2006 - Coordinated Research Activities

Transcription

Coordinated Research Activities
Annual Report and Statistics for 2006
July 2007
Research Contracts Administration Section
Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications
International Atomic Energy Agency
http://cra.iaea.org/
TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY......................................................................................................................1
STATISTICAL
OVERVIEW
1.
INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................................1
2.
COORDINATED RESEARCH ACTIVITIES IN SUPPORT OF IAEA PROGRAMMES
AND SUBPROGRAMMES ..........................................................................................................2
3.
4.
COORDINATED RESEARCH ACTIVITIES IN 2006................................................................3
3.1.
Member States Participation.........................................................................................10
3.2.
Extra Budgetary Funding..............................................................................................11
3.3.
Coordinated Research Projects Completed in 2006 .....................................................11
CRP EVALUATION REPORTS FOR CRPS COMPLETED IN 2005 ......................................12
ANNEX I
Total Number of Proposals Received and Awards Made in 2006
ANNEX II
Distribution of Total 2006 Contract Awards by Country and Programme
ANNEX III
Research Coordination Meetings (RCMs) Held in 2006 by Subprogramme
ANNEX IV
Countries where Research Coordination Meetings (RCMs) were Held in 2006
ANNEX V
2006 Total Contract Awards by Country
APPENDIX A
Active Coordinated Research Projects (CRPs) at End 2006
APPENDIX B
CRPs Approved but Not Yet Initiated at End 2006
APPENDIX C
Coordinated Research Projects (CRPs) Completed in 2006
APPENDIX D
IAEA 2006 Programme/Subprogramme and Corresponding CRP Codes
APPENDIX E
CRP Evaluation Reports for CRPs Completed in 2005
i
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
In 2006, a total of €5 622 290 from the regular budget and €130 715 of extra budgetary
contributions were awarded in support of Coordinated Research Projects (CRPs). The CRPs were in
Major Programme 1 – Nuclear Power, Fuel Cycle and Nuclear Science, in Major Programme 2 –
Nuclear Techniques for Development and Environmental Protection, and in Major Programme 3 –
Nuclear Safety and Security. Compared with 2005, the amount awarded represented 20% lower
financial support because of completion of 39 CRPs, but with only 19 new start-ups CRPs.
Over 70% of the funds awarded for contracts were made to institutions in developing countries
primarily in the areas of nuclear power, nuclear science, waste management, food and agriculture,
human health, water resources and isotope hydrology, and nuclear safety and security.
In numerical terms, at the end of 2006 there were 1385 contracts and agreements awarded to
institutes in 108 Member States. The total number of contracts includes 772 research contracts and
107 technical contracts. In addition, 506 research agreements were awarded. Notwithstanding the
Secretariat’s efforts to increase the numbers of female Chief Scientific Investigators participating in
CRPs, the percentage remained at 20%. Efforts continue to increase this figure.
The completed CRPs resulted in one PhD, 5 master’s degrees and 5 other theses and
dissertations, and in the publishing of about 769 articles and reports, scientific papers, proceedings of
scientific conferences and contribution to international conferences as well as 11 IAEA TECDOCs, a
new scientific database and one website. Detailed reports on the outputs, effectiveness, impact,
recommended future action, and resulting publications are listed in Appendix E of this report.
STATISTICAL OVERVIEW
Coordinated Research Activity Budget
In 2006, the IAEA awarded a total of €5 753 005 in support of research projects under
Coordinated Research Activities (CRAs). Of this total amount, 30% (€1 702 449) was used to finance
the Research Coordinated Meetings (RCMs) held every 18 months during the life of a Coordinated
Research Project (CRP).
At the end of 2006, there were 106 active CRPs and 16 CRPs approved, but not yet initiated, the
majority of which are in Major Programme 2. Total obligations amounted to €4 378 184 in Major
Programme 2, €995 067 in Major Programme 1 and €379 754 in Major Programme 3.
Contracts and Agreements
At the end of 2006, there were 1385 active contracts and agreements awarded to institutes in
108 Member States. Of these, 94% were part of CRPs and 6% were individual contracts (not part of a
CRP). The total number of contracts includes 771 research contracts, 107 technical contracts, and one
doctoral contract. In addition, 506 agreements were awarded.
Member States Participation
74% of the funds awarded for contracts were made to institutions in developing countries.
Technical contract awards were made to institutions from developed and developing countries.
CRP Subjects
The subject wise of active CRPs, according to the IAEA’s programmes at the end of 2006 were
as follows:
Prog.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
L.
Subject
Nuclear Power
Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Materials Technologies
Capacity Building and Nuclear Knowledge Maintenance
Nuclear Science
Food and Agriculture
Human Health
Water Resources
Environment
Radioisotopes Production and Radiation Technology
Safety of Nuclear Installations
Management of Radioactive Waste
Total
Number of Active CRPs
10
4
2
18
24
26
5
3
8
1
5
106
1.
INTRODUCTION
Article III of the IAEA Statute authorizes the IAEA to encourage and assist research on, and
development and practical application of, atomic energy for peaceful purposes throughout the world
and to foster the exchange of scientific and technical information, as well as the exchange of scientists
in the field of peaceful uses of atomic energy. The IAEA’s Coordinated Research Activities stimulate
and coordinate the undertaking of research in selected nuclear fields by scientists in IAEA Member
States.
The IAEA supports research under its programmes, subprogrammes and projects that are listed
in the approved Programme and Budget of the IAEA. These Coordinated Research Activities are
normally implemented through Coordinated Research Projects (CRPs) that bring together research
institutes in both developing and developed Member States to collaborate on the research topic of
interest. The IAEA may also respond to proposals from institutes for participation in the research
activities by awarding individual research contracts not related to a CRP. A small portion of available
funds is used to finance individual projects, which deal with topics covered by the IAEA’s scientific
programme.
The IAEA also supports doctoral CRPs, which are designed to strengthen promotion of research
on nuclear technologies in developing Member States through pair building between agreement and
contract holders. These CRPs include a PhD training programme at the contract holders’ institutions.
One doctoral CRP currently implemented by the Human Health programme addresses the
improvement of radiotherapy outcomes in AIDS cancer patients.
Further information on the IAEA’s Coordinated Research Activities, including current
information on CRPs and programme areas supported, information on policies and procedures and the
administration of the activities is available on the IAEA’s Coordinated Research Activities website at:
http://cra.iaea.org/
1
2.
COORDINATED RESEARCH ACTIVITIES IN SUPPORT OF IAEA PROGRAMMES
AND SUBPROGRAMMES
The Coordinated Research Activities reported in this document are conducted in support of the
following IAEA programmes and subprogrammes (Ref: GC(49)/2 of July and September 2005).
Major Programme 1: Nuclear Power, Fuel Cycle and Nuclear Science
Programme A.:
Nuclear Power
Programme B.:
Programme C.:
Capacity Building and Nuclear Knowledge Maintenance for Sustainable Energy
Development
Programme D.:
Nuclear Science
Major Programme 2: Nuclear Techniques for Development and Environmental Protection
Programme E.:
Programme F.:
Human Health
Programme G.:
Water Resources
Programme H.:
Assessment and Management of Marine and Terrestrial Environments
Programme I.:
Radioisotope Production and Radiation Technology
Major Programme 3: Nuclear Safety and Security
Programme J.:
Programme K.:
Radiation and Transport Safety
Programme L.:
Programme M.:
Nuclear Security
The Subprogrammes supported by the CRPs are listed in Appendix D.
Results of research are available to all Member States and are disseminated through national,
international and IAEA scientific and technical publications. The Coordinated Research Activities are
complementary to its Technical Cooperation Projects, with the knowledge gained via coordinated
research used to enhance the quality of Technical Cooperation Projects. Some research results are
directly relevant to Technical Cooperation Projects and lead to successful implementation of these
projects, while some Technical Projects lead to participation in Coordinated Research Activities. In
addition, CRPs and TC Projects may also be carried out simultaneously.
2
3.
COORDINATED RESEARCH ACTIVITIES IN 2006
In terms of benefits to Member States through their participating research institutions, number
of awards and degree of funding, coordinated research activities constitute a significant component of
the IAEA’s overall programme.
715 contracts and 88 agreements were awarded from the 1091 proposals (951 contract proposals
and 140 agreement proposals) received by the IAEA during 2006. Annex I lists, by country, the
number of proposals received and awards made.
In 2006, €5 622 290 from the regular budget and €130 715 of extra-budgetary contributions
totalling €5 753 005 were awarded to institutes under contractual arrangements and to fund Research
Coordination Meetings (RCMs). The average award per contract was €5 610, about 3% more than the
2005 average. TABLE 1, FIGURE 1 and FIGURE 2 summarize all awards by Programme in 2006.
3
TABLE 1. SUMMARY OF ALL AWARDS BY PROGRAMME IN 2006
Regular Budget €
Programme
Contracts
A.: Nuclear power
B.: Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Material
Technologies
C.: Capacity Building and Nuclear
Knowledge Maintenance for
Sustainable Energy Development
CRP
Purchases
Extra Budgetary Funding €
RCM
Expenditures
Total by
Programme
Contracts
CRP
Purchases
RB+EB €
RCM
Total by
Total by
Expenditures Programme Programme
4
56 143
0
103 476
159 619
0
0
0
0
159 619
65 430
0
68 308
133 738
0
0
0
0
133 738
62 500
0
38 779
101 279
0
0
0
0
101 279
D.: Nuclear Science
367 095
2 655
183 642
553 392
10 000
24 356
12 683
47 039
600 431
Total Major Programme 1
551 168
2 655
394 205
948 028
10 000
24 356
12 683
47 039
995 067
E.: Food and Agriculture
1 741 082
600
456 006
2 197 688
0
0
0
0
2 197 688
F.: Human Health
1 155 458
0
245 615
1 401 073
0
0
0
0
1 401 073
158 200
0
89 668
247 868
0
0
0
0
247 868
5 000
0
0
5 000
0
0
0
0
5 000
250 300
12 067
264 188
526 555
0
0
0
0
526 555
3 310 040
12 667
1 055 477
4 378 184
0
0
0
0
4 378 184
J.: Safety of Nuclear Applications
24 500
0
40 283
64 783
0
0
0
0
64 783
K.: Radiation and Transport Safety
31 520
0
0
31 520
0
0
0
0
31 520
L: Management of Radioactive Waste
61 600
0
138 175
199 775
0
0
20 660
20 660
220 435
0
0
0
0
22 050
0
40 966
63 016
63 016
117 620
0
178 458
296 078
22 050
0
61 626
83 676
379 754
3 978 828
15 322
1 628 140
5 622 290
32 050
24 356
74 309
130 715
5 753 005
G.: Water Resources
H.: Assessment and Management of
Marine and Terrestrial Environments
I.: Radioisootope Production and
Radiation Technology
M.: Nuclear Security
Grand Total
Total Contracts Awards: €4 010 878
Total CRP Purchases: €39 678
Total RCM Expenditures: €1 702 449
Total Expenditures in 2006 €5 753 005
FIGURE 1 illustrates the proportion of regular budget and extra-budgetary funding in 2006
€130 715
2.3%
€5 622 290
97.7%
Regular Budget
Extra Budgetary Funds
FIGURE 2. Distribution of all 2006 Awards by Programme and Type of Expenditure (in thousands)
€1 800
1 741
€1 600
€1 400
1 155
€1 200
€1 000
€800
€600
456
377
€400
196
€200
56
103
65
68
63
39
264
250
246
159
158
90
27
1
D
E
0
5
12
25 40 32 0
62
22 41
€0
A
B
C
Contracts
F
G
H
CRP Purchases
I
J
K
L
M
RCM
Details of 2006 total awards by project and type of award are provided in TABLE 2. Annex II
lists total awards by country and programme.
.
5
TABLE 2. DISTRIBUTION OF 2006 TOTAL FUNDS BY PROJECT
Prog
Research Contracts
Number
€
Technical Contracts
Number
€
Doctoral Contracts
Number
€
CRP.
Purchases
Total
RCMs
Number
€
Overall
Total €
A. Nuclear Power
A.1.02
1
9 149
9 149
A.4.01
3
5 500
5 500
1
33 168
38 668
A.4.02
8
19 600
19 600
1
19 699
39 299
1
22 417
22 417
A.4.03
A.4.04
11
27 143
27 143
A.5.01
4
3 900
3 900
1
19 043
22 943
26
56 143
56 143
5
103 476
159 619
Subtotal
27 143
B. Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Materials Technologies
B.2.01
12
52 030
1
3 400
55 430
1
20 895
76 325
B.3.02
1
5 000
1
5 000
10 000
1
32 643
42 643
1
14 770
14 770
3
68 308
133 738
B.4.01
Subtotal
13
57 030
2
8 400
65 430
C. Capacity Building and Nuclear Knowledge Maintenance for Sustainable Energy Development
C.2.02
10
40 000
40 000
1
25 426
65 426
C.3.03
5
22 500
22 500
1
13 353
35 853
Subtotal
15
62 500
62 500
2
38 779
101 279
12 000
12 000
D. Nuclear Science
D.1.02
3
D.1.03
1
4 225
12 000
1
17 380
17 380
29 225
1
20 188
49 413
1
20 499
24 699
D.1.04
6
25 000
D.1.05
1
4 200
4 200
D.1.06
9
36 500
36 500
36 500
D.1.07
3
12 000
12 000
12 000
D.2.01
5
21 000
21 000
2
36 732
57 732
D.2.03
15
56 000
80 356
1
17 852
98 208
D.3.00
5
25 000
D.3.01
16
75 200
D.3.02
6
18 000
D.4.01
22
80 570
4
7 400
Subtotal
91
365 470
5
11 625
24 356
25 000
2 655
77 855
25 000
2
20 780
18 000
27 011
6
98 635
18 000
87 970
2
62 894
150 864
404 106
10
196 325
6 00 431
Prog
Research Contracts
Numbers
€
Technical Contracts
Numbers
€
Doctoral Contracts
Numbers
€
CRP
Purchases
Total
RCMs
Numbers
€
Overall
Total
E. Food and Agriculture
E.1.01
1
8 400
8 400
8 400
E.1.02
18
117 884
4
24 300
142 184
3
76 688
218 872
E.1.03
6
47 800
3
30 000
77 800
1
39 678
117 478
E.1.04
15
124 500
1
6 400
130 900
E.1.05
57
429 600
4
33 600
463 200
2
81 025
544 225
E.1.06
33
189 313
2
21 000
210 313
2
74 803
285 116
E.1.07
18
96 000
96 000
1
51 328
147 328
E.2.01
2
11 300
11 300
1
30 647
41 947
E.2.02
10
81 600
81 600
E.2.03
34
280 100
4
43 400
E.2.04
11
65 750
1
10 000
E.3.01
1
2 535
E.3.02
21
110 000
2
7 600
226
1 556 382
22
184 700
Subtotal
600
600
130 900
81 600
324 100
1
21 308
345 408
75 750
1
30 738
106 488
2 535
1
22 177
24 712
117 600
1
27 614
145 214
1 741 682
14
456 006
2 197 688
F. Human Health
F.1.01
33
246 300
3
30 500
276 800
2
34 449
311 249
F.1.02
8
60 100
3
51 500
111 600
1
13 333
124 933
F.1.03
7
49 200
F.1.04
49 200
49 200
7 600
1
7 600
7 600
4
16 600
150 300
3
68 192
218 492
66 216
2
30 387
96 603
F.2.01
25
133 700
F.2.03
15
66 216
F.2.04
22
142 322
4
26 800
169 122
1
21 073
190 195
F.3.03
18
71 100
3
19 720
90 820
2
39 374
130 194
F.3.04
17
81 000
6
40 600
127 600
1
18 538
146 138
F.4.03
13
54 800
1
7 600
F.4.04
12
43 800
170
948 538
Subtotal
25
200 920
1
6 000
62 400
1
6 000
62 400
43 800
1
20 269
64 069
1 155 458
13
245 615
1 401 073
G. Water Resources
G.1.02
12
51 700
51 700
1
27 537
79 237
G.1.03
13
52 200
52 200
1
47 909
100 109
G.2.02
11
51 300
1
3 000
54 300
1
14 222
68 522
Subtotal
36
155 200
1
3 000
158 200
3
89 668
247 868
7
Prog
Research Contracts
Numbers
€
Technical Contracts
Numbers
€
Doctoral Contracts
Numbers
€
CRP
Purchases
Total
RCMs
Numbers
€
Overall
Total
H. Assessment and Management of Marine and Terrestrial Environments
H.3.03
1
5 000
5 000
5 000
I. Radioisotope Production and Radiation Technology
I.1.01
12
51 200
I.1.02
13
50 400
I.1.03
10
40 000
I.2.01
7
27 200
I.2.02
10
I.2.04
Subtotal
507
51 707
2
50 515
102 222
71 200
1
35 313
106 513
2 305
42 305
2
50 440
92 745
9 255
36 455
2
41 196
77 651
35 100
35 100
3
63 359
98 459
7
25 600
25 600
1
23 365
48 965
59
229 500
262 367
11
264 188
526 555
24 500
1
17 115
41 615
1
23 168
23 168
2
40 283
64 783
3
3
20 800
20 800
12 067
J. Safety of Nuclear Installations
J.3.01
6
24 500
J.6.01
Subtotal
6
24 500
24 500
K. Radiation and Transport Safety
K.1.01
1
23 640
23 640
23 640
K.3.02
1
7 880
7 880
7 880
Subtotal
2
31 520
31 520
31520
L. Management of Radioactive Waste
L.2.02
1
20 660
20 660
L.2.03
2
8 600
8 600
1
34 009
42 609
L.2.04
11
40 100
40 100
3
69 252
109 352
L.4.04
3
12 900
12 900
1
34 914
47 814
16
61 600
61 600
6
158 835
220 435
22 050
22 050
1
40 966
63 016
Subtotal
M. Nuclear Security
M.3.01
Grand
Total
3
662* 3 543 913
60*
460 965
1
6 000
* Includes contracts with multiple funding
8
39 678 4 050 556
70 1 702 449 5 753 005
At the end of 2006, there were 1385 active research contracts and agreements supported by the
IAEA. 94 % of these represented participation in the 106 active CRPs shown in Appendix A and 6%
were individual contracts and agreements. 70 RCMs (see Annex III) were held in support of the CRPs
and an amount of €1 702 449 was spent in support of these meetings. 28 of these RCMs were hosted
by Member States, as listed in Annex IV. FIGURE 3 shows the distribution of contracts and
agreements by Major Programme, and FIGURE 4 shows the distribution of CRPs and RCMs held
during the year, by programme.
FIGURE 3. Active Contracts and Agreements by Major Programme at End 2006
668
700
600
500
400
300
224
183 220
200
28
100
62
0
Major
Major
Major
Programme 1 Programme 2 Programme 3
Total Contracts: 879
MP 1:
Total Agreements: 506
A. Nuclear Power, B. Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Materials Technologies, C. Capacity Building
and Nuclear Knowledge Maintenance for Sustainable Energy Development, D. Nuclear
Science
MP 2:
E. Food and Agriculture, F. Human Health, G. Water Resources, H. Assessment and
Management of Marine and Terrestrial Environments, I. Radioisotope Production and
Radiation Technology
MP3:
J. Safety of Nuclear Installations, K. Radiation and Transport Safety, L. Management of
Radioactive Waste, M. Nuclear Security
9
FIGURE 4. CRPs Active at End 2006 and RCMs Held During the Year
30
26
24
25
20
18
14
15
13
11
10
10
10
8
5
5
5
5
4
3
3
22
3
1
0
6
2
00
0
1
0
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
Total CRPs: 106
H
I
J
K
L
M
Total RCMs: 70
3.1. Member States Participation
The distribution of all contract awards in 2006 by country is shown in Annex II and Annex V.
74% of the funds awarded for contracts were made to institutes in developing countries. FIGURE 5
shows the geographical distribution of all contract awards in 2006.
FIGURE 5. Geographical Distribution of Research Contract Awards in 2006
656 115
16%
126 800
3%
192 226
5%
311 965
8%
809 935
20%
543 060
14%
636 089
16%
734 689
18%
North America
S. E. Asia & the Pacific
Western Europe
Far East
M. East & S. Asia
Latin America
Africa
Eastern Europe
10
3.2. Extra Budgetary Funding
In 2006, extra budgetary funds amounting to €130 715 were used for financing contracts, RCMs
and CRP purchases. The funds used were from Japan, the United States of America and the Nuclear
Security Multi-donors Fund as shown in Table 3.
TABLE 3. SUMMARY OF 2006 EXTRA BUDGETARY FUNDED AWARDS
Funds
CRP Code
Type of Expenditure and Amount in €
Title
RCMs
CRP
Number
€
1
20 660
Purchases
Contracts
Number
Total
€
20 660
Japan
J9.10.06
Application of safety
assessment methodologies
for near surface waste
disposal facilities (ASAM)
United
States of
America
T1.20.18
Developing techniques for
small scale indigenous
Molybdenum 99 production
using Low Enriched
Uranium (LEU) fission or
neutron activation
United
States of
America
T1.20.20
Conversion of miniature
neutron source research
reactors (MNSR) to low
enriched uranium (LEU)
1
12 683
4
10 000
22 683
Nuclear
Security
Multidonors
Fund
M2.20.06
Improvement of technical
measures to detect and
respond to illicit trafficking
of nuclear material and
other radioactive materials
1
40 966
2
22 050
63 016
3
74 309
6
32 050
130 715
Total
24 356
24 356
24 356
3.3. Coordinated Research Projects Completed in 2006
39 CRPs were completed in 2006, 11 of which concerned topics in Nuclear Power, Fuel Cycle
and Nuclear Science, 19 in Nuclear Techniques for Development and Environmental Protection, and
9 in Nuclear Safety and Security. A list of these CRPs is included in Appendix C. Evaluations of these
CRPs will be completed by the end of 2007 and will be reported in the next annual report.
11
4.
CRP EVALUATION REPORTS FOR CRPs COMPLETED IN 2005
Coordinated Research Projects are fully evaluated one year after their completion. During 2005,
32 CRPs were successfully completed: 7 related to Nuclear Power, Fuel Cycle and Nuclear Science,
21 related to Nuclear Techniques for Development and Environmental Protection, and 4 to Nuclear
Safety and Security.
Accomplishments of these CRPs such as publications, databases, software packages, websites,
presentations at conferences, etc. are listed in Appendix E.
12
TOTAL NUMBER OF PROPOSALS RECEIVED AND AWARDS MADE IN 2006
Proposals Received
Awards*
Regular
Budget
Extra
Budgetary
Country
Contracts
Agreements
Total
Agreements
Total
Algeria
12
1
13
4
0
0
4
Argentina
38
3
41
28
0
1
29
Armenia
2
0
2
1
0
0
1
Australia
3
8
11
2
0
6
8
Austria
2
5
7
2
0
4
6
11
0
11
9
0
0
9
Belarus
6
0
6
5
0
0
5
Belgium
4
3
7
5
0
2
7
Benin
0
2
2
0
0
0
0
Botswana
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
Brazil
47
1
48
40
0
0
40
Bulgaria
15
0
15
12
0
0
12
Burkina Faso
6
0
6
7
0
0
7
Cameroon
6
0
6
5
0
0
5
Canada
4
4
8
6
0
4
10
Chile
11
0
11
8
0
0
8
China
75
5
80
56
0
2
58
Colombia
8
0
8
7
0
0
7
Costa Rica
4
0
4
3
0
0
3
Côte d'Ivoire
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
Croatia
11
1
12
10
0
1
11
Cuba
21
0
21
20
0
0
20
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
16
3
19
15
0
1
16
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
15
0
15
8
0
0
8
Estonia
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
Ethiopia
6
0
6
3
0
0
3
Finland
1
2
3
0
0
1
1
France
1
8
9
1
0
4
5
Gambia
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
Georgia
2
0
2
1
1
0
2
Germany
4
13
17
4
0
10
14
14
0
14
8
1
0
9
Bangladesh
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Democratic Rep. of the
Congo
Denmark
Ecuador
Egypt
Ghana
* Includes awards of approved proposals received in previous years
Annex I.1
Proposals Received
Country
Awards*
Regular
Budget
Extra
Budgetary
Contracts
Agreements
Total
Agreements
Total
17
2
19
6
0
1
7
Guatemala
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
Guinea
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
Hungary
12
4
16
11
0
2
13
India
55
2
57
45
0
1
46
Indonesia
14
0
14
7
0
0
7
Iran, Islamic Republic of
17
1
18
10
1
0
11
Israel
7
1
8
4
0
0
4
Italy
0
7
7
0
0
5
5
Jamaica
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
Japan
1
8
9
1
0
6
7
Jordan
1
0
1
2
0
0
2
Kazakhstan
8
0
8
4
0
0
4
Kenya
24
1
25
15
0
1
16
Korea, Republic of
11
1
12
9
0
1
10
Lebanon
3
0
3
3
0
0
3
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
Lithuania
6
0
6
4
0
0
4
Malaysia
7
1
8
6
0
0
6
Mali
3
0
3
3
0
0
3
Mauritania
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
Mauritius
2
0
2
1
0
0
1
Mexico
16
1
17
14
0
1
15
Morocco
12
0
12
11
0
0
11
Mozambique
2
0
2
2
0
0
2
Myanmar
3
0
3
1
0
0
1
Namibia
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
Netherlands
2
2
4
1
0
2
3
Niger
3
0
3
1
0
0
1
Nigeria
10
1
11
7
1
1
9
Norway
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
Pakistan
57
0
57
30
1
0
31
5
0
5
5
0
0
5
Philippines
17
0
17
13
0
0
13
Poland
15
1
16
13
0
1
14
6
1
7
5
0
0
5
Greece
Peru
Portugal
Annex I.2
Proposals Received
Country
Awards*
Regular
Budget
Extra
Budgetary
Contracts
Agreements
Total
Agreements
Total
Romania
26
1
27
12
0
0
12
Russian Federation
38
5
43
32
1
1
34
Samoa
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
Saudi Arabia
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
Senegal
4
1
5
2
0
1
3
Serbia
3
0
3
2
0
0
2
Sierra Leone
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
Singapore
1
0
1
2
0
0
2
Slovakia
11
2
13
5
0
0
5
Slovenia
7
1
8
5
0
0
5
18
1
19
19
0
0
19
Spain
0
5
5
0
0
4
4
Sri Lanka
4
0
4
3
0
0
3
Sudan
4
0
4
3
0
0
3
Sweden
1
4
5
0
0
3
3
Switzerland
0
3
3
1
0
2
3
Syrian Arab Republic
14
0
14
8
0
0
8
Thailand
22
0
22
15
0
0
15
The Frmr.Yug.Rep.of
Macedonia
2
0
2
2
0
0
2
Tunisia
2
0
2
1
0
0
1
Turkey
12
1
13
11
0
0
11
Uganda
10
0
10
9
0
0
9
Ukraine
8
0
8
4
0
0
4
United Arab Emirates
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
11
6
17
11
0
4
15
United Rep. of Tanzania
8
0
8
8
0
0
8
United States of America
11
14
25
9
0
13
22
Uruguay
10
0
10
8
0
0
8
Uzbekistan
6
0
6
2
0
0
2
Venezuela
2
0
2
1
0
0
1
Vietnam
16
0
16
12
0
0
12
Yemen
2
0
2
1
0
0
1
Zambia
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
Zimbabwe
2
0
2
2
0
0
2
951
140
1091
709
6
88
803
South Africa
United Kingdom
Annex I.3
DISTRIBUTION OF TOTAL 2006 CONTRACT AWARDS BY COUNTRY AND PROGRAMME
Country
MP 1
Contracts
New
Ren.
A
B
C
2 300
5 000
4 000
MP 2
D
Total
E
5 500
13 900
28 300
70 188
17 600
Algeria
1
3
Argentina
7
21
Armenia
0
1
Australia
1
1
7 500
Austria
1
1
15 500
Bangladesh
1
8
25 400
Belarus
0
5
Belgium
3
2
Botswana
17 000
F
G
8 000
MP 3
H
I
8 000
8 400
3 200
4 000
7 200
1 400
1 400
15 500
4 000
7 700
15 886
118 049
9 000
5 000
22 000
37 600
10 000
40 300
Total
J
K
L
Total €
M
Total
19 400
19 400
103 788
132 088
8 400
8 400
17 500
17 500
15 500
15 500
65 700
7 500
4 000
10 500
65 700
4 300
11 500
4 300
26 000
27 400
1
0
11
29
Bulgaria
6
6
Burkina Faso
3
4
42 800
6 700
49 500
49 500
Cameroon
3
2
10 700
13 400
4 000
28 100
28 100
Canada
3
3
24 020
3 000
27 020
30 420
Brazil
Annex II.1
Chile
3
5
China
10
46
Colombia
2
Costa Rica
Côte d'Ivoire
Croatia
2
8
Cuba
7
13
Czech Republic
5
10
8 400
23 000
4 186
8 000
3 400
3 400
8 400
50 700
13 000
4 000
4 000
23 400
12 500
40 200
51 900
187 200
52 300
9 500
5
23 300
11 700
8 500
1
2
1
0
Ecuador
1
0
Egypt
2
6
Estonia
0
1
3 400
4 300
4 000
2 400
4 000
2 400
4 300
8 400
23 000
204 749
4 200
3 200
40 800
4 200
4 000
39 900
15 200
264 200
8 600
12 800
233 435
4 200
67 000
43 900
4 200
11 700
15 900
332 000
43 500
43 500
15 000
15 000
15 000
8 400
8 400
8 400
23 000
25 400
5 000
8 200
4 000
17 200
11 000
15 000
31 500
29 100
4 000
12 000
76 600
4 300
4 300
95 900
15 700
22 400
25 500
11 200
4 000
7 200
47 900
3 100
3 100
73 400
5 000
5 000
3 000
3 000
6 800
41 800
44 800
3 400
3 400
3 400
7 200
24 000
24 000
10 000
10 000
10 000
8 400
8 400
5 000
8 400
Ethiopia
2
1
France
1
0
16 800
Gambia
0
1
Georgia
1
1
Germany
3
1
Ghana
4
5
4 000
4 000
35 500
Greece
3
3
5 000
5 000
19 000
Guatemala
0
1
26 600
8 400
16 800
4 200
8 500
9 000
7 500
42 600
3 400
3 400
8 000
24 800
6 800
24 800
4 000
52 200
56 200
28 000
33 000
7 500
7 500
6 800
10 200
Country
MP 1
Contracts
New
Ren.
A
Guinea
0
1
Hungary
3
8
12
33
8 608
Indonesia
0
7
2 534
Iran, Islamic Rep. of
4
7
Israel
2
2
Jamaica
0
Japan
B
C
MP 2
D
Total
E
F
G
MP 3
H
I
Total
8 400
8 400
8 500
27 000
51 400
11 400
211 750
8 400
K
L
M
Total
19 400
24 400
6 000
12 500
4 000
12 200
29 108
90 000
102 150
2 534
22 400
11 700
4 000
38 100
4 000
4 000
8 000
14 500
19 600
5 000
39 100
16 000
5 000
21 000
21 000
1
7 200
7 200
7 200
0
1
5 000
5 000
5 000
Jordan
1
1
Kazakhstan
0
4
Kenya
7
8
Korea, Rep.of
3
6
Lebanon
1
2
Libyan Arab
JLithuania
hi i
0
1
1
3
Malaysia
3
3
6 700
17 200
Mali
0
3
8 400
15 100
India
5 000
J
Total €
4 300
4 000
Annex II.2
4 000
4 000
4 300
5 000
4 000
9 000
2 536
8 200
4 000
9 000
4 000
6 400
4 000
3 500
3 500
4 200
4 200
244 358
40 634
51 300
5 000
9 000
10 400
19 400
98 100
98 100
64 900
33 200
24 000
12 500
7 400
43 900
12 200
3 200
15 400
3 100
3 100
51 000
15 400
4 000
4 000
4 300
10 836
8 000
4 300
15 136
31 900
31 900
23 500
23 500
Mauritania
0
1
8 400
8 400
8 400
Mauritius
0
1
5 000
5 000
5 000
Mexico
4
10
Morocco
1
10
Mozambique
2
0
Myanmar
0
1
Namibia
1
0
Netherlands
0
1
Niger
1
0
Nigeria
3
5
3 000
3 000
3 000
44 700
22 700
5 000
80 400
83 400
3 000
18 000
30 300
9 000
57 300
60 300
4 000
10 700
10 700
6 700
8 000
422
8 400
5 000
8 400
7 500
7 500
22 000
11 700
422
422
8 400
8 400
5 000
5 000
8 400
8 400
33 700
41 200
Country
Pakistan
MP 1
Contracts
New
Ren.
12
19
Peru
2
3
Philippines
5
8
Poland
1
12
Portugal
1
4
Romania
4
8
11
22
1
0
Russian Fed.
Samoa
Saudi Arabia
0
1
Senegal
0
2
Serbia
1
1
A
B
C
4 730
4 000
MP 2
D
E
F
G
20 930
70 300
49 900
13 200
8 000
141 400
162 330
4 500
9 200
8 000
21 700
21 700
5 000
55 300
22 200
4 000
81 500
86 500
15 200
17 600
21 800
7 400
11 200
40 400
58 000
11 200
11 200
11 000
3 400
3 200
13 300
5 000
14 600
26 300
12 200
17 579
8 500
7 500
16 200
32 200
6 700
4 300
5 000
57 400
84 279
6 700
H
I
4 200
5 070
5 070
4 200
10 000
7 500
4 500
Annex II.3
Sierra Leone
1
0
Singapore
1
1
Slovakia
0
5
6 700
Slovenia
2
3
10 000
10 000
South Africa
4
15
14 200
14 200
Sri Lanka
1
2
Sudan
1
2
8 400
Switzerland
1
0
10 000
Syrian Arab Rep.
1
7
Thailand
3
12
The Frmr. Yug. Rep.
of Macedonia
Tunisia
1
800
5 000
5 000
6 350
4 500
19 200
27 335
4 000
12 200
4 000
4 800
11 700
5 000
4 100
5 000
5 000
48 800
28 900
5 000
1
8 400
5 000
0
1
8 400
Turkey
3
8
20 900
26 900
8 500
Uganda
4
5
36 500
14 200
8 000
Ukraine
1
3
United Kingdom
6
United Rep. of
Tanzania
United States of
America
Uruguay
2
4
Uzbekistan
4 300
4 000
8 300
5
4 725
4 725
35 300
40 100
6
3 000
3 000
21 700
20 400
5
8 400
80 100
2
6
6 000
31 066
1
1
2 400
2 400
L
Total
22 200
4 300
4 200
7 400
15 250
4 300
49 800
26 850
137 429
4 000
5 000
5 000
15 900
15 900
4 500
8 700
6 700
6 700
5 000
10 070
10 850
20 850
9 000
4 000
29 200
3 100
89 635
3 100
19 000
20 600
20 600
10 000
10 000
29 800
34 600
82 700
87 700
13 400
13 400
8 400
8 400
60 300
60 300
58 700
75 400
4 000
58 700
23 640
7 400
15 700
23 640
103 765
46 100
88 500
4 000
106 935
19 000
7 400
6 700
M
19 200
58 300
19 000
800
K
4 000
5 000
4 200
J
11 000
4 000
8 400
Total
Total €
Total
5 000
2 400
MP 3
49 100
7 880
7 880
96 380
41 066
41 066
6 700
9 100
Country
MP 1
Contracts
New
Ren.
Venezuela
0
1
5 000
Vietnam
4
8
41 560
Yemen
0
1
8 400
Zambia
1
0
8 400
Zimbabwe
1
1
8 400
3 200
1 735 082
1 165 658
Total
221
A
B
494 56 143 65 430
C
MP 2
D
62 500 377 095
Total
561 168
E
F
G
14 500
4 500
154 000
MP 3
H
5 000
I
Total
5 000
5 000
8 000
68 560
68 560
8 400
8 400
250 300
J
K
L
Total €
M
Total
8 400
8 400
11 600
11 600
3 310 040
24 500
31 520
61 600
22 050
139 670
4 010 878
Annex II.4
RESEARCH COORDINATION MEETINGS (RCMs) HELD IN 2006 BY SUBPROGRAMME
A
Nuclear Power (5)
A.1. Nuclear Power Plant Operating Performance and Life Cycle Management
CRP I2.10.18
Cont: 0 Agree: 15
Master curve approach to monitor the fracture toughness of reactor pressure vessel in
nuclear power plants
File Code: I2-RC-986.2
Start: 2006-11-06
End: 2006-11-08
Location: Dresden
Country: Germany
Project Officer: Kang Ki Sig
No. of previous meetings: 1
Date of last meeting: 2005-05-11
Est. Cost (AWMS): Budget
Cost Centre
Regular Budget
Actual Cost (AFIMS): Account
5220
Location of last meeting: Budapest
Currency
Interpretation
Currency
Other
USD
0.00
USD
30 000.00
A1020221
Fund
Cost Centre
1010
A1020221
User Project
Amount
€ 9 149.04
Total:
€ 9 149.04
A.4. Technology Development for Advanced Reactor Lines
CRP I3.10.12
Cont: 0 Agree: 10
Evaluation of high temperature gas cooled reactor performance
Start: 2006-09-25
Location: Vienna
Country: Austria
End: 2006-09-29
Project Officer: Kupitz Juergen
Cost Centre
Regular Budget
5220
Location of last meeting: Vienna
Currency
Interpretation
Currency
Other
EUR
0.00
EUR
23 600.00
A4030221
Fund
Cost Centre
1010
A4030221
User Project
Amount
€ 22 417.20
Total:
€ 22 417.20
CRP I3.10.14
Cont: 4 Agree: 13
Natural circulation phenomena, modelling and reliability of passive systems that utilize
natural circulation
Start: 2006-09-11
End: 2006-09-15
Location: Cadarache
Country: France
Project Officer: Cleveland John
Cost Centre
Regular Budget
5220
Location of last meeting: Corvallis, OR.
Currency
Interpretation
Currency
Other
USD
0.00
USD
35 000.00
A4010221
Fund
Cost Centre
1010
A4010221
User Project
Amount
€ 33 167.70
Total:
€ 33 167.70
CRP I3.20.05
Cont: 2 Agree: 7
Updated codes and methods to reduce the calculational uncertainties of the LMFR
reactivity effects
Start: 2006-04-03
Location: Vienna
Country: Austria
End: 2006-04-07
Project Officer: Stanculescu Alexander
Cost Centre
Regular Budget
5220
Currency
Interpretation
Currency
Other
USD
0.00
USD
15 000.00
A4020221
Fund
Cost Centre
1010
A4020221
User Project
€ 19 698.96
Total:
Annex III.1
Amount
€ 19 698.96
A.5. Support for Non-Electric Applications of Nuclear Power
CRP I3.50.02
Cont: 8 Agree: 3
Economic research on, and assessment of, selected nuclear desalination projects and case
studies
Start: 2006-10-31
Location: Vienna
Country: Austria
End: 2006-11-03
Project Officer: Khamis Ibrahim
Cost Centre
Regular Budget
5220
Currency
Interpretation
Currency
Other
EUR
0.00
EUR
21 600.00
A5010221
Fund
Cost Centre
1010
A5010221
User Project
Amount
€ 19 042.74
Total:
B
€ 19 042.74
Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Materials Technologies (3)
B.2. Nuclear Power Reactor Fuel Engineering
CRP T1.20.19
Cont: 6 Agree: 9
Optimisation of water chemistry technologies and mangement to ensure reliable fuel
performance at high burnup and in ageing plants
File Code: T1-RC-1029.1
Start: 2006-07-04
Location: Vienna
Country: Austria
End: 2006-07-06
Project Officer: Killeen John Christopher
Date of last meeting:
Location of last meeting:
Cost Centre
Regular Budget
5220
Currency
Interpretation
Currency
Other
EUR
0.00
EUR
27 000.00
B2010231
Fund
Cost Centre
1010
B2010231
User Project
Amount
€ 20 894.58
Total:
€ 20 894.58
B.3. Management of Spent Fuel from Nuclear Power Reactors
CRP T1.30.12
Cont: 3 Agree: 10
Spent fuel performance assessment and research (SPAR II)
Start: 2006-11-06
End: 2006-11-10
Location: Chiba
Country: Japan
Project Officer: Danker William J
Cost Centre
Regular Budget
5220
Location of last meeting: Karlsruhe
Currency
Interpretation
Currency
Other
USD
0.00
USD
50 470.00
B3020231
Fund
Cost Centre
1010
B3020231
User Project
Amount
€ 32 643.14
Total:
€ 32 643.14
B.4. Topical Nuclear Fuel Cycle Issues
CRP T1.30.11
Cont: 2 Agree: 6
Study of process-losses in separation processes in Partitioning and Transmutation (P&T)
systems in view of minimizing long term environmental impacts
Start: 2006-05-22
End: 2006-05-26
Location: Beijing
Country: China
Project Officer: Hosadu Parameswara Nawada
Cost Centre
Regular Budget
5220
Location of last meeting: Rez
Currency
Interpretation
Currency
Other
USD
0.00
USD
22 000.00
B4010231
Fund
Cost Centre
1010
B4010231
User Project
Total:
Annex III.2
Amount
€ 14 770.56
€ 14 770.56
C
Capacity Building and Nuclear Knowledge Maintenance for Sustainable Energy Development (2)
C.2. Energy Economy Environment (3E) Analysis
CRP I1.10.05
Cont: 10 Agree: 4
Greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation strategies and energy options
Start: 2006-12-05
Location: Vienna
Country: Austria
End: 2006-12-08
Project Officer: Jalal Ahmed
Cost Centre
Regular Budget
5220
Currency
Interpretation
Currency
Other
EUR
0.00
EUR
30 000.00
C2020210
Fund
Cost Centre
1010
C2020210
User Project
Amount
€ 25 426.50
Total:
€ 25 426.50
C.3. Nuclear Knowledge Management
CRP L5.30.01
Cont: 5 Agree: 3
Comparative analysis of methods and tools for nuclear knowledge preservation
File Code: L5-RC-1027.1
Start: 2006-11-13
Location: Vienna
Country: Austria
End: 2006-11-17
Project Officer: Ruyssen Marie Laure
Cost Centre
Regular Budget
5220
D
Currency
Interpretation
Currency
Other
EUR
0.00
EUR
30 000.00
C3030253
Fund
Cost Centre
1010
C3030253
User Project
Amount
€ 10 092.24
Unliquidated:
€ 3 260.40
Total:
€ 13 352.64
Nuclear Science (10)
D.1. Atomic and Nuclear Data
CRP F4.30.13
Cont: 3 Agree: 8
Tritium inventory in fusion reactors
File Code: F4-RC-893.3
Start: 2006-09-25
Location: Vienna
Country: Austria
End: 2006-09-27
Project Officer: Clark Robert Edward Holmes
Cost Centre
Regular Budget
5220
Location of last meeting: Vienna,
Currency
Interpretation
Currency
Other
USD
0.00
USD
27 500.00
D1040341
Fund
Cost Centre
1010
D1040341
User Project
€ 20 188.00
Total:
Annex III.3
Amount
€ 20 188.00
CRP F4.10.21
Cont: 4 Agree: 5
Nuclear data for production of therapeutic radionuclides
Start: 2006-05-29
Location: Vienna
Country: Austria
End: 2006-06-02
Project Officer: Capote Noy Roberto Mario
Cost Centre
Regular Budget
5220
Currency
Interpretation
Currency
Other
USD
0.00
USD
17 500.00
D1030341
Fund
Cost Centre
1010
D1030341
User Project
Amount
€ 17 380.00
Total:
CRP F4.10.20
Cont: 6 Agree: 4
Evaluated nuclear data for the thorium-uranium fuel cycle
Start: 2006-01-30
€ 17 380.00
Location: Vienna
Country: Austria
End: 2006-02-02
Project Officer: Nichols Alan Leslie
Cost Centre
Regular Budget
5220
Currency
Interpretation
Currency
Other
EUR
0.00
EUR
23 000.00
D1050341
Fund
Cost Centre
1010
D1050341
User Project
Amount
€ 20 499.00
Total:
€ 20 499.00
D.2. Research Reactors
CRP T1.20.20
Cont: 6 Agree: 1
Conversion of miniature neutron source research reactors (MNSR) to low enriched uranium
(LEU)
Start: 2006-12-11
Location: Vienna
Country: Austria
End: 2006-12-15
Project Officer: Adelfang Pablo
Cost Centre
Extrabudgetary
Currency
Interpretation
Currency
EUR
0.00
EUR
D2030231
Fund
Cost Centre
5220
1010
D2030231
5220
3505
D2030231
Other
User Project
Amount
€ 5 168.79
MNSR
€ 12 682.89
Total:
€ 17 851.68
CRP F1.20.20
Cont: 5 Agree: 4
Development and application of the techniques of residual stress measurements in
materials
Start: 2006-05-15
Location: Vienna
Country: Austria
End: 2006-05-19
Project Officer: Paranjpe Shriniwas Krishnarao
Regular Budget
5220
Cost Centre
Currency
Interpretation
Currency
Other
USD
0.00
USD
25 000.00
D2010341
Fund
Cost Centre
1010
D2010341
User Project
€ 16 104.77
Total:
Annex III.4
Amount
€ 16 104.77
CRP F1.20.15
Cont: 7 Agree: 3
Development of improved sources and imaging systems for neutron radiography
Start: 2006-03-27
End: 2006-03-31
Location: Pretoria
Country: South Africa
Project Officer: Paranjpe Shriniwas Krishnarao
Cost Centre
Regular Budget
5220
Location of last meeting: Berlin
Currency
Interpretation
Currency
Other
USD
0.00
USD
27 300.00
D2010341
Fund
Cost Centre
1010
D2010341
User Project
Amount
€ 20 627.36
Total:
€ 20 627.36
D.3. Utilization of Accelerators and Instrumentation
CRP F1.20.17
Cont: 4 Agree: 0
Development of new techniques and applications of accelerator mass spectrometry
Start: 2006-09-27
End: 2006-09-29
Location: Beijing
Country: China
Project Officer: Dytlewski Nikolai
Cost Centre
Regular Budget
5220
Currency
Interpretation
Currency
Other
USD
0.00
USD
12 000.00
D3010341
Fund
Cost Centre
1010
D3010341
User Project
Amount
€ 6 524.41
Total:
CRP F1.20.16
Cont: 5 Agree: 3
Ion beam modification of insulators
Start: 2006-06-28
€ 6 524.41
End: 2006-06-30
Location: Cape Town
Country: South Africa
Project Officer: Muelhauser Francoise
Cost Centre
Regular Budget
5220
Currency
Interpretation
Currency
Other
USD
0.00
USD
21 000.00
D3010341
Fund
Cost Centre
1010
D3010341
User Project
Amount
€ 14 256.23
Total:
€ 14 256.23
D.4. Nuclear Fusion Research
CRP F1.30.11
Cont: 9 Agree: 9
Pathways to energy from inertial fusion - an integrated approach
Start: 2006-11-06
Location: Vienna
Country: Austria
End: 2006-11-10
Project Officer: Mank Guenter
5220
Fund
Cost Centre
1010
D4010341
User Project
€ 38 511.60
Total:
Annex III.5
Amount
€ 38 511.60
CRP F1.30.10
Cont: 11 Agree: 4
Joint research using small tokamaks
Start: 2006-10-23
End: 2006-10-26
Location: Beijing
Country: China
Project Officer: Louzeiro Malaquias Artur Jorge
Cost Centre
Regular Budget
5220
Location of last meeting: Lisbon
Currency
Interpretation
Currency
Other
USD
0.00
USD
34 000.00
D4010341
Fund
Cost Centre
1010
D4010341
User Project
Amount
€ 24 382.05
Total:
E
€ 24 382.05
Food and Agriculture (14)
E.1. Sustainable Intensification of Crop Production Systems
CRP D1.50.07
Cont: 8 Agree: 2
Integrated soil, water and nutrient management for sustainable rice-wheat cropping
systems in Asia
File Code: D1-RC-858.4
Start: 2006-11-06
Location: Vienna
Country: Austria
End: 2006-11-10
Project Officer: Nguyen Minh-Long
Cost Centre
Regular Budget
5220
Location of last meeting: Dhaka
Currency
Interpretation
Currency
Other
USD
0.00
USD
30 000.00
E1020321
Fund
Cost Centre
1010
E1020321
User Project
Amount
€ 21 858.00
Total:
€ 21 858.00
CRP D2.30.26
Cont: 16 Agree: 5
Identification and pyramiding of mutated genes: novel approaches for improving crop
tolerance to salinity and drought
Start: 2006-11-06
End: 2006-11-10
Location: Accra
Country: Ghana
Project Officer: Spencer Marie Madeleine
Cost Centre
Regular Budget
5220
Currency
Interpretation
Currency
Other
USD
0.00
USD
60 000.00
E1050321
Fund
Cost Centre
1010
E1050321
User Project
Amount
€ 38 795.86
Unliquidated:
€ 73.72
Total:
€ 38 869.58
CRP D4.10.19
Cont: 3 Agree: 12
Molecular technologies to improve the effectiveness of SIT
Start: 2006-11-02
End: 2006-11-06
Location: Bangkok
Country: Thailand
Project Officer: Hendrichs Jorge
Cost Centre
Regular Budget
5220
Currency
Interpretation
Currency
Other
USD
0.00
USD
38 000.00
E1060321
Fund
Cost Centre
1010
E1060321
User Project
Total:
Annex III.6
Amount
€ 24 294.04
€ 24 294.04
CRP D1.50.10
Cont: 12 Agree: 5
Selection and evaluation of food (cereal and legume) crop genotypes tolerant to low
nitrogen and phosphorus soils through the use of isotopic and nuclear-related techniques
Start: 2006-10-16
Location: Vienna
Country: Austria
End: 2006-10-20
Project Officer: Chalk Phillip Michael
Cost Centre
Regular Budget
5220
Currency
Interpretation
Currency
EUR
0.00
EUR
E1050321
Fund
Cost Centre
1010
E1050321
Other
User Project
Amount
€ 42 155.20
Total:
€ 42 155.20
CRP D1.50.09
Cont: 10 Agree: 1
Integrated soil, water and nutrient management in conservation agriculture
Start: 2006-09-11
End: 2006-09-15
Location: Rabat
Country: Morocco
Project Officer: Zapata Felipe
Cost Centre
Regular Budget
5220
Currency
Interpretation
Currency
Other
USD
0.00
USD
33 000.00
E1020321
Fund
Cost Centre
1010
E1020321
User Project
Amount
€ 21 897.82
Total:
€ 21 897.82
CRP D4.10.20
Cont: 13 Agree: 6
Improving sterile male performance in fruit fly sterile insect technique (SIT) programmes
Start: 2006-09-05
End: 2006-09-09
Location: Bahia
Country: Brazil
Cost Centre
Regular Budget
5220
Location of last meeting: Antigua
Currency
Interpretation
Currency
Other
USD
0.00
USD
48 000.00
E1060321
Fund
Cost Centre
1010
E1060321
User Project
Amount
€ 50 508.63
Total:
€ 50 508.63
CRP D4.10.21
Cont: 18 Agree: 3
Development of mass rearing for new world (Anastrepha) and Asian (Bactrocera) fruit fly
pests in support of sterile insect technique (SIT)
Start: 2006-09-05
End: 2006-09-09
Location: Bahia
Country: Brazil
Cost Centre
Regular Budget
5220
Location of last meeting: Quezon
Currency
Interpretation
Currency
Other
USD
0.00
USD
54 000.00
E1070321
Fund
Cost Centre
1010
E1070321
User Project
€ 51 327.79
Total:
Annex III.7
Amount
€ 51 327.79
CRP D2.30.25
Cont: 12 Agree: 5
Pyramiding of mutated genes contributing to crop quality and resistance to stress affecting
quality
Start: 2006-04-10
End: 2006-04-14
Location: Nanjing
Country: China
Project Officer: Shu Qingyao
Cost Centre
Regular Budget
5220
Currency
Interpretation
Currency
Other
USD
0.00
USD
51 000.00
E1050731
Fund
Cost Centre
1010
E1030321
User Project
Amount
€ 39 677.84
Total:
€ 39 677.84
CRP D1.50.08
Cont: 14 Agree: 5
Assess the effectiveness of soil conservation techniques for sustainable watershed
management using fallout radionuclides
Start: 2006-03-27
Location: Vienna
Country: Austria
End: 2006-03-30
Project Officer: Zapata Felipe
Cost Centre
Regular Budget
Location of last meeting: Istanbul
Currency
Interpretation
Currency
Other
EUR
0.00
EUR
55 000.00
E1020321
Fund
Cost Centre
5220
1010
E1020321
5220
1010
G1030341
User Project
Amount
€ 32 932.28
€ 7 008.84
Total:
€ 39 941.12
E.2. Sustainable Intensification of Livestock Production Systems
CRP D4.20.09
Cont: 7 Agree: 3
Enabling technologies for the expansion of sterile insect technique (SIT) for old and new
world screwworm
Start: 2006-12-11
End: 2006-12-15
Location: Canberra
Country: Australia
Cost Centre
Regular Budget
5220
Location of last meeting: Montevideo
Currency
Interpretation
Currency
Other
USD
0.00
USD
30 000.00
E2040321
Fund
Cost Centre
1010
E2040321
User Project
Amount
€ 17 934.66
Unliquidated:
€ 12 803.60
Total:
€ 30 738.26
CRP D3.10.23
Cont: 11 Agree: 4
Integrated approach for improving small scale market oriented dairy systems
Start: 2006-12-04
End: 2006-12-08
Location: Edinburgh
Country: United Kingdom
Project Officer: Boettcher Paul John
Cost Centre
Regular Budget
5220
Location of last meeting: Pretoria
Currency
Interpretation
Currency
Other
EUR
0.00
EUR
45 000.00
E2010321
Fund
Cost Centre
1010
E2010321
User Project
Total:
Annex III.8
Amount
€ 30 647.68
€ 30 647.68
CRP D3.20.24
Cont: 14 Agree: 2
Control of contagious Bovine Pleuro Pneumonia (CBPP)
Start: 2006-10-30
End: 2006-11-03
Location: Windhoek
Country: Namibia
Project Officer: Unger Hermann
Cost Centre
Regular Budget
5220
Currency
Interpretation
Currency
Other
USD
0.00
USD
45 000.00
E2030321
Fund
Cost Centre
1010
E2030321
User Project
Amount
€ 21 308.53
Total:
€ 21 308.53
E.3. Strengthening Compliance with Food and Environmental Safety Standards through Good Agricultural Practices
CRP D3.20.22
Cont: 14 Agree: 3
The development of strategies for the effective monitoring of veterinary drug residues in
livestock and livestock products in developing countries
Start: 2006-11-27
End: 2006-12-01
Location: Munich
Country: Germany
Project Officer: Cannavan Andrew
Cost Centre
Regular Budget
5220
Location of last meeting: Natal
Currency
Interpretation
Currency
EUR
0.00
EUR
E3020321
Fund
Cost Centre
1010
E3020321
Other
User Project
Amount
€ 27 613.70
Total:
CRP D6.20.07
Cont: 11 Agree: 3
Irradiation to ensure the safety and quality of prepared meals
Start: 2006-05-22
End: 2006-05-26
€ 27 613.70
Location: Beijing
Country: China
Project Officer: Rubio Cabello Wilma Tatiana
Cost Centre
Regular Budget
5220
Location of last meeting: Pretoria
Currency
Interpretation
Currency
Other
USD
0.00
USD
42 000.00
E3010321
Fund
Cost Centre
1010
E3010321
User Project
Amount
€ 22 177.31
Total:
F
€ 22 177.31
Human Health (13)
F.1. Nuclear Techniques in Nutrition and Disease Prevention
CRP E4.30.17
Cont: 6 Agree: 0
Assessment of nutrients uptake from biofortified crops in populations from developing
countries
File Code: E4-RC-1021
Start: 2006-05-17
Location: Vienna
Country: Austria
End: 2006-05-19
Project Officer: Davidsson Lena Margareta
Cost Centre
Regular Budget
Regular Budget
5220
Currency
Interpretation
Currency
Other
E1030321
USD
0.00
USD
5 000.00
F1020331
USD
0.00
USD
15 000.00
Fund
Cost Centre
1010
F1020331
User Project
€ 13 332.85
Total:
Annex III.9
Amount
€ 13 332.85
CRP E4.30.19
Cont: 10 Agree: 3
Body fat and its relationship with metabolic syndrome indicators in overweight preadolescents and adolescents
File Code: E4-RC-1016.1
Start: 2006-03-29
Location: Vienna
Country: Austria
End: 2006-03-31
Project Officer: Mokhtar Najat
Cost Centre
Regular Budget
5220
Currency
Interpretation
Currency
Other
USD
0.00
USD
25 000.00
F1010331
Fund
Cost Centre
1010
F1010331
User Project
Amount
€ 18 564.42
Total:
€ 18 564.42
CRP E4.30.20
Cont: 7 Agree: 2
Nutrition and HIV/AIDS: The efficacy of food based interventions evaluated by stable
isotope techniques
Start: 2006-03-01
Location: Vienna
Country: Austria
End: 2006-03-03
Project Officer: Davidsson Lena Margareta
Cost Centre
Regular Budget
5220
Currency
Interpretation
Currency
Other
USD
0.00
USD
25 000.00
F1010331
Fund
Cost Centre
1010
F1010331
User Project
Amount
€ 15 884.32
Total:
€ 15 884.32
F.2. Nuclear Medicine and Diagnostic Imaging
CRP E1.50.20
Cont: 8 Agree: 2
Application of FDG-PET and molecular gene profiling for risk stratification of diffuse large Bcell Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma in different ethnic populations
Start: 2006-12-12
Location: Vienna
Country: Austria
End: 2006-12-15
Project Officer: Khan Baldip Kaur
Cost Centre
Regular Budget
5220
Currency
Interpretation
Currency
Other
EUR
0.00
EUR
28 000.00
F2040331
Fund
Cost Centre
1010
F2040331
User Project
Amount
€ 18 848.44
Unliquidated:
€ 2 225.00
Total:
€ 21 073.44
CRP E1.30.30
Cont: 7 Agree: 1
Development and quality control of hospital prepared radiopharmaceuticals for infection
imaging for use in HIV/AIDS positive patients
Start: 2006-10-09
Location: Vienna
Country: Austria
End: 2006-10-12
Project Officer: Solanki Kishor K.
Cost Centre
Regular Budget
5220
Location of last meeting: Vienna,
Currency
Interpretation
Currency
Other
EUR
0.00
EUR
27 000.00
F2030331
Fund
Cost Centre
1010
F2030331
User Project
€ 17 163.49
Total:
Annex III.10
Amount
€ 17 163.49
CRP E1.30.29
Cont: 8 Agree: 1
Evaluation of a single utilization of pulmonary perfusion scintigraphy in patients with
suspected pulmonary embolism
Start: 2006-09-04
Location: Vienna
Country: Austria
End: 2006-09-07
Project Officer: Watanabe Naoyuki
Cost Centre
Regular Budget
5220
Currency
Interpretation
Currency
Other
EUR
0.00
EUR
35 000.00
F2010331
Fund
Cost Centre
1010
F2010331
User Project
Amount
€ 18 143.56
Total:
€ 18 143.56
CRP E1.30.27
Cont: 8 Agree: 3
Role of radionuclide techniques in the diagnosis of early dementia
Start: 2006-06-26
Location: Vienna
Country: Austria
End: 2006-06-29
Project Officer: Watanabe Naoyuki
Cost Centre
Regular Budget
5220
Currency
Interpretation
Currency
Other
USD
0.00
USD
31 000.00
F2010331
Fund
Cost Centre
1010
F2010331
User Project
Amount
€ 17 339.29
Total:
€ 17 339.29
CRP E1.30.31
Cont: 16 Agree: 1
Role of nuclear cardiology techniques in ischemia assessment with exercise imaging in
asymptomatic diabetes
Start: 2006-06-26
Location: Vienna
Country: Austria
End: 2006-06-29
Project Officer: Dondi Maurizio
Cost Centre
Regular Budget
5220
Currency
Interpretation
Currency
Other
USD
0.00
USD
34 200.00
F2010331
Fund
Cost Centre
1010
F2010331
User Project
Amount
€ 32 709.05
Total:
€ 32 709.05
CRP E1.30.28
Cont: 11 Agree: 1
Standardisation and quality control of in-house prepared radiopharmaceuticals for nuclear
oncology
Start: 2006-04-03
Location: Vienna
Country: Austria
End: 2006-04-06
Project Officer: Solanki Kishor K.
Cost Centre
Regular Budget
5220
Currency
Interpretation
Currency
Other
USD
0.00
USD
30 000.00
F2030331
Fund
Cost Centre
1010
F2030331
User Project
€ 13 223.40
Total:
Annex III.11
Amount
€ 13 223.40
F.3. Radiation Oncology and Cancer Treatment
CRP E3.30.26
Cont: 8 Agree: 1
Clinical/radiobiological study on viral-induced cancers’ response to radiotherapy, with
comprehensive morbidity assessment
Start: 2006-11-20
Location: Vienna
Country: Austria
End: 2006-11-22
Project Officer: Zubizarreta Eduardo Hernan
Cost Centre
Regular Budget
5220
Currency
Interpretation
Currency
Other
EUR
0.00
EUR
24 000.00
F3040331
Fund
Cost Centre
1010
F3040331
User Project
Amount
€ 17 912.71
Unliquidated:
€ 625.00
Total:
€ 18 537.71
CRP E3.30.21
Cont: 7 Agree: 1
The role of teletherapy (TT) supplementary to intraluminal high dose rate (ILHDR)
brachytherapy (BT) in the palliation of advanced oesophageal cancer
Start: 2006-07-31
Location: Vienna
Country: Austria
End: 2006-08-02
Project Officer: Rosenblatt Eduardo
Cost Centre
Regular Budget
5220
Location of last meeting: Toronto (Hamilton)
Currency
Interpretation
Currency
Other
USD
0.00
USD
19 740.00
F3030331
Fund
Cost Centre
1010
F3030331
User Project
Amount
€ 15 997.98
Total:
CRP E3.30.25
Cont: 11 Agree: 5
Resource sparing curative treatment in breast cancer
Start: 2006-02-20
€ 15 997.98
Location: Vienna
Country: Austria
End: 2006-02-22
Project Officer: Rosenblatt Eduardo
Cost Centre
Regular Budget
5220
Currency
Interpretation
Currency
Other
USD
0.00
USD
32 000.00
F3030331
Fund
Cost Centre
1010
F3030331
User Project
Amount
€ 23 376.54
Total:
€ 23 376.54
F.4. Quality Assurance and Metrology in Radiation Medicine
CRP E2.40.12
Cont: 7 Agree: 2
Development of TLD-based quality audits for radiotherapy dosimetry in non-reference
conditions
Start: 2006-11-16
Location: Vienna
Country: Austria
End: 2006-11-18
Project Officer: Izewska Joanna
Cost Centre
Regular Budget
5220
Currency
Interpretation
Currency
Other
USD
0.00
USD
23 000.00
F4040331
Fund
Cost Centre
1010
F4040331
User Project
Total:
Annex III.12
Amount
€ 20 269.16
€ 20 269.16
G
Water Resources (3)
G.1. Isotope Methodologies for the Protection and Management of Surface Water, Groundwater and Geothermal
Resources
CRP F3.20.04
Cont: 12 Agree: 6
Isotopic techniques for assessment of hydrological processes in wetlands
Start: 2006-12-04
Location: Vienna
Country: Austria
End: 2006-12-08
Project Officer: Ito Mari
Cost Centre
Regular Budget
5220
Currency
Interpretation
Currency
Other
EUR
0.00
EUR
28 000.00
G1030341
Fund
Cost Centre
1010
G1030341
User Project
Amount
€ 32 090.36
Unliquidated:
€ 8 810.00
Total:
€ 40 900.36
CRP F3.30.15
Cont: 12 Agree: 4
Isotopic age and composition of streamflow as indicators of groundwater sustainability
Start: 2006-05-08
Location: Vienna
Country: Austria
End: 2006-05-12
Project Officer: Vitvar Tomas
Cost Centre
Regular Budget
5220
Currency
Interpretation
Currency
Other
USD
0.00
USD
45 500.00
G1020341
Fund
Cost Centre
1010
G1020341
User Project
Amount
€ 27 536.96
Total:
€ 27 536.96
G.2. Reference Isotope Data and Analysis for Hydrological Applications
CRP F3.30.16
Cont: 8 Agree: 1
Geostatistical analysis of spatial isotope variability to map the sources of water for
hydrology studies
Start: 2006-11-27
Location: Vienna
Country: Austria
End: 2006-11-29
Project Officer: Araguas Araguas Luis Jesus
Cost Centre
Regular Budget
5220
Currency
Interpretation
Currency
Other
EUR
0.00
EUR
19 600.00
G2020341
Fund
Cost Centre
1010
G2020341
Annex III.13
User Project
Amount
€ 11 061.48
Unliquidated:
€ 3 160.00
Total:
€ 14 221.48
I
Radioisotope Production and Radiation Technology (11)
I.1. Technology Support to Radioisotopes, Radiopharmaceuticals and Radioanalytical Services
CRP F2.20.42
Cont: 10 Agree: 6
Development of therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals based on 177Lu for Radionuclide therapy
Start: 2006-12-04
Location: Vienna
Country: Austria
End: 2006-12-08
Project Officer: Pillai Maroor Raghavan Ambi
Cost Centre
Regular Budget
5220
Currency
Interpretation
Currency
Other
EUR
0.00
EUR
27 500.00
I1030341
Fund
Cost Centre
1010
I1030341
User Project
Amount
€ 27 822.00
Unliquidated:
€ 2 610.00
Total:
€ 30 432.00
CRP F2.30.23
Cont: 13 Agree: 4
Applications of nuclear analytical techniques to investigate the authenticity of art objects
Start: 2006-09-18
Location: Vienna
Country: Austria
End: 2006-09-22
Project Officer: Rossbach Matthias
Cost Centre
Regular Budget
5220
Location of last meeting: Damascus
Currency
Interpretation
Currency
Other
USD
0.00
USD
27 396.00
I1020341
Fund
Cost Centre
1010
I1020341
User Project
Amount
€ 35 313.30
Total:
€ 35 313.30
CRP F2.20.41
Cont: 5 Agree: 8
Improved high current liquid and gas targets for cyclotron produced radioisotopes
Start: 2006-06-26
Location: Vienna
Country: Austria
End: 2006-06-30
Project Officer: Haji-Saeid Seyed Mohammad
Cost Centre
Regular Budget
5220
Currency
Interpretation
Currency
Other
USD
0.00
USD
35 000.00
I1010341
Fund
Cost Centre
1010
I1010341
User Project
Amount
€ 19 445.73
Total:
€ 19 445.73
CRP F2.20.38
Cont: 6 Agree: 7
Development of 99mTc based small bio molecules using novel 99mTc cores
Start: 2006-05-15
End: 2006-05-18
Location: Budapest
Country: Hungary
Cost Centre
Regular Budget
5220
Currency
Interpretation
Currency
Other
USD
0.00
USD
39 000.00
I1030341
Fund
Cost Centre
1010
I1030341
User Project
Total:
Annex III.14
Amount
€ 20 008.00
€ 20 008.00
CRP F2.20.40
Cont: 8 Agree: 5
Development of generator technologies for therapeutic radionuclides
Start: 2006-04-03
End: 2006-04-07
Location: Milan
Country: Italy
Cost Centre
Regular Budget
5220
Currency
Interpretation
Currency
Other
USD
0.00
USD
39 000.00
I1010341
Fund
Cost Centre
1010
I1010341
User Project
Amount
€ 28 374.03
Unliquidated:
€ 2 694.96
Total:
€ 31 068.99
I.2. Radiation Technology for Industrial Applications and a Safer Environment
CRP F2.20.39
Cont: 6 Agree: 6
Controlling of degradation effects in radiation processing of polymers
Start: 2006-12-04
End: 2006-12-08
Location: Daejon
Country: Korea, Republic
of
Project Officer: Sampa Maria Helena de O.
Cost Centre
Regular Budget
5220
Location of last meeting: Madrid
Currency
Interpretation
Currency
Other
USD
0.00
USD
30 000.00
I2020341
Fund
Cost Centre
1010
I2020341
User Project
Amount
€ 23 967.46
Total:
CRP F2.10.09
Cont: 6 Agree: 4
Industrial process gamma tomography
Start: 2006-11-06
End: 2006-11-10
€ 23 967.46
Location: Bergen
Country: Norway
Project Officer: Jin Joon Ha
Cost Centre
Regular Budget
5220
Location of last meeting: St. Louis, MO
Currency
Interpretation
Currency
Other
EUR
0.00
EUR
27 500.00
I2010341
Fund
Cost Centre
1010
I2010341
User Project
Amount
€ 17 082.26
Total:
€ 17 082.26
CRP F2.30.24
Cont: 8 Agree: 5
Electron beam treatment of organic pollutants contained in gaseous streams
Start: 2006-10-16
End: 2006-10-20
Location: Beijing
Country: China
Cost Centre
Regular Budget
5220
Currency
Interpretation
Currency
Other
USD
0.00
USD
42 000.00
I2030341
Fund
Cost Centre
1010
I2020341
User Project
Total:
Annex III.15
Amount
€ 17 998.00
€ 17 998.00
CRP F2.10.10
Cont: 7 Agree: 3
Validation of tracers and software for inter-well investigations
Start: 2006-09-25
End: 2006-09-29
Location: Grenoble
Country: France
Project Officer: Jin Joon Ha
Cost Centre
Regular Budget
5220
Currency
Interpretation
Currency
Other
USD
0.00
USD
30 200.00
I2010341
Fund
Cost Centre
1010
I2010341
User Project
Amount
€ 24 114.00
Total:
€ 24 114.00
CRP F2.30.22
Cont: 7 Agree: 3
Remediation of polluted waters and wastewater by radiation processing
Start: 2006-09-04
Location: Vienna
Country: Austria
End: 2006-09-08
Cost Centre
Regular Budget
5220
Location of last meeting: Warsaw
Currency
Interpretation
Currency
Other
USD
0.00
USD
30 000.00
I2020341
Fund
Cost Centre
1010
I2020341
User Project
Amount
€ 21 392.92
Total:
€ 21 392.92
CRP F1.10.12
Cont: 8 Agree: 9
Neutron based techniques for the detection of illicit materials and explosives
Start: 2006-04-19
Location: Vienna
Country: Austria
End: 2006-04-21
Project Officer: Muelhauser Francoise
Cost Centre
Regular Budget
5220
Currency
Interpretation
Currency
Other
USD
0.00
USD
25 000.00
I2040341
Fund
Cost Centre
1010
I2040341
User Project
Amount
€ 23 364.75
Total:
J
€ 23 364.75
Safety of Nuclear Installations (2)
J.3. Development and use of advanced tools for safety assessment
CRP J7.20.05
Cont: 6 Agree: 8
Evaluation of uncertainties in best estimate accident analysis
File Code: J7-RC-1030.1
Start: 2006-10-30
Location: Vienna
Country: Austria
End: 2006-11-03
Project Officer: Makihara Yoshiaki
Regular Budget
5220
Cost Centre
Currency
Interpretation
Currency
Other
EUR
0.00
EUR
30 000.00
J3010261
Fund
Cost Centre
1010
J3010261
User Project
€ 17 115.36
Total:
Annex III.16
Amount
€ 17 115.36
J.6. Safety of Research Reactors and Fuel Cycle Facilities
CRP J7.10.10
Cont: 6 Agree: 4
Safety significance of postulated initiating events for different research reactor types and
assessment of analytical tools
Start: 2006-04-03
Location: Vienna
Country: Austria
End: 2006-04-07
Project Officer: Shokr Amgad Mohamed Amin
Cost Centre
Regular Budget
5220
Currency
Interpretation
Currency
Other
USD
0.00
USD
30 000.00
J6020261
Fund
Cost Centre
1010
J6010261
User Project
Amount
€ 23 167.80
Total:
L
€ 23 167.80
Management of Radioactive Waste (6)
L.2. Disposable Waste: Management of Radioactive Waste and Disused Sealed Sources
CRP T2.10.22
Cont: 6 Agree: 3
Characterization and performance studies and demonstration in underground research
laboratories of swelling clays as engineered barriers of geological repositories
Start: 2006-12-11
Location: Vienna
Country: Austria
End: 2006-12-15
Project Officer: Gray Malcolm Norman
Cost Centre
Regular Budget
5220
Location of last meeting: Vaalputs,
Currency
Interpretation
Currency
Other
EUR
0.00
EUR
25 000.00
L2040231
Fund
Cost Centre
1010
L2040231
User Project
Amount
€ 21 866.79
Total:
€ 21 866.79
CRP T2.10.23
Cont: 5 Agree: 11
New development and improvements in processing of "problematic" radioactive waste
streams
Start: 2006-11-27
End: 2006-12-01
Location: Mumbai
Country: India
Project Officer: Drace Zoran
Cost Centre
Regular Budget
5220
Location of last meeting: Kiev
raine
Currency
Interpretation
Currency
Other
USD
0.00
USD
35 000.00
L2030231
Fund
Cost Centre
1010
L2030231
User Project
Amount
€ 30 792.01
Unliquidated:
€ 3 216.32
Total:
€ 34 008.33
CRP T2.10.24
Cont: 5 Agree: 5
The use of numerical models in support of site characterization and performance
assessment studies of geologic repositories
Start: 2006-09-11
End: 2006-09-15
Location: Beijing
Country: China
Project Officer: Neerdael Bernard A. G.
Cost Centre
Regular Budget
5220
Currency
Interpretation
Currency
Other
USD
0.00
USD
29 000.00
L2040471
Fund
Cost Centre
1010
L2040231
User Project
Total:
Annex III.17
Amount
€ 22 662.31
€ 22 662.31
CRP J9.10.06
Cont: 0 Agree: 24
Application of safety assessment methodologies for near surface waste disposal facilities
(ASAM)
Start: 2006-03-27
Location: Vienna
Country: Austria
End: 2006-03-31
Project Officer: Metcalf Philip Edward
Cost Centre
Regular Budget
5220
Location of last meeting: VIC C07 IV
Currency
Interpretation
Currency
Other
USD
0.00
USD
60 000.00
L2020241
Fund
Cost Centre
User Project
3509
L2020241
SDPOLICY
Amount
€ 20 660.13
Total:
€ 20 660.13
CRP T2.40.06
Cont: 6 Agree: 7
Disposal aspects of low and intermediate level decommissioning waste
Start: 2006-02-20
Location: Vienna
Country: Austria
End: 2006-02-24
Project Officer: Nachmilner Lumir
Cost Centre
Regular Budget
5220
Location of last meeting: Buenos Aires
Currency
Interpretation
Currency
Other
USD
0.00
USD
29 000.00
L2040231
Fund
Cost Centre
1010
L2040231
User Project
Amount
€ 24 723.16
Total:
€ 24 723.16
L.4. Residual Waste: Decommissioning of Installations and Remediation of Sites
CRP T2.40.07
Cont: 3 Agree: 11
Innovative and adaptive technologies in decommissioning of nuclear facilities
Start: 2006-11-13
End: 2006-11-17
Location: Sellafield
Country: United Kingdom
Project Officer: Laraia Michele
Cost Centre
Regular Budget
5220
Location of last meeting: Halden
Norway
Currency
Interpretation
Currency
Other
USD
0.00
USD
39 000.00
L4040231
Fund
Cost Centre
1010
L4040231
User Project
Amount
€ 34 913.98
Total:
M
€ 34 913.98
Nuclear Security (1)
M.3. Detecting and Responding to Malicious Activities involving Nuclear and other Radioactive Materials
CRP M2.20.06
Cont: 13 Agree: 12
Improvement of technical measures to detect and respond to illicit trafficking of nuclear
material and other radioactive materials
File Code: M2-RC-927.3
Start: 2006-04-24
Location: Vienna
Country: Austria
End: 2006-04-28
Project Officer: Baird Kenneth George
Cost Centre
Extrabudgetary
Location of last meeting: Sochi
Currency
Interpretation
Currency
Other
USD
0.00
USD
66 000.00
M3010451
Fund
Cost Centre
User Project
5220
3560
M3010451
3BGERB
€ 27 843.35
5220
3560
M3010451
3BUSAD
€ 13 122.60
Total:
Total Regular Budget: €1 628 140
Total Extra Budgetary Funds: €130 715
Annex III.18
Amount
€ 40 965.95
Grand Total: €1 702 449
COUNTRIES WHERE RESEARCH COORDINATION MEETINGS (RCMs) WERE HELD IN 2006
Number of meetings
Country
Australia
1
Brazil
2
China
7
France
2
Germany
2
Ghana
1
Hungary
1
India
1
Italy
1
Japan
1
Korea, Republic of
1
Morocco
1
Namibia
1
Norway
1
South Africa
2
Thailand
1
United Kingdom
2
IAEA Headquaters
42
Total
70
Annex IV.1
2006 TOTAL CONTRACT AWARDS BY COUNTRY
Country:
Total €
China
332 000
India
244 358
Brazil
233 435
Pakistan
162 330
Russian Federation
137 429
Argentina
132 088
South Africa
106 935
United Kingdom
103 765
Kenya
98 100
96 380
Cuba
95 900
Thailand
87 700
Philippines
86 500
Mexico
83 400
Czech Republic
73 400
Vietnam
68 560
Bulgaria
67 000
Bangladesh
65 700
Morocco
60 300
Turkey
60 300
Uganda
58 700
Poland
58 000
Ghana
56 200
Hungary
51 400
Iran, Islamic Republic of
51 300
Korea, Republic of
51 000
Romania
49 800
Burkina Faso
49 500
United Republic of Tanzania
49 100
Egypt
44 800
Chile
43 900
Colombia
43 500
Croatia
42 600
Nigeria
41 200
Annex V.1
Country:
Total €
Uruguay
41 066
Indonesia
40 634
Syrian Arab Republic
34 600
Greece
33 000
Malaysia
31 900
Canada
30 420
Slovenia
29 200
Cameroon
28 100
Belgium
27 400
Germany
24 800
Ethiopia
24 000
Mali
23 500
Belarus
23 000
Portugal
22 200
Peru
21 700
Israel
21 000
Slovakia
20 850
Sudan
20 600
Algeria
19 400
Kazakhstan
19 400
Sri Lanka
19 000
Australia
17 500
Senegal
15 900
Ukraine
15 700
Austria
15 500
Lebanon
15 400
Lithuania
15 136
Costa Rica
15 000
The Frmr.Yug.Rep. of Macedonia
13 400
Zimbabwe
11 600
Mozambique
10 700
Georgia
10 200
Singapore
10 070
Switzerland
10 000
France
10 000
Annex V.2
Country:
Total €
Uzbekistan
9 100
Jordan
9 000
Serbia
8 700
Armenia
8 400
Tunisia
8 400
Guinea
8 400
Mauritania
8 400
Yemen
8 400
Gambia
8 400
Côte d'Ivoire
8 400
Zambia
8 400
Botswana
8 400
Namibia
8 400
Niger
8 400
Guatemala
7 500
Jamaica
7 200
Sierra Leone
6 700
Venezuela
5 000
Japan
5 000
Mauritius
5 000
Netherlands
5 000
Saudi Arabia
5 000
Ecuador
5 000
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
4 000
Samoa
4 000
Estonia
3 400
422
Myanmar
4 010 878
Total
Annex V.3
ACTIVE COORDINATED RESEARCH PROJECTS (CRPs) AT END 2006
A.
Nuclear Power
A.1
Nuclear Power Plant Operating Performance and Life Cycle Management
I2.10.18 Master curve approach to monitor the fracture toughness of reactor pressure vessel in nuclear power
plants
Duration: 2005-03-01 to 2008-12-31
Officer: KANG, Ki Sig
Contracts: 0
Agreements: 13 Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Japan, Korea, Republic
of, Mexico, Russian Federation, Spain, United States of America(2)
I2.10.19 Review and benchmark of calculation methods for structural integrity assessment of reactor pressure
vessels during pressurized thermal shocks
Duration: 2005-09-15 to 2008-12-31
Officer: KANG, Ki Sig
Contracts: 0
Agreements: 7
Czech Republic, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Korea, Republic of, Netherlands, Slovakia
A.4
Technology Development for Advanced Reactor Lines
I2.50.01 Small reactors without on-site refuelling
Duration: 2004-12-01 to 2008-12-31
Officer: KUZNETSOV, Vladimir
Contracts: 6
Brazil, Croatia, Morocco, Russian Federation(2), Vietnam
Agreements: 6
Italy, Japan(2), United States of America(3)
I3.10.12 Evaluation of high temperature gas cooled reactor performance
Duration: 1997-11-01 to 2006-12-31
Officer: KUPITZ, Juergen
Contracts: 0
Agreements: 10 China, France, Germany, Japan, Korea, Republic of, Netherlands, Russian Federation,
South Africa, Turkey, United States of America
I3.10.13 Conservation and application of high temperature gas cooled reactor (HTGR) technology: Advances
in HTGR fuel technology development
Duration: 2000-11-01 to 2008-12-31
Officer: KUPITZ, Juergen
Contracts: 0
Agreements: 10 China, France, Germany, Japan, Korea, Republic of, Netherlands, Russian Federation,
South Africa, Turkey, United States of America
I3.10.14 Natural circulation phenomena, modelling and reliability of passive systems that utilize natural
circulation
Duration: 2004-03-01 to 2008-02-29
Officer: CLEVELAND, John
Contracts: 2
Argentina, United States of America
Agreements: 13 France, Germany, Italy(2), Japan, Korea, Republic of, Netherlands, Russian Federation,
Spain, Switzerland, United States of America(3)
I3.20.04 Studies of innovative reactor technology options for effective incineration of radioactive waste
Duration: 2001-12-15 to 2007-05-31
Officer: STANCULESCU, Alexander
Contracts: 4
China, Czech Republic, India, Russian Federation
Agreements: 15 Belgium, China, France(2), Germany(2), Hungary(2), Italy, Japan, Netherlands(2),
Poland, Russian Federation(2)
Appendix A.1
I3.20.05 Updated codes and methods to reduce the calculational uncertainties of the LMFR reactivity effects
Duration: 1999-10-01 to 2006-12-31
Contracts: 2
China, Russian Federation
Agreements: 7
France, Germany, India, Japan, Korea, Republic of, United Kingdom, United States of
America
I3.20.06 Analytical and experimental benchmark analyses of accelerator driven systems (ADS)
Duration: 2005-10-01 to 2010-09-30
Contracts: 4
Argentina, Belarus, Poland, Russian Federation
Agreements: 20 Belgium, France(2), Germany(3), Greece, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Pakistan,
Poland, Russian Federation(2), Spain(2), Sweden, Ukraine, United States of America
I3.20.07 Analyses of and lessons learned from the operational experience with fast reactor equipment and
systems
Duration: 2006-09-15 to 2009-09-14
Contracts: 2
India, Russian Federation
Agreements: 3
France, Japan, Korea, Republic of
B.
B.2
Nuclear Power Reactor Fuel Engineering
T1.20.17 Delayed hydride cracking (DHC) of zirconium alloy fuel cladding
Duration: 2005-03-01 to 2009-12-31
Officer: INOZEMTSEV, Victor
Contracts: 2
Argentina, India
Agreements: 4
Brazil, Korea, Republic of, Russian Federation, Sweden
T1.20.19 Optimisation of water chemistry technologies and mangement to ensure reliable fuel performance at
high burnup and in ageing plants
Duration: 2006-05-01 to 2011-04-30
Officer: KILLEEN, John Christopher
Contracts: 5
China, Czech Republic, Romania, Russian Federation, Ukraine
Agreements: 8
Canada, Finland, France, Hungary, India, Japan, Sweden, United States of America
B.3
Management of Spent Fuel from Nuclear Power Reactors
T1.30.12 Spent fuel performance assessment and research (SPAR II)
Duration: 2004-12-01 to 2009-12-31
Officer: DANKER, William J
Contracts: 3
Hungary, Russian Federation, Slovakia
Agreements: 10 Canada, France, Germany(2), Japan(2), Korea, Republic of, Spain, United Kingdom,
B.4
Topical Nuclear Fuel Cycle Issues
T1.30.11 Study of process-losses in separation processes in partitioning and transmutation (P&T) systems in
view of minimizing long term environmental impacts
Duration: 2003-09-01 to 2008-02-29
Officer: HOSADU, Parameswara
Contracts: 0
Agreements: 6
China, Germany, India, Japan, Korea, Republic of, United States of America
Appendix A.2
C.
Capacity Building and Nuclear Knowledge Maintenance for Sustainable Energy Development
C.2
Energy Economy Environment (3E) Analysis
I1.10.05 Greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation strategies and energy options
Duration: 2006-09-15 to 2010-09-15
Officer: JALAL, Ahmed
Contracts: 10
Argentina, Brazil, Bulgaria, China, Cuba, India, Iran, Islamic Republic of, Lithuania,
Pakistan, Romania
Agreements: 3
Australia, Germany, Korea, Republic of
C.3
Nuclear Knowledge Management
L5.30.01 Comparative analysis of methods and tools for nuclear knowledge preservation
Duration: 2006-09-15 to 2009-09-14
Officer: RUYSSEN, Marie Laure
Contracts: 5
Bulgaria, Jordan, Philippines, Romania, Russian Federation
Agreements: 3
Canada, Korea, Republic of, Netherlands
D.
Nuclear Science
D.1
Atomic and Nuclear Data
F4.10.22 Parameters for calculation of nuclear reactions of relevance to non-energy nuclear applications
Duration: 2003-03-15 to 2007-12-31
Officer: CAPOTE NOY, Roberto
Contracts: 3
Belarus, China, Ukraine
Agreements: 6
Belgium, France, Japan, Netherlands, United States of America(2)
F4.10.23 Development of a reference database for ion beam analysis
Duration: 2005-07-01 to 2008-06-30
Officer: SCHWERER, Otto
Contracts: 4
China, Croatia, Portugal, Russian Federation
Agreements: 6
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, United Kingdom
F4.20.05 Reference database for neutron activation analysis
Duration: 2005-07-01 to 2008-06-30
Officer: KELLETT, Mark Adrian
Contracts: 4
Argentina, Hungary, Nigeria, Slovenia
Agreements: 2
Belgium, United States of America
F4.20.06 Updated decay data library for actinides
Duration: 2005-09-15 to 2008-09-14
Officer: KELLETT, Mark Adrian
Contracts: 3
China, Romania, Russian Federation
Agreements: 3
France, United Kingdom, United States of America
F4.30.14 Atomic and molecular data for plasma modelling
Duration: 2005-06-15 to 2009-06-14
Officer: HUMBERT, Denis Pierre
Contracts: 2
Czech Republic, Slovakia
Agreements: 11 France, Germany(2), Italy, Japan(2), Sweden, United Kingdom(2), United States of
America(2)
F4.30.15 Atomic data for heavy element impurities in fusion reactors
Duration: 2005-09-15 to 2010-12-31
Officer: CLARK, Robert Edward
Contracts: 3
China, Russian Federation(2)
Agreements: 9
Australia, France(2), Germany, Japan, United Kingdom, United States of America(3)
Appendix A.3
D.2
Research Reactors
F1.20.20 Development and application of the techniques of residual stress measurements in materials
Duration: 2006-03-15 to 2009-03-14
Officer: PARANJPE, Shriniwas
Contracts: 1
Pakistan
Agreements: 4
Czech Republic, Germany, India, Netherlands
T1.20.18 Developing techniques for small scale indigenous molybdenum 99 production using low enriched
uranium (LEU) fission or neutron activation
Duration: 2005-09-15 to 2009-09-14
Contracts: 6
Agreements: 6
Officer: GOLDMAN, Ira Neal
2nd Officer: RAMAMOORTHY, Natesan
Chile, Kazakhstan, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Pakistan, Romania(2)
Argentina, India, Indonesia, Korea, Republic of, United States of America(2)
T1.20.20 Conversion of miniature neutron source research reactors (MNSR) to low enriched uranium (LEU)
Duration: 2006-09-15 to 2008-09-14
Contracts: 6
Agreements: 1
D.3
Officer: ADELFANG, Pablo
2nd Officer: GOLDMAN, Ira Neal
China, Ghana, Iran, Islamic Republic of, Nigeria, Pakistan, Syrian Arab Republic
Utilization of Accelerators and Instrumentation
F1.20.16 Ion beam modification of insulators
Duration: 2004-08-01 to 2008-07-31
Officer: MUELHAUSER, Francoise
Contracts: 4
Bulgaria, Croatia, South Africa, Thailand
Agreements: 3
Germany, Portugal, United Kingdom
F1.20.17 Development of new techniques and applications of accelerator mass spectrometry
Duration: 2004-12-15 to 2008-12-14
Officer: DYTLEWSKI, Nikolai
Contracts: 4
Argentina, China, Croatia, Kazakhstan
Agreements: 0
F1.20.18 Development of harmonized QA/AC procedures for maintenance and repair of nuclear instruments
Duration: 2005-09-15 to 2008-09-14
Officer: KAUFMANN, Herbert
Contracts: 6
Argentina, Cuba(2), Mexico, Poland, United Republic of Tanzania
Agreements: 1
Netherlands
F1.20.19 Development of nuclear microprobe techniques for the quantitative analysis of individual
microparticles
Duration: 2005-07-01 to 2008-06-30
Officer: DYTLEWSKI, Nikolai
Contracts: 5
Croatia, Hungary(2), Portugal, South Africa
Agreements: 1
France
F1.20.21 Improved production and utilization of short pulsed, cold neutrons at low-medium energy spallation
neutron sources
Duration: 2006-09-15 to 2010-09-15
Czech Republic, Russian Federation
Contracts: 2
Japan, United States of America
Agreements: 2
Appendix A.4
G4.20.02 Unification of nuclear spectrometry applications: integrated techniques as a new tool for material
research
Duration: 2006-09-15 to 2008-09-14
Contracts: 5
Agreements: 8
D.4
Officer: MARKOWICZ, Andrzej
2nd Officer: MUELHAUSER, Francoise
Argentina, Croatia, Cuba, Greece, Slovenia
Australia, Austria, Belgium(2), Germany, Italy, United Arab Emirates, United States of
America
Nuclear Fusion Research
F1.30.09 Dense magnetized plasmas
Duration: 2001-12-15 to 2007-04-30
Officer: LOUZEIRO MALAQUIAS, Artur Jorge
Contracts: 8
China, Estonia, Poland(2), Romania, Russian Federation(2), Singapore
Agreements: 2
Italy, Korea, Republic of
F1.30.10 Joint research using small tokamaks
Duration: 2004-09-01 to 2008-08-31
Officer: LOUZEIRO MALAQUIAS, Artur Jorge
Contracts: 11
Belgium, Brazil(3), China, Czech Republic, Egypt, Portugal, Russian Federation(2),
United Kingdom
Agreements: 3
Canada, Iran, Islamic Republic of, Russian Federation
F1.30.11 Pathways to energy from inertial fusion - an integrated approach
Duration: 2006-06-15 to 2010-06-14
Officer: MANK, Guenter
Contracts: 8
Czech Republic, Hungary, India, Korea, Republic of, Poland, Russian Federation(3)
Agreements: 9
France, Germany, Japan(2), Spain(2), United Kingdom, United States of America(2)
E.
E.1
Sustainable Intensification of Crop Production Systems
D1.20.08 Selection for greater agronomic water-use efficiency in wheat and rice using carbon isotope
discrimination
Duration: 2003-11-01 to 2008-10-31
Officer: CHALK, Phillip Michael
Contracts: 12
Algeria, Australia, Bangladesh, China(2), France, India, Morocco, Pakistan, Philippines,
Syrian Arab Republic, Yemen
Agreements: 2
Mexico, United States of America
D1.50.08 Assess the effectiveness of soil conservation techniques for sustainable watershed management using
fallout radionuclides
Duration: 2002-11-01 to 2007-12-31
Contracts: 11
Agreements: 5
Officer: ZAPATA, Felipe
2nd Officer: AGGARWAL, Pradeep Kumar
Austria, Brazil, Chile, China(2), Morocco, Poland, Romania, Russian Federation, Turkey,
United Kingdom
Australia, Canada, Japan, Switzerland, United States of America
D1.50.09 Integrated soil, water and nutrient management in conservation agriculture
Duration: 2004-12-01 to 2009-11-30
Officer: ZAPATA, Felipe
Contracts: 9
Argentina, Australia, Chile, India, Morocco, Pakistan, Turkey, Uganda, Uzbekistan
Agreements: 1
Kenya
Appendix A.5
D1.50.10 Selection and evaluation of food (cereal and legume) crop genotypes tolerant to low nitrogen and
phosphorus soils through the use of isotopic and nuclear-related techniques
Duration: 2006-06-15 to 2011-12-31
Officer: CHALK, Phillip Michael
Contracts: 9
Brazil, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cuba, Germany, Ghana, Mozambique, Sierra Leone,
Agreements: 5
Australia, France, Kenya, Nigeria, Senegal
D2.30.24 Physical mapping technologies for the identification and characterization of mutated genes
contributing to crop quality
Duration: 2002-10-01 to 2007-12-31
Officer: LAGODA, Pierre Jean
Contracts: 9
Argentina, Bulgaria, China(2), Czech Republic, Pakistan(2), Poland, Vietnam
Agreements: 4
Germany, Iceland, United Kingdom, United States of America
D2.30.25 Pyramiding of mutated genes contributing to crop quality and resistance to stress affecting quality
Duration: 2004-07-01 to 2009-06-30
Officer: SHU, Qingyao
Contracts: 9
Bulgaria, China(2), India, Iran, Islamic Republic of, Korea, Republic of, Pakistan,
Poland, The Frmr.Yug.Rep. of Macedonia
Agreements: 5
Australia, Colombia, France, Japan, United Kingdom
D2.30.26 Identification and pyramiding of mutated genes: novel approaches for improving crop tolerance to
salinity and drought
Duration: 2004-12-01 to 2009-11-30
Officer: SPENCER, Marie Madeleine
Contracts: 12
China, Cuba, Egypt, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand, Tunisia,
Turkey, Vietnam
Agreements: 5
Australia, Israel, Italy, United States of America(2)
D2.30.27 Molecular tools for quality improvement in vegetatively propagated crops including banana and
cassava
Duration: 2005-05-01 to 2010-04-30
Contracts: 12
Agreements: 5
2nd Officer: MBA, Romuald Emma
Bangladesh, Brazil(2), China, Cuba, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Kenya, Mexico, Nigeria,
Philippines
Colombia, Czech Republic, France, United Kingdom(2)
D2.40.11 Effects of mutagenic agents on the DNA sequence in plants
Duration: 2003-09-15 to 2008-09-14
Contracts: 10
Bulgaria, China(2), Colombia, India, Korea, Republic of(2), Philippines, Poland, South
Africa
Agreements: 3
United Kingdom, United States of America(2)
D4.10.18 Improvement of codling moth SIT to facilitate expansion of field application
Duration: 2002-05-01 to 2007-04-30
Officer: VREYSEN, Marc
Contracts: 9
Argentina(2), Armenia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Czech Republic, Syrian Arab Republic,
Agreements: 4
Canada, South Africa, Switzerland, United States of America
Appendix A.6
D4.10.19 Molecular technologies to improve the effectiveness of SIT
Duration: 2003-06-12 to 2008-06-11
Contracts: 3
Agreements: 12
Officer: HENDRICHS, Jorge
2nd Officer: FRANZ, Gerald
China, India, Thailand
Australia, Germany, Greece(3), Italy(2), New Zealand, United Kingdom(2), United States
of America(2)
D4.10.20 Improving sterile male performance in fruit fly sterile insect technique (SIT) programmes
Duration: 2004-07-01 to 2009-06-30
Contracts: 11
Argentina(2), Croatia, Greece, Israel, Mexico(2), Philippines, Portugal, Thailand, United
Kingdom
Agreements: 6
Australia(2), France, Spain, United States of America(2)
D4.10.21 Development of mass rearing for new world (Anastrepha) and Asian (Bactrocera) fruit fly pests in
support of sterile insect technique (SIT)
Duration: 2004-11-15 to 2009-11-14
Contracts: 18
Agreements: 3
E.2
2nd Officer: CACERES BARRIOS, Carlos Edmundo
Argentina(2), Bangladesh, Brazil(2), Costa Rica, Greece, Israel, Kenya, Mauritius,
Mexico(2), Pakistan, Philippines, Samoa, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam
Australia, Italy, United States of America
Sustainable Intensification of Livestock Production Systems
D3.10.23 Integrated approach for improving small scale market oriented dairy systems
Duration: 2001-11-01 to 2006-12-31
Officer: BOETTCHER, Paul John
Contracts: 10
Bangladesh, Cameroon, Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Tunisia,
United Republic of Tanzania, Venezuela
Agreements: 4
Malaysia, United Kingdom, United States of America, Uruguay
D3.10.24 Development and use of rumen molecular techniques for predicting and enhancing livestock
productivity
Duration: 2003-11-15 to 2009-11-14
Contracts: 8
China(2), Colombia, Cuba, Ethiopia, Germany, India, Thailand
Agreements: 6
Australia, Japan, New Zealand, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States of America
D3.10.25 Gene-based technologies in livestock breeding: Characterization of small ruminant genetic resources
in Asia
Duration: 2004-12-01 to 2009-11-30
Bangladesh, Brazil, China, Indonesia, Iran, Islamic Republic of, Kenya, Norway,
Contracts: 11
Pakistan(2), Sri Lanka, Vietnam
Italy
Agreements: 1
D3.20.23 Veterinary surveillance of Rift Valley Fever
Duration: 2005-05-01 to 2010-04-30
Officer: VILJOEN, Gerrit Johannes
Contracts: 10
Burkina Faso, France, Gambia, Germany, Guinea, Kenya, Senegal, South Africa, Uganda,
Yemen
Agreements: 2
France, Germany
Appendix A.7
D3.20.24 Control of contagious Bovine Pleuro Pneumonia (CBPP)
Duration: 2006-03-15 to 2011-03-14
Officer: UNGER, Hermann
Contracts: 5
Angola, Côte d'Ivoire, Kenya(2), Namibia
Agreements: 2
Austria, Switzerland
D3.20.25 The early and rapid diagnosis of transboundary animal diseases: Phase I - avian influenza
Duration: 2006-12-15 to 2010-12-31
Contracts: 10
Agreements: 4
Officer: VILJOEN, Gerrit Johannes
2nd Officer: CROWTHER, John
Burkina Faso, China, Ethiopia, Ghana, Niger, Nigeria, Philippines, South Africa, Sudan,
Vietnam
China, Netherlands, Sweden, United States of America
D4.20.09 Enabling technologies for the expansion of sterile insect technique (SIT) for old and new world
screwworm
Duration: 2001-08-01 to 2007-03-31
Contracts: 7
Agreements: 3
2nd Officer: ROBINSON, Alan
Brazil, Indonesia, Iran, Islamic Republic of, United Kingdom(2), Uruguay, Venezuela
Sweden, United States of America(2)
D4.20.10 Improved and harmonized quality control for expanded tsetse production, sterilization and field
application
Duration: 2003-06-12 to 2008-12-31
Contracts: 10
Agreements: 2
E.3
Officer: FELDMANN, Udo
2nd Officer: PARKER, Andrew Gordon
Belgium, Burkina Faso, Costa Rica, Czech Republic, Ethiopia, Slovakia, South Africa,
Switzerland, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania
Austria(2)
Strengthening Compliance with Food and Environmental Safety Standards through Good
Agricultural Practices
D3.20.22 The development of strategies for the effective monitoring of veterinary drug residues in livestock and
livestock products in developing countries
Duration: 2002-01-01 to 2006-12-31
Officer: CANNAVAN, Andrew
Contracts: 14
Argentina, Barbados, Brazil, Cyprus, Germany, Indonesia, Kenya, Korea, Republic of,
Malta, Namibia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Thailand, United Kingdom
Germany, Sweden, United Kingdom
Agreements: 3
D5.20.35 Integrated analytical approaches to assess indicators of the effectiveness of pesticide management
practices at a catchment scale
Duration: 2006-12-15 to 2011-12-14
Officer: MAESTRONI, Britt
Contracts: 9
Argentina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Chile, China, Costa Rica, Ecuador, India, Philippines
Agreements: 5
Australia, Cyprus, Germany(2), Sweden
D6.10.23 Testing the efficiency and uncertainty of sample processing for analysis of food contaminants
Duration: 2002-04-01 to 2007-12-31
Officer: BRODESSER, Peter Josef
Contracts: 5
Argentina, China, Hungary, India, Thailand
Agreements: 4
Australia, India, Netherlands, United Kingdom
Appendix A.8
F.
Human Health
F.1
Nuclear Techniques in Nutrition and Disease Prevention
E4.10.14 Exposure to toxic and potentially toxic elements in women of childbearing age in developing countries
Duration: 2005-07-01 to 2008-06-30
Contracts: 2
Belarus, Slovenia
Agreements: 2
Australia, Japan
Officer: MOKHTAR, Najat
E4.30.15 The application of isotopic and nuclear techniques in studies related to intrauterine growth
restriction (IUGR) issues in populations from developing countries
Duration: 2003-09-15 to 2007-09-14
Contracts: 10
Bangladesh, Brazil, Cameroon, India(2), Morocco, Pakistan, South Africa, Sudan, United
Republic of Tanzania
Agreements: 1
E4.30.16 Assessment of total energy expenditure and body composition for older adult subjects with different
lifestyles
Duration: 2003-11-01 to 2007-10-31
Contracts: 10
Brazil, China, Guatemala, India, Mexico, Morocco, Philippines, Senegal, South Africa,
New Zealand, United States of America
Agreements: 2
E4.30.17 Assessment of nutrients uptake from biofortified crops in populations from developing countries
Duration: 2005-07-01 to 2008-06-30
Contracts: 4
Agreements: 0
Officer: DAVIDSSON, Lena
2nd Officer: LAGODA, Pierre Jean Laurent
Bangladesh, Mexico, United States of America(2)
E4.30.18 Zinc nutrition during early life
Duration: 2005-09-15 to 2008-09-14
Contracts: 7
Bangladesh, India, Iran, Islamic Republic of, Kenya, Morocco, Pakistan, United States of
America
France, United Kingdom, United States of America
Agreements: 3
E4.30.19 Body fat and its relationship with metabolic syndrome indicators in overweight pre-adolescents and
adolescents
Duration: 2005-12-15 to 2010-12-31
Contracts: 10
Australia, Brazil, China, Egypt, India, Iran, Islamic Republic of, Jamaica, Lebanon,
Malaysia, Mexico
Agreements: 3
Australia, Mexico, United States of America
E4.30.20 Nutrition and HIV/AIDS: The efficacy of food based interventions evaluated by stable isotope
techniques
Duration: 2005-12-15 to 2010-12-14
Ethiopia, India, Kenya, South Africa(2), Thailand, United Republic of Tanzania
Contracts: 7
Denmark, United Kingdom
Agreements: 2
Appendix A.9
G3.40.01 Development of standardised mass rearing systems for male anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes
(formerly D4.20.11)
Duration: 2005-09-15 to 2010-12-31
Officer: ROBINSON, Alan
Contracts: 2
United Republic of Tanzania, United States of America
Agreements: 0
F.2
Nuclear Medicine and Diagnostic Imaging
E1.30.24 Improvement in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) by the detection of minimal
residual disease (MRD)
Duration: 2002-10-24 to 2006-12-31
Officer: KHAN, Baldip Kaur
Contracts: 5
Chile, India, Myanmar, Pakistan, Sudan
Agreements: 1
United Kingdom
E1.30.27 Role of radionuclide techniques in the diagnosis of early dementia
Duration: 2003-07-01 to 2008-06-30
Contracts: 3
Cuba, India, Japan
Agreements: 2
India, Norway
Officer: WATANABE, Naoyuki
E1.30.28 Standardisation and quality control of in-house prepared radiopharmaceuticals for nuclear oncology
Duration: 2004-06-01 to 2008-05-31
Officer: SOLANKI, Kishor K.
Contracts: 6
Algeria, Cuba, India, Singapore, Turkey, Uruguay
Agreements: 1
E1.30.29 Evaluation of a single utilization of pulmonary perfusion scintigraphy in patients with suspected
pulmonary embolism
Duration: 2004-09-01 to 2007-08-31
Contracts: 8
Czech Republic, India(2), Pakistan, Philippines, Slovenia, Turkey, Uruguay
Agreements: 1
Japan
E1.30.30 Development and quality control of hospital prepared radiopharmaceuticals for infection imaging for
use in HIV/AIDS positive patients
Duration: 2004-11-15 to 2007-11-14
Officer: SOLANKI, Kishor K.
Contracts: 7
Argentina, India, Indonesia, Iran, Islamic Republic of, South Africa, Syrian Arab
Republic, Uruguay
Netherlands
Agreements: 1
E1.30.31 Role of nuclear cardiology techniques in ischemia assessment with exercise imaging in asymptomatic
diabetes
Duration: 2006-03-15 to 2009-03-14
Officer: DONDI, Maurizio
Contracts: 3
Slovenia, United States of America, Vietnam
Agreements: 1
Italy
E1.50.19 Improved accuracy of molecular and immunological markers for prediction of efficacy of
antimalarial drugs
Duration: 2005-06-15 to 2009-06-14
Burkina Faso, Cameroon(2), Colombia, Indonesia, Kenya(2), Mali(2), Sudan, United
Contracts: 11
Kingdom
Agreements: 0
Appendix A.10
E1.50.20 Application of FDG-PET and molecular gene profiling for risk stratification of diffuse large B-cell
Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma in different ethnic populations
Duration: 2006-09-15 to 2010-09-15
Contracts: 8
Brazil, France, Hungary, India, Korea, Republic of, Philippines, Thailand, Turkey
Agreements: 2
Italy, United Kingdom
F.3
Radiation Oncology and Cancer Treatment
E2.40.14 Development of procedures for in vivo dosimetry in radiotherapy
Duration: 2004-12-15 to 2007-12-14
Officer: IZEWSKA, Joanna
Contracts: 6
Brazil, China, Colombia, Croatia, Pakistan, Poland
Agreements: 2
Canada, United Kingdom
E3.30.22 Doctoral CRP on clinical and experimental studies to improve radiotherapy outcome in AIDS cancer
patients
Duration: 2003-06-15 to 2009-06-14
Officer: ZUBIZARRETA, Eduardo
Contracts: 7
Canada, China, India, South Africa, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Zimbabwe
Agreements: 2
United Kingdom, United States of America
E3.30.23 Resource sparing treatment of head and neck cancer
Duration: 2003-09-15 to 2007-11-30
Officer: ROSENBLATT, Eduardo
Contracts: 5
Egypt, Malaysia, Morocco, Pakistan, Thailand
Agreements: 0
E3.30.25 Resource sparing curative treatment in breast cancer
Duration: 2005-10-01 to 2011-09-30
Contracts: 9
Belgium, Cuba, Egypt, Ghana, Morocco, Nigeria, Pakistan, Peru, Turkey
Agreements: 4
Egypt, Finland, India, Japan
E3.30.26 Clinical/radiobiological study on viral-induced cancers’ response to radiotherapy, with
comprehensive morbidity assessment
Duration: 2006-09-15 to 2011-09-15
Officer: ZUBIZARRETA, Eduardo
Contracts: 8
Brazil, Canada, India, Pakistan, Peru, South Africa, The Frmr.Yug.Rep. of Macedonia,
United Kingdom
Korea, Republic of
Agreements: 1
E3.30.27 Improving outcomes in radiotherapy using new strategies of treatment delivery
Duration: 2006-12-15 to 2010-12-31
Contracts: 7
Canada, China, Croatia, India, Pakistan, South Africa, Thailand
Agreements: 1
F.4
Quality Assurance and Metrology in Radiation Medicine
E2.10.05 Harmonization of quality practices for nuclear medicine radioactivity measurements
Duration: 2004-12-15 to 2008-12-14
Officer: PALM, Stig Harald
Contracts: 5
Brazil, Cuba, Iran, Islamic Republic of, Romania, Turkey
Agreements: 3
Czech Republic, India, Korea, Republic of
Appendix A.11
E2.10.06 Testing of the implementation of the code of practice for dosimetry in X-ray diagnostic radiology
Duration: 2005-11-15 to 2007-11-14
Contracts: 8
Agreements: 3
Officer: MEGHZIFENE, Ahmed
2nd Officer: MCLEAN, Ian Donald
Brazil, China, Cuba, Czech Republic, Hungary, Korea, Republic of, Thailand, Vietnam
Austria, Finland, Greece
E2.40.12 Development of TLD-based quality audits for radiotherapy dosimetry in non-reference conditions
Duration: 2001-12-15 to 2007-02-28
Officer: IZEWSKA, Joanna
Contracts: 7
Algeria, Argentina, Bulgaria, China, Cuba, India, Poland
Agreements: 2
Austria, Belgium
E2.40.13 Development of procedures for quality assurance for dosimetry calculations in radiotherapy
Duration: 2004-04-01 to 2008-03-31
Officer: VATNITSKIY, Stanislav
Contracts: 3
Argentina, Estonia, South Africa
Agreements: 2
Germany, United States of America
G.
Water Resources
G.1
Isotope Methodologies for the Protection and Management of Surface Water, Groundwater and
Geothermal Resources
F3.20.04 Isotopic techniques for assessment of hydrological processes in wetlands
Duration: 2006-09-15 to 2011-09-14
Officer: ITO, Mari
Contracts: 12
Argentina, Brazil, Cameroon, Colombia, Czech Republic, Ghana, India, Mozambique,
Pakistan, Turkey, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania
Agreements: 6
Australia, Austria, France, Spain, United Kingdom, United States of America
F3.30.15 Isotopic age and composition of streamflow as indicators of groundwater sustainability
Duration: 2004-07-01 to 2010-06-30
Officer: VITVAR, Tomas
Contracts: 11
Argentina, Brazil, China, Colombia, Ghana, Greece, Morocco, Serbia, Slovakia, Turkey,
Vietnam
Agreements: 3
Austria, Netherlands, Portugal
G.2
Reference Isotope Data and Analysis for Hydrological Applications
F3.20.03 Design criteria for a network to monitor isotope compositions of runoff in large rivers
Duration: 2002-04-01 to 2006-10-31
Officer: VITVAR, Tomas
Contracts: 10
Argentina, Brazil, Canada, China, India, Pakistan, Slovenia, South Africa, Syrian Arab
Republic, Vietnam
Agreements: 8
Australia, Austria, France, Germany, Israel, Japan, United States of America(2)
F3.30.16 Geostatistical analysis of spatial isotope variability to map the sources of water for hydrology studies
Duration: 2006-09-15 to 2010-09-15
Officer: ARAGUAS ARAGUAS, Luis Jesus
Contracts: 6
Cuba, Greece, Mexico, Pakistan, Thailand, Uganda
Agreements: 1
Canada
Appendix A.12
F3.40.10 Isotope methods for the study of water and carbon cycle dynamics in the atmosphere and biosphere
Duration: 2004-11-15 to 2008-11-14
Officer: ARAGUAS ARAGUAS, Luis Jesus
Brazil, China, Morocco
Contracts: 3
Iran, Islamic Republic of, Switzerland(2), United States of America(3)
Agreements: 6
H.
H.2
Radioecological and Isotopic Solutions for Coastal Marine Problems (RISCMAR)
K4.10.08 Nuclear applications to determine bioaccumulation parameters and processes used for establishing
coastal zone monitoring and management criteria
Duration: 2002-12-15 to 2006-12-31
Officer: WARNAU, Michel M.R.
Cuba, Pakistan
Contracts: 2
Australia, Korea, Republic of, United States of America
Agreements: 3
H.3
Ocean Climate Coupling and Carbon Cycling (OC4)
K4.10.09 Nuclear and isotopic studies of the El Niño phenomenon in the ocean
Duration: 2004-03-01 to 2009-02-28
Officer: SANCHEZ CABEZA, Joan Albert
Contracts: 1
Indonesia
Agreements: 8
Australia(2), France, Monaco, New Zealand, United States of America(3)
H.5
Assessment in Support of Sustainable Management of the Terrestrial Environment
G4.10.03 Radiochemical, chemical and physical characterisation of radioactive particles in the environment
Duration: 2000-12-01 to 2007-12-31
Contracts: 1
Agreements: 7
Officer: WEGRZYNEK, Dariusz
2nd Officer: FESENKO, Sergey
Kazakhstan
Denmark, Finland, Germany, Israel, Norway, Spain, United States of America
I.
I.1
Technology Support to Radioisotopes, Radiopharmaceuticals and Radioanalytical Services
F2.20.40 Development of generator technologies for therapeutic radionuclides
Duration: 2004-07-01 to 2008-06-30
Officer: PILLAI, Maroor Raghavan
Contracts: 8
Brazil, China, Cuba, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Poland, Vietnam
Agreements: 5
Germany, Italy, Korea, Republic of, Russian Federation, United States of America
F2.20.41 Improved high current liquid and gas targets for cyclotron produced radioisotopes
Duration: 2005-12-15 to 2009-12-31
Officer: HAJI-SAEID, Seyed
Contracts: 5
Iran, Islamic Republic of, Korea, Republic of, Saudi Arabia, Syrian Arab Republic,
Turkey
Agreements: 8
Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Hungary, United States of America(2)
F2.20.42 Development of therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals based on 177Lu for radionuclide therapy
Duration: 2006-10-15 to 2010-10-14
Officer: PILLAI, Maroor Raghavan
Contracts: 10
Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Cuba, Czech Republic, India, Pakistan, Peru, Russian
Federation, Uruguay
Agreements: 6
Austria, China, Hungary, Italy, Poland, United States of America
Appendix A.13
F2.30.23 Applications of nuclear analytical techniques to investigate the authenticity of art objects
Duration: 2004-11-15 to 2008-11-14
Officer: ROSSBACH, Matthias
Brazil(2), China, Croatia, Cuba, Ghana, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Lebanon, Malaysia,
Contracts: 13
Mexico, Peru, Syrian Arab Republic
France, Germany, Greece, Poland
Agreements: 4
I.2
Radiation Technology for Industrial Applications and a Safer Environment
F1.10.12 Neutron based techniques for the detection of illicit materials and explosives
Duration: 2005-12-15 to 2010-12-31
Egypt, Georgia, Poland, Russian Federation, South Africa, Thailand
Contracts: 6
Argentina, Australia, India, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, New Zealand, United States of
Agreements: 8
America
F2.10.09 Industrial process gamma tomography
Duration: 2003-03-15 to 2006-12-31
Officer: JIN, Joon Ha
Argentina, Brazil, Czech Republic, Korea, Republic of, Malaysia, Poland
Contracts: 6
France, Norway, United Kingdom, United States of America
Agreements: 4
F2.10.10 Validation of tracers and software for inter-well investigations
Duration: 2004-07-01 to 2008-06-30
Officer: JIN, Joon Ha
Argentina, Brazil, China, Indonesia, Pakistan, Philippines, Vietnam
Contracts: 7
Australia, France, Norway
Agreements: 3
F2.30.24 Electron beam treatment of organic pollutants contained in gaseous streams
Duration: 2004-12-15 to 2008-12-14
Officer: SAMPA, Maria Helena de O.
Bulgaria, China, Korea, Republic of, Poland, Romania, Russian Federation
Contracts: 6
China, Japan, Saudi Arabia, Spain, United States of America
Agreements: 5
J.
J.3
Development and use of advanced tools for safety assessment
J7.20.05 Evaluation of uncertainties in best estimate accident analysis
Duration: 2006-06-15 to 2009-06-14
Contracts: 4
Agreements: 8
Officer: MAKIHARA, Yoshiaki
2nd Officer: MODRO, Slawomir Michael
Brazil, China, India, Iran, Islamic Republic of
Croatia, Czech Republic, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russian Federation, Slovenia,
Switzerland
L.
L.2
Disposable Waste: Management of Radioactive Waste and Disused Sealed Sources
J9.10.06 Application of safety assessment methodologies for near surface waste disposal facilities (ASAM)
Duration: 2002-08-27 to 2006-12-31
Officer: METCALF, Philip Edward
Contracts: 0
Agreements: 24 Belarus, Belgium(3), Brazil, Bulgaria, China, Cuba, France, Hungary, Kazakhstan,
Korea, Republic of, Lithuania(2), Peru, Romania(2), Russian Federation(3), South Africa,
Spain, Ukraine, Vietnam
Appendix A.14
T2.10.22 Characterization and performance studies and demonstration in underground research laboratories
of swelling clays as engineered barriers of geological repositories
Duration: 2004-03-01 to 2008-02-29
Officer: GRAY, Malcolm Norman
Contracts: 6
China, Czech Republic, Korea, Republic of, Russian Federation, South Africa, Ukraine
Agreements: 3
Canada, Japan, Sweden
T2.10.23 New development and improvements in processing of "problematic" radioactive waste streams
Duration: 2003-03-15 to 2007-03-14
Officer: DRACE, Zoran
Contracts: 5
Argentina, Belarus, China, Czech Republic, Ukraine
Agreements: 11 Australia, Belgium, Czech Republic, Finland, India, Korea, Republic of(2), Russian
Federation(2), South Africa, United States of America
T2.10.24 The use of numerical models in support of site characterization and performance assessment studies
of geologic repositories
Duration: 2005-10-01 to 2010-09-30
Officer: NEERDAEL, Bernard A. G.
Brazil, China, Lithuania, Romania, Ukraine
Contracts: 5
Belgium, India, Korea, Republic of, United Kingdom, United States of America
Agreements: 5
L.4
Residual Waste: Decommissioning of Installations and Remediation of Sites
T2.40.07 Innovative and adaptive technologies in decommissioning of nuclear facilities
Duration: 2004-05-01 to 2009-04-30
Officer: LARAIA, Michele
Contracts: 2
Brazil, Russian Federation
Agreements: 11 Argentina, Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Korea, Republic of(2), Norway,
Slovakia, Ukraine, United Kingdom
Appendix A.15
CRPs APPROVED, BUT NOT YET INITIATED AT END 2006
A.
Nuclear Power
A.4
I3.10.16
Technology Development for Advanced Reactor Lines
Heat transfer behaviour and thermo-hydraulics code testing for super-critical water cooled
reactors (SCWRs)
I3.10.15
Advances in nuclear power process heat applications
D.
Nuclear Science
D.1
Atomic and Nuclear Data
F4.30.16
Data for surface composition dynamics relevant to erosion processes
F4.10.24
Minor actinide neutron reaction data (MANREAD)
E.
E.2
D4.20.12
Sustainable Intensification of Livestock Production Systems
Improving SIT for tsetse flies through research on their symbionts and pathogens
F.
Human Health
F.1
G3.40.02
Field biology of male mosquitoes in relation to genetic control programmes
F.2
E1.30.32
Performance of rest myocardial perfusion imaging in the management of acute chest pain in the
emergency room
F.3
E1.30.33
Evaluation of the biological safety and clinical efficacy of 177 Lu-EDTMP for bone pain
palliation in metastatic prostate cancer (PhaseI/II clinical trial)
H.
H.2
Radioecological and Isotopic Solutions for Coastal Marine Problems (RISCMAR)
K4.10.10
Applications of radiotracer and radioassay technologies to seafood safety assessment
I.
I.2
F2.20.43
Optimization of digital industrial radiography (DIR) techniques for specific applications and
development of procedures and protocols
Appendix B.1
CRPs APPROVED, BUT NOT YET INITIATED AT END 2006
J.
J.3
J4.10.07
Development and Use of Advanced Tools for Safety Assessment
Analysis and development of safety performance indicators (SPIs) for nuclear power plants (assisting
in the use of safety management tools)
J.6
J7.10.11
Safety of Research Reactors and Fuel Cycle Facilities
Modelling and analysis of radionuclides transport and source term evaluation within containment /
confinement and release to the environment, for research reactors
K.
K.6
J1.30.11
Safety of the Transport of Radioactive Material
The appropriate level of regulatory control for the safe transport of naturally-occuring radioactive
material (NORM)
L.
L.2
Disposable Waste: Management of Radioactive Waste and Disused Sealed Sources
T2.10.25
Behaviour of cementitious materials in long term storage and disposal of radioactive waste
T2.30.15
Upgrading of near surface disposal facilities
M.
Nuclear Security
M.3
Detection and Responding to Malicious Activities involving Nuclear and other Radioactive Materials
J0.20.01
Application of nuclear forensics in illicit trafficing of nuclear and other radioactive materials
Appendix B.2
COORDINATED RESEARCH PROJECTS (CRPs) COMPLETED IN 2006
A.
Nuclear Power
I3.30.10
Intercomparison of techniques for pressure tube inspection and diagnostics
Duration: 1998-12-15 to 2005-12-31
Terminated: 2006-01-26
I3.50.02
Officer: CLEVELAND, John
Economic research on, and assessment of, selected nuclear desalination projects and case studies
Duration: 2001-12-15 to 2006-12-31
Officer: KHAMIS, Ibrahim
B.
T1.20.14
Data processing technologies and diagnostics for water chemistry and corrosion control in
nuclear power plants (DAWAC)
Duration: 2001-03-01 to 2006-03-31
Officer: INOZEMTSEV, Victor
T1.20.15
Improvement on the models used for fuel behaviour simulation (FUMEX II)
Duration: 2002-09-01 to 2005-12-31
Officer: KILLEEN, John Christopher
D.
Nuclear Science
F1.20.15
Development of improved sources and imaging systems for neutron radiography
Duration: 2003-03-15 to 2006-03-14
F2.30.21
New applications of prompt gamma neutron activation analysis (PGNAA)
Duration: 2002-09-01 to 2005-12-31
F4.10.19
Officer: CAPOTE NOY, Roberto Mario
Tritium inventory in fusion reactors
Duration: 2002-08-01 to 2006-11-30
T1.30.10
Officer: NICHOLS, Alan Leslie
Nuclear data for production of therapeutic radionuclides
Duration: 2002-12-01 to 2006-12-31
F4.30.13
Officer: NICHOLS, Alan Leslie
Evaluated nuclear data for the thorium-uranium fuel cycle
Duration: 2002-11-01 to 2006-02-28
F4.10.21
Officer: ROSSBACH, Matthias
Improvement of the standard neutron cross sections for light elements
Duration: 2002-04-01 to 2006-06-30
F4.10.20
Officer: PARANJPE, Shriniwas Krishnarao
Officer: CLARK, Robert Edward Holmes
Corrosion of research reactor aluminium-clad spent fuel in water (Phase II)
Duration: 2002-03-15 to 2006-03-14
Officer: ADELFANG, Pablo
Appendix C.1
E.
D1.50.07
Integrated soil, water and nutrient management for sustainable rice-wheat cropping systems in
Asia
Officer: NGUYEN, Minh-Long
Duration: 2001-10-01 to 2006-11-30
D2.30.23
Improvement of tropical and subtropical fruit trees through induced mutations and
biotechnology
Duration: 2000-08-01 to 2005-12-31
Officer: SPENCER, Marie Madeleine
D3.20.21
Developing, validating and standardising methodologies for the use of PCR and PCR-ELISA in
the diagnosis and monitoring of control and eradication programmes for trypanosomosis
Duration: 2000-11-15 to 2006-02-28
Officer: CROWTHER, John
D4.30.02
Evaluating the use of nuclear techniques for the colonization and production of natural enemies
of agricultural insect pests
Duration: 1999-08-01 to 2005-05-31
D5.40.03
Quality control of pesticide products
Duration: 2000-12-01 to 2006-09-30
D6.20.07
Officer: BRODESSER, Peter Josef
Irradiation to ensure the safety and quality of prepared meals
Duration: 2002-01-01 to 2006-04-30
Officer: RUBIO CABELLO, Wilma Tatiana
F.
Human Health
E1.30.19
Doctoral CRP on Management of liver cancer using radionuclide methods with special emphasis
on trans-arterial radioconjugate therapy and internal dosimetry
Duration: 2000-09-01 to 2005-12-31
E1.30.22
Harmonization of radionuclide procedures and protocols in the management of neonatal
hydronephrosis
Duration: 2001-08-01 to 2005-12-31
E1.30.23
Radiopharmaceutical imaging to predict and evaluate the response of breast cancer to
neoadjuvant chemotherapy
Duration: 2001-08-01 to 2005-11-30
E1.30.25
Nitrate augmented myocardial imaging for assessment of myocardial viability
Duration: 2002-09-15 to 2005-12-31
E1.30.26
Comparative evaluation of radiopharmaceuticals for radiosynovectomy
Duration: 2002-10-15 to 2005-12-31
Officer: ZAKNUN, John
Appendix C.2
E3.30.18
Aspects of radiobiology applicable in clinical radiotherapy - Increase of the number of fractions
per week
Duration: 1998-09-15 to 2006-05-31
E3.30.21
The role of teletherapy (TT) supplementary to intraluminal high dose rate (ILHDR)
brachytherapy (BT) in the palliation of advanced oesophageal cancer
Duration: 2002-09-01 to 2006-12-14
E3.30.24
Radiobiological and clinical study on viral-induced cancers response to radiotherapy
Duration: 2004-08-01 to 2006-07-31
Officer: ZUBIZARRETA, Eduardo Hernan
E4.30.13
Doctoral CRP on Isotopic and complementary tools for the study of micronutrient status and
interactions in developing country populations exposed to multiple nutritional deficiencies
Duration: 2001-12-15 to 2006-05-31
Officer: DAVIDSSON, Lena Margareta
G.
Water Resources
F3.30.14
Nuclear and isotopic techniques for the characterization of submarine groundwater discharge
(SGD) in coastal zones
Duration: 2002-08-01 to 2006-07-31
Officer: KULKARNI, Kshitij Mahadev
2nd Officer: SCHOLTEN, Jan Christoph
I.
F2.20.38
Development of 99mTc based small bio molecules using novel 99mTc cores
Duration: 2003-03-15 to 2006-03-14
F2.20.39
Officer: PILLAI, Maroor Raghavan Ambi
Controlling of degradation effects in radiation processing of polymers
Duration: 2003-11-15 to 2006-12-29
F2.30.22
Remediation of polluted waters and wastewater by radiation processing
Duration: 2002-05-01 to 2006-09-30
J.
J4.10.05
Safety significance of near field earthquakes
Duration: 2002-07-01 to 2005-12-31
Officer: GODOY, Antonio Ramon
J4.20.04
Assessment of the interfaces between neutronic, thermal-hydraulic, structural and radiological
aspects in accident analyses
Duration: 2002-12-01 to 2005-11-30
Officer: MAKIHARA, Yoshiaki
J7.10.10
Safety significance of postulated initiating events for different research reactor types and
assessment of analytical tools
Duration: 2002-09-01 to 2006-08-31
Officer: SHOKR, Amgad Mohamed Amin
Appendix C.3
K.
J1.30.09
Accident severity during air transport of radioactive material
Duration: 1998-06-01 to 2005-09-30
J1.70.07
Officer: WANGLER, Michael Ervin
Avoidance of unnecessary dose to patients while transitioning from analogue to digital radiology
Duration: 2002-11-15 to 2006-05-31
Officer: REHANI, Madan Mohan
J1.70.08
Evaluate quantitatively and promote patient dose reduction approaches in interventional
radiology
Duration: 2002-11-15 to 2006-02-28
J1.70.09
Dose reduction in computed tomography (CT) while maintaining diagnostic confidence
Duration: 2002-11-15 to 2006-02-28
L.
T2.40.06
Disposal aspects of low and intermediate level decommissioning waste
Duration: 2002-09-01 to 2006-08-31
Officer: NACHMILNER, Lumir
M.
Nuclear Security
M2.20.06
Improvement of technical measures to detect and respond to illicit trafficking of nuclear material
and other radioactive materials
Duration: 2003-03-15 to 2006-03-14
Officer: BAIRD, Kenneth George
Appendix C.4
IAEA 2006 PROGRAMME/SUBPROGRAMME AND CORRESPONDING CRP CODES
MAJOR PROGRAMME 1:
NUCLEAR POWER, FUEL CYCLE AND NUCLEAR SCIENCE
CRP Code
Programme A.: Nuclear Power
A.1 Nuclear Power Plant Operating Performance and Life Cycle Management
A.4 Technology Development for Advanced Reactor Lines
I2
I3
Programme B.: Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Materials Technologies
B.1 Information and Analysis of the Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Materials Management
B.2 Nuclear Power Reactor Fuel Engineering
B.3 Management of Spent Fuel from Nuclear Power Reactors
B.4 Topical Nuclear Fuel Cycle Issues
T1
T1
T1
T1
Programme C.:
C.1
C.2
C.3
Capacity Building and Nuclear Knowledge Maintenance for
Sustainable Energy Development
Energy Modelling, Databanks and Capacity Building
Energy Economy Environment (3E) Analysis
Nuclear Knowledge Management
Programme D.: Nuclear Science
D.1 Atomic and Nuclear Data
D.2 Research Reactors
D.3 Utilization of Accelerators and Instrumentation
D.4 Nuclear Fusion Research
MAJOR PROGRAMME 2:
I1
I1
L5
F4
F1, T1
F1, G4
F1
NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES FOR DEVELOPMENT
AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
Programme E.: Food and Agriculture
E.1 Sustainable Intensification of Crop Production Systems
E.2 Sustainable Intensification of Livestock Production Systems
E.3 Strengthening Compliance with Food and Environmental Safety Standards
through Good Agricultural Practices
Programme F.: Human Health
F.1
F.2
F.3
F.4
Quality Assurance and Metrology in Radiation Medicine
Programme G.: Water Resources
G.1 Isotope Methodologies for the Protection and Management of Surface Water,
Groundwater and Geothermal Resources
G.2 Reference Isotope Data and Analysis for Hydrological Applications
Programme H.: Assessment and Management of Marine and Terrestrial Environments
H.1 Marine Environmental and Radiological Assessment (MERA)
H.2 Radioecological and Isotopic Solutions for Coastal Marine Problems (RISCMAR)
H.3 Ocean Climate Coupling and Carbon Cycling (OC4)
H.5 Assessment in Support of Sustainable Management of the Terrestrial Environmental G4
Appendix D.1
D1, D2, D4
D3, D4
D5, D6
E4, G3
E1
E3, E1
E2
F3
F3
K4
K4
K4
IAEA 2006 PROGRAMME/SUBPROGRAMME AND CRP CODES
CRP Code
Programme I.: Radioisotope Production and Radiation Technology
I.1
Technology Support to Radioisotopes, Radiopharmaceuticals and
Radioanalytical Services
I.2
MAJOR PROGRAMME 3:
F2
F1, F2
NUCLEAR SAFETY AND SECURITY
Programme J.: Safety of Nuclear Installations
J.3
Development and Use of Advanced Tools for Safety Assessment
J.6
Safety of Research Reactors and Fuel Cycle Facilities
J7
J7
Programme K.: Radiation and Transport Safety
K.1 Radiation Safety Standards
K.3 Occupational Radiation Protection
K.6 Safety of the Transport of Radioactive Material
J1
J1
J1
Programme L.: Management of Radioactive Waste
L.2 Disposable Waste: Management of Radioactive Waste and Disused Sealed Sources
L.4 Residual Waste: Decommissioning of Installations and Remediation of Sites
T2
T2
Programme M.: Nuclear Security
M.3 Detection and Responding to Malicious Activities involving Nuclear and other
Radioactive Materials
M2
Appendix D.2
A.
I21014
Nuclear Power
Verification of WWER steam generator tube integrity
I21016
Evaluation of radiation damage of WWER reactor pressure vessels using the IAEA database on
reactor pressure vessel materials
C.
I11004
Capacity Building and Nuclear Knowledge Maintenance for Sustainable Energy Development
Historical evolution of indicators of sustainable energy development (ISED) and the use of this
I14004
Cost effectiveness of nuclear power compared to CO2 capture and sequestration from fossil fuel
power plants
D.
F13008
Nuclear Science
Elements of power plant design for inertial fusion energy
F43011
Atomic and molecular data for fusion plasma diagnostics
F43012
Data for molecular processes in edge plasmas
E.
D12007
Use of nuclear techniques for developing integrated nutrient and water management practices for
agroforestry systems
D15006
Development of management practices for sustainable crop production systems on tropical acid
soils through the use of nuclear and related techniques
D23021
Molecular characterization of mutated genes controlling important traits for seed crop
D31022
Use of nuclear and related techniques to develop simple tannin assays for predicting and
improving the safety and efficiency of feeding ruminants on tanniniferous tree foliage
D32020
The use of non-structural protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) to differentiate
between vaccinated and infected animals
D41016
Quality assurance of mass produced and released fruit flies for SIT programmes
D41017
Development of improved attractants and their integration into fruit fly SIT management
programmes
D61022
Use of irradiation to ensure hygienic quality of fresh, pre-cut fruits and vegetables and other
minimally processed food of plant origin
F.
E11013
Human Health
Development and validation of an Internet based clinical and technical study communication
system for nuclear medicine
E12016
Radioimmunoassay of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in the long term management of
diabetes mellitus
Appendix E
E13020
Intravascular radionuclide therapy (IVRNT) using liquid beta-emitting radiopharmaceuticals to
prevent restenosis following percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
E41013
Use of nuclear and related analytical techniques in studying human exposure to toxic elements
consumed through foodstuffs contaminated by industrial activities
E43014
Application of isotopic and nuclear techniques in the study of nutrition-pollution interactions and
their impact on the nutritional status of human subjects in developing country populations
G.
F33012
Water Resources
Origins of salinity and impacts on fresh groundwater resources: Optimization of isotopic
techniques
F33013
Application of isotopes to the assessment of pollutant behaviour in the unsaturated zone for
groundwater protection
I.
F22034
Radiation synthesis of stimuli-responsive membranes, hydrogels and adsorbents for separation
purposes
F22035
Development of radioimmunometric assays and kits for non clinical applications
F22036
Development of radioactive sources for emerging therapeutic and industrial applications
F22037
Comparative laboratory evaluation of therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals
F23020
Corrosion and deposit determination in large diameter pipes, with and without insulation by
radiography testing
K.
J13010
Radiological aspects of package and conveyance non-fixed radioactive contamination
J17006
Exploring the possibility of establishing guidance levels for interventional radiology
L.
J91005
The use of selected safety indicators (concentrations; fluxes) in the assessment of radioactive
waste disposal
T21021
Chemical durability and performance assessment of spent fuel and high level waste forms under
simulated repository conditions
Appendix E
CRP No. 970 (D12007)
CRP Evaluation Report
Title of the Co-ordinated Research Project:
Use of nuclear techniques for developing integrated nutrient and water management practices for
agroforestry systems
Section/Division:
Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture
Period Covered:
1998-12-01 through 2005-12-31
Objectives of CRP:
(a) Overall (Agency Project towards which CRP directed):
To develop guidelines for the use of trees to improve integrated nutrient and water management
for sustainable crop production.
(b) Specific (CRP):
1. To understand how trees contribute to N, C and P cycling and the availability of nutrients and
water to crops.
2. To identify how tree-crop systems can be manipulated for improved nutrient and water use.
3. To identify relationships between N and C fractions of soil organic matter and capacity for
long-term productivity.
Outputs:
(a) Research:
Output 1. Results from on-station and on-farm experiments on nutrients and water dynamics in
Agroforestry systems: The work conducted under the CRP has demonstrated that trees provide
significant benefits for agricultural systems, including improved soil structure, nutrient and water
availability, reduced nutrient loss through reduced leaching and general improvements in soil
fertility. Improved soil physical properties (infiltration, aggregates, bulk density and water
supply) complemented the nutrients in improving post-fallow maize yields.
Output 2. Information on promising management practices in agroforestry systems: Various
agroforestry systems were investigated and compared across Africa, Asia and Latin America
during the CRP. In most cases, the introduction of trees in combination with crops allowed an
additional production in total biomass of the system compared to the natural system. This has
generally positive effects, on the short term as a source of biomass for animals and on the short
and longer terms for the recycling of crop biomass into the soil and the overall carbon balance
and soil water status.
Output 3. Better understanding of the role of integrated water and nutrient management practices
to improve crop production in agroforestry systems: The experiments conducted during the
project allowed a better quantification of the contribution of nitrogen-fixing trees in term of
carbon and nitrogen in the cropping system. The use of the 15N tracing techniques particularly
through the labelling of fertiliser and/or of organic matter (tree 15N injection method) in
combination with N balances provided new insights into the use efficiency of sources of
nitrogen. Similarly, carbon-13 and oxygen-18 techniques were used to better understand the
physiology of trees and their responses to seasonal variation in climate, carbon and water
dynamics of agroforestry systems.
Appendix E.1
(b) Others:
Output 4. Increased skill levels of participants: All contract holder from Africa, Asia and Latin
America gained great experience in integrated soil and water management and more specifically
in the use of isotopes and nuclear techniques in agroforestry systems. Networking among CRP
partners, including contract and agreement holders contributed significantly in enhancing
scientific skills and institutional capacities for on-farm and on-station research on agroforestry
systems.
Output 5. Dissemination of project results and Publication of TECDOC: The work carried out
during the CRP resulted in substantial scientific progress and results. More than 30 scientific
papers have been published, several student theses were accomplished. In addition, a summary of
the overall scientific progress achieved in the CRP has been documented in the final project
report and in the IAEA-TECDOC under editing.
Effectiveness of CRP:
(a) In reaching Specific Objective:
A detailed evaluation of project achievements has been made during the final RCM, in line with
initial project specific objectives.
Objective 1 (To understand how trees contribute to N, C and P cycling and the availability of
nutrients and water to crops). The research carried out under the CRP has involved the
quantification of contribution of fixing trees in term of carbon, nitrogen and water dynamics.
However, little work has been conducted in the CRP on phosphorus (P) cycling, since most of
the research effort was focused on nitrogen and water components. Experiments carried out in
Africa (Kenya) and Malaysia showed that crop yield benefited from fallow system and that these
benefits were enhanced by rock phosphate. Work done at ICRAF demonstrated that green
manure systems generally improves P availability and rock P dissolution.
Objective 2 (To identify how tree-crop systems can be manipulated for improved nutrients and
water use). The experimental work demonstrated that high density legume tree stands, with
pruning cycle and no fertiliser can potentially result in higher yields compared to standard
fertiliser practice, in addition to an important additional benefit on water quality. Work done by
CIAT-TSBF evaluated different agroforestry trees and compared their impacts in alley cropping
systems. Research carried out at ICRAF showed that using weeds as green manure could also
provide benefits to the cropping system. Results obtained in Latin America have also shown that
crop biomass production increased by association with pasture legumes. In Africa, research has
demonstrated the benefits of coppicing legume fallows, compared to non-coppicing fallow. It
was also shown that mixing coppicing with non-coppicing tree species could result in improved
fallow systems.
Objective 3 (To identify relationships between N and C fractions of soil organic matter and
capacity for long-term productivity). The research carried out by several CRP partners showed
that the soil carbon and organic matter fraction increased under agroforestry systems. Results
also showed that the roots contribute more N to soil water soluble aggregates than the shoots,
The use of N-15 technique allowed the quantification of nitrogen partitioning to soil organic
matter (SOM) pools. Similarly, the use of C-13 allowed the quantification of the carbon portion
in residue retained in SOM. Work carried out by TSBFI demonstrated that the recovery of
nutrients from tree residues by the crop was low, but that the recovery from the soil was high,
probably due to different time scales of organic matter decomposition.
Overall, the technical knowledge gained from this CRP has the potential to be applied to a broad
range of agrofrestry systems, and to improve the understanding of system interactions.
(b) In contributing towards Overall (i.e. Agency Project) Objective:
The CRP aimed at developing integrated nutrient and water management practices for
Agroforestry systems through the use of nuclear techniques, which contributes directly in
Appendix E.2
Millennium Development Goals by targeting sustainable agricultural production while
minimizing environmental degradation.
The scientific objectives and achievements of the project are in line with project area D1.02
(IAEA PWB 1999-2000/2001/2002-2003 and 2004-2005), with the overall strategy set in the
medium term plan of the sub-programme D1, and with the strategic objectives of the FAO's
Department of Agriculture. These research goals are also highly relevant to a number of Member
States from Africa, Asia and Latin America with high potential for application of agroforestry
systems.
The use of isotopes and nuclear techniques are essential to obtain quantitative estimates and
subsequent evaluation of soil, water and nutrient management practices as well as to monitor the
value of the interventions on plants and cropping systems. The CRP also resulted in the
formation of a network of international and national research institutes working on Agroforestry
systems. Experimental guidelines were developed to address the main priority areas in an
integrated manner using nuclear techniques. Promising results have been obtained and
disseminated to end-users through appropriate linkages to extension networks and by conducting
on-farm trials.
(c) Factors, if any, which adversely affected the effectiveness of the CRP:
Lack of technical training in the application of stable isotope techniques (mainly carbon-13 and
oxygen-18) in integrated soil and water management. A wider adoption of these techniques could
provide additional knowledge of processes within agroforestry systems such as patterns of water
use and adaptations to environmental variation. Technical training is also highly needed
particularly for African scientists in the field of water-related isotope techniques and to identify
potential tree species that are adapted to semi-arid lands (e.g. role of trees in combating the
effects of desertification). The time frame of the CRP did not allow the long-term impact
assessment of agroforestry systems, soil nutrient and water balances and systems dynamics and
sustainability.
Impact of the CRP:
The work conducted under the CRP has demonstrated that trees and agroforestry systems have
great potential benefits on agricultural systems, including improved soil structure, nutrient and
water availability, reduced nutrient loss through reduced leaching and general improvements in
soil fertility, in addition to improved soil physical properties such as infiltration, aggregates, bulk
density and water holding capacity.
Long term improvement of cropping systems productivity were also associated with coppicing
trees and mixed fallows. There was more improvement of soil biology under the tree systems
compared to no-tree systems. In addition, the agroforestry systems such as those studied in the
CRP, have other potential benefits from the presence of the trees, such as providing shading for
animals, brows for dry period, high quality biomass for livestock and the possibility to enhance
or restore systems biodiversity (fauna, birds, insects, etc.)
The work conducted during the CRP allowed a better quantification of the contribution of
nitrogen-fixing trees in term of carbon and nitrogen in the cropping systems. The use of the
nitrogen-15 and carbon-13 tracing techniques in combination with soil nutrient balances
provided important insights into the nutrient use efficiencies, the dynamics of soil organic matter,
with the potential to improve the matching of trees to cropping systems and the environment.
The technical knowledge gained from this CRP has the potential to be applied to a broad range of
agroforestry systems, and to improve the understanding of system interactions. The CRP
generated important new knowledge on the interactions of the crop-tree-soil complex in
agroforestry systems. It has demonstrated, for instance that using tree leaves in combination with
additional sources of nitrogen, may provide viable alternatives and economic incentives for the
adoption of agroforestry systems. As trees are able to access nitrogen and water from deeper soil
Appendix E.3
layers than crops, they may provide an important way to increase nutrient and water supply to
crops, in addition to the application of green manures.
A special concern for establishing agroforestry systems is the competition between trees and
crops for water. However, there is some evidence from work carried out within the CRP in the
humid tropics (Malaysia) and sub-tropics (China) that competition for water is mostly confined
to the early phases of establishment. In these areas, once trees have established, they are able to
access water from deeper in the soil profile and may actually improve water availability for crops
through hydraulic lift/redistribution. These findings could potentially lead to important impacts
on the management of agroforestry systems.
Relevance of the CRP:
One of the major challenges related to the Millennium Development goals is the need to expand
both cash and food crop production for most developing countries, to face the rapidly growing
population and limited availability of productive land. The over-exploitation of vegetation and
soil resources and adoption of inappropriate farming methods have resulted in land degradation
and deterioration of the environment, including soil erosion and compaction, loss of soil fertility
and ground water quality, deforestation, desertification and reduced biodiversity. Agroforestry
practices, which involve combining trees with crops and/or animals, can play a major role in
rehabilitation of nutrient-depleted soils and food production, while also providing products for
income generation and potentially increasing biodiversity.
Recommended future action by Agency:
Further support and training is needed in the application of stable isotope techniques, to enhance
the achievements and outcomes of the CRP. A wider adoption of carbon-13 and oxygen-18
techniques, in particular, could provide additional knowledge of processes within agroforestry
systems such as patterns of water use and adaptations to environmental variation.
Resulting Publications:
- Over 30 scientific papers have been produced under the CRP (see list of publications in the
final CRP report)
- More than five student theses accomplished within the CRP.
- RCM reports and documents: all reports and documents published on the SWMCN section
website.
- An IAEA TECDOC Document is under preparation with papers from the CRP participants.
Appendix E.4
CRP No. 1216 (D15006)
Development of management practices for sustainable crop production systems on tropical acid
soils through the use of nuclear and related techniques
Section/Division:
Period Covered:
1999-10-15 through 2004-12-31
Objectives of CRP:
To develop integrated soil, water and nutrient management (SWNM) practices to increase and
sustain productivity of tropical acid soils.
(b) Specific (CRP):
To improve agricultural production of tropical acid soils through a) the use of adapted plants, b)
the amelioration of soil acidity and infertility and c) improved soil, water, nutrient and crop
management.
Outputs:
(a) Research:
i. Acid-tolerant and P-efficient genotypes that have been screened and validated. Screening
techniques available and recommendations for future work available.
ii. Data on carbon and nitrogen cycling and dynamics have been obtained using nuclear-based
techniques under a wide range of environments, cropping and tillage systems.
iii. Improved SWNM practices to ameliorate acidity and N and P infertility of the crops grown in
tropical acid savannahs of Africa and Latin America, with appropriate guidelines available.
iv. Satisfactory dissemination of results. A TECDOC containing 18 manuscripts from the
participants has been preliminarily prepared and 4 review papers for submission to peer-reviewed
scientific journals are in preparation. In the course of the project the participants have published
some and others are still in preparation.
(b) Others:
Networking significantly contributed to enhance human skills and institutional capacities for onfarm and on-station research on integrated SWNM practices.
An agronomic Phosphate Rock (PR) database with standard characterization of PR solubility
measurements has been created and a decision support system for direct application of PR
sources (PR DSS) was developed under a joint FAO/IAEA and IFDC collaboration project. The
PR database has been further expanded including entries from geological and agronomic key
references. Some of these data will be made available as it will be included in the DAPR (Direct
Application of Phosphate Rock) website created jointly by FAO/IAEA and IFDC.
This CRP demonstrated the importance of appropriate crop, soil, water and nutrient management
in improving soil fertility, better use and conservation of soil and water and thereby increasing
crop productivity in tropical acid soils under the particular farming conditions prevailing in
Africa and Latin America. An integrated management approach including zero or conservation
Appendix E.5
tillage, chemical fertilizers and local resources (BNF of legumes, organic residues, phosphate
rocks) and adapted crop genotypes was developed to efficiently utilise and conserve soil and
water resources and optimize the use and recycling of nutrients at the level of cropping systems.
32P isotopic techniques were improved for their application in very low P and high P sorption
(fixation) acid soils. The 13C natural abundance technique yielded useful information to test the
SOC models in sub-humid tropical conditions under a complex pattern of cropping systems in
which both C3 and C4 plants were intercropped/rotated. Studies were also initiated in long term
experiments to assess the impact of these management practices on the sustainability of cropping
systems. This work will be fully developed under the recently started CRP on Conservation
Agriculture (D1.50.09). It also showed the great potential of using the "adapted plant" approach
to cope with nutritional stresses such Al toxicity, N and P deficiencies, in particular to make
cost-effective and socio-economic viable the use of external inputs by small resource-poor
farmers.
This CRP developed integrated crop, soil, water and nutrient management practices to increase
and sustain agricultural production in tropical acid soils using isopic, nuclear and related
techniques. Thus this project contributed to the objectives of project area E1.02 of the IAEA
PWB 1999-2000/2001/2002-2003/2004-2005 "Development of soil management and
conservation practices for sustainable crop production and environmental protection". The main
objective of this project area is to improve soil conservation, sustainable crop production and
environmental protection by identifying and promoting appropriate practices using isotopic,
nuclear and related techniques.
Impact of the CRP:
In view of its broad scope this CRP has generated much information on the integrated crop, soil,
water and nutrient management practices to increase and sustain agricultural production in
tropical acid soils using isopic, nuclear and related techniques. In addition it has consolidated
activities started under past Phosphate CRP (1995-1999) by developing a phosphate rock (PR)
database and a decision support system for PR direct application (PRDSS). Various nuclear and
isotopic-aided studies were conducted along the main areas of investigation to: 1) Identify and
utilise acid-tolerant and P- and N-efficient genotypes, 2) Address issues of soil acidity and
infertility in particular N and P deficiencies, and 3) Develop improved soil and water
management and conservation practices for acid savannah soils. Nuclear, isotopic and related
techniques were employed to obtain quantitative information on the dynamics of water and
nutrients in cropping systems to better understand the processes and factors influencing the
productivity of the agricultural production systems and to pilot-test improved interventions or
management practices designed to alleviate soil constraints to agricultural production while
conserving the natural resource base. For instance the soil moisture neutron probe was utilised
for monitoring soil water status, 15N isotopic techniques for measuring various processes of N
cycling (N recovery from organic residues and chemical fertilisers, biological nitrogen fixation in
legumes, N losses from applied fertilizers, etc.) and N balance in the soil-plant system; 32P
radioisotopic techniques for identifying P-efficient crop genotypes, evaluating the effect of
management practices on soil P dynamics and the agronomic effectiveness of P fertilisers, in
particular phosphate rock-derived products; 13C isotopic techniques for the identification of
sources of organic carbon in soil C stocks and long-term soil organic matter dynamics.
According to FAO estimates, only 11% of the earth's surface is currently cultivated (1406 Mha)
and about 24% (3900 Mha) is potentially arable, most of which, 2500 Mha, is composed of acid
soils with 1700 Mha located in the humid tropics. Thus, the greatest potential for expanding
agricultural land lies in the tropical forest and savannah regions dominated by acid, infertile soils.
Highly weathered acid soils, mostly Oxisols and Ultisols, cover 1.7 billion ha, approximately
43% of the world's tropical land area; with 64% in Latin America, 38% in Asia and 27% in
Africa. The savannahs are mainly located in humid and sub-humid tropical areas and comprise a
Appendix E.6
sizeable amount of the agricultural land in many countries of Africa and Latin America and
include also the largely anthropic savannahs of tropical Asia. Therefore, there is an urgent need
for a sustainable intensification of agricultural production in the tropical savannahs areas.
The impact of the management practices
developed under this project on the sustainability of the cropping systems is currently
investigated in the CRP on Conservation Agriculture (D1.50.09).
The results obtained from the CRP (D1.50.06) also show great potential of using the "adapted
plant" approach to cope with nutritional stresses such Al toxicity and nutrient (N and P)
deficiencies, in particular to make cost-effective and socio-economic viable the use of external
inputs by poor farmers. The 'adapted plant' approach will become the main subject of another
CRP to start in 2006 under the project area E1.05 "Identification and development of crop
germplasm with superior resource efficiency and nutritional value and adapted to harsh
environments".
Future actions to develop new initiatives have been already taken. A new CRP on "Conservation
Agriculture" (D1.50.09) has started this year. A Consultants Meeting on "Selection and
development of germplasm tolerant to nutritional stress in tropical crops" has been also held in
Vienna, July 2005 and a new CRP has been formulated.
- Internal: A TECDOC (18 manuscripts and 363 pages) is in final stages of preparation
- External: four review papers are available
- A total of 104 papers generated by the participants (till now). They are as follows: 50 journal
and conference papers published; 28 papers to be submitted and 26 communications in
conferences/meetings.
- Production of a FAO Fertilizer and Plant Nutrition Bulletin No. 13 "Use of phosphate rock for
sustainable agriculture"
- Results from joint collaborative work between IFDC and the Joint FAO/IAEA Programme:
Creation of phosphate rock (PR) solubility database and an expanded PR agronomic database;
Creation of a decision support system for PR application (PRDSS);
Creation of a website for direct application of phosphate rock (DAPR).
Appendix E.7
CRP No. 1141 (D23021)
Molecular characterization of mutated genes controlling important traits for seed crop
improvement
Section/Division:
Period Covered:
1999-07-07 through 2005-07-06
Objectives of CRP:
To assist Member States in the application of the molecular genetics of mutated genes to improve
production in both major cereals and related under-utilised crops.
(b) Specific (CRP):
1. To collectively develop, characterise and data-base mutant collections of key crops for
application by CRP members and the world scientific community.
2. To molecularly characterise new or existing mutants affecting key agronomic traits in major
crops and using comparative approaches in under-utilised crops with a view to their eventual
isolation.
Outputs:
(a) Research:
Maize
1) Mapping, isolation and sequencing of the Indian maize mutant opaque 2 allele.
2) QTLs for resistance to Asian cron borer identified and mapped.
3) Candidate genes of the QTL for DTA (days to anthesis) identified.
4) New midge resistance genes Gm 7 and Gm * have been mapped.
Rice
1) Rice mutant germplasm bank established.
Mutants screened for tolerance to abiotic stresses.
2) Two rice mutants (T99 & T1003) resistant to blast (Piricularia oryzae) identified.
2.1) T99 is resistant to over 140 blast strains.
2.2) Genetic inheritance and control of the blast resistance established.
2.3) An early maturing mutant T0020 identified.
2.4) Mutants submitted to the rice repository.
3) Fine mapping of the pms3 (photoperiod-sensitive genic male sterile gene) locus on rice
chromosome 12 and sequencing of a BAC clone containing the pms3 locus.
4) Sheath blight (Rhizoctonia solani) resistant mutant T0726 found.
5) Early maturing (50 days earlier) mutant T0448 found.
6) QTLs for cold tolerance found and mapped.
7) Markers for tiller number identified and mapped.
8) One mutant with better bacterial leaf blight resistance and higher yield found.
9) Released 15 rice mutants as uniform breeding lines; 11 semi dwarf mutants, 2 dominant and 1
recessive genetic male steriles, 1 low phytic acid mutant with 45% reduction in phytic acid,
which should enhance nutritional availability of Fe and Zn.
Low phytic acid value-added mutant (Lpa1) mapped to chromosome 2L.
Appendix E.8
Wheat
1) Markers for fingerprinting important Bulgarian wheat varieties.
2) Powdery mildew resistance introgressed into wheat from Aegilops variabilis.
3) High throughput SSR markers have been developed and mapped.
4) Software for SNP discovery in hexaploid wheat has been developed from contig'd EST data.
5) Novel microsatellite isolation protocol established.
6) Wheat disease resistance gene analogues isolated.
Flax
1) High oleic acid mutant.
2) Low seed mucilage mutant.
3) Low seed cyanogenic glucoside segregants.
Fox tail millet
1) Mutant breeding line with good agronomic performance and big dense spikes was produced.
2) AFLP markers for herbicide (sethoxydim) tolerance identified and mapped.
Soy bean
Soybean hypernodulation genetic locus identified and mapped.
Barley
1) Protocol for direct quantification of levels of DNA marker polymorphism resulting from
mutagenic treatment of plant germplasm.
2) five root hair development mutants.
3) A new mutant conferring resistance to powdery mildew resistance in Pisum developed/
identified and mapped.
Potato
1) An ultra high density map with over 10 000 markers across 12 potato linkage groups.
2) Physical map of linkage group V.
(b) Others:
Molecular marker technology transfer to Indian and international visitors through hands-on
training and workshops.
48 publications in national and international scientific journals.
Exemplified by the plethora of results (characterized mutants and advanced mutant lines), also
mirrored by the track record of publications, this CRP was very efficient in networking
researchers from developing countries and advanced research institutions.
Most noteworthy is the impact of the CRP in rice, wheat, maize and barley, which in turn offered
a platform to progress in flax and fox tail millet. CRP participants were actively involved in
developing and optimizing high throughput molecular marker techniques (AFLP, SSR. SNP) and
strategies (candidate genes).
This CRP has effectively provided a technical and scientific platform, and linkage to strengthen
and increase collaboration among participating research groups belonging to both developing and
developed countries.
Impact of the CRP:
The output generated through this CRP has significant impact on the development of new crop
varieties, particularly for orphan/Cinderella crops, which are out of the focus of mainstream
science and where not much financial resources are invested, but which are essential in local
Appendix E.9
settings and which face the same problems than the heavily funded major staple crops (e.g. rice,
maize, wheat). Further, this CRP added to the deepening of knowledge on marker technologies,
genomics and to advocating the use of induced mutations in crop improvement and basic
research.
1) Mutagenesis and genomics
Given the amount of success in utilising crop plant varieties containing mutated genes, and the
still rapidly growing human population, it is clear that there is a strong requirement for further
mutagenesis programmes in plants. Given the increasing focus on quality and stress traits, it is
becoming essential to develop high throughput 'smart' phenotypic screening procedures. It is also
possible that reverse genetic approaches, methods aimed at detecting lesions in a specific target
gene identified from a DNA sequence database (e.g. TILLING) will become increasingly
important. Such methods require a detailed knowledge of the spectrum of mutational effects
caused by particular mutagens (e.g. comparisons between different chemical and radiation
treatment), as the methodologies employed for mutation detection are dictated by the exact
nature of the spectrum of mutational events caused by the specific mutagen employed. The
molecular nature of these mutational events are still poorly described and there are conflicting
reports in the scientific literature.
2) Molecular marker technologies
Molecular markers have become essential tools in plant genetics, for linkage map construction,
trait mapping, and gene isolation. Recently, such markers have been employed in marker assisted
selection (MAS). Markers have become increasingly sophisticated since the advent of RFLPs,
moving towards almost universal use of PCR-based marker systems (e.g. RAPD, SSR, ISSR,
AFLP, SNPs etc). Nonetheless, given the importance of comparative genomics, use of strictly
'orthologous' markers such as RFLPs and STS markers still have a major role to play. Highly
multiplex markers, such as AFLPs, are seen largely as an efficient way of rapidly filling out
linkage maps, targeting markers to trait/QTL locations and genotyping. For map construction
there is still a requirement for deployment of locus specific markers (RFLPs, SSRs) to allow
identification of linkage groups. There is currently a move towards markers based on the assay of
single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), as these are amenable to non-gel based assays (and
therefore potentially higher throughput), and furthermore, represent the most frequent and
universal type of polymorphism found in plant genomes. However, SNPs are at present relatively
expensive to deploy, and may be more useful in situations where markers are being targeted to a
particular candidate gene, or genomic region harbouring trait genes or QTLs. Global high-density
SNP mapping remains prohibitively expensive in crop plants at the present time, but doubtless,
this will change as SNP application technology becomes less expensive. At the present time,
SNP-based markers offer the best potential for systematically quantifying single-base changes in
DNA, caused by mutagenic treatment. However, owing to the relatively small proportion of the
genome that can be scanned per assay, such experiments are expensive to conduct, if robust
estimates of mutation frequencies are to be obtained.
3) Key future areas of research
Mutation projects initiated in the future should be designed with a view to the possibilities for
screening pools of mutant plants by means other than visual inspection in the field (i.e.
phenotypic screens). For example, it seems logical to grow mutation grids in such a way as to
allow DNA isolation from all M2 families or plants to allow the possibility for using molecular
methods to screen for mutants in candidate genes (e.g. TILLING). For some crop plants
mutational variation is still not available and this situation needs to be addressed.
Induced mutation processes in plants are still inadequately quantified, but progress is being made
(Poland, Portugal, Korea). These studies are essentially based on the use of genome scanning
methods, such as AFLP, which by comparison to other marker technologies, can access relatively
large components of the genome in a single assay, due to its having a high 'multiplex ratio'. Other
Appendix E.10
studies (Scotland) in barley have shown that this approach can yield mutation rates for EMS of 1
change per 60,000bp (R. Waugh and D. Caldwell, unpublished data) at higher doses. Studies are
suggesting that the 'global' rate of mutation in lines selected for having a mutant phenotype in a
targeted trait is quite high in some studies. It is clear that further studies of this type are needed to
assess both the spectrum and frequency of mutational events in treated germplasm. It is more
difficult to assess the frequency of 'gross' lesions, such as deletions or chromosomal
rearrangements, and in some cases the molecular techniques employed will not be able to
differentiate between these and single basepair mutations. Direct cytological observation is
needed but it is very difficult to quantify frequency of events on a scale that is statistically
meaningful.
It is possible, for most crops, to sequence the vast majority of genes very rapidly (<1 year, given
adequate funding), usually through EST generation and sequencing. What remains more difficult
is to establish the function of the very large proportion of genes or ESTs that have no or only
weak homologies to 'known' function genes. Furthermore, mis-annotation of sequences in
databases is widespread. ESTs are allocated status of candidate genes by virtue of putative
function, microarray/differential display/Northern data, or less commonly, map location (linkage
to QTL?), and require functional testing to assign/prove function. Functional information lags
way behind our ability to obtain sequence data. Various strategies exist for establishing function
of coding sequences: microarrays, GM methods (transformation, anti-sense approaches etc),
VIGs, TILLING, GeneMachines (based on transposon mutagenesis), conventional mutagenesis.
However, it is clear that use of mutagenised populations, in combination with a targeted method
to detect gene-specific lesions offers a potentially powerful way of redressing the balance
between our lack of functional information and the vast, and ever increasing amounts of gene
sequence data. This will allow us to move towards the closure of the 'phenotype gap', which is
still evident for most genes and traits in most crops.
This CRP was of paramount importance to the participating research contract and agreement
holder programmes. At the moment of its inception, the concept of this CRP was at the forefront
of advanced scientific and technological developments in the field of modern plant breeding.
During the CRP, and through this CRP, participants were part of the driving force of this
innovative thinking (see references). Now, part of these developments are already established as
routines, and the original concept is well established as mainstream thinking. This CRP was
essential to allow developing Member States to participate in this endeavour, to assure
technology transfer, to allow for adaptation of advanced techniques to less sophisticated
infrastuctures where appropriate, and to successfully explore tapping the wealth of genetic,
genomic and technological resources, built up in model crops, to profit so-called orphan or
cinderella crops. Last but not least, this CRP demonstrated the efficiency of mutation induction
to fill the conceptual gaps in the genomics approach and paradigm. Conversely, this CRP also
demonstrated how genomics profits mutation induction technology, both highlighted aspects
explaining the recent renaissance in the interest of the international scientific community for
mutation induction. Presented reports indicate that molecular markers have become essential
tools in plant genetics (USA - rice, Brazil - maize, Bulgaria - wheat, Canada - flax), for linkage
map construction (USA - maize), trait mapping (Korea - rice, Turkey - wheat), and gene
isolation (Poland - barley, Korea - soybean). Generally, markers have been increasing in
sophistication since the advent of RFLPs, moving towards almost universal use of PCR-based
marker systems. Nonetheless, given the importance of comparative genomics, use of strictly
'orthologous' markers such as RFLPs and STS markers derived from them, still have a major
role to play (UK -pearl millet, rice and wheat, Brazil - rice). Highly multiplex markers, such as
AFLPs, are seen largely as an efficient way of rapidly filling out linkage maps and targeting
markers to trait/QTL locations (India - rice, China - maize and foxtail millet, Portugal - peas).
Such markers can be converted to single locus PCR markers but the costs/effort involved render
it suitable only for small numbers of markers (i.e. those mapping to a particular genetic interval
or locus). There is currently a move towards markers based on the assay of single nucleotide
polymorphisms (SNPs), as these are amenable to non-gel based assays (and therefore potentially
higher throughput), and furthermore, represent the most frequent and universal type of
Appendix E.11
polymorphism found in plant genomes (Korea - soybean). However SNPs are, at present,
relatively expensive to deploy, and are thought to be more useful in situations where markers are
being targeted to a particular candidate gene or genomic region. It s a strong requirement for
further mutagenesis programmes in plants. For many crops this will increase the number of
mutations available to plant breeders (Poland - barley, The Philippines, China and Brazil - rice),
whereas for others it will make large numbers of mutants available for the very first time (UK potato).
1. Work towards the establishment of mutagenised plant populations for all crop plant species,
especially those that suffer from a lack of well-described phenotypic variation. Where possible
these programmes should be designed with the potential for use with reverse genetic approaches
(i.e. accurate plant/family identification, barcoding, DNA isolation from all M2 families (or
storage of leaf tissue at -800C), different mutagen dosages, etc).
2. Perform/encourage studies to determine frequency, magnitude and nature of mutagenic events
due to different treatments. The analysis of the mechanism of mutation is still important, and
wherever possible these studies should make use of the fully sequenced genomes of rice and
Arabidopsis.
3. Move towards robust SNP-based marker types (AFLPs, SNPs) and away from 'inefficient' (in
terms of the number of markers detected and the rate of polymorphism) types of markers (e.g.
RAPD, ISSR). In the end decisions come down to cost, efficiency and reliability of markers. In
the era of 'gene sequencing' we need functional markers, preferably in genes themselves, so it is
easy to see why SNPs may become the most sought-after marker type. More work is needed on
the development of relatively inexpensive (<$1 per assay) methods for SNP evaluation and we
recommend that partners seek out and try different methods and share their experiences with
those working in less well-equipped laboratories.
4. Establish and use 'generic' reverse genetic methodologies (e.g. TILLING), using mutagenised
plant populations. Such methodologies should not depend on biological activity of particular
transposons etc, so they will be applicable equally across all crops and models.
5. Assemble/utilise the increasingly available information from EST libraries and genebanks (e.g.
for various plant species at various stages of development, under different stress conditions) to
identify candidate genes for trait/mutant phenotypes. Whenever possible genetic/reverse genetic
approaches should be used to test possibility that candidate gene is trait gene. Also increased
efforts to map ESTs would create 'functional' maps of crop plants, which greatly facilitate
candidate gene identification.
6. Develop efficient screening methods for mutations in particular plant structures and pathways.
7. Encourage multi-disciplinary and collaborative efforts to exploit new genomic approaches for
plant research and breeding crops for improved characteristics.
8. Establish genetic populations for more comprehensive analysis of QTLs underlying complex
traits. NILs (near isogenic lines) or CSSLs (chromosome segment substitution lines) which have
a small chromosomal segment containing the target QTLs or genes of a donor parent in the
recurrent parent background are necessary to facilitate the more comprehensive analysis of target
QTLs.
9. Stimulate the exchange of germplasm.
In summary:
Research on the evaluation of the mutants generated from this CRP, especially for nutritional
quality and acceptability by consumers, is of the utmost importance. Mechanisms for the release
Appendix E.12
of the improved varieties that might result from these efforts should also be established to allow
farmers to benefit quickly from them. This will require the improvement of facilities in
participating countries and the training of personnel in the use of mutagenesis, tissue culture and
MAS.
Human resources development activities are highly recommended to allow the dissemination of
know-how from this CRP, to benefit researchers from various Member States. If supported,
short-term workshops/training programmes in developing countries for technology transfer
should accomplish this.
Sharing of germplasm among participating countries is also highly desirable. The Mutant
Germplasm Repository (MGR) has been established by the Joint FAO/IAEA Programme for this
purpose. In this respect, the assistance of IPGRI in developing Material Transfer Agreements
would be appreciated. The recently approved FAO International Treaty for PGRFA offers
opportunities in this respect.
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Paiva (2004). Characterization of genes expressed in the maize endosperm Indian Bol II mutant.
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Silva, Sérgio D.A. Flooding tolerance in oats. Journal of New Seeds, New York, v. 5, n. 4, p.
29-42, 2003.
3. ZimmeR, Paulo D.; MattoS, Luiz Anderson T.; Oliveira, Antonio Costa de; Carvalho,
Fernando I.F. de; Magalhães J.R., Ariano; Kopp, Maurício Marini; Freitas, Fabio A.
Identification of rice mutants(Oryza sativa L.) for agronomical and root system traits. Revista
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initial breeding material obtained by crossing common wheat T.aestivum with Aegilops species.
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mildew and leaf rust in Triticum aestivum x Aegilops variabilis cross by gamma irradiation
(submitted to Field Crops Research).
6. Niu YH, Li Y, Shi YS, Song YC, Ma ZY, Wang TY, H Darmency, 2002. AFLP mapping for
the gene conferring Sethoxydim resistance in foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.). Acta
Agron. Sin. 28:359-362.
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quantitative trait loci for cold tolerance in weedy rice. Breeding Sci. 54: 373-380.
9. Oh C.S., Lee S.J., Yoon D.B., Suh J.P., Ahn S.N. (2004) QTLs for domestication-related and
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10. Kim, M.Y., K.Van, P. Lestari, J.-K. Moon and S.-H. Lee (2005) SNP identification and
SNAP marker development for a GmNARK gene controlling supernodulation in soybean. Theor.
Appl. Genet. (in press, online published)
11. Van, K., K.-S. Kim, B-K Ha, T.-H. Jun, H.-J. Jang, M. Y. Kim, S.-H. Lee (2005) Molecular
marker characterization of a supernodulating soybean mutant SS2-2. Korean J. Breeding (in
press).
12. Pereira, G., M. Sousa and J. Leitão, 2001. Identification of molecular markers linked to
powdery mildew (Erysiphe pisi Syd.) resistance mutated genes in Pisum sativum. Acta
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Appendix E.13
13. Rutger, J.N., V. Raboy, K.A.K. Moldenhauer, R.J. Bryant, F.N.Lee, and J.W. Gibbons. 2004.
Registration of KBNT lpa 1-1 low phytic acid germplasm of rice. Crop Sci. 44: 363.
14. Rutger, J.N. and R.J. Bryant. 2004. Registration of aromatic se rice germplasm. Crop Sci. 44:
363-364.
15. Rutger, J.N., K.A.K. Moldenhauer, K.A. Gravois, R.N. Lee, R.J. Bryant. 2004. Registration
of six semidwarf mutants of rice. Crop Sci. 44: 364-366.
16. Rutger, J.N., K.A.K. Moldenhauer, K.A. Gravois, F.N. Lee, R.J. Norman and R.J. Bryant.
2004. Registration of five induced semidwarf mutants of rice. Crop Sci. 44: 1496-1497.
17. Rutger, J.N., K.A.K. Moldenhauer, J.W. Gibbons, M.M. Anders, and R.J. Bryant. 2004.
Registration of LGRU ef early flowering mutant of rice. Crop Sci. 44: 1498.
18. Rutger, J.N., R.J. Bryant, K.A.K. Moldenhauer, and J.W. Gibbons. 2004. Registration of
goldhull low phytic acid (GLPA) germplasm of rice. Crop Sci. 44: 1497-1498.
19. Eizenga, G.C., F.N. Lee, Y. Jia. Identification of blast resistance genes in wild relatives of
rice (Oryza spp.) and newly introduced rice (O. sativa) lines. p. 29-36. In R.J. Norman. J.F.
Meullenet and K.A.K. Moldenhauer (eds.), B.R. Wells rice research studies 2003. Univ.
Arkansas, Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Series 517. (2004)
20. Kumar A., Jain A., Sahu R.K., Shrivastava M.N., Nair S., Madan Mohan (2005) Genetic
analysis of resistance genes for the rice gall midge in two rice genotypes. Crop Sci (in Press).
21. Jain A., Ariyadasa R., Kumar A., Srivastava M.N., Madan Mohan, Nair S. (2004) Tagging
and mapping of a rice gall midge resistance gene, Gm8, and development of SCARs for use in
marker-aided-selection (MAS) and gene pyramiding Theor Appl Genet 109:1377-1384.
22. Rajyashri, K.R. and Madan Mohan (2004) Gene pyramiding: A transgenic approach to
enhancing resistance durability in plants. In Transgenic Crop Protection: Concepts and
Strategies, O. Koul and G. S. Dhaliwal (eds.) pp. 219-260 Science Publishers Inc., Enfield, USA.
23. Harris M.O., Stuart J.J., Madan Mohan, Nair S., Lamb R.J., Rohfritsch O. (2003) Grasses and
Gall Midges: Plant Defense and Insect Adaptation Annu. Rev. Entomol. 48:549-57.
24. Sardesai N., Kumar A., Rajyashri K.D., Nair S., Madan Mohan (2002) Identification and
mapping of an AFLP marker linked to Gm7, a gall midge resistance gene and its conversion to a
SCAR marker for its utility in marker aided selection in rice Theor Appl Genet 105:691-69.
25. Sardesai N., Rajyashri K.R., Behura S.K., Nair S., Madan Mohan (2001) Genetic,
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Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 64:115-131.
26. COIMBRA, Jefferson L.M.; CARVALHO, Fernando I.F. de; OLIVEIRA, Antonio Costa de;
SILVA, José A G;LORENCETTI, Claudir. Comparison between chemical and physical
mutagens in oat populations.Ciência Rural, Santa Maria -RS, v. 35, n. 1, 2005 (in press). In
Portuguese with English abstract.
27. SILVA, Jose A.G.; CARVALHO, Fernando I.F. de; OLIVEIRA, Antonio Costa de;
MARCHIORO, Volmir S;LORENCETTI, Claudir; BENIN, Giovani; SCHMIDT, D;
HARTWIG, Irineu. Correlations and path analysis to identify characters associated to plant
stature and aluminum tolerance in double-haploid wheat under hydroponics. Revista Brasileira
de Agrociência, Pelotas, v. 10, n. 4, p. 419-425, 2004. In Portuguese with English abstract.
CHOCOROSQUI, Viviane; GUIDOLIN, Altamir Frederico. Criation of genetic variability for
the character vegetative cycle in oat: artificial hybridization versus induced mutation. Revista
Brasileira de Agrociência, Pelotas, v. 10, n. 2, p. 159-166, 2004. In Portuguese with English
abstract.
GUIDOLIN, Altamir Frederico. Criation of genetic variability for the character plant stature in
oat: artificial hybridization versus induced mutation Revista Brasileira de Agrociência, Pelotas,
v. 10, n. 3, p. 273-280, 2004. In Portuguese with English abstract.
30. VIEIRA, Eduardo Alano; CASTRO, Caroline Marques; OLIVEIRA, Antonio Costa de;
CARVALHO, Fernando I.F. de; ZIMMER, Paulo Dejalma; MARTINS, Luis Fernando. Genetic
Appendix E.14
structure of annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) populations estimated by RAPD. Scientia
Agricola, Piracicaba, v. 61, n. 4, p 407-413, 2004.
31. COIMBRA, Jefferson L.M.; CARVALHO, Fernando I.F. de; OLIVEIRA, Antonio Costa de.
Genetic variability in populations of oat induced by chemical and physical mutagenic agents.
Crop Breeding And Applied Biotechnology, Viçosa, v. 4, 2004.
32. LANNES, Sergio Dias; ZIMMER, Paulo Dejalma; OLIVEIRA, Antonio Costa de;
CARVALHO, Fernando I.F. de; VIEIRA, Eduardo Alano; MAGALHÃES JR, Ariano; KOPP,
Maurício Marini; FREITAS, Fabio Almeida de. In vitro regeneration of rice anthers of irrigated
rice (Oryza sativa L.) and mapping of associated QTL. Ciência Rural, Santa Maria, v. 34, n. 5, p.
1355-1362, 2004. . In Portuguese with English abstract.
33. SILVA, José A.G.; CARVALHO, Fernando I.F. de; OLIVEIRA, Antonio Costa de; SILVA,
Simone A.; MARCHIORO, Volmir S.; LORENCETTI, Claudir; BENIN, Giovani; SCHMIDT,
D.; HARTWIG, Irineu. Doublé-haploid wheat with potential for aluminum tolerance and
sensitivity to gibberellic acid in hydroponic culture. Revista Brasileira de Agrociência, Pelotas, v.
10, n. 1, 2004. In Portuguese with English abstract.
34. COIMBRA, Jefferson L.M.; CARVALHO, Fernando I.F. de; OLIVEIRA, Antonio Costa de.
Use of induced mutation and artificial crosses for increasing genetici variability for the character
vegetative cycle in oats. Revista Científica Rural, Bagé - RS, 2004. In Portuguese with English
abstract.
35. FREITAS, Fabio Almeida de; OLIVEIRA, Antonio Costa de; CARVALHO, Fernando I.F.
de; ZIMMER,Paulo D.; MATTOS, Luiz Anderson T.; KOPP, Mauricio M. Multivariate analysis
of ryegrass populations. Revista Brasileira de Agrociência, Pelotas, v. 9, n. 1, p. 17-23, 2003. In
Portuguese with English abstract.
36. CASTRO, C.M.; OLIVEIRA, Antonio Costa de; CARVALHO, Fernando I.F. de. Changes in
allele frequencies in colchicine-treated ryegrass populations assessed with RAPD markers.
Revista Brasileira de Agrociência, Pelotas, v. 9, n. 2, p. 107-112, 2003.
37. ZIMMER, Paulo D.; OLIVEIRA, Antonio Costa de; CARVALHO, Fernando I.F. de; KOPP,
Maurício Marini; FREITAS, Fabio A.; MATTOS, Luiz Anderson T. Genetic dissimilarity in
upland rice under flooding. Revista Brasileira de Agrociência, Pelotas, v. 9, n. 3, p. 201-206,
2003. In Portuguese with English abstract.
38. MARCHIORO, V.S.; CARVALHO, Fernando Irajá Félix de; OLIVEIRA, Antonio Costa de;
CRUZ, P.J.; LORENCETTI, C.; BENIN, Giovani; SILVA, J.A.G.; SCHMIDT, D. Genetic
dissimilarity among oat genotypes. Ciência e Agrotecnologia, Lavras, v. 27, n. 2, p. 285-294,
2003. In Portuguese with English abstract.
39. CHACON, Carlos Danilo Sanchez; SILVA, J.A.G.; LANNES, Sergio D.; CARVALHO,
Fernando I.F. de;OLIVEIRA, Antonio Costa de. Influencia de la epoca de polinizacion en el
desarrollo de embriones haploides mediante el sistema trigo x maiz. Revista Brasileira de
Agrociência, Pelotas, v. 9, n. 4, p. 329-336, 2003.
40. CASTRO, Caroline Marques; OLIVEIRA, Antonio Costa de; CARVALHO, Fernando I.F.
de; MAIA, Manoel de Sousa; MATTOS, Luiz Anderson T.; FREITAS, Fabio A. Morphological
and molecular characterizationof italian ryegrass populations. Crop Breeding And Applied
Biotechnology, Londrina, v. 3, n. 4, p. 245-254, 2003.
41. KUREK, Andreomar J.; CARVALHO, Fernando I.F. de; OLIVEIRA, Antonio Costa de;
CARGNIN, Adeliano; MARCHIORO, Volmir S.; LORENCETTI, Claudir. Correlation
coefficient for agronomical and grain quality characters and its use for plant selection in oats.
Ciência Rural, Santa Maria, v.32, n. 3, p. 371-376, 2002. In Portuguese with English abstract.
42. KUREK, Andreomar J.; CARVALHO, Fernando Iraja Felix de; OLIVEIRA, Antonio Costa
de; MARCHIORO, Volmir S.; CRUZ, P.J. Genetical factors related to the character cariopsis
percentage in White oat. Ciência Rural, Santa Maria, v. 32, n. 5, p. 751-756, 2002. In Portuguese
with English abstract.
43. CRUZ, P.J.; KUREK, Andreomar J.; CARVALHO, Fernando I.F. de; OLIVEIRA, Antonio
Costa de. Inheritance of the character average grain weight in White oat. Ciência Rural, Santa
Maria, v. 32, n. 1, p.54-57, 2002. In portuguese with English abstract.
Appendix E.15
44. MARCHIORO, Volmir S.; CARVALHO, Fernando I.F. de; OLIVEIRA, Antonio Costa de;
KUREK, Andreomar J.; LORENCETTI, Claudir; SILVA, José A.G.; CARGNIN, Adeliano.
Straytegies for changing the yield potential in oat genotypes: sowing time and fungicide
application. Revista Brasileira de Agrociência, Pelotas, v. 7, n. 1, p. 33-36, 2001. In Portuguese
with English abstract.
45. SILVA, C.L.; SILVA, Sérgio D.A.; ZIMMER, Paulo D.; MATTOS, L.a.t.; FREITAS, F.a.;
OLIVEIRA, Antonio Costa de. Variations in ADH and RAPD loci found in Brazilian White oat
genotypes. Agropecuária de Clima temperado, v. 3, n. 2, p. 139-149, 2000. In Portuguese with
English abstract.
46. COIMBRA, Jefferson L.M.; MARCHIORO, Volmir Sergio; LORENCETTI, Claudir;
AZEVEDO, Roni; CARVALHO, Fernando I.F. de; OLIVEIRA, Antonio Costa de; COSTA,
Fernando C. Comparison of mutagen dose effects on the M1 generation of fixed oat genotypes
(Avena sativa L.). RevistaBrasileira de Agrociência, Pelotas, v. 5, n. 1, p. 12-18, 1999. In
portuguese with English abstract.
47. SILVA, Simone Alves; CARVALHO, Fernando Irajá Félix de; CAETANO, Vanderlei da
Rosa; OLIVEIRA, Antonio Costa de; COIMBRA, Jefferson Luis Meirelles; VASCONCELLOS,
Noeli Júlia S; MARCHIORO,Volmir Sergio. Genetic differences and inheritability for the
characters vegetative cycle and plant stature in oat tested in lowland areas. Revista Científica
Rural, v. 4, n. 1, p. 85-91,1999. In Portuguese with English abstract.
48. CAIERÃO, Eduardo; CARVALHO, Fernando I.F. de; OLIVEIRA, Antonio Costa de;
LANNES, Sergio Dias; SILVA, Simone Alves; MARCHIORO, Volmir S. Expression of yield
components in oat segregant populations under distinct environmental effects. Agropecuaria
Clima Temperado, Pelotas, v. 2, n. 2, p. 179-188, 1999. In Portuguese with English abstract.
Appendix E.16
CRP No. 1039 (D31022)
improving the safety and efficiency of feeding ruminants on tanniniferous tree foliage
Section/Division:
Period Covered:
1998-07-01 through 2004-12-31
Objectives of CRP:
To improve the safety and efficiency of feeding ruminants on tanniniferous tree foliage.
(b) Specific (CRP):
1. Refine and standardise nuclear, chemical and biological assays for measuring tannins in plant
material and validate the usefulness of these techniques for predicting animal performance.
2. Develop strategies for enhancing utilization of tree leaves as livestock feed, using the validated
tannin assays.
Outputs:
(a) Research:
Main outputs from the first phase of the project:
All participating groups used the same protocols and standards for tannin assays, which enabled
comparison of the results and provided meaningful information. A manual containing
methodologies for the analysis of tannins using chemical-, protein precipitation/binding- and bioassays recommended by the consultants has been published (Makkar, 2003) and was used in both
the phases of the CRP.
1. A total of 48 species of tree leaves and browses were characterized for tannin levels and
activity. Ten of them were also evaluated in vivo studies. The apparent digestibility coefficients
of N correlated best with the following tannin assays: total phenol, total tannins, condensed
tannins, radiolabelled BSA method, and percentage increase in gas on inactivation of tannins
using polyethylene glycol (PEG) in the in vitro method for measuring gas production. When
these tannin values were adjusted according to the N level in the forages (tannin %/N %),
correlations remained high but were not improved. None of these values was a good predictor of
feed intake in the short term in vivo studies. Under the conditions of these short-term studies,
using a seven-day adaptation period, the intake data should be interpreted with caution. The
intake data gave variable relative values but there were indications that ruminants need a longer
adaptation period to tanniniferous forages.
2. Total phenols and tannins correlated best with the percentage increase in gas production on
inactivation of tannins by PEG in the in vitro gas production method, suggesting that these
assays, which are the simplest amongst the group of assays used in the first phase, provide useful
information on the biological activity of tannins in the rumen and also in the whole
gastrointestinal tract. In one study using leaves from 37 tree and browse species, it was
concluded that samples containing total phenols and tannin levels (measured according to the
methods outlined in this manual) up to 4% and 2%, respectively, are not expected to precipitate
protein nor cause increases in gas production on the addition of PEG in the in vitro gas
production method, and, therefore, are not likely to adversely affect ruminant productivity
(Getachew et al., 2002).
Appendix E.17
3. A spectrophotometric method based on rhodanine (Inoue and Hagerman, 1988) and an HPLC
method (Makkar, 2003) for gallotannins has been compared for 38 tree and browse samples. The
specificity and sensitivity of the HPLC method were higher than those of the rhodanine method.
However, similar results were obtained by the two methods for the samples containing
considerable levels of gallotannins of physiological significance. Using the HPLC method, 24
samples had negligible gallotannin levels (as gallic acid equivalent) (<0.1%), 9 samples
contained levels between 0.1 and 0.5%, Dichrostachys cinerea 0.73%, Acacia giraffae and
Calliandra calothyrsus 2% and 1.6%, respectively, Eucalyptus macrophylla 3.6% and A. hockii
14%.
4. A new and simpler spectrophotometric method, based on methanolysis of hydrolysable tannins
to methyl gallate and followed by its reaction with potassium iodate, has been developed under
the project (Hartzfeld et al., 2002). A protein precipitation capacity method, based on the
determination of protein by a modified dot blot method using amido black dye was also
developed (Hoffman et al., 2002). These methods should be included in the battery of selected
methods for use in the second phase.
5. The potential of tannins for use as anthelminths was recognised by the group, but it was not
included as a mandatory component in the second phase due to the need to focus efforts and the
time constraint.
6. It was agreed that the main thrust in the second phase (December 2001 to May 2004) should
be on using the above mentioned tannin assays to develop simple and economically viable
approaches to detanninify tannin-rich tree leaves and browses, and to exploit the full benefits of
tanniniferous plants as animal feed supplements and as strategic feed reserves in situations of
fluctuating nutrient supply.
Main achievements from the second phase (given group wise):
Ben Salem and co-workers, Tunisia
1. Wood ash treatment decreased tannin levels substantially (up to 70%) in Acacia cyanophylla
leaves. This treatment increased fibre and crude protein digestibility (14 and 8 percentage units,
respectively), N-retention (from -0.4 g/day to +2.4 g/day) and microbial protein supply (15
percentage units) in sheep, but it did not increase the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis,
probably due to a lack of energy. It is possible to use the same wood ash solution four or five
times to deactivate tannins.
2. Early experience of consumption of tannin-containing diets by lambs (up to an age of four
months) did not affect both the intake of A. cyanophylla leaves and growth of lambs later in life
(up to eight months of age).
3. Chopping, storage under anaerobic conditions, and water treatment decreased tannin levels in
A. cyanophylla leaves by 16, 28 and 27%, respectively. Further deactivation of tannins was
observed on using these treatments in combination. The highest level of deactivation (75%) was
obtained in chopped acacia leaves, which were sprinkled with water and anaerobically stored for
at least seven days.
4. Feeding of 100 g of air-dried A. cyanophylla leaves with 200 g of soya bean meal increased
daily gain of lambs offered oaten hay-based diets by 55%, possibly as a result of protection of
soya bean protein from degradation in the rumen by the leaf tannins and an increase in protein
availability post-ruminally. To achieve such effects, soya bean meal should be distributed after
consumption of the acacia leaves.
Alam and co-workers, Bangladesh
1. Albizia procera leaves contain deleterious levels of total tannins, particularly in the dry season
(6.1%). Tannin level in the wet season was 2.7%.
2. Treatments with either calcium hydroxide or potassium carbonate were as effective as
polyethylene glycol (PEG) treatment in reducing the content of tannin in A. procera leaves
collected in the dry season. The treatments (alkali applied as a spray, 2% of leaf dry matter; PEG
applied as a spray, 2 : 1 w/w, PEG : tannin) reduced the content of extractable total tannin by
Appendix E.18
about 93%. This reduction was improved marginally to 97% when the leaves were subjected to
drying in the sun for three days after the treatments.
3. Despite the dramatic reductions in extractable tannin content achieved following alkali
treatment, in vivo assessment showed that tannins were still present and as active in A. procera
leaves treated with calcium hydroxide as in untreated leaves. The growth rates and nitrogen
utilisation of goats supplemented with A. procera leaves were similar whether they were fed
untreated or calcium hydroxide treated leaves, and when the goats on these treatments were
supplemented with PEG, improvement in performance was also similar.
Tangendjaja and Wina, Indonesia
1. Soaking of chopped Acacia villosa leaves in water overnight reduced tannins by 41-76%.
2. Feeding of the soaked A. villosa leaves improved body weight gain of goats by 15%. Feeding
cassava flour with the soaked leaves further improved weight gain to 59%.
3. In vitro studies showed that tannins from fresh Calliandra calothyrsus leaves can be used to
improve rumen undegradable protein from soya bean meal and tofu waste. The effect was higher
with soya bean meal. The recommended proportion is 1 : 1 (w/w on a dry matter basis) for the
leaves and the protein source.
Vitti and co-workers, Brazil
1. Shrub and tree forages harvested in the North-East Region of Brazil (e.g. Mimosa hostilis,
Astronian urundeuva, Manihot pseudoglaziovii and Anadenanthera macrocarpa) are potential
feed resource but are limited in use because of their high tannin content (5-19%). In the dry
season, the content of tannins was higher than in the wet season (9-12% versus 2-5%).
2. For Jurema (M. hostilis, Benth), aroeira (A. urundeuva, Engl), maniçoba (M. pseudoglaziovii)
and angico (A. macrocarpa) foliage, extractable tannins decreased by 45% following urea
treatment, and the increase in gas production on addition of PEG was only 11% suggesting
substantial inactivation of tannins by this treatment. This decrease in extractable tannins for
oven, sun and shade dried samples was 80, 78 and 77%, respectively. The urea treatment was
most effective.
3. The palatability of wood ash treated Leucaena leucocephala leaves when given wet was low.
4. Using 14C-PEG, evidence was presented that PEG is degraded in soil. The extent of PEG
degradation was higher for free PEG than in a PEG-tannin complex (after 10 weeks incubation
23 and 11% of 14CO2 was mineralized, respectively,). Similarly, the rate of PEG mineralization
was lower when it was added to the soil as complexed to tannins rather than as free PEG
(0.16 %/d vs. 0.25%/d, respectively). For 50% of the initial amount of PEG to be mineralized to
CO2 in the soil, the complexed PEG would take about 82 days and the free PEG 29 days.
Smith and co-workers, UK
1. Dichrostachys cinerea pods were the most widely available and most effective in increasing
live-weight gain and reducing kid mortality.
2. Wide differences within and between tree species in pod yield from year to year were
recorded.
3. Treatments of the pods with solutions of ash, PEG and sodium hydroxide in vitro were
effective in reducing tannin activity as measured using the gas method coupled with PEG
addition. In vivo, untreated D. cinerea pods resulted in higher N-retention than PEG or sodium
hydroxide treated pods, possibly because the fibrous diet resulted in a shortage of energy for
potential rumen microbial synthesis when the protein supply was enhanced.
4. The information on collection, storage and use of pods has been disseminated to farmers via
participation in trials, meetings, the media and Farmer Field Schools.
Yildiz and co-workers, Turkey
1. Addition of PEG at 5 or 10% of oak (Quercus hartwisiana) leaves (w/w, dry matter basis)
resulted in an increase in protein digestibility when added to 185 g of oak leaves in a medium
Appendix E.19
quality basal diet. However, this effect was not observed when the consumption of oak leaves
was increased to 375 g.
2. Inclusion of PEG in the diets containing oak leaves: a) increased microbial protein supply, but
was not translated into body weight gain; b) did not change leptin levels, suggesting there was no
effect on fat reserves from feeding oak leaves with or without PEG; and c) did not affect LH
pulsatility and sign of oestrus.
McNeill and co-workers, Australia
1. A simple in vivo method, based on isotopically labelled protein, that ranks different tannins on
their abilities to release protein for digestion was developed. Use of a 15N label proved
ineffective in the methodology due to poor precision associated with the high natural abundance
of 15N relative to the levels of enrichment achieved.
2. By contrast, in a parallel trial, the use of 125I-labelled protein highlighted the value of the in
vivo method. By using 125I-labelled protein, in vivo rankings of tannins correlated with the
ability of the same tannins to bind protein in vitro. Higher release rates of 125I-protein in vivo
compared to in vitro indicated that the ability of tannins to release protein is greater than is
suggested by in vitro studies.
3. Oral dosing of 125I-protein ranked tannins, on their ability to release protein, similarly to that
observed from post-ruminal dosing of 125I-protein via an abomasal cannula. Hence, tannins can
be assessed on their ability to bind protein in vivo without the need to cannulate animals.
Acamovic and co-workers, UK
1. Interaction between non-starch polysaccharide (pectin), rumen microbes and tannins in vitro
was demonstrated using 15N labelled microbes. Pectin, tannins and PEG influenced the
attachment of rumen microbes to cellulose, in vitro. These interactions influence degradation of
cellulose. The interaction of tannins with non-starch polysaccharide may explain some of the
variation in the effects of different tannins in the presence of different carbohydrates in
monogastric and ruminant animals.
2. Tannins from forage legumes (Lotus spp.) protected protein in Lotus from degradation in the
rumen, but reduced overall digestibility showing incomplete release of protein bound to tannins
in the lower gastrointestinal tract. Similar effects were seen when quebracho, mimosa and
myrabolam tannins, and tannic acid were added to diets containing lupin seed, peas, soya and
chickpeas, where some protection was afforded in the rumen but digestibility of protein and
amino acids was reduced in the lower gut. The effect is dependent on tannin type, concentration
and seed species and is likely to be influenced by the type and content of non-starch
polysaccharide.
3. A model for assessing the digestibility of nutrients in the lower gut of ruminants was
developed. It was based on the precision feeding method for poultry and consisted of
quantitatively feeding (by gavage) suspensions of tannins, proteins, ground feedstuffs or
mixtures thereof, directly into the crop of chickens. The procedure gave a high correlation
(r2=0.86) with the mobile bag technique for evaluation of post-ruminal digestibility of Lotus,
pea, lupin, chickpea and soya protein, but there was considerable variability in the chick model
probably due to the low amounts of some tanniniferous material that were given (e.g. Lotus spp.,
which was difficult to administer in adequate amounts due to its high fibre content.
4. Tannins when included in the diet influenced the microbial profile in the gut of chicks. This
was also evident in in vitro studies for poultry and ruminants.
Makkar and Mlambo, Austria
1. The in situ tannin binding assay method based on 14C-polyethylene glycol (14C-PEG)
binding has been simplified by reducing both the amounts of feed sample and 14C-PEG by a
factor of 10, enabling analysis of a greater number of samples at a lower cost. In addition, a new
approach for estimating the level of PEG binding to tannin-containing foliage without the use of
a tannin-free substrate to correct for non-specific binding has been proposed. Further studies are
required to better understand the biological significance of the values obtained by this method.
Appendix E.20
Hagerman and co-workers, USA
The 125I based radiolabelled method has been simplified to eliminate the more difficult
procedures of relatively high speed (13 000 g) centrifugation and manipulations of small
volumes of radiochemical solutions by binding the radiolabelled protein to tannin immobilized
on a paper disk. The amount of radioactivity on the paper disk is determined by gamma counting
(Henson et al., 2004).
Getachew, G., Makkar, H.P.S. Becker, K., 2002. Tropical browses: contents of phenolic
compounds, in vitro gas production and stoichiometric relationship between short chain fatty
acid and in vitro gas production. J. Agric. Sci. 139, 341-352.
Hartzfeld, P.W., Forkner, R., Hunter, M.D., Hagerman, A.E., 2002. Determination of
hydrolyzable tannins (gallotannins and ellagitannins) after reaction with potassium iodate, J.
Agric Food Chem. 50, 1785-1790.
Henson, G.L., Niemeyer, L., Ansong, G., Forkner, R., Makkar, H.P.S., Hagerman, A.E., 2004.
Modified method for determining protein binding capacity of plant polyphenolics using
radiolabeled protein. Phytochem. Anal. 15, 159-163.
Hoffmann, E.M., Muetzel S., Becker, K., 2002. A modified dot-blot method of protein
determination applied in the tannin-protein precipitation assay to facilitate the evaluation of
tannin activity in animal feed. Brit. J. Nutr. 87, 421-426.
Inoue, K.H., Hagerman, A.E., 1988. Determination of gallotannins with rhodanine, Anal.
Biochem. 169 363-369.
Makkar, H.P.S., 2003. Quantification of tannin in tree and shrub legumes; a laboratory manual.
Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands.
(b) Others:
Protocols for determination of tannin content and activity, and strategies for enhancing nutrient
availability to animals from leaves of trees and browses.
The CRP has been successful in achieving the specific objectives. New tannin assays have been
developed, and the new and old assays have been validated. Tannin assay(s) predicting the
biological value of tannin-rich feeds when fed to livestock have been identified.
Approaches for detanninification of browses have been developed. Amongst the approaches
used, treatments with alkali, urea, or polyethylene glycol were promising.
The CRP has also opened new exciting avenues for future research.
The main constraint to livestock productivity in developing countries is the scarcity and
fluctuation of the quality and quantity of the year-around animal feed supply. The utilization of
unconventional feed resources holds great relevance to these countries. This CRP has contributed
to enhancing the utilization of alternative feed resources such as tree leaves through development
and identification of methods which predict their nutritive value and possible toxic nature and
also through development of strategies for detannification of leaves from trees and browses for
use as livestock feed.
Impact of the CRP:
A Laboratory Manual on Tannin Assays published through this project has become a reference
manual for use in various laboratories around the world. It has also been used in following IAEA
training workshops:
a) IAEA/RCA Regional Training Workshop on 'Nuclear and related methodologies for
quantification of tannins in feedstuffs', under TC Project RAS/5/035, 1-12 December 2003,
Faisalabad, Pakistan. Number of participants: 17 (from 12 Asian countries).
Appendix E.21
b) Training to over 30 scientists from developing countries at the University of Hohenheim,
Stuttgart, Germany over the last 4 years.
As a result of this CRP, Member States proposed TC Projects in this area and five TC Projects
have been initiated on the utilization of tree foliage as livestock feed.
In a new CRP (D3.10.24), three Research Contract Holders are attempting to use tannincontaining tree and browse leaves for reducing methane emission. These approaches are also
being considered under a new Regional TC Project (RAS/5/044) for reducing nitrogen discharge
to the environment by livestock.
The utilization of unconventional feed resources holds great relevance to developing countries.
The main constraint to livestock development in these countries is the scarcity and fluctuation of
the quality and quantity of the year-around animal feed supply. There is a serious shortage in
animal feeds of the conventional types such as soybean, cotton seed and groundnut meals, etc. In
addition, the human population is increasing at a high rate and the arable land is decreasing due
to soil degradation, urbanization and industrialization. The grains are mostly used for human
consumption. Novel approaches developed for utilization of tree leaves as livestock feed,
developed through this project, will bridge the wide gap between supply and demand of feeds in
developing countries.
The methodologies, protocols and strategies developed in this project should be transferred to
Member States through training workshops.
The relevant proven information should be disseminated for on-farm application.
The future areas of research identified through this project should be prioritised and funds should
be allocated to achieve the research objectives.
1. Getachew, G., Makkar, H.P.S. Becker, K., 2002. Tropical browses: contents of phenolic
compounds, in vitro gas production and stoichiometric relationship between short chain fatty
acid and in vitro gas production. J. Agric. Sci. 139, 341-352.
2. Hartzfeld, P.W., Forkner, R., Hunter, M.D., Hagerman, A.E., 2002. Determination of
hydrolyzable tannins (gallotannins and ellagitannins) after reaction with potassium iodate, J.
Agric Food Chem. 50, 1785-1790.
3. Hoffmann, E.M., Muetzel S., Becker, K., 2002. A modified dot-blot method of protein
determination applied in the tannin-protein precipitation assay to facilitate the evaluation of
tannin activity in animal feed. Brit. J. Nutr. 87, 421-426.
4. Makkar, H.P.S., 2003. Quantification of tannin in tree and shrub legumes; a laboratory
manual. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands.
5. Makkar, H.P.S., 2003. Tannin assays, effects and fate of tannins, and strategies to overcome
detrimental effects of feeding tannin-rich tree and shrub foliage. Small Ruminant Research 49,
241-256.
6. Henson, G.L., Niemeyer, L., Ansong, G., Forkner, R., Makkar, H.P.S., Hagerman, A.E., 2004.
Modified method for determining protein binding capacity of plant polyphenolics using
radiolabeled protein. Phytochem. Anal. 15, 159-163.
7. McSweeney, C.S., Makkar, H.P.S. and Reed, J.D., 2004. Modification of rumen fermentation
for detoxification of harmful compounds. International Symposium on Nutrition of
Herbivores, p. 239-270, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico.
Appendix E.22
8. Makkar, H.P.S., 2004. Chemical and biological assays for quantification of major plant
secondary metabolites. Proceedings of the Satellite Symposium: Secondary Compounds and
Browse Utilization, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico.
9. A special issue of the Animal Feed Science and Technology journal, Vol no. 122, issue no.
1-2, August 12, 2005 containing following articles:
Title of special issue: Predicting and Improving the Safety and Efficiency of Feeding Ruminants
on Tanniniferous Tree Foliage
Preface
improving the safety and efficiency of feeding ruminants on tanniniferous tree foliage:
achievements, result implications, and future research
H.P.S. Makkar
In vivo assessment of the ability of condensed tannins to interfere with the digestibility of plant
protein in sheep
S. M. Andrabi, M.M. Ritchie, C. Stimson, A. Horadagoda, M. Hyd and D.M. McNeill*
Calibration and validation of the 14C-labelled polyethylene glycol-binding assay for tannins in
tropical browse
V. Mlambo and H.P.S. Makkar
The influence of tannin, pectin and polyethylene glycol on attachment of 15N-labelled rumen
microorganisms to cellulose
M.H.L. Bento, T. Acamovic and H.P.S. Makkar
Effect of early experience and adaptation period on voluntary intake, digestion, and growth in
Barbarine lambs given tannin-containing (Acacia cyanophylla Lindl. foliage) or tannin-free
(oaten hay) diets
H. Ben Salem, A. Nefzaoui, H.P.S. Makkar, H. Hochlef, I. Ben Sale and L. Ben Salem
Effects of chopping, and soaking in water, hydrochloric acidic and calcium hydroxide solutions
on the nutritional value of Acacia villosa for goats
E. Wina and B. Tangendjaja
Wood ash treatment, a cost-effective way to deactivate tannins in Acacia cyanophylla Lindl.
foliage and to improve digestion by Barbarine sheep
H. Ben Salem, Sourour Abidi, H.P.S. Makka and A. Nefzaoui
Attempts to deactivate tannins in fodder shrubs with physical and chemical treatments
H. Ben Salem, L. Saghroun and A. Nefzaoui
The effect of drying and urea treatment on nutritional and anti-nutritional components of browses
collected during wet and dry seasons
D.M.S.S. Vitti, E.F. Nozella, A.L. Abdalla, I.C.S. Bueno, J.C. Silva Filho, C. Costa, M.S. Bueno,
C. Longo, M.E.Q. Vieira, S.L.S. Cabral Filho, P.B. Godo and I. Mueller-Harvey
The Effect of Calcium Hydroxide Treatment on the Nutritive and Feeding Value of Albizia
procera for Growing Goats
M.R. Alam, A.K.M.A. Kabir, M.R. Ami and D.M McNeill
Dichrostachys cinerea and Acacia nilotica fruits as dry season feed supplements for goats in a
semi-arid environment
T. Smith, V. Mlambo, J.L.N. Sikosana, V. Maphosa, I. Mueller-Harvey and E. Owen
Appendix E.23
Digestion and body weight change in Tuj lambs receiving oak leaves (Quercus hartwissiana)
with and without PEG
S. Yildiz, I. Kaya, Y. Unal, D. Aksu Elmali, S. Kaya, M. Cenesiz, M. Kaya and A. Oncuer
Benefit from the association of small amounts of tannin-rich shrub foliage (Acacia cyanophylla
Lindl.) with soya bean meal given as supplements to Barbarine sheep fed on oaten hay
H. Ben Salem, H.P.S. Makkar, A. Nefzaoui, L. Hassayou and S. Abidi
Biodegradation of polyethylene glycol (PEG) in three tropical soils using radio labelled PEG
A.L. Abdalla, J.B. Regitano, V.L. Tornisielo, L. Marchese, M.R.S.R. Peçanha, D.M.S.S. Vitt and
T. Smih
(In addition 10 conference papers/abstracts were published by the group)
Appendix E.24
CRP No. 1094 (D32020)
The use of non-structural protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) to differentiate
between vaccinated and infected animals
Section/Division:
Period Covered:
1999-01-15 through 2004-12-31
Objectives of CRP:
To help control transboundary diseases of livestock of great impact to Member States.
(b) Specific (CRP):
To validate ELISAs distinguishing between vaccinated and infected animals with foot and mouth
disease.
To set up and maintain quality control of testing.
Outputs:
(a) Research:
Validated commercial tests through examination of a wide range of samples (collection of animal
sera in many member states) and comparative testing.
Development of a new assay through technical contracts.
Development of a new competitive test.
(b) Others:
Development of survey systems and adapting tests for use under use to fitness rules for purpose
of testing.
Advice to OIE and others on validated tests.
Effective in providing validation data for cattle, sheep, pigs (post vaccine, post infection and
negative sera).
Control will be helped greatly with assured tests. The use of the test is mandatory where member
states are to show foot-and-mouth disease freedom, whether or not they vaccinate.
New developments of tests from commercial sphere meant that work had to be repeated.
Impact of the CRP:
Before the CRP there was a collection of tests which had not been looked at outside of
laboratories. The CRP allowed a much wider set of results and lead to stability in the various test
Appendix E.25
use through harmonisation of results. Problems were identified and commercial companies
responded to improve tests for member states.
FMD remains a major problem in the world for member states whether endemic (great economic
damage through restricting trade and ruining production) or whether not endemic but a great
threat. Trade is badly affected where FMD is present and the test, with statistically based
sampling, allows certification of freedom from FMD and also monitoring of the disease status
with a single test.
Support for Member States and FMD is vital. The extent of FMD is increasing. Serological and
molecular methods for diagnosis and differential diagnosis of transboundary diseases in major
livestock populations should be increased.
IAEA TECDOC in print (2007).
1. CROWTHER, J. R. Observations and developments, under the Co-ordinated Research
Program D3.20.20. The use of non-structural (NS) antigens of FMD virus to assess antibodies
in vaccinated and infected livestock. International symposium organized by the Merieux
Foundation, the International Association for Biologicals (IABs) and the Office International
des Epizooties; Lyons, France. Fondation Merieux 93; 2-5 June (2002).
2. Poster. CSRIO. Development of an ELISA for Detection of Antibodies to a Non-Structural
Protein of FMDV. McEachern, J.M, Morrissy, C., Doughty, W., Wang, L-F., Yu, M.,
Gleeson, L., Wright, L., Meehan, G., Goff, W., Daniels, P., Crowther, J.
Appendix E.26
CRP No. 1145 (D41016)
Quality assurance of mass produced and released fruit flies for SIT programmes
Section/Division:
Period Covered:
1999-10-01 through 2004-12-31
Objectives of CRP:
To assist fruit fly facilities and end users to increase efficiency of production and use of sterile
fruit flies through the standardization and improvement of quality assurance.
(b) Specific (CRP):
Harmonize and improve quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) processes, data management,
and information exchange on a global level, focusing on the sequential steps of the SIT process:
1) Colonization, strain development and QC in mass rearing facilities.
2) Dosimetry, irradiation and long distance shipping.
3) Male performance including:
a) Mating compatibility and competitiveness.
b) Field survival, foraging and dispersal.
Outputs:
(a) Research:
Research was performed aimed at increasing efficiency of production and at testing hypotheses
regarding basic aspects of fruit fly biology. Results of these studies have led to improved rearing,
irradiation protocols, and shipping procedures and QC tests of sterile male performance.
Specific research advances:
1) Colonization, strain development and QC in mass rearing facilities
Colony improvement systems. Filter rearing systems (for Genetic Sexing Strains or GSS) or
mother colonies (for bisexual strains) allow genetic stability of a GSS to be maintained or a
systematic introduction of new strains or wild characteristics, respectively, and the study of
different colonization methods. Field cage studies allow determinations of strain quality to be
made in order to make decisions on the need for colony replacement or refreshment (introduction
of wild genetically background). Studies of physiological adaptation of mass reared tephritids to
variable outdoor conditions were conducted. The use of low population density and horizontal
inserts in the adult cages could help to reduce the adverse effects on mating competitiveness
during colonization.
Quality control and quality assurance in mass rearing. Production indices have been updated or
determined for each available strain/species and quality parameters/standards developed and
summarized in a manual. Research has shown that refreshment (hybridization) of mass reared
colonies with wild or wild-type strains is likely to be better than replacement. Standard
procedures and established threshold values have been summarized in the QC manual and there
Appendix E.27
are species-specific differences (eg. flight ability with Bactrocera species, the height of the
container). Production facilities are keeping records (based on standard procedures) of the quality
of their production and field cage studies have been conducted and indices of performance
published for some species, but still need to be developed for other species such as B. tryoni, B
philippinensis, etc. Large-scale open field releases of the melon and oriental fruit fly in Hawaii
have led to accurate measurements of male performance in the field.
Nutrition. Laboratory studies have led to the development of chemically defined larval and adult
diets, but without field QC assessment. Gross diet manipulations have been demonstrated to
affect the physiological traits of mass-reared males. Different facilities that use different larval
and adult diets produce males of different quality. Recent results with chemically defined, and
holigidic diets showed that pupating larval lipids and proteins can be affected by diet
manipulations, but that regardless of diet history emerging adults lipid levels tend to be regulated
towards an optimum. Protein levels, in contrast, were more responsive to larval diet
manipulations, and correlated with other measured QC-parameters. Protocols have been
established for culturing and incorporating particular microflora into adult and larval medfly
diets. Addition of protein to the adult diet enhances copulatory success of Bactrocera and
Anastrepha sterile males. In the case of the medfly such effect depends on interactions between
strains and local conditions.
2) Dosimetry, irradiation and long distance shipping
Dosimetry. A dosimetry system (Gafchromic system) has been developed and an SOP for the
implementation of this system in SIT programmes has been compiled. The adoption of the
Gafchromic system is in progress and training in Gafchromic dosimetry has been carried out with
the result that some facilities have used the Gafchromic system for the construction of the dose
map of the irradiation chamber and for routine dose monitoring as part of the process control in
the facilities.
Day degree model of development. The number of day-degrees to reach the correct physiological
age for irradiation of the bisexual strain of medfly has previously been calculated. Sufficient data
is available to develop a matrix for use in other facilities. Some of this information is now
available for the tsl strain of medfly and for B. philippensis.
Pupal respiration. A model correlating pupal age with gas exchange has been developed for the
medfly. This will enable irradiation to be performed with greater precision and under the
appropriate hypoxia conditions.
Long distance shipping. Studies on agitation, temperature and pupae packaging material have
been carried out, but have not been satisfactorily completed; this also applies to the monitoring of
long-distance shipping temperatures. A specific insulated pupal shipping container is already in
use. Protocol for long distance shipment of eggs has been established and is now in routine use
between a main facility and satellite facilities.
3) Male performance
3.a) Mating compatibility and competitiveness
Field cage tests. The use of the mating performance field cage tests has become widespread in
almost all medfly operational programmes and has been extended to other fruit fly SIT
programmes. The QC manual has been revised and includes the copulation success test (CST).
Copula duration. Recent research on the medfly indicates that copula duration (CD) is not
significantly linked to amounts of sperm transferred, nor to remating and therefore CD does not
seem to be a reliable QA parameter in this species. Nevertheless, preliminary data on the role of
CD in other species (e.g., Anastrepha ludens), suggests that it may be related to remating and
further studies are indicated.
Appendix E.28
Correlates to male copulatory success. Morphological correlates to male copulatory success were
determined in a number of species.
Female remating. In medfly females remate relatively frequently. As many as 10% of wild
females remate on the same day of the first copula under field cage conditions. Paternity studies
suggest that as many as 30% of females in the wild utilize sperm from more than one male.
Failure of sperm transfer by the first male has been shown to be the major reason for this
behaviour. It appears that copula duration, sperm transfer and secretions from the male accessory
glands act in succession to curtail female receptivity in this species. Female choice for the second
mate is not significantly different from the first mating. In Anastrepha ludens, females whose
first mate was sterile remate significantly faster and more frequently than females whose first
mate was normal. Furthermore, results suggest that such females prefer a wild male as their
second mate.
Sperm transfer and storage. Studies on the medfly indicate that sterile males transfer fewer sperm
than wild males. Probability of sperm transfer and storage decreases as males age, suggesting
that sterile males are most efficient during the 2 days following release.
Enhancement of copulatory success. Exposure of sterile males to plant derived aromatic
compounds significantly improved their mating success (medflies exposed to ginger root oil and
oriental fruit flies to methyl eugenol). Progress has also been made in large-scale application of
aromatherapy both for medfly and Oriental fruit fly. In addition, new information was added in
the direction of courtship behaviour and exposure to aromatherapy in medfly, showing no clear
effect on the courtship behaviour of the treated males.
3.b) Field survival, foraging and dispersal
Survival. Knowledge has been developed which compares the relative field-cage survival
abilities of sterile or normal laboratory flies vs. wild flies. This has been conducted for several
species of several genera, including Bactrocera, Ceratitis and Anastrepha. Information has also
been obtained on the effects of nutritional resources (e.g., fruit, water) on survival under fieldcage conditions.
Foraging. Sterile males are capable of foraging for food in the release environment. Pre release
diet does not affect this ability.
Dispersal. Dispersal and longevity tests have been developed and validated, but there is still a
need for standardization of tests to assess survival and dispersal. The release recapture method
has been used as a QC test and was used to evaluate the dispersal ability and survival of: mass
reared A. ludens and A. obliqua sterile flies in comparison with wild flies, sterile B.
philippinensis of different sizes, bisexual and tsl strains of medfly V-7, and B. cucurbitae GSS
and wild flies.
Additional Research Outputs
· Studies on female fruit fly host preferences and larval performance suggest that host quality
significantly affects subsequent fertility and fecundity.
· The mechanics of sperm storage and use in the medfly were determined.
· Lek site selection by male A. fraterculus was experimentally established.
Appendix E.29
i) Objective 1: Colonization, strain development and QC in mass rearing facilities.
Protocols for QC are routinely implemented in all mass rearing facilities. Colonization
techniques to enhance and maintain strain quality and genetic stability are increasingly
employed.
ii) Objective 2: Dosimetry, irradiation and long distance shipping.
Procedures are in place to precisely measure dose and duration of irradiation to minimize damage
to sterile insects. Models for determining the optimal time of irradiation have been developed.
Shipping and packaging standards have been improved which increase sterile fly quality at
destination.
iii) Objective 3: Male performance including: Mating compatibility and competitiveness, field
survival, foraging and dispersal.
Precise standards for measuring male compatibility and competitiveness have been agreed upon
and disseminated. Factors affecting these QC parameters have been identified and researched in
detail. Protocols for evaluating survival and dispersal of sterile fruit flies have been formulated
and implemented.
b) In contributing towards Overall (i.e. Agency project) Objective: To assist fruit fly facilities
and end users to increase efficiency of production and use of sterile fruit flies through the
standardization and improvement of quality assurance.
The QC manual is updated and online. Novel protocols for mass rearing are widely implemented
and routinely updated. Irradiation, dosimetry and shipping practices have been improved.
Strategies for improving male performance have been devised and field tested.
The intra- and inter-specific diversity of fruit flies and the diversity of ecological habitats they
inhabit requires that QC/QA protocols be tailored to suit local conditions.
The CRP has been instrumental in fomenting increased collaboration within the diverse
community of fruit fly workers. In particular, interactions between research institutions and
action programmes have led to identifying and resolving the crucial issues that impact the
success of the SIT.
Impact of the CRP:
The following major impacts, with significant relevance to fruit fly SIT operations can be
identified:
a) The implementation of improved procedures to colonize and replace strains in mass rearing
facilities results in improved quality of sterile males.
b) The development of precise models for optimising irradiation minimizes costs and contributes
to increased efficiency.
c) Detailed understanding of the sexual biology, dispersal and survival of fruit fly species
targeted in SIT operations has led to advances in basic science, and to identifying specific QC
parameters for assessing sterile male performance.
Appendix E.30
The SIT is rapidly becoming a major control tool in the integrated management of fruit flies
worldwide. Increasing the efficiency of the SIT is of cardinal importance, both to assure the
success of such operations and to reduce their cost. The CRP succeeded in developing novel
tools for QA/QC of SIT, then testing and implementing them. In addition, the CRP has fostered
collaboration among the community of basic and applied fruit fly investigators.
Quality Control Manual
As new species are targeted for control with SIT and as novel findings on species already
controlled by SIT emerge, the QC manual must be updated and revised. Responsibility for this
process must be shouldered by the Agency by allocating funds and personnel with specific
responsibilities.
Training and Capacity Building
The Agency should continue critically important training programs for existing and new fruit fly
researchers from diverse institutions worldwide. Furthermore, support for scientific exchanges
between research institutions and action programs will facilitate technology transfer.
Communication
Advances stemming from the current CRP should be widely disseminated through publication in
the scientific literature. Publication costs should be borne by the Agency.
Research carried out during the current CRP has identified a critical stage in the SIT process that
can be improved - namely the post-factory fly emergence and pre-release period, when adults are
held until released in the field. Research focused on this period will lead to strategies that will
significantly improve the performance of sterile flies.
Resulting Publications in PC:
The final results of the CRP will be published as full papers in a dedicated issue of the journal
Florida Entomologist:
Alama D. Quality control of Ceratitis capitata, Genetic Sexing Strain "Vienna-8" at "La Molina"
Fruit Fly Mass-rearing facility.
Allinghi A., Calcagno G., Petit-Marty N., Gomez Cendra P., Segura D., Vera M. T., Cladera J.,
Gramajo C., Willink E. and Vilardi J. Compatibility and competitiveness of a laboratory strain of
Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae) after irradiation treatment.
Barnes B., Rosenberg S., Arnolds L. & Johnson J. Production and quality at the SIT Africa
Medfly rearing facility boosted by Vienna 8 tsl strain.
Briceño R.D. and Eberhard W. Courtship and mating behavior of different wild strains of
Ceratitis capitata.
De Longo O., Taret G., Bonpland G. and Van Cauvlert A. Study of time of mating and the
relationship with the transfer of sperm and remating, of Ceratitis capitata, TSL genetic sexing
strain Vienna-7 under mass-rearing conditions.
Donoso H., JIMENEZ M. and SARABIA C. Determination of physiological maturity of Medfly
pupae by accumulation of temperature during the pre-irradiation period for use in SIT programs.
Appendix E.31
Duyck P., David P., Brunel C. and Qulici S. Relationships between host-fruit, pupal weight and
fecundity in fruit flies (Diptera : Tephritidae).
Jesup A., Laura Jiang L., Sundaralingam S. and Newley L. Improvements to quality assurance
procedures at the sterile Queensland fruit fly production facility in new South Wales, Australia.
Liedo P., Sosa M., Villarreal C., Briceño D, Salgado S, Chaclán M., Oropeza S., and Toledo J.
Mating Success, Morphometric and Genetic Analysis of Males of Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann)
(Diptera: Tephritidae) from Three Mass Rearing Methods.
McInnis D., Shelly T., Jang E. and Stein S. Quality Control of Fruit Flies: Bactrocera and
Ceratitis research in Hawaii.
Meats A. The interaction of the environment and the survival component of the field quality of
released fruit flies (Diptera:Tephritidae) used for the sterile insect technique (SIT)
Meats A. The dispersion of wild fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) at low density and during local
extinction and the consequences to the sterile insect technique (SIT) of mismatching dispersions
of wild and sterile flies.
Nestel D., Nemny-Lavy E. and Alchanatis V. Gas-exchange patterns of Mediterranean fruit fly
pupae (Tephritidae): a tool to forecast development stages.
Orozco D. Tools to Evaluate Sexual Compatibility and Competitiveness between Sterile and
Wild Mexican Fruit Flies Anastrepha ludens (Loew) under field cage conditions.
Orozco D. Effect of Male Size on Female Remating in the Mexican Fruit Fly, Anastrepha ludens
(Loew).
Orozco D. Dispersal and Longevity of Wild and Sterile Anastrepha ludens and Anastrepha
obliqua Fruit Flies in the Soconusco Chiapas Region.
Resilva S., Obra G., Zamora N. and Erdie G. Gaitan. Development of Quality Control
Procedures for Mass Produced and Released Oriental fruit flies, Bactrocera philippinensis for
SIT Programmes.
Silva N., Pereira R., Abreu R., Quintal C., Andrade. J. & Dantas L. Effect of Adapting Mass
Produced Medflies to Outdoor Conditions on their Behaviour in Field Cage Tests to Measure
Compatibility and Competitiveness with Wild Flies for Improvement of SIT Programs.
Vera, M. T., Abraham S., Oviedo A., Toledo S., Salvatore A. R., Willink E., Allinghi A.
Frissolo, M. S., Muñoz G. and Rearte C. Quality assurance of Anastrepha fraterculus: rearing
parameters, field survival and dispersal of sterile males and capacity to induce sterility in field
cages.
Woods B. and Forgliani R. Improving irradiation protocol for medfly.
Yuval B., Maor M., Levy K., Kaspi R., Taylor P. and Shelly T. Breakfast of champions or kiss of
death? Survival and sexual performance of protein fed sterile Mediterranean fruit flies.
Research Results Published:
Barry, J.D., McInnis, D.O., Gates, D., and Morse, J. G. (2003). Effects of irradiation on
Mediterranean fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae): Emergence, survivorship, lure attraction, and
mating competition. J. Econ. Entomol. 96: 615-622.
Appendix E.32
Barry, J.D., Shelly, T.E., McInnis, D.O., and Morse, J.G. (2003). Potential for reducing
overflooding ratios of sterile Mediterranean fruit flies (Diptera:Tephritidae) with the use of
ginger root oil. Florida Entomol. 86: 29-33.
Briceno,R.D.; Eberhard,W.G. (2000). Possible Fisherian changes in female mate-choice criteria
in a mass-reared strain of Ceratitis capitata (Diptera:Tephritidae). Annals of the Entomological
Society of America. 93: 343 - 345.
Briceno,R.D.; Eberhard,W.G. (2002). Courtship in the medfly, Ceratitis capitata, includes tactile
stimulation with the male's aristae. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 102: 221 - 228.
Briceno,R.D.; Eberhard,W.G.; Vilardi,J.C.; Liedo,P.; Shelly,T.E. (2002). Variation in the
intermittent buzzing songs of male medflies (Diptera: Tephritidae) associated with geography,
mass-rearing, and courtship success. Florida Entomologist 85: 32 - 40.
Briceno,R.D.; Eberhard,W.G. (2002). Decisions during courtship by male and female medflies
(Diptera, Tephritidae): correlated changes in male behavior and female acceptance criteria in
mass-reared flies. 85: 14 - 31.
Carey, J.R.; Liedo, P.; Müller, H.G.; Wang, J.L.; Love, B., Harshman; L., Partridge, L. (2001).
Female sensitivity to diet and irradiation treatments underlies sex-mortality differentials in the
Mediterranean fruit fly. Journal of Gerontology: Biological Sciences 56A, No. 2, B89-B93.
Carey, J.R.; Liedo, P.; Müller, H.G.; Wang, J.L. and Vaupel, J.W. (1998). Dual modes of aging
in Mediterranean fruit flies. Science 281: 996-998.
Carey, J.R.; Liedo, P.; Harshman, L; Liu, X.; Müller, H.G.; Partiridge, L; Wang, J.L. (2002).
Food pulses increase longevity and induce cyclical egg production in Mediterranean fruit flies.
Functional Ecology 16: 313-325.
Carey, J.R.; Liedo, P.; Harshman, L.;Zhang Y.; Müller, H.; Partridge, L.; Wang J.L. (2002). Life
history response of Mediterranean fruit flies to dietary restriction. Aging Cell 1: 140-148.
Carey, J.R. (2003). Longevity. The Biology and Demography of Life Span. Princenton
University Press, New Jersey.
Cladera, J. C., Vera, M.T., Calcagno, G., Vilardi, J.C., McInnis, D.O., and Working Group.
(2002). Mating competitiveness in field cages of a new genetic sexing strain of the
Mediterranean fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Argentina. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 95: 133138.
Drew, R. and B. Yuval (2000). The evolution of fruit fly feeding behavior. In Fruit Flies. M.
Aluja and A. Norrbom. Boca Raton, CRC: 731-749.
Jang, E.; McInnis, D.; Vargas, R.; and Mau, R. (2003). Area-Wide Pest Management of Fruit
Flies: The Hawaii Experience. Proceedings of the IAEA Research Coordination Program
meeting on quality control of fruit flies, Perth, Australia, (May, 2003).
Kaspi, R. and B. Yuval (2000). Post-teneral protein feeding improves sexual competitiveness but
reduces longevity of mass reared sterile male Mediterranean fruit flies. Annals of the
Entomological Society of America, 93: 949-955.
Kaspi, R., Mossinson, S.; Drezner, T.; Kamensky B. & B. Yuval. 2002. Effects of larval diet on
development rates and reproductive maturation of male and female Mediterranean fruit flies.
Physiological Entomology 27: 29-38.
Appendix E.33
Levy, K., T.E. Shelly and B. Yuval. Effects of the olfactory environment and nutrition on the
ability of male Mediterranean fruit flies to endure starvation. Journal of Economic Entomology
(in press).
Maor, M.; Shloush, S.; Kamenski, B. and Yuval, B. (2004). Effects of post teneral diet on
foraging success of sterile male Mediterranean fruit flies. Entomologia Experimentalis et
Applicata 110: 225-230.
McInnis, D.O. Medfly love potion. In: AgBrief newsletter for Dept. of Agriculture, Western
Australia, Perth, Australia, 13: p. 1 (May, 2003). 2003.
McInnis, D.O., Rendon, P.; and J., Komatsu. Mating and remating of medflies (Diptera:
Tephritidae) in Guatemala: Individual fly marking in field cages. Flarida Entomologist. 85: 126137. 2002.
McInnis, D.O.; Shelly, T.; Jang, E. and Stein, S. Quality control of fruit flies: Bactrocera and
Ceratitis research in Hawaii. Proceedings of the IAEA Research Coordination Program meeting
on quality control of fruit flies, Perth, Australia. 2003.
McInnis, D.O.; Shelly, T.E.; Komatsu, J. (2002). Improving fly quality in the field for medfly
SIT programs: mating vigor and survival ability. Genetica: 116: 117-124.
McInnis, D.O.; Shelly, T.E.; Komatsu, J. Improving fly quality in the field for medfly SIT
programs: mating vigor and survival ability. Proceedings of the final IAEA Research
Coordination Meeting on genetic sexing strains for field application in SIT programs, Sydney,
Australia. 2001.
McInnis, D.O.; Tam S.; Lim R.; Komatsu, J.; Kurashima R. and Albrecht C. (2004).
Development of a pupal color-based genetic sexing strain of the melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae
(Diptera: Tephritidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 97: 1026-1033.
Mossinson, S. and B. Yuval. (2003). Regulation of sexual receptivity of female Mediterranean
fruit flies: old hypotheses revisited and a new synthesis proposed. Journal of Insect Physiology
49: 561-567.
Nestel, D.; Papadopoulos, N.T.; Liedo, P.; Gonzalez-Ceron, L.; Carey, J.R. (submitted). Trends
in lipid and protein contents during Medfly ageing: A harmonic path to death. Archives of Insect
Biochemistry and Physiology.
Raghu, S; Clarke A.R. and B. Yuval (2002). Investigation of the physiological consequences of
feeding on methyl eugenol by Bactrocera cacuminata (Diptera: Tephritidae). Environmental
Entomology 31: 941-946.
Rendon, P., McInnis, D.; Lance, D. and J. Stewart. (2004). Medfly (Diptera: Tephritidae) genetic
sexing: Large-scale field comparison of males-only and bisexual sterile fly releases in
Guatemala. J. Econ. Entomol. (in press, Oct. 2004).
Shelly, E.T.; Robinson, A. S.; Caceres, C.; Wornoayporn. V.; and A Islam.(2002). Exposure to
ginger root oil enhances mating success of male Mediterranean fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae)
from genetic sexing straing. Fla. Entomol. 85: 440-445.
Shelly, E.T.; Rendon P.; E Hernandez, Salgado, S.; McInnis, D.; Villalobos, E. and P, Liedo
(2003). Effect of diet, ginger root oil, and elevation on the mating competitiveness of male
Mediterranean fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) from a mass-reared genetic sexing strain in
Guatemala. J. Econ. Entomol. 96: 1132-1141.
Appendix E.34
Shelly, T. E. and S. Kennely (2002). Influence of male diet on male mating success and
longevity and female remating in the Mediterranean fruit fly (Diptera:Tephritidae) under
laboratory conditions. Florida. Entomologist. 85: 572-579.
Shelly, T.E. and McInnis, D.O. (2001). Exposure to ginger root oil enhances mating success of
mass-reared males of the Mediterranean fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 94:
1413-1418.
Shelly, T.E. and McInnis, D.O. (2001). Exposure to ginger root oil enhances mating success of
mass-reared males of the Mediterranean fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 94:
1413-1418.
Shelly, T.E.; Rendon, P.; Hernandez, E.; Salgado, S.; McInnis, D.; Villalobos, E.; Liedo, P.; and
Petapa fruit fly team (2003). Effects of diet, ginger root oil, and elevation on the mating
competitiveness of male Mediterranean fruit flies from a mass-reared genetic sexing strain in
Guatemala (Diptera; Tephritidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 96: 1132-1141.
Shelly, T.E. and McInnis D.O. (2003). Influence of adult diet on the mating success and survival
of male Mediterranean fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) from two mass-rearing strains on fieldcaged host trees. Fla Entomol. 86: 340-344.
Shelly, T.E.; McInnis, D.O.; Pahio, E. and J. Edu. (2004). Aromatherapy in the Mediterranean
fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae): sterile males exposed to ginger root oil in pre-release, storage
boxes display increased mating competitiveness in field-cage trials. J. Econ. Entomol. 97:846853.
Shelly, T.E.; Kenelly, S.S. and McInnis, D.O. (2002). Effect of adult diet on signaling activity,
mate attraction and mating success in male Mediterranean fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) Fla.
Entomol. 85: 150-155.
Shelly, T.E., McCombs, S., and McInnis, D.O. (2000) Mating competitiveness of male oriental
fruit flies from a translocation strain (Diptera: Tephritidae). J. Environmental Entomol. 29: 11521156.
Shelly, T.E. (2001). Feeding on methyl eugenol and Fagraea berteriana flowers increases longrange female attraction by males of the Oriental fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae). Florida
Entomologist, 84(4): 634-640.
Shelly, T.E. and D.O. McInnis (2001). Exposure to ginger root oil enhances mating success of
irradiated mass-reared males of Mediterranean fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae). Journal of
Economic Entomology, 94(6): 1413-1418.
Taylor, P.W., Kaspi, R., Mossinson, S. & B. Yuval. (2001). Age-dependent insemination success
of sterile Mediterranean fruit flies. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 98:27-33.
Twig, E. & B.Yuval. Function of multiple sperm storage organs in female Mediterranean fruit
flies (Ceratitis capitata, Diptera: Tephritidae). Journal of Insect Physiology (in press).
Vera, M.T., Cladera, J. L., Calcagno, G., Vilardi, J.C., McInnis, D.O., and Field Working Group
(2003). Remating of wild Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) females mated with wild or
laboratory males during a single day in field cages. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 96: 563-570.
Yuval, B.; Kaspi R.; Field, S. A.; Blay, S.; and P., Taylor (2002). Effects of post-teneral nutrition
on reproductive success of male Mediterranean fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae). Florida
Entomologist 85: 165-170.
Appendix E.35
CRP No. 1243 (D41017)
Development of improved attractants and their integration into fruit fly SIT management
programmes
Section/Division:
Period Covered:
2000-04-01 through 2005-08-31
Objectives of CRP:
To advance sustainable agriculture by reducing insecticide use and increasing economic
prosperity for the rural population, small farmers and the fruit.
(b) Specific (CRP):
Development of female detection and control systems for fruit fly species of economic
importance of the Anastrepha, Bactrocera, Ceratitis and Dacus genera, and development and
validation of a global set of standards for detecting, monitoring and suppressing established fruit
fly pests and exotic invasive species in support of area-wide pest management programmes that
integrate the sterile insect technique.
Outputs:
(a) Research:
1. Comparison assessed in 21 countries and female biased synthetic food attractants available for
use in different environments.
2. Female biased synthetic attractants for 9 species available for use. Synthetic food attractants
more selective than conventional protein baits.
3. Eight specific trapping systems (i.e. traps, lures, retentions systems) available for different
species and habitats. Recommendations published in FAO/IAEA trapping guideline (IAEA
2003).
4. Standard trapping procedures validated under a wide-range of environmental conditions and
protocols available.
5. Rebating intervals for 2 commercial and 6 non-commercial attractants assessed under a variety
of conditions and recommendations published in FAO/IAEA trapping guideline (IAEA 2003).
6. Female target bait/kill stations evaluated across a range of field conditions and species. Two
bait stations for Medfly control evaluated in commercial citrus orchards are available for use.
Bait stations continue under development.
7. Efficacy of mass trapping based on female biased attractants assessed and procedures for field
applications developed.
8. Procedures for validation of bait stations specifically in marginal areas continue under
developed.
Appendix E.36
9. Integration of monitoring and detection trapping systems with suppression, eradication and
prevention programmes has been assessed. Procedures published in FAO/IAEA trapping
guideline (IAEA 2003).
(b) Others:
Thesis:
Gomes, S. 2005. Luta biotécnica na Madeira contra Ceratitis capitata. Avaliação dos tratamentos
TCLure e comparação com os tratamentos padrão NuLure e TrimedLure. Relatório de estágio
cientifico para obtenção de Licenciatura em Biologia. Departamento de Biologia. Universidade
da Madeira.
The setting of the CRP was ideal in that high-level scientists from developing and developed
countries and the industry (i.e. makers and suppliers of trapping material) could work together to
fulfil a common objective. This setting allowed to reduce the time gap between technology
development and actual application in the field. The industry developed and/or improved the fruit
fly attractants as hard experimental data became available from the scientists. As a result a
number of new attractants were developed and others optimised under this CRP that will be
commercially available in a short period of time for use in fruit fly control, including SIT, by
farmers and industry in Member States.
Advancing fruit fly monitoring and detection systems allows Member States a more costeffective protection of fruits and vegetables, which translates into economic benefits for
stakeholders involved in the whole productive chain.
Formulation of the CRP:
The formulation of the CRP was adequate with a very effective model where the Scientific
Secretary of the CRP, the research institutions and the suppliers and makers of trapping materials
interacted in a very fruitful venture.
Intellectual, financial and other inputs from participants:
As a result of the fruitful interaction between scientists and the firms fabricating the products that
were evaluated, fruit fly lures validated within this CRP will be available in the market for end
users in Member States in the near future. Private firms that supported the CRP will continue to
produce the materials through patents and/or license.
Impact of the CRP:
1. Optimised the use of the medfly female biased food based attractant Biolure by eliminating
one compound and reducing costs and by assessing the range of other fruit fly species responding
to this attractant. This will be of benefit for surveillance programmes worldwide.
2. Developed a number of female biased food based synthetic attractants for monitoring and
detection of various fruit fly species of quarantine and economic importance. This technology is
being currently adopted in the USA by the US National Fruit Fly Surveillance Programme and its
use in other countries is expected to occur in the short term. This technology provides tools to
government agencies and the industry for better protection of fruit and vegetable crops from
endemic and exotic invasive fruit fly species.
3. Determined the efficacy of the water and Triton as a liquid retention system and the
Deltamethrine dog collars and impregnated mosquito nets as dry retention systems. These
retention systems in combination with the synthetic food lures provide efficient trapping systems
Appendix E.37
for a wide range of fruit fly species of economic importance. The use of long-lasting
Deltamethrin based products solves the problem of DDVP banned for use in organic agriculture
and reduces trapping operational costs.
4. A more effective trapping system is now available for the olive fruit fly (B. oleae). B. oleae
responds better to the hydrolysate protein Nulure and borax in McPhail type traps (e.g. Tephri
and Multilure) than to the common attractants (ammonium bicarbonate and Spiroketal) used
against this species and the new synthetic food attractants tested. An improved trapping system
will allow a more effective control programme of this key pests of olives in the Mediterranean
Basin.
5. It was determined that mass trapping is an effective option for medfly population suppression.
Nevertheless the high density of traps used per surface unit (1 per tree) makes this control
method very expensive and thus of limited use. This control option could be viable for crops
produced for high value export markets that discriminate for pesticide residues or crops produced
under an organic regime.
6. A good basis to continue developing bait stations was set. Standard research protocols are now
available as well as two bait stations that have shown promising results for Medfly control in
commercial citrus orchards. Future research on this topic should build on these developments.
7. The CRP fostered international networking and collaboration between scientists working in
similar fields of research as well as with private companies, makers and suppliers of the trapping
materials.
8. The interaction between scientists and private companies allowed a rapid development of the
new validated trapping technology, thus benefiting Member States.
Through this CRP fruit fly trapping technology for monitoring and detection in support of fruit
fly SIT was significantly advanced and a solid basis for continuing the development of bait
stations was established. Gaps in trapping technologies were clearly identified for future research
efforts.
The setting of the CRP with scientists representing institutions in different countries interacting
with the makers and suppliers of trapping materials and under the coordination of the Joint
FAO/IAEA Programme, showed to be a very effective model to reduce the time period between
development of technology and utilization by the end users.
The final RCM was held in Vienna, Austria, in May 2005 in conjunction with the Second
FAO/IAEA International Conference on Area-Wide Control of Insect Pests. This enabled the
participants to participate in an international conference where some presented and discussed
their results. This meeting fostered close collaboration and provided a forum for information
exchange between the scientists and the institutions involved, as well as a focused approach for
the development and technology transfer of environmentally friendly technologies.
Through this CRP (2000-2005) and two previous CRP's (IAEA-TECDOC-883, 1986-1992 and
IAEA-TECDOC-1099, 1995-1999) on Medfly specific subjects, significant progress has been
made in developing trapping systems for monitoring and survey of fruit fly species of economic
importance. However, there are still a number of information gaps that need to be filled through
further research and development. The main research areas in the detection and monitoring field
for the near future are:
Appendix E.38
· The trapping system developed by the European CRP participants, using food-based synthetic
attractants and a dry retention system (i.e. Deltametrin impregnated net or strips) should be
evaluated for Anastrepha spp occurring in the new world. Such a trap would considerably
lower the cost of monitoring, since it requires less servicing.
· In the studies conducted so far there has been no consistency in the response of Anastrepha
species to different concentrations and release rates of Ammonium Acetate and Putrescine.
Climatic conditions seem to affect the response. Thus, the system should be fine-tuned for
different climatic conditions.
· Evaluation of detection systems for new exotic invasive fruit fly species should continue and
the focus should be on species of the Anastrepha, Bactrocera, Ceratitis and Dacus genera.
· Basic research on more potent attractants for the olive fruit fly (B. oleae) is needed, and on the
behaviour related with such attractants.
Equally important is to continue investing resources in the development of cost-effective lure and
kill devices "bait stations" for fruit fly population suppression. Research should focus on the
following:
· The bait station should preferably present a generic action, should have low impact on nontarget species (natural enemies and pollinators), be long-lasting, inexpensive and
biodegradable.
· It is of a primary importance to integrate the knowledge on fly behaviour and ecology to
design bait stations (response to colour, shape, circadian movements etc).
· Include studies on spatial and temporal dynamics of the populations for development of mass
trapping and bait station technologies.
· Standard research protocols for bait station and/or mass trapping experiment needs to be
further refined including statistical fruit sampling to measure infestation levels.
Alemany A., Miranda M.A., Castro D. and Martin Escorza C. 2004. Computer graphic
simulation of Mediterranean fruit fly population density changes in a citrus orchard. Proceedings
of 6th International Fruit Fly Symposium. Stellenbosch, Southafrica. pp 61- 65.
Alemany A., Alonso D. And Miranda M.A. 2004. Evaluation of improved Mediterranean fruit
fly attractants and retention systems in the Balearic Islands (Spain). Proceedings of 6th
International Fruit Fly Symposium. Stellenbosch, Southafrica. pp 335- 359.
Alemany A., Miranda M.A., Alonso R. and Martin Escorza C. 2004. Efectividad del trampeo
masivo de hembras de Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) a base de atrayentes alimentarios.
"Efecto-borde" y papel de los frutales abandonados como potenciadores de la plaga. Boletín de
Sanidad Vegetal y Plagas, 30 (1-2): 255-264.
Braga Sobrinho R., A. L. M. Mesquita, J. A. Guimarães and W. Enkerlin. 2005. Improved
Attractants for Fruit Fly Management Programs. In: Proceedings of the Second FAO/IAEA
International Conference on Area-Wide Control of Insect Pests. Vienna, Austria. In: Proceedings
of the Second FAO/IAEA International Conference on Area-Wide Control of Insect Pests.
Vienna, Austria. (in preparation).
Braga Sobrinho, R.; Peixoto, M.J.A., Mesquita, A.L.M., Bandeira, C.T. 2002. Study on
population dynamic of fruit fly species in the state of Ceara. Ciencia Agronomica, 2002, p 69-73.
UFC - Fortaleza- Ce Brazil
Braga Sobrinho, R. Mesquita, A.L.M.; Peixoto, M.J.A. Evaluation of fruit fly attractants in the
State of Ceara - Brazil. Ciencia Agronomica (accepted for publication in September 2003)
Appendix E.39
Braga Sobrinho, R., Enkerlin, W.R., Mesquita, A.L.M. Development of fruit fly attractants for
mango (accepted for publication in Annals of International Symposium of Mango, 2003)
Braga Sobrinho, R., Mesquita, A.L.M., Peixoto, M.J.A. South American fruit fly free-area in
Brazil (accepted for publication in Annals of Symposium of fruit flies of economic importance,
2002).
Braga Sobrinho, R., Ometo, A.C.F., Mesquita, A.L.M. Monitoramento de moscas das frutas para
o estabelecimento de area-livre de moscas das cucurbitaceas no Estado do Ceara (Simposio de
Inovacoes Tecnologicas e Gerenciais, 2001 pp. 50-53. Embrapa, Fort. Ce. Brazil.)
Braga Sobrinho, R., Mesquita, A.L.M., Ometo, A.C. Fruit fly free-area for South American
cucurbit fruit fly in the State of Ceara. Annals of 4th WGFFWH, 2001, pp 203-204, Mendonza,
Arg.
Camacho H. 2005. Tephritids in Fruit Plantations in Costa Rica. In: Proceedings of the Second
FAO/IAEA International Conference on Area-Wide Control of Insect Pests. Vienna, Austria. In:
Proceedings of the Second FAO/IAEA International Conference on Area-Wide Control of Insect
Pests. Vienna, Austria. (in preparation)
Camacho R. 2005. Responses of Anastrepha striata to various attractants in Costa Rica. In:
Proceedings of the Second FAO/IAEA International Conference on Area-Wide Control of Insect
Pests. Vienna, Austria. In: Proceedings of the Second FAO/IAEA International Conference on
Area-Wide Control of Insect Pests. Vienna, Austria. (in preparation)
Chaboud A., 2003. Optimisation des systèmes de piégeage des femelles de Tephritidae nuisibles
aux cultures fruitières et maraîchères de l'île de la Réunion. Rapport de stage de 2ème année,
INP-ENSAToulouse, 37 pp + Annexes.
Cohen, H., and H. Voet. 2002. Effect of physiological state of young Ceratitis capitata females,
on resource foraging behavior. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 104: 345-351.
Cohen, H., and H. Voet. Mass trapping for control of Mediterranean fruit fly
(Diptera:Tephritidae) in apple orchards in Israel. J. Appl. Entomol. In press
Dantas L., J. Andrade, T. Frandsen, 2005. Evaluation of traps models and killing agents in
Mediterranean fruit fly captures. In: Proceedings of the Second FAO/IAEA International
Conference on Area-Wide Control of Insect Pests. Vienna, Austria. (in preparation)
Duyck P. F., S. Quilici, F. Fabre and P. Ryckewaert, 2002. Comparison and optimisation of the
efficacy of different food attractants for both sexes of the melon fly (Diptera : Tephritidae).
Poster presented at the " 6th International Symposium on Fruit Flies of Economic Importance,
Stellenbosch, South Africa, 6 -10 May 2002 " (Proceedings to be published).
Duyck P. F., P. Rousse, P. Ryckewaert, F. Fabre and S. Quilici. 2004. Influence of Adding Borax
and Modifying pH on Effectiveness of Food Attractants for Melon Fly (Diptera:Tephritidae). J.
Econ. Entomol. 97(3): 1137-1141.
Fabre F., P. Ryckewaert, P.F. Duyck, F. Chiroleu and S. Quilici. 2003. Comparison of the
Efficacy of Different Food Attractants and Their Concentration for Melon Fly (Diptera:
Tephritidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 96 (1): 231-238.
Heath, R. R., N. D. Epsky, D. Midgarden, and B. I. Katsoyannos. 2004. Efficacy of 1,4diaminobutane (putrescine) in a food-based synthetic attractant for capture of Mediterranean and
Mexican fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 97:1126-1131.
Heath R., N. Epsky, R. Mangan, W. Enkerlin, and J. Hendrichs. 2005. Systems to Advance and
Enhance Exotic Pest Control - a Case Study of a Global Partnership in Developing Monitoring
Systems for Use in SIT Management of the Mediterranean Fruit Fly. In: Proceedings of the
Second FAO/IAEA International Conference on Area-Wide Control of Insect Pests. Vienna,
Austria. In: Proceedings of the Second FAO/IAEA International Conference on Area-Wide
Control of Insect Pests. Vienna, Austria. (in preparation).
Appendix E.40
Katsoyannos, B. I., and N. T. Papadopoulos. 2004. Synthetic female attractants enhance Ceratitis
capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) captures by sticky-coated yellow spheres. J. Econ. Entomol. 97:
21 - 26.
Katsoyannos, B. I., and N. T. Papadopoulos. 2003. Comparison of different trapping systems for
the olive fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Chios Greece. 10th Congress of the Greek
Entomological Society. Heraclion, Crete, 4-7 November 2003. (in Greek)
Katsoyannos, B. I., N. T. Papadopoulos, W. Enkerlin, J. Hendrichs and R.R.Heath. 2004.
Comparison of different attractants for monitoring and control of the olive fruit fly Bactrocera
oleae in Greece. 5th meeting of the working group on fruit flies of the western hemisphere, Ft.
Lauderdale, Florida USA, 16 - 21 May 2004 Ft. Lauderdale, Florida USA.
Katsoyannos B.I., N.T. Papadopoulos, N.A. Kouloussis, W. Enkerlin, J. Hendrichs and R.R.
Heath. 2004. Towards the development of a lure and kill system against Ceratitis capitata and
Bactrocera oleae combining food lures and colored spheres. 5th meeting of the working group on
fruit flies of the western hemisphere, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida USA, 16 - 21 May 2004 Ft.
Lauderdale, Florida USA.
Katsoyannos, B. I., and N. T. Papadopoulos, N. A. Kouloussis, N. Zoundas, and K. Tsartsalis.
2005. Evaluation of the efficacy of different trapping systems for the Mediterranean fruit fly.
11th Congress of the Greek Entomological Society. Karditsa, 11-14 October 2005. (in Greek).
Kendra, P.K., A. Vazquez, N.D. Epsky, and R.R. Heath. 2005. Ammonia and carbon dioxide:
quantification and electroantennogram responses of Caribbean fruit fly Anastrepha suspensa
(Diptera: Tephritidae). Environ. Entomol. 34: 569-575.
Kendra, P.K., W.S. Montgomery, D.M. Mateo, H. Puche, N.D. Epsky, and R.R. Heath. 2005.
Effect of age on EAG response and attraction of Anastrepha suspensa (Diptera: Tephritidae) to
ammonia and carbon dioxide. Environ. Entomol. 34: 584-590.
Midgarden, D.G., O. Ovalle, N.D. Epsky, H. Puche, P.E. Kendra, P. Rendon, and R.R. Heath.
2004. Comparison of traps baited with food-based attractant to Jackson traps with trimedlure for
detection of Mediterranean fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) during male sterile release of in
Guatemala. J. Econ. Entomol. 97: 2137-2143.
Miranda M.A., R. Alonso and A. Alemany. 2001. Field evaluation of Medfly (Dipt., Tephritidae)
female attractants in a Mediterranean agrosystem (Balearic Islands, Spain). J. Appl. Ent. 125,
333-339.
Miranda, M. A., Alonso, R. and A. Alemany. 2001. Field evaluation of Medfly C. capitata
(Diptera: Tephritidae) female attractants in a Mediterranean agrosystem (Balearic System,
Spain). Journal of Applied Entomology, 125: 333Papadopoulos N., B. I. Katsoyannos, R. R. Heath, J. Hendrichs, and N. T. Kouloussis. 2001.
Early detection of population monitoring of Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) in a mixedfruit orchard in northern Greece. J. Econ. Entomol. 94: 971-978.
Puche, H., D.G. Midgarden, O. Ovalle, P.E. Kendra, N.D. Epsky, P. Rendon and R. R. Heath.
2005. Effect of elevation and host availability on sterile and wild Mediterranean fruit flies
(Diptera: Tephritidae) distribution. Florida Entomol. 88: 83-90.
Putruele, G. and O. Domínguez. 2001. Perimeter and mass trapping strategies to reduce
Mediterranean fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) damage. Abstract of the 4th Meeting of the
Working Group on fruit flies of the Western Hemisphere. Session III, 116-117 p.
Putruele, G. 2001. Moscas de las Frutas. Control eficiente con menos plaguicidas. Rev. IDIA
XXI. Año I: N ° 1, 29-32 p.
Putruele, G. and G. Scattone. 2001. Mass Trapping of C. capitata. Abstract of the 6th
International Symposium on fruit flies of Economic Importance, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
Putruele, G. 2001. Ensayo comparativo de control de moscas de los frutos. El heraldo
Agropecuario, 2/04/01, p 6.
Appendix E.41
Putruele, G. 2001. Moscas de las Frutas. Control eficiente con menos plaguicidas. IDIA,
publicaciones INTA, XXI, año I, No 1, noviembre 2001, p 28-33.
Putruele, G. 2002. Manejo integrado de Moscas de las Frutas: Trampeo masivo como
herramienta de control. Boletín Novedades Frutícolas de la EEA Concordia, N ° 42. ISSN 16665392.
Putruele, G. 2002. Desarrollo de un sistema de trampeo de hembras de Moscas de las Frutas.
Boletín Novedades Frutícolas de la EEA Concordia, N ° 55. ISSN 1666- 5392.
Quilici S., V. Rioux, I. Litrico and A. Franck, 2002. Compared attractiveness of trapping systems
for Natal fruit fly, Ceratitis rosa and Melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae. Paper presented at the 2nd
Research Coordination Meeting of the FAO-IAEA TCP on "Development of Improved
Attractants and their Integration into Fruit Fly SIT Management Programmes", Stellenbosch,
South Africa, April 29th to May 3rd 2002, 7 pp.
Quilici S., 2002. Compte-rendu de participation à la seconde réunion de coordination du
programme FAO-AIEA sur les attractifs pour femelles de mouches des fruits, Stellenbosch,
Afrique du Sud, 29 avril au 3 mai 2002. Doc. CIRAD Réunion / 3P, 4 pp.
Ros J.P., E. Castillo, P. Blas. 2003."Estudio de la eficacia atractiva de diferentes sustancias y
mosqueros hacia la mosca del olivo Bactrocera oleae Gmel." Boletín de Sanidad Vegetal-Plagas"
Vol. 29, Ministerio de Agricultura 2003.
Ros J.P., E. Castillo, L. Matas. 2003."Estudio sobre la dinámica de población de la mosca del
olivo Bactrocera oleae Gmel. mediante utilización de diferentes trampas, mosqueros y atrayentes
en la zona olivarera situada al Este de la provincia de Madrid" XI Simposium Científico-Técnico
"EXPOLIVA 2003". Jaén, Mayo 2003.
Ros J.P., J. Gomila, M. Reurer, P. Pons, E. Castillo. 2002." The Use of Mass Trapping
Technique against Medfly (Ceratitis capitata Wied.)in a Sustainable Agriculture in Minorca
Island (Balearic Islands, Spain) Declared "Reserve of the Biosphere" by UNESCO." 6th
International Symposium on Fruit Flies of Economic Importance. Stellenbosch, South Africa.
May 2002.
Ros J.P., E. Wong, E. Castillo. 2002."Improvement of traps, attractants and killing agents against
Ceratitis capitata Wied. and Bactrocera oleae Geml. How to do the mass trapping technique a
good way to control both pest" 2nd Research Coordination Meeting on "Development of
Improved attractants and their integration into fruit fly SIT management programmes".
Stellenbosch, South Africa, 2002.
Ros J.P., E. Wong, J. Olivero, E. Castillo. 2002."Mejora de los mosqueros, atrayentes y sistemas
de retención contra la mosca de la fruta Ceratitis capitata Wied. Como hacer de la técnica del
trampeo masivo una buena herramienta para controlar esta plaga" Boletín Sanidad VegetalPlagas Vol 28. nº 4. Ministerio de Agricultura. 2002.
Rousse P., P.F. Duyck, S. Quilici et P. Ryckewaert, 2003. Développement et optimisation
d'attractifs alimentaires pour la mouche du melon Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) (Diptera:
Tephritidae). In: Proceedings Annual Meeting of Agricultural Scientists (AMAS), FARC (Food
and Agricultural Research Council), Le Réduit, Mauritius, 2003 (Proceedings to be published).
Seewooruthun S.I., S. Permalloo and P. Sookar. 2005. Assessment of attractants for fruit fly
(Diptera: Tephritidae) management. Proceedings of the 7th Meeting of Agricultural Scientist,
jointly organised by the Food and Agricultural Research Council, Ministry of Agriculture, Food
Technology and Natural Resources and Mauritius Sugar Industry Research Institute. 6 May
2005, Reduit, Mauritius.
Sookar P., S. I. Seewooruthun and F. Khayrattee. 2002. Assessment of protein baits for the
monitoring and control of fruit flies. Paper presented at the '10ème Congrès, Société de
Technologie Agricole et Sucrière de Maurice, Réduit, Ile Maurice, 27 September - 01 October
2002.
Appendix E.42
Thomas, D.B, T. C. Holler, R. R. Heath, E. Salinas, and A. Moses. 2001. Trap-lure
combinations for surveillance of Anastrepha fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae). Florida Entomol.
84: 344-349.
Apart from the list of 51 publications presented above and one thesis for a bachelor's degree, the
results of the CRP are being prepared for publication in 2006 as an IAEA TECDOC.
Appendix E.43
CRP No. 1060 (D55001)
The classification of soil systems on the basis of transfer factors of radionuclides from soil to
reference plants
Section/Division:
Period Covered:
1998-11-01 through 2004-06-30
Objectives of CRP:
The overall objective was to improve the specificity of radiological assessment models leading
to:
1. better planning for emergency response and long-term agricultural countermeasures,
particularly in developing countries, through the development of generic data as well as those
more relevant to local conditions;
2. more precise information on environmental parameters to be used when setting limits for
authorized discharges from nuclear installations.
(b) Specific (CRP):
The specific objective was to generate data on soil-to-plant transfer factors (TF) of radionuclides
to characterize systems in which transfer factors deviate substantially from average and to assess
the extent it is possible to classify soils according to the availability of radionuclides.
Outputs:
(a) Research:
Some 3000 soil-to-plant transfer factors were measured in 25 soil units in 11 countries to assess
the extent it is possible to relate radionuclide availability to plants with soil units as defined in
the FAO Reference Base for Soil Resources. All CRP participants determined radiocaesium and
radiostrontium transfer factors from the ratio between the units of radioactivity per unit mass of
harvested crop and the units of radioactivity per unit mass dry soil. Some participants included
additional radionuclides. At least one cereal and one broad-leaved crop were included in each
case. On the basis of transfer factors for radiocaesium, five groups of soil units were tentatively
identified as being sufficiently well defined to be a useful guide for response planning purposes
although more data are needed. The data for radiostrontium were more variable and although
three groups of soil units could be seen they were too diffuse to be useful for emergency
planning purposes. Three statistical approaches emerged during the CRP that show promise for
the prediction of radionuclide availability in the soil.
(b) Others:
The CRP generated sufficient data sets to give a fair insight into the behaviour of radiocaesium in
a range of soil types. The main sources for variation included: crop cultivation, soil fertilization,
weather, crop variety and analytical variability. Soil microbiological activity has not previously
been considered but Twining et al. drew attention to this as a possible source of variation in
transfer factors.
Appendix E.44
The CRP produced a preliminary classification of soils based on the uptake of radiocaesium and,
to a lesser extent, radiostrontium by cereals.
Based on the results of the CRP approximate transfer factor estimations for radiocaesium and
radiostrontium can be made following a stepwise procedure.
1. Define the soil and ascertain to which Soil Unit it belongs. (Currently there are data for only
25 Soil Units).
2. Decide on the soil texture as in most cases the texture together with the Soil Group defines the
value of the reference TF in the classification system.
3. Determine the Reference transfer factor (for cereals). It depends on the purpose of the
prediction if one selects the maximum value or the most probable value.
4. Apply a conversion factor to the reference cereal transfer factor to obtain an order of
magnitude estimate.
Variability of the data arises from many sources many of which can only be described
qualitatively. The lack of standard validated procedures for field and pot experiments was a
handicap that was only partially addressed by the FAO/IAEA/IUR protocol for experimental
studies on the uptake of radionuclides from soils by plants.
Impact of the CRP:
This CRP has shown that it should be possible to arrange the Soil Units defined in the FAO
World Reference Base for Soil Resources into groups based on radionuclide transfer factors. In
the case of radiocaesium, five groups have been tentatively identified but more data are needed to
confirm this. Although the divisions between groups are not precise they will probably give a
useful guide for emergency planning purposes. Because only limited data are available for
radiostrontium only three groups could be identified based on radiostrontium transfer factors. At
the moment these groupings are probably too tentative to be used in emergency planning.
Three assumptions were made at the outset of the CRP:
1. the transfer factors within a crop group, such as cereals, green vegetables, potatoes, and root
crops, for a particular soil and radionuclide are the same;
2. the ratios between the transfer factors of different crop groups for a particular radionuclide are
constant;
3. transfer factor values for all other crops can be calculated from a reference transfer factor for
one crop.
All assumptions were justified for radiocaesium within experimental error, which admittedly was
sometimes considerable. Thus, knowing the transfer factor group to which a soil belongs and the
reference transfer factor (for cereals) for the group, assessments can be made of the transfer
factors to other crops on this soil to within an order of magnitude. The available data do not
justify a similar calculation for radiostrontium.
1. Steps should be taken to obtain sufficient data to allow soils to be classified on the basis of
radiostrontium transfer factors. Further data should also be obtained to improve the definition
of the classification based on radiocaesium transfer factors.
2. The alternative statistical approaches identified by the CRP should be applied to as wide a
range of data as possible.
Appendix E.45
3. All relevant data from this CRP and from other sources should be collected in a publicly
available electronic database.
4. Sources of variability in field and pot experiments should be explored and quantified with a
view to recommending standard procedures that can be validated by analogy with, for
example, chemical analytical methods.
5. Efforts should be made to ensure that the provisions of ISO 17025 can be applied effectively
in international programmes.
IAEA TECDOC Series No. 1497 “Classification of Soil Systems on the Basis of Transfer
Factors of Radionuclides from Soil to Reference Plants Proceedings of a final research
coordination meeting held in Chania, Crete, 22–26 September 2003” (2006)
Transfer factors (ftp://ftp.iaea.org/dist/rifa-trc/Crete/RCM/Frissel/raw-data/).
Appendix E.46
CRP No. 1308 (D61022)
Use of irradiation to ensure hygienic quality of fresh, pre-cut fruits and vegetables and other
minimally processed food of plant origin
Section/Division:
Period Covered:
2001-04-01 through 2005-08-31
Objectives of CRP:
The overall objective of this CRP was to evaluate the effectiveness of irradiation as a method to
ensure the microbiological safety of fresh, pre-cut produce and other minimally processed food
of plant origin and to appraise the quality of such products subject to radiation doses sufficient
to control infectivity of these pathogens.
(b) Specific (CRP):
The specific objective of this CRP was to use validated methods for the microbiological
determination of food and validated procedure for irradiation of food in controlling various
food-borne pathogens in fresh, pre-cut produce and other minimally processed food of plant
origin.
Outputs:
Research:
A total of 12 pathogenic bacteria were studied in more than 40 different products, in order to
establish the radio-sensibility of the bacteria in their natural environment and therefore to
determine the optimal doses of irradiation to be applied as a sanitary measure in the produce
studied.
Methods for determination of bacterial pathogens were also validated through experimentation.
To carry out these experiments the participants used mainly internationally recognized standard
methodologies.
The research work was divided in three groups of produce: 1) fruits, 2) vegetables, and 3) seeds
and sprouts. As a result of the experiments carried out, it can be affirmed that in general the
fruits can be exposed to doses between 1-2.0 kGy without affecting the sensory attributes, as
well as most of the studied minimally processed vegetables (doses up to 2 kGy) which at the
same time extended the shelf-life of the products. On the other hand, seeds and sprouts needed
doses of 2-2.5 kGy to reduce the microbial contamination considerably.
The irradiation treatment showed to be an effective method to ensure the microbiological safety
of fresh, pre-cut produce and other minimally processed food of plant origin.
The generated data under this CRP will provide a solid scientific base to develop guidelines for
the use of irradiation as a preventive measure to assure a good hygienic quality of pre-cut and
minimally processed fresh fruits and vegetables without affecting their sensorial and
commercial quality.
Appendix E.47
“To use validated methods for microbiological determination of food and validated procedure
for irradiation of food in controlling various food-borne pathogens in fresh, pre-cut produce and
other minimally processed food of plant origin”. To carry out these experiments the participants
used internationally recognized standard methodologies such as the methodologies adopted by
the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC), American Society for Testing
Materials (ASTM), published by the Food and Drug Administration in USA (Bacteriological
Analytical Manual), as well as others. It is important to note that one of the participants from
USA developed a methodology for doing artificial contamination of the produce with
pathogenic bacteria. This methodology was applied and adopted later by the other participants
of the CRP.
“To evaluate the effectiveness of irradiation as a method to ensure the microbiological safety of
fresh, pre-cut produce and other minimally processed food of plant origin and to appraise the
quality of such products subject to radiation doses sufficient to control infectivity of these
pathogens”. The overall objective was met. The work done is supporting scientifically this
application of food irradiation technology as an effective method to ensure microbiological
safety of these “new” products on the market.
This application has large potential in the near future due to the increasing trend in developed
and many developing countries to centrally prepare and process fresh fruits and vegetables,
properly packaged, for distribution and marketing. On the other hand, changes occurring in
demographics, lifestyles and eating habits have been cited as another reason for the increasing
demands for fresh cut or minimally processed fruits and vegetables. Such trends appear to result
in spreading contamination by various pathogens from a central source. A number of large foodborne disease outbreaks involving up to thousands of illnesses and many deaths attributable to
the consumption of fresh, pre-cut and minimally processed produce occurred in the past decade.
This CRP showed that food irradiation technology is an effective method to ensure the
microbiological safety of fresh, pre-cut produce and other minimally processed food of plant
origin.
Impact of the CRP:
1) The CRP demonstrated the utility of irradiation technology to be applied as a sanitary
measure on products which cannot be treated with alternative technologies without affecting the
sensorial characteristics of the products or have shown that they are less effective (less
penetration) or left chemical residues.
2) Demonstrated in many cases that applying irradiation as a sanitary measure, the same level of
doses can also extend the shelf life of the product.
3) Demonstrated that the conventional “organic” minimally processed fruits and vegetables,
from different participant countries were also contaminated and in some cases pathogenic
bacteria were found. This fact is important due to fact that the consumers are paying more in the
market for a product that they suppose is more “healthy”.
4) Showed that there is lack of legislation in some countries on safety standards, especially on
microbiological limits of fresh pre-cut minimally processed fruits and vegetables. This is
important when the irradiation technology is proposed as a sanitary measure for this produce.
Appendix E.48
5) If the irradiation technology is applied at the commercial scale, it could produce an impact
from the public health point of view because in this way it would be possible to avoid many
food-borne diseases.
New trends on consumption, and other factors, such us the use of new packaging materials, are
producing or delivering “new products” to the market, like the minimally processed fruits and
vegetables, but these types of products are also producing “new” public health problems. This
CRP showed that irradiation technology is very effective and has large advantages in
comparison with alternative technologies.
This is the first time that these types of products are studied by the Agency under a CRP.
In spite of obtaining valuable scientific information under this CRP, there is still a need to
support additional research as the microbiological safety of these products vary with the type
and cultivar of fruits and vegetables, type of packaging or use of combined treatment.
To disseminate the information obtained under this CRP through regional and international
workshops and seminars organized by IAEA and WHO. This type of action would facilitate the
implementation of specific legislation in Member States.
Horak, C.; Narvaiz, P.; Giménez, P.; Adeil Pietranera, M.S.; Kairiyama, E.; Gronostajsky, D.–
“Feasibility of ready-to-eat salads decontamination by ionizing radiation, to be included in
immunocompromised patients´clean diets” - Published as abstract in Proc. XXVIII Argentine
Nuclear Tecnology Association Congress, Buenos Aires, Argentina (2001).
Avendaño, S.; López, L.; Romero, J.; Garrido, S.; Espinoza, J.; Vargas, M. Effect of ionizing
radiation on fresh pre-cut vegetables. (In Spanish: Efecto de la radiación ionizante en productos
vegetales frescos pretrozados). Abstract Book of VII Latin-American Congress of Food
Microbiology and Hygiene. November, Santiago, Chile (2002).
López, L.; Avendaño, S.; Romero, J.; Garrido, S.; Espinoza, J.; Vargas, M. Irradiation of
Vegetables: determination of the D10 value for E. coli. (In Spanish: Irradiación de vegetales:
determinación del valor D10 para E. coli.) Abstract Book of XXIV Chilean Congress of
Microbiology, December, Punta de Tralca, Chile (2002).
Mohácsi-Farkas, Cs., Farkas, J., Andrássy, É., Polyák-Fehér, K. and Brückner, A.: Improving
the microbiological safety of some fresh pre-cut and pre-packaged chilled salad vegetables by
low-dose gamma irradiation. Proceedings and Abstracts of the 18th International ICFMH
Symposium, FoodMicro 2002, 18-23 August, Lillehammer, Norway, p. 294 (2002).
Narvaiz, P., Adeil Pietranera, M., Jiménez, P., Horak, C. ,Kairiyama, E., Gronostajski, D.,
Ribetto, A. M. - “Safe, ready-to-eat, more varied and nutritious meals for immunocompromised
patients by gamma irradiation” - Published as abstract in Proc. XIV Argentine Nutrition
Congress, Buenos Aires, Argentina (2002).
Trigo, M.J.; Andrada, L., Curado, T.; Ferreira, A.; Ferreira, E. S.; Horta, M.P.; Sapata, M.M.;
Sousa, M. B.; Botelho, M. L. and Veloso, G. “Effect of γ radiation on minimally processed
lettuce”. Poster. “Seminário – Qualidade e Segurança Alimentar”, Instituto Superior de
Agronomia, Lisboa, Portugal, 20 – 21 de Maio, Proc. p. 143 (2002).
Trigo, M. J.; Sousa, M. B.; Sapata, M. M.; Ferreira, A.; Curado, T.; Andrada, L.; Ferreira, E.S.;
Antunes, C.; Horta, M.P.; Pereira, A.R.; Botelho, M.L. and Veloso, M.G. “Efeito da radiação
gama em nabo minimamente processado”. Proc. “6º Encontro de Química de Alimentos”,
INIAP-IPIMAR/SPQ, Lisboa, Portugal, 22-25 Junho, 2003. p: 367-371 (2003).
Appendix E.49
Gergely, V., Mohácsi-Farkas, Cs.: Improvement of the microbiological safety vegetable sprouts
by low-dose irradiation. (In Hungarian, Étkezési növénycsírák és magvak mikrobiológiai
biztonságának javítása kis dózisú besugárzással), Élelmezési Ipar, LVII./ 7., pp. 199-202.
(2003).
Mohácsi-Farkas, Cs., Andrássy, É., Brückner, A., Gergely, V.: Improving the microbiological
safety of seeds and sprouts by low-dose gamma irradiation. Abstract Book of 1st FEMS
Congress of European Microbiologists, June 29-July 3, Ljubljana, Slovenia, p. 152 (2003).
Mohácsi-Farkas, Cs., Andrássy, É., Brückner, A., Gergely, V.: Use of low-dose gamma
irradiation to improve the microbiological safety of alfalfa and radish seeds and sprouts.
Proceedings of the Workshop on Nonthermal food preservation, Joint meeting of the
Nonthermal processing division of IFT and EFFOST, 7-10 September, 2003, Wageningen, The
Netherlands (2003).
Horak, C., Adeil Pietranera, M.S., Malvicini, M., Kairiyama, E. et al., “Radiation resistance of
Pathogenic bacteria in fresh, ready to eat, pre-cut vegetables”, IMRP, Chicago, September
(2003).
Chaudry, M.A., Bibi, N., Khan, M.U., Khan, M. And Qureshi, M. J., Radiation treatment of
minimally processed carrots to ensure hygienic quality, Intern., Meeting on radiation processing
(IMRP) Abst.F-80, P 101, 7-21 Sep., Chicago, USA, (2003).
Niemira, B.A., et al. Ionizing Radiation Sensitivity of Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 49594 and
L. innocua ATCC 51742 Inoculated on Endive (Cichorium endiva), J Food Prot. 66:993-998
(2003).
López, L.; Avendaño. S; Romero, J; Garrido, S; Espinoza, J.; Vargas, M. Irradiation of fresh
vegetables. Organic Lettuce. (In Spanish: Irradiación de vegetales frescos. Lechuga orgánica).
Abstract Book of II Argentine Congress of Food Microbiology, September, Santa Fé, Argentina
(2003).
Niemira, B.A., X. Fan, K.J.B. Sokorai and C.H. Sommers, Ionizing radiation sensitivity of
Listeria monocytogenes and L. innocua inoculated on endive (Cichorium endiva). J. Food
Protection. v. 66. p. 993-998 (2003).
Rajkowski, K. T., G. Boyd and D. W. Thayer, Irradiation D-values for Escherichia coli
O157:H7 and Salmonella sp. on Inoculated Broccoli Seeds and Effects of Irradiation on
Broccoli Sprout Keeping Quality and Seed Viability, J. Food Protection, 66:760-766 (2003).
Martins, C.G., Behrens, J.H., Destro, M.R., Franco, B.D.G.M., Vizeu, D.M., Hutzler, B.,
Landgraf, M., Gamma radiation in the reduction of Salmonella spp. inoculated on minimally
processed watercress (Nasturtium officinalis) Rad. Phys. Chemistry, 71:89:93 (2004).
Goularte, L.; Martins, C.G.; Morales-Aizpurúa, I.C.; Destro, M.T.; Franco, B.D.G.M.; Vizeu,
D.M.; Hutzler, B.W.; Landgraf, M., Combination of minimally processing and irradiation to
improve the microbiological safety of lettuce (Lactuca sativa, L.), Rad. Phys. Chem. v.71:157161, (2004).
Nunes, T. P.; Martins, C. G; Genovese, M. I.; Franco, B. D. G. M.; Destro, M. T.; Hutzler, B.;
Landgraf, Efeito da irradiação em Listeria monocytogenes inoculada em rúcula. XXIII
Congresso Brasileiro de Microbiologia, Programa e Resumos, 15/452-1, p.170 (2004).
Niemira, B.A., X. Fan and K.J.B. Sokorai, Irradiation and modified atmosphere packaging of
endive influences survival and regrowth of Listeria monocytogenes and product sensory
qualities. Rad Phys and Chem 72(1):41-48 (2004).
López, L.; Avendaño, S.; Romero, J.; Wittig, E.; Solis, L.; Espinoza, J.; Vargas, M. Minimally
processed vegetables: Effect of gamma radiation on Listeria spp. and other microbiological
parameters. (In Spanish: Vegetales minimamente procesados: Efecto de la irradiación gamma sobre
Listeria spp. y otros parámetros microbiológicos). Abstract Book of Internacional Congress of
Food Science and Tecnology. November, Córdoba, Argentina (2004).
Appendix E.50
Solis, L.; López, L.; Avendaño, S.; Romero, J.; Wittig, E.; Espinoza, J.; Vargas, M. Effect of
ionizing radiation on the microbiological quality of 4th gama vegetables (In Spanish: Efecto de
la radiación ionizante en la calidad microbiológica de productos vegetales de cuarta gama).
Abstract Book of II Chilean Congress of Food Microbiology and Hygiene. March, Santiago,
Chile (2004).
Muhammad Ashraf Chaudry, Amal Badshah, Nizakat Bibi, Misal Khan, Maazullah Khan,
Ehsanullah and Muhammad Jamil Qureshi. Shelf-life extension of minimally- processed fruits
and vegetables through Gamma irradiation. II. Microbial safety and sensoric quality of apples
and melons. Advances in Food Science 26 (3) 98-103 (2004).
M. A. Chaudry, N. Bibi. M. Khan, A. Badshah, M. U. Khan, and M. J. Qureshi. Radiation
treatment of minimally processed carrots to ensure hygienic quality. Radiation Physics and
Chemistry. 71 (1-2) 171-175 (2004).
Martins, C.G., Aragon-Alegro, L.C., Behrens, J.H., Hutzler, B., Destro, M.T., Vizeu, D.M.,
Landgraf, M., Acceptability of minimally processed and irradiated fruits among Brazilian
consumers. Symposium and Programme & Abstract Book, The 6th Pangborn Sensory Science
Symposium. P104, Harrogate, UK (2005).
López, L.; Avendaño, S.; Romero, J.; Garrido, S.; Espinoza, J.; Vargas, M., Effect of gamma
irradiation on the microbiological quality of minimally processed vegetables. Arch. Latinoam.
Nutr. 55(3):287-292. (2005).
López, L., Avendaño, S., Romero, J.; Wittig, E.; Thumann, K; Acevedo, C.; Espinoza, J. Ionizing
radiation sensitivity of Listeria innocua and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in a minimally processed
salad and effect of the radiation on microbiological and sensorial parameters. (In Spanish:
Radiosensibilidad de Listeria innocua y Escherichia coli O157:H7 en una ensalada minimamente
procesada y efecto de la radiación en parámetros microbiológicos y sensoriales). Abstract Book of
VIII Latin-American Congress of Food Microbiology and Hygiene. May, Bogotá, Colombia
(2005).
Amal Badshah Khattak, Nizakat Bibi, Muhammad Ashraf Chaudry, Misal Khan, and Maazullah
Khan. Shelf-life extension of minimally processed Cabbage and Cucumber through Gamma
irradiation, Journal of Food Protection. 68 (1) 105-110 (2005).
Nizakat Bibi, Amal Badshah Khattak, Muhammad Ashraf Chaudry, Misal Khan, Maazullah
Khan and Shahid Akbar Khalil, Shelf-life extension of minimally- processed Tomato through
Gamma irradiation. Advances in Food Science. 27 (1) 9-13 (2005).
N. Bibi, M. Khan, A. Badshah Khattak and M. A. Chaudry. Sensory, physicochemical and
microbiological quality of irradiated minimally processed cauliflower, Radiation Physics and
chemistry. 73 (6) 362-364 (2005).
M. Khan, N. Bibi, A. Badshah Khattak and M. A. Chaudry. Influence of irradiation on microbial
safety and nutritional quality of minimally processed bitter gourd. J. Food Sci. 70 (5) M255-259
(2005).
Trigo, M. J.; Sousa, M. B.; Sapata, M. M.; Ferreira, A Curado, T.; Andrada, L.; Ferreira, E. S.;
Antunes, C; Cordeiro; Romão, M. L.; Horta, M P.; Pegado, M. C.; Botelho, M. L. And Veloso,
G.– “Qualidade de Salsa Minimamente Processada Submetida a Radiação Ionizante”.
Proceedings in CD of “7º Encontro de Química dos Alimentos. Tradição e Inovação, Saúde e
Segurança” – ESAV-IPV/SPQ, Viseu, Portugal, P3.10 (2005).
Fan, X., Sokorai, K.J.B., Assessment of radiation sensitivity of fresh-cut vegetables using
electrolyte leakage measurement. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 36 191-197 (2005).
Martins, C. G; Nunes, T. P.; Souza, K. L. O.; Franco, B. D. G. M.; Destro, M. T.; Hutzler, B.;
Landgraf, M., Fate of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella sp on irradiated minimally
processed organic watercress during refrigerated shelf life. IAFP 2006 - 93rd Annual Meeting,
Calgary–Alberta, Canada (2006).
Nunes, T. P.; Martins, C. G; Genovese, M. I.; Franco, B. D. G. M.; Destro, M. T.; Hutzler, B.;
Landgraf, M., Effect of irradiation on flavonoid content and radio-resistance of Listeria
Appendix E.51
monocytogenes on arugula. In: IAFP 2006- 93rd Annual Meeting, 2006, Calgary – Alberta,
Canada (2006).
Dhokane, V. S., S. Hajare, R. Shashidhar, A. Sharma and J. R. Bandekar, Radiation processing
to ensure safety of minimally processed carrot (Daucus carota) and cucumber (Cucumis
sativus): Optimization of dose for the elimination of Salmonella typhimurium and Listeria
monocytogenes, Journal of Food Protection, 69(2): 444 - 448 (2006).
Sachin N. Hajare, Varsha S. Dhokane, R. Shashidhar, Arun Sharma and Jayant R. Bandekar,
Radiation processing of minimally processed carrot (Daucus carota) and cucumber (Cucumis
sativus) to ensure safety: Effect on nutritional and sensory quality, Journal of Food Science
71(3):S198-203 (2006).
Sachin N. Hajare, Varsha S. Dhokane, R. Shashidhar, Arun Sharma and Jayant R. Bandekar,
Radiation processing of minimally processed pineapple (Ananas comosus Merr.) to ensure
safety: Effect on nutritional and sensory quality, Journal of Food Science, 71(6) 501-505 (2006).
Sunil D. Saroj, R. Shashidhar, Manoj Pandey, Varsha Dhokane, Sachin Hajare, Arun Sharma
and Jayant R. Bandekar, Effectiveness of Radiation Processing in Elimination of Salmonella
Typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes from Sprouts, J. Food Protect., 69 (8) 1858-1864
(2006).
Sunil D. Saroj, R. Shashidhar, Manoj Pandey, Varsha Dhokane, Sachin Hajare, Arun Sharma
and Jayant R. Bandekar, Microbiological evaluation of sprouts marketed in Mumbai and its
suburbs, J. Food Protect. 69 (10) 2515-2518 (2006).
López, L.; Avendaño, S.; Romero, J.; Wittig, E.; Thumann, K.; Acevedo, C.; Zárate, H.;
Espinoza, J. Effect of ionizing radiation on the microbiological and sensorial parameters of a
ready-to-eat salad. (In Spanish: Efecto de la radiación ionizante en parámetros microbiológicos
y sensoriales de una ensalada lista para el consumo). Proceedings (CD) Abstract Book of VII
Latin-American and Caribbean Congress of Agricultural Engineering. May, Termas de Chillán,
Chile (2006).
Romero,J.; López,L.; Avendaño,S.; Thumann,K.; Acevedo,C.; Garrido,S.; Zárate,H.;
Espinoza,J. Ionizing radiation sensitivity of microorganisms in vegetal products. (In Spanish:
Radiosensibilidad de microorganismos en productos vegetales). Proceedings (CD) and Abstract
Book of VII Latin-American and Caribbean Congress of Agricultural Engineering. May, Termas
de Chillán, Chile (2006).
Trigo, M. J.; Ferreira, A.; Sapata, M. M.; Sousa, M. B.; Curado, T.; Andrada, L.; Ferreira, E. S.;
Botelho, M. L. and Veloso, M. G. “Low-dose gamma radiation effects on watermelon shelf
life” In: Actas Congresso Internacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Córdoba
Argentina, 15-20 Novembro 2006, p. 195. (Poster 148) (2006).
Mansour, F.A.; Hammad, A.A.; Swailam, H.M.; Serag, M.S. and Abo El-Nour, S.A. Effect of
irradiation on the hygenic, chemical and sensory quality of minimally processed fresh-cut carrot.
Egyptian Journal for Radiation Science and Application (2006).
Serag, M.S.; Mansour, F.A.; Swailam, H.M.; Hammad, A.A. and Abo El-Nour, S.A.
Mycological studies on some minimally processed fruits and vegetables. Egyptian Journal for
Radiation Science and Application (2006).
Cepeda, M.L., J. Maxim, and S.D. Pillai, Efficiency of electron beam irradiation on bacterial
load reduction for prepackaged “ready to eat” spinach inoculated with E.coli O157:H7, Abstract.
107th General Meetings of the American Society for Microbiology, Toronto, ON, Canada
(2007).
Rajkowski, K.T., Inhibition of Shigella sonnei by Ultraviolet Energy on Agar, Liquid Media and
Radish Sprouts, Journal of Food Safety, Accepted for publication, May, (2007).
Martins, C.G., Behrens, J.H., Aragon-Alegro, L.C., Vieira, V.S., Costa-Sobrinho, P.S., Vizeu,
D.M., Hutzler, B., Franco, B.D.G.M., Destro, M.T., Landgraf, M., Shelf-life of irradiated
minimally processed (MP) watercress (Nasturtium officinale), Ciênc. Tecnol. Alim. 27(1): 44-48
(2007).
Appendix E.52
Trigo, M.J.; Sousa, M.B.; Sapata, M.; Ferreira, A.; Curado, T.; Andrada, L.; Ferreira, E.; Horta,
M.P.; Botelho and M.L.; Veloso, M.G. “Efeito da radiação gama em melão fresco minimamente
processado”. Proc. “8º Encontro de Química de Alimentos. Alimentos Tradicionais, Alimentos
Saudáveis e Rastreabilidade” – IPB-ESAB/SPQ, Beja, Portugal. 4-7 March 2007, p: 359-363
(2007).
Rajkowski, K. T. and X. Fan, Microbial Quality of Fresh Cut Iceberg Lettuce Washed in Warm
or Cold Water and Irradiation in a Modified Atmosphere Package, Journal of Food Safety,
Accepted for publication.
Ravindranath Shashidhar, Varsha S. Dhokane, Sachin N Hajare, Arun Sharma and Jayant R.
Bandekar, Effectiveness of Radiation Processing for Elimination of Salmonella Typhimurium
from Minimally Processed Pineapple (Ananas comosus Merr.), J. Food Science (in press).
Sachin N. Hajare, Sunil D. Saroj, Varsha S. Dhokane, R. Shashidhar and Jayant R. Bandekar,
Effect of radiation processing on nutritional and sensory quality of minimally processed green
gram and garden pea sprouts., Radiation Physics & Chemistry (in press).
Appendix E.53
CRP No. 1072 (E11013)
Development and validation of an Internet based clinical and technical study communication
system for nuclear medicine
Section/Division:
Division of Human Health
Period Covered:
1998-12-15 through 2004-12-31
Objectives of CRP:
Development and validation of an internet based clinical and technical study communication
system for nuclear medicine.
(b) Specific (CRP):
a) To collect and present existing teaching material in an educational multimedia library, on the
web.
b) To assess the delivery and use of the available material of the proposed teaching resource.
This includes newly developed material such as the illustrative multimedia presentations, the
TECDOC on QC, the related video, the QC atlas, and other available material.
c) To provide feedback on the existing material and to provide other material to supplement any
perceived important gaps.
d) To acquire and deliver case studies on a number of clinical disorders where nuclear medicine
procedures play an important role in their management.
e) To include and assess the utility of such material in their own teaching programmes, and/or in
any other suitable computer-aided learning developments.
Outputs:
(a) Research:
1) Establishment of web site based educational multimedia library of teaching resources and
teaching materials for education and teaching programmes in nuclear medicine.
2) Six sets of important illustrative multimedia presentations as basic teaching materials, i.e.
tomographic reconstruction and filtering, philosophy of QA, image artefacts and corrections,
quantitative renography, myocardial viability and infection.
3) Several sets of well selected and validated case studies that may be used for training and
consultation on regionally important diseases.
4) A TECDOC on guidance on utility of multimedia and Internet in nuclear medicine education
and training programs.
5) Some specific multimedia-based interactive training programmes as tests and applications of
the dedicated teaching resource, teaching materials and case studies developed under the
proposed CRP.
(b) Others:
Activities:
1) Development of technical specifications, prototype CD-ROM and web site format of clinical
and technical study and teaching resource (THA-10791).
2) Development of clinical/technical studies, specification and formats (AUS-10587).
Appendix E.54
The CRP has been well progressed according to the original overall and specific research
objectives, i.e. Development and validation of an internet based clinical and technical study
communication system for nuclear medicine. Most tasks under the CRP have been completed. A
total of 286 slides in 6 sets of slide show collection and 4 multimedia packages have been
created. Web server programme for clinical case study data base has been developed to the point
that it can be tested on selected user group before it can be open to general public. It is interactive
and allows professionals to upload their cases to be stored in the server data base for the interest
of teaching others or other users.
The individual packages produced under this CRP are as follows:
- Development of a teaching slide set concerning instrumentation and quality control in nuclear
medicine.
- Multimedia development of computer aided learning in quantitative renography
- Planar gamma camera quality control.
- Infection imaging and onco-PET.
- Philosophy of quality assurance in nuclear medicine.
- Development of a web engine for viewing and creation of teaching cases in nuclear medicine.
- Conversion the MIR nuclear medicine teaching file to CD format.
- QC of nuclear medicine software.
- Mathematical simulation of a planar gamma camera and SPECT systems.
- Development of multimedia programs on radiation and QA of SPECT systems.
The highest point of this CRP has been the "Bone Atlas" which is now linked to British Nuclear
Medicine Society (BNM) and European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM) web-sites.
Bones scans are one of the most frequently requested nuclear medicine investigations by doctors
and there are known difficulties with respect to paediatric bone scans; this site is a great
reference point for professionals internationally.
The two factors that affect the effectiveness of the CRP are:
1. Pace of technology change.
Nuclear medicine is heavily involved with graphics, images, numeric data and text and there has
been a whole host of changes from display formats, 'interfile' capabilities to devices for
uploading, downloading, expandability and searchability. Keep pace with change and
maintaining standardisation has been difficult.
2. Field testing of all the different developments.
There are inheritant difficulties both technologically and scientifically with ITC based Systems.
With pace of technology change it is difficulty to predict the hardware and software capabilities
of the end user.
The field testing was not programmed in the original CRP therefore it was possible to establish
limitation at end user stage. Future CRPs should consider this at an early stage especially if these
developments are going to be of real benefit at international level.
Impact of the CRP:
The highest point of this CRP has been the "Bone Atlas" which is now linked to British Nuclear
Medicine Society (BNM) and European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM) web-sites.
With tens of thousand visitors to these sites and the fact that it is part of the initiate pages the
'Bone Atlas' is a great show piece for this CRP and the Agency. Professionally, bones scans are
one of the most frequently requested nuclear medicine investigations by doctors and there are
known difficulties with respect to paediatric bone scans; this site is a great reference point for
professionals internationally.
Appendix E.55
The other multimedia packages have not receive as much public appearance however the aim is
to put all this material on IAEA linked web-site. The future management and upkeep of this has
yet to be established.
Development and validation of an internet based clinical and technical study communication
system for nuclear medicine CRP is a starting point of understanding how this type of approach
could benefit the professionals internationally. The most important learning point is that
professional acceptance is vital for delivering maximum benefit.
The attention therefore should be on identifying real professional needs and initial field testing of
product, before committing large investments of time and money.
Immediate recommendation is that more of the outputs of this CRP should be field tested.
The more successful applications should be translated into other international languages.
A mechanism should be put into place so that there is automatic review and updating of the
teaching files.
More needs to be done to establish changing end-user needs so that there is optimal delivery.
New systems which enable automatic delivery of 'topics of interest' to end user will insure timely
update for them without having to search for updates (ideally in language of their choice).
In long term with arrival of PET/CT Nuclear medicine continues to rely heavily on graphics,
images (plan, dynamic 3D and overlapped with other radiological images) numeric data and text
and therefore digital size becomes of great concerns as well as acceptability of display formats,
and 'interfile' capabilities.
Better trend analysis and better understanding of end-user capabilities will aid future direction
for the Nuclear Medicine teaching files.
Field testing of all the different developments should be considered at an early stage especially if
these developments are going to be of real benefit at international level.
Web-sites stated.
Individual publication still on-going.
Appendix E.56
CRP No. 1275 (E12016)
Radioimmunoassay of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in the long term management of
diabetes mellitus
Section/Division:
Period Covered:
2000-09-01 through 2004-08-31
Objectives of CRP:
Development and validation of radioimmunoassay for the determination of advanced glycation
end products (AGEs).
(b) Specific (CRP):
- In vitro synthesis of BSA-AGEs and RNAse-AGEs;
- Immunization of animals (rabbits) for the production of antisera;
- Radio-iodination;
- Standardisation of assay;
- Pilot in diabetic patients.
Outputs:
(a) Research:
Development of polyclonal antisera against AGE-RNAase in rabbits.
Preparation of gamma-globulin fractions and affinity-purified antibodies from those antisera.
Preparation of AGEs-BSA and CML-BSA conjugates and their evaluation as solid-phase
reagents as well as material for the preparation of standard solutions.
Optimization of a literature ELISA protocol for the determination of AGEs based on solid-phase
immobilized AGEs-BSA conjugate in order to meet large-scale production requirements.
Development of new enzyme-immunoassay formats for the determination of AGEs involving
adsorption or immunosorption of the specific antibodies (instead of AGEs-BSA) to the solidphase in order to simulate the conditions required for the development of RIA without
consuming high amounts of antibody.
Preparation of Arginine-Lysine-Imidazole (ALI) based on the CBZ-arginine-lysine purchased
through IAEA and evaluation as material for the preparation of standard solutions instead of
AGEs-BSA.
Cooperation protocols between our group and a hospital Diabetes Care department concerning
supply of appropriate serum samples and interpretation of the results have been discussed and
agreed.
Evaluation of all the assay protocols developed along with the original ELISA has been
performed using serum samples from normal (non-diabetic) individuals.
Development of RIA formats for the determination of AGEs in human serum samples.
Measurement of AGEs levels in normal and diabetic individuals samples.
(b) Others:
Amongst the achievements the project provided essential post graduate material and in one case
the work constituted the experimental work for a Masters Degree.
Appendix E.57
The CRP progressed slowly with many CSIs unable to complete the first few stages of the
specific objectives. Even with unreserved efforts there were unforeseen technical difficulties with
the following:
- The developed polyclonal antisera against AGE-RNAase in rabbits had very low titer and as a
consequence the amount of isolated affinity-purified anti-AGEs antibody was very limited.
- The affinity-purified anti-AGEs antibody did not performe satisfactory and
- The final assays were developed using the limited amount of mouse monoclonal anti-AGEs
antibody provided by IAEA.
These problems along with the fact that the values determined in human serum samples using the
original protocol, as it was reproduced in laboratory, were not consistent with those reported in
the literature, had as result the dedication of considerable time and effort in the harmonization of
the values provided by the original protocol.
The lack of appropriate antibodies and reliable comparison methods were the main obstacles in
the complete evaluation of the assays developed concerning determination of AGEs in
characterized serum samples. Thus, further work is required in order to evaluate the
immunochemical determination of AGEs in human serum with respect to the long-term
management of diabetes mellitus.
Diabetes is a major global challenge and AGEs are important basic science developments,
therefore the CRP has provided an important step toward practical understanding in this field.
Although the scale of overall development and assessment was limited.
Unforeseen technical difficulties which resulted in very low titer even when animal model had
been changed and advanced immunization practices employed.
Impact of the CRP:
Diabetes is a major global challenge and AGEs are important basic science developments which
are important pathogentic factors underlying long term diabetic complications. Accurate, reliable
and generic technology which can be produced locally is essential for many developing
countries. This CRP has enabled the participating countries to work at cutting edge
methodologies. It has provided them with essential tools and greater understanding in the
formation of AGEs. More importantly it has brought home the message that translation of basic
science to clinical practice is fraught with numerous difficulties. Thus, further work is required in
order to evaluate the immunochemical determination of AGEs in human serum with respect to
the long-term management of diabetes mellitus.
The experience of translational research of this type is fundamental to addressing Member
States’ needs in this medically important area.
Translational research from basic science to clinical practice is fraught with numerous
difficulties. Agency may need mid-term to long term approaching with such CRPs which include
identifiable milestones and maybe with selected centres only or pairing of developed centres with
centres of developing countries.
Appendix E.58
Increased sensitivity of heterogeneous fluoroimmunoassays employing fluorescein-labeled
antibodies by simple treatment of the wells with glycerin solution. Petrou PS, Georgiou S,
Christofidis I, Kakabakos SE. J Immunol Methods. 2002 Aug 1;266(1-2):175-9
Multi-analyte capillary immunosensor for the determination of hormones in human serum
samples.Petrou PS, Kakabakos SE, Christofidis I, Argitis P, Misiakos K.Biosens Bioelectron.
2002 Apr;17(4):261-8.
Development of immunometric assay for the determination of advanced glycation end products
(AGEs) and evaluation regarding the long-term management of Diabetes Mellitus. I. Christofidis,
P. Petrou, E. Mavrogiannopoulou, C. Mastichiadis and S.E. Kakabakos. Clin. Chem. 2006
Master Thesis by Mrs. Mavrogiannopoulou Univeristy of Athens, Greece: Development of
immunometric assay for the determination of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and
evaluation regarding the long-term management of Diabetes Mellitus.
Appendix E.59
CRP No. 1248 (E13020)
Intravascular radionuclide therapy (IVRNT) using liquid beta-emitting radiopharmaceuticals to
prevent restenosis following percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
Section/Division:
Period Covered:
2000-11-15 through 2004-12-31
Objectives of CRP:
To enhance the effective use of appropriate in vivo nuclear medicine procedures in the treatment
of liver cancer, thyroid cancer and rheumatoid arthritis and in the prevention of restenosis
following percutaneous transluminal angioplasty through the development and standardization
of new radiopharmaceuticals and harmonization of protocols.
(b) Specific (CRP):
This CRP focused on the use of beta-emitting radioisotopes to address this problem. Specific
objectives were:
• to determine the most suitable radioisotope and radiopharmaceutical for Intra Vascular Radio
Nuclide Therapy (IVRNT);
• to develop dosimetric protocols for IVRNT;
• to determine the most effective way to promote this procedure in developing countries;
• to evaluate the effectiveness of the therapeutic procedure for the prevention of restenosis
following coronary angioplasty.
Outputs:
(a) Research:
1. Identification of the appropriate radiopharmaceutical: Rhenium-188 has been identified and
tested. After clinical validation it was further developed and put in use.
2. Therapeutic efficacy has been evaluated in 12 centres all over the world.
(b) Others:
Results obtained allow drawing the following conclusions:
• brachytherapy with Re-118 filled balloons is a feasible technique that can be established at
different centres;
• the procedure is safe and effectively prevents re-stenosis with similar results to those reported
in the literature;
• new stent implantation is not advisable after brachytherapy.
All specific objectives were met.
The technique has been introduced in 12 different centers, all of which from developing
countries (Cuba; Uruguay; Colombia; India; Thailand among others). This CRP contributed to
Appendix E.60
the overall Agency’s Programme in providing new knowledge on resource-sparing strategies for
the management of coronary artery disease in developing countries.
Participants encountered various practical problems during the course of the CRP:
1. Rhenium generator delivery.
2. Management and financial problems.
3. Inadequate compliance for patients recruitment.
4. Appearance and marketing of drug-eluting stents.
Impact of the CRP:
1. The CRP had a positive impact on the participating centres by standardizing their approach to
the treatment of coronary artery stenosis by means of brachytherapy withy Re-188 filled
balloons. They developed skills in the use of Re-188 generators, radiopharmaceuticals
labelling, imaging of post-treatment outcomes, dosimetry, patient follow-up and data
recording and reporting.
2. Resource-limited centres may now treat patients affected by coronary artery stenosis with
angioplasty using Re-188 filled balloons, reducing the rate of stenosis relapses.
3. It is hoped that the new technique will be adopted in routine clinical practice in limitedresource centres that treat large numbers of patients affected by coronary artery stenosis.
It should, however, be recognized that in developed countries this particular clinical
application has been overshadowed by the introduction in clinical practice of “coated” or
“medicated” stents. These devices are much more expensive, but have proved as effective as
brachytherapy in preventing coronary re-stenosis after angioplasty. They found therefore
widespread clinical acceptance which made IVRNT less attractive and adopted. This evolution
could not have been predicted at the time of starting the CRP.
Percutaneous coronary artery angioplasty (PTCA) is a well recognized method to treat coronary
artery stenosis in ischemic patients. This procedure is however hampered by a high relapse rate
(up to 30% in some series) which requires further angioplastic treatment, and/or by-pass surgery.
The use of ionizing radiation has been proposed to inhibit hyperplastic response of the intimal
wall.
This CRP was helpful in disseminating information on the relevance of re-stenosis in patients
affected by coronary artery disease and submitted to revascularization by means of coronary
angioplasty.
Twelve centers were initially enrolled but after a while some of them opted out because of
difficulties encountered in getting clearance from their Ethical Committees. Those who
continued carried out a remarkable job and definitely their ability about performing scientific
research has been improved.
Reynen K, Kropp J, Kockeritz U, Wunderlich G, Knapp FF, Schmeisser A, Strasser RH.
Intracoronary radiotherapy with a 188Rhenium liquid-filled angioplasty balloon system in instent
restenosis: a single-center, prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind evaluation.
Coron Artery Dis. 2006 May; 17(4):371-7
Reynen K, Kockeritz U, Kropp J, Wunderlich G, Knapp FF, Schmeisser A, Strasser RH.
Intracoronary radiotherapy with a (188)rhenium liquid-filled PTCA balloon system in in-stent
restenosis: acute and long-term angiographic results, as well as 1-year clinical follow-up.
Int J Cardiol. 2004 May; 95(1):29-34
Appendix E.61
Knapp FF Jr, Spencer RH, Kropp J. Intravascular radiation therapy with radioactive liquid-filled
balloons for inhibition of restenosis after angioplasty: a new opportunity for nuclear medicine?
J Nucl Med. 2001 Sep; 42(9):1384-7.
Knapp FF Jr, Guhlke S, Beets AL, Lin WY, Stabin M, Amols H, Weinberger J. Endovascular
beta irradiation for prevention of restenosis using solution radioisotopes: pharmacologic and
dosimetric properties of rhenium-188 compounds.
Cardiovasc Radiat Med. 2001 Jan-Mar; 1(1):86-97
Oral and poster presentations about CRP’s results have been made at major scientific Congresses
related to Nuclear Medicine and Cardiology.
Appendix E.62
CRP No. 1317 (E41013)
Use of nuclear and related analytical techniques in studying human exposure to toxic elements
consumed through foodstuffs contaminated by industrial activities
Section/Division:
Period Covered:
2001-12-15 through 2005-12-31
Objectives of CRP:
To provide a scientific basis for better assessment of selected pollutants in the food chain with a
view to elucidate their impact on human health.
(b) Specific (CRP):
To determine the extent to which toxic element levels in food are affected by industrial activities
and to assess potential human exposure from the consumption of such foodstuffs.
Outputs:
(a) Research:
1. Analytical developments:
Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) has been evaluated in the determination of
essential and/or toxic elements in foods. Commonly consumed foodstuffs included fish, beef,
pork, pumpkin, beetroot, green beans, porridge, sugar, coffee, tea, milk, spinach, potatoes, white
bread, brown bread, rice, cabbage, tomatoes, margarine, onions and chicken meat, liver and eggs.
Some elements do not produce adequate isotopes upon neutron activation, e.g., Li, Be, B, C, N,
P, Tl and Pb, and can therefore not be analyzed by INAA. For the elements that can be
determined by neutron activation analysis, a routinely applied INAA, on average, has adequate
sensitivity except for some foods (bread, beetroot and milk). By applying the INAA
methodology, a database has been created which provides information to evaluate foods for their
content of essential and/or toxic elements in South Africa.
A new radiochemical neutron activation analysis (RNAA) procedure was developed for subnanogram-level determination of rare earth elements (REE) in biological materials. The
procedure is based on alkaline-oxidative fusion of the irradiated samples followed by
precipitation of REE oxalates. The pilot study in the Czech Republic applying this analytical
procedure indicated no significant uptake of REE by agricultural crops grown in an area
contaminated by REE from a phosphate fertilizer production plant.
Methods for the determination of extractable organohalogens (EOX) in foods and biological
samples using NAA combined with organic extraction were developed as a novel approach to the
determination of organic contaminants. Hexane-acetone mixture was found to be the most
suitable extraction system for separating EOX from shrimp. A QA/QC program was designed
and a method with low expanded uncertainty (below 4%) was established. By applying this
methodology, two new organochlorines compounds were identified in shrimp.
Appendix E.63
2. Compiled results for toxic element levels and their intakes
In the study areas in Nigeria and Peru, new data on elemental content of toxic elements in areas
where crops are potentially subject to contaminated soil and river water have been compiled. In
South Africa, as a first order contamination study, uranium and thorium concentrations in grasses
grown in a gold-mine/ slimes-dam environment have been evaluated. Results indicate that milk
and beef from cattle feeding on the grasses may be unsuitable for human consumption. However,
additional studies need to be done to confirm the assumed transfer factors from grasses to milk
and meat. In Brazil, an area 500 times higher in As soil content compared to a non-contaminated
natural area was identified. Surprisingly, the As content of vegetables grown in the contaminated
area was similar to those of the reference site and within the literature data for uncontaminated
sites. On the contrary, certain wild mushrooms grown in industrially polluted areas in the Czech
Republic were shown to have high As levels, indicating concern about food safety. Within the
studied area in Slovenia, chicory, lettuce and organs from domestic animals were found to be
unsuitable for regular consumption due to high Hg content. Based on the content of Hg in
vegetables and the dietary habits of the population of Idrija, the daily intake of inorganic Hg was
estimated to about 18 ?g per person which is within the acceptable daily intake. Intake of Cd and
Pb in the industrialised areas studied in India, calculated on the basis of the national average
consumption of vegetables and milk, exceeded the FAO/WHO provisional tolerable weekly
intakes (PTWI) up to a factor of two. In Sweden it was found that the levels of Cd and Pb in
commercially available fish and rice would not indicate any public health concern when
consumed within traditional dietary habits.
The ratio of total As to inorganic As was found to vary between the food groups. Although the
total content of As in fish exceeded 10 mg/kg fresh weight, only a small portion (< 0.005 mg/kg)
was present in its toxic inorganic form. Although the proportion of the toxic inorganic As(III) in
rice samples was about 50%, the mean total As content found in rice was only 0.2 mg/kg.
Whether these levels constitute any risk to human health has to be assessed as no maximum
limits have been set for As by the EU or by the Codex Alimentarius.
3. Evaluated toxic element exposure levels based on biological indicators and other studies
The contamination levels of EOX in milk samples analysed in China revealed higher levels in
samples collected in central China as compared to in the northern part of the country. This
finding was attributed to the degree of industrialisation, with more pesticides and herbicides used
in central China. The levels of extractable persistent organohalides (EPOX) in samples of foods
and human hair were in decreasing order: EPOCl >> EPOBr or EPOI. Thus, EPOCl represents
the major fraction of the EPOX pollutants. Studies carried out on human hair showed that this
biological sample reflects the body burden of EPOX. Both EOX and EPOX levels in hair
collected from babies living in Beijing were positively correlated with the infants' age.
Furthermore, positive correlations between EPOX levels in hair of mothers and their babies
indicated possible transfer of these contaminants from mothers to their babies.
A new apparatus for studying aluminium leaching by in-vitro enzymolysis was developed.
Among the organic acids tested, at pH typically found in the gastrointestinal tract, citric acid was
found to have the highest influence on Al leaching. These data confirmed previous, published
observations. It was also found that there is a risk of additional exposure to Al (exceeding the
average daily intake derived from the PTWI up to a factor of 2) due to leaching when using
commonly used household utensils in India when cooking foods with low pH.
The CRP participants did a study on toxic elements in industrially polluted areas in their
respective countries. However, there was no direct measure of actual food intake of the
population in the study. Most participants used national, regional or international data to
estimate dietary intakes. Several countries correlated pollutants in biological samples with
Appendix E.64
estimated dietary intakes. However, biological data obtained in most studies were limited. It is
recommended that more studies be done to evaluate possible associations between human
exposure to toxic elements in foods contaminated by industrial activities. Also, levels of toxic
elements that cause risk to human health has to be assessed since there is no maximum limits set
for elements e.g. As, by the European Union or Codex Alimentarius.
To support further studies aimed at establishing the relationship between industrial activities, and
essential and toxic elements, and to elucidate effects on human health resulting from consuming
contaminated foodstuffs. In this context, investigations into chemical species of certain
elements,e.g. As, Hg, Se, Cr, Mn and Pb in foodstuffs should be encouraged to better understand
their toxicity and to facilitate risk assessment. In addition, interactions between toxic and
essential elements, e.g. Hg-Se, Cd-Se and Cd-Zn should be considered.
To initiate CRPs on the use of nuclear and related analytical techniques for the determination of
organohalogens, rare elements (REEs), Mn and studies of nano-materials. Nuclear analytical
techniques, including isotope labeling, offer unique capabilities in this area.
To promote the use of nuclear analytical techniques for the determinations of toxic elements and
their species in foods, medicinal plants and biomonitors within the frameworks of AFRA,
ARCAL and RCA agreements.
To further promote studies on natural and artificial radionuclides in foodstuffs and their dose
impact. In particular, such studies should be carried out in areas with enriched levels of naturally
occurring radioactive materials (NORM) and technologically enhanced NORM (TENORM).
To emphasize the importance of analytical quality control within IAEA sponsored projects.
Appropriate PTs and other measures for analytical quality assurance should be arranged at an
early stage of any CRP.
Published or accepted in peer reviewed scientific journals:
ZHONG, W.K., XU, D.D, CHAI, Z.F., MAO, X.Y. (2002), Neutron activation analysis of
extractable organohalogens in milk from China, J Radioanal Nucl Chem. 259(3):485-488.
ZHONG, W.K., XU, D.D., CHAI, Z.F., MAO, X.Y., (2002), Methodology of neutron activation
analysis for organohalogens in milk samples, J Nucl Radiochem (in Chinese), 24: 126-128.
HAUGLAND, T., STEINNES, E., FRONTASYEVA, M.V., Trace metals in soil and plants
subjected to strong chemical pollution. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 137 (2002) 343-353.
LARSEN, E.H., ENGMAN, J., SLOTH J.J., HANSEN, M., JORHEM, L, Determination of
inorganic arsenic in white fish using microwave-assisted alkaline alcoholic sample dissolution
and HPLC-ICP-MS. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 381 (2002) 339-346.
ACHARYA, R., CHATT, A., Characterization of the Dalhousie University SLOWPOKE-2
reactor for ko-NAA and application to medium-lived nuclides, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem.,
257(2003)525-529.
GORBUNOV A.V., FRONTASYEVA M.V., KISTANOV A.A, LYAPUNOV S.M.,
OKINA O.I., RAMADAN A.B. Heavy and toxic metals in staple foodstuffs and agriproducts
from contaminated soils. Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part B. Pesticides, Food
Contaminants, and Agricultural Wastes. B38, 2, (2003) 181-192; JINR Preprint, E18-2002-111,
Dubna, 2002.
FALNOGA, I., JEREB, V., SMRKOLJ, P., Hg and Se in foodstuffs grown near a Hg mining
area. J. Phys. IV, France, 107 (2003) 447-450.
Appendix E.65
ZHONG, W.K., XU, D.D, CHAI, Z.F., MAO, X.Y. (2003), A 2001 survey of organochlorine
pesticides in retail milk from China (Beijing), Food Pollution and Additives, 20:254-258.
XU, D.D., ZHONG, W.K., DENG, L.L., CHAI, Z.F., MAO, X.Y. (2003), The levels of
extractable organohalogens (EOX) in pine needles in China, Environ Sci Tech. 38(1): 1-6.
XU, D.D., DENG, L.L., ZHONG, W.K., CHAI, Z.F., MAO, X.Y. (2003), Neutron activation
analysis fororganohalogens in moss, Nucl Tech (in Chinese) 26 (2): 114-118.
XU, D.D., DENG, L.L., LI, S.H., CHAI, Z.F., MAO, X.Y. (2003), Study on the organohalogens
pollutants in pine needles in Beijing, China Environmental Science, 23: 315-320.
XU, D.D., ZHONG, W.K., DENG, L.L., CHAI, Z.F., MAO, X.Y. (2004), Regional distribution
of organochlorinated pesticides in pine needles and its indication for socioeconomic
development, Chemosphere, 54: 743-752.
XU, D.D., CHAI, Z.F., ZHANG, H., MAO, X.Y., OUYANG, H., SUN, H.B. (2004), Study of
organohalogens in foodstuffs and environmental samples by neutron activation analysis and
related techniques, Nukleonika, 49:101-106.
ZHANG, H., CHAI, Z.F., SUN, H.B., ZHANG, J.L., OUYANG, H. (2004), Residues and their
source analysis of persistent organochlorine contaminants in yogurt, Food Sciences (in Chinese)
25: 162-165.
ZHANG, H., CHAI, Z.F., SUN, H.B., ZHANG, J.L., OUYANG, H., XING, L., CHUAI, Y.D.
(2004), Molecular activation analysis for organohalogen contaminants in yogurt, Nucl Tech (in
Chinese) 27: 749-753.
ŘANDA, Z., KUČERA, J., Trace elements in higher fungi (mushrooms) determined by
activation analysis. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 259 (2004) 99-107.
SMRKOLJ, P., STIBILJ, V., Determination of selenium in vegetables by hydride generstion
atomic fluorescence spectrometry. Anal. chim. acta. [Print ed], 2004, vol. 512, str. 11-17.
PANTELICA, A., OPREA, C., FRONTASYEVA, M., GEORGESCU, I.I., PINCOVSCHI, E.
CATANA, L. Contamination of crop vegetation with trace elements from a fertiliser plant: an
INAA study. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 262, 1 (2004) 111-118.
YULDASHEV, B.S., SALIKHBAEV, U.S., KIST, A.A., Radioecological Monitoring of
Transboundary Rivers of The Central Asia, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., Vol. 263, No 1 (2005)
219.
ŘANDA, Z., SOUKAL, L., MIZERA, J., Possibilities of short-term thermal and epithermal
neutron activation analysis of macromycetes (mushrooms). J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 264
(2005) 67-76.
BOROVIČKA, J., ŘANDA, Z., JELÍNEK, E., Gold content of ectomycorrhizal and saprobic
macrofungi from non-auriferous and unpolluted areas. Mycol. Res., 109 (2005) 951-955.
SMRKOLJ, P., POGRAJC, L., HLASTAN-RIBI, C., STIBILJ, V., Selenium content in selected
Slovenian foodstuffs and estimated daily intakes of selenium. Food chem. [Print ed.], 2005, vol.
90, str. 691-697. [COBISS.SI-ID 18590759.
KUČERA, J., MIZERA, J., ŘANDA, Z., VÁVROVÁ, M., Pollution of agricultural crops by the
lanthanides, thorium and uranium studied by instrumental and radiochemical neutron activation
analysis. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. (in press).
BOTTARO, C.S., KICENIUK, J.W., CHATT, A., Quality assurance for NAA investigations of
extractable organohalogens in marine fauna, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. (in press).
ZHANG, H., CHAI, Z.F., SUN, H.B., OUYANG, H., XIN, L., CHUAI, Y.D., Study of
organohalogen contaminants in yogurt by NAA and GC-ECD, J Radioanal Nucl Chem. (in press)
Appendix E.66
KUČERA, J., KRAUSOVÁ, I., Fast decomposition of biological and other materials for
radiochemical activation analysis: A radiochemical study of element recoveries following
alkaline-oxidative fusion. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. (in press).
BOROVIČKA, J., ŘANDA, Z., JELÍNEK, E., Antimony content of higher fungi (mushrooms)
from clean and polluted areas. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. (in press).
BOROVIČKA, J., ŘANDA, Z., KVÍČALA, J., KLÁN, J., Essential elements Fe, Co, Zn, Se and
I in macrofungi (mushrooms) determined by INAA, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. (in press).
KIST, A., ZHUK, L., DANILOVA, E., OSINSKAYA, N., RAKHMANOVA, S., AGZAMOVA,
S., ABDURASULOV, R., KHUSNITDINOVA, S., JALALOVA, S., USEINOVA, K.H.,
KUKHINA, A., Elements intake to the human body in contaminated Areas, J. Radioanal. Nucl.
Chem. (in press).
KIST, A.A., ZHUK, L.I., DANILOVA, E.A., BODE, P., MALKOVA, O.A., Phosphate
Fertilizers Production and Health, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. (in press).
MENEZES, M.Â.B.C., PALMIERI, H.E.L., LEONEL, L.V., NALINI JUNIOR, H.A.,
JAĆIMOVIĆ R, From the soil to a vegetable: elemental determination by k0-instrumental
neutron activation analysis, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. (accepted).
JAĆIMOVIĆ, R., Indication of anthropogenic activities in soil samples by means of elemental
concentration determined, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. (accepted).
KICENIUK, J.W., BOTTARO, C.S., INDRASENA, W., MASS, S.J., RAMALEY, L.,
BANOUB, J., CHATT, A., Characterization of extractable organochlorines from marine animals
by neutron activation, mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry,
J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. (accepted).
OLIVE, K.I., CHATT, A., Determination of inorganic, organic and total iodine in milk by
chemical neutron activation analysis, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. (accepted).
KICENIUK, J.W., HOLZBECHER, J., SJARE, B., BOTTARO, C.S., CHATT, A., Calculation
of tissue and body burdens of extractable organohalogens in harp seals by NAA", J. Radioanal.
Nucl. Chem. (accepted).
GORBUNOV, A.V., LYAPUNOV, S.M., OKINA, O.I., FRONTASYEVA, M.V,
PAVLOV, S.S. Distribution of some trace elements in biosubstrates of workers occupied in the
production of mineral nitrogenous phosphate fertilizers. JINR Preprint, D14-2005-45, Dubna,
2005 (accepted by the "Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B. Pesticides, Food
Contaminants, and Agricultural Wastes", 2005.
GORBUNOV, A.V., LYAPUNOV, S.M., OKINA, O.I., FRONTASYEVA, M.V.,
GUNDORINA, C.F. Seasonal variations of trace element content of vegetative parts of wood
vegetation. JINR Preprint, D14-2004-74, Dubna, 2004 (accepted by Journal of Environmental
Chemistry, Sankt-Petersburg, in Russian).
GORBUNOV, A.V., LYAPUNOV, S.M., OKINA, O.I., FRONTASYEVA, M.V.,
GUNDORINA, C.F. Assessment of human trace element intake from foodstuffs in Central
Russia. JINR Preprint, D14-2004-89, Dubna, 2004 (accepted by Journal of Environmental
Chemistry, St.-Petersburg, (in Russian).
FALNOGA, I., TUŠEK-ŽNIDARIČ, M., STEGNAR, P. (2005), The influence of long-term
mercury exposure on selenium availability in tissues: an evaluation of data. Biometals
(Do00018642) (accepted).
Submitted for publication in peer reviewed scientific journals:
JORHEM, L., ÅSTRAND, C., SUNDSTRÖM, B., GRAWÉ, K., BAXTER, M., STOKES, P.,
LEWIS, J., Concentration of heavy metals and other elements (including inorganic arsenic) in
rice available on the Swedish retail market (Submitted to Food Additives and Contaminants).
Appendix E.67
ZHANG, H., CHAI, Z.F., SUN, H.B., ZHANG, J.L., A Pilot Survey of Extractable Persistent
Organochlorine Pollutants in Chinese Commercial Yogurt, Food Additive Contamin.
(submitted).
Published or to be published in proceedings of a scientific conference:
BOTTARO, C.S., KICENIUK, J.W., CHATT, A., "A comparison of organochlorine
distributions determined by gel permeation chromatography and instrumental neutron activation
analysis in muscle and roe lipids of Northern pink shrimp, Pandalus borealis" Proc. Biennial
Intern. Conf. Monitor. and Meas. of the Env. (EnviroAnalysis 2002), Ottawa, ON,
(2002)113-118.
CHATT, A., "Simultaneous speciation of trace elements using chemical separation and neutron
activation", Proc. Symp. Nuclear and Radiochemistry (2003 Feb), Bhabha Atomic Research
Centre, Mumbai, India, (2003)19-23.
RASHIDOVA, D., DANILOVA, E.A., KIST, A.A., SAFAROV, A.N., KHALIKULOV, A.,
KHOLBAEV, I., KHUSHMURADOV, SH., KALANOV S., Accumulation of elements in some
kinds of plants studied by nuclear methods, The Fifth Internat. Conf. "Modern problems of
nuclear physics, Book of abstracts, Samarkand, 2003, p. 290.
MUZAFAROV, A.M., SATTAROV, G.S., KIST, A.A., Impact of mining industry on an
environment, The Fifth Internat. Conf. "Modern problems of nuclear physics, Book of abstracts,
Samarkand, 2003, p. 311.
KUČERA, J., MIZERA, J., ŘANDA, Z., VÁVROVÁ, M., Pollution of agricultural crops by the
lanthanides, thorium and uranium studied by instrumental and radiochemical neutron activation
analysis. Proc. 11th Int. Conf. on Modern Trends in Activation Analysis (MTAA-11), Guildford,
University of Surrey, UK, June 20-25, 2004.
KUČERA, J., KRAUSOVÁ, I., Fast decomposition of biological and other materials for
radiochemical activation analysis: A radiochemical study of element recoveries following
alkaline-oxidative fusion. Proc. 11th Int. Conf. on Modern Trends in Activation Analysis
(MTAA-11), Guildford, University of Surrey, UK, June 20-25, 2004.
SUNDSTRÖM, B., JORHEM, L., GRAWÉ, K., ENGMAN, J., Mercury in fish, mainly from the
Baltic Sea and Swedish waters. Poster presented at the conference "Trace elements in Foods-2".
Held in Brussels, October 2004.
FRONTASYEVA, M.V., LYAPUNOV, S.M., RAMADAN, A.B.. Heavy and toxic metals in
staple foodstuffs and agriproducts from contaminated soils of the deltas of the Volga and the Nile
Rivers. International Environmental Physics Conference (EPC-04), Minya, Egypt, 24-28
February, 2004.
GORELOVA,
S.V.,
PESTSOV,
G.V.,
GINS,
V.K.,
KONONKOV,
P.F.,
FRONTASYEVA M.V., ERMAKOVA E.V., Accumulation of heavy metals and metalloids in
non-traditional leaf vegetables: amarante and chrisantem asterics - grown in the technogenically
contaminated territories (example of Tula Region). Vth Int. Conf. "Introduction of
non-traditional and rare farm crops". (Settlement Persianovskii, DonSAU, Rostov Region,
Russia, 7-11 June, 2004).
GORELOVA, S.V., PESTSOV, G.V., ERMAKOVA, E.V., FRONTASYEVA, M.V.,
LYAPUNOV, S.M., Problem of manufacturing ecologically safe food products from root
vegetables grown in the technogenically contaminated territories (example of Tula Region). Vth
Int. Conf. "Introduction of non-traditional and rare farm crops". (Settlement Persianovskii,
DonSAU, Rostov Region, Russia, 7-11 June, 2004).
GORELOVA,
S.V.,
PESTSOV,
G.V.,
GINS,
V.K.,
ERMAKOVA,
E.V.,
FRONTASYEVA, M.V., LYAPUNOV, S.M., OKINA, O.I., GORBUNOV, A.V. Daikon as
most acceptable vegetable to be grown in technogenically contaminated territories. Problem of
accumulation of toxicants in organs and tissues of root vegetables. Vth Int. Conf. "Introduction
Appendix E.68
of non-traditional and rare farm crops". (Settlement Persianovskii, DonSAU, Rostov Region,
Russia, 7-11 June, 2004).
KIST, A.A., DANILOVA, E.A., JALALOVA, S., ZHUK, L.I., OSINSKAYA, N.S., Neutron
Activation Analysis of Trace Elements Containing Preparations, Abstract Book, 1st International
Chemistry Congress (1-stINCC), 2005, Kusadasi, Turkey, p.199.
NAMLS8, 8th International Conference on Nuclear Analytical Methods in the Life Sciences,
17-22 April 2005, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. (Abstracts in the conference proceedings and submitted
to the Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry):
MENEZES, M.Â.B.C., PALMIERI H.E.L., LEONEL, L.V., NALINI JUNIOR H.A.,
JAĆIMOVIĆ R., From the soil to a vegetable: elemental determination by k0-instrumental
neutron activation analysis.
JAĆIMOVIĆ, R., Indication of anthropogenic activities in soil samples by means of elemental
concentration determined.
IX National Meeting on Inorganic Contaminants (IX Encontro Nacional sobre Contaminantes
Inorgânicos) and IV Simpósio sobre Essencialidade de Elementos na Nutrição Humana (IV
Symposia on Essential Elements in Human Nutrition, 22-23 September, São Paulo, Brazil.
(Expanded abstract in the proceedings):
GOMES, L.P., MINGOTE, R.M., MENEZES, M.Â.B.C., PALMIERI, H.E.L., LEONEL, L.V.,
NALINI JUNIOR, H.A., JAĆIMOVIĆ, R., Radioatividade natural em amostras de solo do
Quadrilátero Ferrífero, MG (Natural radioactivity in the Iron Quadrangle soil samples, MG).
GUERRA E SILVA, MENEZES, M.Â.B.C., PALMIERI, H.E.L., LEONEL, L.V., NALINI
JUNIOR, H.A., JAĆIMOVIĆ, R., Terras-raras em solo por ativação neutrônica-método k0:
contaminantes em potencial da cadeia alimentar (Rare-earth in soil samples determined by
neutron activation k0-method: potential contaminants of the food chain).
Presented at INAC2005 International Nuclear Atlantic Conference, 28 August-2 September
2005, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil and to be published as full paper in the Conference Proceedings:
SILVA, L. G.; MENEZES, M.Â.B.C., PALMIERI H.E.L., LEONEL, L.V., NALINI JUNIOR,
H.A., JAĆIMOVIĆ R., Terra-raras e tório em solo e mandioca: determinação por ativação
neutrônica (Rare-earth elements and thorium in soil and manioc: determination by neutron
activation).
MENEZES, M.Â.B.C., MINGOTE, R.M.; SILVA, G.L.P., Influence of elemental concentration
in the soil on vegetables applying analytical nuclear techniques: k0-instrumental neutron
activation analysis and radiometry.
Other:
SENNAYE, D.M., MSc-thesis on ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS OF FOOD BY
INSTRUMENTAL NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS, Centre of Applied Radiation
Science and Technology, North West University (Mafikeng campus), South Africa.
Appendix E.69
CRP No. 1307 (E43014)
Application of isotopic and nuclear techniques in the study of nutrition-pollution interactions and
their impact on the nutritional status of human subjects in developing country populations
Section/Division:
Period Covered:
2001-12-15 through 2005-12-31
Objectives of CRP:
To evaluate the levels of selected nutrients and pollutants in different population groups in
developing countries.
(b) Specific (CRP):
(1) To harmonize protocols for toxic element and nutrient determination in biological samples.
(2) To use human milk, blood, hair, urine and placenta as biological samples to monitor the
exposure to pollutants in populations in developing countries.
(3) To assess the level of some nutrients in populations living under the risk of malnutrition.
Outputs:
Research:
-
Harmonized protocols and procedures for sampling and analysing.
Compiled data on toxic element and nutrients in different biological samples from different
population groups.
Publications of the study results in peer-reviewed journals by participants.
MAIN ACHIEVEMENTS
1. Proficiency testing (PT)
As part of this CRP, a set of two samples, a Certified Reference Material (AEA CRM Lichen
336) and a candidate reference material (Homogenized Egg Powder), was sent to the participants
to assess the analytical competence of the participating laboratories. The samples were
distributed to the participants' laboratories with details on the PT exercise. A set of essential
nutrient trace elements and toxic elements had been identified. The participants were expected to
analyse these samples through their routine analysis method. A set of replicate determinations
were recommended to be carried out and the results communicated to the project officer in a
specified sample reporting format. The results submitted by the participants were forwarded to an
independent laboratory (CCCM, Hyderabad, India) for statistical evaluation. CCCM has carried
out these analyses following recommendations from other PT rounds organized by IAEA.
The data submitted by the participant laboratories have been evaluated and the performance of
each participant was summarized in individual country reports. In summary, the results submitted
by participants in this PT exercise indicated that the performance of the laboratories in analyzing
some nutrients and toxic elements such as iron, zinc, lead and cadmium was satisfactory.
However, some laboratories had difficulties in determining other elements of interest such as
mercury, arsenic, and copper. This might be due to the fact that the reference materials used,
particularly the egg powder, were not the most appropriate ones as the level of toxic elements
was very low. On the other hand, some participants did not perform the proficiency test
Appendix E.70
rigorously as it was implemented at the latest stage of the CRP (3rd year). For example, some
participants did not analyze all the requested elements or have sent the report of analysis very
late after several reminders. Therefore, proficiency testing as part of the QA/QC aspects of the
CRP should be organized early in the CRP, preferably within the first year using suitable
reference materials.
2. Significant findings of the CRP
a) Exposure to toxic elements during pregnancy
There were several studies within the CRP on the level of toxic elements particularly lead and
cadmium in the placenta and the umbilical cord and their relationship with birth weight. In
summary, the study in Chile showed that the concentration of cadmium and lead were
significantly (P<0.01) higher in placentas from mothers (n=20) of low birth weight babies,
defined as birth weight ≤] 2500 g, compared to the levels of these toxic elements in placentas
from mothers (n=20) of babies with birth weight higher than 2500 g. The same results regarding
lead were reported by a study in Vietnam showing that lead concentration was significantly
higher in placentas (n=40) of low birth weight babies (birth weight ≤ 2500 g) compared to the
levels in placentas (n=20) of babies with birth weight >2500 g.
Furthermore, the study in Peru involving 20 pregnant women, living in a mining area, showed a
significant (p=0.002) and negative relationship between the concentration of lead in the umbilical
cord blood and the birth weight of neonates. In China, a study involving 151 pregnant women,
living in a contaminated area (near a cement factory), has shown a significant and negative
correlation between umbilical cadmium level and neonates birth weight.
These results add to the growing evidence of the impact of environmental lead and cadmium
exposure on foetal growth. However, as most of the studies have involved very small numbers of
subjects, the results were considered as preliminary and it was recommended that future studies
with larger number of pregnant women would be needed to investigate the relationship between
exposure to toxic elements and birth weight.
b) Toxic elements in human milk
Lead and cadmium contents in human milk were determined by participants in Peru and
Vietnam. The studies in Peru involving 20 lactating women, living near gold mining area,
showed that lead concentration in human milk was significantly higher than lead level in blood
of the mothers. The study from Vietnam has also shown high levels of lead and cadmium in
breast milk of the same lactating mothers (n=20) living in polluted areas. These results raised the
question of the accuracy of measuring lead and cadmium in breast milk as there are well known
difficulties including risk of contamination in assessing toxic elements in such biological matrix.
In addition, it was agreed that no conclusion can be drawn at this point with such a small number
of subjects. It is recommended to conduct further studies on this topic involving larger number of
lactating women. This is a potential area of research for future CRPs where stable isotope
techniques together with other analytical techniques can contribute in estimating the amount of
human milk consumed by the baby and also the amount of toxic elements transmitted to the baby
through breast milk.
c) Exposure to toxic elements during childhood
There were three studies within the CRP on the above issue; India, Vietnam and Morocco.
The objective of the study in Vietnam was to compare heavy metals (Pb, Cd and Hg)
concentration in hair and urine in two groups of children under 5 year. One group of twenty
children underweight (assessed by Body Mass Index (BMI)-for-age < 5th percentile) and a
control group of twenty healthy children with the same age. Results have shown that the levels of
toxic elements in hair samples from underweight children were higher than those from control
group. However, the levels of toxic elements in urine samples from both groups of children were
not different. These results were not conclusive and raise the question whether hair can be used
as an indicator for long term exposure to toxic elements.
Appendix E.71
The study in Morocco focused on the exposure to lead and cadmium in school children, n=100,
(6 -16 years) and haemoglobin levels. Results have shown that 29% of the studied children were
anaemic based on haemoglobin data. However, the values of lead (0.5 - 6.5 ug/dl) and cadmium
(0-1 ug/dl) concentration in blood were below the WHO reference value. In addition, lead level
(0.04 mg/l± 0.001) in drinking water was also below the WHO reference value. The high
anaemia prevalence in studied children does not seem to be related to exposure to lead or
cadmium in this study.
d) Exposure to toxic elements during adulthood:
The study in Bangladesh involved 110 adult patients with symptomatic arsenic poisoning e.g.
skin manifestations such as melanosis, leukomelanosis, keratosis, hyperkeratosis, etc and hair
arsenic concentration greater than 3.0 mg/kg, and, 124 apparently healthy adults, without arsenic
poisoning symptoms. The concentrations of some micronutrients (Fe, Cu and Zn) and pollutants
(As and Pb) in scalp hair were determined by energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectrometry.
The average concentration of arsenic in hair of the patient group drinking contaminated water
was 13.2 mg/kg (the normal levels are <3.0 mg/kg). The male patients contained higher As
concentration (14.7 mg/kg) than female (11.7 mg/kg) patients. Low Ca and Zn contents were
observed in the hair of arsenic poisoned group compared to control group. It is well documented
that hair arsenic can be used as an indicator of chronic arsenic poisoning provided that external
contamination by arsenic can be excluded. However, hair content of Ca, and particularly of Zn,
does not provide any accurate information on Ca or Zn status.
The CRP participants focused on the assessment of a wide variety of toxic and essential elements
in biological samples but few studies looked at the effect of exposure to toxic elements on
nutritional status. This is partly due to the lack of experience of the investigators in human
nutrition. Therefore, a multidisciplinary team would be recommended for such studies and
should be defined at the beginning of the CRP. Furthermore, the overall quality of data based on
the proficiency test carried out during this CRP could be improved in the future by organizing
several proficiency tests throughout the CRP. Finally, the topics within this CRP were highly
diversified, therefore, it was not possible to draw conclusions or publish the final report as a joint
publication. It is recommended that more focused CRPs addressing maximum one or two priority
issues in one population group (e.g., children) should be initiated in the future for more
harmonized project.
- To initiate more focused CRPs on nutrition and exposure to toxic elements where nuclear
techniques can contribute to address specific issues.
- To initiate several quality exercises early in the CRP to ensure good quality data.
- To facilitate interactions and exchange of information between participants.
Published Scientific Articles
[1] ZHAO, Y., ZHANG, Y., WANG, J., et al., Effect of environmental exposure to cadmium on
pregnancy outcome and fetal growth. Chinese J. Ind. Med. 17 (4) (2004) 212-214.
[2] ZHJANG, Y., ZHAO, Y., WANG, J., et al., Effect of environmental exposure to cadmium
on pregnancy outcome and fetal growth: a study on healthy pregnant women in China, J.
Environ. Sci. Health A39 (9) (2004) 2507-2515.
[3] ZHANG, Y., ZHAO, Y., WANG, J., et al., Effects of zinc, copper, and selenium on
placental cadmium transport, Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 102 (2004) 39-49.
Appendix E.72
[4] BOUNAKHLA, M., DOUKKALI, A.., LALAOUI, K., et al., Determination of some heavy
metals (Fe, Cu, Zn and Pb) in blood by total reflection X-ray fluorescence. J. Phys. IV
France 107 (2003) 203-206.
[5] BANG DIEP, T., DAI, N., Application of radiochemical neutron activation and atomic
absorption spectrometry methods for the study of nutrition - pollution interactions in
children subjects, Int. J. Nuc. Ener. Sci. Tech. (2004) 676-685.
[6] ALI, M., KABIR, M. J., Trace element concentration in human whole blood of Bangladesh
adult population, Bio.Trace Elem. Res. 2005 (submitted).
[7] SUN, Y., ZHAO, Y., WANG, J., et al., Significance of metallothionein expression in the
placental of environmental exposed to cadmium, Chin. J. Nat. Med. 9 (2005) 177-182 (in
Chinese).
[8] HYLANDER, L. D., MEILI, M., 500 years of mercury production: global annual inventory
by region until 2000 and associated emissions, Sci. Total Environ. 304 (1-3) (2003) 13-27.
[9] RONCO, A. M., ARGUELLO, G., SUAZO, M., et al., Increased levels of metallothionein
in placenta of smokers, Toxic. 208 (2005) 133-139.
[10] AUAJJAR, N., ATTRASSI, B., AGUENAOU, H., et al., Impact of environmental pollution
by Pb and Cd on nutritional status of children in the north west of Morocco, Environ. Res.
2005 (submitted).
Abstracts
[1] ATTRASSI, B., AGUENAOU, H., BOUNAKHLA, M., et al., Epidemiological survey on
the anemia in the Gharb region of Morocco: interaction between iron and zinc. Poster
presented at the International Zinc and Nutrition Consultive Group Symposium, 7 February
2003, Marrakesh, Morocco.
[2] LLANOS, M., RONCO, A.M., BANG DIEP, T., et al., Application of isotopic and nuclear
techniques to study pollutants and mineral nutrients interactions in placenta from women
living in polluted areas of Chile, and Vietnam. An IAEA Coordinated Research Project,
Federation of European Societies on Trace elements and Minerals, 2nd Intern. Symposium
on Trace Elements and Minerals in Medicine and Biology, 13-15 May 2004, Munich.
[3] ATTRASSI B, MAKHOKHA A, MOKHTAR N., Impact of environmental lead pollution
on human health in Morocco and Kenya, Federation of European Societies on Trace
elements and Minerals, 2nd Intern. Symposium on Trace Elements and Minerals in
Medicine and Biology, 13-15 May 2004, Munich, Abstract No. 60, page 90.
M. Phil. Thesis
[1] AUAJJAR, N., Impact of chemical and biological pollution on the health of population in
Gharb region of Morocco, Morocco, 2005.
[2] SUN, Y., Placental accumulation and transport of nutritional elements in pregnant women of
environmental exposure to cadmium, China, 2005.
Appendix E.73
CRP No. 1283 (F13008)
Elements of power plant design for inertial fusion energy
Section/Division:
Division of Physical and Chemical Sciences
Period Covered:
2000-12-15 through 2005-05-31
Objectives of CRP:
The overall objective of this CRP was to stimulate and promote the Inertial Fusion Energy
development by improving international cooperation. The tactical objectives were 1) to
coordinate complementary experts related to IFE power plant design, 2) to avoid duplication of
effort, 3) to speed progress by sharing knowledge, manpower and costs, and 4) to attract the
attention of and invite experts of other fields who are interested in IFE power plant development.
(b) Specific (CRP):
The specific research objectives of this CRP were three fold:
i) Technology Assessment - Review and summarize the current status of key technologies of IFE
power plants including drivers, chambers, target fabrication and injection systems, and the
remainder of plant (power conversion systems, etc.). Recommend development steps for each
system.
ii) Interface Issues - Identify key issues and possible solutions for driver/target, driver/chamber,
and target/chamber interface issues. Co-ordinate research in addressing and resolving interface
issues.
iii) System Integration and Assessments - Integrate the subsystems of the power plant and
evaluate the environmental, safety and economics aspects of candidate IFE power plant designs.
Recommend pathways, technologies and developments needed to produce an integrated system
that meets the goals of developing environmentally acceptable, safe and economically
competitive power plants.
Outputs:
(a) Research:
1. An overview of Worldwide IFE activities was produced by the first RCM and divided into five
topic areas. A task list for each participant was elaborated.
2. Identification of interface issues was elaborated and documented and served as the basis for
implementing opportunities for international collaboration.
3. Visible contribution to the main stream research. About 144 publications were presented at
conferences and/or published in a Journal reporting on the results of the individual projects under
the CRP.
4. Three RCM's have been held (2001, 2003 and 2004) presenting the contribution from each
project (presentations, manuscripts and summaries available on CD). Yearly CRP reports have
been produced and subjected to appreciation.
Appendix E.74
5. A TECDOC summarizing results of CRP and conclusions is in final publishing phase.
(b) Others:
Educational benefits: 1 Diploma, 1 Master and 2 PhD thesis were resulting from educational
programmes in the activities of the CRP.
The research activities addressed helped to contribute to topical areas of the main research
stream. The activities were developed in close collaboration between CRP members which make
very effective the individual efforts by avoiding unnecessary duplications.
The sharing of equipment and installations allowed to extend the outputs from experiments
further than would be possible without collaboration.
The success in reaching the specific objectives was excellent. About 82 journal publications, 62
conference communications, and one patent are visible performance indicators of these activities.
The modelling of target shells instabilities under laser irradiation was developed at a deep level
of mathematical formalism. The plan for, during the CRP life, addressing all major instabilities
was not fully accomplished. The work was of very high scientific standard but the breaking down
of many of the possible combinations of target shell structure under several external fields
combinations lead to more involved calculations than was originally foreseen.
The elaboration of the research activities in a co-ordinated way has allowed important progress in
the science of IFE namely on target design, modelling, and in the material testing and design.
The amount of knowledge produced and the level of international co-operation is excellent.
A visible outcome of the CRP is the networking culture that the participants developed in carry
on the CRP activities and strengthening their relations.
Impact of the CRP:
- The CRP brought together 8 participants from developing countries and 10 from developed
countries.
- Some interested scientists that were not CRP members were attending the RCM's has invited
experts. This reflects the impact that the work had out of the CRP community.
- The participants recognised the positive role of the Agency in coordinating these activities and
were able to develop stronger links for collaboration in future. Members from developing
countries had the opportunity to work in developed countries and familiarize with many new
research topics of their interest.
The CRP on this topic was opportune since it gave the chance for a more focused research
among Member States.
The CRP addressed the three main challenging topics in IFE: Drivers, Targets and Chambers.
These were assessed from the point of view of technology, modelling and theory. The
importance of this research can be judged by the relatively large investment world wide in IF
science and technology in developing and developed countries.
In the IAEA FEC2004, one of the largest fusion conferences, one entire session was dedicated to
Inertial Fusion where some of the speakers were members of the CRP.
Appendix E.75
- The participants have elaborated a document where the status of the present research was
summarized and pointed out areas that need further research effort.
- The Agency should hold a consultancy meeting and plan a new CRP on the Inertial Fusion field
focusing in the Chamber research although in parallel with Drivers and Target and overall
interfaces research.
- The Agency should initiate a new CRP on "Beam-Matter-Plasma Interactions and IFE Concepts
for Power Production".
Journals
1. J. Wołowski et al., Plasma Physics Contr. Fusion 44 (2002) 1277
2. J. Wołowski et al., Laser and Particle Beams, 20 (2002) 113
3. J. Wołowski, J. Badziak, P. Parys et al., Czech. J. Phys. 54, C385 (2004).
4. J. Badziak, E. Woryna, P. Parys, J. Wołowski, K. Yu. Platonov, and A. B. Vankov. Effect of
foil target thickness on fast proton generation driven by ultrashort-pulse laser. J. Appl. Phys.
91 (8) (2002) 5504-5506
5. J. Wołowski, J. Badziak, J. Krása, L. Láska, P. Parys, K. Rohlena, and E. Woryna.
Investigations of ion emission from plasma produced by a high-power 1 ps laser pulse.
Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 11 (2002) A173-A177
6. H. Hora, J. Badziak, F. P. Boody, R. Höpfl, K. Jungwirth, B. Králikova, J. Krása, L. Láska,
P. Parys, V. Perina, M. Pfeifer, K. Rohlena, J. Skála, J. Ullschmied, J. Wołowski, and
E. Woryna. Effects of ps and ns laser pulses for giant ion source. Optics Comm. 207 (2002)
333-338
7. N. Rudraiah et al., Fusion Science and Technology, 43, pp. 307, 2003
8. N. Rudraiah et al., International Journal Appl. Mech. Eng., 8, N4, pp. 665, 2003
9. N. Rudraiah et al., Particles and Beams, 2003, Effect of Transverse Magnetic Field on
Surface Instability of Laser Driven IFE Target
10. Effect of a Magnetic field on the growth rate of the RIT of a laser accelerated thin ablative
surface By N. Rudraiah, B. S. Krishnamurthy, A. S. Jalaja and Tara Desai, Laser and
Particle Beams, Vol 22, pp. 29-33, 2004
11. E. R. Koresheva, et al., J. Phys. D: Appl. Physics, 35 pp. 825-830, 2002
12. E. R. Koresheva, et al., Fusion Science & Tech. 43, N3, pp. 290-300, 2003
13. D. T. Godin et al., Fusion Eng. & Desig., 60, pp.27, 2002
14. I. V. Aleksandrova, (…), E.R. Koresheva, et al., An Efficient method of fuel ice formation
in moving free-standing ICF/IFE Targets, Journal of Applied Physics D (in press)
15. E. R. Koresheva, et al., J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 35, p.825, 2002
16. E. R. Koresheva, et al., J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 35, p.767, 2002
17. B. Yu. Sharkov, Nuc. Inst. and Meth. In Phys. Research, pp. 1-5, 2001
18. Per F. Peterson, et al., Fus. Sci. and Techn., V43, 301-306, 2003
19. M. R. Bedilov, R. T. Khaydarov, et al., Kvantovaya Electrinika, 31, N4, 2001, pp. 321-324
20. M. R. Bedilov, R. T. Khaydarov, et al., Plasma Physics 26, 2000, p. 862
Appendix E.76
21. R. T. Khaydarov, et al., Uzbek Journal Physics, V4 N5-6, 2002
22. M. M. Basko, Eur. Phys. J. D 00 (2004) 0000
23. A. Kozyreva, M.M. Basko, T. Schlegel, A. Tauschwitz, and D.H.H. Hoffmann, Dynamic
confinement of quasi-isochorically heated targets, Physical Review E 68, 05406 (2003)
24. D. Varentsov, N.A. Tahir, I.V. Lomonossov, D.H.H. Hoffmann, J. Wieser, and V.E. Fortov,
Energy loss dynamics of an intense uranium beam interacting with solid neon for equation
of state studies. Europhys. Lett. 64, 57 (2003)
25. E. Dewald, C. Constantin, C. Niemann, S. Udrea, J. Jacoby, J. Wieser, D. Varentsov,
N.A. Tahir, A. Kozyreva, A. Shutov, T. Schlegel, A. Tauschwitz, D.H.H. Hoffmann, and
R. Bock, Fundamental studies of heavy-ion beam interaction with solid targetsIEEE Trans.
Plasma Sci.31, 221 (2003)
26. N.A. Tahir, FRS Group GSI, and D.H.H. Hoffmann, High power production targets for the
Super-FRS using a fast extraction scheme, Nucl. Instr. Meth. B. 204 282-285 (2003)
27. N.A. Tahir, A. Shutov, D. Varentsov, P. Spiller, S. Udrea, D.H.H. Hoffmann,
I.V.Lomonosov, J. Wieser, M. Kirk, R. Piriz, V.E. Fortov, and R. Bock., Phys. Rev. Spec.
Topic Acc. and Beams 6, 020101 (2003)
28. N.A. Tahir, H. Juranek, A. Shutov, R. Redmer, A.R. Piriz, M. Temporal, D. Varentsov,
S. Udrea, D.H.H. Hoffmann, C. Deutsch, I. Lomonosov, and V.E. Fortov., Influence of the
equation of state on the compression and heating of hydrogen., Physical Review B 67,
184101 (2003)
29. N.A. Tahir, C. Deutsch, V.E. Fortov, D.H.H. Hoffmann, H. Juranek, I. Lomonosov,
A.R. Piriz, R. Redmer, A. Shutov, P. Spiller, M. Temporal, S. Udrea, D. Varentsov. Intense
heavy ion beams as a tool to induce high energy density states in matter. Contr. Plasma
Phys. 43, 1733 (2003)
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39. S. S. Harilal, C. V. Bindhu, M. S. Tillack, F. Najmabadi and A. C. Gaeris, "Internal
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40. S. S. Harilal, C. V. Bindhu, M. S. Tillack, F. Najmabadi and A. C. Gaeris, "Plume splitting
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41. S. S. Harilal, M. S. Tillack, B. O'Shay, C. V. Bindhu, F. Najmabadi, "Confinement and
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42. C. V. Bindhu, S. S. Harilal, M. S. Tillack, F. Najmabadi A. C. Gaeris, "Laser propagation
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43. C. V. Bindhu, S. S. Harilal, M. S. Tillack, F. Najmabadi A. C. Gaeris, "Energy Absorption
and Propagation in Laser Created Sparks," Applied Spectroscopy 58(6) (June 2004) 719-726
44. M. S. Tillack, D. Blair and S. S. Harilal, "The effect of ionization on cluster formation in
laser ablation plumes," Nanotechnology 15, issue 3, pages 390 - 403 (January 2004)
45. M. S. Tillack, F. Najmabadi, L. A. El-Guebaly, D. Goodin, W. R. Meier, R. R. Peterson, D.
A. Petti, K. R. Schultz, L. M. Waganer, and the ARIES Team, "ARIES Inertial Fusion
Chamber Assessment," Fusion Technology, 39 343-348, 2001
46. F. Najmabadi, A. R. Raffray, and the ARIES-IFE Team: S.I. Abdel-Khalik, Leslie
Bromberg, Laila A. El-Guebaly, D. Goodin, D. Haynes, J. Latkowski, W. Meier, R. Moore,
S. Neff, C.L. Olson, J. Perkins, D. Petti, R. Petzoldt, D.V. Rose, W.M. Sharp, P. Sharpe,
M. S. Tillack, L. Waganer, D.R. Welch, M. Yoda, S.S. Yu, M. Zaghloul, "Operational
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47. A.R. Raffray, W. Meier, S. Abdel-Khalik, R. Bonazza, P. Calderoni, C.S. Debonnel,
Z. Dragojlovic, L. El-Guebaly, D. Haynes, J. Latkowski, C. Olson, P.F. Peterson, S. Reyes,
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48. P. Calderoni, A. Ying, T. Sketchley, M.A. Abdou, Vapor Condensation Study for HIF
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49. L. Schmitz, P. Calderoni, A.Ying, and M.A. Abdou, A Novel Diagnostic for Time-Resolved
Spectroscopic Argon and Lithium Density Measurements, 16th PSI, Portland, NH, May,
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50. P. Calderoni, A. Ying, T. Sketchley, and M.A. Abdou, 2001, "Description of a facility for
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51. L. Láska, K. Jungwirth, B. Králiková, J. Krása, M. Pfeifer, K. Rohlena, J. Skála,
J. Ullschmied, J. Badziak, P. Parys, J. Wołowski, E. Woryna, S. Gammino, L. Torrisi, and
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(Suppl. D) (2002) 283-291
52. A. Szydlowski, J. Badziak, P. Parys, J. Wołowski, E. Woryna, K. Jungwirth, B. Králiková,
M. Pfeifer J. Krása, L. Láska, K. Rohlena, J. Skála, J. Ullschmied, F. P. Boody,
S. Gammino, and L. Torrisi. Solid state track detectors applied in measurements of ion
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53. T. Pisarczyk, J. Badziak, A. Kasperczuk, P. Parys, J. Wołowski, E. Woryna, K. Jungwirth,
B. Králiková, J. Krása, L. Láska, K. Masek, M. Pfeifer, K. Rohlena, J. Skála, J. Ullschmied,
M. Kálal, and P. Pisarczyk. Fast and slow plasma components produced by the PALS
facility - comparison of interferometric and ion diagnostic measurements. Czech. J. Phys. 52
(Suppl. D) (2002) 310-317
54. J. Badziak, S. Jablonski, P. Parys, L. Ryc , J. Wołowski, E. Woryna, J. Krása, L. Láska,
M. Pfeifer, and K. Rohlena. High-intensity interactions of 1-ps and 0.5 ns laser pulses with a
high-Z target - a comparison. Czech. J. Phys. 52 (Suppl. D) (2002) 318-323
55. L. Torrisi, S. Gammino, L. Andó, A. M. Mezzasalma L. Torrisi, J. Badziak, P. Parys,
J. Wołowski, E. Woryna, K. Jungwirth, B. Králiková, J. Krása, L. Láska, M. Pfeifer,
K. Rohlena, J. Skála, J. Ullschmied, and F. P. Boody. Study of the etching process and
crater formation induced by intense laser pulses at PALS. Czech. J. Phys. 52 (Suppl. D)
(2002) 329-334
56. H. Hora, F. Osman, R. Höpfl, J. Badziak, P. Parys, J. Wołowski, E. Woryna, F. Boody,
K. Jungwirth, B. Králiková, J. Krása, L. Láska, M. Pfeifer, K. Rohlena, J. Skála, and
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interaction. Czech. J. Phys. 52 (Suppl. D) (2002) 349-361
57. H. Hora, J. Badziak, F. Boody, R. Hopfl, K. Jungwirth, B. Králiková, J. Krása, L. Láska,
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58. L. Láska, J. Badziak, F.P. Boody, S. Gammino, H. Hora, K. Jungwirth, J. Krása, P. Parys,
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52(Suppl. D), 283-291, 2002
59. J. Badziak, H. Hora, E. Woryna, S. Jablonski, L. Láska, P. Parys, K. Rohlena, and
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60. J. Wołowski, J. Badziak, F.P. Boody, S. Gammino, H. Hora, K. Jungwirth, J. Krása,
L. Láska, P. Parys, M. Pfeifer, K. Rohlena, A. Szydlowski, L. Torrisi, J. Ullschmied and
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61. J. Badziak, S. Jablonski, P. Parys, and J. Wołowski. Anomalous properties of plasma
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62. J. Badziak, P. Parys, J. Wołowski, and E. Woryna. Studies of ion fluxes emitted from
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63. H. Hora, Cang Yu, Zhang Jie, F. Osman, J. Badziak, F. P. Boody, S. Gammino, R. Höpfl,
K. Jungwirth, B. Králikova, J. Kraska, L. Láska, Liu Hong, G. H. Miley, P. Parys, Peng
Hansheng, M. Pfeifer, K. Rohlena, J. Skála, Z. Skladanowski, L. Torrisi, J. Ullschmied,
J. Wołowski, and Zhang Weiyan. Generation of nonlinear force driven blocks from skin
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64. L. Láska, K. Jungwirth, B. Králiková, J. Krása, E. Krouský, K. Masek, M. Pfeifer,
K. Rohlena, J. Skála, J. Ullschmied, J. Badziak, P. Parys, L. Ryc , A. Szydlowski,
J. Wołowski, E. Woryna, G. Ciavola, S. Gammino, L. Torrisi, and F. P. Boody. Review of
laser ion sources developments in Prague and production of over 50+ ions at Prague Asterix
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65. L. Láska, K. Jungwirth, B. Králiková, J. Krása, M. Pfeifer, K. Rohlena, J. Skála,
J. Ullschmied, J. Badziak, P. Parys, J. Wołowski, E. Woryna, L. Torrisi, S. Gammino, and
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frequencies iodine laser. Rev. Sci. Instr., 75(5), 1588-1591, 2004
66. L. Láska, K. Jungwirth, J. Krása, M. Pfeifer, K. Rohlena, J. Ullschmied, J. Badziak,
P. Parys, J. Wołowski, F.P. Boody, S. Gammino, and L. Torrisi. Generation of extreme high
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67. L. Torrisi, S. Gammino, A. M. Mezzasalma, A.M. Visco, J. Badziak, P. Parys, J. Wołowski,
E. Woryna, J. Krása, L. Láska, M. Pfeifer, K. Rohlena, and F. P. Boody. Laser ablation of
UHMWPE-polyethylene by 438 nm high energy pulsed laser. Applied Surface Science,
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71. KALUZA, M., FÖLDES, I.B., RÁCZ, E., SANTALA, M.I.K., TSAKIRIS, G.D., WITTE,
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72. M. Kalal, J. Limpouch, E. Krousky, K. Masek, K. Rohlena, P. Straka, J. Ullschmied,
A. Kasperczuk, T. Pisarczyk, S.Yu. Gus'kov, A.I. Gromov, V.B. Rozanov,
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73. J. Limpouch, N.N. Demchenko, S.Yu. Gus'kov, M. Kalal, A. Kasperczuk,
V.N. Kondrashov, E. Krousky, K. Masek, P. Pisarczyk, T. Pisarczyk, and V.B. Rozanov,
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74. S. Borodziuk, A. Kasperczuk, T. Pisarczyk, K. Rohlena, J. Ullschmied, M. Kalal,
J. Limpouch, P. Pisarczyk; Application of laser simulation method for the analysis of crater
formation experiment on PALS laser. Czechoslovak Journal of Physics Vol. 53 (2003),
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75. S. Borodziuk, A. Kasperczuk, T. Pisarczyk, S. Gus'kov, J. Ullschmied, B. Kralikova,
K. Rohlena, J. Skala, M. Kalal, P. Pisarczyk; Investigation of plasma ablation and crater
formation processes in the PALS laser facility (accepted for publication in Optica Applicata)
76. S.Yu. Gus'kov, T. Pisarczyk, I.Ya. Doskach, A. Kasperczuk, M. Kalal, S. Borodziuk,
K. Jungwirth, B. Kralikova, E. Krousky, J. Limpouch, K. Masek, M. Pfeifer, P. Pisarczyk,
K. Rohlena, J. Skala, J. Ullschmied; Laser - Produced Post - Pulse Craters in Solids
(submitted to Quantum Electronics)
77. T. Pisarczyk, S. Borodziuk, A. Kasperczuk, K. Jungwirth, B. Kralikova, E. Krousky,
K. Masek, M. Pfeifer, K. Rohlena, J. Skala, J. Ullschmied, M. Kalal, J. Limpouch,
P. Pisarczyk; Application of the Laser Simulation Method of Crater Creation in the Laser-Al
Solid Target Experiment on the PALS Facility, Journal of High Temperature Material
Processes 7 (2003) 319-326
78. S. Borodziuk, Ya. Doskach, S. Gus'kov, K. Jungwirth, M. Kalal, A. Kasperczuk,
B. Kralikova, E. Krousky, J. Limpouch, K. Masek, M. Pfeifer, P. Pisarczyk, T. Pisarczyk,
K. investigations of craters formation in aluminum target on PALS experiment, Nukleonika
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79. S. Borodziuk, A. Kasperczuk, T. Pisarczyk, N.N. Demhcenko, S.Yu. Gus'kov,
V.B. Rozanov, M. Kalal, J. Limpouch, J. Ullschmied, K. Rohlena, J. Skala,
V.N. Kondrashov, P. Pisarczyk, Application of the 3-frame interferometry and the crater
replica method for investigation of laser accelerated macroparticles interacting with massive
targets in the Prague Asterix Laser System (PALS) experiment, Optica Applicata,
Vol. XXXIV, No. 3 (2004) 385-403
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81. M. Salvador, J.M. Perlado, A. Mattoni, F. Bernardini. Colombo, J. Nucl. Mat. 329-333
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Conferences and meetings
1.
FÖLDES, I.B., GÁL, K., KOCSIS, G., RÁCZ, E., SZATMÁRI, S., VERES, G., Proc. SPIE,
5228, 473-479, 2003
2. J.M. Perlado et al., Assessment of structural and silica materials under irradiation in inertial
fusion reactors: comparison of multiscale modeling and microscopy, IFSA 2003, Elsevier
Pub (2004)
3. M. Velarde, J.M. Perlado, L. Sedano, The role of organically bound tritium after ingestion in
normal and accidental scenarios caused by releases from inertial fusion reactors, IFSA 2003,
Elsevier Pub (2004)
4. Rohlena, V. Rozanov, J. Skala, J. Ullschmied: Experimental and theoretical
5. I.Ya. Doskach, T. Pisarczyk, S. Gus'kov, K. Jungwirth, M. Kalal, A. Kasperczuk,
B. Kralikova, E. Krousky, J. Limpouch, K. Masek, M. Pfeifer, K. Rohlena, V. Rozanov,
J. Skala, J. Ullschmied; Laser-produced post-pulse crater formation in solids observed in
PALS facility interaction experiment, ECLIM 2002 - 27th European Conference on Laser
Interaction with Matter, SPIE Vol. 5228 (2003), Eds: O.N. Krokhin, S.Yu. Gus'kov, Yu.A.
Merkul'ev, 121-130, ISBN 0-8194-5101-0
6. E.R.Koresheva, I.V.Aleksandrova, I.E.Osipov et al. FST technologies for IFE targets
fabrication, characterization and delivery 3rd IAEA TM on Physics and Technology of
Inertial Fusion Energy Targets and Chambers, 11-13 October 2004, Daejon, Republic of
Korea
7. E.R.Koresheva, A.I.Nikitenko, I.V.Aleksandrova et al. Possible approaches to rapid control
of IFE target quality. Ibid
8. T. Pisarczyk, S. Borodziuk, A. Kasperczuk, S. Gus'kov, I.Ya. Doskach, V. Rozanov,
J. Ullschmied, K. Jungwirth, B. Kralikova, E. Krousky, K. Masek, M. Pfeifer, K. Rohlena,
J. Skala, M. Kalal, J. Limpouch, P. Pisarczyk; Experimental and Theoretical Investigations
of Craters Formation in Solids in PALS Experiments, CD of Proceedings, PLASMA 2003,
September 9-12,Warsaw, Poland
9. T. Pisarczyk, S. Borodziuk, A. Kasperczuk, K. Jungwirth, B. Kralikova, E. Krousky,
K. Masek, M. Pfeifer, K. Rohlena, J. Skala, J. Ullschmied, M. Kalal, J. Limpouch,
P. Pisarczyk; Application of the Laser Simulation Method of Crater Creation in the Laser-Al
Solid Target Experiment on the PALS Facility, French-Polish Seminar on Plasma 2003,
Bordeaux, France
10. T. Pisarczyk, S. Gus'kov, I.Ya. Doskach, A. Kasperczuk, S. Borodziuk, M. Kalal,
E. Krousky, J. Limpouch, K. Masek, P. Pisarczyk, K. Rohlena, V. Rozanov, J. Ullschmied;
Experimental and Theoretical Investigations of Craters Formation in Solid Targets Under
the Action of Powerful Laser Pulse, CCPPA 2003 - First Cairo Conference on Plasma
Physics and Applications, 11-15 October 2003, Cairo, Egypt
11. M. Kalal, S.Yu. Gus'kov, A. Kasperczuk, V.N. Kondrashov, E. Krousky, J. Limpouch,
K. Masek, T. Pisarczyk, K. Rohlena, J. Skala, and J. Ullschmied, Prague Asterix Laser
System (PALS) acitivities in laser fusion oriented research, Invited Talk, Asia - Pacific
Laser Symposium (APLS 2004), Yongpyong, Republic of Korea, 1-6 March 2004
12. Electrohydrodynamic Rayleigh - Taylor Instability In A Finite Thickness Layer of Poorly
Conducting of Viscous Fluid By N. Rudraiah, I.S. Shivakumara and Krishna B, Chavaraddi
Procs. Int. Symposium on Advances in Fluid Mech. Tata McGraw Hill, 2004
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13. M. Kalal, S.Yu. Gus'kov, A. Kasperczuk, V.N. Kondrashov, E. Krousky, J. Limpouch,
K. Masek, T. Pisarczyk, K. Rohlena, J. Skala, and J. Ullschmied, Foam Target and DoubleTarget studies at Prague Asterix Laser System (PALS), Invited Talk, GSI, Darmstadt,
Germany, 6 June 2004
14. J. Limpouch, N.N. Demchenko, S.Yu. Gus'kov, V.B. Rozanov, A. Kasperczuk,
T. Pisarczyk, M. Kalal, V.N. Kondrashov, E. Krousky, K. Masek, P. Pisarczyk; Iodine Laser
Interactions with Porous Matter, Book of Proceedings (TuPo2.27), IFSA 2003,
7-12 September, Monterey, USA
15. G. H. Miley, F. Osman, H. Hora, J. Badziak, K. Rohlena, K. Jungwirth, J. Wołowski,
Y. Cang, X. He, J. Zhang, and P. Hammerling. Plasma block acceleration by ps-TW laser
irradiation. In Claude R. Phipps, editor, Proceedings of the SPIE High Power Laser
Ablation, pages 1-13, April 2004. Paper 138
16. H. Hora, J. Badziak, F. P. Boody, R. Höpfl, K. Jungwirth, B. Králiková, J. Krása, L. Láska,
P. Parys, V. Perina, M. Pfeifer, K. Rohlena, J. Skála, J. Ullschmied, J. Wołowski, and
E. Woryna, Laser giant ion source and the prepulse effects for picosecond interaction for
high gain laser fusion, In I. S. Falconer, R.L. Dewar, and J. Khachan, editors, Proceedings of
the 11th International Congress on Plasma Physics: ICPP'2002, volume
17. J. Limpouch, S. Guskov, A. I. Gromov, M. Kalal, A. Kasperczuk, V.N. Kondrashov,
E. Krousky, B. Kralikova, K. Masek , T. Pisarczyk, M. Pfeifer, K. Rohlena, V. Rozanov,
J. Skala, J. Ullschmied; Thin foil acceleration by the pressure of laser-produced plasma of
porous matter, ECLIM-2002 Proceedings, SPIE; vol. 5228 (2003)
18. M. Kalal, Laser Imprint Problem and its Treatment by Double Pulse Plasma and Foam
Layers, Invited Talk, Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, Warsaw, Poland,
24.2.2004
19. M. Kalal, PALS, Laser Imprint and Foam Targets, Invited Talk, Lawrence Livermore
National Laboratory, USA, 27.6.2002
20. J. Limpouch, N.N. Demchenko, S.Yu. Gus'kov, M. Kalal, A. Kasperczuk,
V.N. Kondrashov, E. Krousky, K. Masek, P. Pisarczyk, T. Pisarczyk, V.B. Rozanov PALS
Laser Interactions with Foam Targets, Poster, 31 EPS, London, United Kingdom, 28 June –
2 July 2004
21. sM. Kalal, J. Limpouch, N.N. Demchenko, S.Yu. Gus'kov, A.I. Gromov, A. Kasperczuk,
V.N. Kondrashov, E. Krousky, K. Masek, M. Pfeifer, P. Pisarczyk, T. Pisarczyk,
K. Rohlena, V. B. Rozanov, J. Sinor, and J. Ullschmied, Interactions of Subnanosecond
Laser Pulses with Low-Density Plastic Foams, Oral, Third IAEA Technical Meeting
(IAEA-TM) on Physics and Technology of Inertial Fusion Energy Targets and Chambers,
Daejon, Republic of Korea, 11-13 October 2004
22. 669, pages 739-743, Sydney, Australia, July 2003, American Institute of Physics
23. H. Hora, F. Osman, J. Badziak, F.P. Boody, Yu. Cang, S. Gammino, Xian-Tu He, R. Höpfl,
K. Jungwirth, B. Králiková, J. Krása, L. Láska, Hong Liu, G.H. Miley, P. Parys, Han-Sheng
Peng, M. Pfeifer, K. Rohlena, J. Skála, Z. Skladanowski, L. Torrisi, L. Ulschmied,
J. Wołowski, Jie Zhang, Weiyan Zhang, Petawatt-picosecond laser pulse generation of
nonlinear force driven blocks from skin layer interaction for fast ignitor, Third International
Conference on Inertial Fusion Sciences and Applications, Monterey, USA, 7-12 September
2003
24. J. Wołowski, J. Badziak, F. P Boody, S. Gammino, H. Hora, K. Jungwirth, J. Krása,
L. Láska, A.M. Mezzasalma, P. Parys, M. Pfeifer, K. Rohlena, A. Szydlowski, L. Torrisi, J.
Ullschmied, E. Woryna, Comparison of Characteristics of Ions Emitted from Plasmas
Produced by the PALS Laser System at 1315 nm and 438 nm Wavelengths, 30th EPS
Conference 0n Controlled Fusion and Plasma Physics, St. Petersburg, Russia, 7-11 July
2003 (SPIE Conf. Proc. Vol.27A, P-4.146)
25. J. Badziak, S. Jablonski, P. Parys, Z. Skladanowski, J. Wołowski, H. Hora, L. Láska,
K. Rohlena, Production of intense fast ion fluxes by skin-layer picosecond laser-plasma
interaction, Third International Conference on Inertial Fusion Sciences and Applications,
Monterey, USA, 7-12 September 2003
Appendix E.82
26. K. Rohlena, K. Jungwirth, J. Krása, E. Krausky, L. Láska, K. Masek, M. Pfeifer,
J. Wołowski, J. Badziak, P. Parys, T. Pisarczyk, L. Ryc , E. Woryna, and J. Ullschmied.
84 Diagnostics of PALS experiments. German-Polish Conference on Plasma Diagnostics for
Fusion and Applications, Greifswald, Germany, September 2002, CD-ROM: Paper 05
27. Z. Skladanowski, J. Badziak and J. Wołowski. Review of studies of ion streams produced by
high-intensity subnanosecond laser pulses. Proc. of the XXVII European Conference on
Laser Interaction with Matter (ECLIM 2002), Moscow, Russia, October 2002 (Invited
paper)
28. L. Láska, J. Badziak, F.P. Boody, S. Gammino, H. Hora, K. Jungwirth, J. Krása, P. Parys,
M. Pfeifer, K. Rohlena, L. Torrisi, J. Ullschmied, J. Wołowski, E. Woryna, Multiply
charged ions produced at laser power densities from 10 10 W/cm 2 to 10 17 W/cm 2 . Proc.
of the 11th International Congress on Plasma Physics, Sydney, July 15-19, 2002 (Invited
review talk)
29. H. Hora, J. Badziak, F.P. Boody, R. Höpfl, K. Jungwirth, B. Králiková, J. Krása, L. Láska,
P. Parys, V. Pe r ina, M. Pfeifer, K. Rohlena, J. Skála, J. Ullschmied, J. Wołowski,
E. Woryna, Laser giant ion source and the prepulse effect at picosecond interaction for high
gain Laser fusion, Proc. of the 11th International Congress on Plasma Physics, Sydney,
15-19 July, P 46, p.85, 2002
30. J. Wołowski, J. Badziak, F.P. Boody, S. Gammino, H. Hora, K. Jungwirth, J. Krása,
L. Láska, P. Parys, M. Pfeifer, K. Rohlena, L. Torrisi, J. Ullschmied, and E. Woryna.
Diagnostic of ions emmitted from plasma produced by the PALS 3rd-harmonics beam
(438 nm). German-Polish Conference on Plasma Diagnostics for Fusion and Applications,
Greifswald, Germany, September 2002, CD-ROM: Paper B-02
31. J. Wołowski, J. Badziak, F.P. Boody, S. Gammino, H. Hora, K. Jungwirth, B. Králiková,
J. Krása, L. Láska, P. Parys, M. Pfeifer, K. Rohlena, J. Skála, L. Torrisi, J. Ullschmied, and
E. Woryna. Production of fast ions by the 3˜0 PALS laser beam. Proc. of the XXVII
European Conference on Laser Interaction with Matter (ECLIM 2002), Moscow, Russia,
October 2002
32. J. Badziak, H. Hora, S. Jablonski, L. Láska, P. Parys, K. Rohlena, J. Wołowski, and
E. Woryna. Comparison of properties of fast ion emission from plasmas produced by
picosecond and subnanosecond laser pulses. Proc. of the XXVII European Conference on
Laser Interaction with Matter (ECLIM 2002), Moscow, Russia, October 2002
33. H. Hora, J. Badziak, F. Boody, R. Hopfl, K. Jungwirth, B. Králiková, J. Krása, L. Láska,
M. Pfeifer, K. Rohlena, P. Parys, S. Skála, J. Ullschmied, J. Wołowski, and E. Woryna. Skin
depth theory explaining anomalous picosecond-terawatt laser plasma interaction. XXVII
European Conference on Laser Interaction with Matter (ECLIM 2002), Moscow, Russia,
October 2002
34. L. Ryc , J. Badziak, L. Juha, J. Krása, B. Králiková, P. Parys, M. Pfeifer, K. Rohlena,
J. Skála, J. Ullschmied, and J. Wołowski. The use of semiconductor detectors for x-ray
detection in PALS plasma experiments. German-Polish Conference on Plasma Diagnostics
for Fusion and Applications, Greifswald, Germany, September 2002, CD-ROM: Paper B
35. J. Badziak, P. Parys, J. Wołowski, and E. Woryna. Investigation of ion emission from
picosecond and nanosecond laser-produced plasmas by the time-of-flight method. GermanPolish Conference on Plasma Diagnostics for Fusion and Applications, Greifswald,
Germany, September 2002, CD-ROM: Paper 09
36. J. Badziak, S. Jablonski, P. Parys, J. Wołowski, and E. Woryna. Comparison of angular
distributions of ion emission from picosecond and subnanosecond laser-produced plasmas.
German-Polish Conference on Plasma Diagnostics for Fusion and Applications, Greifswald,
Germany, September 2002
37. N. Rudraiah et al., Effect of transverse magnetic field, surface tension and nano rope porous
lining on Rayleigh-Taylor instability in thin electrically conducting fluid film, proceedings
of Workshop on Nano and Smart Materials, March 28-29, 2003, pp. 337
Appendix E.83
38. I.V. Aleksandrova, (…), E.R. Koresheva, et al., Extension of the free-standing target
technologies on IFE requirements, Inertial Fusion Science and Applications 2001,
pp. 762-767
39. E.R. Koresheva, et al., The issue of homogeneous solid H2-layers formation inside freestanding microshells, Ibid. pp. 767-771, 2002
40. I.E. Osipov, E.R. Koresheva, et al., A device for for cryotarget rep-rate delivery in IFE
target chamber, Ibid. pp. 810-814, 2002
41. E. R. Koresheva, et al., Progress in the extension of free standing target technologies on IFE
requirements, XXVII European Conference on Laser Interaction with Matter, 7-11 October
2002, Moscow, Russia
42. E.R. Koresheva, et al., A mechanism of formation of a smooth solid layer of hydrogen
inside a microshell, XXVII European Conference on Laser Interaction with Matter,
7-11 October 2002, Moscow, Russia
43. B.V. Kuteev, E.R. Koresheva, et al., Development of pellet technologies for tokamaks and
ICF, 30th EPS on Controlled Fusion and Plasma Physics, St. Petersburg, Russia, 7-11 July
2003
44. I.V. Aleksandrova, (…), E.R. Koresheva, Reconstruction algorithms for tomographic
multiaspect shadowgraphing for application to ICE/IFE targets characterization, 3rd Inter.
Conf. on Inertial Fusion Science and Applications, 7-12 September 2003, Monterey, CA,
USA
45. I.E. Osipov, (…), E.R. Koresheva, et al., A 100-projections microtomograph for cryogetic
targets characterization, Ibid
46. E.R. Koresheva, et al., Formation of a thermostable glassy fuel layer using the minor dope
technique, Ibid
47. R.T. Khaydarov, et al., 30th Conference of Physics, Plasma and LTF, 24-28 2003, p. 143
Zvenigorad (Russia)
48. R.T. Khaydarov, et al., 11th ICFRM, 7-12 December 2003, Kyoto, Japan, p.225
49. R.T. Khaydarov, et al., 5th International Conference on Modern Problems of Nuclear
Physics, 12-15 August 2003, Samarkand, Uzbekistan, p.150
50. Z. Dragojlovic and F. Najmabadi, "Simulation of IFE chamber dynamics response by a
second order Godunov method with arbitrary geometry," Proc. International Symposium on
Inertial Fusion Science and Applications, IFSA-2003 (Monterey, CA, Sept. 2003)
51. M.S. Tillack, S.S. Harilal, F. Najmabadi and J. O'Shay, "Magnetic Confinement of an
Expanding Laser-Produced Plasma," Inertial Fusion Science and Applications 2003,
Monterey CA, Sept. 2003, 319-322
52. M.S. Tillack, J. Pulsifer and K. Sequoia, "UV Laser-Induced Damage to Grazing Incidence
Metal Mirrors," Inertial Fusion Science and Applications 2003, Monterey CA,
September 2003, 810-814
53. M.S. Tillack, S.A. Payne, N.M. Ghoniem, M.R. Zaghloul and J.F. Latkowski, "Damage
threats and response of final optics for laser-fusion power plants," Inertial Fusion Science
and Applications 2001, Kyoto Japan, September 2001, 717-721
54. M.R. Zaghloul, M.S. Tillack, and T.K. Mau, "Sensitivity of Metal Mirrors to Laser-Induced
Damage Under Long-Term Exposure at Shallow Angle of Incidence," Proc. 19th
IEEE/NPSS SOFE, Atlantic City NJ, 2-5 October 2001
55. T.K. Mau, M.S. Tillack, and M.R. Zaghloul, "Modeling of Mirror Surface Damage Effects
on Beam Propagation in a Laser-Driven IFE Power Plant," Proc. 19th IEEE/NPSS SOFE,
Atlantic City NJ, 2-5 October 2001
Appendix E.84
56. X.Y. Luo, M.Ni, A. Ying, M.A. Abdou, A Variable-Density Projection Method for Free
Surface Flow with Phase Change, presented at the 43rd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting
and Exhibit, December 2004
57. P. Calderoni, A. Ying, and M.A. Abdou, Experimental and numerical study of transient
condensation of lithium fluoride excited vapors for IFE systems, presented at Symposium on
Fusion Energy, San Diego, CA, 2003
58. J. Wołowski, J Badziak, J Krása, L Láska, P Parys, K Rohlena and E Woryna, Investigations
of ion emission from plasma produced by high-power 1-ps laser pulse (short version of the
manuscript), Proc. of the 25 th International Conference on Phenomena in Ionized Gases,
17-22 July 2001, Nagoya, Japan, ed. T. Goto, Vol. 1, pp. 11-12 (Invited lecture)
59. E. Woryna, J. Badziak, J. Makowski, P. Parys, A.B. Vankov, J. Wołowski, J. Krása,
L. Láska, K. Rohlena, Influence of the laser focus position on characteristics of Au plasmas
generated by sub-nanosecond and picosecond laser pulses, Proc. of the PLASMA'2001
Conf., 19-21 September 2001, Warsaw, Poland, http://plasma2001.ifpilm.waw. pl., paper
No P4.13 (4 pages)
60. E. Woryna, J. Badziak, J. Makowski, P. Parys, A.B. Vankov, J. Wołowski, J. Krása,
L. Láska, K. Rohlena, Dependence of parameters of laser-produced au plasmas on the
incident laser energy of sub-nanosecond and picosecond laser pulses, Proc. of the
PLASMA'2001
Conf.,
19-21
September
2001,
Warsaw,
Poland,
http://plasma2001.ifpilm.waw. pl., paper No P4.14 (4 pages)
61. H. Hora, J. Badziak, G. Banstetter, F.P. Boody, R. Höpfl, K. Jungwirth, J.C. Kelly,
B. Králiková, J. Krása, L. Láska, P. Parys, V. Pe r ina, M. Pfeifer, K. Rohlena, J. Skála,
J. Ullschmied, J. Wołowski, E. Woryna, M. Ghoranneviss, A.H. Sari, M.R. Hantehzadeh,
Plasma techniques with giant laser ion sources causing surface crystal modification in solid
targets, IAEA-ICTP Workshop on Plasma Diagnostics and Industrial Appl. of Plasmas,
Trieste/ Italy, March (2002) 11-13
62. H. Hora, J. Badziak, F. P. Boody, R. Höpfl, K. Jungwirth, B. Králikova, J. Krása, L. Láska,
P. Parys, V. Perina, M. Pfeifer, K. Rohlena, J. Skala, J. Ullschmied, J. Wołowski, and
E. Woryna. Giant emission of laser driven ion source and picosecond interaction. In
K.A. Tanaka, D.D. Meyerhofer, and J. Meyer ter Vehn, editors, Inertial Fusion Sciences and
Applications'2001, The Data Science Library, pages 396-399, Paris, 2002. Elsevier
63. J. Krása, K. Jungwirth, B. Králiková, L. Láska, M. Pfeifer, K. Rohlena, J. Skála,
J. Ullschmied, V. Hnatowicz, V. Perina, P. Parys, J. Wołowski, E. Woryna, A. Szydlowski,
Highly charged ions generated with intense laser beams, 11th Int. Conf. on Phys. of Highly
Charged Ions, Caen (France), (2002) C4-3-5, p.190
PhD, Master and Diploma Thesis work
Marius Schollmeier: Untersuchung schmalbandiger Linienstrahlung lasererzeugter dichter
Plasmen für Röntgenstreudiagnostik an Materie.
Diplomarbeit, TU-Darmstadt, Juni 2004
Serban Udrea: Elektrische Leitfähigkeit schwerioneninduzierter Plasmen.
Dissertation, TU-Darmstadt, 2004
A. Kozyreva: Creation of High Energy Density in Matter with Heavy Ion Beams for Equation of
State Studies.
Dissertation, TU-Darmstadt, 2003
P. Calderoni (Ph. D. March, 2004): On the study of vapor condensation for the assessment of
Inertial Fusion Energy liquid chamber clearing
P. Calderoni, 2001, An experimental facility to investigate flibe condensation and reactor
chamber clearing rates in Inertial Fusion Reactors, Master of Science Thesis,
University of California, Los Angeles
Appendix E.85
CRP No. 1151 (F22034)
Radiation synthesis of stimuli-responsive membranes, hydrogels and adsorbents for separation
purposes
Section/Division:
Period Covered:
2000-12-15 through 2004-12-31
Objectives of CRP:
To develop new materials by using radiolytic methods for practical applications in various fields.
The developed techniques are environment-friendly techniques that help to keep the environment
clean e.g. by collecting hazardous materials from wastewaters, by simplifying the uranium
recovery technology or by replacing poisoning organic solvents used in separation by water, etc.
(b) Specific (CRP):
The specific objectives of the CRP were:
- Development of new functionalized hydrogels, partly by using natural polymers for collecting
hazardous heavy metals, dyes and other organic compounds from wastewaters.
- Synthesis of polymers with high selectivity for collecting uranium from wastes and also from
sea-water.
- Synthesis of new polymeric materials (nanogels, membranes) for separation of biomolecules
or biopolymers, such as amino acids, nucleic acids, proteins, etc.
- Synthesis of stimuli responsive nano- and microgels, hydrogels for controlled drug delivery.
Development of polymers with special properties for biomedical applications.
Outputs:
(a) Research:
The research done and outputs achieved in frame of the CRP can be classified according to the
following areas:
A. Development of novel materials
- Fast stimuli-responsive hydrogels based on natural and synthetic polymers;
- Novel non-ionic thermosensitive hydrogels based on hydrophilic/hydrophobic ratio;
- Temperature and pH responsive membranes;
- Single asymmetric nanopore membranes for ion flow regulation;
- Thermo and pH-sensitive nano- and microgels of independently controlled density and
dimensions;
- Porous polymer monoliths and beads with specifically tuned morphology of any desired size
and shape;
- Hollow membranes with high specific surface area.
B. Advanced methods for the synthesis and exploration of the microstructure and properties of
novel materials:
- ion beam irradiation and asymmetric chemical etching for the production of single conical
nanopore membranes;
- template synthesis for the production of hollow membrane;
- monomer-free nanogels synthesis by radiation-induced intramolecular crosslinking;
Appendix E.86
- excimer laser and ion beam lithography combined to EB and UV curing for the production of
membranes and biochips;
- positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS) adopted to demonstrate the different microstructure
of the hydrogels formed under different conditions of irradiation;
- SEM-ion conductance hybrid method for determination of single conical pore geometry and
transport properties.
(b) Others:
The results of the CRP are being directly disseminated and implemented through regional and
national projects, which were elaborated making use of some findings and developments
achieved through the project.
In reaching Specific Objective:
The specific objective has been achieved;
the planned advanced polymeric and hydrogel materials have been developed and tested at the
laboratories. The effectiveness of CRP implementation was achieved by linking of the overall
and specific objectives of the project with those established for national and international
projects. Moreover active collaboration of the Agency with the organizers of the main
international conferences in the field ; IMRP, Chicago, USA, 2003 and IRaP, Houffalize,
Belgium, 2004, facilitated critical evaluation of the CRP developments by a broad forum of
scientists and experts (most of results of this CRP were published at these big meetings; the first
one is industry/market oriented, the second scientific/basic research oriented - therefore scientific
and practical merits of the CPR results were reviewed).
Impact of the CRP:
The CRP has stimulated collaborative research in the field of development of the new advanced
polymeric materials and original data for fabrication of novel materials like specialized drug
delivery systems (DDS), selective adsorbents, membranes for separation and concentration of
biological solutions. It opens opportunity of scale up of manufacturing processes with application
of existing irradiators and practical implementation of the products. TC projects proposals can be
formulated for the next cycle by the teams representing developing countries.
Stimuli-responsive hydrogels and membranes have emerged in recent years as a unique class of
materials that can offer many advantages over the conventional ones in a number of applications
of radiation processing techniques. New synthesis and characterization methods were developed
and areas for applications where such materials can be beneficially utilized were explored.
Accordingly, the teams engaged in this project have carried out the development of radiation
processed materials in different forms such as hydrogels, grafted membranes, ion track
membranes, beads, monoliths, nanoparticles and nanogels for emerging applications in various
areas.
The results of the work done by participants constitute a source of technical information for other
centers working on the development of new materials using radiation induced chemical or
physical transformations and hence should be published as TECDOC of IAEA.
The established network expressed their willingness to continue R&D in this field, especially
regarding some aspects of nano and grafted materials, the new CRPs preparation could be
considered.
Appendix E.87
1. AL-SAYED ABDEL AAL, KHUTORYANSKIY V.V, NURKEEVA Z.S., MUN G.A.
Radiation grafting of vinyl ether of monoethanolamine on polypropylene films for application in
waste water treatment// J. Mater. Chem., 2002, 12, 9, pp. 2692-2695.
2. AZHGOZHINOVA G.S., GUVEN O., PEKEL N., DUBOLAZOV A.V., MUN G.A.,
NURKEEVA Z.S. Complex formation of linear poly(methacrylic acid) with uranyl ions in
aqueous solutions, J. Col. Interface Sci., 2004, 278, pp. 155-159.
3. CHOI S.H, CHOI M. S., PARK Y.-T., LEE K. P., KANG H. D., Adsorption of uranium
ions by resins with amidoxime and amidoxime/carboxyl group prepared by radiation-induced
polymerisation, Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 67(2003) 387-390.
4. CHOI S. H, ZHANG Y.P., SHON S. H., LEE K. P., Electrochemical properties of core-shell
polyolefin nonwowen fabric modified with sulfonic acid group, Analytical Science and
Technology, 17(2004) 60-68.
5. HENKE, A., KADLUBOWSKI, S., ULANSKI, P., ROSIAK, J.M., ARNDT, K.-F.,
Radiation-induced cross-linking of polyvinylpyrrolidone-poly(acrylic acid) complexes, Nucl.
Instr. Meth. B, submitted.
6. JANIK, I., KASPRZAK, E., AL-ZIER, A., ROSIAK, J.M., Radiation cross-linking and
scission parameters for poly(vinyl methyl ether) in aqueous solution, Nucl. Instr. Meth. B 208
(2003) 374-379.
7. KHUTORYANSKIY V.V, NURKEEVA Z.S., MUN G.A., SERGAZIYEV A.D.,
RYSKALIEVA
ZH.,
ROSIAK
J.M.
Polyelectrolyte
complexes
of
soluble
poly-[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]-trimethylammonium chloride and its hydrogels with
poly(acrylic acid)// Eur. Polym. J., 2003, 39, pp. 761-766.
8. KHUTORYANSKIY V.V., NURKEEVA Z.S., MUN G.A., SERGAZIYEV A.D.,
KADLUBOWSKI S., FEFELOVA N.A., BAIZHUMANOVA T. ROSIAK J.M. Temperatureresponsive
linear
polyelectrolytes
and
hydrogels
based
on
[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride and N-isopropylacrylamide and their
complex formation with potassium hexacyanoferrates (II, III) // J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Phys.,
2004, V.42 (3), pp. 515-522.
9. KHUTORIANSKIY, V.V., NURKEEVA, Z.S., MUN, G.A., SERGAZIYEV, A.D.,
KADLUBOWSKI, S., FEFELOVA, N.A., BAIZHUMANOVA, T., ROSIAK, J.M.,
Temperature-responsive linear polyelectrolytes and hydrogels based on poly-2[(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]-trimethylammonium chloride and N-isopropylacrylamide and their
complex formation with potassium hexacyanoferrates (II, III), J. Polym. Sci. B: Polym. Phys. 42
(2004) 515-522.
10. MUN, G.A., KHUTORYANSKIY, V.V., NURKEEVA, Z.S., SERGAZIYEV, A.D.,
FEFELOVA, N.A., ROSIAK, J.M., Polyelectrolyte complexes of linear copolymers and
hydrogels
based
on
2-[(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium
chloride
and
N-isopropylacrylamide, J. Polym. Sci., B: Polym. Phys. 42 (2004) 1506-1513.
11. MUN, G.A., NURKEEVA, Z.S., KHUTORYANSKIY, V.V., SERGAZIYEV, A.D.,
ROSIAK, J.M., Radiation synthesis of temperature-responsive hydrogels by copolymerization of
[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride with N-isopropylacrylamide, Radiat.
Phys. Chem. 65 (2002) 67-70.
12. MUN G.A., NURKEEVA Z.S., KHUTORYANSKIY V.V., YERMUKHAMBETOVA
B.B., KOBLANOV S.M., ARKHIPOVA I.A. Radiation synthesis of hydrogels based on
copolymers of vinyl ethers of monoethanolamine and ethyleneglycol and their interaction with
poly(acrylic acid) // Rad. Phys. Chem., 2003, V. 67. No 6, pp. 745-749.
13. MUN G.A., NURKEEVA Z.S., KHUTORYANSKIY V.V, SARYBAEVA G.S.,
DUBOLAZOV A.V. pH-effect in the complex formation of polymers I. Interaction of
poly(acrylic acid) with poly(acrylamide) // Eur.Polym.J., 2003, 39, pp.1687-1691.
14. MUN G.A., NAM I.K., SARSENGALIEV R.R., NURKEEVA Z.S., URKIMBAEVA P.I.,
PARK K. Swelling behavior of amphiphilic hydrogels of copolymers of the vinyl ether of
Appendix E.88
ethylene glycol and vinyl isobutyl ether, and their interaction with cationic surfactant // Colloid
Polym Sci, 2004, V. 282, pp. 1111-1117
15. MUN G.A., NURKEEVA Z.S., KHUTORYANSKIY V.V, SERGAZIYEV A.D., ROSIAK
J.M. Radiation synthesis of temperature-responsive hydrogels by copolymerization of
[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]-trimethylammonium chloride with N-isopropylacrylamide// Radiat.
Phys. Chem., 2002, 65, 1, pp. 67-70.
16. NAM, I.K., MUN G.A., URKIMBAEVA P.I., NURKEEVA Z.S. g-Rays-induced synthesis
of hydrogels of vinyl ethers with stimuli-sensitive behavior// Rad. Phys. Chem., 2003, V. 66,
pp. 281-287.
17. NURKEEVA, Z.S., KHUTORYANSKIY, V.V., MUN, G.A., BITEKENOVA, A.B.,
KADLUBOWSKI, S., ZHILINA, Y.A., ULANSKI, P., ROSIAK, J.M., Interpolymer complexes
of poly(acrylic acid) nanogels with some non-ionic polymers in aqueous solutions, Colloid
Surface A 236 (2004) 141-146.
18. NURKEEVA Z.S., AL-SAYED ABDEL AAL, KHUTORYANSKIY V.V, MUN G.A.,
KOBLANOV S.M. Radiation grafting of vinyl ether of monoethanolamine on polyethylene
films// Radiat. Phys. Chem., 2002, 65, 3, pp. 249-254.
19. NURKEEVA Z.S., AL-SAYED ABDEL AAL, KHUTORYANSKIY V.V., MUN G.A.,
BEKSYRGAEVA A.G. Radiation grafting from binary monomer mixtures. I. Vinyl ether of
monoethanolamine and vinyl ether of ethyleneglycol // Radiat. Phys. Chem., 2003, V. 67,
pp. 717-722.
20. NURKEEVA Z.S., AL-SAYED ABDEL AAL, KUPCHISHIN A.I., KHUTORYANSKIY
V.V., MUN G.A., BEKSYRGAEVA A.G. Radiation grafting from binary monomer mixtures. II.
Vinyl ether of monoethanolamine and N-vinylpyrrolidone // Rad. Phys. Chem., 2003, V. 68,
pp.793-798.
21. NURKEEVA Z.S., MUN G.A., KHUTORYANSKIY V.V., DZHUSUPBEKOVA A.B.
Hydrophilic films based on poly(acrylic acid)-poly(vinyl methyl ether) blends cross-linked by
gamma-radiation // Rad. Phys. Chem., 2004, V. 69, P. 205-209.MUN G.A., NURKEEVA Z.S.,
KOBLANOV S.M., KHUTORYANSKIY V.V, SHAIKHUTDINOV E.M. Radiation synthesis
of polyampholyte hydrogels based on vinyl ether of monoethanolamine and sodium acrylate and
their interactions with linear polyelectrolytes // Rad. Phys. Chem., 71 (2004) 1031-1037.
23. NURKEEVA Z.S., KHUTORYANSKIY V.V., MUN G.A., BITEKENOVA A.B.,
KADLUBOWSKI S., SHILINA Y.A., ULANSKI P., ROSIAK J.M. Interpolymer complexes of
polyacrilyc acid with some non-ionic polymers in aqueous solutions // Colloid and Surfaces
A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects. 236, 2004, pp. 141-146.
24. ROSIAK, J.M., JANIK, I., KADLUBOWSKI, S., KOZICKI, M., KUJAWA, P., STASICA,
P., ULANSKI, P., Nano-, micro- and macroscopic hydrogels synthesized by radiation technique,
Nucl. Instr. Meth. B 208 (2003) 325-330.
25. SHOWKAT, A.Md, ZHANG Y.P., KIM M. S., KIM S. H., CHOI S. H., LEE K. P.,
Determination of uranyl nitrate with several ligands by spectrophotometry, Analytical Science
and Technology, 17(2004) 23-28.
26. ULANSKI, P., ROSIAK, J.M., Polymeric Nano/Microgels; in: Encyclopedia of
Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (Ed.: H.S. Nalwa), ISBN 1-58883-001-2, American Scientific
Publishers, Stevenson Ranch, CA, Vol. VIII (2004) pp. 845-871.
27. ULANSKI, P., JANIK, I., KADLUBOWSKI, S., KOZICKI, M., KUJAWA, P.,
PIETRZAK, M., STASICA, P., ROSIAK, J.M., Polymeric biomaterials synthesized by radiation
technique - current studies at IARC, Poland, Polym. Adv. Technol. 13 (2002) 951-959.
28. UZUN, C., HASSNISABER, M., SEN, M., GÜVEN, O. "Enhancement and Control of
Crosslinking of Dimethylaminoethyl Methacrylate Irradiated at Low Dose Rate in The Presence
of Ethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate"Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B,
208(2003) 242.
29. MUN G.A., KHUTORYANSKIY V.V., NURKEEVA Z.S., SERGAZIYEV A.D.,
FEFELOVA N.A., ROSIAK J.M. Polyelectrolyte Complexes of Liniar Copolymers and
Hydrogels
Based
on
[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium
chloride
and
N-isopropylacrylamide // J. Polym. Sci.: Part B: Polym. Phys., 2004, V.42, P. 1506-1513.
Appendix E.89
30. SEN M., UZUN C., SAFRANY A., KANTOGLU Ö., GUVEN O., "Changing of Network
Characteristics of Acrylamide/Maleic Acid (AAm/Ma) Hydrogels by Alteration of Irradiation
Dose Rate" Rad. Phys. and Chem. 67, 371-374, (2003).
31. SEN M., and SARI M., "Radiation synthesis and characterization of poly(N, N dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate-co- N-vinyl 2-pyrrolidone) hydrogels" Nuclear Instruments
and Methods in Physics Research B, (submitted to journal) 2004.
32. YILMAZ, Z., AKKAS KAVAKLI, P., SEN, M., GÜVEN, O. "Investigation of heavy
metal ion adsorption characteristics of poly(N,N Dimethylamino Ethylmethacrylate) hydrogels"
Separation Science and Technology, (submitted to journal) 2004.
33. YILMAZ, Z., AKKAS KAVAKLI, P., SEN, M., GÜVEN, O, "Removal of nitrite ions from
aqueous solutions by poly(N,N dimethylamino ethylmethacrylate) hydrogels" Separation Science
and Technology, (submitted to journal) 2004.
Appendix E.90
CRP No. 453 (F22035)
Development of radioimmunometric assays and kits for non clinical applications
Section/Division:
Period Covered:
2001-08-01 through 2005-12-31
Objectives of CRP:
The overall objective of the CRP was to develop immunoassays for small molecules (<1000 D).
Immunoassays for these molecules are more complex as they need synthetic modifications for
both iodination and immunogen preparation. Three target areas of applications identified were
veterinary sciences, food technology and environmental sciences. The group of molecules
identified for the proposed CRP were steroids, mycotoxins and triazines. Assays of these
molecules have applications in live stock improvement programmes, ensuring food safety and in
estimation of pesticide residues.
(b) Specific (CRP):
The CRP was aimed at developing RIA/IRMAs for progesterone, aflatoxin B1 and atrazine using
locally produced primary reagents including radiotracer, antibodies and appropriate calibrators
and validating them.
Outputs:
(a) Research:
The participants accumulated considerable data of research interest in the chemical modifications
to the analyte molecules (progesterone, afaltoxin B1 and atrazine) for preparing radiotracers and
immunogens, in preparing solidphases for antibody coating, standardising seperation systems and
in optimising assay and kit formats. In general, the participants, who were from national nuclear
laboratories with mandate for producing and distributing RIA kits, and have developed the
expertise to provide RIA kits for a new range of small molecules with applications in different
fields.
The participants prepared conjugates for iodination and immunogen for the production of
antibodies. Radioiodination methods for all the three hapten molecules were standardized.
Several participants succeeded in making the immunogen and used it for preparation of
polyclonal antibodies. The participants successfully optimized immunoassays that are suitable
for analysis of field samples. Analysis of field samples were carried out by a few groups.
The work carried out under the CRP also resulted in publications of reports and papers covering
the above aspects.
(b) Others:
The participants have developed the requisite know- how and expertise to prepare and distribute
high quality kits for radioimmunometric assay for progesterone, aflotoxin B1 and atrazine, using
mostly locally developed reagents.
Appendix E.91
Six of the participants involved in progesterone assays developed workable assay systems. There
were a variety of methodologies developed. However, all the assays gave comparable
performance characteristics. All groups succeeded in producing radiolabeled progesterone tracer
locally.
Three groups worked on the development of assay for aflatoxin B1. Both RIA and EIA were
developed for aflatoxin B1. Aflatoxin B1-oxime was synthesized and used for radiolabeling. An
enzyme labeled second antibody conjugate was used as tracer in EIA. Both assays displayed
similar characteristics in terms of sensitivity and dynamic range.
Two groups developed radioimmunoassay system for atrazine, one with a liquid phase and the
other with a solid phase, while one group mainly synthesized the required derivatives and carried
out immunization. Assays developed by both the group were suitable for application and one in
particular was more sensitive than what is generally available.
Working immunoassays were developed for all the analytes (progesterone, aflatoxin B1 and
Atrazine) identified in the original proposal. All participants demonstrated the expertise
necessary for synthesizing the appropriate immunogens and conjugates for radiolabeling. More
than half the groups produced the antibodies in their own laboratories.
In general, the project developed the confidence and experience necessary to initiate research
projects in the areas under study. Over the period of the CRP, there was extensive collaboration
and exchange of procedures between the groups.
Overall the assays developed contribute to making radioanalytical techniques for a wide range of
analytes.
Non availability and shipping restrictions of some of the analytes (Aflatoxin B1) affected the
progress of the project to an extent by the inability of some participants to complete the
development and proceed to sample analysis.
Impact of the CRP:
i.
The assays developed for milk progesterone could be applied in veterinary studies for
enahancing the live stock population.
ii. Satisfactory immunoassays were developed for aflatoxin B1, which can be used in field
samples.
iii. A very sensitive assay for atrazine was developed which is suitable for environmental
screening studies.
iv. Leptin RIA system developed has shown to be suitable for human serum samples in obesity
related studies.
The radioimmunoassay technique, which was primarily introduced for clinical applications has
now traversed to many other fields which include environmental surveillance, industrial hygiene,
drug related research, livestock improvement and forensic applications. The molecules to be
measured in such applications are relatively small compared to those in clinical applications and
due to this pose considerable challenges for development of reliable RIAs for them. The CRP has
enhanced the capabilities of national research centres who are engaged in RIA kit production and
distribution for clinical use to also gradually meet the needs of these emerging sectors. At the end
of the CRP, the participants have the requisite know how and expertise to prepare locally all the
primary reagents for RIA/IRMA kits for progesterone, aflatoxinB1 and atrazine.
Appendix E.92
1. The research output by the participants could be used by other Member States for developing
radioimmunoassays for small molecules that have application in veterinary sciences, food
industry and in environmental sciences.
IAEA TECDOC Series No. 1498 “Development of radioimmunometric assays and kits for nonclinical application” (2006)
1. NIKOKIRI-KOUVALAKI, H., PETROU P., KAKABAKOS, S., SIAFAKA A.,
CHRISTOFIDIS, I., Development of an enzyme immunoassay for the determination of
progesterone in serum and cow milk Book of Abstracts, 11th Pan-Hellenic Pharmaceutical
Congress, 29 31/3/2003, Athens, Greece p 140.
2. ANA R. LAGARDE., KATALIN NAGY., TIBOR FORGÁCH AND GYŐZŐ A. JÁNOKI,
Development of a radioimmunoassay for the measurement of human leptin in serum. Nucl
Med. Rev Cent. East Eur., 6 (2003) 105-109.
3. TARVEEN KARIR., GRACE SAMUEL., KANCHAN KOTHARI., N. SIVAPRASAD,
MEERA VENKATESH, Studies on the influence of the structural modifications in the tracer
on the immunoassay system of progesterone. J. Immunoassay (in press)
4. KRISHNA MOHAN, ARUNA KORDE, GRACE SAMUEL, SACHIN HAZARE, MEERA
VENKATESH, Analysis of food samples for Aflatoxin B1 Contamination using
Radioimmunoassay, Proceedings of the DAE-BRNS Symposium on Nuclear and
Radiochemistry NUCAR 2005, 619-620
5. BYSZEWSKA-SZPOCINSKA E., MARKIEWICZ, A., The new RIA kit for the
determination of progesterone in cow’s milk. International Conference: Isotopic and Nuclear
Analytical Techniques for Health and Environment, Vienna, Austria 10-13 June 2003.
Abstract IAEA-CN-103/050.98
Appendix E.93
CRP No. 649 (F22036)
Development of radioactive sources for emerging therapeutic and industrial applications
Section/Division:
Period Covered:
2002-04-01 through 2005-06-30
Objectives of CRP:
To generate know-how and expertise in developing Member Sates to indigenously produce
miniature radioactive sealed sources for use in medicine and industry.
(b) Specific (CRP):
(i) Investigation of methodologies for miniature source core production and development of
technology for batch-type production of such sources (for example I-125 or Pd-203 seeds
and high dose rate Ir-192 sources for brachytherapy);
(ii) Investigation of methodologies for source core production of Iridium-192 and
Ytterbium-169 sealed sources for NDT industrial applications;
(iii) Development of techniques and devices for assembling and sealing of such sources with
emphasis on precise positioning, source core encapsulation and welding techniques;
(iv) Development and improving of existing of methods for quality control of such sources
including activity calibration and activity distribution measurement.
Outputs:
(a) Research:
The major and most relevant scientific and technical achievements of the CRP can be
summarized, for each of the sealed sources investigated, as follows:
- Various methods for fixing radioisotopes like I-125, Pd-103 were developed for the
preparation of radioactive source cores based on different matrices such as silver and nickel
wires, ceramic rods. The methods used for fixation of these isotopes were based on different
techniques such as electro-deposition, internal electrolysis, physical adsorption and chemical/
physical adsorption.
- A new and innovative sublimation approach has been devised and tested for the preparation of
source core (Kazakhstan) based on the principle of thermal sublimation of free iodine in
vacuum and subsequent chemosorption on substrates. The unique advantage of this method is
that sources of various shapes and sizes can be prepared and activities up to 100 mCi could be
deposited on the core of standard brachytherapy seeds with very high uniformity ( +/- 2%
deviation). This approach can be extrapolated for the preparation of sources of higher strength
for their potential application in bone densitometry.
- An efficient but simple method based on the absorption of I-125 in a ceramic matrix treated
with silver nano-particles was investigated with promising results (Korea).
- Another efficient and relatively simple internal electrolysis technique has been developed in
Poland. Some of the advantages of this method are: it is a simple and straight forward
procedure compared with the classical electrolysis, produces a degree of deposition that can
be adjusted by controlling the current, produces a core with negligible leachability of I-125
activity. It is amendable for automation which in turn allow the use of larger amount of total
radioactivity.
Appendix E.94
- In addition to the rod type I-125 sources, preparation of spherical type sources has also been
successfully performed and evaluated by the participant from India; in particular, it was
determined that physicochemical adsorption of I-125 on treated silver micro spheres works
best. These sources have undergone clinical trials in India in which 5 patients were treated.
Out of these five cases, two cases were of retinoblastoma and three cases of malignant
melanoma.
- A nuclear research reactor based method for the production of Pd-103 and palladium seeds
core was developed by the participant of the Russian Federation. It was concluded that
moderate flux reactors with neutron flux density of 1014 cm-2s-1 can be used for Pd-103
production with specific activities much higher than the required minimum of 5 Ci/g for
brachytherapy seeds production.
- An electrochemical procedure has been developed for nickel wire plating with Pd-103 from
phosphate type electrolyte consisting of palladium chloride, ammonium and sodium phosphate
and ammonium chloride. The advantage of this electrolyte is that it follows simple procedure,
gives an uniform and good adhesion of palladium layers with minimal losses of palladium103.
- The participants from Belarus and Korea have already started the batch manufacturing of
Ir-192 brachytherapy sources based on the technology developed under the auspices of the
CRP. They have already received the Special Form Radioactive Material Approval Certificate
from their national relevant authorities. A few brachytherapy sources were already installed
and used in afterloading machines.
- The participant from Belarus has already started the batch manufacturing of industrial Ir-192
sources. They have already received the Special Form Radioactive Material Approval
Certificate. A few dozen sources were already installed and use in the NDT projectors for
industrial applications.
- The participant from Korea has successfully developed the technology for the preparation of
miniature Yb-169 sources for industrial applications (NDT). In particular, a technology for
large scale production of Yb2O3 pellets production (of 1 mm in diameter and 1 mm in height)
was developed based on pressing at 90-100 kg.cm-2 followed by sintering at 1050 oC,
including techniques for pellets encapsulation in aluminium capsule before irradiation and in
titanium capsule after irradiation (by laser welding). These sources can be applied as
conventional NDT projectors providing better quality of the radiographic pattern.
- Quality control tests of sealed sources including examining various parts of the capsule before
welding, leak tests to check welding, wipe tests for radioactive contamination, accurate
activity measurements, source uniformity of the welded capsule were studied.
(b) Others:
Updated information and know-how for the production and quality control of sealed radiation
sources were discussed in the initial phases of the CRP including issues related to unresolved
technical problems of the involved technology. The results of the investigations of these
problems through the CRP has generated very useful data of interest to laboratories in several
Member States. In addition, the participants have improved or developed new methods of
production, testing, QC methodologies and encapsulation technology of such miniature sources
for their applications in therapy and industry based on I-125, Ir-192, Pd-103 and Yb-169
radioisotopes.
In general it was found that all participants involved in the development and production
technologies of miniature sealed sources have reached considerable progress to the point that
several key technological steps have been mastered and put into practice for the manufacturing of
such radioactive sources for medical and industrial applications. In addition, communication and
collaborative research among the participants was strengthened and it is expected that these
fruitful contacts will continue in the future.
The examples of such a collaboration include data exchange and detailed technical discussions
among the participants during the Research Coordination Meetings, distribution of the published
materials, distribution of available technical information on experimental procedures such as for
Appendix E.95
welding techniques, distribution of sample dummy capsules produced by the participants as well
as advise and recommendations of particular laboratory techniques proven to give better results.
Improved sealed source technology based on I-125, Ir-192, Pd-103, and Yb-169 radioisotopes
has been developed under the auspices of the CRP:
- A novel approach for the adsorption of I-125 on silver wire as matrix for source core has been
developed.
- A new technique for the adsorption of I-125 on chlorinated silver bars was developed.
- A new and innovative sublimation approach has been devised and tested for the preparation of
source core, based on the principle of thermal sublimation of free iodine in vacuum and
subsequent chemosorption on substrates. The unique advantage of this method is that sources
of various shapes and sizes can be prepared and activities up to 100 mCi could be deposited
on the core of standard brachytherapy seeds with very high uniformity ( 2% deviation). This
approach can be extrapolated for the preparation of sources of higher strength for their
potential application in bone densitometry.
- Improved laser-welding methods were used for Ir-192 miniature source encapsulation. QC
methods were developed according to the correspondent ISO standards.
- An approach based on nuclear reactor irradiation of isotopically enriched Pd-102 (up to 80%)
has been tested for Pd-103 production.
- Technology for the preparation of miniature Yb-169 sources for industrial applications has
been developed.
The availability of miniature sealed sources for applications (e.g. in brachytherapy) based on the
indigenous capabilities developed through the CRP will increase; this in turn would render
accessible the proven benefits of brachytherapy. The technology developed in some cases, and
improved in others, can be transferred to other groups that did not take part of the CRP and to the
production of other similar sealed sources using other radioisotopes as well.
As demonstrated in the CRP, laser welding is recommended for medical sealed sources. For
some of the participants the lack of laser welding facilities posed a problem in terms of
producing high quality welds, particularly needed for miniature brachytherapy sources; this was
solved in part by using TIG welding.
Impact of the CRP:
The CRP has stimulated collaborative research in a high-tech area, and has produced updated
information and know-how for the production and quality control of sealed sources. Through this
CRP participants have improved or developed new methods of production, testing, QC
methodologies and encapsulation technology of sealed sources for applications in medicine and
industry. Furthermore, many of the techniques that were either improved or newly developed and
tested under the auspices of the CRP have the potential of being employed by other scientists in
Member Sates. Undoubtedly the CRP has also stimulated collaborative research and identified
other related areas that still need further investigation.
Radioactive sealed sources have been used since several years for a wide range of applications in
a variety of shapes, sizes and radioactivity levels. In medicine, they are commonly used for (a)
teletherapy and brachytherapy for the treatment of malignant diseases and (b) for bone density
measurements. In industry, they are widely used for non-destructive testing, "on-line" process
control systems, on-line elemental analysis for raw materials, mineral resources evaluation,
Appendix E.96
smoke detection, etc. In research, a variety of sources for different applications are used, most
commonly for elemental analysis and material structure studies. The most prominent recent
developments in sealed sources include, Ir-192 sources for high-dose rate brachytherapy, I-125
and Pd-103 seeds for treatment of prostate and brain cancers, catheter mounted sources, stents
and balloons incorporating Sr-90, Y-90, Ce-144, Ho-166, P-32 and Xe-133 for vasculartherapy,
I-125 and Ru-106 sources for ophthalmic applicators. Co-60 sources are used in "gamma-knives"
for the treatment of brain tumours. This wide range of applications ensures that their utilization
and relevance will continue to play an important role in the future, particularly the miniature
sealed radioactive sources based on I-125, Pd-103 and Ir-192.
Interest in preparation of Yb-169 sources is growing as a potential source for industrial NDT
applications, particularly for higher quality images of the radiography pattern. This development
is also relevant for the manufacturing of newer sources based on Se-75, expected to take a larger
share of NDT applications in the near future.
The developmental research efforts in producing miniature, compact high intensity sealed
sources for brachytherapy, and enlarging the list of potential radioisotopes with special
characteristics for specific applications, will continue in the future for medical as well as for
industrial applications. These investigations will include improving existing source core
preparation techniques to increase the levels of total radioactivity deposited, improved and
simplify encapsulation and welding techniques and make them more amendable for automation
and, to standardize and simplify quality control procedures and techniques.
The CRP participants have identified areas for future development that the Agency may consider
for further promotion in its Member States. In particular:
- Development of improved technology for manufacturing Se-75 sealed radioactive sources for
NDT applications as potential sources for higher imagine quality, compactness of the
projector and less radiation exposure to the operator.
- Further development in the laser welding method for better quality of welding and increasing
the levels of automation for larger scale production of Ir-192 industrial sources.
- Investigation in the production methods of X-ray sources using I-125 and Gd-153 for possible
application in low energy x-ray NDT (50-150 mCi).
IAEA TECDOC Series No. 1512 “Production Techniques and Quality Control of Sealed
Radioactive Sources of Palladium-103, Iodine-125, Iridium-192 and Ytterbium-169” (2006).
The results of the work done under the CRP have been/will be published in journals and national
and international conferences by the participants, some of which are as follows:
- BENITES M., MIRANDA J., CONDOR R. CAVERO L., MARTÍNEZ R., "Production of
I-125 seed sources using the physical-chemistry adsorption at silver wires coated with
palladium for brachytherapy uses". Thesis will be presented to obtaining the grade of master
of engineering. IPEN - UNFV. Lima, Perú. 2005, and to be published in the Technological
Scientific Informs (IPEN 2004- 2005), Lima-Perú.
- CIESZYKOWSKA I., PIASECKI A., MIELCARSKI M., "An approach to the preparation of
iodine-125 seed-type sources". Nukleonika 50(1): 17-22, 2005.
- CHAKROV P., ZHDANOV V., MYASSICHSHEV A. "Sublimation / chemosorption
technique for production of I-125 sealed sources". To be presented at International Conference
on Nuclear and Radiation Physics, Almaty, 26-28 September 2005.
Appendix E.97
- HAN H.S., CHO W.K., PARK U.J., HONG Y.D., PARK S.K.B., "Current status and future
plan for the production of radioisotopes using HANARO Research Reactor". Journal of
radioanalytical and nuclear chemistry, vol.257, No.1, 47-51, 2003.
- HAN H.S. "Development of radioisotopes and radiation sources", KAERI/RR-2349/2002.
- HAN H.S., CHO W.K., PARK U.J., HONG S.B., JANG K.D. "Preparation of Ir-192 radiation
source for remote after loading system", Radioisotope News (Korean), 16(1), 72-83, 2001.
- MAJALI M.A., SAXENA S.K., MATHEW C., SHANTA A. "Production and quality
assurance of 1I-125 brachytherapy sources", J. Med. Phy. 27, 160-161, 2002.
- MANOLKAR R.B., SANE S.U., PILLAI K.T., MAJALI M.A., "Comparison of methods for
prepartion of I-125 brachytherapy source cores for the treatment of eye cancer" Appl. Radiat
Isot. 59, 145-150, 2003.
- MATHEW C., MAJALI M.A., BALAKRISHNAN S.A., "A novel approach for the
adsorption of I-125 on silver wire as matrix for brachy therapy source for the treatment of eye
and prostate cancer". Appl Radiat and Isot. 57, 359-367, 2002.
- MIELCARSKI M., PUCHALSKA I. "Deposition of Ru-106 and I-125 on silver by internal
electrolysis", Nukleonika 47(2): 83-86, 2002.
- PUCHALSKA I., MIELCARSKI M. "Seed-less iodine-125 ophthalmic applicator". Appl.
Radiat. Isot. 58: 15-20, 2003.
Appendix E.98
CRP No. 73 (F22037)
Comparative laboratory evaluation of therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals
Section/Division:
Period Covered:
2002-08-01 through 2005-10-31
Objectives of CRP:
The overall objective of the CRP is to develop in participating laboratories reliable
methodologies and evaluative capabilities needed to make prudent selections among therapeutic
radiopharmaceuticals of potential value for clinical treatment, which can also be used for
collection and submission of preclinical data.
(b) Specific (CRP):
Develop methods for labelling, purification and QC of therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals for
neuroblastoma or other suitable model based on different carrier molecules and radionuclides.
Standardize in vitro methods for comparatively evaluating them for biological integrity, cell
binding, serum stability, kinetics, internalisation and cytotoxicity.
Establish in vivo models for comparatively evaluating bio distribution, in vivo stability and
therapeutic efficacy.
Outputs:
(a) Research:
During the period of the CRP, development of radiopharmaceuticals for targeted radionuclide
therapy and their evaluation have been identified as the potential areas of research. The major
research achievements of the CRP include the preparation of radionuclides, development of
radiopharmaceuticals and development of protocols for comparative evaluation of the therapeutic
radiopharmaceuticals. The research outputs are listed below.
i. Radiopharmaceuticals developed:
Participants carried out research on Lu-177-DOTATATE, I-131-DOTATATE, I-131-TATE,
I-131-GLUCO-TATE.
Other
radiolabelled
agents
such
as
Y-90-DOTA-TOC,
Y-90-DOTATATE, Sm-153-DOTATATE, I-125-DOTATATE, Re-188-ior-P1394 peptide,
I-131/125-ior-CEA(seFv) diabody and Lu-177-DOTA-Minigastrin were also studied.
ii. Radionuclides used for the studies:
Lu-177 has been identified as a suitable radionuclide for targeted therapy of various diseased
states. Some of the participants have been introduced for the first time to the chemistry of Lu-177
and application of other therapeutic radionuclides. The work included the optimization of the
production of Lu-177 by the reactor (n, gamma) route using the highest available flux and the
optimum irradiation time. In this respect, some centres have produced Lu-177 as a therapeutic
isotope in adequately high specific activity and radionuclidic purity required for radiolabelling of
peptides. Comparative studies of Lu-177- labelled peptide with those of the I-131 and Y-90
labelled analogues were reported by some of the participants.
Appendix E.99
iii. Protocols developed for evaluation of the radiopharmaceuticals during the CRP:
With respect to the protocols developed in connection with the CRP, the salient features include
the optimisation of radiolabelling procedures for peptide and other high specific activity tracers
for targeting low capacity systems. Specific protocols for carrying out biological evaluations in
particular, for tissue culture, cell binding and animal biodistribution studies have been developed
and implemented during the CRP. Most of the participants have demonstrated the use of
specialized animal handling facilities for studies of therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals, since the
studies have been carried out in xenographted tumour-bearing nude mice. The CRP allowed
expansion of research programmes not only in field of somatostatin receptors but also into other
receptor systems such as CCK-2, GRP, CD-20 and application of DOTA conjugates for other
systems having specific applicability.
(b) Others:
i. Through the CRP, the participants have acquired the skill of working with small quantities of
biologically active molecules and optimized their use towards carrying out different assays. The
central resource of expertise acquired through the CRP by many countries, will allow
dissemination of the developed technology to other centres.
ii. The research efforts of the participating countries have resulted in the development of a
multidisciplinary skill in areas such as radiolabelling of biologically active molecules with high
specific activity, comparative biological evaluations for screening of therapeutically useful
products, in-vivo evaluation for specific targeting ability and clinical application of
Lu-177-DOTATATE.
The CRP has effectively acomplished the set out specific objectives. These include
establishement of technologies for radiolabelling, purification and quality control of
radiopharmaceuticals for targeted therapy, standardization of techniques such as cell binding
assays and other in vitro assays for evaluation of therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals based on
carrier molecules such as pepitdes; and isotopes such as Lu-177, Y-90 and I-131. In vivo models
such as tumour induced mice for evaluation of the efficacy of the therapeutic products were
developed by the participants.
The overall objective of the CRP is to develop technology for the preparation of therapeutic
radiopharmaceuticals and their evaluation. The participants have developed therapeutic
radiopharmaceuticals using beta emitting isotopes and several protocols for the in vivo and
invitro evaluation of them for potential use.
Impact of the CRP:
i. The CRP has resulted in the standardization of the production of Lu-177 by a few of the
participants thereby making the technology for production of this important radionuclide
available to the MS.
ii. Several therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals were developed during the course of the CRP and
some of these are potentially useful in the clinic.
iii. The protocols developed by the participants for evaluation of the therapeutic products could
be used for other potential products also.
iv. The therapeutic products developed can now be used for clinical applications. One of the
participants is already using two of the products in patients.
v. Several good quality research papers were published by the participants based on the work
done by them under the CRP.
Appendix E.100
The CRP has effectively contributed towards the developing technology for the production,
quality evaluation and efficacy studies of therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals. Unlike diagnositc
products, evaluation of therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals have to be done only in invitro and in
vivo models and no volunteer patient studies are feasible. The protocols and procedures
developed through the CRP contribute towards the above goal. The CRP has contributed towards
the development of technology for the use of Lu-177, a very attractive radionuclide for targeted
therapy in the participating laboratories.
Initiate further CRPs on therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals development and applications.
1. FERRO-FLORES, G., RAMIREZ, F. DE M., MURPHY, C.A., RODRIGUEZ, J.,
NEVARES, N., RAMIREZ, M.T. In vitro stability and semiempirical calculations of the 177LuDOTA-Minigastrin octapeptide: Comparison with 177Lu-DOTA-[Tyr3]-Octreotate. Appl Rad
Isot (2005) submitted.
2. Malik M. ISHFAQ, Nizakat HUSSAIN, Mustanser JEHANGIR DOTA-Tyr3-octreotate: its
labeling with beta emitting radionuclides in the preparation of potential therapeutic
Radiopharmaceuticals. Presented in First International Nuclear Chemistry Congress, 22-27 May
2005, Kusadasi, Turkey
3. Malik M. ISHFAQ, Nizakat HUSSAIN, Ibrar HAIDER, Mustanser JEHANGIR 177Lu
potential therapeutic agent: Preparation and Quality Control of 177Lu-EDTMP and 177LuDOTA-Tyr3-Octreotate complexes. Presented in 12th European Symposium of Radiopharmacy
and Radiopharmaceuticals, Gdansk, Poland, 9-12 September 2004.
4. D. MÁTHÉ, A Polyák, L. Balogh, R. Király, L. Körösi, G. Kocsy, A Kerekes, GA. Jánoki:
Leakage studies after intraarticular injection of90Y and 169Er radiocolloids in the healthy rabbit
Nuclear Medicine Review, 2005., Vol 8., No. 1., 72 p.
5. A. POLYÁK, L. Balogh, D. Máthé, G.A. Jánoki: Radiolabelling of somatostatin analogue
peptides by 90Y. Nuclear Medicine Review, 2005, Vo/8., No. 1, 73 p.
6. LUNGU V., NICULAE D., CHIPER D., Radiolabeling of DOTA-TATE with 131I and
177Lu. In vitro evaluation studies, International Congress of Radiopharmacy and
Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, 25-27 Sept. 2004, Istanbul, Turkey, World Journal of Nuclear
Medicine, 3 (3), 242, 2004.
7. LUNGU V., NICULAE D., CHIPER D., ALBERT P., Radiosynthesis and preliminary
evaluation of 131I-DOTA-TATE as a potential tracer for somatostatin receptor visualization,
Proceeding of 5th International Conference on Isotopes, Brussels, Belgium, 23-27 April 2005.
8. LUNGU V, NICULAE D., DANAILA L., PURICE M., Radiolabelling of DOTA-TATE
with 177Lu. Preliminary studies with a view to somatostatin receptor radionuclide therapy,
Proceeding of 5th International Conference on Isotopes, Brussels, Belgium, 23-27 April 2005.
9. SAHAGIA M., RAZDOLESCU A.C., GRIGORESCU L., LUCA A., IVAN C.,
LUNGU V., The standardization of 177Lu and its use in Nuclear Medicine, Neutron
Measurements Evaluation and Applications Conference, NEMEA 2, EC-JRC-IRMM, 20-23 Oct
2004, Bucharest, Romania.
10. LUNGU V., NICULAE D., CHIPER D., RADU M., DOTA-Tyr3-octreotate labelled with
177Lu and 131I. Comparative Evaluation.-International Symposium on Trends in
Radiopharmaceuticals, 14-18 Nov. 2005, Vienna, (oral presentation, accepted for publication in
ISTR Proceeding 2005).
11. LUNGU.V., NICULAE D., CHIPER D., 177Lu-DOTA-octreotate in targeted therapy of the
neuroendocrine tumours. (poster) Research Days Euroaction, 26 Sept.-8 Oct.2005, Bucharest,
Romania.
Appendix E.101
12. LUNGU V., BAICULESCU S., CHIPER D., NICULAE D., DANAILA L., Mathematical
Modelling correlated to MIRD for calculation absorbed dose from animal biodistribution data,
National Conference on Physics, 13-15 sept.2005, Bucharest, Romania- (in press Romanian
Journal of Physics).
13. LUNGU V., NICULAE D., BOUZIOTTIS P., PIRMETTIS I., ALBERT P., In Vitro and In
Vivo Evaluation of Phosphonates Labelled with Therapeutic Radionuclides, Comparative
Evaluation.-International Symposium on Trends in Radiopharmaceuticals, 14-18 Nov. 2005,
Vienna.
14. BALTER, H.; OLIVER, P.; ROBLES, A.; BEROIS, N.; NAPPA, A.; CABRAL, P.;
LÓPEZ, A.; RODRÍGUEZ, G.; VERDERA,S.; Radiolabelled DOTA-TATE: its evaluation for
targeted radiotherapy, Alasbimn J.,2005; 8(30).
15. OLIVER, P.; TRINDADE, V.; CABRAL, P.; RODRÍGUEZ, G.; NAPPA, A.;
CALDEIRA, J.; TORTAROLO, V.; ROBLES, A.; BALTER, H.; Anti-CD-20-188Re: Labelling
and biological performance; Nucl. Med. Review; 2005, 8: 19-20.
16. BALTER, H. OLIVER, P. ROBLES, A. BEROIS, N. NAPPA, A. CABRAL, P. LÓPEZ, A.
RODRÍGUEZ, G. LANZZERI S. VERDERA, S.; DOTA-TATE a promising somatostatin
derivative for targeted radiotherapy; NucMediEx, 1 de agosto de 2004.
LÓPEZ, A.; RODRÍGUEZ, G.; VERDERA,S.; Radiolabelled DOTA-TATE: its evaluation for
targeted radiotherapy, World J. Nucl. Med.; 2004, 3, Suppl. 1, S39.
18. BALTER, H. DOTA-TATE: Modelo para la evaluacion de la union a receptores de
somatostatina. II Simposio Científico de Actualizacion en Medicina Nuclear y Radiofarmacia,
SUBIMN, CSIC, Montevideo, Uruguay, 13 October 2003.
LÓPEZ, A.; RODRÍGUEZ, G.; VERDERA, S.; Radiolabelled DOTA-TATE: its evaluation for
targeted radiotherapy; (IAEA-CN-117-199-URU-5) International Symposium on Nuclear
Oncology, IAEA, Porto Alegre, January 2004.
20. BALTER, H.; Terapia de linfoma No Hodking con anticuerpos anti CD-20, III Simposio
Científico de Actualizacion en Medicina Nuclear y Radiofarmacia, SUBIMN, CSIC,
Montevideo, Uruguay, 18 November 2004.
21. BALTER, H.; ROBLES, A.; CABRAL, P.; OLIVER, P.; RODRÍGUEZ, G.; LOPEZ, A.;
NAPPA, A.; MALLO, L.; TRINDADE, V.; LANZZERI, S.; VERDERA, S.; BEROIS, N.;
DOTA-TATE Alternative labellings with halogens and radiometals, ISTR05, IAEA, Vienna,
14-18 November 2005.
22. OLIVER, P.; ROBLES, A.; TRINDADE, V.; CABRAL, P.; TORTAROLO, V.;
NAPPA, A.; RODRIGUEZ, G.; BALTER, H.; Labelling and biological evaluation of
Anti-CD-20 for treatment of Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; ISTR05, IAEA, Vienna,
14-18 November 2005.
23. BALTER, H.S; HENS, M.; WELCH, P.; AFFLECK, D.; ZALUTSKY, M.R; Effect of
linker sequence on internalization properties of Lu-177 labeled somatostatin analogues; XX
Alasbimn Congress, 4-7 December 2005.
24. OLIVER, P.; ROBLES, A.; TRINDADE, V.; CABRAL, P.; RODRÍGUEZ, G.; NAPPA, A;
BALTER, H. Estudios preclínicos para la produccion local de Anti-CD-20 marcado con emisores
beta; XX Alasbimn Congress, 4-7 December 2005.
25. D. PAWLAK, R. MIKOLAJCZAK, J.L. PARUS, A. KORSAK, I. SASINOWSKA.
Investigation of the influence of metallic impurities on the Y-90 labelling yield of DotaTate. 5th
International Conference on Isotopes , Belgium, Brussels, 25-29.04.2005, 20 (abstract ).
26. J.B. CWIKLA, N. SEKLECKA, D. PAWLAK, R. MIKOLAJCZAK, A. KORSAK,
J. WALECKI. Initial study using 90Y Dota-Tate treatment of tumours with somatostatin
receptors over expression. Nuclear Medicine Review 2005, Volume 8, Supplement A, 24,
(abstract).
27. PAWLAK D., KORSAK A., MIKOLAJCZAK R., VON GUGGENBERG E. Preclinical
in-vitro investigation of DOTATATE labelled with 90Y and177Lu potential radiopharmaceutical
for receptor mediated radiotherapy,. Nuclear Medicine Reviev 2004, 7 (1), 99 (abstract).
Appendix E.102
28. PAWLAK D., KORSAK A., MIKOLAJCZAK R., VON GUGGENBERG E. Preclinical invitro investigation of DOTATATE labelled with 90Y and177Lu potential radiopharmaceutical
for receptor mediated radiotherapy, Congress of Polish Nuclear Medicine Association
26-28 May 2004 (poster).
29. D. PAWLAK, A. KORSAK R. MIKOLAJCZAK, I. SASINOWSKA J.L. PARUS.
Investigation of the influence of metallic impurities on the 90Y and 177Lu labelling yield of
DotaTate., Annual Congres of EANM, 5-8 September 2004, Helsinki (poster).
30. PIMENTEL G.,RAVELO R., PEREZ L., AYALA M. et al. Dimeric scFv Antibody
construct of ior-CEA1 as potential agent for theraputic application. IAEA-CN-130/128P Report.
31. M.R.A. PILLAI, SUDIPTA CHAKRABORTY, TAPAS DAS, MEERA VENKATESH
AND N. RAMAMOORTHY. Production logistics of 177Lu for radionuclide therapy. Appl.
Radiat. Isot. 2003, 59, 109-118.
32. SHARMILA BANERJEE, TAPAS DAS, SUDIPTA CHAKRABORTY, GRACE
SAMUEL, ARUNA KORDE, SUDHA SRIVASTAVA, MEERA VENKATESH AND M.R.A.
PILLAI. 177Lu-DOTA-Lanreotide: A novel tracer as a targeted agent for tumour therapy. Nucl.
Med. Biol. 31, 2004, 753-759.
33. SUDIPTA CHAKRABORTY, TAPAS DAS, SHARMILA BANERJEE, P.R.
CHAUDHARI, H.D. SARMA, MEERA VENKATESH, AND M.R.A. PILLAI. Preparation and
biological evaluation of 153Sm-DOTMP as a potential agent for bone pain palliation. Nucl. Med.
Commun. 25, 2004, 1169-1176.
34. TAPAS DAS, SUDIPTA CHAKRABORTY, SHARMILA BANERJEE, GRACE
SAMUEL, ARCHANA MUKHERJEE, H. D. SARMA AND MEERA VENKATESH.
Preparation and preliminary biological evaluation of a 177Lu labeled sanazole derivative for
possible use in targeting tumour hypoxia. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 12, 2004, 6077-6084.
35. SHARMILA BANERJEE, TAPAS DAS, SUDIPTA CHAKRABORTY, GRACE
SAMUEL, ARUNA KORDE, MEERA VENKATESH AND M.R.A. PILLAI. An estradiolconjugate for radiolabelling with 177Lu: An attempt to prepare a radiotherapeutic agent. Biorg.
Med. Chem. 13, 2005, 4315-4322.
36. USHA PANDEY, KETAKI BAPAT, GRACE SAMUEL, H.D.SARMA, P.R.
CHAUDHARI, P.S. DHAMI, R. KANNAN AND MEERA VENKATESH. Evaluation of
90Yttrium phosphate particles as a possible radiation synovectomy agent. Nucl. Med. Commun.
(In Press).
37. SUDIPTA CHAKRABORTY, TAPAS DAS, SHARMILA BANERJEE, H.D. SARMA,
MEERA VENKATESH. Preparation and preliminary biological evaluation of a 166Ho-labeled
polyazamacrocycle for possible use as an Intravascular Brachytherapy (IVBT) agent. Appl.
Radiat. Isot. (communicated).
38. TAPAS DAS, SUDIPTA CHAKRABORTY, SHARMILA BANERJEE, HALADHAR D.
SARMA, GRACE SAMUEL, MEERA VENKATESH.177Lu-Labeled Metronidazole for
possible use in Targeting Tumour Hypoxia. Radiochim. Acta. (communicated).
39. LAZNICKOVA A, LAZNICEK M., et al: DOTA-Tyr(3)-octreotate labeled with Sm-153.
World J. Nucl. Med., Suppl.1, p. 243, 2004.
40. LAZNICKOVA A., PETRIK M., MELICHAROVA L., LAZNICEK M.,
ZALUTSKY M.R.: Preclinical study of radioiodinated glucose-Tyr3-octreotide: Comparison
with 111In-DOTA-Tyr3-octreotide. ISTR 05 14-18 Nov. 2005, Vienna.
41. LAZNICEK M., LAZNICKOVA A.: The role of somatostatin receptors in normal tissues in
pharmacokinetics of radiolabelled octraotates. ISTR 05 14-18 Nov. 2005, Vienna.
42. BODEI L, HANDKIEWICZ-JUNAK D, GRANA C, MAZZETTA C, ROCCA P,
BARTOLOMEI M, LOPERA SIERRA M, CREMONESI M, CHINOL M, MAECKE HR,
PAGANELLI G. Receptor radionuclide therapy with 90Y-DOTATOC in patients with medullary
thyroid carcinomas. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 19: 65-71, 2004.
43. BODEI L, CREMONESI M, GRANA C, ROCCA P, BARTOLOMEI M, CHINOL M,
PAGANELLI G. Receptor radionuclide therapy with 90Y-[DOTA]0-Tyr3-octreotide (90YDOTATOC) in neuroendocrine tumours. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 31: 1038-1046, 2004.
Appendix E.103
44. KWEKKEBOOM DJ, MUELLER-BRAND J, PAGANELLI G, ANTHONY LB,
PAUWELS S, KVOLS LK, O'DORISIO TM, VALKEMA R, BODEI L, CHINOL M,
MAECKE HR, KRENNING EP. Overview of results of peptide receptor radionuclide therapy
with 3 radiolabeled somatostatin analogs. J Nucl Med 46, Suppl.1: 62S-66S, 2005.
45. CALDEIRA FILHO J.S., MURAMOTO E., SILVA C.P.G., ARAUJO E.B. Labeling of
DOTA-Tyr3-octreotate with 177Lu - stability and biodistribution study. Alasbimn Journal 7 (28):
April 2005.Article N° AJ28-3.
46. NAGAMATI L.T., CALDEIRA FILHO J.S., MURAMOTO E., ARAUJO E.B., SILVA
C.P.G. Labeling of DOTA-Tyr3-octreotate with 131-iodine for therapy application. Supplement
to the Journal of Nuclear Medicine, June, 2005 (SNM 52nd Annual Meeting), Abstract N° 806.
47. SUZUKI M.F., SILVQ M.A., CALDEIRA FILHO J.S, COLTURATO M.T., ARAUJO
E.B., BARTOLINI P., OKAZAKI K. Genotoxic evaluation of DOTA-Tyr3-octreotate labeled
zith 131I and 177Lu in human peripheral lymphocytes in vitro with micronucleus assay. Annals
of the International Nuclear Atlantic Conference - INAC 2005, Santos, SP, Brasil, August 28 to
September 2, 2005; ISBN: 85-99141-01-5.
48. ARAUJO E.B., NAGAMATI L.T., CALDEIRA FILHO J.S., COLTURATO M.T., SILVA
C.P.G. Labeling of DOTATATE with 131-iodine for therapy application. World Journal of
Nuclear Medicine, 3 (2004), Supplement 1, S32.
49. ARAUJO E.B., MURAMOTO E , NAGAMATI L.T., CALDEIRA FILHO J.S., COUTO,
R.M. Comparison of 131I-Tyr3-octreotate and 131I-DOTA-Octreotate: the effect of DOTA on
the pharmacokinetics and stability. Comparative Evaluation.-International Symposium on Trends
in Radiopharmaceuticals, 14-18 Nov. 2005, Vienna, (oral presentation, accepted for publication
in ISTR Proceeding 2005).
Appendix E.104
CRP No. 650 (F23020)
Corrosion and deposit determination in large diameter pipes, with and without insulation by
radiography testing
Section/Division:
Period Covered:
2002-06-01 through 2005-10-31
Objectives of CRP:
To generate the knowledge and expertise in developing Member States for procedures of
appropriate radiographic techniques; and to address the needs of NDT end users in terms of
developing reliable and appropriate NDT measurement protocol of corrosion and deposit
evaluation in large diameter pipes.
(b) Specific (CRP):
a) To explore the restrictions associated with double wall techniques and X-Ray techniques for
application related to pipe inspection.
b) To define parameters and validate measurements of corrosion and deposit evaluation in large
diameter pipes (> 150 mm) by means of tangential, film-based radiography. There are no
standardized and universally recognized protocols, recommended practices or standards for
these particular radiographic tests aimed at quantitatively measuring the remaining wall
thickness of corroded pipes especially in situations of pipes having insulation or being at high
temperatures.
c) To prepare a procedure (recommended practice) for application of this technique(s) by
member states.
d) To determine the limits of detection for each radiation source using the Tangential
Radiography Technique (TRT) and Double Wall Technique (DWT).
Outputs:
(a) Research:
The major and most relevant scientific and technical achievements of the CRP can be
summarized as follows:
- The evaluation of radiographic techniques DWT and TRT (using Ir-192, Co-60 and X-Ray
sources) to evaluate artificial defects, deposits and simulated or natural corrosion attack on
carbon steel, from 6 inches diameter (168 mm) up to 20 inches (508 mm) with and without
insulation.
- Monitoring of corrosion/deposit on large diameter pipeline (> 150 mm O.D) is difficult, as the
variations in the thickness due to corrosion/deposit will results in a smaller percentage change
of the total wall thickness compared to small diameter pipelines. It was hence essential to
extend the scope of already carried out work on less than 150 mm diameter pipes to include
the larger diameter pipes.
- Parametric evaluation studies for detection of minimum thickness changes in these pipes with
different radiation sources, X-ray films, exposure conditions and film processing.
- Tangential Radiographic Technique (TRT) was qualified for measurement of exact wall
thicknesses and Double Wall Technique (DWT) of large diameter pipes.
- Application ranges accuracy of methods and recommended exposure conditions, technology
and geometry were specified out of few hundred measurements in 12 countries.
Appendix E.105
- A new and innovated approach has been developed with a theoretical equation which was
confirmed for practical applications by some participants.
(b) Others:
The benefits and limitations of doubler-wall and X-ray or sources (Ir192 or Co60) for pipe
inspections limitations were defined under this project.
The new protocol was developed for quantitative measurement of remaining wall thickness of
pipes having insulation or being at high temperature.
A new formula was developed and was confirmed for practical applications.
Proposed recommended practical procedure for TRT and for DWT would be submitted for ISO
acceptance as a standard technique for large diameter pipes.
Developed know-how and testing procedures for the tangential and double wall technique enable
the operators to easily select the correct exposure conditions, radiation source and exposure
geometry.
Less expensive NDT-techniques need the removal of insulation for contact measurements (e.g.
UT). Long time observations have proven that this leads to outer corrosion of pipes which are
laid out side of protecting buildings. Furthermore, the periodical radiological testing enables
companies to predict the life time of their pipes and to save unreasonable maintenance costs by
shorter inspection and exchange periods. Longer working periods and fewer service periods
result in significant cost reductions.
NDT written procedure and practical guideline was developed as a result of this CRP for the
international NDT-community; this could be submitted for review and approval to international
standardization (ISO) technical committee.
Cost effective NDT techniques (without need for removal of insulation) were developed.
The periodic radiological testing enables the inspectors to predict the life time of the pipes and to
reduce maintenance costs by shorter inspection and exchange periods.
Longer working periods and fewer service periods result in significant cost reductions.
All recommended techniques are applicable in the developing MS and were found to have
significant effects on safer and more economical operation of chemical industry and energy
plants.
Lack of source availability in some countries limited the comparability of the results.
Preparation of standard test blocks were costly for many participants.
Impact of the CRP:
Radiography is the only NDT-method which does not require the insulation removal of the pipes
in chemical and energy industries for evaluation of corrosion and measurement of pipe wall
thickness.
The market for exposed films for corrosion is expected to grow, because chemical and energy
enterprises are realising the advantage of this technology.
As a result of this CRP, a testing procedure for the tangential and double wall technique was
developed; this enables the operators to select the correct exposure conditions, radiation source
and exposure geometry.
The relevance of this CRP was to develop the non-destructive examination procedures for
insulated pipes with no need to remove the insulation. This leads to better and safer applications
of Radiography techniques and Sealed Radiation sources.
Appendix E.106
This protocol needs to be harmonized with the results of the CRP for inspection of small
diameter pipes. The results of both CRPs are of high relevance to be finally developed as
international standard.
The recommended NDT written procedure, based on this protocol, is recommended to submit as
a standard to ISO and/or other international standard committees.
The CRP was limited to steel pipes only. In modern industries a variety of other pipe materials is
applied from light alloys to plastics.
The determined µeff values and the radiation energies for the inspection of other pipe materials
need to be investigated.
New digital technologies like Computed Radiography Testing (CRT) with phosphor imaging
plates and/or Digital Detector Arrays (DDA) are widely used for film replacement. Currently the
large scale substitution of X-ray film is on the way. E.g. the European Union initiated the project
"Filmfree" to support small and medium enterprises in Europe to develop new digital industrial
radiology technologies to promote the development of less expensive testing devices for further
enhancement of industrial safety, reduction of radiation dose and reduction of inspection costs.
CRP participants strongly recommended the initiation of a CRP on these new developments.
1. "Corrosion and deposits determination in big diameters pipes", PanAmerican Conference on
NDT, Rio, 2003: Einav, Infanzon, Zirnhelt, presented by I. Einav.
2. "Radiographic Evaluation of Corrosion and deposits determination in big diameters pipes",
World Conference on NDT (WCNDT), Montreal, 2004: Zscherpel, Einav, Infanzon, Zirnhelt,
presented by U. Zscherpel, www.ndt.net/article/wcndt2004/.
3. "Corrosion and deposits determination in big diameters pipes", "Jornadas Tecnicas" in
Montevideo in 2003.
4. "Corrosion and deposit study by neutron - gamma and X - ray radiography" M. Balasko, E.
Svab, A. Kuba, Z. Kiss, L. Rodek, Conf. Proc. ITMNR, Garching, Germany, July 2004, p.302.
5. "Corrosion and deposit stud by neutron, gamma -and X ray radiography" M. Balasko, E. Svab,
A. Kuba, Z. Kiss, L. Rodek: Nuc. Inst. & Method A542, issues1, April 2005, pp. 302-308.
6. "Nagy átmér acél csövek korróziós jelenségeinek vizsgálata radiográfiai módszerekkel"
Balaskó Márton, Tóth Péter és Sváb Erzsébet, Hungarian Conference on NDT Eger, Hungary,
April 12-15 2005, published Corrosion study of high diameter tube, presentation on workshop
of safety of high pressure equip by CD.
7. "Corrosion and deposit study in large diameter pipes by complex radiography in Hungary" M.
Balasko, P. Tóth, E. Svab, A. Kuba, Z. Kiss, L. Rodek, abstract to the ECNDT 2006, Berlin,
Germany.
8. "Corrosion and deposits measurements in big diameters pipes by Radiographic techniques",
Insight (British Journal of NDT), vol. 40, no. 9, Sept 2004.
Appendix E.107
CRP No. 1254 (F33012)
Origins of salinity and impacts on fresh groundwater resources: Optimization of isotopic
techniques
Section/Division:
Period Covered:
2000-08-01 through 2005-07-31
Objectives of CRP:
To explore and to develop existing and new isotopic tools that can be utilized used to understand
the mechanisms and the origin of salinity in water resources.
(b) Specific (CRP):
Specific objectives were:
- To optimise the use of multiple isotope and geochemical techniques to characterise fresh and
saline ground waters and to define their interface and dynamic relationships;
- To develop site-specific techniques to understand and predict salinity impacts on fresh
groundwater resources, and apply these in one or more international reference sites;
- To apply geochemical models to understand the origin(s) of salinity as well as to develop 2-D
or 3-D hydrodynamic models to describe present state and to predict future trends in
salinization;
- To apply results of the case studies to provide general/global/methodological guidelines for
groundwater management and development.
Outputs:
(a) Research:
A large suit of isotopic tools including oxygen (18O/16O), hydrogen (2H/H), tritium (3H),
sulphur (34S/32S), oxygen in the sulphate molecule, boron (11B/10B), strontium (87Sr/86Sr),
carbon (14C and 13C/12C), chlorine (36Cl) and iodine (129I) have been used together with
major and minor dissolved constituents of the water leading to an integrated approach of the
groundwater salinity problem.
The selected site in Morocco offered scope for study of both coastal (seawater intrusion) and
inland basin salinity problems using isotope methods.
The results of the CRP indicate that the use of multi- isotope approach together with
hydrogeological hydrological and other geochemical methodologies can highly improve the
management of these resources.
The model developed for the Murray River basin in Australia for describing and predicting the
evolution of the groundwater salinity will help improve the use of the resource for irrigation
purposes.
(b) Others:
Two communications have been derived from the work in Morocco and Pakistan:
- Bouchaou L., Qurtobi M., Gaye C.B., Hsissou Y., Ibn Majah M., Michelot J.L., Marah H.,
Safsaf N. & El Hamdaoui A. - Isotopic investigation of salinity and water resources in the
Appendix E.108
souss-Massa basin (Morocco). International Symposium on isotope hydrology and integrated
water resources management 19 - 23 May, 2003, Vienna, Austria.
- A. Mashiatullah, R. M. Qureshi, C.B.Gaye, M. A. Tasneem, T. Javed, E. Ahmad - Isotope
hydrochemical investigation of saline intrusion in coastal aquifer of Karachi-Pakistan.
International Conference on Isotopes in Environmental Studies - Aquatic Forum 2004,
25 - 29 October 2004, Monaco.
The CRP has also served for the purpose of a PhD thesis for a Moroccan fellow.
- Nappes superficielles en zone semi-aride : origine des eaux et de la salinité, renouvellement :
exemple des nappes Massa et Souss, (Maroc). PhD thesis dissertation at Université de Franche
Comté, Besançon, France.
The research projects on sites representing a variety of salinization problems, demonstrate that
using the different isotopes and close integration with geochemical tools can resolve the origin
and mechanism of multiple source of salinity
The key for the correct use of the isotope tools for evaluating the origin and the rate of
salinization process is the full integration of the available isotopic methodologies with
hydrogeological hydrological and other geochemical data
Conceptual models have been proposed both for the flagship sites and the other study areas, but
it was possible to develop a mathematical model during the time frame.
The major objective of the CRP is to explore and develop isotopic tools that can be utilized for
the elucidation of salinity sources and processes in aquifer systems. It is based on the
implementation of several coordinated regional studies and a central "flagship" study in the
Souss coastal aquifer of western Morocco. The research sites represent a large variety of
examples of the salinization problem. These include salt-water intrusion into coastal aquifer
(Morocco, Pakistan, Cheju Island in South Korea), dryland and inland salinization (Australia,
Jordan, Israel, China); salinization of fossil groundwater (Israel, Jordan), and anthropogenic
salinization (Pakistan, Morocco). In addition to individual efforts of the different member
countries to investigate the origin of the salinization phenomena in their own country, special
efforts were given to the integration of the isotopic techniques and cross-laboratories
measurements. The integration approach enabled measurements of a large suit of isotopic tools in
the selected research site in Morocco that include major and minor dissolved constituents, and
the isotopic compositions of oxygen (18O/16O), hydrogen (2H/H), tritium (3H), sulphur
(34S/32S), oxygen in the sulphate molecule, boron (11B/10B), strontium (87Sr/86Sr), carbon
(14C and 13C/12C), chlorine (36Cl) and iodine (129I). The different case studies have indicated
that aquifers can be impacted by both geogenic (natural) and anthropogenic salinity sources and
often many basins are salinized by multiple sources of salinity. Therefore, the CRP has
demonstrated that using a multi isotopes approach together with other geochemical tools can
provide a better understanding of the origin and processes of groundwater salinization involving
multiple salinity sources.
A critical review of the priority criteria for the selection of the lead site was made during the first
RCM. Each of the research proposals was evaluated in terms of how they meet the pre-defined
criteria. The study proposed for the Moroccan investigator was selected as it offered scope for
study of both coastal (seawater intrusion) and inland basin salinity problems. Isotopic studies
would be applied to several salinity issues affecting the inland parts of this basin.
Appendix E.109
Impact of the CRP:
The results of the CRP clearly indicate that the salinization problem is one of the most
conspicuous water quality problems phenomena endangering the future beneficial use of the
world's groundwater resources. The different case studies indicate that aquifers can be impacted
by both geogenic and anthropogenic salinity sources and often multiple sources of salinity exist.
The CRP demonstrates that using the different isotopes in close integration with the other
geochemical tools can help identify the origin and mechanism of the multiple salinity sources.
The primary objective of the CRP was to make a substantial contribution towards the
development of improved management practices for the major aquifers at salinization risk. This
approach aims at generating reliable data for the quantitative assessment and protection of water
resources through field validation and assisting Member States in such regions for effective
incorporation of isotope methods into routine practices for estimation and verification of
hydrological parameters for optimum management of water resources.
The results of this CRP should be disseminated to end-users via TC programmes, popular articles
and other means in addition to the TECDOC under preparation.
Appendix E.110
CRP No. 1267 (F33013)
Application of isotopes to the assessment of pollutant behaviour in the unsaturated zone for
groundwater protection
Section/Division:
Period Covered:
2000-12-15 through 2005-12-14
Objectives of CRP:
To develop a comprehensive and co-ordinated approach to elucidate various processes related to
pollutant transport in the unsaturated zone for better water resources management.
(b) Specific (CRP):
- To undertake field research for understanding and quantification of the hydraulic and
hydrochemical interactions occurring within the unsaturated zone and the saturatedunsaturated zone interface region (SUIR).
- To develop a protocol for standard system of data collection from the unsaturated zone.
- To study transport of pore gases through the unsaturated zone and the SUIR into bulk
groundwater and to understand transport rates as well as interaction between the gases and the
matrix.
Outputs:
(a) Research:
The CRP has demonstrated the use of isotopic methodologies for understanding the migration of
potential contaminants through the unsaturated zone (UNZ) into the underlying groundwater.
Contamination of aquifers usually occurs via transport (as recharge) through the unsaturated zone
(UNZ). The ten projects in this CRP covered a wide range of approaches and sites typically
encountered in unsaturated zone research. A demonstration site was set up at an agricultural
experimental farm near New Delhi, India with instrumentation to conduct controlled studies in
the UNZ. The studies included measuring movement of water, solutes, and gasses through the
UNZ using an assortment of tracers and approaches.
One project was in a karst terrain in Slovenia, where transport can be relatively rapid through
channels/large fractures. At the same site, slower movement occurs through small fractures
where chemicals can be retained in the UNZ for some years after they have been introduced. The
site in Germany had relatively rapid movement through the UNZ and investigations showed the
differences in contributions between overland flow, subsurface flow and groundwater input in
total runoff. The Austrian site was at a research station in an intensive agricultural area. The
project made use of isotopic data from lysimeters and soil cores to elucidate microbial processes
in the UNZ. The contribution from the United Kingdom investigated UNZ processes in the Chalk
aquifer system, beneath an extensive impermeable drift cover. Determination of nitrogen species
combined with groundwater age indicators and data from gas samplers were used to develop a
conceptual regional model of contaminant transport for the study site. The project in Pakistan
studied an area where extensive industrial pollution occurred. Gas samples and soil cores were
used to study the movement and reactions of pollutants in the UNZ. The site in India, which was
Appendix E.111
selected for extensive study, was in an agricultural research site where agro-chemical use has
occurred. Radiotracers were applied to the surface and their movement through the UNZ was
monitored by analysis of soil cores and in-situ measurements. The project in China, which was
located near Shijiazhuang City, was in an area which has suffered extensive degradation of its
groundwater quality due to leaching of nitrate and other contaminants through the UNZ. The site
was investigated using tritium and stable isotopes from soil cores and groundwater. The project
in the United States of America collected data from sites in arid and semi-arid climates with deep
(~100-200m) UNZ. One of the locations, the High Plains Aquifer, is a region where irrigation
has increased movement of pollutants through the UNZ. The Syrian study, in the region of the
Damascus Oasis, investigated migration of heavy metals into the UNZ. Nitrogen isotopes were
also used to determine the source of increasing nitrate concentrations in groundwater. The South
African study looked at cases of extreme nitrate pollution in agricultural areas due to intense
rainfall events. Particular emphasis was placed on identifying the fate of pollutants caused by
livestock mismanagement.
The UNZ was found to be effective in protecting groundwater from most heavy metal
contaminants. Other contaminants like nitrate and chloride generally move conservatively
through the UNZ. Very limited information was collected on interactions at the
Saturated/Unsaturated Interface Region (SUIR), but it appears that there may be some mitigation
of contaminants in this zone. There was also evidence presented that, with proper conditions,
reactions involving both nitrate and ammonia can occur in the UNZ above the SUIR. When
determining sources of nitrate in the UNZ, isotopes are crucial in identifying the difference
between natural and anthropogenic loads.
Many studies made use of sampling of UNZ gases in this CRP. CFCs, being generally
conservative in oxygenated soil zones, have been found to be important in determining basic
physical parameters controlling gas transport in the UNZ. Frequently, gas diffusion rates are
calculated from measurements of physical properties from soil cores (porosities, water content
etc.) which represent only a one dimensional sample. Using gases like CFCs, it is possible to
obtain bulk diffusion rate for the UNZ as a whole, which can then be used to study other gases.
This CRP has shown that this is the best approach for obtaining information on potential gas
movement in the UNZ.
The best method to measure recharge rates is dependent on the timescale of the study area. For
relatively short timescales, applied tracers are the most appropriate with deuterium, as part of the
water molecule, probably being the best choice. For longer timescales (decadal), the use of
tritium, either by identification of the 1963 peak or the tritium interface method, represents the
best approach. For extremely long timescales, chloride is still the only reliable tracer. It is also
evident that at all timescales, soil texture, topography, vegetation type, rainfall amount are
dominant factors in determining where recharge occurs and how rapidly it occurs. Advances
have been made in identifying locations where preferential recharge is likely to occur, and this
type of information has major implications for mitigating contaminant movement to the water
table. It should also be taken into account when UNZ studies are set up. The IAEA technical
document (TECDOC) containing contributions from the participants will be released in 2006.
Specific objectives of the CRP include field research to understand and quantify the interactions
occurring within the unsaturated zone and the SUIR. Studies at different sites located in variety
of terrains have covered this aspect. A need for development of a standard system of data
collection from the unsaturated zone has been satisfied with the proper instrumentation of a site
in this CRP. The resulting TECDOC will serve as guide for interested researchers.
For proper management of groundwater resources, it is important to know the location and rate
of recharge as well as source and pathways of contaminants. Recharge or contamination of
Appendix E.112
aquifers usually occurs through the unsaturated zone The understanding of the processes in the
unsaturated zone through this CRP are expected to serve as a guide for the researchers and
practitioners engaged in the field of groundwater management.
One shortfall of this CRP for its objectives is obtaining an understanding of the movement of
gases across the SUIR. In the UNZ above the SUIR, the research conducted during this CRP has
produced significant findings. But very little sampling was carried out in the SUIR itself to
determine if gases in the groundwater were at equilibrium with UNZ gases above. This is a very
complex zone that fluctuates and it is not easy to install proper equipment for studying these
problems. This equilibrium impacts the initial value problem for gas tracers commonly used for
age dating. The equilibriums and interactions are also important for the movement of gases
produced in the SUIR (such as N2O) into the UNZ and ultimately to the atmosphere. It is hoped
that this aspect will be covered in the future CRP.
Impact of the CRP:
The resulting TECDOC provides a synthesis of the different studies and presents detailed
scientific findings of the investigations undertaken in the framework of the coordinated research
project. It is expected to be useful to researchers and practitioners involved in the management of
groundwater resources and their protection from contaminants. The findings will be of
significance to the researchers interested in contaminant transport through the unsaturated zone.
The unsaturated zone provides: (1) a storage capacity for water, solutes and colloidal particles,
(2) a medium for physical, chemical and biological reactions that differ from those operating in
the saturated zone, (3) a delay time between release of contaminants and tracers at the ground
surface and their influx into the saturated zone, and (4) a heterogeneous medium that influences
geo-chemical fluxes both at macro and micro-scale levels.
The transport of solutes and gases through the unsaturated zone and into the water table region of
phreatic aquifers is a complex process, which determines the quality of groundwater. At the
present level of knowledge, the quantitative relationship between the amount of a contaminant
and/or geochemical tracer applied to the soil surface and its concentration in groundwater is
highly uncertain. The uncertainties in the concentrations of common age-dating tracers (14C,
36Cl etc.) entering the aquifer have created difficulties in interpreting flow and recharge rates for
aquifer systems. These uncertainties, combined with a lack of knowledge of processes affecting
contaminants, make it difficult to set up proper management guidelines for protecting and
utilizing aquifers in many environments. This CRP has addresses some of the issues related to
unsaturated zone.
Any future CRP should probably focus on the three issues that have proved most problematic to
resolve in this CRP: 1. Use of isotopes to understand chemical reactions at the SUIR. 2. Gas
equilibrium at the groundwater/UNZ interface. 3. Movement and reactions of pesticides and
herbicides through the UNZ. Resolving all these issues will require the development of new
approaches and sampling techniques. As the SUIR is relatively small, it may be difficult to
obtain adequate samples for some isotopic measurements. It may be best to look at surrogates
that will furnish similar information, or gases which might be easier to sample in volume, to
study this zone. However, further work should be carried out in other environments to try and
determine if gases are in equilibrium, and if any reactions in the SUIR will impact concentrations
and equilibriums. Pesticides and herbicides were measured in some of the projects of this CRP.
These chemicals have reached the water table in some instances, but in the UNZ, there appears to
be no systematic distribution of these chemicals. The absence of continuous concentrations,
unlike other chemicals and tracer, is probably a result of their occasional use and the fact that
Appendix E.113
many of these chemicals are designed to be degraded in the root zone. The best way to study
these chemicals may be in a controlled application at an experimental site.
The resulting TECDOC will include the synthesis of experiments and field studies. As a result of
this CRP nearly 40 scientific papers by the participants have been published or are in press.
Appendix E.114
CRP No. 1127 (F43011)
Atomic and molecular data for fusion plasma diagnostics
Section/Division:
Period Covered:
2001-07-15 through 2005-09-30
Objectives of CRP:
The principle objective of this CRP was to identify the needs for atomic and molecular (A+M)
data for the diagnostics of core and edge plasmas and for the diagnostics of the velocity
distribution of fusion alpha particles. This CRP focused on the various types of diagnostic
methods currently used in large machine plasma diagnostics such as plasma impurity emission,
charge exchange diagnostics, neutral beam based emission diagnostics, and the plasma neutrals
analysis method for the alpha particle diagnostics.
(b) Specific (CRP):
The specific purpose of the proposed CRP was to identify the specific processes for diagnostics
for which data are most urgently needed and to generate such data. These will include new
additions to the databases for cross section data on collisional processes and for beam
spectroscopy. These data will undergo a critical assessment and will result in recommended data
being made available to the fusion community.
Outputs:
(a) Research:
This CRP has brought researchers together from 11 different institutions for collaboration on
data for plasma diagnostics for fusion devices. At the initial RCM specific data needs were
identified and a detailed work plan was established. At the second RCM very good progress had
been made, but areas of further research were identified. The CRP was extended for a third
RCM at which time final results were reported. Significant new data for processes important to
diagnostics, especially in edge plasmas, were reported. Of major significance were new cross
sections on state selective charge exchange processes, especially involving alpha particles
colliding with low charge state ions. Results from the CRP were published in numerous articles
in refereed journals during the course of the CRP.
(b) Others:
All participants summarized their work at each RCM. Summaries are available on the A+M Unit
web pages.
Data files are in preparation from the participants.
All participants have submitted comprehensive summaries of the research and an issue of the
Atomic and Plasma-Material Interaction Data for Fusion is in preparation.
The specific objective to enhance the atomic and molecular databases for nuclear fusion energy
research was fully achieved.
Appendix E.115
The results of this CRP have made a significant contribution to the enhancement of the atomic
and molecular databases for nuclear fusion energy research.
Impact of the CRP:
The work of this CRP had a significant impact on data for plasma diagnostics. These data are
needed modelling the plasma in different regimes in order to determine parameters such as
density and temperature. Since many of these data were not known for many plasma conditions,
this CRP has had a significant impact on the ability to model the behaviour of neutral beam
injection as well as interactions of the plasma with cool particles sputtered from the plasma
facing components.
This CRP was recommended by the A+M Subcommittee of the International Fusion Research
Council. These data produced are vital for the diagnostics of the plasma processes occurring in
nuclear fusion reactors. It is especially important to generate the cross section data for state
selective processes from which characteristic radiation can be used for deriving the physical
conditions of the plasma.
This CRP addressed the most pressing needs for plasma diagnostics identified at the beginning of
the CRP. However, in such an area as diagnostics of a full large-scale fusion device such as
ITER, more data are needed than can be produced in a single CRP. It will be necessary to focus
on further specific areas of data needs in future CRPs.
A significant portion of the CRP results have been published in Summary Reports and stored in
the A+M Data Unit Aladdin electronic database. Significant use has been made of the online
access to these data through the Internet. Furthermore, the results of the CRP will be published
in the IAEA journal series Atomic and Plasma-Material Interaction Data for Fusion, with all
manuscripts now received.
Appendix E.116
CRP No. 1306 (F43012)
Data for molecular processes in edge plasmas
Section/Division:
Period Covered:
2001-08-01 through 2005-07-31
Objectives of CRP:
The CRP covered significant developments that have occurred since completion of a related CRP
in 1993 on the topic "Atomic and Molecular Data for Fusion Edge Plasmas". The new CRP
focused on the assessment and collection of new data for molecular processes in edge plasmas
which are available from both experimental and theoretical studies, and the identification and
fulfilment of new data requirements.
(b) Specific (CRP):
The specific purpose of the CRP was to identify the specific molecular processes that are
important to the plasma physics in the edge regions and to provide data for some of these
processes. These new data will include data on hydrocarbon chemistry, surface interactions, and
collision processes. These new data are be relevant to spectroscopic studies of such plasmas in
the infrared region and should be of great value in determining the importance of different
molecular processes in fusion plasmas.
Outputs:
(a) Research:
This CRP has brought researchers together from 12 different institutions for collaboration on the
CRP. At the initial RCM the participants identified specific areas in which they could make
significant contributions to nuclear fusion research. These data are needed for modelling plasma
processes in edge regions where temperatures and densities are such that a variety of molecules
form and undergo a variety of reactions. These processes have a significant impact on the
behaviour of the plasma in the edge region. In addition, the interaction of the hydrogen isotopes
with wall materials is extremely important in predicting the overall tritium build-up in future
fusion devices, such as ITER. During the course of the CRP significant new results from both
experiment and theory were reported. These new data have already had a significant effect on
modelling calculations carried out using the well known B2-EIRENE code. Results from the
CRP have also been evaluated and added to electronic databases maintained by the Atomic and
Molecular Data Unit. In addition, all participants have submitted manuscripts for an issue of the
Atomic and Plasma-Material Interaction Data for Fusion.
(b) Others:
Data from the participants have been summarized and are available on the A+M Unit web pages.
Results from the participants have been regularly published in refereed scientific journals.
Data from the work of the CRP are being used in current plasma modelling calculations.
Appendix E.117
The specific objective to enhance the atomic and molecular databases for nuclear fusion energy
research was fully achieved.
The results of this CRP have made a significant contribution to the enhancement of the atomic
and molecular databases for nuclear fusion energy research.
Impact of the CRP:
The work of this CRP had a significant impact on the field of molecular processes in plasmas in
the edge regions of fusion devices. These data are now being used in modelling such regions and
will have an impact on design considerations for future devices.
This CRP was strongly recommended by the A+M Subcommittee of the International Fusion
Research Council. These data are extremely important for understanding the molecular
processes in edge plasmas, which can have a significant influence on the behaviour of the overall
fusion device. In addition, these data are of highest importance in processes involving tritium
uptake and release in hydrocarbons, which readily form in the edge regions of fusion devices.
This CRP addressed the most pressing needs for molecular processes in the plasma edge region.
Significant new data were generated in the course of the CRP. However, it is not possible in a
single CRP to generate all needed data for all possible molecular processes in fusion devices. An
additional CRP should be organized to build more comprehensive databases starting from the
work of this CRP and using procedures such as scaling laws to extend data to a wider range of
plasma parameters.
A significant portion of the CRP results have been published in Summary Reports and stored in
the A+M Data Unit Aladdin electronic database. Significant use has been made of the online
access to these data through the Internet. Furthermore, the results of the CRP will be published
in the IAEA journal series Atomic and Plasma-Material Interaction Data for Fusion.
Appendix E.118
CRP No. 1318 (I11004)
Historical evolution of indicators of sustainable energy development (ISED) and the use of this
information for designing guidelines for future energy strategies in conformity with the
objectives of sustainable development
Section/Division:
Department of Nuclear Energy, Planning and Economic Studies Section
Period Covered:
2002-04-01 through 2005-12-31
Objectives of CRP:
This CRP was part of the Sub-Programme C.2: Energy-Economics-Environment (3-E) Analysis;
Project C2.02: Sustainable Energy Development. This sub-programme / project had the
following objective:
"To produce case studies assessing the possible paths for attaining sustainable energy
development, applying the agency's analytical tools and 3-E analysis, including the use of the
Indicators for Sustainable Energy Development (ISED) to track the effects of energy and
environmental policy implementation. To continue evolution of the ISED within the framework
of the UN Commission on Sustainable Development and Agenda 21."
In line with these objectives, this CRP was expected to represent groundwork that benefits other
current projects within this programme and to result in the expansion and enhancement of the
spectrum of analytical tools being used by the Agency for the assessment of energy systems in
Member Sates.
(b) Specific (CRP):
The objective of this CRP was to build capacity in Member Sates ultimately to integrate ISED
into national and international statistical analyses and databases and into energy policy
assessments. The specific objectives were: (1) to test the applicability of the ISED in a number of
Member States by producing case studies summarizing assessments of national energy systems
and effectiveness of corresponding policies; (2) and to improve the methodologies and guidelines
associated with the ISED tool in coordination with other international agencies.
Outputs:
(a) Research:
The CRP included seven Research Contracts with research organizations in Brazil, Cuba,
Lithuania, Mexico, the Russian Federation, the Slovak Republic and Thailand. All of the
research teams successfully advanced their research efforts, covering the following:
1. Review of the country's energy system including status, main issues and future plans;
2. Review of the country's energy and environmental statistics capability;
3. Selection of main issues and priority areas for assessment with ISED;
4. Compilation of statistical data for the implementation of ISED in priority areas;
5. ISED implementation to evaluate status and current policies and, if necessary, formulation of
additional country-specific indicators; and
6. Formulation of potential energy policies and strategies to help achieve the country's
sustainable development objectives.
All teams submitted final reports in 2005. The technical content of these reports satisfied the
CRP requirements.
Appendix E.119
Cooperation was secured for the implementation of this CRP from four major agencies
recognized worldwide as leaders in energy and environmental statistics and analysis. These
agencies were: the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA), the International
Energy Agency (IEA), Eurostat and the European Environment Agency (EEA). This cooperation
resulted in improved ISED methodologies and guidelines.
The CRP met all the specific objectives. The applicability of the ISED was tested in the seven
participating Member States. Case studies were prepared successfully in which relevant issues of
national energy systems were assessed. Also, the ISED set was used to evaluate the effectiveness
of national energy policies currently in place and to formulate future strategies for sustainable
energy development. The Agency was successful in leading the international effort on the
definition of a single set of ISED applicable worldwide and in publishing corresponding
methodologies and guidelines. Member States have reported new initiatives (some already
ongoing) to improve their national energy statistics capability and joint ventures with other
energy or statistical offices to develop ISED databases. In particular Cuba, Brazil and Mexico
have reported changes already in the national statistical procedures or databases resulting from
this experience or plans for the future incorporation of the ISED in their national energy and
environmental statistical programmes.
This CRP contributed to the Sub-Programme C.2 overall objectives by producing case studies
that assess the status and trends towards sustainable energy development and the effectiveness of
energy and environmental policy implementation. The partnership resulting from this CRP
contributes to the general objectives of the UN Commission on Sustainable Development,
Agenda 21 and the Millennium Development Goals which in turn are objectives of the Agency's
Programme C. The ISED is now part of the spectrum of analytical tools being used by the
Agency for the assessment of energy systems in Member Sates.
Although most of the teams encountered problems with data availability and consistency for a
number of indicators in the ISED set, all of the teams were able to construct case studies using
most of the ISED and to prepare reports with valuable information and analysis.
Impact of the CRP:
The CRP allowed the expansion of the Agency's cooperation with other international
organizations including UNDESA, IEA, Eurostat and EEA. Other world organizations such as
the World Bank have expressed their desire to cooperate with the Agency in future initiatives
related to ISED. Spin offs from this CRP have already been reported by some of the national
research organizations that participated in this effort. Countries have reported new initiatives to
improve their national energy statistics capability and joint ventures with other energy or
statistical offices to develop ISED databases. A Regional Asia project was launched in 2005 to
replicate the efforts of the CRP implementing similar country case studies in 14 Asian Member
States. Similar regional initiatives are being planned for Africa and Latin America.
One of the objectives of Programme C is to provide support to Member States in their efforts to
assess their energy systems in view of their national sustainable development objectives. This
CRP resulted in the definition and testing of a set of indicators useful to monitor progress in this
field. Additional work is necessary to continue refining this analytical tool and for
implementation in other Member States. Therefore, this CRP and any additional related work
continue to be relevant to the objectives of Programme C.
Appendix E.120
The IAEA should continue leading the world efforts in the definition of energy indicators for
sustainable development and in the improvement of corresponding methodologies and guidelines
for implementation at the national and regional levels. In this respect, the Agency could lead a
new 2 -year world effort to review, improve and update the inter-agency publication on energy
indicators. Additionally, the Agency should continue gaining experience and knowledge on the
implementation of the ISED set in Member States by conducting regional capacity building
workshops on the implementation of this analytical tool.
Vera, I. and Abdalla, K. "Energy Indicators to Assess Sustainable Development at the National
Level: Acting on the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation," Proceedings of the 27th IAEE
International Conference, July 2-5, 2004, Washington DC. Also, "in press" to be published by
the journal Energy Studies Review.
Mak, Kui-Nang, "Energy indicators for sustainable development." Natural Resources Forum,
Vol. 29, No. 4, Nov. 2005.
Abdalla, Kathleen L. "Using energy indicators to achieve sustainable development goals."
Natural Resources Forum, Vol. 29, No. 4, Nov. 2005.
Vera, I. A.; Langlois, L. M.; Rogner, H. H.; Jalal, I. A.; Toth, F. L. "Indicators for sustainable
energy development: An initiative by the International Atomic Energy Agency." Natural
Resources Forum, Vol. 29, No. 4, Nov. 2005
Schaeffer, Robert; Szklo, Alexander Salem; Cima, Fernando Monteiro; Machado, Giovani.
"Indicators for sustainable energy development: Brazil's case study." Natural Resources Forum,
Vol. 29, No. 4, Nov. 2005.
Perez, David; Lopez, I.; Berdellans, I. "Evaluation of energy policy in Cuba using ISED" Natural
Resources Forum, Vol. 29, No. 4, Nov. 2005.
Medina-Ross, J. A.; Mata-Sandoval, J. C.; Lopez-Perez, Roberto. "Indicators for sustainable
energy development in Mexico." Natural Resources Forum, Vol. 29, No. 4, Nov. 2005.
Streimikiene, Dalla. "Indicators for sustainable energy development in Lithuania" Natural
Resources Forum, Vol. 29, No. 4, Nov. 2005.
Aslanyan, Garegin; Molodtsov, Sergei; Iakobtchouk, Vitali. "Monitoring the sustainability of
Russia's energy development." Natural Resources Forum, Vol. 29, No. 4, Nov. 2005.
Todoc, Jessie L.; Todoc, Monaliz J.; Lefevre, Thierry. "Indicators for sustainable energy
development in Thailand." Natural Resources Forum, Vol. 29, No. 4, Nov. 2005.
Taylor, Peter G.; Wiesenthal, Tobias; Mourelatou, Aphrodite. "Energy and environment in the
European Union: An indicator-based analysis." Natural Resources Forum, Vol. 29, No. 4, Nov.
2005.
Unander, Fridtjof. "Energy indicators and sustainable development: The International Energy
Agency approach." Natural Resources Forum, Vol. 29, No. 4, Nov. 2005.
Ledoux, Laure; Mertens, Roeland; Wolff, Pascal. "EU sustainable development indicators: An
overview." Natural Resources Forum, Vol. 29, No. 4, Nov. 2005.
Vera, I. and Langlois, L. "Energy Indicators for Sustainable Development," Proceedings of the
3rd Dubrovnik Conference on Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment
Systems, June 2005.
IAEA/UNDESA/IEA/Eurostat/EEA, Energy Indicators for Sustainable Development: Guidelines
and Methodologies. ISBN 92-0-116204-9, IAEA, Vienna, 2005.
Appendix E.121
CRP No. 1319 (I14004)
Cost effectiveness of nuclear power compared to CO2 capture and sequestration from fossil fuel
power plants
Section/Division:
Department of Nuclear Energy, Planning and Economic Studies Section
Period Covered:
2002-05-15 through 2006-05-31
Objectives of CRP:
This CRP was part of Sub-Programme C.2: Nuclear Energy in Sustainable Energy Strategies in
Member States. The objective of Sub-Programme C.2 as defined in the Programme and Budget
for 2002-2003 was:
"To ensure that Member States and relevant international organizations have access to state-ofthe-art information on the potential role of nuclear and other energy options in sustainable energy
and electricity supply strategies; and to enable the Agency to assess methodologically the costs
and benefits of various aspects of nuclear energy and its applications by providing economic
analysis services. (This includes contributing to the activities carried out under Agenda 21, by the
United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development, the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change, and other international forums.)",
and in the Programme and Budget for 2004-2005 was:
"To enhance the consideration of nuclear power as compatible with competitive energy markets
and with sustainable development objectives based on systematic and objective analysis."
In line with these objectives, the CRP was expected to provide new and important information
for Member States as well as the Agency's future contributions to international fora. It was
considered essential that these contributions remained current with technological and political
changes in the field of sustainable energy development.
(b) Specific (CRP):
The specific objective of this CRP was to assess, on the basis of the actual situation in various
countries, if, under which conditions and to what extent nuclear power's economic advantage in a
carbon constrained world could be affected by the emerging technologies of capturing and
sequestrating of CO2 from fossil fuel power plants. The secondary and corollary intention was to
develop the analysis results into coherent presentations that would be useful for future Agency
contributions to the international debate on climate change mitigation and the role nuclear power.
Outputs:
(a) Research:
All nine teams completed their studies and submitted the final reports. Eight scientific
publications were produced by the research teams based on their work under this CRP. Besides,
the research teams presented their results at several International as well as National
Conferences/Seminars. A poster presentation was also made at the International Climate Change
Conference held at Moscow, 2003.
(b) Others:
The Argentinean team won an award from Network Design Association for their work on CO2
transportation under the CRP.
Appendix E.122
The outputs of the CRP have been effective in achieving the Specific Objectives of the CRP. The
research teams produced, for the first time, a systematic analysis of the technical feasibility and
economics of various emerging technologies for CO2 capture, transport and disposal, and
developed a comparison of the economics of nuclear power and fossil fuel plant with CO2
capture and sequestration technology under different country situations. The results of country
case studies are being compiled as a TECDOC.
This CRP contributed to the Sub-Programme C.2 Objective by addressing one of its key
components, namely the economic comparison of nuclear generation and carbon sequestration
technologies. The information generated through case studies of this CRP will be used for future
reports and presentations to international bodies debating the issues of sustainable energy
development and climate change mitigation. This will round out the Agency's already substantial
and effective contribution to the discussion of the importance of keeping the nuclear option open
as a successful environmental protection technology.
Impact of the CRP:
The CRP expanded the coverage of economic comparison of nuclear power and other energy
options by providing a systematic analysis of emerging technologies, CO2 capture and
sequestration, which can make fossil fuel based power plants "carbon-free" which is a major
environmental advantage of nuclear power.
Programme C provides state-of-the-art methodologies and analyses to Member States for making
energy choices. Comprehensive economic comparison of energy options, which is facilitated by
this CRP, is one of the main steps for making sound energy decisions.
Nuclear power has potential for curtailing the GHG emissions from energy sector. The IAEA
should continue facilitating research on climate change issues and evaluation of the potential role
of nuclear power in GHG mitigation strategies.
The comparative assessment of energy options should be kept up-to-date by including the
emerging technologies, like carbon capture and sequestration.
1. Assessment of CO2 capture and storage from thermal power plants in Argentina, N. Amadeo,
H. Bajano, J. Comas, J.P. Daverio, M.A. Laborde, J.A. Poggi, D.R. Gómez. In, E.S.Rubin,
D.W.Keith and C.F.Gilboy (Eds.), Proceedings of 7th International Conference on Greenhouse
Gas Control Technologies. Volume 1: IEA Greenhouse Gas Programme, Cheltenham, UK, 2005
2. Estudio de caso sobre caputra y secuestro de dióxido de carbono proveniente de centrales
termoeléctricas en argentina, J.P. Daverio, D.R. Gómez, H. Bajano, 5as Jornadas de Preservación
de Agua, Aire y Suelo, Mendoza (Argentina), 5-7 November 2003
3. CO2 capture from the electricity sector of Argentina, H. Bajano, J.P. Daverio, J.A. Poggi,
D.R. Gómez, Side Event of the 2nd Meeting of the Editorial Board of the IPCC Emission Factor
Database, Tsukuba (Japan), 18-20 February 2004
Appendix E.123
4. Assessment of CO2 capture and storage from thermal power plants in Argentina, N. Amadeo
et al., 7th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies, Vancouver
(Canada), 5-9 September 2004
5. Cuestiones clave en el transporte de CO2 supercrítico, R. de la Fuente, B.E. Fernández,
D.R. Gómez, Congreso GIMOR 2004 - Modelado de Redes de Hidrocarburos, Buenos Aires
(Argentina) 20 October 2004. This work was awarded with the first price of the Congress.
6. Czy energetyka będzie w stanie ograniczać emisję CO2, Janusz Rakowski, Zakład Procesów
Cieplnych Instytut Energetyki, GOSPODARKA Paliwami i Energią, Miesięcznik Rok LI Lipiec
2003 Nr 7 (589)
7. Some Aspects of Application of CO2 Capture and Storage Technologies for CO2 Emission
Reduction in the Russian Electric Power Production Sector, Zakharova, E.F., Proceedings of 7th
International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies. Volume 1: IEA Greenhouse
Gas Programme, Cheltenham, UK, 2005.
Appendix E.124
CRP No. 1252 (I21014)
Verification of WWER steam generator tube integrity
Section/Division:
Division of Nuclear Power
Period Covered:
2001-03-01 through 2004-12-31
Objectives of CRP:
The overall objective of the CRP is to improve structural integrity assessment of steam generator
of WWER-440/1000 nuclear power plants.
(b) Specific (CRP):
The specific objectives of the CRP are:
- to compare non-destructive (eddy current) testing results with destructive (mechanical,
microstructural and microanalytical) testing results on the same steam generator tube samples
with special attention to operational history data;
- to carry out strength and fracture mechanics calculations applying real data non-destructive
and destructive tests;
- to elaborate methodology for establishing reasonable plugging criteria.
Outputs:
(a) Research:
- Results of non-destructive testing of steam generator heat exchanger tubes (non-used with
artificial flaws, used without and with in-service flaws/defects pulled out either from steam
generators in operation or from retired/replaced steam generators) using various eddy current
methods and techniques.
- Results of analysis on microstructure, chemical composition and mechanical properties of the
same tube samples.
- Comparison and analysis of non-destructive and destructive testing results.
- Strength and fracture mechanics calculation of tubes.
(b) Others:
- Publication of the research results in the 6th International Seminar on Horizontal Steam
Generators, 22-24 March 2004, Podolsk, Russia.
- Publication of the research network (the CRP arrangements) in the 4th International Steam
Generator Conference, Toronto, Canada, 5-8 May 2002.
1. Understanding the correlations between ET signals and defects is well achieved through this
comparison. Countries are building atlas or catalogue of ET signals in order to train NDE data
analysts.
2. Calculations of tube integrity having defects under various configurations have complemented
and helped engineers understand the burst pressure curve better.
Appendix E.125
3. Plugging criteria of a simple depth percentage was the only way to make operational decisions
about SG problems in the past. This CRP has helped the understanding and application of a
systematic approach to plugging criteria.
Enhanced NDE/ISI, better understanding of tube integrity, and new plugging criteria all help the
WWER plants make informed and educated decisions in case of steam generator problems.
Impact of the CRP:
An advanced strategy of structural integrity assessment of WWER steam generator heat
exchanger tube integrity is achieved, which contributes to more safe and reliable operation of
WWER nuclear power plants.
There are obvious impacts in the region:
1. All the countries have started to use advanced NDE equipment and inspection qualification,
with a lot of variations though;
2. The degradation mechanisms are well understood and water chemistry is strictly controlled;
3. A number of countries have started to apply this new tube integrity assessment strategy in
order to help them make operational decisions concerning steam generator problems.
The CRP has fulfilled its objectives and there is no significant need to continue this research
support by the IAEA.
An operational guideline on WWER steam generator tube examination is necessary to enhance
and harmonize the examination practice in the WWER NPPs so that the important input for tube
integrity assessment -- tube defect detection and sizing -- is accurate, reliable and comparable.
A TECDOC on Strategy for assessment of WWER steam generator tube integrity will be
published.
Appendix E.126
CRP No. 1126 (I21016)
Evaluation of radiation damage of WWER reactor pressure vessels using the IAEA database on
reactor pressure vessel materials
Section/Division:
Division of Nuclear Power
Period Covered:
2001-09-15 through 2005-09-14
Objectives of CRP:
To develop the guidelines of prediction of radiation damage of WWER-440 PRVs.
(b) Specific (CRP):
•
•
•
•
Collection of complete WWER-440 surveillance and other similarly important data into the
IDRPVM.
Analysis of radiation embrittlement data of WWER-440 RPV materials using IDRPVM
database.
Evaluation of predictive formulae depending on material chemical composition, neutron
fluence and neutron flux.
Guidelines for prediction of radiation embrittlement of operating reactor pressure vessels of
WWER-440 including methodology for evaluation of surveillance data of a specific
operating unit.
Outputs:
(a) Research:
The CRP has been divided into four phases, which cover both collection and analysis of
experimental data together with their evaluation for RPV integrity assessment.
Phase A
•
Data collection and validation of all existing surveillance and research data from radiation
embrittlement of WWER-440 RPVs from national surveillance and research programmes:
Main interest are focused on collecting data of units not yet included in the IAEA database
on RPV materials and irradiated in surveillance channels of operating plants.
Phase B
•
Analysis of database raw experimental data using unified methods for determination of
transition temperatures and other parameters of radiation embrittlement: Such analysis is
necessary to obtain comparable data from different national programmes to be used for a
generalisation of data results into material predictive formulae.
Phase C
Analysis of data from the extended DRPVM database on WWER-440 RPV materials : The
predictive trend formulae are elaborated for radiation embrittlement of WWER-440 RPV
materials taking into account material chemical composition, type of metal (base and weld
metal), neutron fluence / flux as well as possible effect of thermal ageing. Comparison of
elaborated trend formulae with existing formulae from Russian “Standards for Strength
Calculations of Components and Piping of NPPs”.
•
Appendix E.127
Phase D
•
Guidelines are developed for prediction of radiation embrittlement of operating reactor
pressure vessels of WWER-440 type including evaluation and use of surveillance data from
a specific unit.
Main objectives were fulfilled through the CRP as follows:
•
Analysis of radiation embrittlement data of WWER-440 RPV materials using IAEA
International Database on RPV Materials (IDRPVM) database,
•
Evaluation of predictive formulae depending on material chemical composition, neutron
fluence / flux, and
•
Development of the guidelines for prediction of radiation embrittlement of operating
reactor pressure vessels of WWER-440 including methodology for evaluation of
surveillance data of a specific operating unit.
The CRP results were published to IAEA –TECDOC 1442, “Guidelines for Prediction of
Radiation Embrittlement of Operating WWER-440 Reactor Pressure Vessels” (2005). The
TECDOC will be used by research institute, utilities, vendor organizations, regulators, and
others to asses the residual life time of RPV and prediction of the radiation damage of WWER440 RPVs.
IAEA TECDOC Series No. 1442 “Guidelines for Prediction of Radiation Embrittlement of
Operating WWER-440 Reactor Pressure Vessels” (2005)
Appendix E.128
CRP No. 1282 (J13010)
Radiological aspects of package and conveyance of non-fixed radioactive contamination
Section/Division:
Division of Radiation, Transport and Waste Safety
Period Covered:
2001-09-01 through 2004-08-31
Objectives of CRP:
The regulatory limits on non-fixed contamination were (and even, now, are) based on the socalled Fairbairn Model published in 1961. Further, there was a report that contamination in
excess of the regulatory limits was observed in some flasks and wagons transporting radioactive
material. Though no significant radiation exposure to the workers or the public had occurred, the
issues relating to package and conveyance contamination needed to be investigated. The CRP
was established to investigate the radiological basis of non-fixed contamination of packages and
conveyances.
(b) Specific (CRP):
The primary goal of the CRP was 1) to ensure that models appropriate to all types of packages
were available, 2) to collect contamination data, operational data and dosimetric data to ensure
consistency of modeling, 3) to develop models for assessing the radiation doses incurred in
transport operations and 4) to consider preventive methods for package and conveyance
contamination. The objective of the CRP included the review and analysis of these critical issues
and to characterize the dose pathways for non-fixed contaminants on packages and conveyances
under routine conditions of transport and to quantify the resulting internal and external radiation
dose to transport workers and the public per unit surface contamination on packages.
Outputs:
(a) Research:
A new dosimetric model called the Basic Model was devised for determining the external dose
and internal dose due to the presence of non-fixed contamination. The research work considerd
packages of different sizes. Dose conversion coefficients yielding the dose value in mSv/a per
Bq/cm2 were computed for a large number of radionuclides. Dose to workers was found to be
higher than the dose to public by three orders of magnitude for all radionuclides. This led to an
important conclusion that in deriving revised limits for the non-fixed surface contamination, dose
to workers would be a more limiting consideration than that to public. It was reported that the
values of annual dose per unit contamination spanned seven orders of magnitude, thereby
suggesting the inadequacy of categorization of radionuclides into beta and gamma emitters and
low toxicity alpha emitters. The study pointed to the limited utility of the concept of low toxicity
alpha emitters from dosimetric considerations.
(b) Others:
The work concluded that the currently used Fairbairn Model was outdated and no longer valid
because some of the underlying factors used in the derivation of contamination limits, such as the
dose coefficients, have been significantly revised in recent years. The study arrived at a
radiological basis for determining the limits on non-fixed contamination on packages. The
method of calculation of deriving the limit on contamination for a specified annual dose limit is
described in the report.
Appendix E.129
The CRP was effective in arriving at the objective it started with. The report suggests that if the
regulatory limits on non-fixed contamination are to be revised, such revision may be effected for
each radionuclide or for groups of radionuclides based on properties such as radiotoxicity and
energy of emission.
The work resulted in the assurance that the limits on non-fixed contamination specified in the
current IAEA Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material, were very
conservative.
Impact of the CRP:
The results of the CRP together with those of related additional research would help in
identifying specific amendments to requirements for limits on non-fixed contamination on
packages and conveyances in the IAEA Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive
Material.
The results of the CRP have a bearing on possible future amendments to the requirements for
limits on non-fixed contamination on packages and conveyances in the IAEA Regulations for the
Safe Transport of Radioactive Material.
The CRP report was published as a TECDOC. Any proposed amendments to the regulatory
provisions relating to limits on non-fixed contamination on packages and conveyances in the
IAEA Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material should be considered in the
light of the results of the CRP and those of additional research.
IAEA TECDOC Series No. 1449 “Radiological Aspects of Non-fixed Contamination of
Packages and Conveyances” (2005)
IAEA TECDOC CD Series No. 1449 “Radiological Aspects of Non-fixed Contamination of
Packages and Conveyances” (2005)
Appendix E.130
CRP No. 457 (J17006)
Exploring the possibility of establishing guidance levels for interventional radiology
Section/Division:
Period Covered:
2002-05-21 through 2006-05-31
Objectives of CRP:
To reduce unnecessary exposure of the patient population while preserving the quality of the
images required to meet the clinical needs of the procedure. For interventional procedures using
X rays, it is also of importance to avoid radiation injuries on patients.
(b) Specific (CRP):
To explore the feasibility of deriving guidance levels for selected interventional procedures using
X rays. In particular, it was necessary to develop a methodology for surveys of radiation
exposure and image quality and to test it in form of a pilot study for selected interventional
procedures. In addition, the purpose of the research is to either specify numerical values of
guidance levels for the countries participating in the pilot study, or to indicate the reasons why
obtaining meaningful guidance levels is not possible.
Outputs:
(a) Research:
1. A methodology for performing the study at national or local level was tested in the
participating countries by means of a pilot project. The selected procedures were coronary
angiography (CA), percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), and interventions
combining both CA and PTCA.
2. A statistical distribution of the values of air kerma area product and maximum absorbed
dose to the patients´ skin from the selected interventional procedures, for a sample of hospitals
in the participating countries.
3. An analysis of the results as to whether guidance levels are possible for interventional
procedures. The analysis indicates that it is possible to establish guidance levels, provided that
account is taken of the complexity of procedures, by correction factors (called “complexity
index”) to the values of the guidance levels. Guidance levels can be used as an optimization tool,
not only in general radiography, but also in complex procedures such as those included in the
pilot study.
4. The project has provided suggested values for guidance levels based on the 75% percentile
of the statistical distribution. In addition, investigation levels for too-low doses are also
suggested, under which the image information might be insufficient and result in a loss of
confidence in the outcome of the procedure.
5. Results of the application of image quality criteria, necessary to ensure that guidance levels
and any subsequent effort in dose reduction are based on clinically acceptable images.
6. Results of the analysis of the influence of patient weight in the air kerma area product.
Result of the analysis of the maximum patients´ skin absorbed doses, using radiochromic films.
Appendix E.131
(b) Others:
The outputs from this project have been used in the implementation of TC projects of the
thematic area on protection in medical exposure, so that a larger number of countries and
hospitals can benefit.
The project has been successful in developing the methodology for surveys of radiation doses
and diagnostic information and in testing it by means of pilot study for selected interventional
cardiology procedures. It has provided numerical values of air kerma area product for the two
most frequent interventional procedures, which can be considered as preliminary guidance
levels, and represent an example of what can be achieved in the countries participating in the
pilot study.
This research has provided answers to the crucial question, as to whether guidance levels can be
used for optimization and dose reduction in complex procedures. Moreover, it has demonstrated
its value in practice, by identifying hospitals with higher doses and achieving a substantial dose
reduction from the optimization of protection performed during the project (see explanatory
under the section on “impact of the CRP” below).
Impact of the CRP:
The following direct impact has been documented.
•
•
•
•
One hospital was routinely using cine at 25 frames per second, while the others ranged from
7 to 15 frames per second. The high total KAP in this hospital was reduced by reducing the
cine rate, this implies a reduction of about 50% in the PKA of the cine part of the procedures
(about 30% of the total PKA)
A second hospital was not monitoring performance at all, with the result that it was
exposing patients unnecessarily, both in fluoroscopy and in the cine sequences. An initial
control of the radiological equipment brought the exposure below the guidance levels (more
than 30% of dose reduction).
In summary, the interim application of the guidance levels to the hospitals participating in
this project yielded directly an improvement of the two “outliers”.
Leading cardiologists and physicists are bringing these results to their colleagues in
congresses and conferences. This will expand the impact to non participating countries.
The annual number of fluoroscopically guided interventional procedures has grown by about an
order of magnitude in the last decade. It is vital that public confidence in these techniques is not
undermined by the adverse consequences of high radiation doses. Guidance levels are used to
identify hospitals, and practices in a hospital where patient doses are higher than usual, and
hence where there is the greatest potential for dose reduction. Concentrating dose reduction
efforts on those is an efficient method for optimizing practice.
The possibility of establishing guidance levels as a tool for optimization for interventional
procedures has been the subject of scientific debate. The project has brought the debate closer
towards a common understanding and consensus. This is especially important considering the
very different views in two major parts of the world, namely Europe and America.
Appendix E.132
•
To use the approach to other, non-cardiac, frequent interventional procedures.
•
To explore methods, techniques and software for the estimation of skin absorbed dose in
real time and encourage equipment manufacturers to incorporate these methods.
•
To develop uniform, world-wide means for reporting and following patients with
deterministic effects and radiation injuries from interventional procedures.
•
To periodically review guidance levels and complexity indices.
1. BALTER, S. ET AL. Potential guidance levels for invasive cardiology. 48th Annual Meeting
of the American Association of Physicists in Medicine. Orlando, USA, 2006.
2. FAULKNER K, ORTIZ-LOPEZ P, VANO E. Patient dosimetry in diagnostic and
interventional radiology: a practical approach using trigger levels. Radiation Protection
Dosimetry. 2005; 117(1-3):166-8. Epub 2006 Feb 3.
3. P. ORTIZ LÓPEZ, VANO, E., PADOVANI, R., COTELO, E., RAMÍREZ, A., MOTA, H.,
FAULKNER, K., BALTER, S. European Congress of Radiology. March 2004. (B-445)
Influence of interventional radiology equipment performance on patient dose and image
quality: Results of a survey under the IAEA international action plan for the radiological
protection of patients Scientific Session
4. FAULKNER K, ORTIZ-LOPEZ P, VANO E. Congress of the International Association
(IRPA-11). Madrid, Patient Dosimetry in Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology: A
Practical Approach Using Trigger Levels. May, 2004.
5. ORTIZ-LOPEZ, P, PADOVANI, R., BERNARDI, G., VANO, E., BALTER, S.,
RAMIREZ, A MILLER, D. European Congress of Radiology March 2006. Patient dose and
complexity index in interventional cardiology. Presentation Number: C-704.
6. ORTIZ-LÓPEZ, P, VANO, E., PADOVANI, R., BALTER, S., FAULKNER, K.,
BERNARDI, G., COTELO, E., RAMIREZ, A. NOWOTNY, R. European Congress of
Radiology March 2006. Guidance levels for the management of patient doses in
interventional cardiology: An IAEA coordinated research action. Presentation Number: C703, 2006.
7. COTELO, E, PAOLINI, G, PIGIREY, ZUBILLAGA, J. Full Characterization of the x-ray
system in order to evaluate patient doses in Interventional Cardiology procedures. III Iberian
and Latin American of Medical. Physics and IX Brazilian Congress of Medical Physics,
September, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2004.
8. COTELO, E, DURÁN, A, PAOLINI, G, PIGIREY, P. Patient Doses in Interventional
Cardiology in Uruguay. An Approach to Establishing Guidance Levels in Uruguay. 11th
International Radiation Protection Association Congress (IRPA) May. Madrid, Spain. Also
presented in “Jornadas de Cardiología de Uruguay” Montevideo, May 2004.
9. E COTELO, E, PAOLINI, G. Patient Dose in Interventional Cardiology in Uruguay. VI
Regional International Radiation Protection Association Congress. November 9-14. Lima,
Peru, 2003.
10. BALTER, S. Patient Dose Management in Interventional Fluoroscopy. Presentation at the
World Congress of Medical Physics. Seoul, 2006.
11. BALTER, S. Patient Dose Management in Interventional Fluoroscopy. Presentation at the
Seminar on Interventional Cardiology. Catrina Hospital in Eindhoven, NL. 2006.
12. BALTER, S, et al. A Pilot Study Exploring the Possibility of Establishing Guidance
Levels in X-ray Directed Interventional Procedure Report of an IAEA Coordinated
Research Program, in the process of submission for publication in Medical Physics.
Appendix E.133
CRP No. 1134 (J91005)
The use of selected safety indicators (concentrations; fluxes) in the assessment of radioactive
waste disposal
Section/Division:
Period Covered:
2000-02-15 through 2005-02-14
Objectives of CRP:
To contribute, through the development of international consensus, to the assessment of the long
term safety of radioactive waste disposal by means of additional safety indicators based on the
observation of natural systems.
(b) Specific (CRP):
1) to develop a database of measured concentrations of target substances in different solid and
aqueous materials, from different geographical areas, showing the spatial variability in these
concentrations from the regional to the site scale;
2) to develop a database of estimated fluxes of the target substances (elements, radioactive
isotopes and particular chemical compounds) between different subsurface and surface
compartments, showing the spatial and numerical variations in natural fluxes from the regional to
the site scale;
3) to assess the measured concentrations and estimated fluxes so as to construct 'measures' or
'ranges' that can be independently assessed to be safe and against which the outcomes of
performance assessments can be evaluated;
Outputs:
(a) Research:
Construction of 'measures' or 'ranges', that can be independently assessed to be safe and against
which the outcomes of performance assessments can be evaluated, through the assessment of the
measured concentrations and estimated fluxes.
Most elemental concentration data collected have been derived mainly from national geological
survey organisations, although a range of open data sources have been used. A significant
volume of geochemical and other data have been obtained. Some further data were still to be
obtained but this is largely to refine the existing databases and to fill in for missing data.
Few epidemiological data were reported by the participants. Where data was available, it tended
to suggest that the hazard associated with the natural radioelement concentrations was minimal.
There were few data from areas of high background and with a high population density to test
this conclusion.
Appendix E.134
Six countries have made preliminary comparisons between natural elemental concentrations and
fluxes, and calculated releases from repositories. In all cases, similar general conclusions have
been reached showing that the releases from repositories are lower than their natural equivalents.
A significant volume of geochemical and other data have been obtained.
Elemental concentration data are limited for certain elements, such as Th and Rn.
Impact of the CRP:
The CRP has contributed to the assessment of the long term safety of radioactive waste disposal
by means of additional safety indicators based on the observation of natural systems.
Substantial further work is necessary to develop robust methodologies for the use of natural
safety indicators in future safety assessments and the associated interpretation. This may best be
done in another CRP with international participation, in cooperation with the EC SPIN project.
To distribute the TECDOC, collect opinions, identify further works that need to be done, and
make plan for the second CRP in consultation with the Waste Safety Standards Committee
(WASSC) members and the other international organizations, such as the EC.
IAEA TECDOC Series No. 1464 “Natural Activity Concentrations and Fluxes as Indicators for
the Safety Assessment of Radioactive Waste Disposal: Results of a Coordinated Research
Project” (2005).
Appendix E.135
CRP No. 1088 (T21021)
Chemical durability and performance assessment of spent fuel and high level waste
forms under simulated repository conditions
Section/Division:
Division of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology
Period Covered:
1998-12-15 through 2004-12-31
Objectives of CRP:
To promote R&D activities relevant to establishing the preferred characteristics of waste forms with
respect to their chemical durability as a function of the waste form, to exchange and discuss
information available on the topic in the various participating countries, and to review research carried
out in the course of the CRP.
(b) Specific (CRP):
To contribute to the development and implementation of proper and sound technologies for the
evaluation of high level wastes and spent fuel long-term behaviour in deep disposal sites. To identify
opportunities to improve the scientific knowledge required ultimately to permit the development of
Waste Acceptance Criteria by future operators of disposal sites in Member States.
Outputs:
(a) Research:
Evaluation and comparison of various:
• methods for experimental work on waste packages in simulated repository conditions
• key factors affecting the performance and chemical durability of various waste forms in simulated
repository conditions.
(b) Others:
CRP participants discussed and identified:
• Methods of estimation of potential impact of predisposal activities on the state of the package and
its behaviour during final disposal;
• Identification of potential storage/repository conditions;
• Extrapolation of experimental models into performance assessment models.
The CRP resulted in the identification and application of a wide range of experimental techniques for
characterizing waste forms. Discussion and comparison lead to improved experimental methods and a
better understanding of the physico-chemical processes involved in achieving stable waste forms in a
repository environment.
The CRP provided important opportunities for the participants to meet in person, to discuss and
improve their research program activities, and to share their results. In this way, the scientific and
Appendix E.136
technical knowledge required to implement safe disposal of high-level waste in the long run was
significantly advanced.
The lack of standardized experimental protocols, which would have made the data produced by the
various participants more easily comparable, was noted by some participants and included as a
recommendation for future studies of this nature. The wide range of materials, waste-activities, and
repository conditions under consideration limited the inter-comparison possible for the data obtained.
Other aspects noted were:
• The absence of the “packaging” itself in the work performed;
• A need for structured development and calibration of predictive models linking the performance of
packaged waste and the repository environment.
Impact of the CRP:
The most immediate impact of the CRP was to expose the participants to a range of approaches and
methodologies applicable to the formulation and testing of immobilized waste forms. This, in turn,
enables the national disposal programs of the participating countries to improve the design of their
own experimental programs.
At a time when many Member States were becoming deeply involved with the technical and safety
case for their own programs for disposal, this CRP provided a forum for technical exchange on crucial
scientific and technical aspects of such programs.
Publication of the results will permit investigators to further review each other’s work with a view to
developing standardized collaborative protocols for future experimental work. This in turn will lead to
a better common understanding of the processes required for parameterization of the long-term waste
behaviour. Of particular importance in this respect, is the integration of models of package and
repository behaviour. Thus, the Agency should consider how best to encourage future work on the
following key tasks:
• Standardized, collaborative experimental protocols for package-release studies;
• Structured development and calibration of predictive models linking the performance of packaged
waste and the repository environment;
• Studies of the behaviour of the waste, including active waste samples, which can be extrapolated
over long time periods.
The results of this CRP should be published as a TECDOC to facilitate pursuit by the participants
from the member states of the key tasks identified in the Recommendations above. Consistent with
this objective, it is also proposed to publish with this TECDOC, in CD ROM form, the detailed results
of an earlier CRP entitled “Performance of High Level Waste Forms and Packages under Repository
Conditions”.
Appendix E.137

2006 - Coordinated Research Activities

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