Barents Sea. The Barents petroleum is likely to be
a key in future global energy strategies. Taking into account the huge growth in oil &
gas demand from the Asian countries, the western countries hope that the Barents
Sea may be the safe “energy basin” they can relay on. The dependency on the Middle
East will hence be reduced. Safe energy deliverance is one of the most important
issues of international politics, and the Barents Sea has therefore become the focus
of Europe’s and the USA’s attention.
The global demand of LNG (liquefied natural gas) is increasing dramatically. The US
import is supposed to be 10 times higher in 2025 than today. A major part of this
is assumed to be delivered from the Barents Sea. On longer term (20-30 years) the
technological development will make it possible to expand the oil and gas development into the ice covered waters of the Arctic.
Development is, however, based on actual discoveries and Norwegian search activity
is still in its initial phase. Russian discoveries, on the other hand, show great promise.
The world’s largest gas field, Shtokman, in the Russian Barents Sea will be in production in 2010. The field will be commercial for 50 years. Two Norwegian oil operators
are short-listed as co-operator together with the Russian oil company Gazprom. The
Norwegian logistic hub for construction and maintenance of the on- and offshore installations in the eastern part of the Barents Sea is likely to be in Kirkenes. While the
labor force for construction of the onshore facilities will be catered for on site, the
experts and people working with offshore facilities and logistic tasks can be based in
Kirkenes.
26
27
FLOATING/SEABED PLANTS
SHTOKMAN
DISPUTED BORDER AREA
SNØHVIT
TROMSØ
LANDBASED PLANTS
KIRKENES
MURMANSK
ARKHANGELSK
0
100
200 km
OIL AND GAS RESOURCES
Areas of discoverd oil and gas fields
PETROZAVODSK
Oil/gas traffic
Existing pipeline
Possible pipeline
28
29
The region contains enourmes
reserves of natural resources.
Russian Arctic’s minerals alone
estimate to a total $1.5-2 trillion.
FORESTS
The forests of the Barents Region represent 2% of the World total and 20 % of the
coniferous forests. These resources have global importance on international trade in
forest products. 80% of the Barents forests resources are in Northwest Russia.
MINERALS
The most abundant mineral resources in north-west Russia are concentrated on the
Kola Peninsula where over 700 different minerals have been found. Rich deposits of
copper-nickel ore, iron ore and alumina are currently being exploited in the region.
The Russian territories of the Barents Region together produce 100% of the apatite
concentrate, 99% of the ceramic pegmatites, 88% of the phosphates, 78% of the
micas, and a significant portion of copper, nickel, cobalt, rare metals and earth elements, bauxites and building stones of the Russian Federation.
FISH
The Barents Sea is very important for Norwegian and Russian fishing industry and it
is regarded as extremely productive biologically. More than 60% of the Norwegian
fishing fleet operates in Nordland, Troms and Finnmark counties. There is a large
potential for marine farming in the Barents Region, with China and Russia as new
interesting markets. Russia is the sixth largest fish producer in the world. Norway is
the tenth largest.
30
31
TROMSØ
KIRKENES
MURMANSK
The region is
infrastructurally
under-developed.
ARKHANGELSK
0
100
200 km
RAILWAYS
PETROZAVODSK
32
33
TROMSØ
KIRKENES
MURMANSK
ARKHANGELSK
0
100
200 km
MAIN ROADS
International road
links are not up to date
PETROZAVODSK
34
35
UTE
EA RO
HERN
S
NORT
E
ARITIM
RN M
THE
R
O
N
CORRIDOR
TROMSØ
KIRKENES
MURMANSK
ARKHANGELSK
0
100
200 km
SEA TRAFFIC
Harbor
Sea routes
Maximal ice
36
Ice during the winter
causes limitations on
Russian, Swedish and
Finnish harbors.
37
TROMSØ
KIRKENES
MURMANSK
ARKHANGELSK
0
100
200 km
FLIGHT CONNECTIONS
PETROZAVODSK
38
Infrastructure follows
national lines. Eastwest connection is
weak.
39
Russia dominates
the region, both in
terms of population
and area.
longyearbyen
73.174
152.611
TROMSØ
HAMMERFEST
237.005
VADSØ
ALTA
HARSTAD
KIRKENES
NARVIK
NIKEL
NARYAN-MAR
SEVEROMORSK
MURMANSK
BODØ
MONCHEGORSK
253.632
187.777
APATITY
966.300
45.000
ROVANIEMI
LULEÅ
KOSTOMUKSHA
1.106.600
ARKHANGELSK
SEVERODVINSK
752.100
1.428.900
KOTLAS
PETROZAVODSK
0
100
200 km
POPULATION
SYKTYVKAR
above 250.000
125.000 - 250.000
10.000 - 125.000
less than 10.000
40
41
RUSSIA – THE RETURN OF THE BEAR
Russia is bouncing back as
an economical super power.
Growth has been over 6%
annually since 1998.
Russia, the dominant country in the Barents Region is flexing economic muscles.
The country ended 2005 with its seventh straight year of growth, averaging 6.4%
annually. Although high oil prices and a relatively cheap ruble are important drivers
of this economic rebound, investment and consumer-driven demand have played a
noticeably increasing role. Capital investments have averaged gains greater than
10% over the last five years, and personal incomes have had an average increase
of over 12% in the same period. Russia has also improved its international financial
position. Its foreign debt has declined from 90% of GDP to around 28%. Strong oil
export earnings have allowed Russia to increase its foreign reserves from only $12
billion to $181.3 billion at the end 2005. These achievements, along with a renewed
government effort to advance structural reforms, have raised business and investor
confidence.
The Russian areas of the Barents region play a key role in the future of the country.
Its Arctic oblasts have growth exceeding the national numbers. The estimated value
of the Russian Arctic’s minerals totals $1.5-2 trillion. 91% of natural gas production
and 80% of Russia’s explored reserves of industrial-grade natural gas are amassed
in the region. It also contains 90% of all Russian extractable offshore reserves of
hydrocarbons.
11% of Russian GDP and 22% of Russian exports are produced in the Arctic.
But with increased
economic activity
comes a problem.
Norwegian-Russian relations are growing stronger. Norwegian export to Russia
had a 25% increase from 2003 to 2004. 2/3 of the export is fish. Fish export has
increased with over 75 % in 2005. Russia is Norway’s single largest market for fish.
LOGISTIC PROBLEMS
Russian export and import are increasing, resulting in intense pressure on the transport sector. Environmental protection and high traffic has resulted in a constrained
use of the Bosporus and the straits to the Baltic Sea, two important Russian trade
corridors. The latter is also limited due to ice and shallow water. As a result the main
maritime transport outlet of Russian crude oil to the western world will be through
the Barents Sea. Due to ice, military presence and limiting geography, harbor capacity on the Russian side is stretched thin. An increased industrial activity and extraction of natural resources in North-West Russia will put Russia in a dramatic need of
logistic outlets. Kirkenes, with its deep waters and closeness to the Russian border
is emerging as an alternative.
42
43
WINTER ICE
EXPANSION LIMITATIONS FOR THE
PORT OF MURMANSK DUE TO
GEOGRAPHICAL CONDITIONS
TE
LOGISTIC BOTTLENECKS
MURMANSK
SIZE LIMITATION THROUGH ØRESUND
AND STOREBÆLT INCLUDING SIZE
LIMITATIONS AND ICE IN THE BALTIC SEA
H
RT
NO
N
ER
EC
TIM
I
AR
M
RID
OR
NORTH
R
ERN SEA
OU
ICE DURING WINTER, CLOGS
HARBOURS, AMONG THESE
ARKHANGELSK
OR
ST. PETERSBURG
Russian harbor
capacity is limited.
Kirkenes is emerging
as an alternative.
THE LARGEST TANKER THAT CAN BE USED IN THE BALTIC HAS A DICPLACEMENT OF
AROUND 110 000 DWT. THE UPPER LIMIT IN THE BLACK SEA IS 145 000 DWT.
US SHIPMENTS REQUIRE TANKER SIZES OF MORE THAN 300 000 DWT´S.
MURMANSK IS THE ONLY PORT IN RUSSIA TO HANDLE SUCH SIZES.
44
RUSSIA
SIZE AND TIME LIMITATIONS
FOR OIL TANKERS THROUGH
THE BOSPOROUS STRAIT
45
NEW GLOBAL TRADE ROUTES
NO
NO
HE
RT
RN
IM
IT
AR
M
E
A RO
N SE
R
E
RTH
UTE
OR
RID
R
CO
MOSCOW
VLADIVOSTOK
BERLIN
PRAGUE
RUSSIAN RAIL NET
CHINA
HARBOURS NORTH OF SAN FRANSISCO AND HONG KONG HAVE SHORTER DISTANCES
THROUGH THE NORTHERN SEA ROUTE THAN THROUGH PANAMA OR SUEZ .TIME
DIFFERENCES CAN BE AS MUCH AS 10-15 DAYS.
46
47
THE BIG MELT
Global warming reduces the size of
Arctic ice and can change the climate in
the Barents Region dramatically.
SVALBARD
Norwegian authorities claim sovereignty in the 2000 km
zone surrounding Svalbard. Other countries claim their
right for equal opportunities.
BORDER DISPUTE
Russia and Norway still argue where the actual
border between the two countries in the Barents
Sea is. Large oil and gas reserves can be found in
the disputed area. Negotiations are held in secret.
INCREASING OIL TRANSPORT
There is a high increase in oil transport from
Russia via Murmansk. The traffic goes with ships
along the Norwegian coast with the constant
danger of environmental disasters.
KIRKENES
INDIGENOUS PEOPLE
FISHING POLICY
AN AREA OF CONFLICTS
Norwegian authorities want a
more restrictive fishing policy
than their Russian counterparts.
Land of indigenous people could be
threatened by new activity.
PROFIT VS PROTECTION
Kirkenes is in the midst of
a power-field of possibilities,
but also an area of troubling
conflicts.
The oil industry wants to expand its search activity,
while the environmentalists want protected areas.
The issue has become a controversy inside the
Norwegian government.
NUCLEAR POWER
Norway fear accidents at out-dated Russian nuclear
power plants. Russia wants to keep its nuclear
energy. Dismantling of Russian Nuclear submarines
is going at a slower pace than Norway and the
international community want.
48
49
NEW GLOBAL GEOGRAPHIES
The future of Kirkenes and the Barents Region is carved out in a time of globalization.
Globalization actually began 600 years ago when Europeans discovered the world.
With cartography, religion, violence, economics and transportation the world was
gradually controlled. We are now experiencing the final act of this process. A world
completely conquered. Not by Europeans, but by a multidimensional system that
transcends the economic, political, social, and cultural spheres. The world is now one
single territory in which goods and information circulate freely. In this territory we
see a growing international integration, interconnection, and interdependence. The
unprecedented intensity of these trends over the two past decades, pushed mainly
by the extraordinary advancement in transport, information technologies, and communications, has led to a global economy with worldwide integration of production,
commerce, finance, information, organization, and technology.
The relationship between space and globalization creates two main territorial concepts: Firstly the single world space of interdependencies that constitutes the scope
of the new global economy and culture, and secondly, a restructuring of existing territories with the development of winning and losing regions. In the latter the downfall
of national states is essential, allowing for the emergence of the concept of transnational regions. These regions have proven successful in the ability to integrate in the
new world systems. Because of this, the classical understanding of the border zones
as areas of conflicts and separation are changing. Due to international integration, globalization and “borderless” economy, strategically important border areas
undergo strong transformations. We are talking of a situation of a border which
separates, to that of a border understood as a contact area. When market forces
transcend the obstacles conventionally established by men and generate migratory
and economic dynamics, a transitional space is created.
50
US-Mexican border
51
CHINA, NORTH KOREA, SOUTH KOREA, RUSSIA, MONGOLIA
AND JAPAN, CREATING A FREE TRADE ZONE IN NORTH EAST
ASIA BEING TOUTED AS THE “FUTURE ROTTERDAM” FOR
NORTHEAST ASIA
THE BARENTS REGION
KIRKENES
VANCOUVER - VICTORIA - SEATTLE
DETROIT - WINDSOR
CANADA-USA
TIJUANA - SAN DIEGO
CIUDAD JUAREZ - EL PASO
TORONTO - HAMILTON - BUFFALO
USA-MEXICO
MATAMOROS - BROWNSVILLE
NUEVO LAREDO - LAREDO
ØRESUND
DANISH, SWEDISH BORDER
CHINESE, NORTH AND SOUTH KOREAN,
RUSSIAN, MONGOLIAN AND JAPANESE BORDER
EUROPEAN UNION
BASEL MULHOUSE FREIBURG
SWISS, FRENCH, GERMAN, BORDERS
METROPLITAN GENEVA
SWISS FRENCH BORDER
MAASTRICHT AACHEN LIEGE
DUTCH-GERMAN-BELGIAN BORDER
METROPOLITAN STRASBOURG
FRENCH GERMAN BORDER
TUMEN
PEARL RIVER DELTA
HONG KONG - SCHENZEN
THE NORTH AMERICAN FREE TRADE AGREEMENT,
KNOWN AS NAFTA IS A FREE TRADE
AGREEMENT BETWEEN CANADA. USA AND MEXICO
GROWING BORDER REGIONS IN THE WORLD
TRANSNATIONAL HOT SPOTS
TRANSNATIONAL AREA
52
53
THE NORWEGIAN-RUSSIAN BORDER
Border-crossings
between Norway and
Russia are increasing
RUSSIA
The joint Norwegian-Russian border marks a line between one of Europe’s biggest
social differences. Through Norway’s participation in the Schengen-cooperation, this
THE ONLY SHCENGENBORDER ON LAND IN NORWAY
is also European Union’s frontier
to Russia, making it the only part of the Norwegian
border where the outer border control for the European Union takes place. It is believed that the Norwegian-Russian border eventually will open, similar to the border
between Norway and Finland. However, the economic situation in Russia will have to
improve before all restrictions on cross-border movement are abolished. Bearing in
mind that the Russian Arctic oblasts have growth exceeding the national numbers,
this could happen sooner rather than later.
Cross-border traffic between Norway and Russia has increased significantly. In 1990
the number of border crossings at Storskog border station was 3500. In 2005
the number jumped to 110 000, stimulated by EU-Russia co-operation which has
resulted in softer visa regulations between Schengen-countries and Russia.
0
54
600
1200 km
55
KIRKENES
56
57
HISTORICAL REVIEW
Kirkenes finds itself in the midst of the new energy Klondike of the world, but the city
has not always headed for a brighter future. Founded by settlers in 1863, its name
derives from the main building of the original settlement; a church. Slowly, it developed
into a township with the discovery of iron in the area in 1902. The production hall was
situated on the Toppenfjellet. A local railway transported the iron from the mines in
Bjørnevatn to the harbor. The World War I devastations made a huge demand for iron
and Kirkenes became a prosperous town.
Kirkenes paid a high price for its immediate location to Soviet during World War II.
Murmansk was the only ice-free harbor in European Soviet which Nazi-Germany did not
control, making the northern corridor an extremely important shipping route for the
allies. This made Kirkenes strategically important for the Germans. Maybe as much as
100.000 German soldiers were placed in and in the vicinity of Kirkenes. The city was
devastated during the war, leaving it with only 30 of the original 450 buildings. Russians freed the city in 1944.
With the support from the mining company, the city was re-built in the typical style of
the reconstruction period with simple and homogenous buildings. The demand for iron
in post war build-up in Europe once again helped Kirkenes prosper. It was the first city
in Finnmark County with asphalt streets.
The Russian-Norwegian border was an extremely tense place during the Cold War.
There was never any actual gunfire between the Norwegian and the Russian border
control, but there were on several occasions a line up of soldiers and tanks from
both sides. Norwegian intelligence and military had a stronghold in Kirkenes. Suspicion towards communists put Kirkenes natural ties to its Russian neighbour in a
totally different light,
From 1952 to 1970 the mining company and the city experienced prosperous
years, and the residential part of the city expanded. In 1960 the number of inhabitants increased to 10.400 and stayed on that level until 1980. Sør-Varanger municipality reached its highest population in 1977 with 10.920 inhabitants. The mining
company played an important role in the development of the city and social welfare,
but as it reduced its production and finally closed down in 1996, the community had
to change. Helped by state subsidies and the localization of new government institutions in Sør-Varanger municipality, the city managed the transfer to a post-industrial
city without too many problems. The opening of the border to Russia at the end of
the cold war made a huge impact on the city. It once again became a border town
with increasing trade and international atmosphere. 6 percent of the population is
Russian. Almost the entire harbor activity is based on the Russian fish fleet. Russian
related turn-over estimates to about NOK 400 millions.
Today the Sør-Varanger municipality inhabits 9.600 people, with public sector and
the shipyard as main employers.
From cold war theatre to
booming oil and gas area,
Kirkenes is the city in the
extreme.
58
59
HISTORICAL DIAGRAM
1860
1970
1880
1890
1900
1910
1920
POMOR TRADE (NORWAY-RUSSIA)
1930
WW1
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
GLASNOST
WW2
POPULATION
10000
9000
COLD WAR
8000
7000
AS Sydvaranger mining company
6000
5000
1944
After a almost complete devestation the city is freed by the Soviet soldiers.
4000
1863 Founded by settlers
3000
The Soviet Union dissolves and Russia becomes an independent state 1991
2000
1000
60
1902 Iron is discovered and the mining era in Kirkenes begins.
The mining company stops all mining activity 1996
61
Nesseby
Bugøynes
Kirkenes, Hesseng and
Bjørnevatn constitute the
urban dense field in
Sør-Varanger.
Kirkenes
Neiden
Hesseng
Bjørnevatn
Finland
Storskog
Sør Varanger
Pechenga
������
Murmansk
Zapolyarnyy
Svanvik
Skogfoss
SØR-VARANGER MUNICIPALITY
Nikel
Russia
Murmansk
Moskva
Vladivostok
NATIONAL BORDER
RAILROAD
ROAD
MUNICIPALITY BORDER
COASTLINE
62
5 km
63
SØR-VARANGER URBAN DENSE FIELD
1
2
3KM
KIRKENES
Administration, commercial and cultural center in Sør-Varanger.
The city is in squeze between Sydvaranger industrial site in the
west and Prestøya industrial area the in the east.
HESSENG
Together with Bjørnevatn,
Hesseng grew up as a
residential sattelite in the
70’s due to lack of land in
Kirkenes. Today it also has
educational institutions for
the municipality.
HØYBUKTMOEN AIRPORT
MILITARY
BJØRNEVATN
Residential satellite. Location for national government institution
and some commercial activity.
STORSKOG BORDER STATION
MINING SITE
64
NORWAY
RUSSIA
65
500M
KIRKENES
CITY CENTER
BIG BOX RETAIL
COASTAL EXPRESS
HOSPITAL
HARBOR
RELATED
INDUSTRY
FUTURE INDUSTRY
SCHOOL
AS SYDVARANGER
THE CITY IS EXPANDING SOUTHWARDS
66
67
OBJECTIVE
A new understanding of Kirkenes is emerging.
The city is becoming increasingly relevant in
the new era of globalization and free trade.
Its geographical position as a border city, its
closeness to Russia, new global trade routes,
and vast natural resources are all strings
Kirkenes can play on. The challenge is to find
a competitive advantage. To find a system
of urban development that brings out the
full potential of these possibilities. Kirkenes
should develop a system that makes the city a
preferred location for the increasing activity in
the Barents Region.
68
Kirkenes’ potential is directly linked to the
regional development. Kirkenes should
choose a strategy which strengthens the
Barents Region’s competitiveness in the
world. By seeking to be a link in the eastwest connection, Kirkenes can contribute to
the process of inter-regional development,
Kirkenes will benefit from of an active region
and the region will benefit from an active
Kirkenes. Strengthening the border zone is a
strategy for regional economic rise. Through
this one can create a win-win situation on both
sides of the border.
69
A NEW STRATEGY: TRANSBORDER KIRKENES
70
71
TRANSBORDER KIRKENES NARRATIVE
1
2
3KM
1
2
3KM
By establishing a
trade and industry
node at the border....
HØYBUKTMOEN
KIRKENES
HESSENG
BJØRNEVATN
STORSKOG
BORDER STATION
Three nodes
constitute the
existing urban field
72
73
...a transnational
urban field is created.
1
2
1
3KM
2
3KM
...and a new harbor
system connected by
train to Russia,.....
74
75
1
2
The field will contain
a completely new
program......
3KM
OIL AND GAS HARBOR
The transnational urban field
OIL AND GAS HARBOR
SERVICE HARBOR
TERMINAL
BARENTS DISTRICT
CULTURE HUB
HØYBUKTMOEN
URBAN CORE
CONTAINER HARBOR
RESIDENTIAL
SATELLITE
REGIONAL HIGHWAY
RESIDENTIAL
SATELLITE
TRANSNATIONAL
INDUSTRY AND
TRADE ZONE
76
77
...and the nodal outlay
will be a robust system
for receiving a program
of uncertain size and
content.
1
2
3KM
NEW HARBOR RELATED INDUSTRY
INCREASED PETROLEUM
ACTIVITY IN THE REGION
NEW HARBOR RELATED
INDUSTRY
INCREASED
LOGISTIC ACTIVITY
INCREASED
CONTAINER
TRAFFIC
NEW RESIDENTIAL ZONES
NEW RESIDENTIAL ZONES
NEW NODE?
INCREASING TRADE
NEW FACTORIES
RESIDENTIAL ZONES
NEW MINING?
INDUSTRY?
NEW NODE?
78
79
infrastructure
knowledge
business
culture
VARDØ
PETCHENGA
VADSØ
SEVEROMORSK
MURMANSK
ZAPOLYARNY
HAMMERFEST
NIKEL
ALTA
The field will be a
hot-spot in a new
super region......
MONCHEGORSK
APATITY
TROMSØ
KANDALAKSHA
ARKHANGELSK
SEVERODVINSK
80
81
.....of the world.
82
83
UNDERSTANDING KIRKENES
AS A TRANSNATIONAL FIELD
INDUSTRY
TOURISM
SHOPPING
INFRASTRUCTURE
HUMAN MOBILITY
COMPETENCE
CULTURE
84
By using its geographical position, Kirkenes can develop a unique urban apparatus
for future program and content. Transborder Kirkenes is a proactive strategy for
an urban system adapted to and benefiting from two national systems. Transborder
Kirkenes raises the question: What if Kirkenes transformed from a border city into
a transborder city? It is a visionary strategy; a system based on a type of urbanism
where cities can become bridges between nations, spaces from which to launch
the global activities of trade, culture and innovation. It is a strategy for a city that no
longer limits itself inside national borders. The Cold War is history. Global markets
and free trade are the new dominant realities. As a result, the edge of Norway and
Russia can emerge as the new focus area for investors, businesses, and local and
national authorities.
Kirkenes, Hesseng and Bjørnevatn today constitute the urban dense field in Sør-Varanger municipality. This field is located only 3.5 km from the Russian border. With
the creation of a commercially driven transnational trade and industry zone crossing
the border, the city will physically transform from a border city into a transnational
urban field. A new harbor system connected to Russia and a set of infrastructural
key projects will link the field to the region and the world. This is the new picture of
Kirkenes: One city in two countries.
85
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86
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Transborder Kirkenes will open for a totally new urban program, A new content
directly resulting from the synergy of two national systems. Kirkenes could become a
laboratory for cross-border activity resulting in new program in education, research,
industry, trade, and culture. The Barents Region will have an intensified field of actions, a regional hot-spot. It will be an urban composite of two countries.
The nodal model in the transnational field will be robust system for handling a future
program of uncertain content and size. The nodes can grow independently of each
other, but at the same time act together in an urban network. The model seeks to
define roles for the nodes and secure long term access to land.
Considering the global tendencies, border zone development in Kirkenes could be
just a question of time. The development can follow two paths; the exploitive and
unregulated or the planned, advanced and innovative. With an increasing crossborder activity, issues of bilateral interest will emerge, The need for a cross-border
planning device therefore becomes essential. A cross-border city is an interwoven
system that requires transnational planning if the city is to seek the full potential of
the transnational urban system.
It is essential that a system of a transnational city must allow circulation and crossborder flow. Free flow of goods and people across international borders is vital to
trade, investment and other forms of economic cooperation, but cross-border activity is not always legal. Crime, prostitution and smuggling represent challenges in a
border area. It is a challenge to uphold good law enforcement and at the same time
have an efficient border. The streamlining and harmonizing of trade and visa procedures must not compromise the work of immigration control and surveillance.
In time, the transnational field will grow
more and more interconnected.
87
Transborder Kirkenes is a proactive strategy
for attracting new program. It is a set of actions
aimed to attract oil and gas related activity,
trade, industry, competence, culture, and
tourism in the region through a transborder
approach. With selected key projects the
development is directed and triggered.
NON-PHYSICAL ACTIONS
PHYSICAL ACTIONS
- develop new transnational networks in fields of government, commerce, culture, education and research,
- establish a cross-border planning device consisting of Russian and Norwegian representatives.
- open for human mobility: migration, immigration, commuting, new visa regulations,
and an increasingly open border.
- implement new cross-border trade laws and regulations. Make procedure simplifications in trade to increase trade flows.
- develop cross-border competence
- develop transnational identity building projects
- create physical arenas for bilateral connections, hereunder the establishing of a
transnational industry and trade zone, an arena for commerce and research, and a
regional cultural hub. By exploring the potential in the transborder city, new systems
are identified. The different arenas are generators in these transnational systems.
88
- create cross-border infrastructure projects which facilitate movement of goods,
services, people and information through the region and promote Kirkenes as hub.
Key projects are prolonging the Russian railroad net to a new harbor in Kirkenes,
building a large scale harbor system linked to global trade routes and petroleum
activity in the Barents Sea, invest in an inter-regional road net, a maritime terminal,
and promote the local airport as a hub for inter-regional flights,
89
SYSTEMS OF TRANSBORDER KIRKENES
How can the transborder
idea apply to the systems
of the city?
90
91
CROSS-BORDER COMPETENCE
Kirkenes can as a transborder city develop a unique competence in cross-border
activities in trade, commerce, culture, research and education. There can be a
program of Norwegian-Russian exchange, research, translation, international legal
services and innovation centers. Kirkenes could be a center for studies on for example Norwegian-Russian relations, the Arctic, the polar environment, mobility and
exchange. The increased competence can result in the creation of new businesses
and spin-off industries. New business developed will transform Kirkenes from a
mono-society to a multi-society.
As a tool to trigger a competence development, authorities and business could
invest in the creation of a Barents district at the old shipyard site in Kirkenes. This
could be an arena for research, innovation, education and business in the Barents
region. International actors in the fields of gas, oil, logistics, culture, research, trade,
fishing, tourism will be located inside a dense area. The local network will be enriched
and expanded. The newly established Barents Institute could be a generator in the
Barents district. The institute could become an open research facility both for commercial and non-commercial actors.
How can Kirkenes
become a multi-society?
92
93
COMPETENCE DIAGRAM
ACTORS
NETWORK AND ATTRACTIVITY
ACTIVE NODE AND MEETING POINT FOR RESEARCHERS,
INDUSTRIAL ACTORS, GOVERNMENTAL INSTITUTIONS OPERATING
IN THE REGION. KIRKENES COULD BE A CROSS-BORDER COMPETENCE CENTER.
A PLACE FOR EXCHANGE OF KNOWLEDGE CONCERNING THE REGION.
COMPANIES
COMPANIES SEEK KNOWLEDGE AND ESTABLISH WHERE
IT IS, LOCATE CLOSE TO TALENTED PEOPLE AND ESTABLISH IN
COMPETITIVE REGIONS.
ATTRACTIVITY IS A KEYWORD FOR KNOWLEDGE BASED
SOCIETIES WITH INCREASED NEED FOR COMPETENCE.
PEOPLE
TOOLS
EDUCATED, TALENTS AND ENTREPENEURS SEEK
INTERESTING, DIVERSE AND PULSATING ENVIRONMENTS.
EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
BARENTS DISTRICT
ARENA WITH MIXING FUNCTIONS BETWEEN INDUSTRY
RESEARCH FACILITIES AND GOVERNMENTAL INSTITUTION.S
INNOVATION CENTER, BARENTS-INSTITUTE AND SECRETARIATE
AND AN INDUSTRIAL INCUBATOR; SPECIALISTS ON REGIONAL
OPERATIONS.
INCREASED FOCUS ON THE NORTHERN AREAS OF THE WORLD
TRIGGER RESEARCH. THE BARENTS DISTRICT COULD BE AN ARENA
WITH LARGE CONTACT SURFACE TO ACTORS OPERATING IN THE REGION,
MAKING IT INTERESTING FOR INSTITUTIONS TO ESTABLISH.
EFFECTS
CULTURE HUB
INCREASING URBAN QUALITY, TOOL FOR ATTRACTING HUMAN
CAPITAL GENERATING NARRATIVES OF A UNIQUE CITY. CREATING
IDENTITY. PRESERVING THE HISTORICAL INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE.
EVENT SPACE CREATING A FLUX OF PROGRAM.
OPENS NEW MARKETS
INCREASED CONTACT BETWEEN INDUSTRY, STATES AND EDUCATIONAL
INSTITUTIONS INCREASE POSSIBILITIES TO ENTER NEW MARKETS SUCESSFULLY.
FROM MONO TO MULTI SOCIETY
FROM INDUSTRIAL DEPENDENCE TO KNOWLEDGE BASED SOCIETY.
PROACTIVE MEASSURE TOWARDS THE NEW INDUSTRIES THAT WILL BE
DEPENDENT OF COMPETENT AND TALENTED PEOPLE WITHIN A BROAD
RANGE OF DISCIPLINES.
INFRASTRUCTURE
INCREASED MOBILITY NECESSARY FOR AN OPERATIONAL
COMPETENCE NODE CONNECTING ACTORS
94
NEW INDUSTRIES
NEW KNOWLEDGE CREATE NEW INDUSTRIES AND CROSS-OVER BUSINESSES.
95
BARENTS DISTRICT
BARENTS SECRETARIAT
SHOPPING MALL
RUSSIAN-NORWEGIAN
INNOVATION CENTER
BARENTS-INSTITUTE
CONFERENCE CENTER
TERMINAL
RESTAURANT
CAFÈ
96
97
LONGYEARBYEN
Barents District would
become a node in the
new arctic knowledge
network.
TROMSØ
ALTA
KIRKENES
NARVIK
KAUTOKEINO
MURMANSK
BODØ
KIRUNA
ROVANIEMI
LULEÅ
KEMI
TRONDHEIM
OSLO
BERGEN
OULU
ARKHANGELSK
KNOWLEDGE NET
SYKTYVKAR
Universitiy
Higher education
PETROZAVODSK
98
99
A NEW INDUSTRIAL MODEL
COMPARATIVE SHOPPING
Globalization of trade and economy has led to a pattern of localization of production in
areas of the world where cost are low, so called “off-shore” manufacturing. By relocating the assembly work to low-cost countries, companies can reduce labor cost. A
transborder Kirkenes can offer the possibility of establishment in a low-cost country together with expertise and competence. A transnational industry and trade zone at the
Russian-Norwegian border could be the arena for new program of international trade
and industry. It could become a meeting place for joint Norwegian-Russian industrial
activity.
Today one can see in the Barents region a pattern of consumption based on comparative advantages of products on either side of the border. Russian consumers
travel to Norway to buy manufactured goods such as clothing, electronic products,
refrigerators, washing machines, and auto parts, whereas Norwegians travel east to
Russian cities like Murmansk and Nikel to buy dental services, alcohol, medical drugs
and clothing. The new transnational industrial and trade zone could contain program
for both of these shopping types. Part of the program could be retail directly aimed
at Norwegian or international customers. Big box retail aimed at Russian customer,
today located in Kirkenes, could be organized along the eastern access to the city.
Together, these two programs could form a continuous trade field crossing the Russian-Norwegian border. The result would be increased trade and hence economic
growth. People would travel more and human exchange across the border could
increase.
Investors can use the bilateral urban system in Kirkenes to establish “twin-plants”. The
factory located on Russian side could be linked to a headquarters office and warehouse
in Norway, This system profits both sides of the border. Norwegian companies reduce
costs, and boost the troubled Barents Russia by creating jobs on the Russian side. It
will be a measure for entering the Russian market both for Norwegian and international investors, For Russian investors, the contact to European markets and Norwegian
expertise could be interesting. Russian businesses could also hook up to the increased
activity in Kirkenes.
To achieve a long term growth in the region it is necessary, on both side of the border,
to attract entrepreneurs to increase the local activity, and create nursing fields for new
developments in connection with and in addition to the extraction of natural resources.
HOUSING
ASSEMBLIES
A future oil and gas activity in Kirkenes can be handled within the framework of a
transnational industrial system. The immediate link to a new harbor system can trigger
new industrial development. Directly linked to emerging trade routes, the zone could
be a new super zone of Barents industry. The fishing industry can also benefit from the
bilateral system.
ENTERTAINMENT
STAGE 3
+
CUSTOMS AND BORDER
CONTROL
+
How can Kirkenes
design an area for
international and
regional trade and
industry?
LEISURE
MEDICAL CARE
TAX FREE
LOGISTICAL SERVICES
TOURISM
TODAY
100
SHOPPING
STAGE 2
101
INDUSTRY DIAGRAM
ACTORS
REGIONAL INDUSTRY HOT SPOT
COMPANIES
GLOBALIZATION OPENS FOR NEW MODELS
OF PRODUCTION. A JOINT NORWEGIAN-RUSSIAN MODEL
COULD ATTRACT ACTIVITY TO THE REGION.
INCREASED NECESSITY OF COST EFFICENCY TO STAY
COMPETETIVE, TRIGGERS GLOBAL OPERATIONS. GAS AND OIL
INDUSTRY POSITIONING TO ENTER RUSSIAN PROJECTS.
COULD ALSO BE USED TO ENTER FOREIGN STOCK EXCHANGES.
COMMUTERS
JOBS CREATED ON BOTH SIDES GIVES POSSIBILITIES FOR
EMPLOYEES TO SHOP NATIONAL COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES OF
SCHOOLS, TAXES, AND LOCATIONS.
INVESTORS
TOOLS
ADVANTAGES IN A SYSTEM BASED ON TWO NATIONAL SET OF
RULES. BENEFITING FOR RUSSIAN/NORWEGIAN INVESTORS.
TRANSNATIONAL INDUSTRY AND TRADE ZONE
FACTORIES, MANUFACTORS, ASSEMBLY, CONTRACTORS,
SUPPLIERS FOR OIL AND GAS OPERATIONS.
EFFECTS
INFRASTRUCTURE
INCREASED COMPETIVITY
COMPANIES NEED EFFICENCY, REDUCING LABOUR COST TO STAY
COMPETETITIVE, HARD TO FIND SKILLED LABOUR IN NORWAY.
MEASSURE FOR ENTERING NEW MARKETS.
CLOSENESS TO GLOBAL INFRASTRUCTURE ROUTES AND
TRANSPORTATION LINES. DIRECTLY CONNECTED TO NEW
HIGHWAY.
BARENTS DISTRICT
PROXIMITY TO RESOURCES WITH KNOWLEDGE OF CROSSBORDER ACTIVITY. BARENTS-SECRETERIAT AND INSTITUTE,
INNOVATION CENTER, BUSINESS HUB.
$
LOCAL AND REGIONAL BENEFITS
NEW JOBS AND INCREASED TAX INCOME
SYSTEM
ADMINSTRATION
CAPITAL, KNOWLEDGE OF MARKETING AND
EFFIENCY IN THE GLOBAL ECONOMY
“OFFSHORE” MANUFACTURING IN LOCAL
DISTANCE
102
PRODUCTION
LOW COST COUNTRY
URBAN CORE
TRANSNATIONAL ZONE
103
SHOPPING DIAGRAM
COMPARATIVE SHOPPING
A SHOPPING BASED ON THE BEST OFFER IN TWO COUNTRIES.
TAKING ADVANTAGE OF TAXES AND REGULATIONS,
PEOPLE CAN CROSS THE BORDER TO GET THE BEST DEAL ON
PRODUCTS AND SERVICES.
TRANSNATIONAL INDUSTRY AND TRADE ZONE
ACTORS
NORWEGIANS
LOOKING FOR CHEAPER GOODS AND SERVICES
HIGH TAXES FOR GASOLINE,TOBACCO AND ALCOHOL.
RUSSIANS
URBAN CORE
HAS LIMITED ACCESS AND HIGH PRICES
ON CERTAIN PRODUCTS.
TOURISTS
COMBINING VISIT IN KIRKENES WITH RUSSIAN SHOPPING
AND ENTERTAINMENT.
TOOLS
EFFECTS
TRANSNATIONAL INDUSTRIAL AND TRADE ZONE
INCREASED TRADE
COMMERCIAL STRIP CONTAINING BIG BOX RETAIL, MEDICAL/DENTAL
SERVICES, AUTO REPAIR FACILITIES, GAS STATION, BANK, RUSSIAN
MARKET AND ENTERTAINMENT BASED ON COMPARATIVE
ADVANTAGES OF THE RESPECTIVE NATIONAL STATE’S PRICE LEVEL.
INFRASTRUCTURE
INCREASED TRADE CREATES JOBS AND GROWTH.
INCREASED CONTACT
INCREASED CONTACT BETWEEN PEOPLE AND BUSINESSES. INCREASING
UNDERSTANDING OF CULTURES. DECREASE SUSPICION BY INTERACTIONS.
IMPROVING ACCESS TO THE CITY WILL MAKE IT EASIER TO VISIT.
WITH A NEW REGIONAL HIGHWAY, KIRKENES STORES COULD
HAVE CUSTOMERS FROM THE ENTIRE REGION.
CREATING A REGIONAL SHOPPING CENTER
SHOPPERS FROM THE REGION CAN USE THE TRANSNATIONAL TRADE
ZONE AS THEIR LOCAL SHOPPING CENTER.
104
105
TRANSNATIONAL INDUSTRY AND TRADE ZONE
leisure
retail stores
INDUSTRY
entertainment
commercial strip
SHOPPING
HOUSING
parking lots
markets
customs
LOGISTICS
hotel
warehouses
twin plants
factories
TOURISM
N
R OR
U
SS WA
IA Y
medical/dental services
oil and gas supply
106
107
REGIONAL TOURIST HOT SPOT
Tourism is one of the focus areas of the Barents Region. The international tourist industry
has one of the highest positive development rates compared to other businesses. New
trends in tourism show an increasing potential for more niche products and exotic alternatives. Kirkenes could take advantage of its Russian connection, both in terms of developing
program aimed at the Russian market, and as a Norwegian gateway to the east.
Tourist visits from Russia to Norway have risen 50 % from 2003 to 2004. The growth
continued in 2005. The Russians have climbed to number 12 on the list of tourist travelers. Pattern studies of Russian tourists show that they spend a lot of money. They live in
hotels or luxurious resorts, and spend money on shopping and entertainment. By developing custom-made solutions for the Russian market, Kirkenes could become a tourist hotspot for Barents-Russians. The Barents district could have facilities for business tourism,
such as a conference center for meetings and fairs.
A new cruise terminal, a regional airport and better roads are infrastructural elements in
a active tourist strategy. In addition to serving the Coastal Express, the terminal could also
be the hub for arctic cruises. By developing eastbound flights to Murmansk, Kirkenes can
become a Norwegian hub for inter-regional flights. The tourist industry in Barents Russia
is currently under-developed, but there is potential in nature tourism and “undiscovered”
Russian cities. Infrastructural initiatives would open for more traveling in the region and
tourism would increase.
How Kirkenes take a
share of the growing
Russian market?
108
109
TOURISM DIAGRAM
ACTORS
ENGINE IN REGIONAL TOURISM
KIRKENES COULD IMPROVE ITS TOURIST APPEAL, AND
SEEK A ROLE AS ORGANIZER OF ADVENTUROUS EXPERIENCES
ON BOTH SIDES OF THE BORDER.
BUSINESS TOURIST
MEETINGS AND CONFERENCES.
TEAMBULIDING AND FAIRES COMBINED WITH
EXTREME NATURE ADVENTURES.
TOURIST
WILDLIFE ENTHUSIAST AND ADVENTURER, EVENT SHOPPER
TOURIST INDUSTRY
ORGANIZERS FOR BARENTS TOURISM
TOOLS
EFFECTS
INCREASED TOURISM
NEW CONCEPTS AND INFRASTRUCTURE WILL ATTRACT TOURISTS,
CREATING NEW JOBS AND INCOME.
INFRASTRUCTURE
UPGRADED AIRPORT FOR REGIONAL TRAFFIC.
NEW HIGHWAY INCREASE ACCESIBILITY. FUTURE RAILWAY
OPENS POSSIBILITIES OF UNEXPLORED JOURNEYS; BARENTS INTERRAIL
NEW TERMINAL
COASTAL EXPRESS AND CRUISE TERMINAL, HARBOUR OFFICE,
TOURIST INFORMATION, SOUVENIR SHOP, TRAVELLING AGENCIES,
TOUR OPERATORS. FUTURE RAILWAY STATION TO MURMANSK,
MOSKVA, VLADIVOSTOK
MARKET SHARES
BY CREATING TRAVEL CONCEPTS FOR RUSSIANS, KIRKENES CAN TAKE
A SHARE OF THE GROWING RUSSIAN TOURIST MARKET.
INCREASED URBAN QUALITY
ATTRACTIVE URBAN QUALITY FOR VISITORS AND A DIVERSIFIED,
PULSATING URBAN LIFE.
INCREASED HUMAN MOBILITY
TOURISM WILL INCREASE THE CROSS-BORDER HUMAN FLOW, OPENING
PEOPLE-TO-PEOPLE NETWORK.
TRANSNATIONAL INDUSTRY AND TRADE ZONE
ENTERTAINMENT, SHOPPING, LEISURE ACTIVITIES BASED ON TWO
NATIONAL SYSTEMS’ COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES. SHOPPING,
LEISURE AND ENTERTAINMENT.
BARENTS DISTRICT
HOTEL AND CONFERENCE FACILITIES ATTRACT BUSINESS TOURISM.
EXPERTISE IN TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN THE BARENTS REGION.
TOURIST AGENCIES FOR RUSSIAN DESTINATIONS.
NEW POSSIBILITIES
NEW TERRITORIES
OPENING OF RUSSIAN BORDER GIVES INCREASED FISHING AND
HUNTING AVAILABILITY TOGETHER WITH NATURE EXPERIENCES.
NEW MARKET
RUSSIAN TRAVELLERS EMERGE AS A MARKET OF INCREASING
IMPORTANCE.
CULTURE HUB
NEW ATTRACTION INCREASING TOURIST DESTINATION VALUE,
CREATING NARRATIVES OF A UNIQUE CITY THROUGH EVENTS
AND FESTIVALS .
110
NEW CONCEPTS
GATEWAY FOR ARCTIC EXPEDITIONS, LUXURY CABINS
FOR RUSSIAN TOURIST, POST COMMUNISM TOURISM, CASINOS.
111
TRANSNATIONAL CULTURE
Kirkenes already have dynamic culture scene, with curator-groups such as Pikene
på broen, institutions like the Samovar Theatre, and the international art festival Barents Spektakel. The cross-border dimension in the cultural sphere is already present,
and could be developed further. Kirkenes could become a regional center for culture
and joint projects between culture and commerce. A culture hub located in the old
AS Sydvaranger site could be an arena for cultural events and activity, defining a new
transnational identity of the city. By using culture as an identity enforcing instrument,
Kirkenes will develop a unique narrative of a multicultural transborder society. Active re-use of the cultural industrial heritage connects the history of Kirkenes to the
future.
The re-programming of the old industrial buildings can happen with many functions
related to art and culture, generating a continuous influx of program, functions and
ideas. New jobs in cultural businesses can be created, attracting human capital and
visitors. Acknowledging that young, talented people seek cities with high a diversity
of activities, people and events, makes cities invest in culture. The cultural hub could
contribute to a vibrant city and hence help attract human capital.
Can Kirkenes become a
regional culture pool?
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113
CULTURE DIAGRAM
ACTORS
ATTRACTIVITY AND IDENTITY
IN BECOMING A SUCCESSFUL CITY OPERATING FOR THE REGION IT NEEDS
TO ATTRACT HUMAN CAPITAL. BY DEVELOPING ITS CULTURAL SCENE,
KIRKENES CAN CREATE A DIVERSE AND PULSATING URBAN ENVIRONMENT.
BY INVESTING IN IDENTITY STRENGTHENING PROJECTS, TWO CULTURES
ARE CONNECTED.
PEOPLE
TOURISTS
COMPANIES
CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS
EFFECTS
IDENTITY CREATED
URBAN CORE
CULTURE USED AS AN IDENTITY INCREASING INSTRUMENT.
ESTABLISHING A MULTICULTURAL COMMUNITY.
BRAND: THE NORWEGIAN-RUSSIAN CITY.
TOOLS
CULTURE HUB
ATTRACT HUMAN CAPITAL GENERATING NARRATIVES
OF UNIQUENESS, PROTECTING HISTORICAL INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE
BY ENHANCING IT. AN EVENT SPACE CREATING A FLUX OF
PROGRAM, AN ARENA FOR TRANSBORDER CULTURAL EVENTS
AND NEW CULTURAL BUSINESSES.
HUMAN EXCHANGE
CULTURE CREATES SOCIAL RELATIONS, TRIGGERING
CO-OPERATION AND CROSS-BORDER ACTIVITY.
LINKING HISTORY TO THE FUTURE
BY REVIVING FORMER INDUSTRIAL SITES THE CITY ESTABLISHES A
LINK BETWEEN THE HISTORY AND THE FUTURE.
NEW CULTURAL INDUSTRY
NEW BUSINESSES IN THE FIELD OF CULTURE CREATES JOBS
AND ACTIVITY.
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115
CULTURE HUB
EVENT MANAGERS
CONCERTS, THEATERS
ES
LECTURES, PERFORMANC
EXHIBITIONS, POETRY
CURATORS
WORKSHOPS
RUSSIAN ARTISTS IN RESIDENCY
MINING MUSEUM
ATELIERS
CAFÈ
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117
BARENTS DISTRICT
The culture hub will,
together with the Barents
district constitute a new
west-side of Kirkenes
HARBOR RELATED INDUSTRY
IS RELOCATED TO THE NEW
HARBOR SYSTEM
CULTURE HUB
BIG BOX RETAIL AND INDUSTRY CLOSE
TO KIRKENES IS RELOCATED TO THE
TRADE AND INDUSTRY ZONE OPENING
FOR NEW RESIDENTIAL AREAS CLOSE
TO THE CITY
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119
INFRASTRUCTURE
An increased economic cross-border activity requires an effective and up-to-date
infrastructure. By planning and building an infrastructural system for several types of
activities and scenarios, Kirkenes will have the necessary basis for increased activity.
ON THE DRAWING BOARD
Actors in Kirkenes have already presented an important infrastructural project,
namely the Railport Kirkenes. This project consists of a new harbor system linked
to the Russian railroad. Due to limitations on the Russian harbors, Russian industry
is considering Kirkenes as a prolongment of the Russian trade net. This system will
make Kirkenes an important link in the Russian-Global trade routes.
Main activities for the new harbor:
- Transshipment of bulk products from ship to train and vice versa.
- Ship to ship. Crude oil from Russian oil fields in the Barents reshipped into super
tankers.
- The logistic hub for construction and maintenance of the on- and offshore installations in the eastern part of the Barents Sea.
-Harbor related industry, intermediate storage.
New port facilities can give 2.560.000 m2 of industrial area and 6.900
meters deep water quay. It will change the image of the city completely, The harbor
system, as presented, consists fully developed of four harbors. It is reasonable to expect this project to come around once the Barents activity gains more momentum.
The Barents Region
needs new east-west links
A NEW DIMENSION
Once connected to the Russian railroad, totally new scenarios emerge. Due to the
Arctic melt, the Northern Sea Route, stretching from Europe across the northern
hemisphere to North America and Asia, is becoming more important. Hooking up to
new global trade routes can give new harbor activity and spin-off industry in Kirkenes.
The transnational trade and industry system could be an attractive location for international industry.
The Kirkenes harbor can also become a part of the China-US trade route, a project
previously presented by Narvik harbor.
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121
INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS
1
2
OIL AND GAS
2.6 km quay
maintenance
offshore service
3KM
NEW HARBOR SYSTEM
- Transshipment, ship to train and ship to ship.
- Logistic hub for petroleum operators in the Barents Sea
- Industry, storage.
OIL AND GAS
3 km of deep water quay
construction and
maintenance for on and
offshore installations
RAILROAD TO RUSSIA
SHIP MAINTENANCE
700 m quay
The Kirkenes-Murmansk railroad connection is
estimated to cost NOK 1.4 billion.
It will make Kirkenes harbor an important outlet for
Barents-Russian activity. It will be a prolongment of
the Russian infrastructure on Norwegian soil.
REGIONAL AIRPORT
NEW TERMINAL
NEW TERMINAL
NEW EASTERN
ACCESS TO KIRKENES
CONTAINER
600 m quay
re-shipping train-ship
harbor-related industry
Arctic cruise, coastal express,
regional bus teminal
REGIONAL AIRPORT
Norwegian hub for interregional flights.
NEW REGIONAL HIGHWAY
TROMSØ-KIRKENES-MURMANSK
A new east-west road conncection could be
an artery in the region.
RAILROAD TO RUSSIA
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123
A NEW IDEA – A REGIONAL HIGHWAY
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The east-west connection in the Barents region is weak. Roads on the Norwegian
side follow the coastline to almost every little township. On the Russian side the
roads have low standard, complicating an efficient trade. A new inter-regional highway from Tromsø via Kirkenes to Murmansk could become the artery for regional
growth in the Barents region, with Kirkenes as the east-west link. A new highway
will effectively link all important centers in Finnmark and Murmansk Oblast. It will
also connect Tromsø more effectively to the core of the Barents region. Small cities
along the Finnmark coast can be seen in a different light. They can constitute a new
fish trade corridor to the growing Russian market. With a state-of-the-art highway,
a population of 1.000.000 will be in a radius of 5 hours from Kirkenes. People in
Kirkenes could reach Murmansk after only a 2.5 hours drive.
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124
125
HUMAN MOBILITY
As a result of new cross-border commercial activity, a group of international commuters could emerge. Given a positive industrial development, Kirkenes will need
skilled labor often hard to find in Norway, such as welders, engineers and researchers. New visa systems could allow Russians to work in Kirkenes and live in Russia.
This type of commuting could exist between Kirkenes and already existing Russian
urban centers such as Nikel, Petchenga, Zapoljarny or Murmansk, but it could also
exist inside a new transnational Kirkenes. In order to simplify cross-border mobility,
the complicated visa process of today can be replaced by local passports or other
solutions such as day passes or hour passes.
MURMANSK
VARDØ
SEVEROMORSK
PETCHENGA
VADSØ
ZAPOLYARNY
The new infrastructure
will allow for increased
human mobility
HAMMERFEST
BARENTS DISTRICT
ALTA
NIKEL
TRANSNATIONAL
INDUSTRY AND
TRADE ZONE
HARSTAD
TROMSØ
ARKHANGELSK
APAPTITY
CULTURE HUB
TRANSNATIONAL FIELD AND THE NEW ARENAS
PETROZAVODSK
126
127
THE NEW KIRKENES
Kirkenes, locally,
regionally and globally
speaking.......
THE BARENTS REGION
SHTOKMAN
EASTERN NORWEGIAN PETROLEUM SECTOR
NORTERN MARITIME CORRIDOR
NORTERN SEA ROUTE
NORTHAMERICA
ASIA
TRANSNATIONAL URBAN FIELD
NEW HARBOR SYSTEM
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NORWAY
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REGIONAL HIGHWAY
RUSSIA
129
EPILOGUE
At the end of the process of writing this thesis, the Sydvaranger sites were sold
to a real estate developer from Oslo, with the result that almost half of Kirkenes
switched owner. The new Norwegian government has launched an active policy for
the development of the Barents Region. The opening of the Shtokman field is getting
closer. The future has begun and the process of developing the Barents Region is
gaining momentum. Kirkenes can be an important arena for this development, and
has the potential of becoming one of Norway most interesting and dynamic urban
places. Only through co-operation, can the region develop, and our conclusion is that
Kirkenes can play an important role in this process. We hope this thesis can be a
contribution to a wide debate on the city’s future, locally, regionally and globally.
“We cannot develop extensive cooperation in the high north without concrete projects. We must design projects that are important for petroleum production in the
north, for the fisheries, for the environment and the resources, and for new forms
of businesses, for industrial and cultural cooperation.”
Jonas Gahr Støre
130
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LITERATURE
Sætre, Simen. Morgenbladet. 22.-28.07.2005. Her skal Norges fremtid sikres.
Barlindhaug AS. 2005. Petroleumsvirksomhet i Barentshavet.
Sør-Varanger kommune. Kommuneplan 2004-2016.
Barlindhaug, J. 1.4.2005. Aftenposten. Norsk nærvær i Barentshavet.
Boeri, S. and others, 2000. Mutations. Actar, Barcelona.
Wong-González, P. 1998. Globalization and International Integration: New Strategies of Transborder Regional Development, Regional Development Dialogue (RDD), United Nations Centre for Regional Development, Vol. 19, Number 2, Autum.
Brouwer J., Mulder A., 2002. Transurbanism. V2-Publishing/NAI Publishers, Rotterdam.
World Port Kirkenes Group AS. 2003. Kirkenes havn og jernbanetilknytning
Brunstad B., Magnus E., Swanson P., Hønneland G., Øverland I. 2004. Big Oil Playground, Russian Bear Preserve or European Periphery? -The Russian Barents Sea Region towards 2015. Delft, Netherlands. Eubron
Academic Publishers.
INTERVIEWS:
Dahl, K. and Uhre K. 2004. Kommende og forsvinnende landskaper. Lecture. University of Tromsø.
Det kongelige utenriksdepartement. Stortingsmelding nr.30 (2004-2005): Muligheter og utfordringer i nord.
Eisinger, A. and Schneider, M. 2003. Urban-scape Switzerland. Basel, Switzerland. Birkhäuser.
Florida, R., 2002. The Rise of the Creative Class. Basic Books, New York.
Herzog, L. 1997. The Transfrontier Metropolis. Harvard Design Magazine
Høiby, K. 2005. Kirkenes - Norges brohode mot Russland, mot 2015 - En scenariebasert strategidiskusjon.
Institute of Advanced Architecture of Catalonia. 2003. HiperCatalunya Research Territories.
Kjellsen, C. 2003. Åpningen av Barentshavet – Case study Hammerfest. Diploma, Oslo School of Architecture and Design
Mau, B. 2003. Too Perfect. Danish Architecture Centre.
Multiplicity, 2003. USE. Skira Editore S.p.A. Milano
Norske arkitektkonkurranser. August 2004. Findusområdet og arkitsk kultursenter.
Patteeuw, V. (Editor) 2002. City Branding – Image Building and Building Images. NAI Publishers, Rotterdam.
Pikene på broen. 2004. Migration - A Barents Art Project - Reports of passage.
Piltingsrud, T. 1999. Brattøra - et framtidig urbant punkt i Trondheimsregionen. Diploma thesis, Norwegian
University of Science and Technology.
Plot, 2003. Super Harbour.
Pravda. 09.29.2005 . Russia prepared to pay entire foreign debt to Paris Club ahead of schedule.
Pravda. 04.21.2005. Development of Arctic areas to bring trillions dollars of profit to Russia.
Støre, Jonas Gahr. 2004. What will shape the future of Barents Russia?. Speech held on the Offshore Northern Sea Conference in Stavanger, 25.08.2004.
Støre, Jonas Gahr. 2004. Et hav av muligheter – en ansvarlig politikk for nordområdene. Speech, University
of Tromsø
132
Håvard Lund, Kirkenes Municipality
Mia De Coninck, Kirkenes Municipality
Terje Kojedal, Statoil, Hammerfest
Fred Guthu, Statens Vegvesen, Vadsø
Hilde Methi, Pikene på broen, Kirkenes
Kai Bakke, AS Sydvaranger, Kirkenes
Morten Torgersrud, artist, Kirkenes
Rune Rafaelsen, Barentsekretariatet, Kirkenes
Tore Gundersen, Finnmark County
Torstein Piltingsrud, Acona Technopole, Tromsø
Marianne Knapp, Tromsø Municipality
Espen Johnsen, stud.arch., Tromsø
Lene Edvardsen, Husbanken, Hammerfest
Bjørg Kippersund, Hammerfest Municipality
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barents2010.net
barentsinfo.no
barentsobserver.com
barlindhaug.no
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bellona.no
cia.org
dn.no
econ.no
europan.no
fni.no
fifo.no
grida.no/db
himmelstigen.no
kirkenesinfo.no
morgenbladet.no
nho.no/nord
nrk.no/nordnytt
pasvikelven.no
pikene.no
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