Motor Vehicle Production

Transcription

Introduction
This booklet offers our readers a brief overview of the Japanese automobile industry today. It contains a
wide range of pertinent statistics on the industry s status and looks at relevant trends and developments.
The Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association, Inc. (JAMA) aims to facilitate understanding of the
Japanese motor vehicle industry by providing helpful insights into the industry. We hope that you will find this
publication informative, and we welcome your questions and comments.
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Also visit us on the Internet: http://www.jama.or.jp
2002
THE MOTOR
INDUSTRY
OF JAPAN
Contents
2001 In Summary .................................................................................................................................... 3
MOTOR VEHICLES
Production ............................................................................................................................................... 4
Domestic Sales ........................................................................................................................................ 5
Imported Vehicle Sales ............................................................................................................................ 6
Car Market Sectors .................................................................................................................................. 7
Exports .................................................................................................................................................... 8
In Use and Cars Per Capita ..................................................................................................................... 9
MOTORCYCLES
Production and Domestic Sales .............................................................................................................10
Exports ..................................................................................................................................................11
GLOBAL ACTIVITIES
North American Manufacturing Operations ...........................................................................................12
European Manufacturing Operations ....................................................................................................14
Asian Manufacturing Operations ...........................................................................................................16
International Automotive Industry Ties .................................................................................................. 17
STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS
Motor Vehicle Classification ..................................................................................................................20
Domestic Taxes on Automobiles ...........................................................................................................21
Automobile Certification and Standards ................................................................................................22
SOCIAL CONCERNS
Attention to the Environment .................................................................................................................24
Traffic Safety .........................................................................................................................................28
Intelligent Transport Systems ................................................................................................................29
AUTOMOBILES AND THE ECONOMY
Automotive Shipments in Value Terms .................................................................................................. 30
Automotive Trade ..................................................................................................................................31
MISCELLANEOUS
Significant Events of 2001 ..................................................................................................................... 32
Member Manufacturers ......................................................................................................................... 34
Plant Locations of Member Manufacturers in Japan.............................................................................. 35
JAMA Organization and Information Services ....................................................................................... 36
Related Automotive Associations ..........................................................................................................37
Motor Vehicle Classifications
Throughout this booklet, motor vehicles are referred to as standard, small or mini cars. These categories are based
primarily on engine displacement: standard is over 2000cc, small is 661-2000cc, and mini is 660cc and under.
Most passenger cars in Japan are in the small category, but the minicar sector has been expanding in recent
For more details, see Motor Vehicle Classification on page 20 and Car Market Sectors on page 7.
This booklet is printed on recycled paper and is recyclable.
Edited and published by JAMA
2001 In Summary
SUMMARY: 2001 DOMESTIC PERFORMANCE
AND EXPORTS
Cars
Trucks Buses
Total
SUMMARY: 2001 DOMESTIC MOTORCYCLE
PERFORMANCE AND EXPORTS
50cc & under Over 50cc
Total
8,117,563
-2.9%
1,601,536
-7.3%
58,092
6.5%
9,777,191
-3.6%
Production
610,993
-4.0%
1,717,047
-3.5%
2,328,040
-3.6%
4,289,683
New
0.7%
Registrations
3,568,797
Exports
-6%
1,600,856
-5.1%
15,932
-3.9%
5,906,471
-0.9%
Demand
in Japan
544,988
-2.4%
205,698
-7.1%
750,686
-3.7%
552,891
-10.5%
44,481
8.1%
4,166,169
-6.5%
Exports
59,406
-27.6%
1,518,007
-2.6%
1,577,413
-3.9%
Production
Notes: 1. New registrations include imported vehicles.
2. Percentage figures represent the change from the preceding year.
Sources: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association, Japan Automobile Dealers
Association, Japan Mini-Vehicles Association.
Note: Percentage figures represent the change from the preceding year.
JAPAN’S CAR/TRUCK/BUS PRODUCTION, SALES
AND EXPORTS BY MAKE (2001)
Production Chg.(%) Sales Chg..(%) Exports Chg.(%)
Cars
Trucks
Daihatsu
Cars
Trucks
Fuji Hvy. Ind
Cars
Trucks
GM Japan
Trucks
Buses
Hino
Cars
Trucks
Honda
Cars
Trucks
Buses
Isuzu
Cars
Trucks
Buses
Mazda
Cars
Trucks
Buses
Mitsubishi
Cars
Trucks
Buses
Nissan
Trucks
Buses
Nissan Diesel
Cars
Trucks
Suzuki
Cars
Trucks
Buses
Toyota
Cars
Trucks
Buses
Other
(Imports)
482,763
156,124
638,887
376,663
90,220
462,883
492
—
492
48,605
4,830
53,435
1,219,809
64,898
1,284,707
12,822
199,877
3,230
215,929
657,241
72,038
—
729,279
632,151
195,719
6,879
834,749
1,088,170
171,169
10,949
1,270,288
22,704
1,449
24,153
712,632
194,896
907,528
2,938,820
384,849
30,755
3,354,424
—
437
—
437
-5.3
-7.9
-6.0
-4.2
12.9
-1.3
—
—
—
9.6
33.2
11.4
4.7
10.8
5.0
-58.7
-10.9
51.4
-16.2
-5.8
-10.5
—
-6.3
-13.1
-25.6
5.5
-16.3
-4.7
-2.4
42.7
-4.1
-7.5
40.4
-5.6
1.2
-4.2
-0.1
-1.8
-4.4
-8.4
-2.2
—
26.3
—
21.4
382,997
159,027
542,024
202,170
85,094
287,264
118
—
118
32,337
2,024
34,361
789,372
64,663
854,035
555
58,834
1,184
60,573
225,831
55,521
—
281,352
289,026
194,778
3,851
487,655
493,717
235,511
2,400
731,628
15,654
672
16,326
431,924
190,133
622,057
1,204,885
502,594
5,792
1,713,271
269,088
6,710
9
275,807
-0.7
-2.8
-1.3
-8.6
7.0
-4.5
—
—
—
6.7
-1.5
6.2
14.2
1.2
13.1
-53.6
-12.7
-6.2
-13.3
-10.9
-7.1
—
-10.2
-2.4
-19.8
-9.9
-10.3
-1.8
4.7
34.2
0.3
-1.7
17.7
-1.0
1.7
0.3
1.3
-0.9
-7.1
-12.4
-2.9
0.5
-12.6
-10.0
0.1
53,805
10,822
64,627
174,893
—
174,893
—
—
—
15,593
3,080
18,673
415,561
—
415,561
23,109
131,704
2,158
156,971
463,339
15,590
—
478,929
320,207
46,840
2,907
369,954
462,983
86,662
7,338
556,983
9,011
870
9,881
238,431
15,547
253,978
1,416,469
221,122
28,128
1,665,719
—
—
—
—
-20.9
-25.6
-21.7
3.8
—
3.8
—
—
—
-1.2
65.6
5.8
-12.9
—
-12.9
-43.1
-13.5
96.5
-19.1
2.9
-15.2
—
2.1
-18.0
-40.4
34.8
-21.5
-11.5
-0.1
31.5
-9.5
-19.1
77.2
-14.0
3.2
43.6
5.0
-2.1
-3.7
-5.5
-2.4
—
—
—
—
Total Cars
Total Trucks
Total Buses
8,117,563
1,601,536
58,092
-2.9
-7.3
6.5
4,289,683
1,600,856
15,932
0.7
-5.1
-3.9
3,568,797
552,891
44,481
-6.0
-10.5
8.1
Total
9,777,191
-3.6
5,906,471
-0.9
4,166,169
-6.5
Sources: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association, Japan Automobile Dealers Association, Japan
Mini-Vehicles Association.
JAPAN’S TOP SELLERS
2001 Chg.(%)
1
2
3
4
5
Toyota Corolla
236,507
Toyota Vitz
142,513
Honda Stream
119,877
Toyota Estima
118,901
Honda Step Wagon 110,014
6
7
8
9
10
Honda Fit
104,298
Toyota Crown
82,901
Nissan Cube
75,003
Honda Odyssey
71,011
Toyota Fun Cargo 70,096
11
12
13
14
15
Toyota Mark II
Toyota Ipsum
Toyota bB
Subaru Legacy
Mazda Demio
68,902
67,700
65,128
62,772
61,551
16
17
18
19
20
Nissan March
Mitsubishi Lancer
Nissan Sunny
Nissan Serena
Mazda MPV
60,425
56,105
54,290
54,220
51,535
45.2
-11.3
-2.9
38.8
-17.9
-12.6
-41.0
-34.4
-7.0
-27.6
-6.2
-20.6
-3.9
-6.0
-15.4
1.3
Note: Mini-vehicles are not included.
Source: Japan Automobile Dealers Association.
3
Motor Vehicle Production
In 2001 motor vehicle production in Japan moved into
the minus column for the first time in two years,
decreasing to 9,777,191 units, posting a year-on-year
decline of 3.6% and dropping to the lowest level in 22
years. The decline was attributed to a lackluster
performance in Japanese domestic vehicle sales and
exports.
Production of passenger cars decreased by 2.9% to
8,117,563 units to register the first decline in three years.
Production of trucks also dropped, by 7.3%, to 1,601,536
units, marking the seventh consecutive year of decline.
Production of buses rose by 6.5% to 58,092 units for the
second consecutive year of gain.
MOTOR VEHICLE PRODUCTION
millions of units
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
1970
Total
Cars
Trucks & Buses
1975
1980
Chg.(%)
Year
Cars
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1990
1985
1980
1975
1970
1965
1960
1955
1950
8,117,563
8,359,434
8,097,082
8,047,929
8,491,480
7,864,676
7,610,533
9,947,972
7,646,816
7,038,108
4,567,854
3,178,708
696,176
165,094
20,268
1,594
-2.9
3.2
0.6
-5.2
8.0
3.3
-2.5
9.9
8.1
14.0
16.2
21.7
20.1
110.0
40.0
—
1985
1990
Trucks
1,601,536
1,726,818
1,746,912
1,937,076
2,421,373
2,428,897
2,537,737
3,498,639
4,544,688
3,913,188
2,337,632
2,063,883
1,160,090
308,020
43,857
26,501
Chg.(%)
-7.3
-1.2
-9.8
-20.0
-0.3
-4.3
-6.1
-11.0
5.2
15.2
-9.2
2.1
4.6
73.5
-11.5
—
1995
1996
1997
Buses Chg.(%)
58,092
54,544
48,395
56,953
62,234
53,126
47,266
40,185
79,591
91,588
36,105
46,566
19,348
8,437
4,807
3,503
6.5
12.7
-15.0
-8.5
17.1
12.4
-3.8
-4.5
10.2
46.4
-21.2
11.3
41.5
25.3
-16.4
—
1998
1999
Total
9,777,191
10,140,796
9,892,389
10,041,958
10,975,087
10,346,699
10,195,536
13,486,796
12,271,095
11,042,884
6,941,591
5,289,157
1,875,614
481,551
68,932
31,597
2000
2001
Chg.(%)
-3.6
2.5
-1.5
-8.5
6.1
1.5
-3.4
3.5
7.0
14.6
5.9
13.1
10.2
83.2
-1.6
—
2001 DOMESTIC PRODUCTION BY MANUFACTURER
Manufacturer
Daihatsu
Fuji Hvy. Ind.
GM Japan
Hino
Honda
Isuzu
Mazda
Mitsubishi
Nissan
Nissan Diesel
Suzuki
Toyota
Other
Total
Cars
Chg.(%)
482,763
-5.3
372,663
-4.2
492
—
—
—
1,219,809
4.7
12,822
-58.7
657,241
-5.8
632,151
-13.1
1,088,170
-4.7
—
—
712,632
1.2
2,938,820
-1.8
—
—
8,117,563
-2.9
Trucks Chg.(%)
-7.9
156,124
12.9
90,220
—
—
9.6
48,605
10.8
64,898
-10.9
199,877
-10.5
72,038
-25.6
195,719
-2.4
171,169
-7.5
22,704
-4.2
194,896
-4.4
384,849
26.3
437
1,601,536
-7.3
4
Buses Chg.(%)
—
—
—
—
—
—
4,830
33.2
—
—
3,230
51.4
—
—
6,879
5.5
10,949
42.7
1,449
40.4
—
—
30,755
-8.4
—
—
58,092
6.5
Chg.(%)
Total
638,887
-6.0
462,883
-1.3
492
—
53,435
11.4
1,284,707
5.0
215,929
-16.2
729,279
-6.3
834,749
-16.3
1,270,288
-4.1
24,153
-5.6
907,528
-0.1
3,354,424
-2.2
437
21.4
9,777,191
-3.6
Domestic Sales of New Motor Vehicles
Sales of passenger cars climbed for the third
consecutive year, rising by 0.7% to 4,289,683 units.
Sales of trucks declined for the sixth consecutive year,
slipping by 5.1% to 1,600,856 units, while sales of buses
were down 3.9%, the first drop in three years.
Registrations of new motor vehicles in 2001 declined
for the first time in two years, posting a year-on-year
decrease of 0.9% to total 5,906,471 units. The drop in
vehicle sales was particularly conspicuous in the last
quarter.
NEW MOTOR VEHICLE SALES
millions of units
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Total
Cars
Trucks & Buses
1970
1975
Year
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1990
1985
1980
1975
1970
1965
1960
1955
1980
1985
Chg.(%)
Cars
4,289,683
0.7
4,259,872
2.5
4,154,084
1.5
4,093,148
-8.9
4,492,006
-3.8
4,668,728
5.1
4,443,906
5.6
5,102,659
15.9
3,104,083
3.3
2,854,176
-6.0
2,737,641
19.7
2,379,137
16.8
586,287
18.8
145,227
98.8
20,055
—
1990
Chg.(%)
Trucks
1,600,856
-5.1
1,686,599
-0.4
1,692,654
-4.5
1,772,136
-20.1
2,217,257
-7.3
2,391,790
-0.5
2,403,825
4.6
2,649,909
-6.3
2,431,178
4.7
2,137,947
2.2
1,551,454
0.7
1,693,502
-4.4
1,073,832
9.0
255,693
61.2
40,498
—
Notes: 1. Figures include imported vehicles.
2. Percentage figures represent the change from the preceding year.
1995
1996
1997
1998
Buses Chg.(%)
15,932
-3.9
16,571
14.5
14,478
2.4
14,141
-10.3
15,763
-8.5
17,227
-0.4
17,303
-3.0
24,925
-5.9
21,573
6.4
23,387
-2.5
19,836
-12.6
27,828
4.2
14,843
-2.4
7,260
12.2
3,977
—
1999
2000
2001
Chg.(%)
Total
5,906,471
-0.9
5,963,042
1.7
5,861,216
-0.3
5,879,425
-12.6
6,725,026
-5.0
7,077,745
3.1
6,865,034
5.2
7,777,493
7.2
5,556,834
2.2
5,015,510
-2.7
4,308,931
11.9
4,100,467
6.9
1,674,962
12.1
408,180
71.4
64,530
—
Sources: Japan Automobile Dealers Association, Japan Mini-Vehicles Association.
2001 DOMESTIC SALES BY MANUFACTURER
Manufacturer
Daihatsu
Fuji Hvy. Ind.
GM Japan
Hino
Honda
Isuzu
Mazda
Mitsubishi
Nissan
Nissan Diesel
Suzuki
Toyota
Imports
Total
Cars
Chg.(%)
-0.7
382,997
-8.6
202,170
—
118
—
—
14.2
789,372
-53.6
555
-10.9
225,831
289,026
-2.4
493,717
-1.8
—
—
431,924
1.7
1,204,885
-0.9
269,088
0.5
4,289,683
0.7
Chg.(%)
Trucks
-2.8
159,027
7.0
85,094
—
—
6.7
32,337
1.2
64,663
-12.7
58,834
-7.1
55,521
-19.8
194,778
4.7
235,511
-1.7
15,654
0.3
190,133
-7.1
502,594
-12.6
6,710
1,600,856
-5.1
Buses Chg.(%)
—
—
—
—
—
—
2,024
-1.5
—
—
1,184
-6.2
—
—
3,851
-9.9
2,400
34.2
672
17.7
—
—
5,792
-12.4
9
-10.0
15,932
-3.9
Total
542,024
287,264
118
34,361
854,035
60,573
281,352
487,655
731,628
16,326
622,057
1,713,271
275,807
5,906,471
Chg.(%)
-1.3
-4.5
—
6.2
13.1
-13.3
-10.2
-10.3
0.3
-1.0
1.3
-2.9
0.1
-0.9
Sources: Japan Automobile Dealers Association, Japan Automobile Importers Association.
5
Sales of Imported Vehicles in Japan
In 2001 sales of imported vehicles (including
commercial vehicles) rose 0.1% to 275,807 units,
marking the first increase in two years. Sales of
imported passenger cars were up 0.5% to 269,088 units,
also the first increase in two years.
The share held by imports of the Japanese passenger
car market remained in 2001 at the same level of 6.3%
as in 2000.
These figures include the sales of imported passenger
cars produced at the overseas facilities of Japanese
automakers. In 2001 sales of these cars dropped by
29.9% to 14,002 units, marking the second consecutive
year of decline.
European-made cars maintained their domination of
the import market, raising their share by 4.3% to
229,382 units to account for 85.2% of total car imports.
BEST-SELLING FOREIGN MAKES
Manufacturer
2001 Chg.(%)
Manufacturer
2001 Chg.(%)
1
Volkswagen
61,213
4.5
6
Peugeot
12,295
14.2
2
Mercedes-Benz
53,438
3.5
7
Honda
9,107
-14.2
3
BMW
36,068
-0.1
8
Chrysler
8,671
3.9
4
Volvo
16,626
6.0
9
Chevrolet
8,218
-13.8
5
Opel
12,626
-17.6
10
Audi
8,127
16.6
Note: BMW includes units manufactured in the U.S., Volvo includes units manufactured in the Netherlands, and Mercedes-Benz includes units manufactured in the U.S.
and Spain.
NEW SALES OF IMPORTED CARS
thousands of units
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
U.S.A.
Total
European countries
1980
1985
Country of Origin
European countries
(German cars)
U.S.A.
(U.S.-made Japanese cars)
Total
Chg.(%)
1995
1990
1980
33,813
(26,038)
1985
1990
48,204
190,750
(40,157) (137,442)
1996
1997
1995
1996
1997
236,307
268,700
256,485
(156,216) (184,133)
(177,075)
1999
2000
2001
1998
1999
2000
2001
210,888
213,534
219,943
229,382
(148,607) (157,645)
(167,808)
(176,833)
1998
11,058
1,816
28,602
122,872
122,559
83,344
53,462
53,636
42,196
31,986
(0)
(0)
(12,598)
(84,722)
(69,534)
(36,206)
(17,664)
(21,737)
(15,534)
(10,395)
Other
0
152
2,345
3,086
2,133
1,666
1,498
4,266
5,628
7,720
44,871
50,172
221,706
362,265
393,392
341,495
265,848
271,436
267,767
269,088
22.9
31.2
8.6
-13.2
-22.2
2.1
-1.4
0.5
—
—
6
Other
Car Market Sectors
The small (661cc-2000cc) and minicar (660cc and
under) sectors have a dominant presence in the Japanese
market, with these two sectors combined accounting for
82.7% of the market in 2001. Small cars accounted for
53% and minicars, which in the past few years have
become increasingly popular, gained a 29.7% share.
By way of comparison, standard cars (2000cc+)
peaked in 1995 with a 20% share of the market. Since
then, they have been losing share.
In contrast, standard cars have a strong presence in the
import market. From 1996 through 2001, standard cars
have held import market shares of 70.6%, 65.5%, 70.2%,
82.0%, 86.0%, and 83.5% respectively, underscoring
2001 CAR MARKET SHARE BY CATEGORY
their dominant role.
The minicar category, which is a distinctive sector in
Japan, was established in 1949. At present, the category
is confined to vehicles with an engine displacement of
660cc or lower. Demand for minicars is driven by their
excellent fuel economy and ability to maneuver under
cramped conditions, as well as attractive tax and
insurance benefits. They offer a convenient, economical
mode of transportation for commuting to work and daily
shopping errands.
2001 IMPORTED CAR MARKET SHARE
BY CATEGORY
Minicars (660cc & under) 0.2%
Minicars
(660cc & under) 29.7%
Small cars
(661cc-2000cc)
53.0%
Standard cars
(2000cc+)
17.3%
Standard cars
(2000cc+)
83.6%
Small cars
(661cc-2000cc)
16.2%
PASSENGER CAR SALES IN JAPAN BY MARKET SECTOR
SMALL CARS
1975
1980
2,531,396
2,608,215
1985
1990
2,869,527 3,839,221
1995
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2,654,291
2,701,686
2,389,671
2,193,920
2,208,387
2,274,996
27.1%
-6.2%
1.8%
2.8%
-2.2%
-4.0%
-11.5%
-8.2%
0.7%
3.0%
Market share
92.5%
91.4%
92.4%
75.2%
59.7%
60.1%
58.4%
52.8%
51.8%
53.0%
STANDARD CARS
49,125
71,931
73,539
467,490
889,260
873,220
756,117
723,999
770,220
741,489
Growth rate
34.7%
-15.1%
10.4%
69.1%
29.4%
-2.8%
-13.4%
-4.3%
6.4%
-3.7%
Market share
1.8%
2.5%
2.4%
9.2%
20.0%
19.4%
18.5%
17.4%
18.1%
17.3%
MINICARS
157,120
174,030
161,017
795,948
900,355
917,100
947,360
1,236,165
1,281,265
1,273,198
Growth rate
-39.3%
2.2%
-16.8%
102.8%
11.2%
-4.2%
3.3%
30.5%
3.6%
-0.6%
5.2%
Growth rate
Market share
TOTAL MARKET
Growth rate
5.7%
6.1%
2,737,641
2,854,176
19.7%
-6.0%
15.6%
20.3%
20.4%
23.1%
29.8%
30.1%
29.7%
3,104,083 5,102,659
4,443,906
4,492,006
4,093,148
4,154,084
4,259,872
4,289,683
15.9%
5.6%
-3.8%
-8.9%
1.5%
2.5%
0.7%
3.3%
Note: Figures include imports.
7
Motor Vehicle Exports
38.6%.
The share of exports within Japan’s total domestic
production slipped further to 42.6%. At the same time,
the global operations of Japanese automakers continued
to move ahead. In 2001 overseas production amounted
to 6,327,405 units.
Exports of motor vehicles fell into the minus column
in 2001 for the first time in two years, registering a drop
of 6.5% to stand at 4,166,169 units.
By destination, although exports to the Middle East
rose 29.4%, those to all other regions suffered a setback
compared to 2000. By country, exports to the United
States decreased 3.7%. Nevertheless, the U.S. remains
Japan’s biggest export destination, with a share of
EXPORTS BY DESTINATION
Destination
Asia
1970
149,787
Middle East
1975
290,134
26,635
241,511
Europe
126,275
528,486
(EU)
(51,514)
(383,589)
North America
(U.S.A.)
Latin America
Africa
Oceania
495,608 1,003,954
(422,464)
1985
1990
1995
1998
1999
2000
2001
710,587
569,143
616,027
264,987
290,436
410,590
351,227
542,955
401,598
283,866
206,446
455,159
308,114
295,176
381,965
918,831 1,370,931 1,329,216 1,136,083
895,415
1,226,954 1,363,694 1,750,497
(955,974)
(995,489) (1,484,588)
(792,058) (1,132,535) (1,154,992)
(780,750)
(973,076)
2,592,577 3,384,562 2,521,823 1,301,218 1,459,338 1,723,598 1,836,941 1,795,816
(919,949) (2,407,645) (3,131,997) (2,236,988) (1,228,096) (1,313,583) (1,556,419) (1,669,047) (1,606,998)
79,678
143,509
382,231
290,417
216,375
329,064
450,128
277,825
298,801
293,636
111,244
217,294
322,329
137,729
129,278
137,718
170,836
131,489
110,218
98,524
97,316
251,426
316,865
426,075
344,236
274,828
347,194
337,288
357,739
341,808
233
1,298
1,934
15,810
15,994
6,677
10,302
10,987
9,337
7,778
Other
Total
1980
581,116
1,086,776 2,677,612
5,966,961 6,730,472 5,831,212 3,790,809 4,528,875 4,408,953 4,454,885 4,166,169
MOTOR VEHICLE EXPORTS
millions of units
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Total
Cars
Trucks & Buses
1970
1975
1980
1985
Year
Cars
Chg.(%)
Trucks
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1990
1985
1980
1975
1970
1965
1960
1955
1950
3,568,797
3,795.852
3,757,460
3,684,430
3,579,131
2,860,080
2,896,216
4,482,130
4,426,762
3,947,160
1,827,286
725,586
100,716
7,013
2
7
-6.0
1.0
2.0
2.9
25.1
-1.2
-13.8
1.8
11.2
27.2
5.8
29.5
50.4
43.6
100.0
—
552,891
617,870
613,113
795,528
919,469
807,772
849,859
1,309,121
2,238,104
1,953,685
833,672
351,611
90,923
31,028
907
5,409
8
1990
1995
1996
1997
Chg.(%)
Buses
Chg.(%)
-10.5
0.8
-22.9
-13.5
13.8
-5.0
-17.2
-9.4
8.0
37.2
-4.7
20.9
11.3
122.3
33.6
—
44,481
41,163
38,380
48,917
54,602
43,866
44,734
39,961
65,606
66,116
16,654
9,579
2,529
768
322
93
8.1
7.3
-21.5
-10.4
24.5
-2.0
-39.2
13.7
16.7
79.4
4.3
41.6
45.8
73.8
4.5
—
1998
1999
2000
Total
4,166,169
4,454,885
4,408,953
4,528,875
4,553,202
3,711,718
3,790,809
5,831,212
6,730,472
5,966,961
2,677,612
1,086,776
194,168
38,809
1,231
5,509
2001
Chg.(%)
-6.5
1.0
-2.6
-0.5
22.7
-2.1
-15.0
-0.9
10.2
30.8
2.3
26.7
29.1
24.6
24.6
—
Motor Vehicles In Use and Cars Per Capita
As of year-end 2001, the number of motor vehicles,
excluding two-wheelers, in use on roads in Japan rose
1% to 73,411,477 units.
In terms of the number of vehicles in use, the United
States with 221.5 million units (as of year-end 2000)
accounts for about one out of three automobiles in use in
the world. As such, the United States is by far the
world’s leader, while Japan stands in second place,
accounting for about one-tenth of the estimated 73.4
million motor vehicles in use worldwide.
The average age of passenger cars on the road in Japan
has been increasing. As of the end of March 2001, it
increased by 0.2 of a year to 6.04 years, its highest age
ever. The average service life for cars lengthened by 0.44
of a year to 10.40 years.
Japan ranks below the United States and Europe in
terms of passenger cars per capita. Statistics for 2000
show Japan with 413 cars per thousand persons, or one
car for every 2.4 persons.
PASSENGER CARS' LIFE IN YEARS (as of March of each year)
Average Age
Year
0
Average Service Life
3.30
4.25
4.57
4.64
4.88
5.04
5.14
5.33
5.60
5.84
6.04
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
PASSENGER CARS PER 1,000 PEOPLE (persons per car )
100
200
300
400
500
U.S.A.
6.72
8.29
9.17
9.26
9.43
9.27
9.28
9.44
9.63
9.96
10.40
Italy
570 (1.8)
Canada
(1.8)
547
Germany
533
Australia
522
U.K.
(1.9)
(1.9)
468 (2.1)
476 (2.1)
France
452 (2.2)
Belgium
Japan
Notes: Average age means the average years elapsed since first registration.
Average service life means average vehicle lifespan.
Source: Japan Automobile Inspection and Registration Association.
600
(2.1)
485
413
(2.4)
Note: Based on 2000 statistics from each country.
MOTOR VEHICLES IN USE (as of the end of each year)
Total
millions of units
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
1970
1975
Year
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1985
1980
1975
1970
1965
1960
1955
1950
Cars
Trucks & Buses & Other
1980
Cars
53,541,212
52,438,083
51,164,901
49,896,326
48,611,230
46,868,712
44,680,254
42,678,566
40,772,407
38,963,861
37,076,065
34,924,213
27,844,601
23,659,528
17,236,326
8,778,975
2,181,287
457,451
153,924
45,006
1985
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
Trucks
Buses
17,868,753
18,228,108
18,633,046
19,083,546
19,654,917
20,092,120
20,432,988
20,670,360
20,884,257
21,134,660
21,326,629
21,324,848
17,145,178
13,193,439
10,089,051
8,517,507
4,539,728
1,589,965
679,880
261,579
234,816
235,483
235,676
237,701
240,354
242,243
243,095
245,387
247,794
248,624
248,258
245,668
231,228
230,020
226,284
187,980
102,695
56,192
34,421
18,306
1995
1996
1997
Other
1,766,696
1,751,252
1,693,012
1,600,791
1,500,548
1,601,444
1,500,784
1,420,734
1,361,722
1,314,761
1,267,569
1,206,996
942,377
790,911
586,895
341,315
159,259
72,077
32,572
12,494
1998
1999
2000
Total
73,411,477
72,652,926
71,726,635
70,818,364
70,007,049
68,805,073
66,857,121
65,015,047
63,266,180
61,661,906
59,918,521
57,701,725
46,163,384
37,873,898
28,138,556
17,825,777
6,882,969
2,175,685
900,797
337,385
2001
Chg.(%)
1.0
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.7
2.9
2.8
2.8
2.6
2.9
3.8
4.7
3.7
10.4
4.6
15.4
19.3
24.2
8.5
—
Source: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport.
9
Motorcycle Production and Domestic Sales
2,328,040 units.
The number of motorcycles in use in Japan has been
falling for more than ten years, reflecting the long-term
stagnation of the domestic markets. As of the end of
March 2002, motorcycles in use numbered 13,719,898
units, accounting for an estimated one-tenth of the total
number in use worldwide and ranking Japan third behind
India and China.
The year 2001 saw domestic demand for motorcycles
dropping for the fifth consecutive year, with sales
sinking 3.7% to 750,686 units. This decline is due,
mainly, to the decreasing size of the youth segment of
the population and changes in lifestyles, as well as to
reduced demand for motorcycles used as commercial
vehicles because of the weak economy and the current
trend towards four-wheeled vehicles.
Total domestic production of motorcycles in 2001 fell
for the first time in two years, decreasing 3.6% to
MOTORCYCLE PRODUCTION
millions of units
7
6
5
4
3
2
1970
1975
Year
50cc & under
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1990
1985
1980
1975
1970
610,993
636,546
679,690
839,123
933,921
948,298
951,803
1,343,220
2,014,850
2,493,910
1,030,822
895,599
1985
1980
1995
1990
1996
1997
1998
Over 50cc
51~125cc
126~250cc
598,551
630,221
532,909
783,646
817,284
828,299
1,038,938
686,734
1,373,423
2,181,206
1,887,701
1,407,205
260,269
297,433
237,706
271,378
275,847
238,045
217,738
270,304
469,728
660,831
331,733
259,145
Over 250cc
858,227
851,191
801,406
742,149
648,631
569,775
544,760
506,637
678,346
1,098,577
552,291
385,723
Total
Subtotal
1,717,047
1,778,845
1,572,021
1,797,173
1,741,762
1,636,119
1,801,436
1,463,675
2,521,497
3,940,614
2,771,725
2,052,073
1999
2,328,040
2,415,391
2,251,711
2,636,296
2,675,683
2,584,417
2,753,239
2,806,895
4,536,347
6,434,524
3,802,547
2,947,672
2000
2001
Chg.(%)
-3.6
7.3
-14.6
-1.5
3.5
-6.1
1.0
0.4
12.7
43.8
-15.7
14.4
MOTORCYCLE DOMESTIC DEMAND
millions of units
3
2
1
1970
1975
Year
50cc & under
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1990
1985
1980
1975
1970
544,988
558,459
621,276
744,900
864,395
876,522
884,718
1,213,512
1,646,115
1,978,426
778,117
598,165
1985
1980
1996
1997
Over 50cc
51~125cc
126~250cc
78,263
102,116
105,550
177,092
156,183
171,105
138,115
169,618
130,574
200,238
307,276
461,570
79,156
72,886
51,461
65,659
84,799
83,982
98,833
158,882
173,887
88,188
15,882
61,608
10
1995
1990
Over 250cc
Subtotal
48,279
46,416
58,672
75,329
82,861
88,307
91,186
76,921
145,674
103,184
28,018
69,586
205,698
221,418
215,683
318,080
323,843
343,394
328,134
405,421
450,135
391,610
351,176
592,764
1998
1999
Total
750,686
779,877
836,959
1,062,980
1,188,238
1,219,916
1,212,852
1,618,933
2,096,250
2,370,036
1,129,293
1,190,929
2000
2001
Chg.(%)
-3.7
-6.8
-21.3
-10.5
-2.6
0.6
1.6
-3.0
3.7
23.7
-3.6
-4.9
Motorcycle Exports
After a year of advance, exports of motorcycles in
2001 fell by 3.9% to total 1,577,413 units.
By destination, shipments to the Middle East, Asia,
Africa and North America rose by 68.2%, 18.6%, 13.2%
and 9.8%, respectively. In contrast, shipments to
Europe, Oceania and Latin America experienced a fall of
24.2%, 10.2% and 7.9%, respectively. Exports to the
U.S. surpassed those to Europe, which had been the
biggest export destination since 1996. In 2001, the U.S.
market accounted for 34.8% of total exports.
EXPORTS BY DESTINATION
Asia
Middle East
Europe
(EU)
North America
(U.S.A.)
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
250,846
299,743
460,619
643,505
504,082
464,979
326,985
274,578
156,346
195,352
231,680
41,766
113,205
78,099
29,512
25,473
16,131
46,417
37,125
18,582
26,775
45,028
527,040
563,130
535,761
484,742
355,761
340,585
546,882
690,629
663,667
652,375
494,416
(448,923) (492,699) (500,021) (457,932) (335,526) (322,957) (514,161) (652,210) (631,439) (623,294) (473,622)
182,933
270,412
214,347
268,620
244,666
267,831
244,622
291,611
377,423
541,478
594,381
(167,202) (202,340) (255,358) (253,732) (229,330) (251,880) (227,461) (266,903) (337,203) (494,508) (548,915)
Latin America
92,001
128,817
241,528
223,677
219,985
178,175
218,131
220,855
101,309
139,854
128,857
Africa
52,721
55,230
51,466
36,924
25,027
26,329
34,929
41,855
38,306
27,277
30,890
Oceania
36,437
36,330
30,752
32,730
32,862
31,680
41,742
47,100
57,505
58,066
52,161
Total
1,183,744 1,410,802 1,668,637 1,719,710 1,407,856 1,325,710 1,459,708 1,603,753 1,413,138 1,641,177 1,577,413
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
Total
Over 50cc
1970
1975
Year
50cc & under
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1990
1985
1980
1975
1970
59,406
82,038
89,547
114,853
75,513
55,016
61,627
147,301
369,167
501,027
288,974
326,815
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
Over 50cc
51~125cc
530,728
549,040
422,876
616,213
649,825
666,593
691,433
507,840
1,350,412
1,907,481
1,546,170
914,325
126~250cc
194,058
204,591
177,399
206,751
187,981
154,103
129,961
117,222
296,865
548,306
328,313
187,185
Over 250cc
793,221
805,508
723,316
665,936
546,389
481,623
442,689
411,381
525,038
972,226
527,344
309,277
Subtotal
1,518,007
1,559,139
1,323,591
1,488,900
1,384,195
1,302,319
1,264,083
1,036,443
2,172,315
3,428,013
2,401,827
1,410,787
1998
1999
Total
1,577,413
1,641,177
1,413,138
1,603,753
1,459,708
1,357,335
1,325,710
1,183,744
2,541,482
3,929,040
2,690,801
1,737,602
50cc
&
under
2000
2001
Chg.(%)
-3.9
16.1
-11.9
9.9
7.5
2.4
-5.8
7.3
19.7
44.0
-17.0
33.8
11
North American Manufacturing Operations
vehicle development from the early stages on. This
process facilitates the development of vehicles more
closely suited to the U.S. market and encourages close
collaboration with local suppliers. Japanese automakers
currently have nine R&D subsidiaries in the U.S.,
providing jobs to about 2,800 Americans.
In addition to such undertakings by individual
automakers, JAMA is constructively involved in a range
of initiatives designed to further mutual cooperation and
understanding. One key initiative is JAMA’s
collaboration with the U.S. Motor & Equipment
Manufacturers Association (MEMA) in sponsoring
regular meetings of the JAMA-MEMA Liaison
Committee and One-on-One Business meetings.
JAMA is also working closely with North America’s
Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers (AAM) and the
European Automobile Manufacturers Association
(ACEA) in promoting the international harmonization of
technical regulations and certification procedures.
Today seven Japanese automakers conduct production
operations in the United States and three do so in
Canada. This emphasis on local production reflects
Japanese automakers’ global strategy based on
manufacturing where demand is present. The seven
Japanese-affiliated automakers in the United States have
invested almost $18.0 billion in aggregate in
infrastructure and facilities, making the U.S. Japan’s
biggest base for overseas production.
In 2001 total production by Japanese-affiliated
automakers in the United States declined 4.6% to
2,443,086 units，against the backdrop of a downward
trend in the U.S. economy overall.
Local production by Japanese automakers provides
numerous employment opportunities to people in host
communities and contributes to U.S. automobile exports.
In 2000, Japanese manufacturers’ affiliates in the U.S.
exported 173,400 American-built cars and trucks to
countries around the world, an increase of 35.3% over
the previous year. Constituting about 13% of total U.S.
vehicle exports, these exports, predominantly passenger
cars, accounted for an estimated $2.5 billion in foreign
exchange.
Local R&D is strengthened by "design-in"
development, a process in which suppliers take part in
PRODUCTION AT U.S. MANUFACTURING OPERATIONS
thousands
of units
Total
2,500
2,000
Cars
1,500
1,000
500
Trucks
0
1987
1988
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Honda
324,064
366,355
362,351
435,437
451,197
458,251
403,775
498,710
552,995
634,374
648,268
694,703
686,043
677,090
692,377
Nissan
117,334
109,897
115,584
95,844
133,504
171,402
293,182
312,654
333,234
279,510
222,733
167,742
150,129
157,876
NUMMI
143,652
129,978
192,235
205,287
206,634
180,960
207,025
229,327
228,920
224,422
209,879
203,464
210,726
197,737
188,967
Toyota
43,726
18,527
151,150
218,195
187,708
240,382
234,060
275,678
381,445
385,657
404,973
380,730
356,840
371,877
355,911
AutoAlliance
4,200
167,205
216,200
184,428
165,314
168,859
219,096
247,004
149,562
129,441
100,394
167,268
165,143
107,431
71,645
Mitsubishi
—
2,409
90,741
148,379
153,936
139,783
136,022
169,829
218,161
192,961
189,086
157,139
159,702
222,036
193,583
2,600
32,461
57,945
57,623
47,117
102,180
104,229
Cars
SIA
—
—
54,002
80,660
98,747
1,944,977
1,943,471
632,976
Nissan
102,718
123,056
139,404
NUMMI
—
—
—
—
SIA
—
—
—
Toyota
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Honda
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
123,056
173,903
192,406
270,592
287,635
Subtotal
102,718
Total
735,694
794,456 1,132,701 1,320,031 1,357,903
95,919
95,919
34,499
277,869
1,417,260 1,540,277 1,787,204
Subtotal
Trucks
12
1989
93,070
107,955
103,010
1,934,290 1,930,266 1,839,266
1,834,255
1,763,369
131,519
128,924
93,791
131,954
132,552
136,162
118,798
86,104
156,903
227,146
168,349
2,535
75,271
114,403
133,713
123,755
141,047
147,930
158,395
156,395
146,339
162,714
58,352
66,397
79,441
99,881
99,514
96,124
84,711
111,969
99,130
100,721
83,351
—
—
26,838
95,473
176,862
253,277
263,020
—
—
—
—
365,548
355,821
373,333
1,687,852 1,827,912 2,152,752
2,300,798
2,316,804
890,290 1,253,236 1,493,934 1,548,667
378,277
—
451,941
—
—
2,283
589,290
727,483
679,717
2,312,567 2,382,207 2,428,556
2,561,738
2,443,086
JAPANESE AUTOMAKERS’ NORTH AMERICAN MANUFACTURING OPERATIONS
United States
Location
(Status)
Name of Company
Start-Up
Employees
Total
Investment
($million)
Nov. 1982
13,000
$4,000
Products
Honda of America
Manufacturing, Inc.
Marysville, East Liberty, Anna, Ohio Accord, Civic, Acura CL, Acura TL
(Sole Entry)
Engines
Honda Manufacturing of Alabama,
LLC
Lincoln, Alabama
Odyssey, Engines
Nov. 2001
2,300
$580
Nissan North America,Inc.
(Manufacturing)
Smyrna, Tennessee
(Sole Entry)
Altima, Xterra, Frontier
Jun. 1983
5,800
$1,430
AutoAlliance International, Inc.
(Mazda)
Flat Rock, Michigan
(Joint Venture: Ford)
Mazda: 626
Ford: Cougar
Sep. 1987
1,800
$1,233
Mitsubishi Motor Manufacturing of
America, Inc.
Normal, Illinois
(Sole Entry)
Mitsubishi: Eclipse, Galant
Chrysler: Stratus, Sebring
Sep. 1988
3,100
$1,040
New United Motor Mfg., Inc.
(Toyota)
Fremont, California
(Joint Venture: General Motors)
Toyota: Corolla & Tacoma
GM: Prizm
Dec. 1984
5,506
$1,064
Toyota Motor Mfg. Kentucky, Inc.
Georgetown, Kentucky
(Sole Entry)
Camry, Avalon, Sienna, Engines
May 1988
7,490
$5,290
Toyota Manufacturing
Indiana, Inc.
Princeton, Indiana
(Sole Entry)
Tundra, Sequoia
Dec. 1998
2,618
$1,601
Toyota Motor Manufactuing
West Virginia., Inc.
Buffalo, West Virginia
(Sole Entry)
Engines
Dec. 1998
861
$715
Subaru-Isuzu Automotive, Inc.
Lafayette, Indiana
(Joint Venture)
Fuji (Subaru): Legacy, Engines
Isuzu: Rodeo, Rodeo-Sport, Axiom
Sep. 1989
3,100
$760
DMAX, Ltd.
(Isuzu)
Moraine, Ohio
(Joint Venture: GM)
Diesel Engines
Jul. 2000
800
$300
Honda Canada Inc.
Alliston, Ontario
(Sole Entry)
Civic, Acura EL, Odyssey, Acura MDX,
Pilot
Nov. 1986
4,100
C$1,100
Toyota Motor Mfg., Canada Inc.
Cambridge, Ontario
(Sole Entry)
Corolla, Camry, Solara
Nov. 1988
2,593
C$2,328
CAMI Automotive Inc.
(Suzuki)
Ingersoll, Ontario
(Joint Venture: GM Canada)
Escudo
Apr. 1989
2,400
C$615
Canada
JAPANESE AUTOMAKERS’ NORTH AMERICAN R&D CENTERS
Name of Company
Honda R&D Americas, Inc.
Isuzu Motors America, Inc.
Mazda North American
Operations, Inc.
Mitsubishi Motors R&D of
America, Inc.
Headquarters, Division Offices
Torrance, CA, Raymond & East Liberty, OH, Denver, CO,
Mojave Desert, CA
Current Functions
(Planned)
1,000
1,2,3,4,5,6,7
Key to Functions
Los Angeles, CA, Detroit, MI
300
1,2,3,4,5,6,7
Irvine, CA, Flat Rock, MI, Ann Arbor, MI
103
1,2,3,4,(5),(6),7
Normal, IL
123
1,2,3,4,5,6,7
1) Technical support for
procurement of parts for
local production
2) Evaluation of parts
3) Evaluation of vehicles
4) Styling & general design
5) Parts design
6) Vehicle design
7) Prototype production
Nissan Design America, Inc.
San Diego, CA
Nissan Technical Center
North America, Inc.
Farmington Hills, MI, Cambridge, MA, Los Angeles, CA, Stanfield, AZ,
Smyrna,TN , Sheffeld Village, OH ,Washington, D.C.
Subaru R&D, Inc.
Ann Arbor, MI, Lafayette, IN
Toyota Technical Center U.S.A., Inc. Ann Arbor, MI (with offices in California and Arizona)
Calty Design Research, Inc.
(Toyota)
Current
Employees
Newport Beach, CA
50
550
40
575
50
4
1,2,3,5,6,7
1,3,4,6
1,2,3
4
13
European Manufacturing Operations
Japanese automakers currently operate local plants at
eleven sites in Europe (in France, Hungary, the
Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Spain and the U.K.).
From 1988 to 2001 European production by Japanese
automakers increased approximately sevenfold, totaling
949,323 units in 2001 and providing employment to
28,492 Europeans. Japanese vehicles built in Europe
contribute industrially to their host regions and to the
trade balance of their host nations through exports.
Japanese automakers also have R&D and technical
centers at thirteen sites in Europe, providing jobs for
1,973 engineers and other personnel. Although the main
objective of these facilities is to steadily elevate local
content, they also provide support for market research,
product planning and technical assistance.
Japanese automakers have reached over 80 percent
European local content for Japanese-brand cars
manufactured in western Europe. This is a valuable
market for suppliers willing to develop good, long-term
business relations with Japanese automakers.
(CLEPA) have been holding regular joint conferences
centered on company-to-company business meetings.
The sixth JAMA-CLEPA Business Conference was held
in April 2002 in Germany.
′
JAMA also cooperates with the United Kingdom’s
Industry
Forum in the Master Engineers Program. This
｀
is a project launched by the U.K.’s Department of Trade
and Industry and the Society of Motor Manufacturers
and Traders (SMMT) to strengthen the fundamentals of
the automotive parts industry. Under the program,
Toyota, Nissan, and Honda, the three Japanese
automakers with manufacturing operations in the U.K.,
dispatch outstanding engineers to provide on-site kaizen
training, with the goal of developing master engineers at
the U.K. suppliers so as to boost the competitiveness of
the parts industry. Since its launch in 1996, the project
has developed 32 master engineers, conducting kaizen
training at 300 companies in the process.
The Japanese automakers also undertake vigorous
industry-to-industry cooperation to strengthen local parts
manufacturing and procurement in Europe. Since 1995,
for example, JAMA and the Comite de Liaison de la
Construction d’Equipements et de Pieces d’Automobiles
EUROPEAN PRODUCTION BY JAPANESE AUTOMAKERS
thousands of units
1,000
800
600
400
200
0
1988
1990
1989
1988
France
Hungary
Toyota
Suzuki
—
—
1989
—
—
1992
1990
—
—
1991
—
—
1993
1994
1992
1993
—
996
—
13,151
1995
1994
1996
1995
1997
1996
1999
1998
1997
—
19,412
—
36,473
—
51,778
—
63,540
—
1998
—
66,305
—
—
—
—
—
—
20,879
44,491
81,698
Toyota
13,684
12,545
10,528
12,033
13,801
10,888
8,808
6,251
5,475
6,364
Portugal Mitsubishi
Subtotal
5,807
19,491
5,496
18,041
5,022
15,550
7,111
19,144
9,074
22,875
8,577
19,465
6,920
15,728
7,176
13,427
5,562
11,037
7,265
13,629
Nissan
Suzuki
26,888
22,362
85,879
18,383
79,662
21,203
70,992
25,505
76,676
32,511
82,036
30,476
101,172
14,668
117,324
25,843
107,332
29,726
101,780
32,133
97,032
32,862
Subtotal
Honda
Nissan
49,250
5,044
56,541
104,262
3,630
77,282
100,865
26,454
76,190
96,497
35,952
124,666
109,187
33,445
179,009
112,512
50,545
246,281
115,840
51,531
204,944
143,167
93,283
215,346
137,058
105,810
231,627
133,913
108,097
271,666
129,894
112,089
288,818
Toyota
Subtotal
—
61,585
—
80,912
—
102,644
—
160,618
—
212,454
37,314
334,140
85,467
341,942
88,440
397,069
116,973
454,410
104,615
484,378
172,342
573,249
Total
130,326
203,215
223,164
282,278
352,292
484,122
495,931
614,524
702,768
777,682
877,327
Netherlands Mitsubishi
Spain
UK
Source: Respective automakers.
14
1991
91,936
6,440
9,503
15,943
2000
2001
1999
2000
2001
—
72,000
110,446
6,020
10,736
16,756
96,338
34,355
130,693
114,479
271,157
178,660
564,296
894,191
—
80,688
58,881
4,518
11,796
16,314
136,807
31,584
168,391
74,751
327,701
171,339
573,791
898,065
61,904
83,664
67,111
4,086
8,058
12,144
137,382
22,512
159,894
114,163
297,028
153,415
564,606
949,323
JAPANESE AUTOMAKERS’ EUROPEAN MANUFACTURING OPERATIONS
L o c a tio n
(S ta tu s )
N am e of C om pany
P ro d u c ts
S ta rt-U p
E m p lo y e e s
T o ta l
In v e s tm e n t
(m illio n )
France
Toyota Motor Manufacturing
France S.A.S.
Valenciennes
Yaris
Jan . 2001
1,902
FF800
E s z te rg o m
( J o in t V e n tu r e )
C u lt u s , S u b a r u J u s t y , Wagon R Plus
O c t. 1 9 9 2
1,800
N .A .
B o r n , L in b u r g
M its u b is h i: C a r is m a , S p a c e S ta r
V o lv o : S 4 0 , V 4 0
M ay 1995
6,100
N .A .
Tychy
Diesel Engines
Jul. 1999
1,100
·26,000
H u n g a ry
M agyar S uzuki
C o r p o r a tio n
T h e N e th e r la n d s
N e th e r la n d s C a r B .V .
( M its u b is h i)
Poland
Isuzu Motors Polska Sp.zo.o
P o rtu g a l
S a lv a d o r C a e ta n o I.M .V .T .,
S .A . (T o y o ta )
O var
D y n a , H ia c e , Coaster
(Joint V enture: S alvador C aetano)
Oct . 1 9 6 8
408
M its u b is h i T r u c k s
E u r o p e - S o c ie d a d e
E u r o p e ia d e A u to m o v e is , S .A .
T ra m a g a l
C a n te r
M a r. 1 9 9 6
413
N .A .
S a n ta n a -M o to r, S .A .
( S u z u k i)
L in a r e s
( T e c h n ic a l S u p p o r t)
J im n y , E s c u d o
M a r. 1 9 8 5
630
N .A .
’
S .A .
N is s a n M o t o r Iberica
B a r c e lo n a
( S o le E n tr y )
Terrano II, Tino, Engines & Transm issions
Jan. 1983
3,646
N .A .
N is s a n M o to r M a n u fa c tu r in g
( U K ), Ltd.
S u n d e r la n d
( S o le E n tr y )
P r im e r a , P r im e r a E s ta te , A lm e r a , M ic r a ,
Engines
Jul. 1986
4,900
£1,800
H o n d a o f t h e U K M f g . , Ltd.
S w in d o n
A c c o r d , C iv ic , CR-V, Engines
( S o le E n tr y )
B urnaston, D erbyshire (S ole E ntry)
Corolla, Avensis, Engines
D e e s id e ( S o le E n tr y )
Jul. 1989
4,000
£1,150
Dec . 1 9 9 2
3,593
£3,030
PESC.115
S p a in
U n ite d K in g d o m
T o y o t a M o t o r M f g . (U K ), Ltd.
JAPANESE AUTOMAKERS’ EUROPEAN R&D CENTERS
Name of Company
Honda R&D Europe G.m.b.H.
Headquarters
Offenbach, Germany
Current
Employees
130
Current
Functions
1,2,3,4,6,7
Honda R&D Europe (UK), Ltd.
Swindon, UK
90
1,2,3,5,7
Mazda Moter Europe
Oberursel, Germany
120
3,4,7
Mitsubishi Motor R&D of Europe
G.m.b.H.
Mitsubishi Motors Marketing Research
Europe
Trebur, Germany, Helmond, The Netherlands
Born, The Netherlands
72
1,3,4,6
Florsheim, Germany
26
8
Nissan Design Europe G.m.b.H
Geretsried, Germany
14
4
Brussels, Belgium
24
3
Cranfield, UK
402
1,2,3,4,5,6,7
Barcelona, Spain
250
1,2,3,4,5,6,7
Zaventem, Brabant, Belgium
155
1,2,3
Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
32
4,6
Toyota Motorsport G.m.b.H
Cologne, Germany
550
3,4,6,7
Isuzu Motors Germany G.m.b.H
Ginsheim-Gustavsburg, Germany
108
1,2,5
Nissan Technical Centre
Europe (Brussels), S.A.
Europe, Ltd.
Europe (Spain), S.A.
N.V.Toyota Motor Europe
Marketing & Engineering, S.A.
(Technical Div.)
Toyota Europe Design
Development S.A.R.L
..
Key to Functions
1) Technical support for
procurement of parts for
local production
2) Evaluation of parts
3) Evaluation of vehicles
4) Styling & general design
5) Parts design
6) Vehicle design
7) Prototype production
8) Market research
15
Asian Manufacturing Operations
Japanese automakers are stepping up the pace of their
localization in Asia, while at the same time undertaking
comprehensive measures to
contribute to the
development of the region’s economies. Most notably,
they provide major assistance to supporting industries in
the region, including the metals and electronics
industries, through such crucial activities as transferring
technological expertise (through joint ventures),
participating in technical agreements and training local
personnel.
As part of the assistance package, JAMA, in
cooperation with the Japan Auto Parts Industries
Association (JAPIA), has been implementing since 2000
the ASEAN Experts Dispatch Program in the interest of
aiding the development of the ASEAN automotive
industry. The program’s first group, consisting of
experts in automotive management and production
technology, was dispatched to Thailand, and two followup groups were sent there in 2001 to provide continuing
guidance. Similar groups of Japanese experts have been
dispatched to Malaysia, the Philippines, and Indonesia.
In addition, JAMA, JAPIA, and the ASEAN
Automotive Federation (AAF) are cosponsors of the
Conference on ASEAN Auto-Supporting Industries,
whose chief sponsor is JETRO.
In response to the worldwide current of trade and
investment liberalization, the ASEAN region is seeking
to enhance its economic power through the formation of
AFTA (the ASEAN Free Trade Area). As part of its
target of achieving trade liberalization within the
ASEAN region, AFTA has established specific tariff
reduction schedules. CEPT (the ASEAN Free Trade
Agreement Common Effective Preferential Tariff), for
example, has a tariff-reduction schedule calling for 0-5%
tariff cuts within the region, and AICO (ASEAN
Industrial Cooperation) and other schemes also have
specific schedules so that the region will be able to enjoy
the benefits of trade liberalization as soon as possible.
Japanese automakers highly favor such efforts by
ASEAN, and vigorously support AICO and similar
schemes that encourage the mutual complementation of
parts within the region. AICO is now showing growing
benefits. Since the scheme’s introduction in 1996, 74
cases have been approved in total as of July 2001, 64 of
which have been in the automobile industry.
JAPANESE AUTOMAKERS’ ASIAN MANUFACTURING OPERATIONS
Daihatsu Fuji Hvy.
lndustries
Honda
CVs
Bangladesh
China
Hino
Cars &CVs
Cars
CVs
Isuzu
Cars
CVs
Mitsubishi
Nissan
Nissan
Diesel
Cars & CVs
CVs
CVs
Cars & CVs
Toyota
CVs
CVs
CVs
Cars & CVs
CVs
Cars & CVs
CVs
Indonesia
Cars &CVs
CVs
Cars
CVs
Cars & CVs Cars & CVs
CVs
Malaysia
Cars &CVs
CVs
Cars
CVs
Cars & CVs Cars & CVs Cars & CVs
CVs
Cars & CVs
Myanmar
Pakistan
Cars
Philippines
CVs
Cars
CVs
CVs
CVs
Cars
CVs
Cars
Cars
Taiwan
Thailand
Vietnam
Cars
CVs
CVs
Cars & CVs
S. Korea
CVs
Notes: Includes assembly operations.
CVs = Commercial vehicles.
16
Suzuki
CVs
CVs
Cars
India
Mazda
CVs
Cars
CVs
CVs
Cars
CVs
CVs
CVs
Cars & CVs Cars & CVs Cars & CVs
CVs
CVs
CVs
Cars & CVs
International Automotive Industry Ties
At present seven of Japan’s eleven automakers
(excluding motorcycle manufacturers) have substantial
foreign investment or ties with foreign capital.
Wide-ranging changes along with a diversification in
vehicle demand are taking place as the market matures
and environmental protection requirements increase.
Similarly, the cost of developing new vehicles is
escalating in step with the changes in demand, while
development times are shrinking. In an effort to cut
development costs and take the lead in launching models
into waiting markets, Japanese automakers have forged
numerous strategic alliances, including capital and
technological tie-ups, joint and subcontracted
development, joint and subcontracted production,
supplemental sales networks, and the supply of finished
vehicles.
Daihatsua
Europe
Asia
●
●
●
Production of commercial vehicles on consignment to Italy-based P&D, S.p.A.
Supply of components and technology to Liushou Wuling Mini Auto Factory in China.
Joint production venture with Perodua Manufacturing Sdn. Bhd. (Malaysia).
Fuji Heavy Industriesa
North America
●
A 51% equity stake in Subaru-Isuzu Automotive Inc.
GM holds a 20% equity stake in Fuji Heavy Industries.
Supply of transmissions to Fiat of Italy.
Magyar Suzuki (Hungary) supplies CBUs to Fuji Heavy Industries.
A 25% equity stake in three manufacturers in a joint venture with Auto Works of China
Guizhou Aviation Industry Corporation, all of which mutually supply parts for minicar
assembly.
A 45% equity stake in Ta Ching Motor Co., Ltd. (Taiwan).
●
GM wholly owns GM Japan.
●
A 24% equity stake in Shenyang Shenfei Hino Automobile Manufacturing Co., Ltd. (China).
A 10% equity stake in Kouzui Motors Ltd. (Taiwan).
Supply of technology to Korea-based Kia Motors.
●
●
Europe
●
●
Asia
●
GM Japana
North America
Hinoa
Asia
●
●
Hondaa
Asia
●
●
●
A 50% equity stake in China-based Guangzhou Honda Automobile Co., Ltd., a joint venture
with Guangzhou Auto Group.
Supply of engines to a joint venture with Guangzhou Honda Automobile Co., Ltd. via a joint
venture with Dongfeng Motor Corporation.
Technology tie-up with San Yan Industry Co., Ltd. (Taiwan), in which American Honda Motor,
Inc. holds a 12.5% equity stake.
17
International Automotive Industry Ties (cont’d.)
Isuzua
North America
●
●
●
●
Europe
●
●
●
Asia
●
●
●
●
●
Supply of diesel engines and CVs to GM.
Production of commercial vehicles and diesel engines on consignment to GM.
Holds a 49% equity stake in Subaru-Isuzu Automotive, Inc.
GM holds a 49% equity stake in Isuzu.
Supply of diesel engines and RVs to GM Europe.
Supply of diesel engines from Poland to GM Europe.
Supply of diesel engines from Japan to GM Europe and Renault.
An equity stake of 7.4% in China-based Qingling Automobile (Group) Co., Ltd., which
assembles small CVs.
An equity stake of 12.5% in China-based Jiangling Motors Co., Ltd., which assembles small
CVs.
An equity stake of 49% in Guangzhou Isuzu Bus Co., Ltd., which produces medium-sized and
large buses.
An equity stake of 51% in Taiwan-based Taiwan Isuzu Motors Co., Ltd.
An equity stake of 20% in Malaysia-based Malaysia Truck & Bus Sdn. Bhd.
Mazdaa
North America
●
●
●
●
●
Europe
Asia
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
A 50%-50% equity stake in AutoAlliance International, Inc. with Ford Motor.
Supply of components to Ford U.S.
Supply of complete vehicles and components to Ford in the Asia-Pacific region.
Ford holds an equity stake of 33.4% in Mazda.
Supply of complete CVs to Ford in North America.
Ford Europe supplies complete vehicles to Mazda in Europe.
Supply of technology to China-based Ford (Lio Ho) Motor Co., Ltd.
An equity stake of 17.5% in China-based Hainan Mazda Motor Co., Ltd.
Supply of components to China-based Faw Hainan Motor Co., Ltd.
Supply of components to Taiwan-based Ford Lio Ho Motor Co., Ltd.
Supply of technology and components to Korea-based Kia Motors Corporation.
An equity stake of 45% in AutoAlliance (Thailand) Co., Ltd., a joint venture with Ford.
A 15.6% equity stake in India-based Swaroji Mazda.
Mitsubishi Motorsa
North America
Europe
●
●
●
●
Asia
●
●
●
●
●
18
Supply of complete vehicles from U.S. plants to Daimler Chrysler.
DaimlerChrysler holds an equity stake of 34% in Mitsubishi.
Production on consignment to Pininfarina of Italy.
Supply of engine technology to France-based PSA Peugeot Citroen.
A 20% equity stake in China-based Hunan Changfeng Automobile Manufacturing Plant.
A 14.6% equity stake in Taiwan-based China Motor Co., Ltd.
A 1.27% equity stake in Korea-based Hyundai Motor Corporation.
An equity stake of 8.0% in Malaysia-based PROTON.
PROTON has an equity stake of 25% in Vietnam-based Vina Star Motors Corporation.
Nissan Motora
Europe
Asia
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
Renault holds a 44.4% equity stake in Nissan.
A 30% equity stake in China-based Zhengzhou Nissan Automobile.
A 25% equity stake in Taiwan-based Yulon Loone Motor Co., Ltd.
Supply of technology to Korea-based Samsung Motors Inc.
A 35% equity stake in Thailand-based Thai Automotive Industry.
A 25% equity stake in Thailand-based Siam Nissan Automobile.
A 25% equity stake in Thailand-based Siam Motors and Nissan.
A 30% equity stake in Thailand-based Siam Nissan Casting Co., Ltd.
A 25% equity stake in Thailand-based Siam Metal Technology Co., Ltd.
A 27.8% equity stake in Thailand-based SNN Tools & Dies Co., Ltd.
A 75% equity stake in Indonesia-based P.T. Nissan Motor Indonesia.
A 5.36% equity stake in Philippines-based Nissan Motor Philippines Inc.
Nissan Diesela
Europe
Asia
●
●
Renault holds a 22.5% equity stake in Nissan Diesel.
A 25% equity stake in Dongfeng Nissan Diesel Motor Co., Ltd., a joint venture with Chinabased Dongfeng Motor Group for the production of large trucks and buses.
Suzukia
North America
Europe
●
●
●
●
Asia
●
●
●
●
●
●
Joint development of subcompact cars with GM, which holds a 20% equity stake in Suzuki.
Magyar Suzuki has a mutual-supply-of-components agreement with GM Europe.
France-based PSA Peugeot Citroen supplies diesel engines to Suzuki.
Supply of complete vehicles from Hungary to Fuji Heavy Industries in Europe.
A 35% equity stake in China-based Chongqing Suzuki Automobile Co., Ltd.
A 39% stake in China-based Jiangxi Changhe Suzuki Automobile Co., Ltd.
A 9.99% equity stake in China-based Changan Automobile Co., Ltd.
Technology tie-up with Taiwan-based Prince Motors Co., Ltd.
Technology tie-up with Taiwan-based Ford Lio Ho Motor Co., Ltd.
A 50% equity stake in India-based Maruti Udyog.
Toyotaa
North America
●
Europe
●
Asia
●
●
●
A 50%-50% equity stake with General Motors in New United Motor Manufacturing, Inc.
(NUMMI).
A 50%-50% equity stake with PSA Peugeot Citroen in Toyota Peugeot Citroen Automobile
Czeck.
A 45% equity stake in China-based Sichuan Toyota Motor Co., Ltd.
A 50% equity stake in China-based Tianjin Fengjin Auto Parts Co., Ltd.
A 47% equity stake in Taiwan-based Kouzui Motors Ltd.
19
Motor Vehicle Classification
Japan classifies motor vehicles in various categories
according to the provisions of two basic laws: the Road
Vehicles Act and the Road Traffic Act.
The Road Vehicles Act divides passenger cars into
three categories and motorcycles into four categories on
the basis of vehicle dimensions and engine displacement.
The classifications of the Road Vehicles Act are used for
registration statistics as well as inspections and related
maintenance and repair purposes. When a vehicle
exceeds any of the specifications listed in a given
category under the Road Vehicles Act, the vehicle is
automatically placed in the model category immediately
above.
The Road Traffic Act, which divides vehicles and
motorcycles into two categories each, determines the
classification of driver’s licenses.
Recreational vehicles (RVs) that are built on
passenger car chassis are classified as passenger cars,
while RVs that are built on truck chassis are classified as
commercial vehicles. (These vehicles are also referred
to as sport-utility vehicles, or SUVs.)
CLASSIFICATION BY THE ROAD VEHICLES ACT
CLASSIFICATION BY THE ROAD TRAFFIC ACT
Standard
Large Motor Vehicles
Over 2m
Over 4.7m
Over 1.7m
(Over 2000cc in engine displacement)
Gross vehicle weight
Maximum payload
or Occupants
Small
8 tons or more
5 tons or more
11 persons or more
Ordinary Motor Vehicles
2m and under
Over 1.48m to 1.7m
Over 3.4m to 4.7m
(661cc to 2000cc in engine displacement)
Gross vehicle weight
Maximum payload
or Occupants
Mini
less than 8 tons
less than 5 tons
less than 11 persons
2m and under
1.48m and under
3.4m and under
(660cc and under in engine displacement)
CLASSIFICATION OF MOTORCYCLES
Road Vehicles Act
Type
Small-sized
Road Traffic Act
Engine
Displacement
Width
Height
Length
Over 250cc
Over 1.3m
Over 2.0m
Over 2.5m
Type
Motorcycles
Mini-sized
126 cc to 250cc
1.3m and under
2.0m and under
2.5m and under
Class 2
51cc to 125cc
1.3m and under
2.0m and under
2.5m and under
Class 1
50cc and under
1.3m and under
2.0m and under
2.5m and under
Motor-driven
cycles
Note: A motorcycle that exceeds any one of the requisites for a category is classified in the higher category.
20
Engine
Displacement
Large
Over 400cc
Standard
51cc to 400cc
Motorcycles
Motorized
bicycles
50cc and under
Domestic Taxes on Automobiles
Japan’s system of automobile-related taxes is
exceedingly complex, consisting principally of nine
different taxes levied at the various stages of car
acquisition, ownership, and operation, with the
objective of securing financial resources for road
maintenance and construction programs.
Automobile taxes in Japan account for slightly more
than 10% of the government’s annual tax revenue, or
approximately 9 trillion yen in revenues per year. This
means that Japanese car users are saddled with an
extremely heavy tax burden, ranging from two to eight
COMPARISON OF TAX BURDENS
IN VARIOUS COUNTRIES
¥10,000
70
¥696,000
Consumption
Tax
¥90,000
60
Automobile
Acquisition
Tax
¥81,000
50
40
Tonnage
Tax
¥170,000
¥448,000
¥397,000
AddedValue Tax
¥315,000
AddedValue Tax
¥288,000
30
20
¥559,000
Automobile
Tax
¥355,000
10
Registration
Tax
¥3,000
Automobile
Tax
¥106,000
Automobile
Tax
¥244,000
0
Japan
Germany
Great
Britain
AddedValue Tax
¥371,000
¥183,000
Registration
Tax
¥22,000
Retail
Tax
¥148,000
Automobile
Tax
¥55,000
Automobile Tax
¥35,000
France
times the taxes assessed on automobiles in Europe and
North America (see chart below).
Every year, JAMA petitions the Japanese government
for revisions to the automobile tax system. In 2001,
JAMA called for a reduction of the tax burden as well
as a simplification of the automobile tax system, based
on its longstanding position that this system should be
more equitable, more streamlined, and closer to such tax
systems abroad. JAMA also called for the
establishment of a scheme to refund a portion of the
Tonnage Tax when an end-of-life vehicle is
deregistered during a shaken inspection s period of
validity. In addition, the Association called for the
expansion of measures applicable to the Acquisition Tax
and the Automobile Tax so as to reduce taxes on lowemission vehicles and clean-energy vehicles, including
vehicles powered by electricity, natural gas, and
methane as well as hybrid vehicles.
Working in coordination with the Japan Automobile
Federation (JAF), a vehicle user organization, and other
industry partners, JAMA has been actively promoting
its position on this issue through a range of related
informational activities, including the publication of a
pamphlet advocating the consolidation and
simplification of the automobile tax system so that only
one tax applies at each of the three main stages of
vehicle acquisition, ownership, and operation.
U.S.A.
Assumptions:
1. Displacement:1800cc
2. GVW: 1,100 kg
3. Vehicle price: ¥1,800,000
4. Service life: 9 years (average service life)
5. Currency exchange rates (averaged April 2001-February 2002)
＊ 1 Euro = ¥109, 1 Pound = ¥175, 1 US$ = ¥124
AUTOMOBILE-RELATED TAXES (Passenger Cars, as of April 2002 )
=
21
Automobile Certification and Standards
In recent years Japan has undertaken wide-ranging
measures to streamline the systems covering automobile
certification, standards, and other automobile-related
regulatory systems. These measures have been
implemented to ensure that foreign automakers have
unhindered access to the Japanese market.
There are absolutely no constraints on the Japanese
automobile market in the form of import duties,
numerical restraints on volume, or local content
requirements. In fact, imported vehicles and parts, in
some cases, enjoy preferential treatment in the areas of
taxes, insurance premiums, and automobile-related
standards and certification systems.
Automobile Certification
The principal certification procedure in Japan is called
the Type Designation System (TDS). Applied to most
mass-produced models, it equally covers imported and
domestic vehicles. The Preferential Handling Procedure
for Imported Motor Vehicles (PHP) is an alternative
system used to facilitate the certification of cars
imported in small quantities. A third motor vehicle
certification system, the Type Notification System,
applies mainly to large trucks.
Harmonization of Motor Vehicle Standards
At present automobile standards vary from country to
country. Efforts are being made to bring about the
international harmonization of standards so as to reduce
the burden on manufacturers, who must ensure
compliance with local regulations in every market they
enter.
In collaboration with other government agencies and
in consultation with its counterparts overseas, the
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (MLIT)
has been supervising Japan’s efforts to harmonize its
regulations with international standards. MLIT
participates actively in the World Forum for the
Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations (WP29), the
principal international forum for harmonization issues,
formerly known as the United Nations Economic
Commission for Europe’s Working Party on the
AUTOMOBILE CERTIFICATION PROCEDURES IN JAPAN
THE TYPE DESIGNATION SYSTEM
- Applies equally to domestic and imported vehicles.
- Requires less documentation and time than comparable
systems in other countries.
The automaker or importer applies to the Ministry
of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (MLIT).
MLIT inspects the application documentation,
one sample vehicle, and the automaker’s quality
control system.
The certification process is completed within
two months.
- Following the approval of the certification application,
the automaker undertakes inspection of individual
complete vehicles and MLIT periodically inspects the
automaker’s quality control system.
Features of TDS specifically aimed at expediting
imports:
- MLIT officials are dispatched overseas at the expense of
the Japanese government to perform certification
inspections on sample vehicles.
- MLIT accepts the test results of designated foreign
testing institutions. The number of such institutes and the
number of test cases being accepted are increasing.
- In some cases, the data from tests on similar vehicles is
acceptable.
- A grace period for compliance with standards is usually
provided when new domestic standards are implemented.
22
THE PREFERENTIAL HANDLING PROCEDURE
FOR IMPORTED VEHICLES
- This special procedure is applied to individual models
when imported into Japan in quantities of 2,000 units per
year or less.
- This procedure provides simpler, faster processing than
the Type Designation System.
The automaker or importer applies to MLIT,
which inspects the application documentation.
The certification process is completed within
one month.
- Following the approval of the certification application,
MLIT inspects individual vehicles at domestic MLIT
facilities or at dealers’ facilities prior to new car registration.
Features of PHP specifically aimed at expediting
imports:
- Tests of vehicle emissions and noise levels may be
performed at the automaker’s own domestic facilities with
an MLIT-approved inspector in attendance.
- MLIT accepts the test results of designated foreign testing
institutions. The number of such institutes and the number
of test cases being accepted are increasing.
- In some cases, the data from tests on similar vehicles is
acceptable.
- The reporting requirement is waived in the case of minor
changes to vehicle specifications.
EFFECTIVE DUTIES IN JAPAN, THE U.S. AND THE EUROPEAN UNION (as of April 2002)
Japan
U.S.
European Union
Passenger Cars
0%
2.5%
10%
Commercial Vehicles
0%
25%
Class I: 22%, Class II: 11%
Note: Class I refers to gasoline-fueled trucks of 2800cc or more, and diesel-fueled trucks of 2500cc or more. Class II refers to gasoline-fueled trucks of less than 2800cc, and dieselfueled trucks of less than 2500cc.
Construction of Vehicles (UN/ECE/WP29).
As a part of such efforts, the Ministry has declared a
number of foreign standards to be equivalent to Japan’s,
and accepts data compiled by designated foreign testing
institutes. As of March 2001, for example, 22 categories
of ECE standards had been accepted, and Japan will
continue to implement such measures in accordance with
its program of deregulation.
The Japanese government became an official member
of the UN-ECE 1958 Agreement in November 1998.
This Agreement establishes the reciprocal recognition of
certification among various countries, allowing
equipment and parts already certified in the other
countries that are party to the Agreement to be exempt
from certification procedures in Japan. In August 2000,
Japan officially acceded to the 1998 Agreement on
Global Technical Regulations and thus became the first
country to become a signatory to both the 1958 and the
1998 Agreements.
JASIC
The Japan Automobile Standards Internationalization
Center (JASIC) was established in 1987. It is a
cooperative public- and private-sector initiative to
promote the harmonization of standards and to help
improve standards certification systems in developing
countries through the collection and dissemination of
data on inspections, surveys, and related information.
In March 1988 JASIC opened an office in Geneva,
Switzerland, where the WP29 conferences take place.
There it plays a key role in the cooperative creation of
internationally harmonized regulations for lamps, brakes,
and other equipment, while maintaining close liaison
with the countries concerned.
JASIC also sponsors conferences on automobile
safety standards, emission regulations and inspection
systems in collaboration with Asian governments, and
dispatches experts to Asian countries to discuss the
issues raised at such conferences.
JASIC actively promotes the harmonization of
automotive regulations within the Asia-Pacific
Economic Cooperation (APEC) region by carrying out
surveys of regulations within the region at the request of
APEC authorities. It also publishes an annual bluebook
on Japan’s Type Designation System for automobiles.
This handbook aims to promote an accurate
understanding in foreign countries of Japan’s standards
and certification procedures and related laws and
procurement.
The Motor Vehicle Inspection System
Japan’s motor vehicle inspection system, commonly
known as the shaken system, consists of periodic vehicle
checks mandated under the Road Vehicles Act to ensure
that vehicles comply with technical standards related to
safety and environmental protection.
The New Car Inspection (initial shaken inspection)
for passenger cars is valid for three years and may be
carried out at any MLIT Land Transport Office or office
where the registration of automobile shaken inspections
may take place. If the model has received Type
Designation approval, all the owner needs to do is
present the attestation issued by the automaker that the
vehicle has passed the complete vehicle inspection. The
presentation of the actual vehicle for inspection is
waived.
If New Type Notification or the Preferential Handling
Procedure for Imported Motor Vehicles (PHP) applies to
the vehicle, the vehicle itself must be presented to verify
that it has received approval.
The Continuing Inspection (shaken inspections after
the initial New Car Inspection), which is valid for two
years, may be carried out at any Land Transport Office
or at any designated service garage that is qualified to
conduct the shaken inspection. If a certificate for safety
standards compliance issued by a designated service
garage is submitted, the presentation of the actual
vehicle is waived.
23
Attention to the Environment
Fuel Economy
The United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change/COP3, a conference on global warming
held in Kyoto in December 1997, established targets for
the reduction of greenhouse gases worldwide. In
response, under its own program to counter global
warming, the government of Japan has set for the
transport sector a general target of reducing CO 2
emissions to the level of fiscal year 1995. The Japanese
automobile industry is responsible for developing,
manufacturing and promoting the widespread use of
vehicles that offer greater fuel efficiency.
Japanese automakers have been making significant
advances in developing technologies for increased fuel
efficiency. Yet the resulting gains in fuel economy (on a
per-vehicle basis) have been comparatively modest
because they have been offset by other factors, such as
measures to improve safety and reduce vehicle
emissions.
Japan’s Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport
(MLIT) and Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
(METI) together have introduced stricter fuel economy
targets, in line with the June 1998 revision of the Energy
Conservation Act. Under these targets, gasolinepowered passenger cars will achieve an average fuel
economy increase of 22.8% over 1995 levels by 2010;
gasoline-powered commercial vehicles with GVW of 2.5
tons or less will achieve an average increase of 13.2%
over 1995 levels by 2010; diesel-powered passenger cars
will achieve an average increase of 14.9% over 1995
levels by 2005; and diesel-powered commercial vehicles
with GVW of 2.5 tons or less will achieve an average
increase of 6.5% over 1995 levels by 2005.
All the automakers are stepping up their development
of the new technologies that will be needed to meet the
targets for improved fuel economy set for the years 2005
and 2010.
However, in order to achieve greater cuts in CO 2
emissions in the transport sector overall, the automobile
industry is not merely improving the fuel efficiency of
individual vehicles and developing and promoting the
use of clean-energy vehicles powered by alternative
fuels such as electricity or natural gas. The industry is
also undertaking bold, essential measures to make
distribution more efficient, improve traffic flow, and
make vehicle users more aware of the need to conserve
energy. As part of this program, the industry is
continuously improving its own logistical efficiency.
For example, automakers have joined together to make
mixed shipments of finished vehicles and parts and
regularly examine new ways to increase the efficiency of
freight transport and goods distribution. They are also
working with relevant institutions in the ongoing
development of ITS (Intelligent Transport Systems; see
page 29) in addition to expanding their own research and
promotion of measures by which to further improve
traffic flow.
Emissions
Motor vehicle exhaust emission regulations for
gasoline-powered vehicles were first established in
Japan in the late 1960s. Ten years later new Japanese
gasoline-vehicle regulations _ at the time the most
stringent in the world_required reductions of more than
90% in carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxide (NOx)
and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions. A further mandatory
reduction of 70% in CO, NOx and HC emissions was
imposed in 2000. The Central Council for the
Environment has recommended (in April 2002) the
introduction, from 2005 on, of what are to be the world’s
most stringent regulations on particulate matter (PM)
and NO x emissions from diesel engines. Under this
program, PM emissions from diesel vehicles are to be
slashed by 75-80% from 2002 regulatory values and NOx
emissions are to be reduced by 40-50% from the levels
stipulated in regulations to be issued in October 2002.
FUEL ECONOMY TARGETS FOR GASOLINE-POWERED FUEL ECONOMY TARGETS FOR DIESEL-POWERED
VEHICLES (average rate of improvement: 14.9%)
VEHICLES (average rate of improvement: 22.8%)
25
km/l
25
20
16.8
19.1
15
18.8
16.0
15.7
0
24
18.9
18.4
15
13.0
10.5
10.0
8.5
5
20
17.9
12.9
10
Actual value for 1995
Actual value for 1995
Target value for 2010
21.2
km/l
8.9
7.4
Target value for 2005
16.2
14.7
6.6
11.9
11.7
10
7.8
13.2
10.5
6.4
5.7
~702 703~ 828~ 1016~ 1266~ 1516~ 1766~ 2016~ 2266~
827 1015 1265 1515 1765 2015 2265
Vehicle
weight (kg)
10.8
9.8
9.2
8.4
1766~
2015
2016~
2265
8.7
7.6
5
0
~1015
Vehicle
weight (kg)
1016~
1265
1266~
1515
1516~
1765
2266~
addition, recommendations jointly issued by JAMA,
AAM, ACEA and EMA (the United States’ Engine
Manufacturers Association) in April 2000 are calling for
lower levels of sulfur in gasoline and diesel fuel in view
of the fact that fuel quality has a major effect on
emissions.
Furthermore, regulations on gasoline engines
recommended from 2005 on would cut NOx and HC
emissions down to about one-half the values stipulated
in the 2000 regulations.
Automakers are making maximum use of their R&D
resources to meet these reduced emission requirements
and are taking bold steps to deal with every conceivable
challenge involved in improving combustion-engine
technology, covering the entire emission process. As a
result, they have made some notable achievements with
respect to exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) systems;
catalytic converters with O 2 sensors; and a ceramic
filtering system that eliminates up to 100% of the smoke
from diesel engines and reduces particulate matter by
approximately 80%. New diesel engines featuring
common rail-type electronic fuel injection systems are
expected to result in massive cuts in NOx and PM. In
Low-Emission Vehicles
In combination with the aforementioned efforts, an
equally important measure will be to encourage the
widespread use of hybrid vehicles, electric vehicles, and
vehicles that operate on compressed natural gas (CNG) ,
as well as certified low-emission vehicles. In July 2001
the government unveiled its action plan for the
development and dissemination of low-emission
vehicles, which targets at least 10 million LEVs on the
road in Japan by fiscal year 2010. Automakers are
EXHAUST EMISSIONS REGULATIONS IN JAPAN (as of May 2002)
Type of Vehicle
Commercial
Vehicles
Commercial
Vehicles
NOx
Particulate
Matter
0.67 g/km
0.08 g/km
0.08 g/km
0.67 g/km
0.08 g/km
0.08 g/km
1.7 < GVW † 3.5t
2.10 g/km
0.08 g/km
0.13 g/km
3.5t < GVW
16.0 g/kWh
0.58 g/kWh
1.40 g/kWh
2.10 g/km
0.40 g/km
0.40 g/km
0.08 g/km
GVW † 1.7t
2.10 g/km
0.40 g/km
0.40 g/km
0.08 g/km
1.7 < GVW † 2.5t
2.10 g/km
0.40 g/km
0.70 g/km
0.09 g/km
2.5t < GVW
7.40 g/kWh
2.90 g/kWh
4.50 g/kWh
0.25 g/kWh
Passenger Cars
Dieselpowered
vehicles
HC
GVW † 1.7t
Passenger Cars
Gasolinepowered
vehicles
CO
N.A.
Notes: GVW = Gross vehicle weight. A G13 test mode is used for gasoline CVs with GVW of over 3.5 tons and a D13 mode for diesel CVs with GVW of over 2.5 tons;
otherwise, a 10-15 test mode is used. Figures are applicable to new domestic models. Existing domestic models and imports are granted certain grace periods
on part of the above standards.
Sources: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, Ministry of the Environment.
REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS FOR NOx AND PM EMISSIONS FROM DIESEL VEHICLES, 1973-2005
% 100
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1973
68
56
49
1975
%
1985
42
35
1995
26
20
2000
100
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1973
NOx
80
12
2003 2005
Year
PM
78
28
20
3
1975
1985
1995
2000
Gross vehicle weight : Over 2.5t/Over 3.5t (2005~)
2003 2005
Year
25
Attention to the Environment (cont’d.)
responding by making every effort to expand their roster
of low-emission model lines. Development is also
moving forward on the practical use of fuel cell-powered
vehicles worldwide.
Recycling
About 5 million vehicles per year become end-of-life
vehicles (ELVs) in Japan. Most of the content of these
ELVs is recyclable, and about 75-80% (by vehicle
weight) is already being recycled. In May 1997 METI
issued an ELV Recycling Initiative, to which JAMA
responded in January 1998 with the formulation of a
Voluntary Action Plan including numerical targets.
Under this plan, the ratio of recyclable parts for new
vehicles will be raised to 85% or higher from the year
2002 and to 95% or higher from 2015. The groundwork
for achieving these targets is now being put in place.
The JAMA Action Plan also targets, first, the
reduction of the volume of automobile shredder residue
(ASR) to be disposed of in landfills to three-fifths or less
of 1996 levels as of 2002; and second, the reduction of
the amount of lead (excluding batteries) used in new cars
placed on sale as of the end of 2005 to one-third or less
of 1996 levels.
Following revisions made in April 2001 to existing
legislation promoting the efficient use of resources,
JAMA formulated in December 2001 its own product
assessment guidelines, including assessment standards,
which are based on the "recycle, reduce, and reuse"
concept.
Working in concert with European and U.S.
automakers, JAMA has submitted comments and
recommendations to the ISO concerning methods for
calculating actual and potential vehicle recycling rates
and has thereby contributed directly to international
recycling promotion activities.
Japan is now involved in wide-ranging initiatives
aimed at the fostering of a more advanced recyclingoriented society. The national government is introducing
new legislation targeting recycling and based on the
concept of broader manufacturer responsibility, at least
where principal consumer commodities are concerned.
It is also expected to consider new draft legislation, to be
proposed in 2002 for implementation in 2004, which will
aim to increase the efficiency of vehicle recycling
operations and minimize its social costs by identifying
the roles and obligations of all industry partners
involved.
Under this new legislation, the cost of recycling is to
be borne by the purchasers of new vehicles at the time of
acquisition, while provisions for the processing by
manufacturers of designated vehicle components (CFCs
and air bags) and automobile shredder residue have been
designed to ensure the appropriate disposal of ELVs.
JAMA is currently involved in creating the infrastructure
that will be needed to address all the logistical operations
involved, from the processing of recycling fees to the
management of electronic checklist systems for the
TRENDS IN THE USE OF CLEAN-ENERGY VEHICLES
Hybrid Vehicles
CNG Vehicles
Electric Vehicles
Diesel-Alternative LPG Vehicles
Methanol Vehicles
Total
1995
176
759
2,500
7,272
336
11,043
1996
228
1,211
2,600
7,883
327
12,249
1997
3,728
2,093
2,500
8,888
313
17,522
1998
22,520
3,640
2,400
9,950
289
38,799
1999
36,870
5,250
2,600
10,955
220
55,895
2000
51,200
7,811
3,830
12,602
157
75,600
(units)
THE JAMA VOLUNTARY ACTION PLAN FOR VEHICLE RECYCLING
Numerical Targets for Vehicle Recyclability and the Reduced Use of Hazardous Materials
Numerical targets for vehicle manufacturers
Recyclability rate for new vehicles
At least 90% recyclability as of 2002
About 1/2 of (or 50% decrease About 1/3 of (or 66% decrease
Lead content in new vehicles
from) 1996 levels as of 2000
(excluding batteries)
Numerical targets for all relevant industry partners
Recycling rate for end-of-life vehicles
At least 95% as of 2015
At least 85% as of 2002
(actual rate)
About 3/5 of (or 60% decrease About 1/5 of (or 80% decrease
Volume of automobile shredder
residue disposed of as landfill
Notes: 1. The recyclability rate for new vehicles is calculated on the basis of an evaluation procedure devised for auto manufacturers to assist them in verifying vehicle
recyclability rates during the design and development stages.
2. The recycling rate for end-of-life vehicles is calculated on the basis of actual recycling operations carried through to their conclusion.
26
proper disposal of vehicle parts.
The Recovery and Disposal of CFCs in Vehicle Air
Conditioners
In 1991 Japanese automakers took the world lead in
switching to the use of HFC134a, a new refrigerant for
vehicle air conditioner systems, to replace the ozone
layer-damaging CFC12. This switchover process for
new vehicles was completed by 1994.
The government and the automobile industry also
developed and introduced in October 1998 a system for
the recovery and appropriate disposal of CFC12
refrigerants from end-of-life vehicles. In addition, a
system to recover and dispose of HFC134a was launched
nationwide in May 2001 as part of a larger overall effort
to prevent global warming.
In June 2001 the CFC Recovery and Destruction Law
(see diagram below) was passed and enforcement is
scheduled to take effect from autumn 2002 onward on
the basis of government-recommended guidelines
relating to the entire recovery and disposal process.
SUMMARY DIAGRAM OF THE LAW ON THE RECOVERY AND DESTRUCTION OF CFCS
IN CAR AIR CONDITIONERS (ELVS)
covering CFC12 (R12) and HFC134a (R134a)
Party Disposing of Designated Class 2 Product (Automobile Users)
Car air conditioner (ELV)
Party Receiving Designated Class 2 Product
Payment for
processing
(recovery,
transport,
destruction)
Invoice for
costs
Control register for
automotive CFCs
Registration
Car air
conditioner (ELV)
Party Recovering Class 2 CFCs
Payment for
recovery and
transport
Invoice for
costs
Control register for
automotive CFCs
CFCs
Automobile Manufacturer/Importer
Payment for
destruction
costs
Invoice for
costs
Party Engaged in Destroying CFCs
Registration
Report on
recovery
volume, etc.
Record of
recovery
volume, etc.
Prefectural
Authorities
Notice regarding
recovery volume, etc.
Report on
volume
destroyed, etc.
CFCs
Record of
volume
destroyed, etc.
Ministry
Responsible
Approval
27
Traffic Safety
The Three Major Factors Involved in Traffic
Accidents
Traffic accidents involve complex relationships
between three factors: people, road conditions, and
vehicles. "People" refers to the perceptions, decisions,
and actions of drivers and pedestrians; "road conditions"
to road structure and natural conditions; and "vehicles"
to structural and other characteristics of vehicles
themselves. Making the public conscious of traffic
safety requires study and analysis of the interplay of
these three factors in accidents and actions to implement
appropriate safety measures.
with measures concerning people and road conditions.
With respect to enhancing people’s safety, JAMA holds
nationwide spring and autumn traffic safety campaigns,
sponsors classes in safe driving techniques, and conducts
similar PR activities to raise public awareness and teach
practical safety. With respect to road conditions, JAMA
actively helps prevent accidents by making proposals to
administrative authorities to improve road conditions
and traffic infrastructure. In addition, the Association
contributes personnel and financial support to study and
analyze accidents with the objective of identifying causal
factors and measures that will reduce injury and damage.
Preventive and Collision Safety
Preventive safety consists of measures to prevent
accidents. With respect to people, preventive safety
means enhancing the public’s awareness of traffic safety
through driver education and efforts to raise public
consciousness. With respect to road conditions, it
involves structuring intersections to avert accidents and
similar measures. With respect to vehicles, it involves
improving visual recognition and other accidentavoidance capabilities. Collision safety refers to
features, such as seatbelts and air bags, that minimize
personal injuries when an accident occurs.
Initiatives Attuned to Realities
As the number of elderly with driver’s licenses rises,
the number of traffic fatalities among such drivers has
been increasing. JAMA, therefore, is now sponsoring
hands-on driving seminars and similar measures aimed
at elderly drivers. It also emphasizes longstanding safety
themes, using traffic safety campaigns to underscore the
importance of wearing seatbelts and of driving
motorcycles in the daytime with the headlamps on.
Ongoing Initiatives to Protect People, Enhance Road
Conditions, and Analyze Accidents
As the chief representative organization of the
industry that provides vehicles to the public, JAMA
believes its primary social responsibility is to ensure
vehicle safety. This is why JAMA conducts a wide
range of research and development activities to improve
vehicle safety. It also works actively to expand
applications of safety-enhancing structures and devices
in vehicles and increase the benefits of advanced
electronic and other technologies.
However, JAMA’s scope of activities embraces people
and road conditions as well as vehicles. Representing
the standpoint of the automobile industry, JAMA
undertakes liaison activities with pertinent government
agencies and traffic safety organizations in connection
Informational Activities Aimed at All Road Users
Everyone who uses roads, including drivers of
passenger cars, motorcycles, and bicycles as well as
pedestrians, needs to be reached by traffic safety-related
informational activities. Therefore, a broad range of
safety activities must be undertaken, including the
proper training of driving instructors and related
professionals. Reaching age groups ranging from the
elderly to children with its traffic safety campaigns and
training activities, JAMA’s objective is to educate people
so that vehicle transport can play a better role in society.
TRAFFIC ACCIDENT CASUALTIES (including motorcycle accident casualties)
28
Year
Traffic
Accidents
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
718,080
472,938
476,677
552,788
643,097
761,789
780,399
803,184
850,363
931,934
947,169
Index
100
66
66
77
90
106
108.7
111.9
118.4
129.8
131.9
Fatalities
16,765
10,792
8,760
9,261
11,227
10,679
9,640
9,211
9,006
9,066
8,747
Index
Injuries
100
64
52
55
67
64
57.5
54.9
53.7
54.1
52.2
981,096
622,467
598,719
681,346
790,295
922,677
958,925
989,297
1,050,398
1,155,697
1,180,955
Index
100
63
61
69
81
94
97.7
100.8
107.1
117.8
120.3
Vehicles in Use*
(million)
Index
28.3
36.9
49.8
64.3
75.5
82.5
84.9
85.4
86.0
86.7
87.2
100
130
176
227
266
292
300
301
304
306
308
Per 10,000 Vehicles:
Injuries
Fatalities
Note: *Figures include motor vehicles and motorcycles in use (as of end of December each year) and motor-driven cycles in use (as of end of March).
Sources: National Police Agency, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport.
6.3
2.9
1.8
1.4
1.5
1.3
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
369
169
120
106
105
112
111
112
122
133
136
Intelligent Transport Systems
Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) are designed to
resolve the efficiency-reducing load on traffic flow
resulting from accidents and congestion by taking
advantage of data networks using advanced
telecommunications technology. In other words, ITS
initiatives, which are being undertaken by both the
public and private sectors, are intended to improve road
transportation efficiency, thus making road travel more
enjoyable.
The government’s ITS master plan, the
"Comprehensive Concept for the Promotion of ITS,"
foresees five main user categories: drivers, pedestrians,
public transportation users, freight transporters, and
managers of traffic and road infrastructure. Ongoing
research-and-development targets the implementation of
a total of 21 user services in nine areas of development
by 2015.
tolls from vehicles without requiring them to stop at
tollbooths, went into full operation in 2001. As of April
2002, the ETC system was in operation at 681 locations
throughout Japan. By the end of March 2003, ETC
systems will be installed at approximately 900 major toll
stations throughout Japan.
The target date for full-fledged Automatic Highway
System (AHS) operation, including completed road
infrastructure and vehicles with advanced cruise-assist
systems, is 2010. April 1996 marked the launch of the
advanced car navigation system known as the Vehicle
Information and Communication System (VICS).
Initially providing service on roads in the Tokyo
metropolitan area and on expressways extending about
100 kilometers from Tokyo, as well as throughout the
Tomei and Meishin expressway systems (running from
Tokyo through Nagoya to Kobe), VICS is now being
expanded to cover the entire country.
Significant Trends
Following trials lasting several years, electronic toll
collection (ETC) systems, which automatically collect
ITS DEVELOPMENT AREAS AND USER SERVICES
9 ITS Development Areas
Advanced navigation systems
21 User Services
●
Traffic-related information
Route guidance information
● Automatic collection of vehicle tolls
● Road-related information
● Hazard warnings
● Driver assistance
● Advanced cruise-assist systems
● Optimization of traffic flow
● Traffic flow control information in case of accidents
● More efficient maintenance and management
● Special vehicle deployment management
● Information on current traffic regulations
● Information on using public transport
● Assistance in public transport operations and management
● Assistance in commercial vehicle logistical operations
● Advanced cruise-assist systems for commercial vehicles
● Road network information
● Prevention of hazards
● Automatic notification of emergencies
● Emergency vehicle deployment support
(route guidance and rescue activity support)
● Linkage with other advanced information networks
●
Electronic toll collection
Safe-driving assistance
Optimized traffic management
Optimized road infrastructure management
Public transport assistance
More efficient commercial vehicle use
Pedestrian assistance
Assistance to emergency vehicle operations
Other
29
Automotive Shipments in Value Terms (2000)
Automotive shipments are the
second largest industrial sector of the
Japanese economy (after electrical
machinery and equipment). By the
latest accounts, they represent 13.2%
of the value of the nation’s total
manufacturing shipments and 28.9%
of the value of the machinery
industries’ combined shipments. The
value of domestic automotive
shipments rose by 2.7% in 2000 to
40,042.9 billion yen for the first time
in three years.
The number of people in Japan
engaged in work related to
automobiles is approximately 5.4
million. Given that there are currently
around 64.1 million workers in Japan,
this means that about one in every
twelve workers is employed directly
or indirectly by the automobile
industry.(As of this year, some data
previously included in employment
statistics will no longer be included.)
2000 SHIPMENTS OF
MAJOR MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
(billions of yen)
Nonferrous
Metals
·6,219
(2.0%)
Other
·111,572
(36.8%)
Total
·303,582
billion
(100%)
Metal
Products
·15,587
(5.1%)
General
Machinery
& Equipment
·30,413
(10.0%)
Electrical
Machinery
& Equipment
·59,582
(19.6%)
Chemicals
·23,799
(7.9%)
Automotive
·40,043
(13.2%)
Iron & Steel
·11,963
(3.9%)
Transport
Equipment
·44,447
(14.6%)
<Breakdown of Automotive Shipments>
¥Automobile manufacturers (including motorcycles) ·19,992
¥Automobile body & related manufacturers
·2,558
¥Automobile parts & accessories manufacturers
·17,493
SHIPMENTS OF MAJOR MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES IN VALUE TERMS (billions of yen)
Automotive
Shipments
Machinery Industries
Machinery
Year Chemicals
Iron &
Steel
NonMetal
ferrous Products
Metals
General
Electrical
Machinery/
Machinery/
Equipment
Equipment
Automotive
Other
Industries
Machinery
Subtotal
Other
Total
Industries
% of
% of
Machinery Manufacturing
Industries Industries
Value
Value
2000
23,799
11,963
6,219
15,587
30,413
59,582
44,447
40,043
4,119
138,561 107,453
303,582
28.9
13.2
1999
23,055
11,322
5,789
15,238
27,972
54,905
43,877
39,004
4,169
130,924 105,071
291,398
29.8
13.4
1998
23,223
12,942
6,441
16,736
30,781
56,292
45,237
40,248
4,588
136,898 109,600
305,840
29.4
13.2
1997
24,580
14,563
7,188
18,125
32,575
60,381
47,448
42,483
4,503
144,907
113,708
323,072
29.3
13.1
1996
23,490
13,890
6,710
17,933
31,424
57,748
45,145
40,600
4,089
138,405
112,640
313,068
29.3
13.0
1995
23,363
14,073
6,496
17,647
29,884
54,831
44,215
39,561
4,107
133,036
111,421
306,036
29.7
12.9
1994
22,519
13,574
5,931
17,488
27,594
51,928
44,652
39,682
4,209
128,383
111,133
299,027
30.9
13.3
1993
23,260
14,932
6,140
18,732
29,171
52,103
47,065
41,767
4,488
132,827
115,310
311,200
31.4
13.4
1992
24,169
16,558
6,865
19,805
33,192
54,566
49,426
44,295
5,051
142,235
119,888
329,521
31.1
13.4
1991
24,270
18,631
7,697
20,230
35,847
58,624
48,960
44,192
5,511
148,941 121,066
340,835
29.7
13.0
1990
23,503
18,269
7,822
18,573
33,225
54,529
46,858
42,311
5,132
139,744
115,462
323,373
30.3
13.1
1985
20,552
17,754
6,384
13,094
24,190
40,842
36,179
27,693
4,381
105,593 101,943
265,321
26.2
10.4
1980
17,979
17,896
8,119
10,646
17,600
22,235
24,954
21,235
3,458
68,246
91,815
214,700
31.1
9.9
1975
10,438
11,306
3,909
6,573
10,611
10,821
14,794
10,524
1,729
37,955
57,252
127,433
27.7
8.3
1970
5,540
6,565
3,055
3,728
6,803
7,331
7,276
5,467
892
22,301
27,847
69,035
24.5
7.9
Source: "Industry Statistics," Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry.
30
Transport Equipment
Automotive Trade
In 2001 the value of motor vehicle exports (including
motorcycles and parts) rose by 3.4% to 9,780.2 billion
yen, the second consecutive yearly increase.
Similarly, the value of motor vehicle imports
(including parts) rose by 5.2% to 1,039 billion yen for
the second straight year.
2001 EXPORTS BY
PRINCIPAL COMMODITY (FOB)
Exports
· 48,980 billion
(100%)
Motor Vehicles
(including motorcycles & parts)
· 9,780 billion
(20.0%)
2001 IMPORTS BY
PRINCIPAL COMMODITY (CIF)
Export Value (billions of yen)
Import Value (billions of yen)
¥Non-Electrical
Machinery
¥Mineral Fuels
·10,230
(20.9%)
·1,650
¥Iron & Steel Products
(3.4%)
·3,740
¥Chemicals
(7.6%)
¥Visual &
·1,610
Audio Apparatus
(3.3%)
¥Scientific &
·2,500
Optical Equipment
(5.1%)
·920
¥Textiles
(1.9%)
¥Metal Products &
·1,240
Nonferrous Metals
(2.5%)
¥Ships
·1,000
(2.0%)
¥Other
·16,310
(33.3%)
¥Foodstuffs
¥Raw Materials
¥Chemicals
Imports
· 42,420 billion
(100%)
¥Metals
¥Textiles
Motor Vehicles
· 780 billion
(1.8 %)
Machinery & Equipment
· 13,220 billion
(31.2%)
AUTOMOTIVE EXPORTS IN VALUE TERMS (FOB)
Year
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1985
Motor Vehicles
Motorcycles
Cars, Trucks, Buses Parts & Components
7,210.8
1,880.4
689.1
6,930.1
1,864.2
660.3
7,094.8
1,636.7
613.9
7,795.2
1,637.4
670.0
604.6
1,789.5
7,112.3
5,513.8
1,840.5
548.9
480.7
1,781.5
4,979.7
494.3
1,798.2
5,836.6
564.6
1,654.4
6,550.5
549.6
1,584.7
7,657.7
458.9
1,523.9
7,370.5
396.4
1,566.8
7,358.7
624.1
1,242.0
8,195.1
¥Other
·8,520
(20.1%)
·5,250
(12.4%)
·2,590
(6.1%)
·3,100
(7.3%)
·1,820
(4.3%)
·2,890
(6.8%)
·5,030
(11.9%)
(billions of yen)
Subtotal
9,780.2
9,454.6
9,345.4
10,102.6
9,506.4
7,903.2
7,241.9
8,129.1
8,769.5
9,792.0
9,353.3
9,321.9
10,061.2
Chg.(%)
3.4%
1.2%
-7.5%
6.3%
20.3%
9.1%
-10.9%
-7.3%
-10.4%
4.7%
0.3%
11.7%
14.4%
Merchandise
Export Total
48,979.2
51,654.2
47,547.6
50,645.0
50,938.0
44,731.3
41,530.9
40,497.6
40,202.4
43,012.3
42,359.9
41,955.7
41,456.9
Source: "The Summary Report on Trade of Japan," Ministry of Finance.
AUTOMOTIVE IMPORTS IN VALUE TERMS (CIF)
Year
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1985
Motor Vehicles
Parts & Components
Cars, Trucks, Buses
781.4
257.6
767.9
220.0
722.6
185.4
746.5
207.6
215.6
974.0
1,152.1
177.4
136.4
958.5
116.2
737.8
116.6
583.0
133.4
655.0
125.5
727.8
111.9
923.3
44.6
129.0
(billions of yen)
Subtotal
1,039.0
988.0
908.0
954.1
1,189.6
1,329.5
1,094.9
854.0
699.6
788.4
853.3
1,035.2
173.6
Chg.(%)
5.2%
8.8%
-4.8%
-19.8%
-10.5%
21.4%
28.2%
22.1%
-11.3%
-7.6%
-17.6%
58.9%
—
Merchandise
Import Total
42,415.5
40,938.4
35,268.0
36,653.6
40,956.2
37,993.4
31,548.8
28,104.3
26,826.4
29,527.4
31,900.2
33,855.2
31,084.9
Source: "The Summary Report on Trade of Japan," Ministry of Finance.
31
Significant Events of 2001
DOMESTICA
Suzuki Motor Corporation announces elimination of
lead from painting processes in all domestic vehicle
(including two-wheeler) production facilities
(January).
The Ministry of Land, Infrastructurc Toll Collection
(ETC) service on expresswe and Transport (MLIT)
announces the launching, beginning on March 30, of
Electroniays in Tokyo and Chiba Prefecture and on
some roads in Okinawa (January).
Industries Ltd. (June).
The Tokyo municipal government compiles report
entitled "Road Pricing Concept" (June).
The CFC Recovery and Destruction Law is passed
(June).
MLIT, the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
(METI) and the Ministry of the Environment
announce action plan for the Development and
Dissemination of Low-Emission Vehicles (July).
Mitsubishi Motors Corporation announces its
"Turnaround Plan" (February).
Honda Motor Co., Ltd. notifies MLIT of presence of
defects in some vehicles using fuels containing highly
concentrated alcohol (August).
JAMA and the Japan Motor Industrial Federation
(JMIF) announce their merger, scheduled for May
2002 (March).
Suzuki and Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd.
announce agreement on comprehensive tie-up in twowheeler business operations (August).
Nissan closes the production line of its Murayama
plant (March).
JMIF cancels opening ceremony and reception at the
35th Tokyo Motor Show to express sympathy with
the victims of the terrorist attacks in the United States
(September).
Itaru Hasegawa appointed President of Yamaha
Motor Co., Ltd. (April).
Nissan announces entry in 2002 into sales of minicars
supplied on OEM basis from Suzuki (April).
JAMA announces a JAMA initiative on recall (April).
Toyota announces that Hino Motors, Ltd. will become
a subsidiary (April).
The Japan Automobile Recycling Promotion Center
begins nationwide program to recover and destroy
alternative CFCs used in car air conditioners (May).
Mitsubishi announces signing of basic agreement
with Jatco Trans Technology Ltd. on consolidation of
automatic transmission business (October).
The 35th Tokyo Motor Show (for passenger cars and
motorcycles) takes place (October).
JAMA’s Board of Directors approves membership of
GM Japan (December).
Isuzu Motors Limited announces its "Isuzu V Plan"
(May).
Prime Minister Koizumi announces switch to use of
low-emission official limousines (May).
Tadaaki Jagawa is appointed President of Hino
(June).
Kyoji Takenaka is appointed President of Fuji Heavy
32
INTERNATIONALA
Toyota Motor Corporation, General Motors
Corporation, and ExxonMobil Corporation announce
agreement on joint development of fuel-cell vehicles
(January).
France-based Renault and Nissan Motor Co., Ltd.
announce common platforms for core models
(February).
Mitsubishi and Volvo announce dissolution of their
tie-up (April).
Yamaha announces complete transfer to Taiwan of
production of 50cc motor scooters for the Japanese
market (April).
China imposes special customs duties on automobiles
manufactured in Japan as a retaliatory measure
against Japan’s resort to emergency safeguards (June).
Toyota and PSA Peugeot Citroen announce basic
agreement on joint development and production of
compact cars in Europe (June).
Mitsubishi and DaimlerChrysler announce joint
development of low-emission diesel engines for
medium-sized and large trucks (August).
Nissan Diesel Motor Co., Ltd. announces provision of
production and assembly technology for small diesel
engines to a China-based diesel engine manufacturer
(August).
GM and Suzuki announce agreement on joint
development of fuel-cell vehicles (October).
Nissan and Renault announce Nissan’s acquisition of
a 15% equity stake in Renault and Renault’s raising of
its equity stake in Nissan to 44.4% (October).
Honda launches operations at new plant in Alabama,
U.S.A. (November).
The Chinese government withdraws special customs
duties on motor vehicles manufactured in Japan
(December).
China becomes WTO member (December).
Program to realign and streamline special public
corporations is approved, leading to privatization of
the four public highway corporations (December).
33
Member Manufacturers
DAIHATSU MOTOR CO., LTD.
Internet:
Head Office:
1, Daihatsu-cho 1-chome
Ikeda City, Osaka Pref. 563-8651
Tel : (0727) 51-8811 Fax: (0727) 53-6880
Tokyo Branch Office:
2-10, Nihonbashi Hon-cho 2-chome
Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-8408
Tel : (03) 3279-0813 Fax: (03) 3279-0038
Products: Cars and Trucks
http://www.daihatsu.co.jp/
FUJI HEAVY INDUSTRIES LTD.
Internet:
Subaru Bldg.
7-2, Nishi-Shinjuku 1-chome
Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8316
Tel : (03) 3347-2111 Fax: (03) 3347-2338
Products: Cars, Trucks and Buses
http://www.fhi.co.jp/
GENERAL MOTORS JAPAN LIMITED
Internet:
27th Floor, 20-3, Ebisu 4-chome
Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-6027
Tel: (03) 5424-2727
Products: Cars
http://www.gmjapan.co.jp/
HINO MOTORS, LTD.
Internet:
Head Office and Hino plant:
1-1, Hinodai 3-chome
Hino City, Tokyo 191-8660
Tel : (042) 586-5111 Fax: (042) 586-5038
Tamachi Office:
11-3, Shiba 4-chome
Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0014
Tel : (03) 5419-9320 Fax: (03) 3453-0174
Products: Trucks and Buses
http://www.hino.co.jp/
MAZDA MOTOR CORPORATION
Internet:
MITSUBISHI MOTORS CORPORATION
Internet:
Internet:
ISUZU MOTORS LIMITED
Internet:
26-1, Minami-Oi 6-chome
Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8722
Tel : (03) 5471-1111 Fax: (03) 5471-1042
http://www.isuzu.co.jp/
Internet:
Internet:
Internet:
17-1, Ginza 6-chome
Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-8023
Tel : (03) 3543-5523 Fax: (03) 3546-2669
http://www.nissan.co.jp/
SUZUKI MOTOR CORPORATION
Internet:
Head Office:
300, Takatsuka
Hamamatsu, Shizuoka Pref. 432-8611
Tel : (053) 440-2061 Fax: (053) 445-0040
Tokyo Branch Office:
Suzuki Bldg. Higashi-Shinbashi
2-8, Higashi-Shinbashi 2-chome
Tel : (03) 5473-1601 Fax: (03) 5473-1602
Products: Cars, Trucks and Motorcycles
http://www.suzuki.co.jp/
TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION
Internet:
Head Office:
1, Toyota-cho
Toyota City, Aichi Pref. 471-8571
Tel : (0565) 28-2121 Fax: (0565) 80-1116
Tokyo Head Office:
4-18, Koraku 1-chome
Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8701
Tel : (03) 3817-7111 Fax: (03) 3817-9037
http://www.global.toyota.com
YAMAHA MOTOR CO., LTD.
Internet:
34
1, Oaza 1-chome
Ageo City, Saitama Pref. 362-8523
Tel : (048) 781-2301 Fax: (048) 781-7505
http://www.nissandiesel.co.jp/
NISSAN MOTOR CO., LTD.
KAWASAKI HEAVY INDUSTRIES, LTD.
Kobe Head Office:
Kobe Crystal Tower
1-3, Higashi Kawasaki-cho 1-chome
Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo Pref. 650-8680
Tel : (078) 371-9530 Fax: (078) 371-9568
Tokyo Head Office:
World Trade Center Bldg.
4-1, Hamamatsu-cho 2-chome
Tel : (03) 3435-2111 Fax: (03) 3436-3037
Products: Motorcycles
http://www.khi.co.jp/
33-8, Shiba 5-chome
Tel : (03) 3456-1111 Fax: (03) 5232-7477
http://www.mitsubishi-motors.co.jp/
NISSAN DIESEL MOTOR CO., LTD.
HONDA MOTOR CO., LTD.
1-1, Minami-Aoyama 2-chome
Tel : (03) 3423-1111 Fax: (03) 3423-0511
Products: Cars, Trucks and Motorcycles
http://www.honda.co.jp/
Head Office:
3-1, Shinchi, Fuchu-cho
Aki-gun, Hiroshima Pref. 730-8670
Tel : (082) 282-1111 Fax: (082) 287-5190
Tokyo Head Office:
1-7, Uchisaiwai-cho 1-chome
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0011
Tel : (03) 3508-5031 Fax: (03) 3508-5094
http://www.mazda.co.jp/
Head Office:
2500, Shingai
Iwata City, Shizuoka Pref. 438-8501
Tel : (0538) 32-1115 Fax: (0538) 37-4250
Tokyo Office:
Mita 43 Mori Bldg.
13-16, Mita 3-chome
Tel : (03) 5442-0600 Fax: (03) 5442-0700
Products: Motorcycles
http://www.yamaha-motor.co.jp/
Plant Locations of Member Manufacturers in Japan
TOYOTA
Tomakomai
ISUZU
Tomakomai
MAZDA
Hofu
MAZDA
Hiroshima
Mitsugi
MITSUBISHI
Mizushima
KAWASAKI
Akashi
DAIHATSU
Tada
TOYOTA
Tohoku
ISUZU
Tochigi
NISSAN
Tochigi
HINO
Nitta
DAIHATSU
Ikeda
FUJI
Ota
Yajima
Otakita
Ohizumi
Isezaki
MITSUBISHI
Kyoto
Yagi
DAIHATSU
Kyoto
DAIHATSU
Shiga
MITSUBISHI
Shiga
NISSAN
HONDA
Iwaki
Takanezawa
Maoka
Haga
NISSAN DIESEL
Ageo
Konosu
Hanyu
HINO
Hino
Hamura
HONDA
Suzuka
HONDA
Kumamoto
NISSAN
Kyushu
TOYOTA
Miyata
SUZUKI
Toyokawa
TOYOTA
Toyota
Motomachi
Kamigo
Takaoka
Miyoshi
Tsutsumi
Myochi
Shimoyama
Kinuura
Tahara
Teiho
Hirose
MITSUBISHI
Oye
Okazaki
SUZUKI
Hamamatsu
Iwata
Osuka
Kosai
Sagara
HONDA
Hamamatsu
Hosoe
YAMAHA
Iwata
Hamakita
Fukuroi
Toyooka
Nakase
Soude
Morimachi
HONDA
Sayama
Wako
FUJI
Saitama
ISUZU
Kawasaki
Fujisawa
NISSAN
Yokohama
Oppama
MITSUBISHI
Kawasaki
Nakatsu
(as of April 2002)
35
JAMA Organization and Information Services
The Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association,
Inc. (JAMA) is a nonprofit trade association which was
established in 1967. The organization is comprised of
the fourteen manufacturers of cars, trucks, buses and
motorcycles in Japan.
JAMA’s activities are administered under the
guidance of various committees composed of membercompany representatives. The administrative structure
of JAMA is headed by a chairman, who is elected from
among the chief executives of the member companies.
Reporting to the chairman are five vice-chairmen, one of
whom also serves as president; an executive director;
and a secretary general. Final authority for decisions on
JAMA’s major activities and overall administration is
vested in its board of directors.
Chairman
Vice-Chairmen
— Committees —
General Assembly
Board of Directors
Executive Committee
General Committees:
Technical Administration Committee
Safety & Environmental Technology Committee
Environment Committee
Traffic Affairs Committee
Distribution Committee
Taxation Committee
International Affairs Committee
Purchasing Committee
Electronic Information Exchange Committee
Human Resources Committee
— Administration —
President
Executive Director
Secretary General
Administrative Div.
Coordination Div.
Traffic Affairs Dept.
Business Affairs Dept.
Technical Dept.
Environment Dept.
International Dept.
Tokyo Motor Show Dept.
Special Vehicle Committees:
Mini-Vehicle Committee
Motorcycle Committee
Heavy Vehicle Committee
Public Relations Office
Human Resources Office
Tokyo Motor Show Committee
JAMA INFORMATION SERVICES
Periodicalsa
Motor Vehicle Statistics of Japan
Historical compilation of Japanese motor vehicle
production, export, and new registration statistics.
Annual, in English.
News from JAMA
Brief articles and current production, export, and
new registration statistics. Monthly, in French,
English and German.
News from JAMA Asia-Pacific Edition
News and feature articles on JAMA’s activities
related to the ASEAN automotive industry.
Published thrice yearly, in English.
News from JAMA Motorcycle
News, views and developments related to
Japan’s motorcycle industry. Quarterly, in
English.
Japan Auto Trends
News, views and developments related to
Japan’s automobile industry. Published quarterly
in the U.S., in English.
A Better Environment for Future Generations
A summary of JAMA initiatives related to
environmental issues and the measures JAMA
members are taking in regard to environmental
Other Publicationsa
Japan’s Automobile Manufacturers—Global protection.
Companies in a Global Industry—Moving
Forward with Cutting-Edge Technology
A detailed look at how Japanese automakers’
Videosa
sales, employment and investment activities have Man and the Automobile—A Look at the Future
made them a part of the fabric of America.
A 20-minute video on technology trends in the
Japanese motor vehicle industry. Statistics on
Japanese Automakers in Europe—Investing in production, sales and exports are also included.
a Common Future
In Japanese and English.
A detailed look at how Japanese automakers are
working within the European Community to build Automobile Recycling in 1998—Towards the
cars in Europe for Europeans.
Technology of Tomorrow
A 20-minute presentation which reviews the
Toward the Development of the ASEAN industry’s voluntary initiatives to further promote
Automotive Industry
end-of-life vehicle recycling, explaining the latest
A detailed look at how Japanese automakers are technologies in shredder residue processing and
working to promote the automotive industry in and other systems. In Japanese and English.
with ASEAN countries.
Internet: http://www.jama.or.jp
Note: Publications can be obtained from JAMA by contacting any of the offices listed inside the cover of this booklet. For information on video availability, please contact JAMA’s head office.
36
Related Automotive Associations
Japan Auto Parts Industries Association (JAPIA)
16-15, Takanawa 1-chome
Tel: (03) 3445-4211
Fax: (03) 3447-5372
Objectives: To establish and promote policies to streamline
parts manufacturing, and to research, develop and
improve production engineering.
Japan Auto-Body Industries Association, Inc.
(JABIA)
Kishimoto Bldg., 2-1, Marunouchi 2-chome
Tel: (03) 3213-2031 Fax: (03) 3213-2034
Objectives: To research and promote policies to streamline
auto-body manufacturing and assembly.
Japan Automotive Machinery and Tool
Manufacturers Association (JAMTA)
Kikaishinko Bldg.
5-8, Shibakoen 3-chome
Tel: (03) 3431-3773 Fax: (03) 3431-5880
Objectives: To conduct research on the engineering
technology of automotive servicing equipment and tools, and to disseminate the
resulting information among its members.
Japan Electric Vehicle Association (JEVA)
22-15, Toranomon 1-chome
Tel: (03) 3503-3651 Fax: (03) 3503-8493
Objectives: To promote the utilization of electric vehicles, as
well as collect information and conduct analysis
on electric vehicles at home and abroad.
Japan Automobile Research Institute, Inc. (JARI)
2530 Karima, Tsukuba City
Ibaraki Pref. 305-0822
Tel: (0298) 56-1111 Fax: (0298) 56-1122
Tokyo Office:
Kanda Union Bldg., 25, Kanda-Nishiki-cho 3-chome
Tel: (03) 3293-9123 Fax: (03) 3295-2386
Objectives: To conduct comprehensive research aimed at
the long-range development of automotive
technologies for vehicle safety and reduced
emissions, noise and vibration.
Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, Inc.
(JSAE)
10-2, Goban-cho
Tel: (03) 3262-8211 Fax: (03) 3261-2204
Objectives: To research, study and experiment in automotive science and technologies.
Japan Automobile Dealers Association (JADA)
7-17, Minami-Aoyama 5-chome
Tel: (03) 3400-8404 Fax: (03) 3400-8413
Objectives: To promote the use of automobiles and improve their distribution, thereby contributing to
the development of the national economy.
Japan Mini-Vehicles Association (JAVA)
Shinjuku Sanei Bldg., 22-2, Nishi-Shinjuku 1-chome
Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023
Tel: (03) 3342-7831 Fax: (03) 3344-6289
Objectives: To promote strong sales and good
distribution of mini-vehicles and to address
safety and pollution measures.
Japan Automobile Importers Association (JAIA)
TBR Bldg., 5-7, Kojimachi
Tel: (03) 3222-5421 Fax: (03) 3222-1730
Objectives: To establish orderly import transactions and
advance the interests of member companies,
thereby promoting the growth of automobile import
businesses.
Japan Automobile Federation (JAF)
Kikaishinko Kaikan, Room 103
5-8, Shibakoen 3-chome
Tel: (03) 3436-2811 Fax: (03) 3436-3008
Objectives: To promote an understanding of traffic issues
and traffic safety, protect the interests of
members, encourage international friendship
through automobiles, and develop motor sports
programs, thereby contributing to the welfare of
the public.
Japan Automobile Service Promotion Association
(JASPA)
1-16, Moto-Akasaka 1-chome
Tel: (03) 3404-6141 Fax: (03) 3404-6478
Objectives: To promote the advancement of automobile
service technologies and equipment, in order to
help prevent automobile accidents and
pollution.
Japan Automobile Standards Inter-nationalization
Center (JASIC)
TBR Bldg., 5-7, Kojimachi
Tel: (03) 5216-7241 Fax: (03) 5216-7244
Objectives: To promote the harmonization of standards and
to help improve standards certification systems
in developing countries through the collection
and dissemination of data on inspections,
surveys, and related information.
37

Motor Vehicle Production

Transcription

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