Malaysia

Transcription

Malaysia

MEGA QUIZ
ESSENTIAL FACTS
ABOUT NATIONHOOD
FUAD HASSAN
MOHD AYOP ABD RAZID
Department of Special Affairs
Ministry of Communications and Multimedia of Malaysia
Title:
CONTENTS
Page
Mega Quiz
Essential Facts About Nationhood
Message from the Minister
01
Foreword by the Publisher
04
Fundamentals of Politics and Governance
06
Administration System of the Government of
Malaysia
28
Malaysian Constitution and the Judicial System
38
Malaysian Society – Ethnic Relations
48
History of Modern Malaysia
58
Malaysia’s Economic Fundamentals
80
National Policies
92
Category – Nationalism/History/Politics
Author:
Fuad Hassan
Mohd Ayop Abd Razid
© All rights reserved
No part of this publication may be reproduced in any manner whatsoever, be it
in electronic, photocopied, mechanical, recorded or any other forms without the
written permission of the publisher.
First print 2014
ISBN: 978-967-11203-5-4
Published by:
Department of Special Affairs (JASA)
Ministry of Communications and Multimedia
Levels 3-6, Block D, Government Office Complex
Bukit Perdana, Jalan Dato’ Onn
50610 Kuala Lumpur
www.jasa.gov.my
JASA’s motto: “LEADING PUBLIC OPINION”
Bibliography
Message from the Minister
M
alaysia gained its independence on 31 August 1957. The year 2014 is
therefore a special year as we shall be celebrating our 57th independence day.
Thus, the celebration this time around can be described as “from 57 to 57”
with the theme, ‘Malaysia Where Love Grows’. It sounds rather poetic but
contains a deep and meaningful purpose. The theme is actually taken from
the lyrics of Warisan, a song made famous by the late Sudirman Haji Arshad.
I believe the theme will make a profound impression in instilling love for the
country in the hearts of all Malaysians.
The important thing that must be understood by all Malaysians is that love
for the country or patriotism is an important feature of nationhood. Kamus
Dewan defines ‘nationhood’ as a concept that refers to a society that inhabits
a particular area and is ruled by a government. In principle, the nationhood
of a country consists of three main areas, namely the administrative system,
the legal system, and the judicial system. The doctrine that determines the
separation of powers between the three bodies is the Constitution.
The people should, at the very least, understand the basic aspects of statehood.
It requires continuous education on nationhood. This book attempts to
educate us on aspects of nationhood. Interestingly, it is presented in the
form of a quiz with accompanying answers. This format facilitates greater
understanding and retention of important facts on Malaysian nationhood.
Furthermore, the book serves to educate our younger generation to be good
and responsible citizens of the country.
A good and responsible citizen would certainly seek to understand and to
know the country and its people. A deeper understanding of the country and
its people will therefore help reinforce the spirit of patriotism and solidarity
in our society. This will ultimately lead to greater determination to contribute
something meaningful to the country.
Well done and congratulations to the Department of Special Affairs (JASA)
for publishing a very informative book on Malaysian nationhood. May this
book, published in conjunction with the 57th independence day, be a useful
reference material, especially in the effort to form future generations of
patriotic citizens.
DATUK SERI AHMAD SHABERY CHEEK
Minister of Communications and Multimedia
In essence, the administrative body implements an administrative system
under the structure and organisation established on the principles of the
Constitution. The legislative body, on the other hand, enacts laws for the
country’s judicial system. In Malaysia, the legislative body consists of the
Parliament and State Legislative Assemblies. The function of the judiciary
is to balance the powers between the legislative and administrative bodies
(executive). The main feature of the judiciary is that it is independent of the
legislature and the executive as well as current politics.
01
02
Foreword by the Publisher
is the recognition of other countries of the creation of a state (Montevideo
Convention, Uruguay, 26 December 1933).
Ibn Rabi’, who lived in the era of the Abassid Caliphate under the reign of alMu’tasim, stated that there are at least five elements to nation-building. These
elements comprise the territory, the king (government), the people, the legal
system and administration.
‘Malaysia Where Love Grows’ has been chosen as the theme for the 57th
independence day celebration (2014). The theme which is taken from the
lyrics of Warisan, a song made famous by the late Sudirman Haji Arshad, will
hopefully enhance the appreciation and instil the spirit of undivided devotion
to the country. In political science, the existence of a nation is described as
the result of collaboration between a group of people to safeguard security
and common interests through the establishment of mutually agreed upon
rules and laws. Such a consensus is often called the ‘social contract’. The
contract made by this group of people lies in their statement to pledge their
allegiance to the country.
J.J. Rousseau described the agreement as pactum unionis, an agreement
or consensus to shape a country. This, however, does not mean giving up
the rights in absolute terms but that the people choose representatives to
formulate the government and if the government is not able to guarantee
freedom and equality, then the government should be replaced. Rousseau’s
theory is considered as a theory of sovereignty of the people, which is in line
with the doctrine of democracy practised in Malaysia.
This is contrary to the idea of pactum subjectionis, a statement of the people to
surrender their rights to the rulers which cannot be retracted. This idea, put
forward by Thomas Hobbes, is more suited to the formation of an absolute
government (absolute monarchy).
Based on the opinions above, it can be concluded that the knowledge of
nationhood is related to the study on all aspects of nationhood such as
political system and administration, legal and judicial system, citizenship,
economy, international relations and other aspects of statehood. These aspects
of nationhood cannot be separated from a country’s history. Therefore, all
Malaysians need to know and understand these aspects of nationhood so
they become loyal and patriotic citizens of this beloved country.
The Mega Quiz: Essential Facts About Nationhood is presented in a
question and answer format to facilitate retention of important facts on
nationhood. The Department of Special Affairs (JASA) under the Ministry
of Communications and Multimedia has taken the initiative to publish this
book to educate Malaysians on Malaysian nationhood. This book can also
be used as reference by students of secondary schools and private and public
higher education institutions.
DATO’ FUAD TAN SRI HASSAN
Director-General of the Department of Special Affairs (JASA)
What are the elements of nation-building? Generally, it can be divided
into two categories, namely constitutive and declarative. The first category
is an absolute requirement consisting of three key elements, namely the
territory, the population and the sovereign government. The second category
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04
THE POLITICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM
OF THE GOVERNMENT OF MALAYSIA
Fundamentals
of Politics and
Governance
05
06
THE POLITICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM OF
THE GOVERNMENT OF MALAYSIA
------------------------------------------------------------------------------FUNDAMENTALS OF POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE
1. Malaysia is a federation (federalism). What is the meaning
of ‘federation’?
ii. List II – Powers of the state government
• Islamic law
• Land
• Agriculture and forestry
• Local government
• Local services
• Machinery of the state government
• State laws
There are two levels of government, namely the federal
government and the state governments where each government
has its own jurisdiction.
Note: Federal government: It is a system of government of a number of states
that are federated or consolidated under a common interest and identity.
iii. List III – Concurrent powers
• Social welfare
• Scholarships
• National parks and wildlife
• Drainage and irrigation
• Other related matters
2. State how executive power is implemented at both levels of
government.
The federal government exercises its executive power through
the House of Representatives (Dewan Rakyat). The state
government exercises its executive power through the State
Legislative Assembly.
3. How is distribution of executive powers carried out at both
levels of government?
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Note: The details of Lists I, II and III can be found in the Ninth Schedule of
the Federal Constitution.
4.
Name the states in the Federation of Malaysia.
The distribution of executive powers is based on three lists as
provided for in the Constitution, namely:
The following are the states and federal territories of Malaysia
and their respective state capitals (in parentheses):
i. List I – Powers of the federal government
• External affairs
• Defence
• Internal security
• Federal citizenship
• Finance
• Trade and industry
• Education
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Johor Darul Takzim (Johor Bahru)
Kedah Darul Aman (Alor Setar)
Kelantan Darul Naim (Kota Bharu)
Melaka (Melaka City)
Negeri Sembilan Darul Khusus (Seremban)
Pahang Darul Makmur (Kuantan)
Perak Darul Ridzuan (Ipoh)
Perlis Indera Kayangan (Kangar)
Penang (Georgetown)
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10. Selangor Darul Ehsan (Shah Alam)
11. Terengganu Darul Iman (Kuala Terengganu)
12. Sabah (Kota Kinabalu)
13. Sarawak (Kuching)
14. Federal Territories (comprising 3 districts):
i. Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur
ii. Federal Territory of Labuan
iii. Federal Territory of Putrajaya
Note: Eleven states and two federal territories are located in Peninsular
Malaysia (West Malaysia), while the other two states and one federal territory
are located in East Malaysia (island of Borneo). Each state is divided into
districts (‘jajahan’ in Kelantan and ‘division’ in Sabah and Sarawak), then
further divided into mukim.
5.
Explain how all of the states are represented on the Malaysian
flag (Jalur Gemilang).
They are represented by fourteen stripes and a 14-point star.
6.
State the capital of Malaysia and the administrative centre of
the Government of Malaysia.
Kuala Lumpur, Putrajaya.
Note: Putrajaya replaced Kuala Lumpur as the administrative centre of the
federal government of Malaysia in 1999. Prior to that, since 1957, Kuala
Lumpur had been the administrative centre of the federal government.
Kuala Lumpur now serves as a commercial centre. Putrajaya is also known
as a smart and futuristic city. It became Malaysia’s 3rd Federal Territory
on 1 February 2001 and is placed under the administration of Putrajaya
Corporation.
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7. Who is the head of state of the Federation of Malaysia and
how is the selection made?
The head of state is the Yang di-Pertuan Agong. His Majesty is
elected on a rotational basis from among the nine Malay rulers
for a term of five years.
Note: To date, a total of 14 Malay rulers have been appointed as the Yang diPertuan Agong. His Majesty resides at the National Palace (the new palace)
located in Jalan Duta, Kuala Lumpur. The newly built palace was completed
on 11 November 2011 during the tenure of the 13th Yang di-Pertuan Agong,
Al-Wathiqu Billah Tuanku Mizan Zainal Abidin ibni Al-Marhum Sultan
Mahmud Al-Muktafi Billah Shah. The previous National Palace was located
at Jalan Istana, Kuala Lumpur.
8. List the functions of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong as provided
for in the Constitution.
i. Head of state.
ii. Head of the three branches of the government (executive,
legislative and judiciary).
iii. Head of the religion of Islam.
iv. Power to summon or withhold consent to dissolve
Parliament.
v. Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces.
vi. Appointment of a Prime Minister.
vii. Safeguarding of the special position and privileges of the
Malays.
viii. Proclamation of emergency.
ix. Appointment of Chairman, Deputy Chairman and three
members of the Election Commission (EC).
x. Appointment of members of the Judicial Service as well
as the Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Public
Service Commission.
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Note: The position of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong as the Supreme Head of
Federation is enshrined in Article 32(1), whereas Article 32(2) states that the
Consort of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall take precedence next after the
Yang di-Pertuan Agong over all other persons in the Federation.
iv. Making or giving advice on any appointment which under
the Constitution requires the consent of the Conference
of Rulers or is to be made by or after consultation with the
Conference of Rulers.
9. Under the Federal Constitution, the Yang di-Pertuan
Agong may act at his discretion in the performance of three
functions. What are the three functions?
12. A ruler or sultan who is elected as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong
shall not exercise the administrative and legislative functions
of his state except one. What is this one function?
i. The appointment of a Prime Minister.
ii. The withholding of consent to a request for the dissolution
of Parliament.
iii. The requisition of a meeting of the Conference of Rulers
concerning the privileges, position, honours and dignities
of Their Royal Highnesses.
10. Who appoints the Yang di-Pertuan Agong?
Head of the religion of Islam.
13. Who is currently the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and which state
is His Majesty from?
Almu’tasimu Billahi Muhibbuddin Tuanku Alhaj Abdul Halim
Mu’adzam Shah Ibni Almarhum Sultan Badlishah, the Sultan
of Kedah.
The Conference of Rulers.
11. Who sits on the Conference of Rulers and what are its
functions?
The Conference of Rulers comprises all the Malay rulers and
the Yang di-Pertuan Agong. The functions of the Conference
of Rulers (Article 38 of the Constitution) are:
i. Electing, in accordance with the provisions of the Third
Schedule of the Federal Constitution, the Yang di-Pertuan
Agong and the Timbalan Yang di-Pertuan Agong;
ii. Agreeing or disagreeing to the extension of any religious
acts, observances or ceremonies to the federation as a
whole;
iii. Consenting or withholding consent to any law; and
11
Note: His Majesty is the 14th Yang di-Pertuan Agong appointed for the
second time on 13 December 2011. He previously served as the 5th Yang diPertuan Agong from 1970-1975.
12
14. Malaysia practises a system of parliamentary democracy
with a constitutional monarchy. What does parliamentary
democracy mean?
18. What does separation of powers as practised in Malaysia
mean?
It is a system of government in which the people participate
through elected representatives. The people choose their
representatives during elections to represent them in the
House of Representatives (Dewan Rakyat) or Legislative
Councils.
15. What does constitutional monarchy mean?
It is a system of government in which the king acts as the
supreme ruler of the country, assisted by the Prime Minister.
His powers are not absolute, but are governed by the
Constitution.
16. State the characteristics of parliamentary democracy in
Malaysia.
i.Constitution.
ii. Constitutional monarchy.
iii.Parliament.
iv.Elections.
v.Sovereignty.
vi. Separation of powers.
vii. Recognition of fundamental liberties.
viii.Equality before the law.
17. Why is Malaysia not a republic?
The government is divided into three branches, namely:
i.Legislative.
ii.Executive.
iii.Judiciary.
Note: These branches are controlled separately to avoid amassing and
duplication of power. Each branch acts with complete independence of the
others.
19. What are the functions of each branch?
i. Legislative: To enact laws in serving justice
ii. Executive: To implement government policies by the
Cabinet
iii.Judiciary:
a. To hear and decide on civil and criminal matters
b. To determine the validity of laws made by the
legislative body
c. To interpret Federal and State Constitutions
20. The Parliament is the body responsible for drafting laws in
Malaysia. State the components that make up the Parliament
of Malaysia.
i. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong.
ii. The Senate (Dewan Negara).
iii. The House of Representatives (Dewan Rakyat).
Malaysia has a uniquely diverse heritage, cultures, history and
traditions, and the formation of the Constitution took into
account these elements by placing the institution of constitutional
monarchy as a feature of parliamentary democracy.
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14
Note: Article 44 of the Constitution defines the Parliament of Malaysia
as follows: “The legislative authority of the Federation shall be vested in
a Parliament, which shall consist of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and two
Houses of Parliament (Majlis) to be known as the Senate (Dewan Negara)
and the House of Representatives (Dewan Rakyat).”
24. In a parliamentary democracy, the government is elected by
the people through the electoral system. What is the meaning
and purpose of holding elections?
21. How many members are there in the Senate?
69 members
Note: Members of the Senate comprise the following:
(a) 26 members are elected from 13 states (2 members per state)
(b) 2 members are appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong to represent the
Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur and one for the Federal Territory of
Labuan
(c) 40 members are appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong comprising
individuals who have served and excelled in their respective professional
fields (they are elected uncontested in the elections).
22. What is the title given to a member of the Senate (Dewan
Negara) and how long is the term of office?
Senator; three years and may be reappointed once for another
three years.
23. How is membership to the Senate determined?
Membership to the Senate is selected from among Malaysians
who have rendered distinguished public service or have
achieved distinction in the professions, commerce, industry,
agriculture, cultural activities or social service or are capable
of representing the interests of minority groups.
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It is a process of electing representatives to form a government
at the federal and state levels.
25. Name the body that regulates the conduct of elections in
Malaysia. When was it established?
Election Commission (EC); 4 September 1957
26. What is the purpose of forming the Election Commission
(EC) and what are its functions?
The EC serves to ensure fair, independent and impartial
elections. Its functions are as follows:
i. To conduct elections and by-elections for the House of
Representatives and State Legislative Assemblies
ii. To register and review the electoral roll of registered
voters
iii. To review and register the boundaries of parliamentary
and state constituencies
iv. To make regulations to carry out its duties
27. State two provisions (articles) in the Constitution relating to
the establishment of the Election Commission.
Article 113 and Article 114.
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28. State the five members of the EC. Who is the appointing
authority?
32. What Electoral System is adopted in Malaysia?
A Chairman, a Deputy Chairman and three other members;
the Yang di-Pertuan Agong after consultation with the
29. What are the qualifications for membership to the EC?
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Not a discharged bankrupt.
Aged less than 65 years.
Not holding a paid office.
Not a member of any political party, House of Parliament
or State Legislative Assembly.
30. State the conditions for candidates to be eligible to contest in
elections in Malaysia.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
Malaysian citizen aged 21 years.
Resident in Malaysia.
Of sound mind.
Not a bankrupt.
Not holding any position in the public service.
Never been convicted of any offence by the courts.
31. What are the requirements to qualify as a voter?
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
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Malaysian citizen.
Aged 21 years.
Registered in the electoral roll.
Resident or non-resident in Malaysia.
Resident in a constituency.
The Electoral System adopted in Malaysia is simple majority
or single - member plurality system based on single member
- first-past-the post constituencies. A candidate obtaining the
most votes is declared elected and no requirement the winner
must obtain more than 50% of the votes polled.
The political party which wins majority seats in Parliament
Constituencies or State Constituencies shall form the Federal
or State government respectively.
33.Name the two categories of electoral constituency in
Malaysia.
Parliamentary
electoral
constituency
(House
of
Representatives) and state electoral constituency (State
Legislative Assembly).
34. How many seats made up the House of Representatives
leading up to the 12th General Elections (2008)?
222 seats
(1955 - 52 seats; 1959 - 104 seats; 1964 - 159 seats; 1969 - 144
seats; 1974 - 154 seats; 1986 - 180 seats; 1990 - 192 seats; 1999
- 193 seats; 2004 - 219 seats)
35. Name the six states with the highest number of parliamentary
seats in descending order.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
Sarawak
Sabah
Johor
Perak
Selangor
– 31 seats
– 25 seats
– 26 seats
– 24 seats
– 22 seats
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vi. Kedah
– 15 seats
(as of the 12th General Elections)
36. Name the five states with the highest number of State
Legislative Assembly seats in descending order.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
Sarawak
– 71 seats
Sabah
– 60 seats
Perak
– 59 seats
Selangor
– 56 seats
Kelantan
– 45 seats
(as of the12th General Elections)
iii. The five kris represent the five former Unfederated Malay
States (Johor, Kedah, Perlis, Kelantan and Terengganu).
iv. The areca palm tree (on the left) represents Penang and
the Melaka tree (on the right) represents Melaka. Both
states were part of the Straits Settlements.
v. The four stripes of equal width in the middle make up the
colours of these states’ flags: black and white for Pahang;
red and yellow for Selangor; black, white and yellow for
Perak; red, black and yellow for Negeri Sembilan. These
four states made up the original Federated Malay States.
37. The concept of ‘consensus democracy’ is a method and
process to reach consensus on a collective basis based on cooperation, tolerance and a desire for unity. In the context of
‘political consensus’ in Malaysia, the concept was initiated
by the Alliance in 1957 (subsequently known as the National
Front in 1972). Name the three political parties that formed
the Alliance in 1957.
vi. The three sections in the lower middle represent the
states of Sabah (on the left) and Sarawak (on the right)
while the hibiscus flower (in the middle) represents the
national flower.
The United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), the
Malayan Chinese Association (MCA), the Malayan Indian
Congress (MIC).
viii.The two Malayan tigers symbolise the courage and
strength of Malaysians.
38. The coat of arms of Malaysia is an emblem of the country.
Describe the symbols contained in the Malaysian coat of
arms.
i. The 14-point star symbolises the 13 states in the
Federation of Malaysia and the federal government.
vii. The yellow colour of the scroll symbolises the country’s
monarchy.
ix. The shield (supported by two tigers) symbolises the
strength and willingness to defend Malaysia.
x. The motto, “Bersekutu Bertambah Mutu” (Unity is
Strength), written in romanised script on the left and Jawi
script on the right, symbolises the spirit of collaboration
and unity.
ii. The star and crescent symbolise the religion of Islam (the
religion of the federation).
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20
Coat of arms of Malaysia
Original coat of arms of Malaysia
39. What is the name of the Malaysian flag? Describe the symbols
on the flag.
40. When was the flag of Malaysia first raised and where was the
ceremony held?
The Malaysian flag is called Jalur Gemilang (Stripes of Glory).
The symbols on the flag are as follows:
It was first raised on 26 May 1950 at 9.30 a.m. in the grounds
of the palace of the Sultan of Selangor.
i.
The 14 alternating red and white horizontal stripes of
equal width represent the equal status of the 14 states
(including the Federal Territories) in the federation.
ii.
The 14-point star represents the unity of the 13 states
and the federal government.
iii. The crescent represents the religion of Islam, the religion
of the Federation of Malaysia.
iv. The yellow colour of the star and crescent is the royal
colour of the Malay rulers.
v.
The dark blue canton atop the fifth red stripe symbolises
the unity of the Malaysian people.
vi. The white colour (six stripes) symbolises purity and
sincerity.
vii. The red colour (six stripes) symbolises courage.
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41. When was the Malaysian flag given the name Jalur Gemilang
and who officially declared it?
On the night of 31 August 1997 at 11.58 p.m., in conjunction
with the 40th National Day (at Merdeka Square, Kuala
Lumpur); declared by Tun Dr. Mahathir bin Mohamad, the
fourth Prime Minister of Malaysia.
Note: The history of the Malaysian flag began in 1949 when the Conference of
Rulers agreed to set up a committee to consider and make recommendations
on the design of the flag of the newly formed Federation of Malaya. For this
purpose, a competition was organised by the Federal Legislative Council and
managed by a Special Committee chaired by the Chief Secretary then, Sir
Alec Newboult.
On 15 November 1949, the committee submitted 373 flag designs to the
Federal Legislative Council for selection. Only three designs were chosen for
the final selection in which the Federal Legislative Council invited the public
to give their opinions on the three designs. The public poll was organised by
The Malay Mail and the results were published on 29 November 1949.
22
The winner was a design submitted by an architect from the Public Works
Department of Johor, Mr Mohamed bin Hamzah. His design featured eleven
blue and white stripes with a white crescent and star on the left.
42. What is the national anthem of Malaysia called, and what
important elements are emphasised in the lyrics?
After several amendments, including a proposal by the Sultan of Kedah to
change the colour of the crescent from white to the royal colour of yellow, the
Federal Legislative Council passed a motion by the acting Chief Secretary on
19 April 1950 and King George VI granted his approval on 19 May 1950.
On 26 May 1950 at 9.30 a.m. in the grounds of the palace of the Sultan of
Selangor, the new flag of the federation was raised for the first time during
a flag-hoisting ceremony organised by the British High Commissioner of
Selangor. It was attended by Their Royal Highnesses the Malay rulers and
officers of King George VI.
Designated name of ‘Jalur Gemilang’: During the 40th National Day
celebration (1997), the Malaysian flag was officially named ‘Jalur Gemilang’.
The naming of the flag, proposed by Datuk Hashim Mat Idris, was submitted
to the Prime Minister, Tun Dr. Mahathir, on 11 July 1995.
Negaraku (My Country) (composed in 1957); loyalty and unity
43. Why are the national symbols, such as the national anthem
and flag, important to Malaysians?
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
As a national identity in the international arena
As a symbol of allegiance of the people
To evoke the spirit of patriotism and love for the country
As a rallying force of the people
44. Malaysia has a national ideology called the Rukun Negara
(National Principles). What body was responsible for
formulating the national ideology and when was it declared?
The National Operations Council (NOC); 31 August 1970, in
conjunction with the 13th National Day
Of the 75 names submitted, three were shortlisted, i.e. ‘Setia Perkasa’, ‘Seri
Setia Perkasa’ and ‘Seri Setia Negara’. However, all three names were rejected
by the Cabinet which sat on 11 September 1996. On 2 June 1997, three of 28
more names were proposed and nominated according to priority, i.e. ‘Jalur
Gemilang’, ‘Jalur Nusa Gemilang’ and ‘Jalur Sinar Gemilang.’
Finally, ‘Jalur Gemilang’ was accepted as the official name for the Malaysian
flag. ‘Jalur’ (stripes) represents a straight path, the same path and direction
of the people of Malaysia in striving towards glory of the nation state.
‘Gemilang’ (glory) stands for excellence of the nation and Malaysians in the
face of challenges within or outside the country.
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24
45. State the key functions of the NOC.
47. State the five principles of the Rukun Negara and describe
them in brief.
i. To restore law and order.
ii. To ensure seamless and smooth administration of the
country.
iii. To restore harmony and trust between the communities
throughout the country.
Note: The NOC was formed following the declaration of a nationwide state of
emergency by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong on the advice of the Prime Minister
following the race riots of 13 May 1969. It sought to restore stability and
public order as well as harmony and trust between the people in the country.
The declaration was gazetted and came into effect on 16 May 1969 under
Emergency (Essential Powers) Ordinance No. 2 of 1969 - PU (A) 149.
46. State the objectives of the Rukun Negara.
i. To achieve greater unity among the people.
ii. To preserve a democratic way of life.
iii. To create a just society in which the prosperity of the
country can be enjoyed together in a fair and equitable
manner.
iv. To guarantee a liberal approach to her rich and varied
cultural traditions.
v. To build a progressive society which shall be oriented to
modern science and technology.
25
i. Belief in God – This nation was established on a strong
belief in God.
ii. Loyalty to king and country – The people shall pledge
loyalty to the ruler of their state of residence without
compromising allegiance to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong.
iii. Upholding the Constitution – The people shall accept,
comply with and defend the Federal Constitution.
iv. Rule of law – All citizens shall be equal before the law in
the country.
v. Decorum and morality – Emphasises on the development
of personality and conduct of the people so as to remain
courteous and observant of propriety at all times.
48. Foreign policy can be defined as the goals, plans and actions
taken by a country in dealing with another sovereign state.
State the principles of the foreign policy of Malaysia.
i. To resolve problems through peaceful negotiation or
roundtable meeting.
ii. To reject strongly any form of aggression and coercion.
iii. To foster friendly relations with other countries.
iv. To be ready to have diplomatic relations with any country.
v. To apply the principles of peaceful and harmonious coexistence.
vi. To champion the rights of every country and advocate a
policy of non-interference.
26
49. What are the main objectives of Malaysia’s foreign policy?
i. To protect the nation’s interests at the international level.
ii. To uphold and defend the country’s independence,
sovereignty and security.
iii. To advocate the principle of respect for the independence
and sovereignty of nations through a policy of noninterference.
iv.To address political, economic, security and social
developments and challenges on the world stage.
27
THE POLITICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM OF THE
GOVERNMENT OF MALAYSIA
Administrative
System of the
Government of
Malaysia
28
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM OF THE GOVERNMENT OF
MALAYSIA
MALAYSIA
50. What do you understand about the administrative system of
the Government of Malaysia?
54. Executive authority is vested in the Yang di-Pertuan Agong.
Which component exercises this executive authority?
It is a system that carries out the policies and directives of the
executive authority of the government for development and in
providing services to the people.
51. The administrative system of the Government of Malaysia
comprises three levels. What are they?
i. Federal government.
ii. State government.
iii. Local government.
i. Administrative power is vested in the federal government
by Parliament.
ii. Administrative power is vested in the state government
by the State Legislative Assembly.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
29
Yang di-Pertuan Agong.
Prime Minister.
Cabinet of ministers (Cabinet).
Ministries and government departments.
Federal government statutory bodies.
Federal government agencies.
55.The Cabinet is a body that exercises the executive
(administrative) authority vested in the Yang di-Pertuan
Agong. Who appoints the Cabinet ministers?
The Yang di-Pertuan Agong.
56. How is the appointment of Cabinet ministers made?
52. What bodies vest administrative power in the federal
government and the state government?
53.List the administrative structure and
components of the federal government.
The Cabinet or Cabinet of ministers.
organisation
Article 43 of the Constitution stipulates that a Cabinet of
ministers shall be appointed as follows:
i. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall first appoint as Prime
Minister to preside over the Cabinet a member of the
House of Representatives who in his judgment is likely to
command the confidence of the majority of the members
of that House.
ii. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall, on the advice of the
Prime Minister, appoint other ministers from among the
members of the House of Representatives and the Senate.
57. Who is eligible to be appointed as a member of the Cabinet?
Members of the House of Representatives or the Senate.
30
MALAYSIA
MALAYSIA
58. Who is head of the Cabinet?
60. Name the current Prime Minister of Malaysia. When was he
appointed?
The Prime Minister.
Note: Typically, the head of the party that wins a majority in Parliament is
entitled to be elected as Prime Minister.
Dato’ Seri Mohd Najib bin Tun Abdul Razak; 3 April 2009.
59. State five main duties of the Prime Minister of Malaysia.
The answer may be any of the following:
i. Head of government in the administration of the country
(head of the Cabinet of ministers)
ii. Adviser to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong on affairs of the
state
iii. Ensuring that Cabinet decisions are implemented
iv. Co-ordinating government policies and overseeing the
work of his ministers
v. Chairman of both the Cabinet and important committees
in the Cabinet
vi. Resolving any dispute between the ministries
vii.Having the authority to terminate Cabinet ministers
(ministers or deputy ministers) or advising them to resign
viii.Head of the Prime Minister’s Department and may hold
more than one portfolio at any one time
ix.Advising the Yang di-Pertuan Agong to dissolve
Parliament
x. Key spokesman in international and domestic affairs
31
61. What is the title given to him?
Father of Transformation.
62. List the names of the previous Prime Ministers and the titles
given to them.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj (1957-1970)
– Father of Independence
Tun Abdul Razak bin Haji Dato’ Hussein (1970-1976)
– Father of Development
Tun Hussein bin Dato’ Onn (1976-1981)
– Father of Unity
Tun Dr. Mahathir bin Mohamad (1981–2003)
– Father of Modernisation
Tun Abdullah bin Ahmad Badawi (2003-2009)
– Father of Hadhari Development
32
MALAYSIA
MALAYSIA
66. Who heads the administration of a ministry and of a
department?
Ministry: Secretary-General; Department: Director-General.
63. What is the function of a ministry?
To formulate government policies as well as to plan and coordinate economic and social development programmes in
the country.
64. What is the role of public service and who heads it?
To supervise and monitor the ministries and departments;
Chief Secretary to the Government.
Note: At the departmental level, the head is the Director-General who is
assisted by civil servants responsible for the implementation of policies and
government-appointed tasks. A ministry usually has a department at the
federal, state and district levels.
65. Name the service commissions that handle the appointment,
promotion and discipline monitoring of public service
employees.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
33
Public Service Commission.
Judicial and Legal Service Commission.
Education Service Commission.
Armed Forces Council.
Police Service Commission.
67. A department is a government agency under a ministry. It
has branches at state and district levels. What is the primary
responsibility of a department?
To implement policies set by the ministry.
Note: There are certain ministries with autonomous agencies. These agencies
are known as statutory bodies. They are constituted under acts of Parliament
or state enactments. A statutory body is governed by a council or board of
directors appointed by the minister. Examples of statutory bodies: MARA,
FELDA and UDA. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (DBP), ITM and local
universities are statutory bodies under the Ministry of Education.
68. In line with the philosophy of 1Malaysia’s People First,
Performance Now, the government has introduced the
Government Transformation Programme (GTP). The GTP is
headed by the Prime Minister and his Cabinet and supported by
the Chief Secretary to the Government. Public administration
officers implement the government programmes and policies.
Under the GTP, the government has introduced the national key
result areas (NKRAs) for which performance will be measured
through key performance indicators (KPIs). State the NKRAs.
i. Reducing crime.
ii. Fighting corruption.
iii. Improving student outcomes.
iv. Raising living standards of low-income households.
v. Improving basic rural infrastructure.
vi. Improving urban public transport.
vii. Addressing the cost of living.
34
MALAYSIA
MALAYSIA
69. What is the basis or point of reference in the administration
of 1Malaysia?
73. What is the administrative system of local governments
(local authorities)?
The Federal Constitution; Rukun Negara; Vision 2020; National
Mission; and the various policies and laws.
The administrative system is run by a board or council after
its executive authority is vested by Parliament or the State
Legislative Assembly.
70. What are the principles of governance adopted by the
government?
i.Customer/citizen-oriented.
ii.Transparency.
iii. Effectiveness and efficiency.
iv. Accountability and integrity.
v.Ethics.
vi. Response to change/change management.
71. Who heads administration at the state level?
The sultan or governor.
72. Who exercises administrative authority at the state level?
The Menteri Besar or Chief Minister as head of the Executive
Council (Exco).
35
Note: There are different levels of local government, namely city, municipality
and district administered by City Hall, Municipal Council and District
Council respectively.
74. Who is appointed head of the local government and how is
the selection made?
President (in the case of City Hall, the Mayor); elected from
among government officials with wide experience.
75. What are the functions of the local government?
i. Overseeing land development: Approval of development
plan applications.
ii. Maintenance of public roads: Control over roads, road
painting, signage and parking lot management.
iii.Public health control: Control of disease-carrying
mosquitoes and flies.
iv. Cleaning services and maintenance: Rubbish collection,
ditch cleaning and grass-cutting.
v. Management of markets and stalls: Identifying location
and issue of business licences.
vi.Building and maintenance of recreational areas:
Developing and maintaining public parks.
vii. Public sewerage: The service is managed by IWK through
privatisation.
36
MALAYSIA
76. List the sources of revenue of the local government.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
Quit rent/assessment, etc.
Annual grants from the federal government.
Development plan processing fee.
Business licence fee.
Rental of items such as stalls, tents.
Other sources such as loans and interest on loans.
77. Name the act that governs the local government.
Local Government Act 1976 (Act 171).
78. What are the objectives of the Local Government Act?
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
To co-ordinate all local authorities in the peninsula.
To expand the powers of control and functionality.
To establish uniformity in urban planning.
To optimise existing resources.
To improve the effectiveness and efficiency of local
authorities.
vi. To increase revenue.
Malaysian
Constitution and the
Judicial System
79. What is a statutory body?
It is an autonomous, semi-government body administered by
a board of directors under the responsibility of the minister
concerned. It has its own budget allocation.
37
38
------------------------------------------------------------------------------MALAYSIAN CONSTITUTION AND THE JUDICIAL SYSTEM
80. What is the supreme law of Malaysia?
83. Name the independent body set up to draft the Constitution
of Malaya and state when it was formed.
The Federal Constitution.
81. Give interpretations of the Constitution.
i. A document or set of documents that sets the policy or
legal basis and institution of political system.
ii. The supreme law that is the basis for the formation of a
government.
iii. A set of rules concerning the rights, authority, regulations
and responsibilities that govern the relationship between
the authorities and between the government and the
people.
82. Why is the Constitution so important to a country?
i. To set the framework and administrative structure of a
country.
ii. To specify the power and role of public authorities.
iii. To ensure the stability of the country.
iv. To ensure fairness, transparency, integrity and seamless
administration of the government.
v. To secure co-operation, unity, justice and common
interests between the government and the people.
vi. To ensure the fundamental rights and freedom of the
citizens.
vii.To secure the undivided loyalty of the people to the
country.
39
The Reid Commission; March 1956.
84. State the members of the Reid Commission.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
Lord Reid (Britain) - Chairman.
Sir Ivor Jennings (Britain).
Sir William McKell (Australia).
Judge B. Malik (India).
Judge Abdul Hamid (Pakistan).
85. State the provision of Article 4(1) in the Federal Constitution.
The Federal Constitution is the supreme law of the federation
and any law passed shall not be inconsistent with the
Constitution.
Note: The highest of status of the law or Constitution is known as the
supremacy of the Constitution.
86. Why is the Constitution considered as supreme?
This is because the Constitution is above the Yang di-Pertuan
Agong, Parliament, Cabinet and the courts. All laws enacted
must be in accordance with the Federal Constitution.
40
87. What is stated in Article 75 of the Federal Constitution?
91. State the process by which a law is passed in Parliament.
Any state law that is inconsistent with the Federal Constitution
shall be void.
88. State the contents of the Federal Constitution.
The Federal Constitution contains:
i. 15 parts.
ii. 183 articles.
iii. 13 schedules.
89. List the provisions contained in the Federal Constitution.
i. Federal government list.
ii. State list.
iii. Institution of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong.
iv.Parliament.
v. Cabinet of ministers.
vi. The judiciary.
90. Which matters in the Federal Constitution are not to be
questioned?
i. Status of the Malay rulers.
ii. Status of the religion of Islam.
iii. Status of the Malay language.
iv. Special rights of the Malays and natives of Sabah and
Sarawak.
Note: The above matters, which had been agreed upon by all the communities
during the drafting of the Constitution, are also considered as traditional
elements of the Constitution.
41
i. A recommendation is submitted by a ministry.
ii. The legislation is drafted by the Attorney General’s
Chambers.
iii. First reading in the House of Representatives (reading of
title of the bill only).
iv. Second reading in the House of Representatives (the bill
is debated).
v. Detailed discussion of the bill at the committee level in
the House of Representatives.
vi. Third reading in the House of Representatives (the bill is
debated before approval).
vii. The bill is submitted to the Senate.
(Note: The same process as in the House of Representatives
is repeated).
viii.The submission of the bill, which has been passed by the
Senate, to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong.
ix. The bill is assented to and stamped with the national seal.
x. Gazetting of the law in the Government Gazette.
92. How are amendments to the Federal Constitution made?
i. Obtaining a two-thirds majority in a parliamentary
sitting and consent of the Conference of Rulers.
ii. Obtaining a two-thirds majority in a parliamentary sitting
and consent of the Governor of Sabah or Governor of
Sarawak.
iii.Obtaining a two-thirds majority in a parliamentary
sitting.
iv. Obtaining a simple majority in a parliamentary sitting.
42
93. What is stated in Article 3(1) of the Constitution?
97. The appointment of a judge in Malaysia is based on set
guidelines. State the guidelines.
Islam is the religion of the federation, but other religions may
be practised in peace and harmony.
94.What do you understand about Article 11(4) of the
Constitution?
A state may enact a law to prevent non-Muslims from
spreading their religious teachings to the Muslims.
95. Who among the members of the Reid Commission strongly
supported the proposal by the Alliance to include Islam as
the religion of Malaya as a provision in the Constitution?
Note: Legislative Council Paper No. 42 of 1957 states that: “It has been
included in the proposed Constitution a declaration that Islam is the religion
of the federation. This shall by no means affect the position of the federation
as a secular state, and that every person shall have the right to propagate his
religion, although the last-mentioned right shall be subject to any restrictions
imposed by state law relating to the development of any religious doctrine or
belief among persons professing the religion of Islam.”
96. What is the function of the judiciary in our country?
i. Appointment by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong on the
advice of the Prime Minister.
ii.A judge cannot be arbitrarily dismissed without
reasonable cause. Promotions and dismissals are under
the authority of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong.
iii. Judges are not allowed to participate in politics.
Note: In 1994, the Code of Ethics for Judges was introduced. Violation of any
provisions in the code may be grounds for the removal of a judge from office.
98. Who is the head of the judiciary in Malaysia?
The Chief Justice.
99. State the jurisdiction of the courts in Malaysia.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
To perform judicial duties.
To have the power to interpret the Federal Constitution.
To interpret the law.
To declare the written laws of the federal government or
the state government.
v. To have the power to declare any government action as
illegal before the law.
i. To hear and determine civil and criminal matters.
ii. To determine the validity of laws made by the legislative
body and implementing agency.
iii. To have the authority to interpret the Federal and State
Constitutions.
43
44
100.Name the courts in Malaysia.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
Federal Court.
Court of Appeal.
High Court of Malaya.
High Court of Sabah and Sarawak.
Sessions Court.
Magistrates’ Court.
101.What is the role of the Attorney-General?
The Attorney-General acts as the legal adviser to the
government and public prosecutor or the government’s
advocate.
102.Under what circumstances can the two Houses of Parliament
discuss the conduct of a judge?
Under its own motion and notice thereof given to not less
than one-fourth of the total members of the Houses. The
conduct of a judge cannot be discussed at any State Legislative
Assembly.
103.List the jurisdiction of the High Court.
i. Criminal jurisdiction.
ii. Civil jurisdiction.
a. General jurisdiction.
b. Specific Jurisdiction.
iii. Referral jurisdiction.
iv. Referral jurisdiction on the matter of the Constitution
from the subordinate courts.
45
v. Appellate jurisdiction.
a. Criminal appeal.
b. Civil appeal.
vi.Revision.
a. Criminal.
b. Civil.
vii. Powers of supervision and revision.
104.Article 5(3) guarantees the rights of the arrested person.
What are these rights?
i. The right to be informed of the grounds of arrest.
ii. The right to seek the services of a lawyer.
105.What is the purpose of the Labour Court and what are the
functions of the Industrial Court?
i. The purpose of the Labour Court is to adjudicate disputes
arising from employer-employee relations.
ii. The Industrial Court mainly deals with cases of dismissal
by employers.
Note: The Industrial Court comprises two divisions:
a. The Chairman’s Court hears cases of dismissal in the private sector as well
as disputes over the terms of service.
b. The President’s Court hears cases of dispute relating to the interpretation,
variation and non-compliance of decision or collective agreement relating
to reference to the High Court on a question of law (writ of certiorari).
46
106.Aside from the courts, what other bodies in Malaysia have
the power of judgment in accordance with their functions
and jurisdiction?
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
Bar Council.
Malaysian Medical Association.
Public Service Disciplinary Board.
Tribunal for Consumer Claims.
Tribunal for Homebuyer Claims.
Special Commissioners of Income Tax.
107.What is the role of the Bar Council?
i. To register all lawyers in Malaysia.
ii. To provide disciplinary rules to all lawyers.
iii. To hear public complaints against lawyers.
Malaysian Society
– Ethnic Relations
Note: The disciplinary committee of the Bar Council can prohibit a lawyer
who had violated any disciplinary rules from practising the profession. The
lawyer in question may be fined up to RM5000.00.
47
48
------------------------------------------------------------------------------MALAYSIAN SOCIETY – ETHNIC RELATIONS
108.State the form of the Malaysian society and the main
challenge it faces.
114.State the economic policy introduced by the government after
the May 13 incident in order to restructure society and bridge
the gap between the communities (poverty eradication).
Pluralistic society; issues that can threaten racial unity
109.What is the main feature of a pluralistic society in Malaysia?
Diversity of cultures, languages, religions and customs.
110.State the three major ethnic groups in Peninsular Malaysia.
Malay, Chinese and Indian.
111.State the major ethnic groups in Sabah and Sarawak.
Sabah:
Natives (Kadazan-Dusun, Bajau, Murut, Dayak,
Bisaya, Illanun, etc.), Chinese, European and other
ethnic groups.
Sarawak: Iban (Sea Dayak), Bidayuh (Land Dayak), Melanau,
Penan, Malay, Chinese and other ethnic groups.
112.One of the nine challenges of Vision 2020 is related to ethnic
relations in Malaysia. What is this challenge referring to?
The challenge of building a united Malaysian nation.
113.In Malaysian history, there have been ethnic conflicts. State
these conflicts.
i. The Emergency (1948-1960).
ii. The 13 May 1969 incident.
iii. The Kampung Medan incident of March 2001.
49
The New Economic Policy (NEP) 1970-1990.
115.The Constitution of Malaysia contains articles pertaining to
ethnic relations. List these articles.
i. Article 8: Equality and non-discrimination (with the
exemption of the religion and special privileges of the
Malays).
ii.Article 10(4): Restrictions on freedom of speech
(prohibiting the questioning of the status of the rulers,
the religion of Islam, the Malays, citizenship, etc.).
iii. Article 150(6a): The position of Islam, the customs of
the Malays and of the natives in Sabah and Sarawak, and
citizenship, even during the state of emergency.
iv. Article 152 states that the national language is the Malay
Language and everyone is free to teach, learn or use any
other languages, except for official purposes.
v. Article 153: It is the responsibility of the Yang di-Pertuan
Agong (King of Malaysia) to safeguard the ‘special
position’ of the Malays and the natives of the States of
Sabah and Sarawak and the legitimate rights of other
communities.
Note: The traditional elements (Malay language, the religion of Islam, the
special position of the Malays and the natives of Sabah and Sarawak, and
the position of the rulers) are protected under the Sedition Act of 1971 and
cannot be made an issue in public debates.
50
116.What do you understand about the ‘social contract’ in the
Malaysian context?
119.The Rukun Negara, which contains the values of nationhood
and social norms, was promulgated on 31 August 1970 as
the guiding principles of social life of the Malaysian people.
What is the noble goal of the Rukun Negara?
The social contract refers to the compromises between the
various ethnic on their mutual rights and privileges and their
bargain with the Malay Rulers and the British for the creation
of a democratic and monarchical system of government.
117.Why is a united Malaysian society very important to the
country?
i. To maintain political stability.
ii. To ensure the continuous development of the country.
iii. To maintain peace and security of the country.
iv. To ensure that the people live in harmony, peace and
prosperity.
118.How is racial unity in the Malaysian society built and
fostered?
i. Rukun Negara (national ideology).
ii. National Education Policy.
iii. National Language Policy.
iv. Economic Development Policy.
v. National Unity and Integration Policy.
vi. Social Development Policy.
vii. 1Malaysia concept.
viii.Freedom and equality (subject to the Constitution).
ix. Political compromise/noble coalition.
51
To establish a Malaysian society that is united, democratic,
just, liberal and progressive.
120.State the five principles of the Rukun Negara to achieve this
goal.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
Belief in God.
Loyalty to king and country.
Supremacy of the Constitution.
Rule of law.
Decorum and morality.
121.State the implementation outcomes of national education in
terms of ethnic relations in Malaysia.
i. To foster racial integration among students from different
ethnic backgrounds.
ii. To create tolerance and understanding among students
from various ethnic backgrounds.
iii. To inculcate mutual respect and intermingling of peers
of different faiths, cultures and backgrounds.
iv. To encourage positive social interaction among peer
groups, between students, and between students and
teachers.
v. To nurture and cultivate understanding of the Rukun
Negara among the multiracial students so as to be
patriotic and loyal citizens of the country.
52
122.Name the programme introduced by the government in 2003
which aims to build solidarity and develop positive character
among the youth of all races.
pillars and six articles of Islam. The obligatory rituals include the prayer,
fasting, zakat and performing the hajj (in Makkah). The main festivals
include the Eid al-Fitr (1 Shawwal after the end of Ramadan) and Eid
al-Adha. During Eid al-Adha, Muslims perform worship by slaughtering
animals such as cows and goats as a symbol of sacrifice. The house of
worship of the Muslims is the mosque (and surau). Muslims are prohibited
from partaking alcohol, pork and other non-permissible meats, gambling,
adultery, usury, slander, making false accusations, etc. Islam requires
its followers to build good relations based on kinship regardless of colour,
position and region. Islam also promotes good relations between Muslims
and non-Muslims.
National Service Programme.
123.The 1Malaysia concept was introduced by Dato’ Seri Najib
Tun Abdul Razak when he became the 6th Prime Minister.
What are the aspiration and goal of the concept?
To strengthen national unity and to build a Malaysian nation
based on shared values of integrity, capability, dedication and
loyalty.
Note: The 1Malaysia concept has been described by the Prime Minister as:
“We stand, we think and we act as Malaysians. And we take actions based
on the needs of all ethnic groups in the country.”
124.State the three thrusts of integration and noble values of
1Malaysia.
Thrusts of integration: acceptance, principles of nationhood
and social justice.
Noble values: Mutual respect, humility, moderation and
courtesy
Note: The eight values contained in the 1Malaysia concept: culture of
excellence; endurance; humility; acceptance; loyalty; meritocracy; education;
and integrity
Note: The religious and cultural practices of the Malaysian society are as
follows:
The Malay community: They practise the religion of Islam, believing in one
God, i.e. Allah. The fundamental tenets of the religion are based on the five
53
The Chinese community: Most were from the provinces of Kwantung,
Tukuin, Amoy, Sen-Yu, Hok Chiu, Eng Chon, etc. Their religious beliefs
and practices include Taoism (philosophy), Confucianism (philosophy),
Buddhism and worship of deities and ancestors. Some (a minority) have
embraced Islam and Christianity.
The Chinese community places high importance on the institution of the
family, love among relatives (hsiao), brotherhood (ti) and obedience to
parents. They prescribe to the concept of ‘yin’ (passive/negative element)
and ‘yang’ (active/positive element), the dual elements that lead to peace
and harmony. Other concepts of importance to the Chinese community
include ‘jen’ (developing a moralistic individual), ‘li’ (moral decency
and rites) and ‘te’ (moral values as prerequisite to being a good member
of society). The main festival of the Chinese community is the lunar new
year based on the Chinese calendar. Their homes will usually be decorated
with the citrus fruit, flowers and plants as a symbol of prosperity. The
family will gather to enjoy a spread of traditional dishes and treated with
‘yee sang’ and rice cakes. The giving of ‘ang pau’ money in red envelopes
to children, young people or unmarried individuals symbolises good luck.
Dragon or lion dance performances accompanied by the beating of drums
further enliven the festivity. The Chinese New Year celebration concludes
with ‘Chap Goh Mei’, a festival marking the 15th day of the New Year.
54
The Indian community: The majority of the Indian population originates
from Southern India with about 90 per cent of Tamils from Chennai and
the rest being Telugus and Malayalees. There are also the Punjabis and
Ceylonese. The religion practised by most Indians is Hinduism. Punjabis
are mostly Sikhs. The main feature of Hinduism is the belief in many
gods. The main concept of divinity is the Trimurti of three gods, namely
Brahma (the Creator), Vishnu (the Preserver) and Shiva (the Destroyer).
Other important gods include Agni (God of Fire), Varuna (God of Heaven),
Lakshmi (Goddess of Wealth), Indra (God of War and Weather) and Surya
(Sun God). Hindus have a strong belief in the concepts of karma and rebirth.
The Sarawak community: The community mainly comprises the Iban,
Malays and Melanau. The majority of the Iban do not subscribe to a
particular religion, but today many of them are Christians and a small
number of them Muslims. Among their practices is the ‘miring’ ceremony,
a ritual to appease the gods. The Iban adhere strictly to taboos (‘mali’) such
as the ‘mali labu’. The Malay community in Sarawak are Muslims, whereas
the Melanau comprise both Muslims and Christians. The Melanau also
have a strong belief in the occult and supernatural powers. The Sarawak
community is known for its woven textile called the ‘puakumbu’.
Deepavali and Thaipusam are the major festivals celebrated by the Indian
community of Hindu faith. Deepavali is celebrated on the 14thday of the
month of Aipasi in the Tamil calendar (between the months of October and
November) and is also known as the Festival of Lights. Rows of lamps are
lit at the homes of Hindus to celebrate the victory of good over evil. On the
morning of Deepavali, Hindus will have a traditional oil bath to purify the
body and soul. After the ceremony, they will visit the temple to offer a garland
of flowers to the Hindu gods. Intricate floral designs and floor paintings
usually decorate the entrances of homes to welcome Goddess Lakshmi.
Thaipusam is celebrated in honour of Lord Murugan in the tenth month
of Thai in the Tamil calendar. It is a day to remove the sins of the past
and repent. The Hindu community in Malaysia usually celebrate
Thaipusam at Batu Caves. The main feature of Thaipusam is the ritual
of carrying the ‘kavadi’, a metal frame decorated with flowers, coloured
paper and fresh fruit that is placed on the shoulders of the devotee as
a sign of repentance or as homage to Lord Subramaniam. The deity
Lord Subramaniam, the youngest son of Lord Shiva, is carried on a
silver chariot and paraded to the accompaniment of traditional music.
55
The Sabah community: The largest community is the Kadazan-Dusun.
The majority of its population practise animism while a small number are
Muslims and Christians. They believe in the existence of heaven and hell and
that the spirits of the dead will be borne to Mount Kinabalu. The KadazanDusun practise rituals such as the ‘Keamatan’ (Harvest Festival). They
also perform a ceremony called ‘popodulik’ to expel diseases. Some of the
customs of the Kadazan-Dusun include the ‘mihad’ (mourning the dead),
‘menguman’ (cleansing and decorating the body of the deceased), ‘lobong’
(grave), ‘penukup’ (feast) and ‘mintuhun’ (setting a baby’s feet on the
ground). The Bajau are mostly Muslims. They also believe in the concept of
‘tulah’ where a misfortune is incurred for violating customs and traditions.
56
History of
Modern
Malaysia
57
58
------------------------------------------------------------------------------HISTORY OF MODERN MALAYSIA
125.In 1946, the British introduced a plan which the Malays
believed could destroy the nation built since the era of the
Malay Sultanate. What was the plan called?
129.State the four features of the Malayan Union Agreement of
1946.
The Malayan Union.
126.State the reasons why the British were determined to
implement the Malayan Union.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
To prepare for an independent government.
To create a Malayan Union nation.
To facilitate and cut down on administrative costs.
To control the political power of the Malays.
127.What was the purpose of the formation of a Malayan Union
nation by the British?
To ensure that immigrants gave their full allegiance to the
British rule in Malaya and to exploit them as human capital
so that they could continue to have control over the economic
resources of Malaya.
128.When was the Malayan Union drafted by the British?
In 1942 while World War II was still ongoing. A White Paper
of the proposal was tabled in the British Parliament and
published in the British Government gazette on 22 January
1946.
59
The answers may be any four of the following:
i. All Federated Malay States, Unfederated Malay States
and two Straits Settlements to be unified as an entity.
ii. Singapore was excluded because of its importance as a
free port.
iii. Appointment of a British governor as head the Malayan
Union.
iv. Appointment of a State Commissioner for each state as
the chief administrator.
v. Formation of an Executive Council and Legislative
Council of the Malayan Union.
vi. Equal citizenship rights following the principle of jus soli.
vii. The Malay rulers were allowed to become members of the
Conference of Rulers only to discuss matters pertaining
to Islam and Malay customs.
Note: The Malayan Union administration sought to create a union controlled
by a strong central government, no longer subject to Singapore but under the
direct authority of the British Parliament in London. It aimed to replace a
fragmented administrative system with a centralised administrative system
to facilitate the British in ensuring uniformity in policies, administration,
security, the economy, judiciary and legislature.
60
130.Jus soli refers to the granting of citizenship of the Malayan
Union to anyone born in Malaya and Singapore. State the
conditions for the Malayan Union citizenship.
134.Why did the Malays oppose the idea of the Malayan Union?
i. Aged 18 years and above and resident of the country for
10-15 years.
ii. Children of citizens under the age of 18 years.
iii. Any citizen of the British colonies.
131.When and where was the Malayan Union declared, and who
was appointed the first Governor of the Malayan Union?
1 April 1946 at King’s House (Carcosa Seri Negara) in Kuala
Lumpur; Sir Edward Gent.
132.How did the British obtain the consent of the Malay rulers
for the formation of the Malayan Union?
i. Sir Harold MacMichael threatened the Malay rulers with
dethronement if they refused to give their approval for
the Malayan Union.
ii. The Sultans of Selangor and Johor signed on the basis of
friendship with the British.
iii. The rulers were not given enough time to discuss with the
State Council as in the case of the Sultan of Perak.
133.What were the reactions of the Malays and non-Malays to
the Malayan Union?
The Malays opposed whereas the non-Malays supported it.
61
i. The Malayan Union would erode the sovereignty of the
Malay rulers.
ii. The status of Malaya would change from a protectorate to
a British colony.
iii. The loosening of restrictions by granting citizenship to
immigrants would threaten the status quo of the Malays
as the indigenous people.
iv. The Malays were concerned about losing their heritage
which had been built since the days of the Melaka
Sultanate.
135.Why did the non-Malays support the Malayan Union?
The concept of citizenship (jus soli) was in their favour.
136.A small group of Malays supported the Malayan Union.
Name them and state the reasons for their support.
The group comprised:
i. Malay Nationalist Party of Malaya or Parti Kebangsaan
Melayu Malaya (PKMM).
ii. Angkatan Pemuda Insaf (API).
iii. Angkatan Wanita Sedar (AWAS).
iv. Barisan Tani Malaya (BATAS).
Reasons for their support:
i. The Malayan Union would streamline the administration
of Malaya.
ii. Creation of an administration without the Malay rulers
and chieftains (eliminating the feudal system).
62
iii.
Agreement with the consolidation of Islamic
administration in Malaya.
iv. In support of the open citizenship policy.
v. Belief that the British would grant independence to
Malaya.
vii.
The Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Melayu Bersatu
(PEKEMBAR), later known as the United Malays
National Organisation (UMNO), was established as a
result of the Malay Congress of 1946.
viii.
The Malays held rallies in every major town to
demonstrate their objections to members of the British
parliament (LD Gammas and David Reese Williams).
ix. The Malay rulers gathered in Kuala Kangsar as a show of
protest to members of the British parliament.
137.A number of Malay administrative officers supported the
Malayan Union. What was the reason for their support?
They felt convinced that the British were a great power and
had the competence to administer and develop Malaya.
138.The Malay rulers, chieftains and the majority of the Malays
who were not involved in left-wing politics were against the
Malayan Union. State the actions that they took.
i. They held demonstrations when Sir Harold MacMichael
was obtaining the signatures of the Malay rulers.
ii. The Malay associations sent telegrams and letters of
protest to the Colonial Office in London.
iii. Utusan Melayu, Majlis and Warta Malaya were utilised to
criticise and voice out their protests against the Malayan
Union.
iv. Dato’ Onn Jaafar urged the Malays to hold congresses
and form unions to oppose the Malayan Union.
v. A Malay Congress held from 1-4 March 1946 at the
Sultan Sulaiman Club in Kampung Baru, Kuala Lumpur
was attended by 41 Malay associations from around the
Malay Peninsula.
vi. The 2nd Malay Congress was held at the Grand Palace in
Johor Bahru on 11-12 May 1946.
63
139.When was UMNO founded and who was elected as its first
President?
11 May 1946; Dato’ Onn Jaafar.
140.The protest of the Malays against the Malayan Union was
also supported by a number of high ranking British officials.
Name these British officers.
Sir Edward Gent, Sir Malcolm MacDonald and LD Gammas.
141.What was the impact of resistance of the Malays against the
Malayan Union?
The Malayan Union was dissolved and the Federation of
Malaya was formed on 1 February 1948.
142.The formation of the Federation of Malaya was not only
welcomed by the Malays but also supported by former British
officers. Name these former British officers.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Sir RO Winstedt.
Sir Cecil Clementi.
Sir Frank Swettenham.
Sir George Maxwell.
64
143.Name the local figures who played an important role in the
formation of the Federation of Malaya.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
Sultan Badlishah (Kedah).
Sultan Abdul Aziz (Perak).
Sultan Ibrahim (Johor).
Dato’ Onn Jaafar.
Dato’ Nik Ahmed Kamil.
(iv)Rejection of the open citizenship of the Malayan Union
(v) Restoration of the protection policy of the Malay states
147.Who opposed the negotiations and what was the reason for
their opposition?
The non-Malays and the Malay radicals for they regarded the
Executive Committee as not being representative of all groups.
144.Give the main reasons why the British were willing to form
the Federation of Malaya.
148.Name the organisations which were established in early 1947
to oppose the British and UMNO.
i. UMNO and the Malay rulers wanted only negotiations
rather than a demand for independence.
ii. The British feared the influence of radical politics such
as of PKMM, API, AWAS and BATAS would command
politics in Malaya.
All-Malaya Council of Joint Action (AMCJA) and Pusat
Tenaga Ra’ayat (PUTERA).
149.Name the constitution offered by the AMCJA-PUTERA
coalition and state their proposals in the constitution.
145.How did the British initiate steps to replace the Malayan
Union with the Federation of Malaya?
The People’s Constitution 1947, which contained the following
proposals:
They formed a 12-member Executive Committee consisting
of senior British officials, UMNO leaders and representatives
of the Malay rulers.
146.List the demands made by the Malays during the Executive
Committee meeting to draft the Federation of Malaya
Agreement 1948.
i. Rejection of all principles and structure of the Malayan
Union.
ii. Formation of a federation similar to the concept of the
Federated Malay States.
iii. Reinstatement of the status of the Malay rulers as heads
of the Malay states.
65
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
A united Malaya including Singapore.
An elected central government and State Councils.
Citizens of Malaya to be known as Malays.
Malay rulers to have real sovereign power responsible to
the people.
v. Special position of the Malays reinstated.
vi. Malay customs and religion to be fully controlled by the
Malays.
vii. Foreign affairs and defence to be the joint responsibility
of the governments of Malaya and Great Britain.
viii.Malay to be the national and official language.
ix. Equal rights to citizenship.
x. Red and white to be the colours of the flag of Malaya.
66
150.State the features of the Federation of Malaya Agreement
1948.
151.What is the name of the committee set up by the British in
1949 to address issues related to the constitution, politics and
economy as demanded by the various ethnic groups?
i. A federation to be formed comprising eleven states. The
federal and state lists to be formulated. Singapore to
remain a separate colony.
ii. The Federation of Malaya to be headed by a British
High Commissioner, assisted by the Federal Legislative
Council and the Federal Executive Council.
iii. The High Commissioner to protect the special position of
the Malays.
iv. A constitutional monarchy to be established.
v. The monarchy system to be maintained with clear lines
of authority. The sultans to rule on the advice of the State
Executive Council and State Legislative Council.
vi. Malay supremacy as the foundation of the Federation of
Malaya.
vii. Conditions for citizenship to be tightened. An applicant
must have been born and lived in the Federation of Malaya
for 8-12 years, while a foreign applicant must have lived
in the Federation of Malaya for at least 15 years. The jus
soli principle to apply only to British citizens in Penang
and Melaka.
viii.Re-introduction of citizens of the Malay rulers. This
meant that Malays who were born in any Malay state
would automatically be citizens of that state.
67
Communities Liaison Committee (CLC).
152.Who were the members of the CLC?
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
Dato’ Onn Jaafar.
Dato’ Abdul Wahab Abdul Aziz.
Tan Cheng Lock.
C.C. Tan.
E.E.C. Thuraisingham.
Dr. J.S. Gooting.
153.In 1951, the British introduced the Member System. The idea
was born out of the recommendation of Dato’ Onn Jaafar.
What was the Member System?
It was a system that trained local residents and other
communities to administer the country.
154.Who proposed that the Member System be modelled after
that of Kenya and Northern Rhodesia?
Sir Henry Gurney.
Note: The Federal Executive Council comprised 17 members (7 official
members, 7 unofficial members and 3 ex-officio members).
155.The British agreed to the Member System proposed by Dato’
Onn Ja’afar. State why.
The Federal Legislative Council comprised the High Commissioner as
Chairman, 14 official members, 9 State Council Presidents, 2 representatives
from the Melaka and Penang Local Councils, and 50 unofficial members
representing other races.
i. It was in line with British decolonisation policy.
ii. It would help reduce pressure from the Communist Party
of Malaya.
iii. It would help prevent the people from being influenced
by the communists.
68
156.Name the local figures who participated in discussions on the
Member System at King’s House in Kuala Lumpur.
159.Name the members of the Member System and their
portfolios.
i. Dato’ Onn Jaafar
ii. Dato’ Hamzah Abdullah
iii. Dato’ Nik Ahmed Kamil
iv. Raja Uda
v. E.E.C. Thuraisingam
vi. Yong Shook Lin
vii. Dr. Lee Tiang Keng
157.State the benefits of the Member System.
i. Basis for training the local people in self-government.
ii. Exposure to the different races on modern administrative
methods.
iii. A model of power-sharing among the ethnic groups.
iv. Initiation of the process of national solidarity in the
Federation of Malaya.
v. In preparation for achieving independence for Malaya.
158.State the features of the Member System.
i. It resembled a shadow cabinet system comprising a
number of administrative officers and community
leaders.
ii. Members of the Member System were appointed by
the British High Commissioner with the consent of the
iii. Members were under the authority of the British High
Commissioner.
iv. Its members headed specific portfolios.
69
i. Dato’ Onn Jaafar
– Internal Affairs
ii. E.E.C. Thuraisingham
– Education
iii. Tunku Yaakob
– Agriculture and Forestry
iv. Dato’ Mahmud Mat
– Land, Mining and Transport
v. Lee Ting Keng
– Health
vi. J.D. Mead
– Public Works and Housing
vii. J.D. Hodgkinson
– Industrial and Social Relations
viii.O.A. Spencer
– Economic Affairs
160.State the two elections conducted in Malaya before the
first general election in 1955. What were the results of the
elections?
i. Penang Municipal Council Elections (December 1951) –
9 seats were contested. The Alliance (UMNO and MCA)
won all seats.
ii. Kuala Lumpur Municipal Council Elections (February
1952) – 12 seats were contested. The Alliance won 9 seats
and the Independence of Malaya Party (IMP) won 3 seats.
70
161.In 1955, the Federal Legislative Council Elections were held
to elect a government that would seek independence for
Malaya. What were the results of the 1st General Election?
163.On 8 February, the Treaty of London was signed. What were
the outcomes of the Treaty of London?
The Alliance (UMNO, MCA and MIC) won 51 out of 52 seats
and PAS won 1 seat in Kerian, Perak.
Note: The 1st General Election (1955) showed the willingness of UMNO
to compromise and make sacrifices. It could have formed a government
without forming a coalition with MCA and MIC. This showed the openness
and willingness of the Malays to share power for the sake of unity.
162.In January 1956, eight representatives went to London to
discuss the country’s independence. Who led the delegation to
London? Name the members of the delegation.
Tunku Abdul Rahman Putera al-Haj (Prime Minister); the
members of the delegation were:
i. Datuk Mohd Seth Mohammad Said (Menteri Besar of
Johor).
ii. Abdul Aziz Haji Abdul Majid (Menteri Besar of Selangor).
iii. Dato’ Nik Ahmed Kamil Haji Mahmood (former Menteri
Besar of Kelantan).
iv. Dato’ Panglima Bukit Gantang.
v.Dr. Ismail Abdul Rahman (Minister of Natural
Resources).
vi. Dato’ Abdul Razak Hussein (Minister of Education).
vii. Colonel H.S. Lee (Minister of Transport).
Note: Secretary to the delegation: T.H. Tan. The negotiations for
independence were held from 18 January to 8 February 1956 (3 weeks).
71
i. The British would grant independence to Malaya on 31
August 1957.
ii. Malaya would form part of the Commonwealth with a
democratic style of governance.
iii. The British gained the right to station their troops in
Malaya.
iv. The setting up of an independent body to formulate the
Constitution of Malaya –the Reid Commission.
164.What did the Treaty of London determine with regard to the
Constitution of Malaya?
i. Formation of a federation with a strong central
government.
ii. Safeguarding of the position, privileges, sovereignty and
rights of the rulers.
iii. Establishment of the head of state, i.e. the Yang diPertuan Agong.
iv. Preservation of the special rights of the Malays and
recognition of the rights of other races.
v. Establishment of a standard system of citizenship for the
whole of the Federation of Malaya.
165.Name the members of the Reid Commission.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
Lord Reid (British) – Chairman.
Sir Ivor Jennings (British).
Sir William McKell (Australia).
B. Malik (India).
72
Note: The commission received 131 written memoranda from political
parties, the Malay rulers, individuals and the general public. It met several
times from June-October 1956.
169.What were Lee Kuan Yew’s reactions to the proposed
formation of Malaysia?
166.Who were parties to the Federation of Malaya Agreement of
1957?
i. Representing the Malay rulers: Tunku Abdul Rahman,
the Yang di-Pertuan Besar of Negeri Sembilan who
became the first Yang di-Pertuan Agong of the Federation
of Malaya.
ii. Leaders of the Alliance: Tunku Abdul Rahman, Tun
Abdul Razak, Tun V Sambanthan and Tun HS Lee.
iii. Other figures: Dato’ Onn Ja’afar and Dato’ Panglima
Bukit Gantang.
167.On 27 May 1961, Tunku Abdul Rahman spoke at the
Conference of Foreign Correspondents’ Association of
Southeast Asia at Adelphi Hotel, Singapore. What idea did
he put forward in his speech?
The formation of Malaysia.
168.Why did Tunku Abdul Rahman suggest the formation of
Malaysia?
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
To secure a strong political position.
To create economic and social co-operation.
To contain and eliminate communist influence.
To balance the total population.
To accelerate the independence of Singapore, Sabah and
Sarawak.
vi. To create racial unity and territorial integration.
73
i. Accepted and welcomed the formation of Malaysia.
ii. Urged the British to quickly hold talks with Tunku Abdul
Rahman to allow Singapore to join the Federation of
Malaya.
iii. Held a referendum on 1 September 1962 to seek public
opinion on joining Malaysia.
iv. The Solidarity Consultative Committee was set up in
Singapore in July 1961 to explain the formation of
Malaysia to the public.
170.What political factors led to the formation of Malaysia?
i. Security concerns, especially the communist threat in the
Federation of Malaya.
ii. Influence of the left-wing Socialist Front in Singapore.
iii.Automatic independence for Sabah, Sarawak and
Singapore.
171.What were the reactions of the people of the Federation of
Malaya to the formation of Malaysia?
i. The people of the Federation of Malaya were in favour
and considered it a noble cause.
ii. UMNO and most political parties in the Federation of
Malaya agreed to the formation of Malaysia.
iii. The Pan-Malayan Islamic Party (PAS) and the Socialist
Front wanted the matter to be discussed first with the
people of Malaya.
74
172.What were the reactions of the people of Sabah and Sarawak
to the formation of Malaysia?
175.Name the members of the Cobbold Commission.
i. Initially, the two states rejected the idea of a Malaysian
nation as they were not confident of self-governance.
ii. The Sarawak Alliance Party (PANAS, SNAP, BERJASA,
SCA and PUSAKA) supported the proposal.
iii. In Sabah, parties such as the United Sabah National
Organisation, Democratic Party, United Party and Pasok
Momugun united to form the Sabah Alliance Party to
support the formation of Malaysia.
173.State the basis for claims in Sabah’s 20-point agreement.
i. Formulation of the new Constitution of Malaysia.
ii. Protection of the rights and interests of the peoples of
Sarawak and Sabah.
iii. Demand for extra-territorial rights.
Note: Extra-territorial rights deal with important matters such as Chief
Minister, Islam, national language, immigration matters, citizenship, special
position of the indigenous people, education and financial allocations.
174.The Cobbold Commission was set up on 17 January 1962.
What was its role?
It was set up to obtain feedback from the people of Sarawak
and Sabah on the proposed formation of Malaysia as well as to
evaluate and make recommendations.
75
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
Lord Cobbold (Chairman).
Sir Anthony Abell.
Sir David Watherston.
Datuk Wong Pow Nee.
Mohamed Ghazali Shafie.
H Harris (Secretary).
176.State the reactions of Brunei, the Philippines and Indonesia
to the formation of Malaysia.
i. Brunei initially agreed but later rejected the idea because
of opposition from its own people, led by AM Azahari
and the Brunei People’s Party.
ii. The Philippines were against it as it claimed ownership of
the state of Sabah. This claim was based on an agreement
signed on 22 January 1878 between Sultan Jamalul Alam
and Baron Von Overback.
iii.Indonesia was against it because it aspired to form
‘Indonesia Raya’. On 20 January 1963, President Sukarno
declared a policy of confrontation against Malaysia with
the slogan “Crush Malaysia”.
177.What were the steps taken by Malaysia in facing resistance
from the Philippines and Indonesia to the formation of
Malaysia?
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
Formed MAPHILINDO.
Sent an official protest to the United Nations.
Entered into a defence treaty with Britain.
Obtained the assistance of Commonwealth troops.
Conducted visits to Third World countries to explain the
issues between Indonesia and Malaysia.
76
178.Where was the Malaysia Agreement signed? State the key
points of the agreement.
180.Name the act which incorporated the member states of
Malaysia.
London (at Marlborough House); the key points of the
agreement are as follows:
i. All foreign affairs would fall under the purview of the
federal government.
ii. Islam would be the official religion of the federation with
the exception of Sarawak and Sabah. Other religions may
be practised freely.
iii. Malay shall be the national language but English and
other languages may continue to be used.
iv. The official language of Sarawak and Sabah would be
English until 10 years after Malaysia Day.
v. Sabah and Sarawak would be given the authority to
control immigration affairs and public services.
vi. Sarawak obtained 24 seats, Sabah 16 seats and Singapore
15 seats.
vii.The same status as the Malays would be given to the
natives of Sabah and Sarawak in the Federation of Malaya.
The Malaysia Act.
Note: The Malaysia Act was passed by the British Parliament and
assented to by Queen Elizabeth. On 26 August 1963, the Yang diPertuan Agong gave his assent to the Malaysia Act. The Federation
of Malaysia was officially established on 16 September 1963.
179. Name the three bodies that approved the Malaysia Agreement
in August 1963.
i. The Parliament of Malaya.
ii. Singapore Legislative Assembly.
iii. Sarawak and Sabah Legislative Councils.
77
78
Malaysia’s
Economic
Fundamentals
79
80
------------------------------------------------------------------------------MALAYSIA’S ECONOMIC FUNDAMENTALS
181.What does economic structure mean? State the main
components of the economic structure of Malaysia.
It is the combination of the various economic sectors that
contribute to the national income and employment of the
country. The structure of the Malaysian economy comprises:
i. Primary sector – natural resources.
ii. Secondary sector – using the raw materials for the
manufacture of semi-finished products.
iii. Tertiary sector – service sector.
182.State the types of natural resource (primary sector) in
Malaysia.
i. Agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery.
ii. Mining and quarrying.
183.State the economic sectors of the secondary sector.
i. Manufacturing sector.
ii. Construction sector.
184. The service sector (tertiary sector) involves a variety of serviceoffering activities. Give five examples of these activities.
The answer may be any of the following:
i.Transport
ii.Communication
iii. Electricity and gas
iv.Hospitality
v.Finance
vi.Insurance
81
vii. Real estate
viii.Business
ix. Wholesale and retail
x.Restaurants
xi.Storage
xii. Other services
185.Why is the service sector important to the Malaysian
economy?
It lends support to the primary and secondary sectors in
driving economic growth.
186.Why is the primary sector important to the country?
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
Source of raw materials
Exploration and development of new areas
New sources of revenue
Job opportunities
Reduction in imports of raw materials
Competitiveness with other countries
187.What economic problems would Malaysia face if it relies too
heavily on the primary sector (natural resources)?
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
Depletion and extinction of resources
Commodity price volatility
Adverse balance of trade
Effect on employment opportunities
Competition from counterfeit goods
82
188.What were the changing trends to the Malaysian economic
structure during the 1990s?
190.List the 12 national key economic activities (NKEAs) under
the Economic Transformation Programme (ETP).
i. The contribution to the GDP of the primary sector
declined, whereas the contributions of the secondary
sector and tertiary sector continued to grow.
ii. The transition from a manufacturing-based economy
(m-economy) to a knowledge-based economy
(k-economy).
iii. The Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC) was introduced
to expand information and communications technology
(ICT).
189.What have been the changing trends to the Malaysian
economic structure since early 2000?
i. Emphasis on the secondary sector and tertiary sector,
while the primary sector continues to contribute.
ii. Improvements to the modern agriculture sector on a
large scale.
iii. The industrial sector is driven by export-based knowledge
economy.
iv. The ICT industry is a knowledge-based economy.
v. Strong emphasis on the use of ICT to enhance
competitiveness.
vi. The implementation of the Economic Transformation
Programme (GTP):
a. Liberalisation of the service and financial sectors.
b. Emphasis on innovation and creativity.
c. Introduction of 12 national key economic activities
(NKEAs).
d. Raising of conventional and Islamic capital markets.
e. Increase in the listing of companies on Bursa
Malaysia.
83
i. Oil, gas and energy.
ii. Palm oil.
iii.Agriculture.
iv. Electronics and electrical.
v.Tourism.
vi.Education.
vii.Healthcare.
viii.Financial services.
ix. Communications content and infrastructure.
x. Business services.
xi. Wholesale and retail.
xii. Greater Kuala Lumpur (Klang Valley).
191.The New Economic Model (NEM) was announced by Dato’
Seri Najib Tun Razak on 30 March 2010. State its key points.
i.
Based on increased labour productivity through enhanced
knowledge and skills.
ii. Creativity and innovation as the new drivers of national
economy.
iii.Stresses on three main components, namely human
capital, private capital, social capital.
192.State the three main thrusts or components of the NEM.
i. Transformation of Malaysia into a high-income
developed nation.
ii. Inclusiveness (all communities to contribute to and share
in the wealth of the country).
iii.
Sustainability
(sustainable
economically
and
environmentally).
84
193.List the eight strategic reform initiatives (SRIs) as outlined in
the NEM.
195.State the effects of changes in the economic structure of the
country.
i. SRI 1
ii. SRI 2
iii. SRI 3
iv. SRI 4
v. SRI 5
vi. SRI 6
vii. SRI 7
viii.SRI 8
: Re-energising the private sector.
: Developing a quality workforce and reducing dependence on foreign labour.
: Creating a competitive domestic economy.
: Strengthening the public sector.
: Transparent and market-friendly affirmative action.
: Building knowledge based infrastructure.
: Enhancing the sources of growth.
: Ensuring sustainability of growth.
194.The 10th Malaysia Plan (2011-2015) contains 10 main
premises or ideas to move the country towards high-income
nation status. State the 10 premises.
i. The economy is driven by domestic factors while taking
into account the external environment;
ii. Leveraging on our diversity to achieve success at the
international stage;
iii.Transforming into a high-income nation through
specialisation;
iv. Unleashing productivity and innovation-led growth;
v. Nurturing, attracting and retaining top talent;
vi. Ensuring equality of opportunities and safeguarding the
vulnerable;
vii. Comprehensive growth, inclusive development;
viii.Supporting effective and smart partnerships;
ix. Valuing our environmental endowments; and
x. Government as a competitive corporation
85
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
Increased foreign investment.
Development of manufacturing sector.
Development of service sector.
Increased employment opportunities.
Increased national income.
Improved standards of living.
196.Government revenues are used to finance the operating and
development expenditures of the country. State the sources of
revenue of the government.
i. Tax revenue (direct taxes, indirect taxes).
ii. Non-tax revenue.
197.List the types of direct tax earned by the government.
i. Corporate income tax.
ii. Individual income tax.
iii. Petroleum tax.
iv. Co-operatives’ income tax.
v. Real property gains tax.
vi. Stamp duty.
vii. Quit rent.
viii.Assessment tax.
198.Give examples of indirect taxes earned by the government.
i. Import duties.
ii. Export duties.
iii.Excise duties (taxes on domestic goods sold in the
country).
iv. Sales tax (tax imposed on goods sold to customers).
86
v. Service tax (such as hotels and restaurants).
vi.Sin tax (Genting Highlands casinos, Sports Toto,
Magnum 4D companies).
iv. Grants and transfers to the state government (based on
the population of each state).
v. Scholarships, bursaries and student aids.
199.Give examples of non-tax revenue.
i. Dividends distributed by PETRONAS.
ii. Royalties from other oil companies.
iii. Cash payments for gas sold.
iv. Fees for licences and permits.
v.Fines.
vi. Service charges imposed by the government.
vii. Income from investments (dividends received from the
shares of state-owned companies).
viii.Sale of state-owned shares.
200.Why is government revenue important?
It is used to finance government expenditure.
201.State the types of federal government expenditure.
Operating and development expenditures.
202.What is operating expenditure? Indicate the types of
operating expenditure.
It is the current government spending on management and
administration costs. Types of operating expenditure:
i. Emoluments (salaries and allowances).
ii. Debt service charges (principal and interest payments on
loans within and outside the country).
iii. Pension and gratuity.
87
203.What is development expenditure? State the categories.
This is government investment expenditure in funding
development projects in the country. It can help increase the
creation of capital for the country. Categories:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Economic service sector.
Social service sector.
Security sector.
General administration sector.
204.What is the purpose of the national budget?
i. To estimate government revenues and expenditures.
ii. To achieve economic stability.
iii. For socio-economic development.
iv. To improve the balance of payments.
v. To bridge the gap.
vi. To encourage savings and investment.
vii. To control inflation and economic recession.
205.What would happen if government expenditure exceeded
revenue?
The government would have to cope through domestic
(internal debts) or foreign (external debts) borrowings.
88
206.Why would the government need to borrow?
209.During the economic recession in the 1980s, the government
introduced the Public Expenditure Burden Reduction Policy.
What were the objectives and strategies of the policy?
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Financing government spending (budget deficit)
Financing development expenditures
Income distribution through specific projects
Financing delays in the collection of tax revenues
207.What are the advantages of domestic loans over foreign
loans?
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
Not affected by changes in foreign exchange rates
Does not involve an outflow
More convenient and flexible
Lower interest rates
Does not cause inflation
Does not affect the balance of national expenditures
208.The external debt is the responsibility of the federal
government in the agreement made abroad or with foreign
financial institutions. What forms of external borrowings
may be made by the federal government?
i. Capital market
ii. Project loans (to finance national development projects)
Note: Sources of external borrowing:
(i) Capital markets - the United States, Japan, the European Union and the
United Kingdom
(ii)Project loans:
a.International financial institutions such as the Asian Development
Bank, World Bank and Japan Bank for International Co-operation
b. Foreign countries such as the USA, Japan, the United Kingdom, Canada,
the European Union, Saudi Arabia, etc.
89
Objectives:
i. To control the inflation rate
ii. To reduce the budget deficit
iii. To strengthen the country’s financial position
iv. To control the growth of public debt
Strategies:
i. Controlling the expenditure of government agencies
ii. Freezing the intake of new personnel or filling of positions
iii. Prioritising the implementation of high impact projects
iv. Privatising certain government agencies
210.List the economic development regions in Malaysia.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
Iskandar Development Region (IDR), Johor
Northern Corridor Economic Region (NCER)
East Coast Economic Region (ECER)
Sabah Development Corridor (SDC)
Sarawak Corridor of Renewable Energy (SCORE)
211.What is the difference between the privatisation policy and
nationalisation policy?
i. Privatisation involves the transfer of certain government
interests to the private sector.
ii. Nationalisation is an effort to increase government
ownership and control in the economic sector.
90
212.State the objectives of the privatisation policy by the
Government of Malaysia.
i. To reduce the financial and administrative burden of the
government.
ii. To reduce the number and size of the public sector.
iii. To promote private investment and entrepreneurship.
iv.To increase competitiveness, competition, improve
efficiency and boost productivity.
v. To facilitate the achievement of the NEP and Vision
2020.
213.Name the central bank of Malaysia. When and how was it
formed?
Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM); 26 January 1959, established
under the Central Bank of Malaysia Ordinance 1958.
National
Policies
214.What is the main function of Bank Negara Malaysia?
It monitors and controls the implementation of all financial
policies and regulations in the country.
215.List the other functions of the central bank.
i. To issue the national currency.
ii. To control the stability of the national currency.
iii. As banker to the government and commercial banks.
91
92
------------------------------------------------------------------------------NATIONAL POLICIES
216.List the major development policies of Malaysia.
219. Malaysia endorses the policy on the Zone of Peace, Freedom
and Neutrality (ZOPFAN) adopted by the ASEAN countries.
What is the main goal of ZOPFAN?
i. New Economic Policy.
ii. National Development Policy.
iii. National Mission (2006-2020).
iv. National Industrial Policy.
v. Heavy Industry Policy.
vi. Malaysia Incorporated Policy.
vii. Privatisation Policy.
viii. Human Capital Development Policy.
ix. Rural Development Policy.
x. National Urbanisation Policy.
217.List the social policies and National Work Ethics.
i. National Education Policy.
ii. National Culture Policy.
iii. National Unity and Integration Policy.
iv. National Social Policy.
v. National Social Welfare Policy.
vi. National Policy on Women (1989 and 2009).
vii. National Population Policy.
viii. Leadership by Example Policy.
ix. Look East Policy.
x. Assimilation of Islamic Values in Administration Policy.
218.
State the national policy pertaining to international
relations.
The goal is to ensure political stability in the Southeast Asian
region against intervention by foreign powers.
Note: The ZOPFAN Declaration, better known as the Kuala Lumpur
Declaration, was signed on 27 November 1971 during the Conference of
ASEAN Foreign Ministers in Malaysia.
220.The New Economic Policy (NEP) was introduced in 1971.
It was formulated to achieve national unity through twopronged objectives. What were the objectives?
i. Eradication of poverty irrespective of race.
ii. Restructuring of society to eliminate the identification
of race with economic functions.
Note: Poverty eradication strategies under the NEP:
(i) Increasing productivity and income through the use of modern
methods and facilities in the production process.
(ii) Increasing the chances of a transition from the less productive to more
productive or profitable sectors.
(iii) Providing a variety of free or subsidised services to improve the low
standard of living.
Foreign policy.
93
94
221.State the strategies for the restructuring of Malaysian society
under the NEP.
Bumiputera employment (%) in selected occupational groups in Malaysia,
1970-1990.
i. Modernising the way of life in rural areas.
ii. Raising and balancing economic growth irrespective of
race.
iii. Improving the quality of education and training at all
levels.
iv. Raising equity ownership of Malaysians.
v. Developing backward states and areas (land and
regional development plans).
vi. Creating a bumiputera commercial and industrial
community.
Note: The average monthly gross household income (RM) by ethnicity and
strata in Malaysia, 1970-1990.
Source: Chamhuri Siwar and Surtaham Kastin Hasan (2000)
Sixth Malaysia Plan (1991-1990)
Source: Chamhuri Siwar and Surtaham Kastin Hasan (2000)
Sixth Malaysia Plan (1991-1990)
95
96
222.Name the policy introduced by the government to replace the
NEP which ended in 1990. State the strategies of the policy.
c. Increasing competitiveness to face the challenges
of globalisation and liberalisation.
d. Maintaining high economic growth.
e. Developing a knowledge-based economy.
f. Maintaining the development of human resources.
g. Continuing the development of sustainable
environment.
i. National Development Policy.
ii.Strategies:
a. Maintaining the basic strategies of the NEP, namely
eradicating poverty and restructuring society.
b. Creating a balanced development plan.
223.State the three critical areas of emphasis in the strategy to
create balanced development under the NDP.
i. Provide training to the rural youth.
ii. Continue giving subsidies and support to the paddy
farmers and fishermen (increase production).
iii. Reduce economic disparities between regions, especially
between Sabah and Sarawak and the other states.
224.After the NDP, a new policy called the National Vision
Policy 2001-2010 (NVP) contained in the Third Outline
Perspective Plan (OPP3) was introduced by the government.
The NVP combines the critical thrusts of the two previous
development policies, namely the NEP and the NDP. It was
also a continuation of the government’s efforts to achieve
Vision 2020. State the objectives and thrusts of the NVP.
i.Objectives:
a. To achieve sustainable growth and strengthen the
resilience of the economy.
b. To create a united and cohesive society.
ii.Thrusts:
a. Building a resilient nation.
b. Creating an equitable society by eradicating poverty
and reducing economic disparities between ethnic
groups and regions.
97
225. The National Development Policy (NDP) was launched
on 17 June 1991 by the 4thPrime Minister of Malaysia,
Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad. What were the objectives of
the NDP?
i.
To make unity as the ultimate goal so that social and
political stability can be achieved and continued
economic development is maintained.
ii. To enable Malaysia to achieve developed nation status
in all areas of life (Vision 2020).
Note: The NDP was formulated to replace the New Economic Policy
(NEP) and it was enacted based on the Second Outline Perspective Plan
(OPP2)1991-2000.The NDP served as a starting point to the aspiration of
turning Malaysia into a developed nation by 2020.
226. What were the main foci of the NDP?
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
To ensure quality and lasting achievements.
To face stiff competition in the international market.
To achieve Vision 2020.
The eradicate poverty.
To restructure society.
98
227. Name the Prime Minister who introduced the National
Mission (2006-2020).
231. The setting up of the Special Task Force to Facilitate
Business (PEMUDAH) is another major achievement of the
National Mission. What is the vision of PEMUDAH?
Tun Abdullah Haji Ahmad Badawi (the 5thPrime Minister).
228. What was the main thrust of the National Mission?
Development of knowledgeable human capital
229. State the five thrusts of the National Mission.
i. First thrust: To move the economy up the value
chain.
ii. Second thrust:To raise the country’s capacity for
knowledge, innovation and nurture
‘first class mentality’.
iii. Third thrust: To address persistent socio-economic
inequalities
constructively
and
productively.
iv.Fourth thrust:
To improve the standard and
sustainability of our quality of life.
v. Fifth thrust: To strengthen the institutional and
implementation capacity.
230. One of the accomplishments of the National Mission is the
establishment of the National Integrity Institute which
introduced the National Integrity Plan (NIP). What was
the main purpose of the NIP?
The NIP aims to develop a united Malaysian nation of high
integrity that is resilient and embraces universal good values.
99
PEMUDAH aims to enable the public service to achieve
international benchmarks that are customer centric,
innovative and proactive in supporting a competitive
economy.
232. On 3 February 1986, the government announced the
Industrial Master Plan (IMP). State the three main
objectives of the IMP.
i. To make the manufacturing sector the catalyst for
industrial growth in the country.
ii. To promote the efficient utilisation of the nation’s
natural resources.
iii. To raise the level of research and development of
indigenous technological capability as the basis for
turning Malaysia into an industrialised nation.
233. The Heavy Industry Policy would require large capital
investments, modern technologies and a high volume of
skilled labour. Name the government corporation which
was established to identify, implement and manage projects
in the field of heavy industry.
Heavy Industries Corporation of Malaysia (HICOM) –
established in 1980.
100
234. The idea for the Malaysia Incorporated Policy came about
during the launching of the INTAN Forum on 25 February
1983 by the 4th Prime Minister, Tun Dr. Mahathir
Mohamad. It was born out of the realisation that there
must be co-operation and mutual assistance between the
public and private sectors in developing the country to
greater heights. What do you understand about the concept
of Malaysia Incorporated?
236. The National Education Policy came about through a
recommendation of the Razak Report of 1956. In 1960, it
was restructured to produce the Rahman Talib Report of
1960. When the National Principles of Rukun Negara were
formulated in 1970, the principles were incorporated in the
National Education Policy to further strengthen the policy.
What were the objectives of the policy?
That Malaysia is a corporate or business entity, jointly owned
by both the public and private sectors.
235. The Privatisation Policy seeks to transfer the investment
services or government interests, whether existing or new,
to the private sector in order to increase the efficiency and
productivity of the country as well as to ease the financial
burden of the government. State the forms of privatisation
which the government has implemented.
i. The sale of government interests in the form of equity
and assets either in whole or in part to private parties.
ii. Management of contracts involving private sector
participation in providing an activity or service without
the transfer of any government assets.
iii. Leasing, involving the transfer of rights to the use of a
fixed asset for a specific time period by imposing a lease
fee.
iv. Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) and Build-Operate (BO)
involving infrastructure and public facility projects.
v. Acquisition of companies by the management
(Management Buy Out/MBO).
101
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
To achieve national unity.
To preserve a democratic way of life.
To create a just society.
To create a national culture.
To build an advanced society based on modern science
and technology.
Note: In 1974, a Cabinet Committee chaired by the Minister of
Education, Dr. Mahathir Mohamad, was formed to review the National
Education Policy. The report proposed two main objectives, namely:
(i)
That
education
is
geared
towards
manpower
development to meet the needs of national development;
(ii) That education is not only to seek knowledge, but also to produce
individuals of good character who are disciplined and trained.
237. The Cabinet Report of 1974 urged the government to launch
the New Curriculum for Primary Schools (KBSR) in 1998
and the Integrated Curriculum for Secondary Schools
(KBSM) in 1989. What was the main goal of KBSR and
KBSM?
They serve to foster the spirit of citizenship as well as loyalty
and pride in the nation among the students.
102
238. State the objectives of the National Education Policy.
240. In May 1994, the government launched the National
Telecommunications Policy (1994-2020). What were the
objectives and strategies of the policy?
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
To promote social, economic, political and cultural
development.
To produce a trained workforce.
To establish an education system of better quality and
international standards.
To reduce racial disparities through the provision of
educational facilities.
To ensure that the national education system is able
to cope with current developments in science and
technology.
To unite students from different ethnic groups and
to provide adequate manpower to spearhead national
development.
239. The National Education Philosophy states that education
in Malaysia is an ongoing effort to further develop the
potential of individuals in a holistic and integrated manner
so as to produce balanced and harmonious individuals
intellectually, spiritually, emotionally and physically
based on the belief in God. State the six characteristics of a
Malaysian citizen that the National Education Philosophy
aspires to produce.
i.Knowledgeable.
ii.Competent.
iii.Honourable.
iv.Responsible.
v. Capable of achieving well-being.
vi. Contribute to the betterment of family, community and
country.
103
i.Objectives:
a. To develop the communications industry in an
efficient and orderly manner.
b. To guide the development of the communications
sector.
c. To promote closer relations between the races and
territories.
d. To ensure that telecommunications infrastructure
is adequate and effective.
e. To ensure that the people are able to enjoy the
telecommunications facilities at affordable rates.
ii.Strategies:
a. Promoting research and development in the
telecommunications sector.
b. Expanding the telecommunications infrastructure
to rural areas.
c.Developing the local telecommunications
industry.
Note: The Multimedia Super Corridor launched by the government
in 1996 aims to provide world-class information communications
technology to create an environment that fosters the development of
knowledge-based economy. It encompasses the Kuala Lumpur City
Centre (KLCC), Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA) and the
administrative centre of Putrajaya. A corporation called the Multimedia
Development Corporation (MDC) was set up to attract foreign investors
and encourage the private sector to operate in the Multimedia Super
Corridor by giving certain privileges to companies with MSC status.
104
241. What is the goal of the National Science and Technology
Policy?
245. State the nine (9) challenges as outlined in Vision 2020.
It aims to enhance self-reliance in scientific and technological
fields, promote scientific inventions, and improve
infrastructure in the fields of science, education and other
related areas.
242. What do you understand about the National Social Policy?
It is a social development policy based on noble values and
increased human capacity to achieve solidarity (cohesion)
and social stability, to enhance national resilience and to
secure the well-being of the people.
243. What is the goal of the National Social Welfare Policy?
i.
To establish a united Malaysian nation made up of one
Malaysian race with a common goal.
ii. To create a psychologically liberated, secure, peaceful
and developed Malaysian society.
iii. To foster and develop a mature democratic society.
iv. To establish a fully moral and ethical society whose
citizens are strong in religious and spiritual values.
v. To establish a liberal and tolerant society.
vi. To establish a scientific and progressive society that is
innovative and forward-looking.
vii. To establish a caring society.
viii. To ensure an economically just society.
ix. To establish a prosperous society with an economy that
is competitive, dynamic, robust and resilient.
It aims to create a self-reliant and caring society with equal
opportunities for all.
244. The National Policy on Women of 2009 (NPW2) is an
extension to the NPW1 of 1989.What is the principle
espoused by NPW2 and the purpose of the policy?
Upholding the principle of non-discrimination based
on gender; its purpose is to realise the aspiration of
developing human capital among women to enhance
their competitiveness and resilience, to become more
knowledgeable, insightful, creative and innovative, and to
appreciate noble values.
105
106
107
108
(Source: The National Archives)
A number of delegates arriving in London
From left: Dato’ Nik Ahmad Kamil, Dr. Ismail, Dato’ Panglima Bukit Gantang, Tunku, Datuk Muhammad
Seth, Colonel HS Lee, Datuk Aziz Majid and Dato’ Abdul Razak
Back: TH Tan and Abdul Kadir Shamsuddin
Delegation to London in 1956 to negotiate the independence of Malaya
109
110
On 8 February 1956, the British Government agreed to grant independence to the Federation of Malaya
through the Treaty of London.
Colonel HS Lee (left), representive of the MCA, posing with Tunku and Dato’ (Tun) Abdul Razak
111
112
The group of delegates walking past the A Famosa, a city built by the Portuguese.
The delegation of negotiators returned from London on 20 February 1956. A celebration was held in Bandar
Hilir, Melaka – the first place to fall to foreign powers in 1511.
113
114
The date of Malaya’s independence announced by Tunku Abdul Rahman.
50,000 people gathered in a field in Bandar Hilir, Melaka to hear the news of Malaya’s date of independence.
At 12.30 am of 30 August 1957, the flag of the United Kingdom was lowered!
The flag of an independent nation was hoisted.
The flag is now called Jalur Gemilang.
115
116
MERDEKA!MERDEKA!MERDEKA!MERDEKA!
117
118
The Proclamation of Independence ceremony was also attended by the Malay rulers.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Ahmad Ibrahim, Mendekati Sejarah Undang-undang di Malaysia
dan Singapura, Muhammad Bukhari Abd. Hamid, Dewan Bahasa
dan Pustaka, Kuala Lumpur, 2009.
Ramlah Adam, Dato’ Onn Ja’afar Pengasas Kemerdekaan, Dewan
Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kuala Lumpur, 2009.
Ruslan Zainuddin, Mohd Mahadee Ismail, Zaini Othman,
Kenegaraan Malaysia, Oxford Fajar, Shah Alam, 2005.
Sistem Undang-Undang di Malaysia, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka,
Kuala Lumpur, 2007.
Sheela Abraham, Sejarah Perkembangan Negara, Fajar Bakti Sdn
Bhd, 1993.
Baterah Aliah, Huzaimah Islamil, Najahudin Lateh, Buku Revisi
Hubungan Etnik di Malaysia, Oxford Fajar Sdn Bhd, Shah Alam,
Selangor, 2010.
Wu Min Aun, The Malaysian Legal System (Third Edition), Pearson
Malaysia Sdn Bhd, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, 2005.
K. Ramanathan, Konsep Asas Politik, Dewan Bahasa danPustaka,
Kuala Lumpur, 1988.
Mahmood Zuhdi Abd Majid, Pengantar Undang-undang Islam di
Malaysia, University of Malaya Press, Kuala Lumpur, 1997.
Mohd Ayop Abd Razid, Mengenali Sejarah dan Asas-asas
Perlembagaan Negara, Department of Special Affairs (JASA),
MCMM, Kuala Lumpur 2011.
Mohd. Salleh Abas (Tun), Prinsip Perlembagaan dan Pemerintahan
di Malaysia, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kuala Lumpur, 2006.
Noor Aziah Mohd Awal, Pengenalan Kepada Sistem Perundangan
Di Malaysia, International Law Book Services, Petaling Jaya, 2010.
Federal Constitution (until 10 January 2002), International Law
Book Services, Petaling Jaya, 2002.
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120

Malaysia

Transcription

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