Fresnel Lens Water Purification System 100% Report

Transcription

EML 4905 Senior Design Project
A B.S. THESIS
PREPARED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Fresnel Lens Water Purification System
100% Report
Maria Aramayo
Gabriel Lopez
Ovaun Mowatt
Faculty Advisor: Dr. Yiding Cao
November 22, 2015
This B.S. thesis is written in partial fulfillment of the requirements in EML 4905.
The contents represent the opinion of the authors and not the Department of
Mechanical and Materials Engineering.
Ethics Statement and Signatures
The work submitted in this B.S. thesis is solely prepared by a team consisting of Maria Aramayo,
Gabriel Lopez, and Ovaun Mowatt and it is original. Excerpts from others’ work have been clearly
identified, their work acknowledged within the text and listed in the list of references. All of the
engineering drawings, computer programs, formulations, design work, prototype development and
testing reported in this document are also original and prepared by the same team of students.
Maria Aramayo
Team Member
Gabriel Lopez
Team Member
Dr. Yiding Cao
Faculty Advisor
ii
Ovaun Mowatt
Team Member
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter
Page
Cover Page
Ethics Statement and Signatures
Table of Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
i
ii
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Abstract
1
1.
2
Introduction
1.1
Problem Statement
2
1.2
Motivation
2
1.3
Literature Survey
3
1.3.1
Solar Distillation:
3
1.3.2
Fresnel lens:
4
1.3.3
Distillation Process:
5
1.3.4
Boiling point of Water:
5
1.4
2.
Survey of Related Standards
6
1.4.1
Solar Energy:
6
1.4.2
Glass Containers
6
1.4.3
Plastic Containers
7
1.4.4
Copper Tube
7
8
Project Formulation
2.1
Overview
8
2.2
Project Objectives
8
2.3
Design Specification
8
2.3.1
Power Source:
9
2.3.2
Output:
9
2.4
Addressing Global Design
9
2.5
Constraints and Other Considerations
10
2.5.1
Constraints
11
2.5.2
Other Considerations
12
2.6
Discussion
14
iii
3.
4.
5.
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Design Alternates
3.1
Overview of Conceptual Designs Developed
15
3.2
Design Alternate 1
15
3.3
Design Alternate 2
16
3.4
Design Alternate 3
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3.5
Proposed Design
18
3.6
Feasibility Assessment
23
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Project Management
4.1
Overview
24
4.2
Breakdown of Work into Specific Tasks
24
4.2.1
Research
24
4.2.2
Design
24
4.2.3
Calculations
24
4.2.4
Simulations
25
4.2.5
Construction
25
4.2.6
Testing
25
4.2.7
Final Design
25
4.3
Gantt Chart for the Organization of Work and Timeline
26
4.4
Breakdown of Responsibilities Among Team Members
26
27
Engineering Design and Analysis
5.1
Overview
27
5.2
Flow Analysis
27
5.3
Dynamic and Vibration Analysis of the System
29
5.4
Thermal Conductivity
29
5.5
Thermal Analysis
37
5.6
Water Quality
40
5.7
Material Selection
40
5.7.1
Fresnel Lens: Acrylic
40
5.7.2
Evacuated Solar Tubes: Borosilicate
40
5.7.3
Condenser: Aluminum Core
41
5.7.4
10 L Water Dispenser and 23L Water Reservoir: BPA-Free Plastic
41
5.7.5
Tubing: Vinyl
41
iv
5.7.6
6.
7.
5.8
Defection Analysis
42
5.9
Component Design and Selection
51
5.9.1 Fresnel lens
51
5.9.2 Evacuated Solar Tubes
52
5.9.3 Condenser
53
5.9.4 Water Dispenser (10L)
53
5.9.5 Water Reservoir (23L)
54
5.9.6 Tubing
54
5.9.7 Wood
55
Prototype Construction
56
6.1
Description of Prototype
56
6.2
Prototype Design
56
6.3
Parts List
57
6.4
Construction
58
6.5
Prototype Cost Analysis
61
62
Testing and Evaluation
7.1
8.
42
Wood: Plywood
Design of Experiments
62
7.1.1
Apparatus Testing
62
7.1.2
Water Quality
62
7.2
Test Results and Data
62
7.3
Evaluation of Experimental Results
66
7.4
Improvement of the Design
75
7.5
Discussion
77
78
Design Considerations
8.1
Health and Safety
78
8.1.1
Materials Used
78
8.1.2
Water
79
8.2
Assembly and Disassembly
79
8.3
Manufacturability
80
8.4
Maintenance of the System
80
8.4.1
80
Regular Maintenance
v
8.4.2
82
Major Maintenance
8.5
Environmental Impact and Sustainability
83
8.6
Economic Impact
83
8.7
Risk Assessment
84
9.
85
Design Experience
9.1
Standards Used
85
9.1.1
Water Quality
85
9.1.2
Plastic Containers
86
9.1.3
Glass Containers
86
9.1.4
Solar Energy
86
9.2
Contemporary Issues
87
9.3
Impact of Design in a Global and Social Context
87
9.4
Professional and Ethical Responsibility
88
9.5
Life-Long Learning Experience
89
9.6
Discussion
91
10.
92
Conclusion
10.1
Conclusion and Discussion
92
10.2
Evaluation of Integrated Global Design Aspects
93
10.3
Evaluation of Intangible Experiences
94
10.4
Future Work
95
Appendix A: SolidWorks Schematics
100
Appendix B: Steam Tables
102
Appendix C: Calculation Tables
104
Appendix D: Multilingual User Manual
121
Appendix E: Photo Album
129
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List of Figures
Figure
Page
Figure 1. Solar Still [10]
Figure 2. Fourth-Order Fresnel lens [3]
Figure 3. Refraction of Fresnel lens [2]
Figure 4. Distillation Process [4]
Figure 5. Main Electrolytes in Body Fluid [13]
Figure 6. Design Alternate 1: Solar Still
Figure 7. Design Alternate 2: Solar Collector
Figure 8. Design Alternate 3: Vertical Fresnel Lens Unit
Figure 9. Horizontal Fresnel lens Diagram
Figure 10. Horizontal Fresnel lens Assy. Trimetric View
Figure 11. Horizontal Fresnel lens Assy. Top-Front View
Figure 12. Horizontal Fresnel lens Assy. Front View
Figure 13. Horizontal Fresnel lens Assy. Top View
Figure 14. Syphoning [18]
Figure 15. Water Height Levels
Figure 16. Sun rays at 3 main angles
Figure 17. Angles as it relates to earths tilt
Figure 18. The effect of the earth’s tilt and rotation about the sun
Figure 19. Hour Angle, h, vs Time of the Day
Figure 20. Sun’s Declination Angle throughout the Year
Figure 21. Solar Input during Summer Solstice for Different Lens Tilt Angles
Figure 23. Properties of Borosilicate glass
Figure 24. Isometric view of Solar tube
Figure 25. Cross-Section View of Solar Tube
Figure 26. Inner View of Solar Tube
Figure 27. Solar Evacuated tube
Figure 28. Condenser
Figure 29. Plywood Composition
Figure 30. Load on Clean Water Reservoir Support
Figure 31. Displacement on Clean Water Reservoir Base
Figure 32. Strain on Clean Water Reservoir Base
Figure 33. Von Mises on Clean Water Reservoir Base
Figure 34. Load on Dirty Water Reservoir Base
Figure 35. Displacement on Dirty Water Reservoir Base
Figure 36. Strain on Dirty Water Reservoir Base
Figure 37. Von Mises on Dirty Water Reservoir Base
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Figure 38. Load on Lens Support
Figure 39. Displacement on Lens Support
Figure 40. Strain on Lens Support
Figure 41. Von Mises on Lens support
Figure 42. Mounted Fresnel lens
Figure 43. Evacuated Tubes
Figure 44. Aluminum Heat Exchanger
Figure 45. Water Dispenser
Figure 46. Water Reservoir
Figure 47. Vinyl Tubing
Figure 48. Plywood
Figure 49. Revised Design (Right View)
Figure 50. Prototype Scaled Drawing
Figure 51. Prototype Main Support
Figure 52. Assembled Prototype
Figure 53. Finished Prototype
Figure 54. De-Ionizer
Figure 55. pH Tester
Figure 56. Hardness Test
Figure 57. Sun Power Input vs Time
Figure 58. Water used for testing
Figure 59. Coliform Test Sample 1
Figure 61. Complete Set of Test Results
Figure 62. First Iteration of Final Design
Figure 63. Second Iteration of Final Design
Figure 64. Third Iteration of Final Design
Figure 65. Fourth (last) Iteration of Final Design
Figure 66. Prototype Schematic (Different Views)
Figure 67. Prototype Main Dimensions
Figure 68. Prototype Being Drawn
Figure 69. Prototype During Us
Figure 70. Temperature of Water during Testing
Figure 71. Collection of Dirty Water Sample
Figure 72. Cloudy Sky
Figure 73. Team Photo
viii
List of Tables
Table
Page
Table 1. Gantt Chart
Table 2. Division of Responsibilities
Table 3. Fresnel lens Specifications
Table 4. Materials Tested
Table 5. Evacuated Solar Tubes Specifications
Table 6. Tubing Specifications
Table 7. Cost of Materials
Table 8. List of Parts
Table 9. Prototype Cost Analysis
Table 10. Hour Angle h, for Unit Testing
Table 11. Test Results
Table 12. Water Conductivity Test for Control Water (Measurement of Total Dissolved Solids)
Table 13. Water Conductivity for Collected Samples (Measurement of Total Dissolved Solids)
Table 14. Ph Test (Measurement of Water Acidity)
Table 15. Reactive Phosphorous Test (Measurement of Phosphates Present)
Table 16. Calcium Carbonate Test (Measurement of Water Hardness)
Table 17. Coliform Test results (Looks for The Presence of the Coliform Escherichia Coli, E.coli)
Table 18. Solar Power Input calculation during Winter Solstice
Table 19. Solar Power Input calculation during Summer Solstice
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Abstract
Our aim is to create an affordable unit, which would house a Fresnel lens. This lens would
heat the unpurified water to boiling point. The steam that would be produced from the process of
boiling would then be distilled and collected in a reservoir. A Fresnel lens is a special type of
compact lens, which was originally created for use in lighthouses but has been used in different
applications. One such scenario is solar heating. To achieve this goal, the Fresnel lens is ideal for
our apparatus as it can be made much larger than glass lenses as well as being cheaper to produce.
This would ensure the lens has optimum sunlight and keep the water boiling at a constant
temperature.
The Fresnel lens water purifying system could be used in emergency situations where clean
water is not available but another form of water source is such as a lake, river or sea. Although
building a working prototype will represent many challenges, the concept of the product is very
simple. In the future, in order to improve this project, further calculations, material research, testing
and fabrication would be done.
1
1. Introduction
1.1 Problem Statement
Despite the many technological advances made by man in our current society, producing
clean water that is available to all human beings remains a challenge. The world we live in is
abundant with water; however, about 1 out of every 6 people do not have access to clean water
and more than double that number lack basic sanitation. Approximately, 3.5 million people die
from water related diseases each year and 1.4 million of them are children. Moreover, a person
who does not have access to clean water has to walk 5 miles an average to obtain drinking water
from the closest source [5]. Water is a basic necessity for life, and every human in the world should
have the right to clean water. There are some water purifiers on the market but the cost of them
are high and not accessible to everyone, especially those who do not have access to clean water.
1.2 Motivation
In order for humans to survive it is a necessity that they have access to clean drinking water.
Water is such a key component to the anatomy of the human body that more than 60 percent of
the human body consists of water. The average human can only survive a week or so without clean
water. Unfortunately Safe water is scarce, nearly 1 billion people do not have access to clean water.
Access to clean water improves education, hunger, health and poverty. Having analyzed the issues
at hand our group’s goal is to provide an efficient means of processing unsafe water by using a
Fresnel lens. This project is expected to appeal to a global market in order to satisfy a vital
necessity. In essence our Fresnel lens unit will be able to increase the quality of life for its users.
2
1.3 Literature Survey
1.3.1 Solar Distillation:
Solar powered distillation can be dated as far back as the 4th century, when Aristotle tried
to harness the suns power for mankind. However, the first large scale water distillation plant was
not built until the late 19th century in Chile [9]. This plant was able to produce more than 20,000
liters of water and was in operation for 40 years. A solar still is an easy way of distilling water
using the heat from the sun to enable evaporation from humid soil, or ambient air, to cool a
condenser film.
The two main types of stills are solar and pit. Both methods work very similarly in the
sense that they both let steam condense on the cool inside surface of the plastic or glass and drip
down to a lower point [10].
Figure 1. Solar Still [10]
3
1.3.2 Fresnel lens:
In 1822 Augustine Fresnel, a French Physicist, Invented a lens that was used in light
houses in order to extend the range of visibility of the lighthouses’ light beam [1]. This lens, called
Fresnel lens consists of several concentric rings on a piece of glass or polymer that refract the light
and concentrates it at a single point called the focal point of the lens.
Figure 2. Fourth-Order Fresnel lens [3]
Figure 3. Refraction of Fresnel lens [2]
4
1.3.3 Distillation Process:
By definition, Distillation is the action of purifying a liquid by a process of heating and
cooling. This means that the liquid (in this case water) is heated beyond the boiling point, and then
the steam is collected and condensed back into a liquid. During this process, all solids suspended
in the water, will be left behind at the bottom of the container where the boiling took place, thus
making the now distilled water safe to drink.
Figure 4. Distillation Process [4]
1.3.4 Boiling point of Water:
The boiling point of water is defined as the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a
liquid is equal to the pressure of the atmosphere on the liquid, equal to 212°F (100°C) for water at
sea level. However, this refers to fresh water. Salt Dissolves easily in water and it forms strong
molecular bonds, this bond affect the boiling temperature of water significantly. This does not only
mean that the boiling temperature of salt water is higher than that of fresh water, it also means that
that temperature depends heavily on the concentration of salt in the water.
5
1.4 Survey of Related Standards
In order to ensure safety, uniformity and consistency in this project, some standards are
desired to be followed. Standards also facilitate the communication between the designers,
producers and users. The following standards will be taken into consideration:
1.4.1 Solar Energy:
•
ISO 9488, Solar energy. (ISO 9488:1999) [6]
•
ANSI/MSE 2000, Energy and Quality Management Package. [6]
•
ISO 9060, Solar energy – Specification and classification of instruments for measuring
hemispherical solar and direct solar radiation. (ISO 9060:1990) [6]
•
ASTM E424-71, Standard Test Methods for Solar Energy Transmittance and Reflectance
(Terrestrial) of Sheet Materials. (ASTM E424-71:2007) [6]
•
ISO/TR 10217, Solar energy – Water heating systems – Guide to material selection with
regard to internal corrosion. (ISO/TR 10217:1989) [6]
1.4.2 Glass Containers
•
ISO 7458, Glass containers — Internal pressure resistance — Test methods. (ISO
7458:2004) [7]
•
ISO 7459, Glass containers — Thermal shock resistance and thermal shock endurance
— Test methods. (ISO7459:2004) [7]
•
ISO 8113, Glass containers — Resistance to vertical load — Test method. (ISO
8113:2004) [7]
•
ISO 9009, Glass containers — Height and non-parallelism of finish with reference to
container base — Test methods. (ISO 9009:1991) [7]
6
1.4.3 Plastic Containers
•
ISO 877, Plastics — Methods of exposure to direct weathering, to weathering using
glass-filtered daylight, and to intensified weathering by daylight using Fresnel mirrors
(ISO 877:1994) [7]
•
ISO 4582, Plastics — Determination of changes in color and variations in properties after
exposure to daylight under glass, natural weathering or laboratory light sources. [7]
•
ISO 1681, Plastics —Plastics piping and ducting systems — Plastics pipes and fittings —
Method for exposure to direct (natural) weathering. (ISO 1681:2003) [7]
1.4.4 Copper Tube
•
ASTM B75M-11, Standard Specification for Seamless Copper Tube. [8]
•
ASTM B743-12, Standard Specification for Seamless Copper Tube in Coils. [8]
7
2. Project Formulation
2.1 Overview
The main purpose of the Fresnel lens water purifier is to convert unpurified water into
drinkable water. Furthermore, this project proposes the use of solar energy as the main source of
energy due to its availability, abundance and renewability; and the use of an inverted Fresnel lens
as a medium to collect the energy and direct it into the system, due to its efficiency. Three design
alternates will be proposed for this project and each one will be thoroughly analyzed and discussed.
Subsequently, the most effective design alternate will be selected for this project. From the
proposed design, more specific analysis and studies will be conducted in order to build a prototype.
Eventually, the prototype will be tested and evaluated to ensure that it meets the proposed
objectives.
2.2 Project Objectives
The main objective of this project is to create a unit that will purify water by heating the
unclean water to the boiling point, and then distill it in another reservoir. This project is desired to
be solely based on renewable energy, and to use a Fresnel lens as medium to direct enough energy
to the system, for it to work efficiently. The design and materials proposed are expected to be the
most efficient and affordable, and to follow the safety standards. Furthermore, the purified water
should meet the quality standards for it to be drinkable.
2.3 Design Specification
In order to make the device a better product, it is important to set minimum requirements
and specifications that must be met.
8
2.3.1 Power Source:
The final design must be capable of performing all its operations using renewable energies
exclusively.
2.3.2 Output:
If the device were only capable of producing one cup of water per day, it would be highly
impractical and to put in operation. For this reason, this design must be capable of producing
enough water to meet the necessities of a small family every day.
2.4 Addressing Global Design
Many communities, especially in developing countries, still do not have access to basic
needs such as shelter, food, electricity, drinking water and basic sanitation. Without these
resources, these communities cannot live a dignified life. Therefore, the main goal of this project
is to alleviate a vital necessity. This project will be focused on one of the most abundant resources
in the world, which is water. Approximately, 75% of the world’s surface is water, yet some people
do not have access to it, or lack of its basic sanitation. As mentioned in the problem statement, 3.5
million of people die every year due to water related diseases. The Fresnel lens water purifier aims
to provide clean water to those communities in developing countries which do not have access to
it. As a result, this project could change and improve many people’s quality of living around the
globe.
Furthermore, another important issue that the world is concerned nowadays is the scarcity
of non-renewable resources and their impact on the environment. The world’s major sources of
energy come from non-renewable resources, such as minerals, coal, petroleum, and natural gas.
Even though non-renewable resources are very effective, they are not renewable and they are finite
9
resources. They also create pollution and affect the environment. Currently, the world is trying to
find a solution for these two issues, because we will eventually run out of such resources and
climate change is getting worse. Many countries and organizations consider these two problems
very seriously: studies have been conducted and one solution proposed was to start looking at other
resources that are organic and renewable, and to take advantage of them. Those sources are
commonly found around the world and in our everyday lives, such as: sunlight, wind, heat, oceanic
waves, etc. For this reason, the water purifier is desired to be based on solar energy due to the
abundancy of this resource and the advantages of it, since it is natural, and any process that it
would need to undergo would not harm the environment nor increase global warming. Moreover,
the use of renewable resources will also help prolong the lifespan of non-renewable resources.
Lastly, having a multinational product includes the challenge of expanding to every country
and culture as needed. The Fresnel lens water purifier is intended to do so by having different
versions of the user’s manual according to the countries where the product could be applied.
Moreover, the user’s manual should be easy-to-read, indicating all the steps to follow in a very
organized and simple way, using symbols, graphics and colors. This prevents misunderstandings
and complications when setting up and using the product.
2.5 Constraints and Other Considerations
There are several factors that can limit the success and efficiency of this device. Some of
them, such as the amount of sunlight available, are expected and almost impossible to overcome.
However, there are other things in which the device is highly dependent on that can be modified
to compensate for any other shortcomings, improving the overall design and therefore the results
obtained.
10
2.5.1 Constraints
a. Energy:
One of the most important points of this design is ensuring that only renewable energy,
such as solar energy and wind energy are used. This severely limits the capabilities of the device
since the amount of sun or wind available at any given time may vary rapidly. However, since this
device is most likely to find applications in remote locations of developing countries, it is important
that is designed in such a way as to account for the variations of sources available and make it as
efficient as possible.
b. Safety:
Safety is a major concern during the formulation of any product, this is especially true if
the product has the potential to severely harm or even kill a person easily. There are some
components in this design that could cause damage to people operating the device, children
playing, and even passing wild life. These components consist mostly of the boiling chamber, the
condenser and the Fresnel lens. The condenser and specially the boiling chamber can reach
temperatures high enough to cause 3rd degree burns in just a few seconds [11]. It is also important
to consider the fact that the Fresnel lens is being used as a means of gathering the sun’s rays from
a large area, and concentrating them all in an area of just a few inches in order to bring water up
to its boiling point in just a matter of seconds. For these reasons, a safe enclosure for the device
must be constructed. However, this enclosure could potentially prevent some of the device’s
components, such as the boiling chamber and the unprocessed water reservoir, to be fully exposed
to sunlight in order to make them more effective.
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Another safety issue to take into account is the fact that the spot of concentrated sunlight
created by the lens can be bright enough to cause severe eye damage or even blindness if stared at
it directly. This means that finding an effective way of enclosing the spot without blocking its path
to the boiling chamber is extremely important, as is a way of covering the lens itself while it is not
in use.
c. Flow Rate:
Maintaining a constant flow rate throughout the entire system is important for the
efficiency of the device. Since the system is gravity dependent, a way to restrict the flow rate from
the unprocessed water reservoir into the boiling chamber, to maintain and equal ratio of mass in
and mass out in the chamber must be constructed. This will allow for the temperature of the water
in the chamber to stay relatively constant at a high temperature rather than having new batches of
lower temperature water come in every few minutes, therefore speeding up the process.
d. Cost:
Since this device could find itself being used areas where the quality of life is low, it is
important to maintain the cost of the entire system as low as possible. This means utilizing only
standard size parts that are readily available, and as many recycled parts as possible.
2.5.2 Other Considerations
a. Water quality:
Water contains electrolytes and several nutrients and minerals that are essential for our
bodies to function properly. During the distillation process most those minerals are left behind and
12
the water no longer contains significant traces of them. This means that the clean water must be
re-mineralized in order for it to be of acceptable drinking water quality [12].
Figure 5. Main Electrolytes in Body Fluid [13]
b. Ease of use:
Providing the user with an easy to use device would be beneficial for them because any
person of any age would be able to operate it without a problem. If everyone is able to operate the
device easily, this also means there are less possibilities that they will break it by accident.
c. Reliability/Durability:
The materials picked for the main components of the device are essential. They will
determine how reliable, efficient, and durable the unit is. Materials that are environmentally
friendly, recycled, readily available, and inexpensive are preferred, but not always the optimal
choice due to the high temperatures and possible severe weather conditions that they will be
exposed to. The device must be constructed in such a way that it can last for several years without
any major part failures, this means that although the cost might increase, it is important to use high
quality parts.
13
d. Maintenance:
Maintaining the device clean and free of all dirt and mineral buildup is essential for its
operational efficiency. The large particle filter, the unprocessed water reservoir, and the boiling
chamber are expected to be the components that need the most cleaning due to the fact that the
water coming in may contain suspended dirt particles that will sink and accumulate at the bottom
of the containers over time. The boiling chamber and the intake part of the condenser are also
expected to need regular cleaning as there will be some buildup on the walls of the parts from all
the minerals left behind during the distillation process.
2.6 Discussion
The project proposes the use of a Fresnel lens to harness solar power in order to use it for
water purification. Water sanitation is a high-priority issue for some communities in developing
countries and here we look for a solution to this problem. The proposed design would allow
communities who do not have access to clean water, to be able to purify their water and drink it.
After careful consideration of several designs (and taking all constraints into account) the most
efficient, feasible, and safe design will be studied. Out of the constraints considered, safety is one
perhaps the most important. Other constraints include basing the design on renewable energy only,
and maintaining a constant flow rate throughout the system. Further studies and evaluations on the
material selection, reliability, water quality, etc. will be conducted on the proposed design, in order
to build a prototype and meet the objectives of the project.
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3. Design Alternates
3.1 Overview of Conceptual Designs Developed
This project consists of many conceptual designs. Three conceptual designs will be
described; a solar still, a solar collector and a vertical Fresnel lens unit. After analyzing different
forms of distilling water by means of solar energy, a general design will be selected based on
efficiency and feasibility.
3.2 Design Alternate 1
A solar still is a simple apparatus that allows you distill water without any special parts.
This configuration consists of very few parts such as a container full of water, a clear glass or
plastic cover, and a collection reservoir.
The way a solar still works is very basic. A container is filled with water and covered with
a clear top that sits at an angle of about 30˚ relative to the ground. This container is then placed
outdoors in a location where it can get as much direct sunlight as possible in order to heat up the
water inside and make it evaporate. Once the water steam rises, it begins to condensate on the top
of the container and small droplets begin to form. With the help of gravity and the angle of the top,
the droplets soon begin to slide down the glass, where they can be collected into a clean water
reservoir.
This design was soon abandoned due to the lack of efficiency of the apparatus. The amount
of time needed to heat the water enough to make it evaporate is excessive compared to the small
amount of water this would yield. A relatively large container and several hours of direct sunlight
are required to produce just a few ounces of water, which is not enough to satisfy the needs of a
small family.
15
Although the applications of this design are very limited, there are several benefits to it.
Some of these benefits include the low cost of the materials, the ease of build, and the easy cleaning
and maintenance.
Figure 6. Design Alternate 1: Solar Still
A solar collector consists of a long tube placed at the center of a highly reflective surface.
This surface, which is commonly made up of mirrors or metal sheets polished to a mirror finish,
reflects the sun’s rays towards the center tube in order to raise its temperature and evaporate the
water inside. Once the water steams, it moves out of the tube through a single exit tube, which is
connected to a condenser and ultimately a clean water reservoir.
Although this design is extensively used in the real world and it has been demonstrated that
it works well, it was determined that it was an inadequate fit for this project due to its simplicity.
16
Figure 7. Design Alternate 2: Solar Collector
This design consists of one plastic reservoir for unprocessed water and another one for
clean water, a glass container to serve as the boiler, a long copper tube to serve as the condenser,
a Fresnel lens (not shown), and a casing.
Although this design is great in terms of space saving and aesthetics because it is nicely
contained into a single unit, it is simply not functional. Since the boiling chamber is contained in
the casing, the only side exposed to the sun and the lens is the top portion of it. Having this little
surface area exposed, means that the Fresnel lens must be perfectly position at all times in order
to heat up the water properly. This is highly impractical and troublesome due to the fact that the
sun is continuously moving, so constant adjustment of the lens would be necessary. Another issue
with this design is the condensing tube. In order to have a high rate of condensation with only a
minor loss of steam, you need a long enough tube for the steam to have enough time to cool down
17
and condensate. This design simply does not allow for the condensing tube to be long enough
because there is not enough space available within the case.
Figure 8. Design Alternate 3: Vertical Fresnel Lens Unit
3.5 Proposed Design
After careful analysis of several designs, it was concluded that the design that would offer
the most advantages would be one that incorporated a Fresnel lens and had a horizontal layout.
The proposed design consists of a large particle filter, an unprocessed water reservoir, a boiling
chamber, a condenser, a clean water reservoir, a Fresnel lens, and the housing. With the exception
of the Fresnel lens, all the components of the device are housed within two separate compartments
called the hot and cold sections.
18
In this design, unprocessed water is poured into the filter, which separates large particles
such as rocks and leaves, and even excessive dirt. This waster is stored in and ready to be used at
any time. Once the valve is opened, water starts flowing in to the boiling chamber and the Fresnel
lens, in just a matter of seconds, brings it up to its boiling point. The water vapor is directed to the
condenser to allow it to cool down and condense. Once back in liquid form, this water is stored in
a clean water reservoir. At this point the water is already safe to be drank, however, during the
boiling process most of the necessary minerals found in water were left behind in the boiling
chamber. For this reason, re-mineralization of the clean water is crucial. This can be accomplished
by using limestone, caustic soda, bicarbonate, sodium carbonate, phosphates or silicates. Once
fully cooled and re-mineralized, the processed water will be virtually free of all waterborne
bacteria and parasites, which have been killed by the extreme temperatures; and free of all
suspended particles, which were left behind in the first filter, and the bottom of the reservoir and
boiling chamber.
The diagram in figure 9 represents the general outline of the system and indicates all the
main components. Whereas figure 10 through figure 13 represent different views from the actual
assembly.
19
Figure 9. Horizontal Fresnel lens Diagram
20
Figure 10. Horizontal Fresnel lens Assy. Trimetric View
Figure 11. Horizontal Fresnel lens Assy. Top-Front View
21
Figure 12. Horizontal Fresnel lens Assy. Front View
Figure 13. Horizontal Fresnel lens Assy. Top View
22
3.6 Feasibility Assessment
All the design alternatives presented are feasible concepts that have been tested and proven.
The main thing which separates these designs is efficiency. Our proposed design will incorporate
proven experiments while enhancing them in order to create a new and improved unit. Based on
the research carried out, the resources needed are not hard to obtain. The challenge lies within
making them work in unison, allowing the device to be automated.
On an operational level the unit should operate as designed, limited only by the amount of
sunlight present. As stated before the Fresnel lens will be economically feasible as it will provide
an alternate method of producing clean water for people in need while being environmentally
friendly.
23
4. Project Management
4.1 Overview
In order to achieve completion in a timely and organized manner, the project has been
broken down into several smaller parts. Although all members of the group are expected to be
involved in every aspect of the project, each smaller task has been assigned to a specific member
of the group, and he/she is mostly responsible to ensure the task is completed on time and
according to the project guidelines.
4.2 Breakdown of Work into Specific Tasks
4.2.1 Research
Find about all the existing work that applies and relates to this specific project. Some of
this work consists of previous research and calculations that have been made by scientists in order
to find the expected position of the Sun at different times of the year, thermal conductivity of
several different materials, focal point and maximum achievable temperatures of the Fresnel lens,
water composition before and after distillation, etc.
4.2.2 Design
Narrow down the list of materials found during the research stage, in order to come up with
a model that will satisfy all the needs of the project using minimum resources and maximizing
efficiency.
4.2.3 Calculations
Calculate the thermal efficiency of the model using, in order to estimate the size of the
Fresnel lens needed, and make the best approximations possible of the amount of water that can
be purified during different times of the day and seasons of the year in different parts of the world.
24
4.2.4 Simulations
Use the results from the design and calculations stages in order to run SolidWorks
simulations on all the main components of the model. These simulations imitate the conditions
expected in real life and help improve the accuracy of the calculations, point out any design flaws
that may exist, and help optimize the design.
4.2.5 Construction
Build a prototype of the model, based on the results of the materials and calculations
obtained on the previous stages. The prototype is a scale model that helps work out all the kinks
and helps optimize the model further before a full-scale device is built.
4.2.6 Testing
Run the prototype through a series of experiments designed to simulate the every day
conditions the device would be subjected to, in order to collect real life data that can be compared
to the theoretical values obtained during the calculations stage. The testing stage also ensures that
all the components are performing as expected and the prototype as a whole is in good working
condition.
4.2.7 Final Design
Using all the data collected during the testing stage, the prototype is modified as necessary
to optimize the system and obtain the best results possible. The final design also consists on adding
any safety features that will allow the consumer to use the product safely.
25
4.3 Gantt Chart for the Organization of Work and Timeline
The following chart represents the completion timeline for the Fresnel lens water purifier.
Table 1. Gantt Chart
4.4 Breakdown of Responsibilities Among Team Members
The following chart represents how the responsibilities will be distributed among all team
members.
Table 2. Division of Responsibilities
26
5. Engineering Design and Analysis
5.1 Overview
After identifying the problem and formulating a potential design to address it, it is
important to conduct studies of the behavior of each of the components. These studies ensure that
the prototype is safe for operation, they help us understand the overall behavior of the system, and
they help optimize the system in order to improve its’ efficiency.
5.2 Flow Analysis
In order to simplify the system and avoid the use of any electrical pump, the water is gravity
fed into the boiling chamber. This represents many challenges due to the nature of the project. The
water flow must be restricted in such way that it does not flood the boiling chamber, while still
allowing a constant volume of water to remain in the boiling chamber as some of it evaporates.
The simplest solution to most of the problems encountered was determined to be syphoning
action. The height difference between the dirty water reservoir and the evacuated tubes, as well as
the shape and size of the reservoir play an extremely important part in the success of this method.
Syphoning action allows you to transfer water from a high container, into a different
container at a lower height. However, this action will not stop until the container at the higher level
has been fully emptied, or the water height is the same in both containers.
Using the latter idea of having the water height be the same on both containers, the shape
of the reservoir was chosen to be as short as possible, while still containing a large volume of
water. This will allow the level of water in the tubes to remain below the tube’s midpoint, therefore
making over flooding impossible. Although the water level in the tubes will be diminished as the
water reservoir is depleted, this does not have a negative effect on the performance of the system.
27
Figure 14. Syphoning [18]
Figure 15. Water Height Levels
28
5.3 Dynamic and Vibration Analysis of the System
Due to the static nature and lack of pumps and motors of the design, it was determined that
the dynamic and vibrations analyses were unnecessary. Although it is possible to conduct a
vibration analysis, the system is not expected to be exposed to any conditions in which vibrations
could play a major role in the safety or function of the prototype.
5.4 Thermal Conductivity
Since the prototype relies solely on solar energy, it is important to calculate the total power
input in order to predict how much clean water can be produced in a given amount of time. Input
power is the total solar radiation striking the surface area of the Fresnel lens. The direction of the
sun’s rays in relation to the Fresnel lens depends on three main angles.
1. l: The latitude at which the Fresnel lens is located.
2. h: The hour angle obtained from the time of the day.
3. : The sun declination angle. This depends on the day of the year when the energy.
29
Figure 16. Sun rays at 3 main angles
Figure 17, shows how the three angles are directly related to the Earth’s tilt, which indicates
latitude, the Earth’s rotation around its axis, which determines the time of the day, and the rotation
of the Earth around the Sun, which determines the day of the year.
Figure 17. Angles as it relates to earths tilt
30
In order to accurately calculate the three angles needed, it is necessary to know a specific
location, as well as the date and time of the day when the testing will be performed.
1. South Miami latitude (l): 25.701519o N, longitude: -80.3639407o W.
Figure 18. The effect of the earth’s tilt and rotation about the sun
2. In order to calculate the hour angle (h) a procedure from the ASHRAE Cooling and
Heating Load Calculation Manual was followed. The hour angle is calculated by taking
the time when the test was conducted and adding three correction factors. It should be
noted that 24 ¼ hours are equivalent to one earth revolution, which is also equal to
360o. Therefore, 1 hour is equivalent to an approximate of 15o of rotation. And 4
minutes is equivalent to 1o of rotation.
a) For Daylight Saving Time: – 60 min
b) For EST zone: (75o – Longitude in degrees) x 4 min/1o
c) Each month has a correction factor
31
The first correction factor is only considered for Daylight Saving Time, for example
for the time period from March 8th through November 1st of 2015. For the second
correction factor, the longitude has to be plugged in. Finally, the third factor is found
in Table 18 with respect to its corresponding month. Therefore, the total correction
factor is a sum of those three.
Once the time is corrected, the difference between this one and 12:00 PM should
be calculated, and that difference should be converted to degrees. As a result the hour
angle is obtained for both cases. In the following graph, it is observed that the angle is
shifted by one hour when it is daylight savings time. The following graph shows the
hour angle versus the actual time of the day (the time without the corrections) per hour.
Figure 19. Hour Angle, h, vs Time of the Day
32
3. The sun’s declination angle, , is the angle between a line connecting the center of the
sun and the earth and the projection of that line on the equatorial plane. This angle
depends on the day of the year and it has been calculated for one whole year. The range
of this angle is from -23.45o to 23.45o, and this applies everywhere in the earth.
𝛿 = 0.3963723 − 22.9132745 cos 𝑁 + 4.0254304 sin 𝑁 −
0.3872050 cos 2𝑁 + 0.05195728 sin 2𝑁 −
(1)
0.1545267 cos 3𝑁 + 0.08479777 sin 3𝑁
Where:
N = (n – 1) x 360/365, degrees
n = number of the day in the year, 1 ≤ n ≤ 365
The sun’s declination angle obtained for all the days of the year. The range is from
-23.45o to 23.45o. The winter solstice happens when the sun’s declination angle is 23.45o and the summer solstice happens when the sun’s declination angle is 23.45o.
Figure 20. Sun’s Declination Angle throughout the Year
33
Once these three factors are identified, the solar irradiation can be found using the
ASHRAE clear sky model. [b]
𝐺𝑁𝐷 =
𝐴
exp(
𝐵
)
sin𝛽
𝐶𝑁
(2)
Where:
GND = normal direct irradiation, W/m2
A = apparent solar irradiation at air mass equal to zero in W/m2, from Table 18.
CN = clearness number, for Florida area is 0.95
B = atmospheric extinction coefficient, obtained from Table 18.
 = solar altitude angle which slightly changes every hour and will be calculated for
every hour angle using the following formula: 
sin 𝛽 = cos 𝑙 cos ℎ cos 𝛿 + sin 𝑙 sin 𝛿
(3)
Once those values are found, the diffuse irradiation is found by using:
𝐺𝑑 = (𝐶)(𝐺𝑁𝐷 )
(4)
Where:
C = factor is obtained from the appendix Table (18).
Therefore, using the diffuse irradiation the total input power from the sun can be obtained.
This value can be found using the following formula. [30]
𝑞̇ = 𝐴𝑤 𝐺𝑑 (
1 + cosα
)
2
34
(5)
Where:
Aw = surface area of the lens, 6.75 ft2
 = tilt angle of the Fresnel lens of the surface from horizontal
For the year 2015, the minimum and maximum solar power was calculated taking into
account the three different tilt angles available on the prototype.
Figure (21) shows the variation of the solar power received by the lens during the summer solstice
with respect to the time of the day and different tilt angles. When the lens is tilted by 70 o in
November (and in South Miami), it receives the highest amount of power and the average of it is
175.15 Btu/hr. for the day.
The solar power input can be calculated for the winter solstice, with respect to the time of
the day and to the different tilt angles. Due to the position of the sun, the tilt angle that yields the
highest power is also 70o. With this setup, the average power received during the day is found to
35
be 157.28 Btu/hr. Since at his point the earth is located on the farther side of the sun, this power
represents the smallest power received during the year. This position also relates to a shorter time
period of sunlight compared to the one during summer solstice.
From Figures 21 and 22, one can conclude that when the lens is tilted 70o, it will receive
the highest amount of power. This is due to the location of the lens in the northern hemisphere. It
should be noted that the lens needs to face south in order to receive the sun rays. If the unit is
located in the Equator, or close to the tropics, the most efficient tilt angles would be either 45o or
20o.
Having obtained the maximum and minimum values of the solar power input for this year,
the amount of distilled water produced by the unit can be estimated for each day, using equation
6.
𝑞̇ ave = 𝑚̇ℎ𝑓𝑔
36
(6)
Where:
𝑞̇ = average solar power input of the day
𝑚̇ = mass flow rate of water vaporized and distilled
hfg = enthalpy of saturated mixture
Case 1: During the summer solstice, the calculated power average during the day equals 175.15
Btu/hr., and the enthalpy of saturated mixture equals 1044.90 Btu/lb. (assuming a constant water
temperature of 86 F). Assuming a work time of the unit to be approximately 11 hours and plugging in these
values, the water mass produced equals approximately 1.84 lb. per tube (0.83 liter of water per tube).
Case 2: During the winter solstice, the calculated power average during the day equals 157.28
Btu/hr., and the enthalpy of saturated mixture is 1048.3 Btu/lb. (assuming a constant water temperature of
80 F). Assuming a work time of the unit to be approximately 8 hours and plugging in these values, the water
mass produced equals approximately 1.21 lb. per tube (0.55 liter of water per tube).
5.5 Thermal Analysis
Due to the nature of the evacuated tubes, when they are expose to radiation heat transfer,
they are able to absorb energy and heat up the water inside, however, once they are hot, if they
are removed from this source of energy, they will be cold to the touch, but they will remain at
a very high temperature inside. This is because heat is unable to escape through convection
due to the vacuum found in between cylinders. This phenomenon is clearly demonstrated in
the SolidWorks analysis, where one can see the inner tube colored red, representing high
temperature, and the outer tube at room temperature, colored blue.
37
Figure 23. Properties of Borosilicate glass
Figure 24. Isometric view of Solar tube
38
Figure 25. Cross-Section View of Solar Tube
Figure 26. Inner View of Solar Tube
39
5.6 Water Quality
Analyzing the water quality is critical. It is necessary to ensure that the water delivered is
not contaminated with potentially dangerous microorganisms capable of causing infections, it
contains all the necessary minerals and vitamins normally found in potable water, and the pH levels
are within the acceptable range. A sample of contaminated water was collected in order to test its’
composition and identify the contaminants present. Part of the water sample was analyzed ‘as
collected’, and the remaining portion was distilled before being analyzed.
5.7 Material Selection
5.7.1 Fresnel Lens: Acrylic
Acrylic is one of the most widely used materials for the manufacturing of general-purpose
Fresnel lenses due to the fact that it is inexpensive and it has a high index of refraction [14].
5.7.2 Evacuated Solar Tubes: Borosilicate
Borosilicate is a very strong glass with great transparency qualities (over 92% at 2mm).
The absorber coating on the inner tube consists of a thin layer of Aluminum, and a topcoat of
Aluminum nitride [15].
Figure 27. Solar Evacuated tube
40
5.7.3 Condenser: Aluminum Core
Figure 28. Condenser
5.7.4 10 L Water Dispenser and 23L Water Reservoir: BPA-Free Plastic
Although this material is durable under normal circumstances, it is not recommended for
long-term use under harsh conditions. Exposing the plastic tank to direct sunlight over long periods
of time can potentially degrade the plastic and allow it to release toxic chemicals, used during
manufacturing, directly into the water. Also, the quick degradation of the plastic can lead to the
tank cracking and the system failing. In order to avoid these problems, it is suggested that the final
product be constructed with water tanks made out of glass.
5.7.5 Tubing: Vinyl
Vinyl is a soft material that allows for easy setup and rearrangement of the system’s tubing.
This material can be exposed to hot or cold water, and direct sunlight without suffering any
damage. However, due to the fact that chemicals can potentially be released into the water, it is
recommended that the final product be constructed in a manner that allows the tubing to be hidden
from direct sunlight [16].
41
5.7.6 Wood: Plywood
Plywood consists of several layers of wood veneer that are stacked, rotating each
consecutive layer by 90˚, and then glued together in order to form a single board. The quality of
the resulting board can vary depending on the quality of the wood veneer and the process used
during manufacturing [17].
Figure 29. Plywood Composition
5.8 Defection Analysis
A deflection analysis provides information about whether the materials used are strong enough
to support the necessary loads.
*Note: Due to the limited selection of materials in SolidWorks, the simulations were not done
using the same type of wood used for the actual construction of the prototype. However, it is
important to note that the balsa wood chosen for the simulations is a softer wood than the white
pine chosen for the porotype, therefore the results obtained from the simulations are still acceptable
as a frame of reference.
42
5.8.1 Clean Water Reservoir Support
Force of Gravity
32.2 lbf
Load Applied
15 lbs
Max.
Displacement
0.04325 mm
Max. Stress
Concentration
13.78 lbf /in
Figure 30. Load on Clean Water Reservoir Support
43
Figure 31. Displacement on Clean Water Reservoir Base
Figure 32. Strain on Clean Water Reservoir Base
44
Figure 33. Von Mises on Clean Water Reservoir Base
5.8.2 Dirty Water Reservoir Support
Force of Gravity
32.2 lbf
Load Applied
40 lbs
Max.
Displacement
1.856 mm
Max. Stress
Concentration
216.40 lbf/in2
45
Figure 34. Load on Dirty Water Reservoir Base
46
Figure 35. Displacement on Dirty Water Reservoir Base
Figure 36. Strain on Dirty Water Reservoir Base
47
Figure 37. Von Mises on Dirty Water Reservoir Base
5.8.3 Lens Support
Force of Gravity
32.2 lbf
lens frame
12 lb
Arms
Load Applied
4 lbs (ea.)
Arm Supports
0.5 lbs (ea.)
Max.
Displacement
10.42 mm
Max. Stress
Concentration
313.72 lbf/in2
48
Figure 38. Load on Lens Support
Figure 39. Displacement on Lens Support
49
Figure 40. Strain on Lens Support
Figure 41. Von Mises on Lens support
50
5.9 Component Design and Selection
5.9.1 Fresnel lens
Table 3. Fresnel lens Specifications
Table 4. Materials Tested
Size
36” H x 27” W
Weight
12 lbs (Framed)
Water (Boil)
12 oz in 135
sec
Power
Estimation
7.3W
Wood (Flame)
3 sec
Beam Type
Linear
Glass
N/A
Beam Size
3-5 in
Concrete
N/A
Max. Temp.
590 ˚F
Focal Length
26 in
Figure 42. Mounted Fresnel lens
51
5.9.2 Evacuated Solar Tubes
Table 5. Evacuated Solar Tubes Specifications
Glass
material
High
Borosilicate
3.3 Glass
Pipe Length
500mm
Stagnation
Temp.
232 ˚C
Vacuum
Tightness
5.0 x10-3 Pa
External
Pipe
Diameter
58mm
±0.6mm
Heat loss
Coefficient
Internal Pipe
Diameter
48±0.6mm
ULT =0.4-0.6
Figure 43. Evacuated Tubes
52
W
(m2 ˚C)
5.9.3 Condenser
Figure 44. Aluminum Heat Exchanger
5.9.4 Water Dispenser (10L)
Figure 45. Water Dispenser
53
5.9.5 Water Reservoir (23L)
Figure 46. Water Reservoir
5.9.6 Tubing
Table 6. Tubing Specifications
Material
Vinyl
I.D.
¼ in
Max.
Pressure
50 Psi
Figure 47. Vinyl Tubing
54
5.9.7 Wood
Figure 48. Plywood
5.10 Cost Analysis
Table 7. Cost of Materials
Fresnel Lens
$ 100
Tubing
$ 20
Evacuated Solar
Tubes
Condenser
$ 80
Connectors
$5
$ 50
Wood
$ 50
10L Water Tank
$ 10
Hardware
$ 25
23L Water Tank
$ 10
Other
$ 30
Manual Pump
$5
Total $ 385
55
6. Prototype Construction
6.1 Description of Prototype
The main components of the prototype are two water reservoirs, two evacuated solar tubes,
and one Fresnel lens. A 6-gallon water reservoir contains the unprocessed water, while a smaller,
3-gallon dispenser contains the purified water. The entire system has a footprint smaller than 5m2
and it is completely self-contained.
6.2 Prototype Design
Due to unexpected problems with the parts ordered, the original model was redesigned in
order to adapt the existing components to the new parts. Although the new model might seem
significantly different from the proposed design presented in section 3, most of the original parts
have been retained, and the principles of operation remain the same.
Figure 49. Revised Design (Right View)
56
6.3 Parts List
Table 8. List of Parts
Part
Quantity
Seller
1
http://www.GreenPowerScience.com
Evacuated Solar
Tubes
Condenser
2
http://www.NorthAmericanSolarSolutions.com
1
http://www.eBay.com
10L Water Tank
1
http://www.Walmart.com
23L Water Tank
1
http://www.Walmart.com
Manual Pump
1
http://www.eBay.com
Tubing
25 ft.
http://www.Lowes.com
Various Tubing
Connectors
Wood
10
32 ft2
Mixed Hardware
N/A
Fresnel Lens
57
6.4 Construction
After careful consideration of the several different designs created in SolidWorks, the best
model was chosen for prototype construction. The first step of the construction consisted of
drawing a full scale model on a large piece of cardboard. This was done in order to ensure that
all the parts and components were placed properly, and to have a better idea of what the final
product would look like.
Figure 50. Prototype Scaled Drawing
58
The body of the prototype is constructed entirely of recycled wood in order to make the
final product more environmentally friendly and easier to repair and maintain. The body consists
of a stationary base on which the entir1e prototype rests. Atop this stationary base, a turn table was
placed in order to allow the entire model to rotate a full 360° without restriction. To accentuate
this feature, the lens is held in place by adjustable arms that can be moved to a higher or lower
position in order to allow the user to find the right position of the product in relationship to the sun
and get the most sunlight possible. The adjustable arms are held in place using a wingnut and a
small peg. These allow for easy adjustments that can be performed by a single person.
Figure 51. Prototype Main Support
59
Figure 52. Assembled Prototype
In order to hold both of the water reservoirs, two platforms were constructed and attached
to a single post (to which the lens and turn table are also attached, to allow the prototype to have
the smallest footprint possible). Fixed to this post is also a platform used to hold the evacuated
tubes in place. This platform is positioned at 32° with the horizon in order to allow the tubes to be
exposed to as much sunlight as possible, even when adjustments can’t be made and the sun has
changed its position. One must not that his angle was chosen specifically because of the location
in which it is being tested, but this position may change if the tests are being conducted in a
different part of the world. The tube platform also contains the tube holders, which were covered
with soft cloth in order to prevent the tubes from being damaged during insertion or removal, as
well as ceramic tiles coated with a black, high temperature paint (capable of withstanding
60
temperatures up to 2,000 degrees Celsius). These tiles protect the wood underneath from exposure
to the concentrated sunlight, and prevents it from burning.
Figure 53. Finished Prototype
6.5 Prototype Cost Analysis
Table 9. Prototype Cost Analysis
Fresnel Lens
$ 105
Manual Pump
$ 5.99
Evacuated Solar
Tubes
Condenser
$ 57
Tubing
$ 12.99
$ 15.80
Connectors
$ 12.85
10L Water Tank
$ 8.57
Wood
$ 65.45
23L Water Tank
$ 14.89
Hardware
$ 26
Total $ 324.54
61
7. Testing and Evaluation
7.1 Design of Experiments
7.1.1 Apparatus Testing
The apparatus testing consists of obtaining a two samples of dirty water collected from a
canal, and putting one of the samples through the system in order to test the systems functionality.
7.1.2 Water Quality
The quality of the water obtained after passing it through the system must be analyzed in a
laboratory and compared to the other water sample that was not put through the system in order to
establish the effectiveness of the system.
7.2 Test Results and Data
Several basic tests were conducted in order to determine whether the water is indeed safe for
drinking or not. These tests consist of a conductivity test, a PH test, a phosphate test, a hardness
test, and a coliform culture.
Using a De-ionizer cartridge, tap water was de-ionized in order to be used as a comparison
point to the water obtained by distillation from the prototype. The De-ionizer cartridge used
consists of two different layers. The first layer (at the bottom) is made up of activated carbon that
is used to filter the water, which flows in from the bottom and out of the top. The second layer
(this layer makes up approximately 80% of the total volume of the cartridge) is made up of a mix
of sand and ion-exchange resin. [25]
62
Figure 54. De-Ionizer
The first test compares the conductivity of tap water to the sample obtained after being
processed. This test was done using a ThermoScientific Orion 2 Star PH tester. The conductivity
of the water is used to determine the presence of minerals in the water. The conductivity of a
substance refers to the substance’s ability to pass electrical current through. A low conductivity
indicates that most, if not all, of the minerals have been removed during the distillation process.
63
The results show that when compared to the de-ionized tap water, the untreated water saw
a conductivity increase of approximately a 48.8 % μS/cm, while the concentrated water (water left
behind in the tubes after most of it has evaporated) shows an increase of approximately 306%
μS/cm. On the other hand, the processed and clean water showed an increase of just 3.70% μS/cm.
These results show that most of the solids (including minerals) were removed during the
distillation process. [26]
The second test performed was a pH test. This tests determines the acidity of water in order
to determine whether it is within the allowable limits or not. For water to be deemed safe to drink,
the pH level has to be between 6.5 and 8.5. Typically water with a pH less than 6.5 could be acidic,
soft and corrosive. Drinking water with this pH level could be harmful for a person.
Figure 55. pH Tester
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As shown in Table 14, the results the concentrated water show a pH level that is not within
the acceptable limits, therefore it is found to be unsafe to drink. On the other hand, the sample of
unprocessed water shows a pH level that is still within the acceptable range (although at the edge
of the limit), therefore it is still relatively safe to drink. [27]
Test three consists of a phosphates test, shown in Table 15 where the three samples of water
(namely unprocessed, concentrated, and distilled). In order for water to be safe to drink, the
phosphates level cannot surpass 0.1 mg/L. A higher content could result in serious long-term health
problems. The table below shows the results obtained during testing, and it also shows that all
three samples of water contain a safe phosphates level, therefore it is drinkable. [28]
Test four consists of a hardness test, shown in Table 16. There are many different types of
minerals that can contribute to water hardness. These include things such as calcium, sodium and
magnesium. [29]
The results show that the processed water had the least amount of salts remaining. It is
important to note that this water cannot sustain fish and plant life. With a hardness level almost
five times higher than the unprocessed water, the concentrated water shows that when reduced,
most of the solids were left behind, while the team remained with a much lower level.
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Figure 56. Hardness Test
7.3 Evaluation of Experimental Results
7.3.1 Water Production
The unit was tested in South Miami, FL on November 18th starting at 10:21 AM to 12:37 PM
Eastern Standard Time. Therefore the three main angles have been calculated for the tests.
1. South Miami latitude, l: 25.701519o N, longitude: -80.3639407o W.
2. Following the procedure from section 5.4, the hour angle, h, can be calculated.
a) For Daylight Saving Time: – 60 min
b) For EST zone: (75o – Longitude in degrees) x 4 min/1o
c) Each month has a correction factor, November: +13.8 min.
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Since daylight savings time ends on Nov. 1st, 2015, the first correction factor must
be neglected for this specific calculation. For the second correction factor, the longitude
must be used, giving a total correction factor for the time equal to -7.64 minutes. Once
the time has been corrected, the difference between this value and 12:00 PM should be
calculated, and that difference should be converted into degrees. As a result, the hour
angle is obtained. Since the testing was started at 10:21 AM and ended at 12:37 PM,
the range of the hour angles is calculated to be from -26.75o to 7.25o.
Table 10. Hour Angle h, for Unit Testing
EST
Time
EST
Corrected
Time
10:21 AM
11:00 AM
12:00 PM
12:08 PM
12:37 PM
10:13 AM
10:52 AM
11:52 AM
12:00 PM
12:29 PM
Hour angle, h
-1
-1
0
0
0
hr.
hr
hr
hr
hr
-47
-8
-8
0
29
min
min
min
min
min
Hour angle, h
hour angle,
h
-1.78 hr.
-1.13 hr.
-0.13 hr.
0.00 hr.
0.48 hr.
-26.75o
-17.00 o
-2.00 o
0.00 o
7.25o
3. Calculating the sun declination angle, , for November 18th (which is the 322nd day of the year)
the value obtained is -19.06o.
Once the three necessary angles are identified, the solar altitude angle,  can be calculated,
resulting in a value of 38.18o. Then the normal direct irradiation, GND, can be calculated using equation 2,
along with table 18 to find the constant values for the month of November. The resultant is then multiplied
by the factor C in order to obtain Gd, as shown in section 5.4. The diffuse irradiation (total input power
from the sun) can then be obtained using equation 5.
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Figure 57. Sun Power Input vs Time
The average power input received by the lens equals 180.55 Btu/hr. Using this value, the total mass
of the water boiled and condensed can then be calculated with equation 6. From appendix A, and using an
initial water temperature of 85 F, the enthalpy can be found to be 1045.45 Btu/lb for liquid-vapor. With a
testing period of 2.27 hrs. and using 6, the estimated total mass of water boiled and condensed equals 0.39
lb. of water (or 0.18 liters).
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Table 11. Test Results
Test Location
South Miami, Florida
Test Location Elevation
Sea Level
Test Date
November 18th, 2015
Test Initial Time
10:21 am
Test Final Time
12:37 pm
Total Testing Time
2 hrs. 16 min.
Sky Condition
Mostly Cloudy
Atmospheric Pressure
14.7 psi
Ambient Temperature
85° F
Initial Water Temperature
64° F
Boiling Point Temperature
212° F
Time to Boiling Point
Unavailable*
Initial Water Volume
700 mL
Final Water Volume (Collected)
190 mL
Residual Water Volume
500 mL
Total Water Lost
10 mL
*Due to bad weather and cloudy conditions, the time necessary for the water to reach its boiling
point is unavailable. The test was conducted over a period of over two hours, however, the unit
was not exposed to direct sunlight for that amount of time.
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7.3.2 Water Quality Results
Table 12. Water Conductivity Test for Control Water (Measurement of Total Dissolved Solids)
Tap Water (Water in)
242 µS/cm
Pure Water, H2O (Water Out)
0.17 µS/cm
Table 13. Water Conductivity for Collected Samples (Measurement of Total Dissolved Solids)
Unprocessed Water (Dirty)
495 µS/cm
Concentrated Water (Residual)
752 µS/cm
Processed Water (Clean)
18.35 µS/cm
Table 14. Ph Test (Measurement of Water Acidity)
Pure Water (Control)
7 (Neutral)
8.1 (Basic)
9.47 (Basic)
6.06 (Acidic)
Table 15. Reactive Phosphorous Test (Measurement of Phosphates Present)
0.03 mg/L
0.00 mg/L
0.01 mg/L
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Table 16. Calcium Carbonate Test (Measurement of Water Hardness)
212 mg/L
1,000 mg/L
6 mg/L
Figure 58. Water used for testing
Table 17. Coliform Test results (Looks for The Presence of the Coliform Escherichia Coli, E.coli)
Sample Type
Test 1
Test 2
Test 3
Test 4
Test 5
Tap Water
Negative
Negative
Negative
Negative
Negative
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Negative
Positive
Negative
Negative
Negative
Unprocessed
Water
Processed
Water
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72
73
Figure 61. Complete Set of Test Results
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7.4 Improvement of the Design
Although most of the components have remained the same throughout the design and
fabrication process, minor changes have been made in order to reduce the size of the final product,
improve efficiency, reduce cost, improve ease of use, and reduce regular maintenance.
The changes made to the prototype to improve the design are the following:
a. Vertical Design to reduce footprint.
b. Condenser 75% smaller.
c. Replace alumina boiling-chamber with evacuated tubes to reduce weight and cost.
d. Level dirty water reservoir with boiling chamber to avoid the use of flow valves
that need to be manually (and constantly) adjusted.
Figure 62. First Iteration of Final Design
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Figure 63. Second Iteration of Final Design
Figure 64. Third Iteration of Final Design
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Figure 65. Fourth (last) Iteration of Final Design
7.5 Discussion
The prototype testing consists of two different parts. 1. Apparatus performance, and 2. Water
Quality. Apparatus performance testing deals with how the device functions during daily
operations, while water quality testing determines if the water is safe for consumption.
In order to test the system, it was exposed to the sun for several hours, while it was constantly
monitored for any type of leaks, or any other failures. The main objective of this test, was to prove
that the system could indeed distill water using only solar energy. Although the test sample was
small due to cloudy conditions, the test was satisfactory since the water was easily boiled and the
steam collected.
To test the water collected, various tests were carried out such as a pH, phosphate, bacteria,
hardness, and conductivity tests. The water tested was below a pH of 7. This means that the water
collected was slightly acidic, which is expected from distilled water.
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8. Design Considerations
8.1 Health and Safety
There are two major health hazards associated with the use of this apparatus. One is the
long time effects the materials used may have on the people consuming the water due to the
chemicals used in the manufacturing process of the different parts, and the materials used to make
the parts themselves. The other major issue is the quality of the water delivered by the system.
This water must be completely free of any contaminants that would put the lives of the consumers
at risk, while still providing them with the nutrients naturally found in water.
8.1.1 Materials Used
The use of plastic is a major concern when it is being used to store water that will be
consumed. Plastics often contain a hormone-disrupting chemical called Bisphenol A (BPA). BPA
can affect the human endocrine system, resulting in reproductive abnormalities such as low sperm
count, hormonal changes, and pre-cancerous changes in the prostate and breasts [19]. Both water
reservoirs used for the construction of the prototype have been chosen to be BPA-free to reduce
the risk of health issues. It is important to note that plastics (BPA-free or otherwise) still degrade
over time and they must be replaced before they pose a threat to the health of the consumer. This
degradation of plastic can be accelerated by exposing it to harsh environments such as elevated
temperatures and direct exposure to the sun over prolonged periods of time. This issue can be
easily resolved by replacing the plastic water reservoirs with tempered glass reservoirs since glass
poses no known health risks to consumers.
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8.1.2 Water
According to the CDC, distillation is a reliable method to process contaminated water and
turn it into clean potable water. The distillation process is highly effective in removing protozoa
such as Giardia and Cryptosporidium, bacteria such as Salmonella and E. coli, viruses such as
Hepatitis A and Rotavirus, and Chemicals such as Arsenic and Lead [20]. The consumption of
water that has been tainted with any of these could cause the patient to suffer from diarrhea,
vomiting, dehydration (as a result of the vomiting and diarrhea), abdominal cramps, vomiting,
headaches, fever, and could potentially cause death if left untreated.
Although the system is capable of killing most of the microorganisms and vaporizing the
volatile chemicals, it is impossible to ensure that every batch of distilled water has been completely
cleared of them. Microorganisms are likely to die from the high temperature when water reaches
its boiling point, so they are not a major concern. However, volatile chemicals that evaporate can
easily be condensed back into a liquid and they can mix back with the clean water. To avoid this
issue, a vent can be added to the system, therefore allowing these chemicals (that will usually
evaporate before water) to escape from the system before passing through the condenser. This
would result in a slightly significant loss of clean water due to the fact that water steam would also
be able to escape the system through the same vent.
8.2 Assembly and Disassembly
Since the product’s maintenance procedure requires the disassembly of the unit to clean
the different components, careful consideration has been taken in the design of the system in order
make the assembly/disassembly procedure as simple as possible. None of the parts that require
must be removed from the base have been permanently fixed to the structure or each other,
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therefore allowing the components to be easily removed from their fixtures without the use of any
power or manual tools.
8.3 Manufacturability
Most of the parts incorporated in the design of the prototype can be easily obtained by
anyone at any hardware store. Not all Fresnel lenses have the same properties (some focus all the
energy on a single spot, while others are capable of spreading it over s small linear distance) so
the one used in the proto type was obtained through a special order. The evacuated tubes were also
obtained through a special order, but they are all manufactured with the same properties.
Since the prototype was fully created using only off the shelf components, rather than
custom making certain parts, this means that high volume manufacturability is highly viable and
cost effective. Although the frame was custom made (using wood from a hardware store), it
consists of few, and very simple, parts and it can easily be recreated with the use of machines or
wood workers.
8.4 Maintenance of the System
8.4.1 Regular Maintenance
In order to keep the system functioning properly, the large particle filter, the dirty water
reservoir and the evacuated tubes should be removed and cleaned once a week.
• Large Particle Filter
a. Remove hose.
b. Remove filter from its fixture.
c. Discard contents of the filter.
d. Wash filter.
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e. Place a piece of cloth at the bottom of the filter.
f. Fill filter with natural materials such as sand.
g. Place filter back on its fixture.
h. Re-attach hose.
• Unprocessed water reservoir
a. Remove all hoses.
b. Wash away all dirt buildup inside the tank
c. Re-install all hoses.
• Evacuated tubes
b. Carefully remove one tube from its fixture
c. Visually inspect tubes
d. Wash away all dirt buildup inside the tube
e. Put evacuated tube back in the fixture
f. Re-install all hoses
g. Repeat steps (b) to (e) for all the remaining tubes
• Fresnel Lens
a. Use the brush supplied to clean dust on the lens.
b. Use the sponge supplied and clean water to clean hard residue
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8.4.2 Major Maintenance
In addition to regular maintenance, it is recommended that major maintenance be
performed once every 3 months, or when the system is malfunctioning. Major maintenance
consists of the following items, as well as those specified under regular maintenance.
• Hoses
a. Disconnect all hoses from both ends
b. Using the hose-cleaner supplied, clean the inside of each hose by
passing the string through the hose and pulling at a steady rate. Repeat
multiple times if necessary.
c. Re-install hoses in their original positions
• Clean water Reservoir
b. Using clean water, wash away any buildup inside the tank.
c. Re-install all hoses.
• Condenser
a. Remove hoses.
b. Remove from fixture.
c. Using the palm of your hand, cover the outlet hole.
d. Add about 1 cup of water through the inlet hole.
e. Cover inlet hole with you hand.
f. Shake vigorously for 2 minutes.
g. Discard water.
h. Repeat steps (b) to (f).
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i. Pour water on the outside to clear any dust on the cooling fins.
j. Put back in fixture.
k. Re-Install hoses.
8.5 Environmental Impact and Sustainability
This project looks to have the smallest environmental impact possible by using only
renewable sources and recycled/recyclable materials. There are no motors of any kind associated
with the project therefore it produces zero emissions. In the event that the project is modified to
be fully automated (sun tracking) a small battery, such as the ones used in motorcycles, would be
necessary. In this case, the battery would be cause of concern due to the acid contained with in it
and the negative effect it could have on the environment if it were to spill.
8.6 Economic Impact
With a one-time investment of less than 500.00 USD (plus replacement parts when
necessary) this system is capable of producing thousands of gallons of clean water. While the
initial investment might seem high, this is actually much lower than that of most of the other
systems currently available in the market today.
Also, since the system is made from parts that are easily obtainable and can be modified as
necessary, this means that it can be built in any part of the world and no centralized manufacturing
is necessary, therefore reducing the price per gallon of the water produced, due to the fact the
system did not require any special equipment to be manufactured and it did not need to be shipped.
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8.7 Risk Assessment
The major concern associated with the design, is the risk of burn it poses to kids and wild
life. Under ideal conditions, the Fresnel lens is capable of reaching temperatures of over 590˚F,
enough to make a bronze padlock melt in less than two minutes. These high temperatures could
cause severe burns and possibly permanent damage in just a few seconds of exposure, therefore it
is important to contain the unit within a safe case in order to avoid any mishaps.
Another major concern associated with this design is the bright light produced by the lens’
beam. During a day with a clear sky, the lens is capable of focusing enough sunlight to cause an
extremely bright light that could cause severe permanent damage and even blindness to anyone
looking directly at the spot. In order to avoid this, the case surrounding the unit must be tall enough
to cover the area in which the concentrated light is located. Also, when the unit is not in use, the
lens can be covered with a piece of cloth in order to keep it from working.
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9. Design Experience
9.1 Standards Used
9.1.1 Water Quality
The quality of the distilled water obtained from the prototype was measured using the
guidelines established by the World Held Organization (WHO) in the Guidelines for DrinkingWater Quality in 2006.
WHO suggests sanitary inspections of the equipment, monitoring the water treatment
process, and an analysis of a water sample. The parameters most commonly measured in order to
conduct a microbial safety analysis are the following [21]:
a)
E. Coli: Thermotolerant coliforms may provide a simpler surrogate.
b)
pH: It is necessary to know the pH of water, because more alkaline water
requires a longer contact time or a higher free residual chlorine level at the
end of the contact time for adequate disinfection (0.4–0.5 mg/liter at pH
6–8, rising to 0.6 mg/liter at pH 8–9; chlorination may be ineffective
above pH 9).
c)
Turbidity: Turbidity adversely affects the efficiency of disinfection.
Turbidity is also measured to determine what type and level of treatment
are needed. It can be carried out with a simple turbidity tube that allows a
direct reading in nephelometric turbidity units (NTU).
Additionally, the WHO provides other guidelines that indicate the maximum amount in
milligrams per liter of elements and substances such as sodium, chloride, zinc, mercury, nitrate
sulfate, and nitrite [22].
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9.1.2 Plastic Containers
The plastic containers are off the shelf items that are sold with the purpose of storing and
transporting potable water that can be consumed by a person. The corresponding guidelines for
plastic have been taken into account and followed by the manufacturer during the design and
manufacturing of the final product.
9.1.3 Glass Containers
The glass tubes are off the shelf items that are sold with one intended purpose of cooking
raw foods that can be consumed by a person. The corresponding guidelines for glass have been
taken into account and followed by the manufacturer during the design and manufacturing of the
final product.
9.1.4 Solar Energy
Since the goals of this project is to use solar energy as the main source of energy, standards
suggested by the American National Standards Institute relating to the management of solar energy
and water heating systems using solar energy were are being taken into account in order to optimize
the system.
ISO 50001:2011 “Energy Management Systems - Requirements with Guidance for Use”
specifies guidelines for energy use and consumption. It also includes measurement, documentation
and reporting of energy performance. This standard applies to all variables affecting the energy
performance, however it does not suggest specific energy performance criteria. [23].
ASTM E1160 - 13 “Standard Guide for On-Site Inspection and Verification of Operation
of Solar Domestic Hot Water Systems” covers procedures for an on-site testing and inspection of
a heating system using a concentrating-type collector under certain operating conditions. The
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system described in this standard is of medium size, for a household use; therefore appropriate for
this project [24].
9.2 Contemporary Issues
The lack of potable drinking water is a problem that affects millions of people in today’s
society. In the 21st century, mankind has made significant technological advances, and has
been able to find solutions to everyday problems that can affect the quality of life of people,
however, giving access to clean water to everyone is still a big problem that has yet to be
solved. While some solutions do exist, most of them require big machinery or equipment in
order to function properly. This leads to the problem of energy consumption and availability
as well as carbon footprint. The proposed design in this project looks to alleviate the clean
water problem, while using only materials that are biodegradable and recyclable, and only
makes use natural resources.
9.3 Impact of Design in a Global and Social Context
The success of this project could mean a great global impact by helping people in developing
countries purify contaminated water in order to be able to consume clean water. This could help
reduce the rate of sickness and mortality due to diseases related to contaminated water. This could
also mean that children in villages could increase their level of productivity at school, and rather
than spending time collecting clean water, this time could be spent learning in a classroom.
Moreover, this project can influence other engineering students and motivate them to work
on projects with a philanthropic cause, where they can use their skills in order to identify a world
problem and work to find an innovative solution that can help solve or minimize said problem, in
order to change people’s lives and better their life conditions.
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Lastly, by using solar energy as the only source of energy, this project aims to motivate
people to look for different ways to combine existing technologies in order to find solutions to for
an existing problem. This would be beneficial for the advance and development in efficiency of
renewable energies because it is unlimited, easily available to everyone, clean, and it does not
affect the environment as non-renewable energy does.
9.4 Professional and Ethical Responsibility
Engineers possess knowledge that the average person may not, this gives them an advantage
over most people. An engineer should always use that power for the greater good of mankind, and
not to hurt others. The National Society of Professional Engineers (NSPE) describes the ethical
responsibilities of an engineer in their Code of Ethics for Engineers. This code of ethics consists
of six Fundamental Canons, and it also describes the rules of practice and obligations of an
engineer.
Excerpt from NSPE Code of Ethics for Engineers:
Preamble
Engineering is an important and learned profession. As members of this
profession, engineers are expected to exhibit the highest standards of
honesty and integrity. Engineering has a direct and vital impact on the
quality of life for all people. Accordingly, the services provided by
engineers require honesty, impartiality, fairness, and equity, and must
be dedicated to the protection of the public health, safety, and welfare.
Engineers must perform under a standard of professional behavior that
requires adherence to the highest principles of ethical conduct.
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I. Fundamental Canons
Engineers, in the fulfillment of their professional duties, shall:
1. Hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public.
2. Perform services only in areas of their competence.
3. Issue public statements only in an objective and truthful manner.
4. Act for each employer or client as faithful agents or trustees.
5. Avoid deceptive acts.
6. Conduct themselves honorably, responsibly, ethically, and
lawfully so as to enhance the honor, reputation, and usefulness of
the profession.
9.5 Life-Long Learning Experience
This project was a great learning experience for all the members of the team in a technical
aspect as well as in an interpersonal aspect. Throughout these two semesters, our team faced
different challenges that served us as learning experiences and to develop or polish problem
solving skills, team work skills, among others.
As undergraduate engineering students, we had the chance to perform the job a field
engineer working in the industry would. We started by offering solutions to a contemporary issue,
which is the lack of clean water for some people in developing countries. We brainstormed to
come up with a feasible design that would work with renewable energy, solar energy in this case.
Having to review several different concepts from thermodynamics and fluid mechanics in order to
check the functionality of the project, helped us re-learn the subjects, as well as we learn more
about solar radiation.
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This project was also a very hands-on experience, since we also had to build a prototype.
When looking for the components, we learned to optimize quantity and cost, in order to stay within
the specified budget limit. Moreover, our team worked together on the construction of the
prototype including the piping and the body of the unit. We also had the chance to modify and
customize some parts for them to fit well in the prototype. This experience also allowed the team
to run tests on the prototype and to obtain experimental results, which were compared against the
theoretical results.
Additionally, we obtained experience when testing the water quality produced by this unit.
Previously to this project, we did not have full knowledge about water testing, however, with help
of a faculty from the environmental engineering department, we learned how to conduct multiple
tests on the water quality and read the results, to check if the water produced was clean.
During these two semesters, we faced some constraints, and time was one. As the work
load started increasing, we had to work harder on our time management. We created schedules and
calendars, in order to be more organized and efficient with our time. It was not an easy process
and it was challenging, but we learned to be committed and how important commitment is in order
to obtain good results. However, it is not always possible to follow the schedule, so it was
important to be a little flexible with our schedule, in case any difficulty arises. Also, when
encountering any unexpected barrier, the team would come together in order to accomplish the
task at hand. In this project we certainly developed team work skills, by working together and by
making sure everyone accomplished their tasks.
Last but not least, we learned the importance of an efficient communication among the
members of the team. It is very important that every member of the team is aware of everything
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that is going on. We also learned problem solving skills, by first identifying the problem and the
possible solutions. We learned the importance of identify risks and finding alternative solutions,
in case our first possible solution did not work. All these lessons learned will undeniably be helpful
in the future and applied in our careers.
9.6 Discussion
Throughout this project there were many trials and tribulations that the team had to overcome
by utilizing various different skills and techniques in order to be able to construct a successful
prototype. Safety played a huge role when constructing the prototype, so careful measures were
taken in order to ensure that the water produced was in compliance with the World Health
Organization standards. To accomplish this, water samples were tested at Florida International
University in the civil engineer department. Although the tests results were inclusive, this does not
necessarily mean that the prototype has failed, as there are a number of other reasons why the
results might have been inconclusive.
With a global perspective in mind, various materials and the impact the project could have on
society, were taken into consideration throughout the entire project design. Our team presented an
alternate way to provide clean water, with potential to grow and improve and a lot was learned
from this project with all the experiences obtained.
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10. Conclusion
10.1 Conclusion and Discussion
The objective of this project was to find a cheap and original way of providing clean water to
those who are in need of it. No matter how much today’s technology has advanced, we still live in
a world where access to clean water is a severe problem. The average person can only survive
about one week without drinking water, therefore it is necessary to find a solution that can help
those that need it the most.
The most difficult part of the project was finding a design that would satisfy all the
requirements and have the smallest footprint possible. Our team wanted to create a prototype that
would be able to produce water quickly and efficiently, while being easy to maintain and cheap to
manufacture. Taking our budget into consideration and basic concepts of our design various
materials were selected. The materials selected were all environmentally friendly and easy to
maintain.
In order to make bring the design to life and create a successful prototype, the team’s
engineering skills were put to the test. Using our knowledge in design and manufacturing the
different components slowly took shape into what later became the final design.
The project consisted of 2 major components, the Fresnel lens and the solar tubes, these
components were the heart of the project and without successful implementation of them, and the
project would have not performed as desired. The Fresnel lens was meant to accumulate as much
of the sun’s light rays as possible, while focusing it all in a linear manner on two evacuated solar
tubes. In order to efficiently track the sun, the unit must be able to move and adapt to combat the
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ever changing position of the sun. Since the sun’s position changes slowly over time, these
adjustments can be done manually at certain intervals.
Due to the constant cloudy conditions during the days assigned for testing, it was difficult to
test the unit for its full potential, however, the unit was still fully tested for functionality.
10.2 Evaluation of Integrated Global Design Aspects
During the formulation of this design, the problem was approached with our minds set in a
global design. This meant that many aspects were taken into consideration, before final decisions
were made for any of the different components.
Things taken into consideration:

Materials: The materials used were selected because they were considered to be
environmentally friendly. One of the main goals is to be able to produce as little waste as
possible during the life span of the product. This means that once the product sees the end
if its useful life, all the different components that make it up can be easily re-purposed or
recycled, while still maintaining the highest level of efficiency possible, as well as keeping
the price as low as possible. Since the unit is easy to assemble, maintain, repair, and
operate, one of its main benefits lies in its simplicity.

Standards: The standards used for the design of the prototype consist of industry standards
that guide the manufacturer in order to ensure a safe product is being built.

Water Quality and Safety: Testing the water is one of the most important aspects that must
be considered due to the nature of the project. It is the responsibility of the engineers to
produce a system that is safe to use for the average person, especially when the product
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produces items that will be ingested or otherwise consumed by a person. Several
parameters must be tested in the water in order verify that it is indeed safe for consumption
and there are no health risks associated with the ingestion of the water produced by the
system.
With the help of Dr. Anna Bernardo-Bricker, from the Civil and Environmental
Engineering Department at Florida International University (FIU), the water samples
obtained were tested for several different parameters in order to determine if it was safe for
consumption.
10.3 Evaluation of Intangible Experiences
The most valuable experience obtained from this project is having learned how to work in
a group of people with different backgrounds and ideas. It is often difficult to function properly
as a team when two or more members of the group want to take a different approach to solve
the problem at hand, but having learned to deal with all kinds of different personalities in order
to overcome all differences has been very meaningful.
Other valuable experiences obtained from this project include being able to make better
decisions overall when it comes to design options, shopping for parts and components, making
cost estimates, picking materials, etc. In the beginning of the project, many ideas that seemed
to be appropriate had to be discarded later on due to several oversights, however, as time
progressed and we moved up the learning curve, we all learned to put more though into our
ideas and come up with better solutions that would actually work in real life and not just in
paper.
94
10.4 Future Work
The main thing considered for future work is a solar tracker capable of following
the sun’s position throughout the day, without the need of human interaction. Also, it would
be ideal to optimize the system in order to allow it to desalinate water and expand its
capabilities. Other important considerations are isolation of the system for safety reasons,
and system size enlargement.
With the use of a small solar panel and a small battery, along with just two motors,
it is possible to retrofit the system with a solar tracker that can follow the sun’s position in
small increments, therefore always staying in an optimal position for maximum solar
exposure. It is important to keep in mind that while this would allow the system to perform
better and yield more purified water per day, this addition would significantly increase the
price of the unit due to the added components and the time needed for setup and programing
of the apparatus, as well as complicate the maintenance and repair process because a skilled
person with knowledge in electricity would be required to perform repairs in a safe and
acceptable manner.
Water desalination can be achieved by simply replacing some of the components
used. One of the main difficulties with desalinating water is the residual brine (water with
highly elevated contents of salt) as well as the salt buildup within the system components.
While the buildup issue can be easily solved, disposing of that salt and brine poses a major
issue on its own. The salinity of the ocean must remain at its original level in order to be
capable of sustaining the all the different life forms that call the ocean home, therefore the
brine produced cannot be simply thrown back into the ocean due to its high salt content.
95
For safety reasons, a shield can be added to the design. This would prevent a person
or animal from coming into contact with parts that are operating at high temperatures, as
well as protecting people in the vicinity in the rare case of system failure, where one of the
components could come loose or even burst
.
96
References
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97
[12] "Water Sanitation Health." Drinking Water Quality. World Health Organization, n.d.
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https://chem103csu.wikispaces.com/Electrolytes
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of Sizes and Focal Lengths (n.d.): n. pag. Web. 1 Oct. 2015.
<http://www.fresneltech.com/pdf/FresnelLenses.pdf>.
[15] "Evacuated Tubes." , Solar Evacuated Tube. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Oct. 2015.
<http://www.apricus.com/html/evacuated_tubes.htm#.VhIlQrQh5D0>.
[16] "Mister Landscaper 1/4-in X 30-ft Vinyl Drip Irrigation Distribution Tubing." Shop
Mister Landscaper 1/4-in X 30-ft Vinyl Drip Irrigation Distribution Tubing at
Lowes.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Oct. 2015. <http://www.lowes.com/pd_44215-1029-MLTB30_1z0wg7gZ2z8vj__?productId=1086985&pl=1>.
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<http://www.madehow.com/Volume-4/Plywood.html>.
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<http://faculty.wcas.northwestern.edu/~infocom/Ideas/thermodate.html>.
[19] Health, and Facts. NRDC: Chemicals in Plastic Bottles (pdf) (n.d.): n. pag. Nrdc. Web.
20 Oct. 2015. <https://www.nrdc.org/health/bpa.pdf>.
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Prevention, 07 Apr. 2014. Web. 20 Oct. 2015.
<http://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/drinking/public/water_diseases.html>.
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98
[24] "ASTM E1160 - 13 Standard Guide for On-Site Inspection and Verification of
Operation of Solar Domestic Hot Water Systems." ASTM E1160 - 13 Standard Guide
for On-Site Inspection and Verification of Operation of Solar Domestic Hot Water
Systems. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Oct. 2015. <http://www.astm.org/Standards/E1160.htm>.
[25] "Di Systems for Deionization." Di Systems for Water Deionization, DI Replacement
Cartridges, And More. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Nov. 2015.
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<http://water.epa.gov/type/rsl/monitoring/vms59.cfm>.
[27] "The Technical Definition of PH Is That It Is a Measure of the Activity of the Hydrogen
Ion (H+) and Is Reported as the Reciprocal of the Logarithm of the Hydrogen Ion
Activity. Therefore, a Water with a PH of 7 Has 10-7 Moles per Liter of Hydrogen Ions;
Whereas, a PH of 6 Is 10-6 Moles per Liter. The PH Scale Ranges from 0 to 14. ." PH.
N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Nov. 2015. <http://www.water-research.net/index.php/ph>.
[28] " ." Phosphates. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Nov. 2015. <http://www.waterresearch.net/index.php/phosphates>.
[29] "WATER HARDNESS -- CALCIUM & MAGNESIUM." WATER HARDNESS -CALCIUM & MAGNESIUM. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Nov. 2015.
<http://www2.ca.uky.edu/wkrec/HARDNESS.htm>.
[30] McQuiston, Faye C., Jerald D. Parker, and Jeffrey D. Spitler. Heating, Ventilating, and
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99
Appendix A: SolidWorks Schematics
Figure 66. Prototype Schematic (Different Views)
100
Figure 67. Prototype Main Dimensions
101
Appendix B: Steam Tables
This table is needed to find the enthalpy for the saturated mixtures in equation 6.
102
103
Appendix C: Calculation Tables
104
The following table shows the power input from the sun during Winter Solstice
(December 22nd, in South Miami, FL in 2015).
Table 18. Solar Power Input calculation during Winter Solstice
EST
Time
7:12
AM
7:16
AM
7:20
AM
7:24
AM
7:28
AM
7:32
AM
7:36
AM
7:40
AM
7:44
AM
7:48
AM
7:52
AM
7:56
AM
8:00
AM
8:04
AM
8:08
AM
8:12
AM
8:16
AM
8:20
AM
Hour
Angle h
Sun's
Altitude
Angle
Normal
Direct
Irradiation
GND
Diffuse
Irradiation
6:52 AM
-77.00
0.73
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
6:56 AM
-76.00
1.54
1.89
0.19
1.27
1.12
0.88
7:00 AM
-75.00
2.34
11.42
1.18
7.70
6.77
5.33
7:04 AM
-74.00
3.13
27.49
2.83
18.54
16.31
12.83
7:08 AM
-73.00
3.93
46.27
4.77
31.20
27.46
21.59
7:12 AM
-72.00
4.72
65.28
6.72
44.02
38.74
30.45
7:16 AM
-71.00
5.50
83.35
8.59
56.20
49.46
38.88
7:20 AM
-70.00
6.29
100.03
10.30
67.45
59.36
46.67
7:24 AM
-69.00
7.07
115.22
11.87
77.69
68.38
53.75
7:28 AM
-68.00
7.84
128.97
13.28
86.96
76.53
60.17
7:32 AM
-67.00
8.61
141.39
14.56
95.34
83.90
65.96
7:36 AM
-66.00
9.38
152.61
15.72
102.90
90.57
71.20
7:40 AM
-65.00
10.14
162.77
16.77
109.76
96.60
75.94
7:44 AM
-64.00
10.90
172.00
17.72
115.97
102.07
80.24
7:48 AM
-63.00
11.65
180.39
18.58
121.63
107.05
84.15
7:52 AM
-62.00
12.40
188.04
19.37
126.79
111.59
87.72
7:56 AM
-61.00
13.15
195.04
20.09
131.51
115.75
90.99
8:00 AM
-60.00
13.89
201.47
20.75
135.85
119.56
93.99
EST
Corrected
Time
105
Heat
Heat
Heat
Transferred Transferred Transferred
at 70o Tilt
at 45o Tilt
at 20o Tilt
Angle
Angle
Angle
8:24
AM
8:28
AM
8:32
AM
8:36
AM
8:40
AM
8:44
AM
8:48
AM
8:52
AM
8:56
AM
9:00
AM
9:04
AM
9:08
AM
9:12
AM
9:16
AM
9:20
AM
9:24
AM
9:28
AM
9:32
AM
9:36
AM
9:40
AM
9:44
AM
9:48
AM
9:52
AM
8:04 AM
-59.00
14.62
207.38
21.36
139.83
123.06
96.75
8:08 AM
-58.00
15.35
212.83
21.92
143.51
126.30
99.29
8:12 AM
-57.00
16.08
217.86
22.44
146.90
129.29
101.64
8:16 AM
-56.00
16.79
222.53
22.92
150.05
132.06
103.81
8:20 AM
-55.00
17.51
226.86
23.37
152.97
134.63
105.84
8:24 AM
-54.00
18.21
230.89
23.78
155.69
137.02
107.71
8:28 AM
-53.00
18.91
234.64
24.17
158.22
139.25
109.47
8:32 AM
-52.00
19.61
238.15
24.53
160.58
141.33
111.10
8:36 AM
-51.00
20.30
241.43
24.87
162.79
143.27
112.63
8:40 AM
-50.00
20.98
244.50
25.18
164.86
145.09
114.06
8:44 AM
-49.00
21.65
247.38
25.48
166.80
146.80
115.41
8:48 AM
-48.00
22.32
250.08
25.76
168.62
148.41
116.67
8:52 AM
-47.00
22.98
252.62
26.02
170.34
149.91
117.85
8:56 AM
-46.00
23.63
255.01
26.27
171.95
151.33
118.97
9:00 AM
-45.00
24.28
257.27
26.50
173.47
152.67
120.02
9:04 AM
-44.00
24.91
259.39
26.72
174.90
153.93
121.01
9:08 AM
-43.00
25.54
261.40
26.92
176.26
155.12
121.95
9:12 AM
-42.00
26.16
263.29
27.12
177.54
156.25
122.83
9:16 AM
-41.00
26.77
265.09
27.30
178.74
157.31
123.67
9:20 AM
-40.00
27.37
266.78
27.48
179.89
158.32
124.46
9:24 AM
-39.00
27.97
268.39
27.64
180.97
159.27
125.21
9:28 AM
-38.00
28.55
269.91
27.80
181.99
160.17
125.92
9:32 AM
-37.00
29.13
271.35
27.95
182.96
161.03
126.59
106
9:56
AM
10:00
AM
10:04
AM
10:08
AM
10:12
AM
10:16
AM
10:20
AM
10:24
AM
10:28
AM
10:32
AM
10:36
AM
10:40
AM
10:44
AM
10:48
AM
10:52
AM
10:56
AM
11:00
AM
11:04
AM
11:08
AM
11:12
AM
11:16
AM
11:20
AM
11:24
AM
9:36 AM
-36.00
29.69
272.71
28.09
183.88
161.84
127.22
9:40 AM
-35.00
30.24
274.00
28.22
184.76
162.60
127.83
9:44 AM
-34.00
30.79
275.23
28.35
185.58
163.33
128.40
9:48 AM
-33.00
31.32
276.39
28.47
186.37
164.02
128.94
9:52 AM
-32.00
31.84
277.50
28.58
187.11
164.68
129.46
9:56 AM
-31.00
32.35
278.54
28.69
187.82
165.30
129.95
-30.00
32.85
279.53
28.79
188.49
165.89
130.41
-29.00
33.33
280.48
28.89
189.12
166.44
130.85
-28.00
33.81
281.37
28.98
189.72
166.97
131.26
-27.00
34.27
282.21
29.07
190.29
167.47
131.66
-26.00
34.71
283.01
29.15
190.83
167.95
132.03
-25.00
35.15
283.77
29.23
191.34
168.40
132.38
-24.00
35.57
284.48
29.30
191.82
168.82
132.72
-23.00
35.97
285.16
29.37
192.28
169.22
133.03
-22.00
36.37
285.80
29.44
192.71
169.60
133.33
-21.00
36.74
286.40
29.50
193.11
169.96
133.61
-20.00
37.10
286.96
29.56
193.49
170.29
133.87
-19.00
37.45
287.49
29.61
193.85
170.61
134.12
-18.00
37.78
287.99
29.66
194.19
170.90
134.35
-17.00
38.10
288.46
29.71
194.50
171.18
134.57
-16.00
38.40
288.89
29.76
194.80
171.44
134.77
-15.00
38.68
289.30
29.80
195.07
171.68
134.96
-14.00
38.94
289.67
29.84
195.32
171.90
135.14
10:00
AM
10:04
AM
10:08
AM
10:12
AM
10:16
AM
10:20
AM
10:24
AM
10:28
AM
10:32
AM
10:36
AM
10:40
AM
10:44
AM
10:48
AM
10:52
AM
10:56
AM
11:00
AM
11:04
AM
107
11:28
AM
11:32
AM
11:36
AM
11:40
AM
11:44
AM
11:48
AM
11:52
AM
11:56
AM
12:00
PM
12:04
PM
12:08
PM
12:12
PM
12:16
PM
12:20
PM
12:24
PM
12:28
PM
12:32
PM
12:36
PM
12:40
PM
12:44
PM
12:48
PM
12:52
PM
12:56
PM
11:08
AM
11:12
AM
11:16
AM
11:20
AM
11:24
AM
11:28
AM
11:32
AM
11:36
AM
11:40
AM
11:44
AM
11:48
AM
11:52
AM
11:56
AM
-13.00
39.19
290.02
29.87
195.56
172.11
135.30
-12.00
39.42
290.34
29.90
195.77
172.30
135.45
-11.00
39.64
290.63
29.93
195.97
172.47
135.58
-10.00
39.83
290.89
29.96
196.14
172.62
135.71
-9.00
40.01
291.13
29.99
196.30
172.77
135.82
-8.00
40.17
291.34
30.01
196.45
172.89
135.92
-7.00
40.31
291.53
30.03
196.57
173.00
136.00
-6.00
40.43
291.69
30.04
196.68
173.10
136.08
-5.00
40.54
291.82
30.06
196.77
173.18
136.14
-4.00
40.62
291.93
30.07
196.84
173.24
136.19
-3.00
40.69
292.02
30.08
196.90
173.29
136.23
-2.00
40.74
292.08
30.08
196.94
173.33
136.26
-1.00
40.77
292.11
30.09
196.97
173.35
136.28
12:00 PM
0.00
40.77
292.12
30.09
196.98
173.36
136.28
12:04 PM
1.00
40.77
292.11
30.09
196.97
173.35
136.28
12:08 PM
2.00
40.74
292.08
30.08
196.94
173.33
136.26
12:12 PM
3.00
40.69
292.02
30.08
196.90
173.29
136.23
12:16 PM
4.00
40.62
291.93
30.07
196.84
173.24
136.19
12:20 PM
5.00
40.54
291.82
30.06
196.77
173.18
136.14
12:24 PM
6.00
40.43
291.69
30.04
196.68
173.10
136.08
12:28 PM
7.00
40.31
291.53
30.03
196.57
173.00
136.00
12:32 PM
8.00
40.17
291.34
30.01
196.45
172.89
135.92
12:36 PM
9.00
40.01
291.13
29.99
196.30
172.77
135.82
108
1:00
PM
1:04
PM
1:08
PM
1:12
PM
1:16
PM
1:20
PM
1:24
PM
1:28
PM
1:32
PM
1:36
PM
1:40
PM
1:44
PM
1:48
PM
1:52
PM
1:56
PM
2:00
PM
2:04
PM
2:08
PM
2:12
PM
2:16
PM
2:20
PM
2:24
PM
2:28
PM
12:40 PM
10.00
39.83
290.89
29.96
196.14
172.62
135.71
12:44 PM
11.00
39.64
290.63
29.93
195.97
172.47
135.58
12:48 PM
12.00
39.42
290.34
29.90
195.77
172.30
135.45
12:52 PM
13.00
39.19
290.02
29.87
195.56
172.11
135.30
12:56 PM
14.00
38.94
289.67
29.84
195.32
171.90
135.14
1:00 PM
15.00
38.68
289.30
29.80
195.07
171.68
134.96
1:04 PM
16.00
38.40
288.89
29.76
194.80
171.44
134.77
1:08 PM
17.00
38.10
288.46
29.71
194.50
171.18
134.57
1:12 PM
18.00
37.78
287.99
29.66
194.19
170.90
134.35
1:16 PM
19.00
37.45
287.49
29.61
193.85
170.61
134.12
1:20 PM
20.00
37.10
286.96
29.56
193.49
170.29
133.87
1:24 PM
21.00
36.74
286.40
29.50
193.11
169.96
133.61
1:28 PM
22.00
36.37
285.80
29.44
192.71
169.60
133.33
1:32 PM
23.00
35.97
285.16
29.37
192.28
169.22
133.03
1:36 PM
24.00
35.57
284.48
29.30
191.82
168.82
132.72
1:40 PM
25.00
35.15
283.77
29.23
191.34
168.40
132.38
1:44 PM
26.00
34.71
283.01
29.15
190.83
167.95
132.03
1:48 PM
27.00
34.27
282.21
29.07
190.29
167.47
131.66
1:52 PM
28.00
33.81
281.37
28.98
189.72
166.97
131.26
1:56 PM
29.00
33.33
280.48
28.89
189.12
166.44
130.85
2:00 PM
30.00
32.85
279.53
28.79
188.49
165.89
130.41
2:04 PM
31.00
32.35
278.54
28.69
187.82
165.30
129.95
2:08 PM
32.00
31.84
277.50
28.58
187.11
164.68
129.46
109
2:32
PM
2:36
PM
2:40
PM
2:44
PM
2:48
PM
2:52
PM
2:56
PM
3:00
PM
3:04
PM
3:08
PM
3:12
PM
3:16
PM
3:20
PM
3:24
PM
3:28
PM
3:32
PM
3:36
PM
3:40
PM
3:44
PM
3:48
PM
3:52
PM
3:56
PM
4:00
PM
2:12 PM
33.00
31.32
276.39
28.47
186.37
164.02
128.94
2:16 PM
34.00
30.79
275.23
28.35
185.58
163.33
128.40
2:20 PM
35.00
30.24
274.00
28.22
184.76
162.60
127.83
2:24 PM
36.00
29.69
272.71
28.09
183.88
161.84
127.22
2:28 PM
37.00
29.13
271.35
27.95
182.96
161.03
126.59
2:32 PM
38.00
28.55
269.91
27.80
181.99
160.17
125.92
2:36 PM
39.00
27.97
268.39
27.64
180.97
159.27
125.21
2:40 PM
40.00
27.37
266.78
27.48
179.89
158.32
124.46
2:44 PM
41.00
26.77
265.09
27.30
178.74
157.31
123.67
2:48 PM
42.00
26.16
263.29
27.12
177.54
156.25
122.83
2:52 PM
43.00
25.54
261.40
26.92
176.26
155.12
121.95
2:56 PM
44.00
24.91
259.39
26.72
174.90
153.93
121.01
3:00 PM
45.00
24.28
257.27
26.50
173.47
152.67
120.02
3:04 PM
46.00
23.63
255.01
26.27
171.95
151.33
118.97
3:08 PM
47.00
22.98
252.62
26.02
170.34
149.91
117.85
3:12 PM
48.00
22.32
250.08
25.76
168.62
148.41
116.67
3:16 PM
49.00
21.65
247.38
25.48
166.80
146.80
115.41
3:20 PM
50.00
20.98
244.50
25.18
164.86
145.09
114.06
3:24 PM
51.00
20.30
241.43
24.87
162.79
143.27
112.63
3:28 PM
52.00
19.61
238.15
24.53
160.58
141.33
111.10
3:32 PM
53.00
18.91
234.64
24.17
158.22
139.25
109.47
3:36 PM
54.00
18.21
230.89
23.78
155.69
137.02
107.71
3:40 PM
55.00
17.51
226.86
23.37
152.97
134.63
105.84
110
4:04
PM
4:08
PM
4:12
PM
4:16
PM
4:20
PM
4:24
PM
4:28
PM
4:32
PM
4:36
PM
4:40
PM
4:44
PM
4:48
PM
4:52
PM
4:56
PM
5:00
PM
5:04
PM
5:08
PM
5:12
PM
5:16
PM
5:20
PM
5:24
PM
5:28
PM
3:44 PM
56.00
16.79
222.53
22.92
150.05
132.06
103.81
3:48 PM
57.00
16.08
217.86
22.44
146.90
129.29
101.64
3:52 PM
58.00
15.35
212.83
21.92
143.51
126.30
99.29
3:56 PM
59.00
14.62
207.38
21.36
139.83
123.06
96.75
4:00 PM
60.00
13.89
201.47
20.75
135.85
119.56
93.99
4:04 PM
61.00
13.15
195.04
20.09
131.51
115.75
90.99
4:08 PM
62.00
12.40
188.04
19.37
126.79
111.59
87.72
4:12 PM
63.00
11.65
180.39
18.58
121.63
107.05
84.15
4:16 PM
64.00
10.90
172.00
17.72
115.97
102.07
80.24
4:20 PM
65.00
10.14
162.77
16.77
109.76
96.60
75.94
4:24 PM
66.00
9.38
152.61
15.72
102.90
90.57
71.20
4:28 PM
67.00
8.61
141.39
14.56
95.34
83.90
65.96
4:32 PM
68.00
7.84
128.97
13.28
86.96
76.53
60.17
4:36 PM
69.00
7.07
115.22
11.87
77.69
68.38
53.75
4:40 PM
70.00
6.29
100.03
10.30
67.45
59.36
46.67
4:44 PM
71.00
5.50
83.35
8.59
56.20
49.46
38.88
4:48 PM
72.00
4.72
65.28
6.72
44.02
38.74
30.45
4:52 PM
73.00
3.93
46.27
4.77
31.20
27.46
21.59
4:56 PM
74.00
3.13
27.49
2.83
18.54
16.31
12.83
5:00 PM
75.00
2.34
11.42
1.18
7.70
6.77
5.33
5:04 PM
76.00
1.54
1.89
0.19
1.27
1.12
0.88
5:08 PM
77.00
0.73
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
111
The following table shows the power input from the sun during Summer Solstice (June
22 , in South Miami, FL in 2015).
nd
Table 19. Solar Power Input calculation during Summer Solstice
EST
Time
6:40
AM
6:44
AM
6:48
AM
6:52
AM
6:56
AM
7:00
AM
7:04
AM
7:08
AM
7:12
AM
7:16
AM
7:20
AM
7:24
AM
7:28
AM
7:32
AM
7:36
AM
7:40
AM
7:44
AM
7:48
AM
Hour
Angle h
Sun's
Altitude
Angle
Normal
Direct
Irradiation
GND
Diffuse
Irradiation
5:17 AM
-101.00
0.88
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
5:21 AM
-100.00
1.70
0.63
0.09
0.57
0.50
0.39
5:25 AM
-99.00
2.51
4.82
0.66
4.32
3.80
2.99
5:29 AM
-98.00
3.33
13.59
1.86
12.19
10.73
8.44
5:33 AM
-97.00
4.15
25.51
3.49
22.88
20.13
15.83
5:37 AM
-96.00
4.97
38.92
5.33
34.90
30.72
24.15
5:41 AM
-95.00
5.80
89.80
9.25
60.55
53.29
41.90
5:45 AM
-94.00
6.63
106.85
11.01
72.05
63.41
49.85
5:49 AM
-93.00
7.46
122.35
12.60
82.50
72.61
57.08
5:53 AM
-92.00
8.29
136.37
14.05
91.95
80.93
63.62
5:57 AM
-91.00
9.13
149.04
15.35
100.49
88.44
69.53
6:01 AM
-90.00
9.96
160.50
16.53
108.22
95.24
74.87
6:05 AM
-89.00
10.80
170.87
17.60
115.22
101.40
79.72
6:09 AM
-88.00
11.65
180.30
18.57
121.58
107.00
84.11
6:13 AM
-87.00
12.49
188.89
19.46
127.36
112.09
88.12
6:17 AM
-86.00
13.34
196.73
20.26
132.65
116.75
91.78
6:21 AM
-85.00
14.18
203.91
21.00
137.49
121.01
95.13
6:25 AM
-84.00
15.03
210.51
21.68
141.94
124.92
98.21
EST
Corrected
Time
112
Heat
Heat
Heat
Transferred Transferred Transferred
at 70o Tilt at 45o Tilt at 20o Tilt
Angle
Angle
Angle
7:52
AM
7:56
AM
8:00
AM
8:04
AM
8:08
AM
8:12
AM
8:16
AM
8:20
AM
8:24
AM
8:28
AM
8:32
AM
8:36
AM
8:40
AM
8:44
AM
8:48
AM
8:52
AM
8:56
AM
9:00
AM
9:04
AM
9:08
AM
9:12
AM
9:16
AM
9:20
AM
6:29 AM
-83.00
15.89
216.58
22.31
146.04
128.53
101.04
6:33 AM
-82.00
16.74
222.19
22.89
149.82
131.85
103.66
6:37 AM
-81.00
17.59
227.38
23.42
153.32
134.94
106.08
6:41 AM
-80.00
18.45
232.20
23.92
156.57
137.79
108.32
6:45 AM
-79.00
19.31
236.67
24.38
159.59
140.45
110.41
6:49 AM
-78.00
20.17
240.85
24.81
162.40
142.93
112.36
6:53 AM
-77.00
21.03
244.74
25.21
165.02
145.24
114.18
6:57 AM
-76.00
21.89
248.38
25.58
167.48
147.40
115.87
7:01 AM
-75.00
22.76
251.79
25.93
169.78
149.42
117.47
7:05 AM
-74.00
23.63
255.00
26.26
171.94
151.32
118.96
7:09 AM
-73.00
24.49
258.00
26.57
173.97
153.11
120.36
7:13 AM
-72.00
25.36
260.84
26.87
175.88
154.79
121.69
7:17 AM
-71.00
26.23
263.51
27.14
177.68
156.37
122.93
7:21 AM
-70.00
27.10
266.03
27.40
179.38
157.87
124.11
7:25 AM
-69.00
27.98
268.41
27.65
180.98
159.28
125.22
7:29 AM
-68.00
28.85
270.66
27.88
182.50
160.62
126.27
7:33 AM
-67.00
29.73
272.79
28.10
183.94
161.88
127.26
7:37 AM
-66.00
30.60
274.82
28.31
185.30
163.08
128.21
7:41 AM
-65.00
31.48
276.73
28.50
186.60
164.22
129.10
7:45 AM
-64.00
32.36
278.56
28.69
187.83
165.31
129.95
7:49 AM
-63.00
33.24
280.29
28.87
189.00
166.33
130.76
7:53 AM
-62.00
34.12
281.94
29.04
190.11
167.31
131.53
7:57 AM
-61.00
35.00
283.51
29.20
191.17
168.24
132.26
113
9:24
AM
9:28
AM
9:32
AM
9:36
AM
9:40
AM
9:44
AM
9:48
AM
9:52
AM
9:56
AM
10:00
AM
10:04
AM
10:08
AM
10:12
AM
10:16
AM
10:20
AM
10:24
AM
10:28
AM
10:32
AM
10:36
AM
10:40
AM
10:44
AM
10:48
AM
10:52
AM
8:01 AM
-60.00
35.88
285.01
29.36
192.18
169.13
132.96
8:05 AM
-59.00
36.76
286.43
29.50
193.14
169.98
133.63
8:09 AM
-58.00
37.65
287.79
29.64
194.06
170.79
134.26
8:13 AM
-57.00
38.53
289.09
29.78
194.93
171.56
134.87
8:17 AM
-56.00
39.42
290.34
29.90
195.77
172.29
135.45
8:21 AM
-55.00
40.31
291.52
30.03
196.57
173.00
136.00
8:25 AM
-54.00
41.20
292.66
30.14
197.33
173.67
136.53
8:29 AM
-53.00
42.08
293.74
30.26
198.07
174.32
137.04
8:33 AM
-52.00
42.97
294.78
30.36
198.77
174.93
137.52
8:37 AM
-51.00
43.86
295.78
30.46
199.44
175.52
137.99
8:41 AM
-50.00
44.75
296.73
30.56
200.08
176.09
138.43
8:45 AM
-49.00
45.65
297.64
30.66
200.69
176.63
138.86
8:49 AM
-48.00
46.54
298.52
30.75
201.28
177.15
139.26
8:53 AM
-47.00
47.43
299.35
30.83
201.85
177.65
139.65
8:57 AM
-46.00
48.32
300.16
30.92
202.39
178.12
140.03
9:01 AM
-45.00
49.22
300.93
31.00
202.91
178.58
140.39
9:05 AM
-44.00
50.11
301.67
31.07
203.41
179.02
140.73
9:09 AM
-43.00
51.01
302.38
31.14
203.89
179.44
141.06
9:13 AM
-42.00
51.90
303.05
31.21
204.35
179.84
141.38
9:17 AM
-41.00
52.80
303.71
31.28
204.79
180.23
141.69
9:21 AM
-40.00
53.70
304.33
31.35
205.21
180.60
141.98
9:25 AM
-39.00
54.59
304.93
31.41
205.61
180.96
142.26
9:29 AM
-38.00
55.49
305.51
31.47
206.00
181.30
142.53
114
10:56
AM
11:00
AM
11:04
AM
11:08
AM
11:12
AM
11:16
AM
11:20
AM
11:24
AM
11:28
AM
11:32
AM
11:36
AM
11:40
AM
11:44
AM
11:48
AM
11:52
AM
11:56
AM
12:00
PM
12:04
PM
12:08
PM
12:12
PM
12:16
PM
12:20
PM
12:24
PM
9:33 AM
-37.00
56.39
306.06
31.52
206.37
181.63
142.78
9:37 AM
-36.00
57.29
306.59
31.58
206.73
181.94
143.03
9:41 AM
-35.00
58.19
307.09
31.63
207.07
182.24
143.27
9:45 AM
-34.00
59.09
307.58
31.68
207.40
182.53
143.49
9:49 AM
-33.00
59.99
308.04
31.73
207.71
182.80
143.71
9:53 AM
-32.00
60.88
308.49
31.77
208.01
183.07
143.92
9:57 AM
-31.00
61.78
308.92
31.82
208.30
183.32
144.12
-30.00
62.68
309.32
31.86
208.57
183.56
144.31
-29.00
63.59
309.71
31.90
208.83
183.79
144.49
-28.00
64.49
310.08
31.94
209.09
184.01
144.66
-27.00
65.39
310.44
31.98
209.32
184.22
144.83
-26.00
66.29
310.78
32.01
209.55
184.43
144.98
-25.00
67.19
311.10
32.04
209.77
184.62
145.13
-24.00
68.09
311.41
32.07
209.98
184.80
145.28
-23.00
68.99
311.70
32.10
210.17
184.97
145.41
-22.00
69.89
311.98
32.13
210.36
185.14
145.54
-21.00
70.79
312.24
32.16
210.54
185.29
145.66
-20.00
71.69
312.49
32.19
210.70
185.44
145.78
-19.00
72.59
312.72
32.21
210.86
185.58
145.89
-18.00
73.48
312.94
32.23
211.01
185.71
145.99
-17.00
74.38
313.15
32.25
211.15
185.83
146.09
-16.00
75.28
313.34
32.27
211.28
185.95
146.18
-15.00
76.17
313.52
32.29
211.40
186.05
146.26
10:01
AM
10:05
AM
10:09
AM
10:13
AM
10:17
AM
10:21
AM
10:25
AM
10:29
AM
10:33
AM
10:37
AM
10:41
AM
10:45
AM
10:49
AM
10:53
AM
10:57
AM
11:01
AM
115
12:28
PM
12:32
PM
12:36
PM
12:40
PM
12:44
PM
12:48
PM
12:52
PM
12:56
PM
1:00
PM
1:04
PM
1:08
PM
1:12
PM
1:16
PM
1:20
PM
1:24
PM
1:28
PM
1:32
PM
1:36
PM
1:40
PM
1:44
PM
1:48
PM
1:52
PM
1:56
PM
11:05
AM
11:09
AM
11:13
AM
11:17
AM
11:21
AM
11:25
AM
11:29
AM
11:33
AM
11:37
AM
11:41
AM
11:45
AM
11:49
AM
11:53
AM
11:57
AM
12:01
PM
12:05
PM
12:09
PM
12:13
PM
12:17
PM
12:21
PM
12:25
PM
12:29
PM
12:33
PM
-14.00
77.07
313.69
32.31
211.52
186.15
146.34
-13.00
77.96
313.85
32.33
211.62
186.25
146.42
-12.00
78.85
313.99
32.34
211.72
186.33
146.48
-11.00
79.74
314.12
32.35
211.81
186.41
146.54
-10.00
80.62
314.24
32.37
211.89
186.48
146.60
-9.00
81.50
314.35
32.38
211.96
186.55
146.65
-8.00
82.37
314.45
32.39
212.03
186.60
146.70
-7.00
83.23
314.53
32.40
212.08
186.65
146.74
-6.00
84.07
314.61
32.40
212.13
186.70
146.77
-5.00
84.89
314.67
32.41
212.18
186.73
146.80
-4.00
85.68
314.72
32.42
212.21
186.76
146.82
-3.00
86.42
314.76
32.42
212.24
186.79
146.84
-2.00
87.05
314.79
32.42
212.26
186.80
146.85
-1.00
87.50
314.80
32.42
212.27
186.81
146.86
0.00
87.67
314.81
32.43
212.27
186.82
146.86
1.00
87.50
314.80
32.42
212.27
186.81
146.86
2.00
87.05
314.79
32.42
212.26
186.80
146.85
3.00
86.42
314.76
32.42
212.24
186.79
146.84
4.00
85.68
314.72
32.42
212.21
186.76
146.82
5.00
84.89
314.67
32.41
212.18
186.73
146.80
6.00
84.07
314.61
32.40
212.13
186.70
146.77
7.00
83.23
314.53
32.40
212.08
186.65
146.74
8.00
82.37
314.45
32.39
212.03
186.60
146.70
116
2:00
PM
2:04
PM
2:08
PM
2:12
PM
2:16
PM
2:20
PM
2:24
PM
2:28
PM
2:32
PM
2:36
PM
2:40
PM
2:44
PM
2:48
PM
2:52
PM
2:56
PM
3:00
PM
3:04
PM
3:08
PM
3:12
PM
3:16
PM
3:20
PM
3:24
PM
3:28
PM
12:37
PM
12:41
PM
12:45
PM
12:49
PM
12:53
PM
12:57
PM
9.00
81.50
314.35
32.38
211.96
186.55
146.65
10.00
80.62
314.24
32.37
211.89
186.48
146.60
11.00
79.74
314.12
32.35
211.81
186.41
146.54
12.00
78.85
313.99
32.34
211.72
186.33
146.48
13.00
77.96
313.85
32.33
211.62
186.25
146.42
14.00
77.07
313.69
32.31
211.52
186.15
146.34
1:01 PM
15.00
76.17
313.52
32.29
211.40
186.05
146.26
1:05 PM
16.00
75.28
313.34
32.27
211.28
185.95
146.18
1:09 PM
17.00
74.38
313.15
32.25
211.15
185.83
146.09
1:13 PM
18.00
73.48
312.94
32.23
211.01
185.71
145.99
1:17 PM
19.00
72.59
312.72
32.21
210.86
185.58
145.89
1:21 PM
20.00
71.69
312.49
32.19
210.70
185.44
145.78
1:25 PM
21.00
70.79
312.24
32.16
210.54
185.29
145.66
1:29 PM
22.00
69.89
311.98
32.13
210.36
185.14
145.54
1:33 PM
23.00
68.99
311.70
32.10
210.17
184.97
145.41
1:37 PM
24.00
68.09
311.41
32.07
209.98
184.80
145.28
1:41 PM
25.00
67.19
311.10
32.04
209.77
184.62
145.13
1:45 PM
26.00
66.29
310.78
32.01
209.55
184.43
144.98
1:49 PM
27.00
65.39
310.44
31.98
209.32
184.22
144.83
1:53 PM
28.00
64.49
310.08
31.94
209.09
184.01
144.66
1:57 PM
29.00
63.59
309.71
31.90
208.83
183.79
144.49
2:01 PM
30.00
62.68
309.32
31.86
208.57
183.56
144.31
2:05 PM
31.00
61.78
308.92
31.82
208.30
183.32
144.12
117
3:32
PM
3:36
PM
3:40
PM
3:44
PM
3:48
PM
3:52
PM
3:56
PM
4:00
PM
4:04
PM
4:08
PM
4:12
PM
4:16
PM
4:20
PM
4:24
PM
4:28
PM
4:32
PM
4:36
PM
4:40
PM
4:44
PM
4:48
PM
4:52
PM
4:56
PM
5:00
PM
2:09 PM
32.00
60.88
308.49
31.77
208.01
183.07
143.92
2:13 PM
33.00
59.99
308.04
31.73
207.71
182.80
143.71
2:17 PM
34.00
59.09
307.58
31.68
207.40
182.53
143.49
2:21 PM
35.00
58.19
307.09
31.63
207.07
182.24
143.27
2:25 PM
36.00
57.29
306.59
31.58
206.73
181.94
143.03
2:29 PM
37.00
56.39
306.06
31.52
206.37
181.63
142.78
2:33 PM
38.00
55.49
305.51
31.47
206.00
181.30
142.53
2:37 PM
39.00
54.59
304.93
31.41
205.61
180.96
142.26
2:41 PM
40.00
53.70
304.33
31.35
205.21
180.60
141.98
2:45 PM
41.00
52.80
303.71
31.28
204.79
180.23
141.69
2:49 PM
42.00
51.90
303.05
31.21
204.35
179.84
141.38
2:53 PM
43.00
51.01
302.38
31.14
203.89
179.44
141.06
2:57 PM
44.00
50.11
301.67
31.07
203.41
179.02
140.73
3:01 PM
45.00
49.22
300.93
31.00
202.91
178.58
140.39
3:05 PM
46.00
48.32
300.16
30.92
202.39
178.12
140.03
3:09 PM
47.00
47.43
299.35
30.83
201.85
177.65
139.65
3:13 PM
48.00
46.54
298.52
30.75
201.28
177.15
139.26
3:17 PM
49.00
45.65
297.64
30.66
200.69
176.63
138.86
3:21 PM
50.00
44.75
296.73
30.56
200.08
176.09
138.43
3:25 PM
51.00
43.86
295.78
30.46
199.44
175.52
137.99
3:29 PM
52.00
42.97
294.78
30.36
198.77
174.93
137.52
3:33 PM
53.00
42.08
293.74
30.26
198.07
174.32
137.04
3:37 PM
54.00
41.20
292.66
30.14
197.33
173.67
136.53
118
5:04
PM
5:08
PM
5:12
PM
5:16
PM
5:20
PM
5:24
PM
5:28
PM
5:32
PM
5:40
PM
5:44
PM
5:48
PM
5:52
PM
5:56
PM
6:00
PM
6:04
PM
6:08
PM
6:12
PM
6:16
PM
6:20
PM
6:24
PM
6:28
PM
6:32
PM
6:36
PM
3:41 PM
55.00
40.31
291.52
30.03
196.57
173.00
136.00
3:45 PM
56.00
39.42
290.34
29.90
195.77
172.29
135.45
3:49 PM
57.00
38.53
289.09
29.78
194.93
171.56
134.87
3:53 PM
58.00
37.65
287.79
29.64
194.06
170.79
134.26
3:57 PM
59.00
36.76
286.43
29.50
193.14
169.98
133.63
4:01 PM
60.00
35.88
285.01
29.36
192.18
169.13
132.96
4:05 PM
61.00
35.00
283.51
29.20
191.17
168.24
132.26
4:09 PM
62.00
34.12
281.94
29.04
190.11
167.31
131.53
4:17 PM
64.00
32.36
278.56
28.69
187.83
165.31
129.95
4:21 PM
65.00
31.48
276.73
28.50
186.60
164.22
129.10
4:25 PM
66.00
30.60
274.82
28.31
185.30
163.08
128.21
4:29 PM
67.00
29.73
272.79
28.10
183.94
161.88
127.26
4:33 PM
68.00
28.85
270.66
27.88
182.50
160.62
126.27
4:37 PM
69.00
27.98
268.41
27.65
180.98
159.28
125.22
4:41 PM
70.00
27.10
266.03
27.40
179.38
157.87
124.11
4:45 PM
71.00
26.23
263.51
27.14
177.68
156.37
122.93
4:49 PM
72.00
25.36
260.84
26.87
175.88
154.79
121.69
4:53 PM
73.00
24.49
258.00
26.57
173.97
153.11
120.36
4:57 PM
74.00
23.63
255.00
26.26
171.94
151.32
118.96
5:01 PM
75.00
22.76
251.79
25.93
169.78
149.42
117.47
5:05 PM
76.00
21.89
248.38
25.58
167.48
147.40
115.87
5:09 PM
77.00
21.03
244.74
25.21
165.02
145.24
114.18
5:13 PM
78.00
20.17
240.85
24.81
162.40
142.93
112.36
119
6:40
PM
6:44
PM
6:48
PM
6:52
PM
6:56
PM
7:00
PM
7:04
PM
7:08
PM
7:12
PM
7:20
PM
7:24
PM
7:28
PM
7:32
PM
7:36
PM
7:40
PM
7:44
PM
7:48
PM
7:52
PM
7:56
PM
8:00
PM
8:04
PM
8:08
PM
8:12
PM
5:17 PM
79.00
19.31
236.67
24.38
159.59
140.45
110.41
5:21 PM
80.00
18.45
232.20
23.92
156.57
137.79
108.32
5:25 PM
81.00
17.59
227.38
23.42
153.32
134.94
106.08
5:29 PM
82.00
16.74
222.19
22.89
149.82
131.85
103.66
5:33 PM
83.00
15.89
216.58
22.31
146.04
128.53
101.04
5:37 PM
84.00
15.03
210.51
21.68
141.94
124.92
98.21
5:41 PM
85.00
14.18
203.91
21.00
137.49
121.01
95.13
5:45 PM
86.00
13.34
196.73
20.26
132.65
116.75
91.78
5:49 PM
87.00
12.49
188.89
19.46
127.36
112.09
88.12
5:57 PM
89.00
10.80
170.87
17.60
115.22
101.40
79.72
6:01 PM
90.00
9.96
160.50
16.53
108.22
95.24
74.87
6:05 PM
91.00
9.13
149.04
15.35
100.49
88.44
69.53
6:09 PM
92.00
8.29
136.37
14.05
91.95
80.93
63.62
6:13 PM
93.00
7.46
122.35
12.60
82.50
72.61
57.08
6:17 PM
94.00
6.63
106.85
11.01
72.05
63.41
49.85
6:21 PM
95.00
5.80
89.80
9.25
60.55
53.29
41.90
6:25 PM
96.00
4.97
71.28
7.34
48.06
42.30
33.25
6:29 PM
97.00
4.15
51.66
5.32
34.83
30.65
24.10
6:33 PM
98.00
3.33
31.98
3.29
21.56
18.98
14.92
6:37 PM
99.00
2.51
14.51
1.49
9.78
8.61
6.77
6:41 PM
100.00
1.70
3.09
0.32
2.08
1.83
1.44
6:45 PM
101.00
0.88
0.04
0.00
0.03
0.02
0.02
6:49 PM
102.00
0.07
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
120
Appendix D: Multilingual User Manual
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
Appendix E: Photo Album
Figure 68. Prototype Being Drawn
Figure 69. Prototype During Us
129
Figure 70. Temperature of Water during Testing
130
Figure 71. Collection of Dirty Water Sample
Figure 72. Cloudy Sky
131
Figure 73. Team Photo
It’s Not Over, Until You Win!
132

Fresnel Lens Water Purification System 100% Report

Transcription

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