(PDF 4,41MB) - Deutsches Archäologisches Institut

Deutsches Archäologisches Institut
Podbielskiallee 69-71
D-14195 Berlin
Tel.: +49-(0)30-187711-138
Fax: +49-(0)30-187711-191
www.dainst.org
Bewahrung archäologischen Kulturguts
für die Nachwelt
Restaurierungs- und Rekonstruktionsprojekte
des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts (DAI)
Rom | 4
Teano | 6
Metapont | 10
Boğazköy-Hattuša | 34
Pergamon | 36
Selinunt | 12
Agrigent | 8
Olympia | 16
Göbekli Tepe | 32
Priene | 38
Chimtou | 14
Resafa | 52
Baalbek | 50
Dahschur | 24
Tayma | 54
Elephantine | 26
Assuan | 28
Sirwah | 44
Marib | 40
Yeha | 48
Preserving Archaeological Heritage
for Posterity
Restoration and Reconstruction Projects of the German Archaeological Institute (DAI)
Preface
Preserving Archaeological Heritage for Posterity
Since the beginning, excavation work has belonged to
the overall reputation of the DAI to a higher degree than
the main tasks of the German Archaeological Institute
actual research work.
(DAI). Inevitably linked with this is the preservation of the
This brochure takes a look for the first time at the manifold,
archaeological monuments entrusted to its care. Restora-
already successfully completed restoration projects of the
tion as well as the sustainable conservation of a ruin site
DAI. It particularly aims to show the large tasks which need
therefore represent a task which becomes increasingly im-
be addressed in the future and for which the DAI relies on
portant. The responsible management of an archaeologi-
financial support and sponsorship.
cal site is a major challenge for a research institute operat-
We would be happy to welcome new sponsors who sup-
ing worldwide, even more so as the preservation of ruins,
port the DAI in its demanding undertaking to not only re-
without affecting their ‚ancient‘ quality, belongs to the
search but also to preserve archaeological cultural assets
most complex problems in the preservation of historical
for posterity.
monuments and sites. In addition, conservation and res-
Ulrike Wulf-Rheidt
You too can support the DAI in its worldwide effort to preserve archaeological cultural assets for posterity by making a donation. Each contribution helps to save our common heritage.
toration projects are very costly. However, they also represent an important part of foreign cultural policy because
they contribute directly to the preservation of cultural
heritage in the respective host country and, moreover, to
the development of tourism. In this respect, they further
1 Aizanoi, Turkey. Colonnaded street from late antiquity
2 Aizanoi, Turkey. Partial reconstruction of the colonnaded street
3 Pergamon, Turkey. Modern roofing to shield the roman mosaics of
Building Z
Please use the following bank accout for donations in support of the German Archaeological Institute:
Bundeskasse Halle
Deutsche Bundesbank, Filiale Leipzig
Account for domestic payments:
Kto: 860 010 40
BLZ: 860 000 00
Account for foreign payments:
IBAN: DE38 8600 000 000 8600 1040
BIC: MARKDEF1860
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2
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Reference:
ZV 91890136 – Preserving Cultural Assets
(Independent of project)
ZV 91890136 – Preserving Cultural Assets + Site (i. e. Pergamon)
Donations are tax-deductible.
For further information,
please contact the following address:
German Archaeological Institute (DAI)
Division of Building Archaeology
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Ulrike Wulf-Rheidt
Podbielskiallee 69–71
14195 Berlin
Tel.: +49-(0)30-187711-138
Email: [email protected]
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Italy
Rome – A New Arena Floor for the Colosseum
Completed
The Rome department of the DAI carried out a survey on
of the underground structure. A technically feasible but
walls were preserved in this area which offered the oppor-
behalf of the Soprintendenza Archeologica of the arena
very elaborate solution would have been to support the
tunity to place the necessary supports for the covering on
and the underground structures of the Colosseum and put
complete covering with a girder construction. However, the
the foundations of former walls in order to keep the cor-
forward a proposal for the reconstruction of a new arena
maximal span of approximately 44 metres would have re-
ridors free from installations. It was also possible here to
floor. The investigations brought to light that the wooden
sulted in very large cross sections of the girders so that the
restore the ancient level without any difficulties.
arena floor had been renewed three times in antiquity. The
new covering would have risen more than one and a half
This partial reconstruction of the arena floor now enables
floor was presumably so badly damaged by an earthquake
metres above the level of the ancient edge of the arena.
visitors to move around the arena, to experience the spatial
at the end of the 5th century AD that it was not repaired
For this reason it was suggested to the Soprintendenza to
impression and to study close up the underground struc-
again and the basement was filled in.
cover only the eastern section of the underground struc-
ture.
The initial idea of covering the entire underground struc-
ture which had been destroyed during the excavations of
The restoration work at the Colosseum in Rome was initi-
ture, which spans an area of 2,700 square metres, was aban-
1875 and, spanning an area of 440 square metres, corre-
ated by a generous donation from the Banca di Roma and
doned for technical reasons because a significant part of
sponds to one seventh of the total area. No high standing
completed in the year 2000.
the monument would not have been visible anymore as
a consequence. In addition, the complete covering would
have required supports in the corridors of the underground
structure as the ancient masonry is not statically loadable.
This, however, would have disturbed the visual impression
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View from an entranceway into the interior
Interior view of the arena
View into the underground structure
with the construction of the modern arena floor
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Italy
Teano (Campania) – The Anastylosis of the Stage Building
The theatre of Teano was probably destroyed by an earth-
servations of more than 80 workpieces, serves as a basis for
quake at the beginning of the 4th century AD. It escaped
this, allowing the attribution and placement of each indi-
extensive stone robbery in the subsequent periods and
vidual building part.
today represents one of the most important archaeologi-
Anastylosis projects should blend into their surroundings
cal monuments in Central Italy, both in terms of its state
after their completion and not appear out of place. With a
of preservation and the number of large-scale structural
height of approximately 23 metres, the façade of the stage
members found.
building could no doubt appear out of place, even more so
In particular, this holds true for the façade of the stage
as parts of the stage building would need to be rebuilt too
building which is preserved in its collapsed state and com-
in order to provide its structural stability.
prises all the structural members belonging to the classical
Therefore, one needs to proceed with great caution in
Roman order.
planning the reconstruction of the building.
In cooperation with the Rome department of the DAI the
The project shall be implemented in the next few years. To
Soprintendenza di Napoli and Caserta is planning the ana-
date, however, there is no firm financing commitment.
stylosis of the stage building, that is, the re-assemblage of
extant parts, though taken out of context, of the theatre.
The drawing documentation, which includes detailed ob-
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Planning costs: 25,000 €
1 General view of the theatre
2 Graphic reconstruction of the façade of the stage building
3 3D model of the reconstructed façade of the stage building
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Italy
The Temple of Olympian Zeus in Agrigento – The Resurrection of the Gigantic Supporting Figures
Financing requirement: 25,000 €
The ›Olympieion‹ in Akragas is third largest cult building in
the Greek world. The building project was begun immediately after the victory over the Carthaginians at Himera in
480 BC.
The unusual proportions and original architectural features
such as the supporting figures (telamones) between the
columns make it unique in Greek architecture.
Visitors, however, will only see a couple of ruins of the
former edifice which is mainly due to recent destruction.
Many ashlars of the temple, for example, were taken away
in the 18th century and used for the construction of the
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getty in the harbor of Porto Empedocle.
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At the request of the Parco Archeologico e Paesaggistico
della Valle dei Templi di Agrigento, the Rome department
of the DAI is participating in a preliminary survey for the
temple. In addition, one of the 8 metre tall male supporting
restoration of the temple in Agrigento.
figures shall be erected on the north side.
In addition to evaluating the restoration programme, some
All these measures pursue the objective to recreate the
open questions concerning the monument remain and
unity of the monument in the eye of the visitor. Informa-
need to be clarified. The archaeology and the building his-
tion boards and the erection of construction members will
tory of the monument will therefore be investigated before
contribute towards a better understanding of the temple
the urgently needed restoration work begins.
by visualising the dimensions of individual building parts
At the same time, more than 90 fragments of the male sup-
as well as of the whole monument.
porting figures which were attached to the exterior walls of
the temple shall be put into order and re-assembled on the
north side of the temple. In order to gain a better impression of the remains, it is planned to place special emphasis
on the north eastern corner of the monument as well as
on parts of the cella. The same applies to the altar which
is barely discernable among the ashlars lying around the
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Telamon re-assembled from original pieces
Reconstruction of the telamon, front and side view
Copy with additions of a telamon made of artificial stone from 1925
Reconstruction of the ›Olympieion‹ with supporting figures
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Italy
Metapontum – Through Partial Reconstructions Towards a Better Experience of the City
Completed
The important Greek colonial city of Metapontum lies, completely destroyed since late antiquity, in an alluvial plain at
the Ionian Sea. Since 1967 the Rome department of the DAI
DAI has been working together closely with the Italian directorate of ancient monuments and historic buildings in the
excavation and representative restoration of central areas of
the city as well as in the research of its urbanistic context.
The excavation of the large city sanctuary with three
peripteral temples and a multitude of smaller cult places and
1
of the adjacent agora, the civic centre of the city, brought to
light a unique group of buildings. With its complex building
history and rich furnishings, this compound serves as an important example of the centre of a Greek planned city.
In view of the extensive destruction it was desirable to carry
out a representative restoration of the remains. Thus, the
fundamental decision was made to erect – in close reference to the remaining foundations – parts of the order of
the most important buildings in the form of partial recon-
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structions and architectural samples. The extent of the res-
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toration was oriented towards the amount of preserved and
10
reusable original building parts and towards the importance
building phases, the complex was therefore partially recon-
of architectural samples which comprised original parts and
the reconstruction measures, in particular the additions
of the individual building within the whole complex.
structed and made accessible again. Original building parts,
casts of the more fragile building members. Special care
made of artificial and natural stone, have aged well and con-
Special emphasis was placed on the so-called Ekklesiaste-
additions made of a specially manufactured artificial stone
was taken to keep the total volume of invasive measures in
fer an own new dignity on the complex.
rion theatre on the agora, a multi-functional assembly hall
and new pieces made of selected natural stones adhering to
a proportionate balance; illustrated charts complement the
with a long and eventful history. For centuries it had been
the original shapes create a new entity.
information.
the centre of public life in the city, presenting an exceptional
The significance of the great temples on the other hand
The Archaeological Park has existed in this form for 25 years
case in the entire Greek world. Focusing on two important
was highlighted through the erection of a limited number
and has lost none of its appeal to visitors. On the contrary,
1 City sanctuary and agora from the west (2008)
2 City sanctuary and agora, reconstruction model
3 Reconstructed façade of the theatre (2008)
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Italy
Selinunte – The Careful Reconstruction of the Fortification Walls
Continuation planned
Famous for its monumental temples, the large Greek co-
the complex structure and to make it accessible to visitors.
pathways, sparing the ruins and accompanied by informa-
lonial city in the southwest of Sicily has been investigated
It was thereby decided to avoid intensive measures such as
tion boards, was installed in the fortifications and extended
since 1971 by the Rome department of the DAI and the Si-
can be seen in the anastylosis reconstruction of the early
later on to the whole acropolis. Only one particular detail,
cilian directorate of ancient monuments and historic build-
classical Temple E in the extra-urban sanctuary and of Tem-
namely the remarkable upper story of a turret covered in
ings. Since 1996, the emphasis has been placed on the ex-
ple C in the city sanctuary, both of which are now regarded
glistening white plaster, was erected as an illustrative archi-
cavation of the agora, the civic centre of the city.
as particularly negative examples due to their deep and
tectural sample in close proximity to its original location.
The investigation of the walls on the acropolis and in par-
ultimately destructive impact on the original building re-
Current excavations in the vast area of the city outside
ticular of the structures surrounding the North Gate, one
mains. Instead, the fortifications were carefully cleared and
the acropolis are conditioned by historical circumstances.
of the most important fortification works of the Classical
restored in many individual places; some of the original re-
These areas were abandoned after the catastrophic de-
period, resulted in extensive restoration measures from
mains were re-assembled step by step while retaining the
struction of the city through the Carthaginians in 409 BC
1988–1992. The objective was to renovate and reconstruct
outline of the ruins. At the same time, a system of visitor
and exposed to systematic stone robbery soon afterwards.
Such findings allow archaeologists to gain an abundance
2
of information about the life of the city before the destruction, but they also pose specific problems for the conservation and reconstruction of the derelict landscape. In view of
the importance of the findings it is highly desirable, however, that they should be made accessible to visitors and that
the accessible zones should be extended over the whole
area of the city. This would enable visitors to experience a
large Greek planned city in entirely new dimensions.
The DAI takes part in these measures as decisively as in the
restoration of the walls. The implementation of the project
is in progress but there is no firm financing commitment
to date.
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3
1 North fortification of the Acropolis, the restored outer defences (1992)
2 The reconstructed architectural sample of the stuccoed upper storey of a
turret in the west wall of the acropolis (1995)
3 North fortification of the acropolis, reconstruction model
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Tunisia
Simitthus / Chimtou – The Place of Origin of Yellow Marble
Financing requirement: 140,000 €
The Rome department of the DAI has been working in Chim-
lenistic temple on the peak of the marble mountain were
tou, the Roman town of Simitthus, since 1965. The German
also conserved and a modern museum established on the
research started on the ancient marble quarries of Chimtou
site in a joint German-Tunisian venture. Ten years after its
from which the famous yellow Numidian marble or giallo
opening, it is still regarded as one of the most prized muse-
antico was extracted. The investigations were then extend-
ums in the South Mediterranean region.
ed to Hellenistic temple of the Numidian king Micipsa, the
ancient city, the aqueduct and the Roman bridge across the
Next to the scholarly evaluation and publication of older
1
Medjerda. The labour and quarry camp was also excavated.
works, future tasks will include protecting the monuments
of the German excavations from deterioration, restor-
From the 1st to the 3rd centuries AD it accommodated the
Parallel to the excavations, the DAI initiated a restoration
ing them and making them accessible to the public. The
prisoners condemned to the dangerous work in the quar-
programme as early as the 1980s which, in conjunction
work will be carried out together with young Tunisian
ries; today, it presents an exceptional monument of the Ro-
with the activities of the DAI in Carthage, is regarded as
professionals experienced in the conservation of ancient
man world on account of its good state of preservation. Af-
exemplary in Tunisia to this day. Thus, the unique Numid-
monuments, thus offering the opportunity of basic and ad-
ter a study period, the work was taken up again in 2008 with
ian grave monuments which were discovered under the
vanced training for Tunisian colleagues. It will focus on the
the aim of conducting further research on the ancient town
Roman forum were conserved and made visible within the
conservation, restoration and development of the labour
in the pre-Roman phases of the Punic and Numidian period.
surrounding Roman structures. The foundations of the Hel-
and quarry camp as well as on the excavation sections with
3
Numidian settlement finds to the north of the forum. An
archaeological round tour will enable visitors to Chimtou
to look around the archaeological site more easily in future and offer information on the outstanding monuments
which range in time from the 4th century BC to the French-
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Algerian War.
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Giallo antico in the quarry
The forum of Chimtou in spring
Forum with Numidian grave monuments
Reconstruction of a Numidian monument
The labour and quarry camp after excavation
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Greece
Restoration Work at the Philippeion in Olympia
Completed
The Philippeion is one of the historically most important
buildings in Olympia; it owes its existence to King Philipp II
who dedicated the building to the Sanctuary of Zeus in
the 4th century BC.
It was a victory monument as well as a heroon; in its interior were five gold and ivory statues of the royal family
made by the sculptor Leochares.
The architectural history of the building is also of great interest. It belongs to the rare type of late classical circular
buildings. It differs from its predecessors in Delphi and Epidaurus in the application of the Ionic order, displaying an
individual style in the execution of details and contrasting
with other buildings in the style of Attica, Asia Minor or the
Aegean Islands. Another specific feature is the use of different building materials. The steps were made of marble,
the column bases and capitals of close-grained limestone,
2
the column drums and parts of the entablature, by contrast, of shell limestone. The restoration plan intended to
integrate as many available parts of the original building
Planning for the project began in 1999; its realisation was
as possible while avoiding substantial additions executed
made possible by the generous donation of the Anasta-
in new materials.
sios G. Leventis Foundation. The partial reconstruction was
Following these guidelines, it was possible to assemble
completed in 2005 and has been among the most fre-
one third of the stepped foundation with two complete
quently photographed objects in the sanctuary ever since.
column bays and three column stumps on it. The ensemble is able to convey an impression of late classical architecture to visitors while standing in fascinating contrast
with the surrounding buildings.
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1
1 Drawing of the reconstructed parts
2 Overall view of the partial reconstruction (2005)
3 State of preservation of the foundation (1987)
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Greece
Restoration Work at the Votive Monument of the Ptolemies in Olympia
Financing requirement: 100,000 €
In many respects, the votive monument of the Ptolemies
in front of the Echo Hall occupies a prominent position
among the monuments of Olympia. Its 20 metre wide base
is the largest of the numerous votive bases in the sanctuary; the two Ionic marble columns with a height of 8.5 metres, second in length only to the columns of the Temple of
Zeus, are characterised by their sophisticated architectural
design. Moreover, the monument which was erected in
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270 BC belongs to the best preserved buildings in Olympia.
It was built in honour of the Egyptian king Ptolemy II Phila1
delphos, one of the most powerful successors of Alexander
the Great, and his wife and sister Arsinoё.
The large number of individual parts, which are securely
attributable to the building, as well as its historical importance and its special position in architectural history, especially in regard to the typology of bases, thus justify the
reconstruction of the Hellenistic monument. Situated in a
prominent location, it is also easily visible to all visitors.
2
Aiming for an overall impression dominated by original
3
parts rather than additions executed in new materials, one
18
can take only a partial reconstruction into consideration.
nevertheless be able again to experience the monumental-
The columns, for example, which consist of two stylobate
ity of the building. Necessary additions to the columns shall
blocks, a base, eight column drums and a capital each, are
be carried out in marble, the missing blocks of the pedestal
not at all equally well preserved. The facing slabs of the
will be made of shell limestone. Artificial stone will only be
socle are also full of gaps while its interior blocks are even
used for smaller repairs.
completely missing.
Initial financing has been secured through a donation of
The programme therefore intends to reconstruct only the
the Regula Pestalozzi Foundation. The work on the project
better preserved column and a part of the base. Visitors will
began in 2009.
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Reconstructed view of the monument (W. Höpfner)
View of the foundation (1970)
Drawing of the planned partial reconstruction
Uncleaned column drum (2010)
State of preservation of the north column (2010)
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Greece
The Temple of Zeus in Olympia – A Third Dimension for the Sanctuary
The Temple of Zeus is the largest sacred building in the
cance of the ruin in doing so. Despite the large number
the sculptures which are made of marble. The damaged
sanctuary of Olympia. It is considered to be a perfect exam-
of surviving construction members, there is a lack of two
parts of the column drums and the capital were therefore
ple of Dorian temple architecture in regard to its sophisti-
neighbouring columns and their corresponding entabla-
restored with a specially developed artificial stone whose
cated design which is evident in every single detail and the
ture. It was therefore impossible to reconstruct a complete
main components are finely ground stone and hydraulic
quality of its execution. The interior of the building which
column bay which would have been desirable for a better
lime. These casts were then reworked with traditional craft
was erected between 470 and 456 BC accommodated the
understanding of the architectural structure. Instead, an
techniques while the missing parts were newly made from
12 metre high gold and ivory statue of Zeus made by Phi-
original column in the northwest corner of the temple was
imported limestone.
dias, one of the seven world wonders of antiquity.
chosen for reconstruction as the foundation of the cella is
The step-by-step assembly began in 2000. The work was
The aim of the anastylosis (partial reconstruction) was to
very well preserved in this area. The 10.56 metre high col-
completed in 2004 on the occasion of the Olympic Games
give a third dimension to the temple, of which only the
umn consists, just as the rest of the building, of porous and
held in Athens. It was financed by the Leventis Foundation
foundations are preserved, and to emphasise the signifi-
brittle shell limestone; the only exception are the roof and
and the Theodor Wiegand Society.
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Completed
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1 Refining the casts on the capital (2004)
2 Capital with the restoration team (2004)
3 View of the completed column from the southwest (2004)
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Greece
Further Restoration Work at the Temple of Zeus in Olympia
Financing requirement: 60,000 €
Following the reconstruction of a column of the Temple
The financing of the project has been granted by the Lev-
of Zeus which attracted much public attention and which
entis-Foundation. The proposal has been accepted by the
met with great approval, further measures are planned in
relevant Greek authorities; clearing work and restoration of
order to help visitors visualise the former shape of the tem-
the damaged building members will begin shortly.
ple. The measures are also aimed at providing significant
original building parts with a better protection against
weathering and damage.
The first concern is to clear the colonnade from arbitrarily positioned building parts in order to make the ground
Addition in natural stone
plan of the temple more noticeable and to improve the
Addition in artificial stone
Spacer
Original substance
2
circulation pathways for visitors. In connection with this,
the building parts belonging to the ophistodomos (rear
hall) shall be newly arranged in connection with this. It is
planned to return the two well preserved capitals lying in
front of the western side of temple to their original location. The lack of original building members, however, precludes the complete reconstruction of the rear cella wall.
The only practical solution lies in the erection of column
stumps which necessitates the replacement of the missing
3
drums of the northern column with stone replicas. Such a
4
careful interference has the further advantage that the fine
details of the capitals may be seen at close range.
The columns on the south side of the temple which have
remained in their collapsed state are also taken into account; our programme intends to stabilise them with earth
mounds and to conserve the stucco on the underside at
the same time. Further measures, however, are not intended as this most impressive testimony to the destruction of
the temple should be left unchanged.
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North side with construction members
Drawing of the planned reconstruction of the west side
Aerial view of the Temple of Zeus lying in ruins
Overview of the west side
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Egypt
Dahshur – An Exceptional Temple Ensemble Becomes Visible Again
Financing requirement: 350,000 €
Upper approach
Excavation trench 1: lower approach
Temple
Excavation trench 2: south wall of the lower basin
1
The temple at the approach to the Bend Pyramid in
vated land and ends in a rectangular precinct, probably an old harbour. It was very fortunate
Dahshur (approximately 2600 BC) is the oldest decorated
that the excavations uncovered a large number of new relief fragments from the temple. This
temple in an Egyptian pyramid precinct. The relief stones
enables a new start to reconstruct and study this significant building.
are of great significance for our understanding of Egyptian
The limestone ashlars of the temple have been badly damaged by climatic conditions and need
temple decoration. They throw a light on the ideology of
to be urgently consolidated. Moreover, the newly found relief stone and statue fragments,
early pharaonic kingship as well as on the economic and
damaged by the saline desert soil, need to be restored in order to preserve these valuable
administrative penetration of the country. From a formal
monuments. Initial samples have shown that excellent results may be obtained here.
perspective, the architecture of the temple holds a key po-
In order to make the whole exceptional temple ensemble visible again, it is also intended to
sition in the development of the canonical Egyptian pyra-
restore the mudbrick houses of the priests which lie inside the precinct wall. In addition to this,
mid precinct.
wall charts containing basic information for visitors will be set up in the restored complex.
Large parts of the pyramid precinct including the temple
were already excavated in the 50‘s of the 20th century. Surprisingly, however, recent research of the Cairo department
has brought to light a 140 metre long vaulted temple approach made out of mudbricks which leads towards culti24
2
1 Temple with the Bend Pyramid in the background
2 Plan of the temple at the approach to the Bend Pyramid
3 Nile deity, offering papyrus
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Egypt
The Museum in Elephantine – An Architectural Gem is Restored
Financing requirement: 120,000 €
Today, the location is used as the main building of the
Nord
cht
archaeological museum of Elephantine, exhibiting finds
the DAI has been supporting the efforts of the Supreme
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from the 5000 year old history of the region. Since 2006,
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seum. Due to its outstanding significance, the DAI con-
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Council of Antiquities to restore and refurbish the old mu-
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ducted a architectural study on the building in 2009 which
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was accompanied by a preliminary examination of relR 0.15
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evant restoration issues. The findings clearly showed that
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for the oldest building stock. In particular, the original
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be representative of an entire period in the history and deLH
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UKFD
LH
OKFF
k
a
g
a
104.33/105.38
2.74 - 3.79
+101.59
d
+106.70
4.91
+101.79
e
f
b
BRH:
b
+102.4
4
BRH:
7
+102.4
02.58
Ansicht Ost
Ansicht Ost
4
b
j
0
1
2
3
5
4
10
15
20 m
a-l
Bezeichnung der Wände
BRH:
Oberkante Brüstung in m
T0.03-2
Bezeichnung Tür
STH:
Unterkante Sturz in m
Bezeichnung Fenster
UZ:
Unterkante Unterzug in m
F0.08-1
UKFD
Unterkante Fertigdecke in m
LH
Lichte Höhe in m
OKFF
Oberkante Fertigfußboden in m
Alle Maße sind am Bau zu prüfen! Maßunstimmigkeiten sind mit dem Auftragnehmer zu klären. Alle Höhenangaben sind auf das
Elephantine-Festpunktsystem bezogen!
+106.66
c
+101.82
Durch die eingeschränkte Zugänglichkeit zu den Räumen R 0.07, R 0.09, R 0.11 und R 0.13 entspricht die dortige abgebildete
Genauigkeit nicht der des übrigen Planes!
Die im Plan angegebenen Wand-, Tür- und Fensterbezeichnungen beziehen sich auf des Raumbuchsystem und erleichtern die
Zuordnung der einzelnen Bauteile in Fotodokumentation und Raumbuch.
Dipl.-Ing. Christina Straße
BAUFORSCHUNG_DENKMALPFLEGE
28.03.2010
28.01.2010
Datum
Maßstab:
1:50
Terrasse
CS
Nachbearbeitung
CS
Aufmaß vor Ort
Bearbeiter
Planungsstand
Projekt/ Darstellung:
ASWAN MUSEUM ELEPHANTINE
Grundriß Erdgeschoß Kernbau
Tel: +49 30 40504087
+49 178 3126210
Fax: +49 30 40504503
[email protected]
Greifswalder Straße 197
D-10405 Berlin
Zeichnungsdatei:
ELE_Museum_GR_100328.dwg
Blatt-Format:
594 x 841
Zeichn.-Nr:
2
59,48 m²
UKFD
LH
+105.30 /104.29
a
d
pletely destroyed at the turn of the 19th to the 20th century although the structure and
The last remaining and clearly visible building from this period is represented by an office
Vorhalle
c
a
9.76 m²
UKFD
LH
g
04.3
2.74 - 3.79
+101.59
d
+106.70
+101.79
e
b
UZ:
+1
104.33/105.38
4.91
OKFF
c
the riverfront view of the modern town received their characteristic features at that time.
OKFF
R 0.05
+101.55
Unfortunately, the buildings from the colonial period were recklessy and almost com-
f
3
BRH
: +1
02.4
4
the eastern bank of the island of Elephantine overlooking the river and the city of Aswan.
1
2
3
4
b
7
02.4
: +1
The historic museum building on Elephantine
Figurative shutter holder
View into the wooden entablature
Groundplan of the building
BRH
26
A
building of the Ministry for Water Management, built in 1906, which sits majestically on
2
b
Terrasse
R 0.14
2.74 - 3.75
OKFF
F0.13-2
59,48 m²
4.84
OKFF
k
1.88 m²
c
+102.58
j
1.77 m²
Terrasse
LH
b
BRH:
R 0.14
LH
+104.33
F0.13-2
b
Auslucht
59,54 m²
UKFD
a
+1
BRH:
c
R 0.12
R 0.10
position throughout change and continuity.
c
h
OKFF
UKFD
b
UZ:
a
F0.12-1
F0.12-2
+102
.58
i
b
a
Auslucht/ Abstellraum
BRH:
R 0.12
BRH: +102.91
Vorhalle
9.76 m²
F0.12-1
F0.12-2
+1
02
.58
F0.06-1
BRH: +102.90
c
OKFF
c
UKFD
ment area. A close series of archaeological and historical monuments bear witness to this
1.88 m²
a
a
R 0.13
d
b
c
R 0.05
Auslucht/ Abstellraum
c
l
+101.81
T0.01-2
a
R 0.13
-1
BRH: +102.91
4.85
+101.77
b
F0.13-1
d
b
F0.06-2
F0.13-1
d
+106.62
LH
+101.55
a
4.87
+101.79
T0.01-1
l
UKFD
OKFF
BR
H:
d
c
T0.06-1
b
Auslucht
2.74 - 3.75
c
a
+106.66
4.87
OKFF
4.94
+101.77
OKFF
d
+106.68
LH
c
c
1.77 m²
+105.30 /104.29
d
b
LH
+101.77
UKFD
T0.03-2
T0.03-3
.515
Abstellkammer
+106.71
a
Terrasse
OKFF
UKFD
1.66 m²
a
Entrée
20.67 m²
l
R 0.11
d
R 0.06
c
4.91
OKFF
+102
k
59,54 m²
LH
+101.77
LH
BRH:
R 0.10
UKFD
h
OKFF
b
+106.68
d
F0.08-1
a
b
i
b
LH
+102.50
d
+102.50
e
b
F0.06-2
l
Auslucht
c
F0.09-1
BRH:
4.87
c
T0.06-1
UKFD
R 0.08
T0.01-1
b
R 0.08
a
BRH:
a
b
F0.08-2
T0.01-2
c
a
k
R 0.09
j
+101.81
OKFF
Ausstellung
32.76 m²
UKFD
1.87 m²
T0.02-1
R 0.01
4.85
Abstellkammer
+101.79
T0.01-3
+106.62
R 0.07
4.88
OKFF
+101.77
1.67 m²
Auslucht/ Abstellraum
i
+106.68
LH
T0.03-2
T0.03-3
.515
The Aswan region – embedded in the spectacular rocky landscape of the First Nile Catae
UKFD
4.94
OKFF
OKFF
f
it will also be in the focus of many visitors.
d
LH
1.66 m²
+106.71
LH
UKFD
+102.52
d
+106.67
LH
Ausstellung
c
Abstellkammer
a
Entrée
20.67 m²
+101.77
UKFD
33.03 m²
BRH:
F0.09-2
in the vista of the island. As the centre of the new museum
c
+106.68
4.91
OKFF
a
Ausstellung
30.10 m²
T0.02-2
A
f
1
0
d
F0.08-2
BRH:
+1
02.5
R 0.02
c
e
b
d
T0.03-1
R 0.03
b
g
R 0.11
d
R 0.06
b
b
d
T0.15-1
g
f
T0.04-2
velopment of the region, figuring as an architectural gem
b
Abstellkammer
F0.09-2
c
02.5
2
T0.01-4
5.18
+101.81
OKFF
h
i
a
4.87
T0.04-1
h
g
+106.99
LH
a
+106.59
+101.72
Nord
OKFF
4.85
OKFF
cht
h
LH
UKFD
Ausstellung
30.09 m²
LH
d
Ausstellung
j
T0.03-4
R 0.04
UKFD
T0.02-1
R 0.15
k
b
c
c
a
+106.66
b
5.18
+101.81
OKFF
Ansi
b
UKFD
+106.99
LH
5.18
+101.81
d
Ausstellung
32.76 m²
+106.62
UKFD
+106.99
A
UKFD
Ausstellung
Ausstellung
OKFF
R 0.01
Ausstellung
33.03 m²
R 0.23
R 0.16
LH
need to be restored. After restoration, the old building will
a
R 0.03
5.18
+101.81
OKFF
+101.78
b
Riss
T0.04-2
+106.99
LH
5.14
OKFF
T0.01-3
Nord
d
+101.79
T0.02-2
and flaws as well as the original colouring of the building
T0.03-1
4.88
cht
f
T0.04-1
+106.67
LH
wooden furnishings need to be consolidated and cracks
+101.72
3
30.10 m²
c
e
Ansi
d
T0.15-1
Nord
4.87
g
cht
OKFF
h
i
a
Ansi
+106.59
LH
35
+102.4
UKFD
BRH:
Ausstellung
30.09 m²
Ausstellung
35
02.4
R 0.04
a
R 0.02
b
: +1
j
T0.03-4
BRH
c
a range of conservation measures are urgently required
27
Ansicht Ost
Ansicht Ost
Egypt
Historical Rock Inscriptions in the Region of Aswan
Financing requirement: 45,000 €
A remarkable part of the archaeological heritage in the
Aswan. The inscriptions here date from the Middle King-
area of Aswan consists of a large number of rock inscrip-
dom (approximately the 18th and 17th centuries BC) to the
tions from Pharaonic times. They were carved into boulders
Roman imperial period. They list the names of families of
and rock faces in the vicinity of the stone quarries and thor-
quarry workers and military men employed in transporta-
oughfares of Aswan, often concentrated in certain places.
tion, thus offering a vivid illustration of the long history of
The earliest inscriptions date from the 3rd millenium BC, the
quarrying in the Aswan region.
majority however dates to the 2nd millenium BC. The texts
Both inscription groups are situated in densely populated
refer to gods, kings and officials of the old Egyptian state,
areas and are exposed to severe destructions through pol-
some of them also recount historical events. They are an
lution and waste incineration. Protective measures are ur-
important source of evidence for the reconstruction of the
gently needed to preserve them. To this end, a solid fence
Egyptian state apparatus, local religious and cult practices
shall be put up around the inscriptions while information
as well as the Pharaonic foreign policy. The textual monu-
boards, together with flyers in Arabic, English and German,
ments are severely threatened through the rapid growth
will explain the significance of the site and of the inscrip-
of the city of Aswan and are currently in danger of being
tions. This will also raise the awareness of the local popula-
destroyed.
tion to the value of these monuments.
2
The Cairo department of the DAI and the Supreme Council
of Antiquities have therefore formed a long-term cooperation project which pursues the scientific documentation
and publication of the rock inscriptions. The project also
deals with issues of site management and the conservation
1
of the inscriptions.
We are currently dealing with the protection of two especially valuable inscription groups. One of them, located
in the heartland of the ancient quarry area, is arguably
the most spectacular inscription group of the region as it
alone comprises four historically important steles of kings
from the 18th and 19th dynasty (15th to 13th centuries BC).
The second group of inscriptions is located in the village
of Gebel Tagug on the southern edge of the city centre of
28
1 Rock stele of Thutmosis II with an account of the Nubian campaign
2 A group of rocks with historical inscriptions surrounded by modern
settlement
3 Documenting the inscription of a viceroy of Nubia from the time of
Ramesses II
3
29
Egypt
Saving the Fatimide Cemetery at Aswan
Financing requirement: 65,000 €
1
30
2
Medieval Aswan was surrounded by a vast Islamic necrop-
decay of the tombs, the rapid growth of the city of Aswan
solea and create clearly designated areas for the relatives
olis. The important complex has largely disappeared under
and also through its continuous use as a burial place.
of the interred and pilgrims. It is also intended to make the
the modern settlement, only to the south of the city has a
Since 2006, the Cairo department has been working to-
cemetery accessible to tourists, providing a route guidance
larger area been preserved. This is the so-called Fatimide
gether with the Egyptian Council of Antiquities on the
system and other amenities. By this means it will be pos-
cemetery, the earliest graves of which date back to the 7th
scientific documentation and research of these tombs.
sible to preserve one of the most significant medieval cem-
century and hence to the beginnings of the islamisation of
Initial restoration work has been carried out but further
eteries of Egypt.
Egypt. It is characterised by domed mausolea which com-
restoration measures, especially on the structurally badly
memorate members of the prophet’s family and still serve
damaged domed buildings, are necessary to secure the
as places of veneration today. There are also numerous
cemetery on a long-term basis. The realisation of a monu-
historic and modern single burials. The preservation of this
ment preservation project compiled by us will secure the
unique necropolis is existentially threatened through the
preservation and the conservation of the tombs and mau-
1 Islamic necropolis in Aswan, general view from the south.
The medieval domed tombs rise above the shallow single burials
2 The preservation project intends to connect the Islamic cemetery with
existing tourist attractions in Aswan such as the Nubian Museum and
the public gardens (left) and the pharaonic obelisk quarry (right)
3 Mausoleum M 31 and the destroyed dome. Further mausolea are in
danger of collapsing
4 Veneration of saints. Believers sprinkle blue indigo powder over the
grave of an imam, asking for divine intervention and justice
3
4
31
Turkey
Göbekli Tepe – A Protection Roof for a Unique Site
1
Finance requirement: 2,000,000 €
2
Excavations at the Stone Age mound of Göbekli Tepe in the
shelters were erected since the beginning of the excavation
Turkish Euphrates region have brought to light findings of
in order to protect certain excavation areas from weather-
such richness and monumentality as to change our view
ing. These need to be replaced by a permanent und extend-
of the development of sedentary and agricultural societies
able protection roof fulfilling certain museological require-
in central issues. There were groups of hunters who were
ments. Non-intrusive circulation pathways should enable
capable of hitherto unknown and also quite unexpected
visitors to experience the findings without hindering fur-
achievements, especially within the area of architecture.
ther archaeological investigations.
The preservation and touristic presentation of the mega-
In 2011, a selection committee selected from submitted
lithic monuments requires, first of all, various stone res-
tenders a design which meets the high requirements de-
toration measures. The largest stone circle excavated so
manded by this sensitive site. The design shall be realised
far has an inner diameter of 20 metres. Its basic fabric has
with sponsorship funding in the next few years, enabling us
been preserved in excellent condition due to the fact that
to preserve this unique site for posterity.
it had been completely backfilled in Neolithic times. The
central pillars, however, have been pushed into an unstable
lateral position through the lateral earth pressure exerted
over thousands of years. The tilt had to be realigned in order to completely excavate the interior of the structure. As
the protection of the surrounding archaeological finds had
priority, however, it was not possible to work with large machinery. By means of foot-operated winches and some solid
cubic metres of timber both pillars could be realigned verti4
cally and the excavations could continue. Similar work will
be necessary over the further course of the excavations, as
well as the professional repair of broken pillars that, for example, has already been carried on the monumental central
pillars in structure C.
Further to the continuation of these measures it is urgently
required to provide the stone and mud walls with a sustain3
32
able and long-term protection from weathering. Temporary
1 The western central pillar was wrenched from its bracing and broken
into pieces. The pillar has been re-erected to enable the complet
excavation of structure C
2 Re-erecting the pillar
3 Stumps of the central pillars remain in the bracing of the pedestal
4 Winches fixed to gabions help to lift the pillar into a stable vertical
position
33
Turkey
Boğazköy-Hattuša – A New Head for the Lion
Financing requirement: 40,000 €
The Lion Gate in the south-western Upper City of Hattuša,
joints, however, have lost their properties and their colour
Cracks in the stone are filled with an acrylate dispersion
the capital of the Hittite empire in the Bronze Age, is among
since then and impair the visual appearance of the monu-
bound mortar which matches the colour of the surround-
the most impressive monuments of ancient Near Eastern
ment; it became necessary therefore to renew them using
ing stone, thus achieving not only the long-term consolida-
art. The originally parabola-shaped roof of the gate and the
modern methods and materials. After a comprehensive
tion of the material state but also improving the visual ap-
mighty lions lining the gateway are an exceptional testimo-
damage assessment was carried out in 2009, the Faculty of
pearance of the monument and its impression on visitors.
ny to the Bronze Age art of stone masonry in Anatolia and
Conservation and Restoration at the University of Applied
At an unknown point of time before the discovery of
beyond. The monumental gateway figures, however, were
Sciences Erfurt developed a method on the basis of sam-
Boğazköy by Charles Texier in 1834, the head of the left lion
badly damaged in a devastating fire. Moreover, vandalism
ples for removing the old adhesives as carefully as possi-
was destroyed through vandalism. Aiming to restore the
led to the loss of the head of the left lion.
ble. In contrast to previous procedures, it enables one to
original appearance of the gate and to convey a vivid im-
In 1970, the cracks were filled with a polyester resin based
dissolve the former adhesives without leaving any residues
pression of its monumentality to visitors, the missing head
stone filler to prevent further decay of the monument. The
behind or adding further damage to the stone.
of the left gate lion was reconstructed following the better
2
preserved right lion, adjusted in size and modelled out of
mineral stone restoration mortar.
The work combines the highest standards in the restoration and conservation of cultural monuments with visualisation issues, thus contributing towards the touristic use
and development of this significant site.
1
34
1 Lion Gate
2 Filling in cracks with mortar
3 Reconstructed lion‘s head
3
35
Turkey
Pergamon – Saving an Ancient Metropolis
Financing requirement: 450,000 €
1
German archaeologists have been working in Pergamon,
2008, thus figuring as a flagship of German culture and sci-
the Hellenistic royal capital and Roman metropolis on
ences in Turkey.
the west coast of Turkey, since 1878. Next to the discov-
Over the course of the next few excavation seasons the
ery of outstanding works of art such as the Pergamon al-
particularly endangered south eastern section of the Red
tar, the extensive excavations have shown that Pergamon
Hall will be secured and presented to visitors. The southern
presented an ancient cultural metropolis of international
round tower, already completed in 2009, and the planned
standing.
complete reconstruction of the southern temenos wall, a
From the beginning, the objective of our work has been to
massive retaining wall, are a focal point here. In addition,
secure the excavated monuments in the long term and to
one of the nearly 8 metre high supporting figures in the
make them accessible to visitors. The DAI has gained inter-
south court of the Red Hall will be reconstructed using
national recognition with several successfully completed
original parts, a project of high didactical value for visitors.
projects.
Looking to the future, comprehensive restoration works
The archaeology and the building history of a structure
are planned in the Hellenistic gymnasium and in the House
are always investigated before the conservation begins
of Attalos, an especially well preserved ancient residence.
so that research, preservation and presentation may enter
Completed, ongoing and planned measures serve to pre-
into a fruitful relationship.
serve this exceptional ensemble of ancient architecture,
A further principle is the use of local materials and the em-
which is in danger of deterioration.
ployment of local craftsmen. For more than 30 years we
have been training stonemasons within the framework of
3
our conservation projects. We would like to continue this
tradition of a workshop with masons and apprentices.
We are currently working on the conservation of the Red
Hall, a sanctuary for Egyptian deities from the Roman imperial period (2nd century AD), which will be turned into a
museum. The project has been included in the Ernst Reu2
1 Red Hall, restoration work at the southern round tower
2 House of Attalos, excavation in 1907
3 Reconstructing the supporting figure
36
ter Initiative for Intercultural Dialogue and Understanding in
4 Endangered temenos wall
5 Sculpture fragments in the south court of the Red Hall
4
5
37
Turkey
The Upper Gymnasium in Priene – The Preservation of an Ancient Cultural Centre
Financing requirement: 25,000 €
tionate complete reconstructions. Secondly, to control the
increasing threats posed by weathering, visitors behaviour
and vandalism to especially endangered areas.
In recent years such measures have focused on various
sanctuaries, the theatre, the bouleuterion (assembly hall),
a Byzantine church and selected residential buildings.
The so-called Upper Gymnasium belongs to the most
impressive and highest standing municipal buildings in
the ancient city centre. It is the older one of two building
complexes of this type in Priene. Dating to the 4th or 3rd
century BC, it originally served the sporting education and
2
teaching of future citizens. In the Roman imperial period, it
was reshaped into a public bath and then used in various
ways as was usual in this period. In fact, the functions of
Roman baths are nowadays often compared with the functions of a cultural centre.
Despite its prominent position in the cultural and architec1
tural history of the city and its central location, the building
has never been thoroughly investigated before. A require-
38
The ancient Greek city of Priene, situated in western Turkey
The site, however, presents certain challenges concerning
ment for this would be the securing of the acutely endan-
about 80 kilometres south of Izmir, was excavated by Ger-
the conservation and restoration of its architectural monu-
gered structure; especially the Roman imperial walls on the
man archaeologists at the end of the 19th century. At that
ments. This is due, for example, to the stone material and
north side display cracks and blemishes which require per-
time, just under half of the area of the city that had been
somewhat unstable construction of the residential build-
manent securing. An appealing and vivid presentation of
founded in the 4th century BC was laid open. Due to its
ings.
the structure would also enable visitors to experience this
originally well preserved building remains and the appear-
The conservation and restoration measures of the last few
ancient cultural centre in its entirety.
ance of its public buildings and residential quarters, Priene
decades pursue two objectives. Firstly, to visualise the
is regarded as the prime example of a late Classical and Hel-
structure and the appearance of ancient buildings as well
lenistic city (4th – 1st centuries BC). The excavation site con-
as the urbanistic context of the city without disturbing the
tinues to be intensively researched by the DAI to this day.
park-like character of the excavation site with dispropor-
3
1 Temple of the Egyptian Gods. Erection of the eastern stair wall
2 Insula E 13 to the east of the Upper Gymnasium. Assembling architectural
fragments from the façade of a monumental house
3 Temple of the Egyptian Gods. Repair work at the podium
39
Yemen
Marib – The Cemetery at the Awam temple
Financing requirement: 350,000 €
The cemetery of the Sabaean period at the Awam tem-
consolidated with epoxyde resin for their preservation.
brick walls along the edges of the archaeological trench-
ple in the oasis of Marib has been the subject of research
It is, moreover, necessary to restore the plaster and the
es to prevent them from collapsing. Visitor pathways,
since 1997. The cemetery was used at the same time as
colouring in the interior tomb chambers. It is also intend-
stairs and ramps will provide access to the buildings.
the sanctuary and offers valuable insight into the devel-
ed to provide the cemetery with hedges as a protection
opment of Sabaean burial customs from the 8th centu-
against the sand of the nearby dunes and to build mud-
1 The cemetery at the Awam temple, used as a burial ground for the elite
during the Sabaean period
2 View over the necropolis with its narrow alleys and frequently rebuilt
tombs
3 Axiometric reconstruction of a tomb’s interior
4 Grave stele from the necropolis with an image of the deceased in the
niche
ry BC to the 4th century AD.
The tomb groups are represented by above-ground mausolea with several storeys and clearly separated burials.
They were accessed by a system of narrow alleys. Installations and alterations of younger tombs often block these
alleys and, today, convey the impression of a labyrinthlike complex. The walls of the older tombs were mostly
constructed in the double-shell-technique, using tuff
or roughly hewn limestone on the interior and meticulously worked limestone ashlars on the exterior. Some
tombs had lime mortar or mud plaster on their interior
walls which may have been painted red. Beam holes and
1
supports indicate the position of the former storeys even
today. Thus, some tombs possessed three or four storeys,
partly above-ground and partly below the exterior walking surface. All in all, the buildings reached a height up
to 10 metres.
It is urgently required to secure the wall copings in order
to stop further deterioration of the monuments. A wellsuited lime mortar called qadad, which had already been
used in Sabaean times, is available for caulking. Parts of
the lime stone walls were badly damaged in a devastating fire in antiquity. Some stones need to be replaced or
40
2
3
4
41
Jemen
The Dam of al-Mabna in Wadi Jufaina (Oasis of Marib)
Financing requirement: 250,000 €
with a length of 190 metres, a height of 8 metres and
ings, mainly out of use temples, were used for their
ed a dam called al-Mabna in the second largest wadi of
a maximum width of 3,5 metres originally blocked the
construction. The use of spolia, however, did not allow
Marib, the wadi Jufaina. The new dam relieved the fa-
wadi completely. The other two dam walls, measuring
a precise fitting so that the facades had to be plastered
mous Great Dam of Marib and opened up new agricul-
more than 200 metres in length, followed the natural
with mortar to prevent water from penetrating into the
tural grounds. The dam, impressive even today, offers
form of the terrain; they served to canalise and impound
joints.
insight into the last development stages of Sabaean irri-
the water which was conducted via the discharge build-
The dam walls on the other hand are constructed in the
gation technology and the eventual failure of an initially
ings into the main canals.
so-called habl technique; rough lava chunks form the
successful irrigation concept.
The discharge buildings are built in an especially stable
core of the wall which is covered with a several centime-
Al-Mabna constitutes a system of three dam walls and
manner as they sustained the highest water pressure.
tres thick layer of qadad, a Sabaean lime mortar in use
three – initially four – discharge buildings. The main dam
Mighty limestone ashlars originating from older build-
since the 1st century BC. For reasons of stability, the walls
n
In the 5th and 6th centuries AD, the Sabaeans construct-
consist of several such lava-qadad layers.
Next to the archaeological and architectural study of
the dam, we need to carry out comprehensive restora-
2
tion works on individual building parts. It is necessary,
for example, to consolidate some of the walls, to pile up
the interior filling again and to secure the outer façades
with qadad.
3
1
42
1 The well-preserved dam at al-Mabna was built in the late period of Saba
(5th/6th centuries AD)
2 The main dam of the complex with long walls for canalising and impounding water
3 The dam walls were built in layers of lava chunks and the Sabaean lime
mortar qadad
43
Yemen
Sirwah – The Preservation of an Exceptional Cultural Centre
Financing requirement: 25,000 €
The city of Sirwah, situated 40 kilometres west of Marib,
here since 2004. In doing so, we deliberately avoid recon-
dispersed lime hydrate and mortar. The wall copings are
represents a Sabaean centre of a special kind. Although
structions.
caulked with qadad, a traditional lime mortar in use from
rather small with an area of only 3 hectares, it was the site
The work comprises the consolidation of the limestone
Sabaean times until today, to prevent water from penetrat-
of an elaborate building programme conducted by the
flooring in the courtyards by exchanging destroyed slabs
ing into the fabric and to stop salts from spreading to the
Sabaean rulers. At the beginning of the 1st millenium BC,
with new stone materials, by rejoining cracks with lime
wall surface.
sacral buildings, dominating the townscape, were erected
mortar and by filling larger cracks and flaws with a mix-
Pillars were re-erected in the interior of the temple to pro-
throughout the city. The largest of these sanctuaries is a
ture of lime mortar and acrylate resin. The large inscription
vide a better understanding of the whole structure. This
well-preserved temple dedicated to the highest Sabaean
stones of the Sabaean rulers Karib’il Watar and Yithar’amar
took some effort as the pillars were mortice locked in the
god Almaqah. Next to the research on this sanctuary, con-
Watar bin Yakrumalik received a temporary roof for their
ground with stainless steel anchors. By means of quan-
solidation and restoration measures have been carried out
protection and the inscriptions were consolidated with
titative ultrasound measurements, the six monumental
monolithic pillars of the propylaea that weigh up to three
tonnes were checked for possible cracks and flaws. Only
afterwards were they laid out in order to dowel the cracks
with stainless steel rods.
The objective of the work is to preserve the Yemenite cultural heritage and to make the ruin accessible to tourists.
2
1
44
1 View into the interior of the temple with propylaea (8th/7th century BC)
2 Rejoining cracks in the limestone flooring in the inner courtyard of the
temple
3 Temporary roof covering the reports of the accomplishments of two
Sabaean rulers
3
45
Yemen
The Five Pillar Building in Sirwah – Securing the Oldest Stone and Timber Architecture in South Arabia
1
46
Financing requirement: 500,000 €
2
The Five Pillar building in the north of the city of Sirwah is
The architectural design of the façade is without parallel
the oldest Sabaean pillar building with a presumably sacral
as far as the monumental corner and median risalits are
function. By means of 14C samples, its construction could
concerned. Many timbers survived the destruction of the
be dated to the years around 900 BC, the early Sabaean
building through fire; elsewhere, the position of former
period. It was never built over and can thus be exposed
beams are indicated by recesses in the wall. The door
completely.
frames were made of carefully mortised wood beams that
Its state of preservation is unique for South Arabia; in some
are remarkably well preserved.
parts, the buidling reaches a height of more than 10 metres
Above all, it is necessary to restore the remaining wood
from the foundation of the podium to the original wooden
beams. Next to the excavations, the wooden artifacts will
roof beams of the ground floor. The buiding represents
be consolidated with paraloid and cellulose mortar in or-
the oldest stone and timber architecture in South Arabia,
der to enable the documentation of badly scorched areas
which, so far, has only been attested from the mid-1st mil-
as well as the block excavation of certain areas. Disinte-
lenium BC onwards.
grated beams which had a supporting function will be re-
Horizontal and vertical acacia wood beams were built at
placed with new acacia wood. The dry stone walls will then
regular intervals into the interior and exterior walls. The
be consolidated with mortar while the facing slabs of the
walls were plastered with loam, only the corridor was faced
corridor will be newly set. An overall roof will protect this
with limestone in-between the framework.
exceptional monument against the rain.
3
4
1 The originial wood and limestone facing of the corridor
2 The wooden doorframes, nearly 3000 years old, are well preserved
despite fire damage
3 View from the east on to the entrance with the monumental staircase
and stone portal (approx. 900 BC)
4 Stone and timber construction of the walls, acacia wood was used for
the timbers (approx. 900 BC)
47
Ethiopia
The “Great Temple” of Yeha – Securing a National Monument
Financing requirement: 450,000 €
The site of Yeha, situated in the western highland of Ti-
Stonemasons from Saba worked on the ashlars extremely
gray, was the political and religious centre of a kingdom
accurately and adorned the interior sides with valuable
named Di’amat which emerged in the 8th century BC. To-
alabaster plates, which were actually transported from
day, a number of monumental buildings still bear witness
the homeland to the African continent.
to the splendid layout of the city. The Sana‘a branch of the
As the temple was used as a church in later times it has
Orient department together with the Ethiopian Depart-
not fallen victim to stone robbery so far. The interior archi-
ment of Antiquities have been conducting archaeological
tecture, however, was completely removed in the course
and architectural research here since 2009.
of the 20th century so that only the exterior walls which
The “Great Temple” of Yeha, the building stock of which is
were badly damaged in a devastating fire remain today.
extremely endangered, dates to 7th century BC and was
The foremost tasks of the restoration project are to mend
dedicated to the Sabaean main deity Almaqah. With a
the destruction and to secure the stability of the walls
wall height of more than 14 metres it represents the high-
with supports.
est known Sabaean sanctuary on either side of the Red
The “Great Temple of Yeha” is regarded as the national
Sea. As in Saba, the building was constructed from lime-
monument of Ethiopia and belongs to the most impor-
stone. In Ethiopia, however, it had to be transported from
tant tourist attractions in one of the world’s poorest coun-
the quarry over a distance of more than 150 kilometres.
tries.
3
1
48
2
3
1 Front façade of the “Great Temple”
2 Dismantling endangered stone blocks
from the interior shell of the “Great
Temple”
3 Documentation and restoration work
at the “Great Temple”
49
Lebanon
Baalbek – Making the History of the City Come Alive
Financing requirement: 75,000 €
The largest remaining sanctuary of the Roman world
department of antiquities, the DAI established a museum
Roman cults were replaced by Christianity in the 5th and
is found in Lebanon in the modern town of Baalbek. A
on the site in 1998 which gained nationwide recognition.
6th centuries AD; the city was richly refurbished at that
world heritage site since 1984, it is regarded as the cultural
Since then, archaeological fieldwork has been taken up
time and oriented towards a single basilica. In the Mid-
highlight of the country and is visited by approximately
again as a joint German-Lebanese venture.
dle Ages at the time of the Crusades, the sanctuary and
500,000 tourists a year.
As recent research has impressively shown, Baalbek played
the basilica served the sultans of Damascus as a luxuri-
It was layed open from 1900 to 1904 by German archae-
an important international role long before and after the
ously furnished stronghold against the crusaders. Several
ologists who conducted the excavations on behalf of
Roman period. The Roman sanctuary was in fact built over
residential areas and municipal buildings from that time,
Emperor Wilhelm II. In co-operation with the Lebanese
a settlement which goes back to the 8th millenium BC. The
situated at the main entrance to the fortress, have been
excavated in the meantime. The aim is to compile a complete documentation of these excavations areas and to
make them accessible to further research and to tourism
by means of a round tour.
In association with a World Bank financed project of the
Lebanse department of antiquities, the DAI will take part
in the professional conservation of two medieval public
baths (hammams) and a number of houses on the tourist
tour which are worth saving as archaeological ruins. The
works will be carried out locally and comprise the consolidation of walls, plaster work and the posting of informa-
2
tion on the quarter.
1
50
1 View to the south over the hot bathing area of the medieval baths
2 View over the medieval baths, columns of the Roman baths in the background
3 The well preserved toilets of the medieval baths
3
51
Syria
Resafa – Saving an Important Pilgrimage Town at the Edge of the Desert
Financing requirement: 50,000–75,000 € annually
ure in three especially endangered areas in 2008. Permanent protective measures were developed at the same
time and will now be implemented step by step depending on available means.
Securing Basilica A is not only of great importance for the
preservation of a cultural monument of exceptional architectural value, but also presents a highly symbolic contribution to the peaceful co-existence between Christians
and Muslims that is already amply attested in the history
of Resafa.
1 Basilica A, view from northwest (2006)
2 Basilica A, temporary construction for securing the apsis in the south
aisle (2008)
3 Basilica A, consolidation measures in the reliquary chapel, view from
southeast (2010)
1
52
The late antique pilgrimage town of Resafa, situated in
was largely spared from the Mongol invasion in the mid-
the north Syrian desert steppe at a some 25 kilometres
13th century AD but was abandoned shortly afterwards
from the Euphrates, belongs to the most impressive ruin
due to the collapse of trade and left exposed to wind and
sites of the Middle East. Originating from a Roman fort on
weather.
the limes, the site of the martyrdom of Saint Sergius de-
Resafa has been the subject of systematic archaeological
veloped into an important pilgrim centre during the 5th
research since the 1950s. In the last few years, special em-
and 6th centuries AD with large churches, supply facilities
phasis was placed on the planning and execution of con-
and a city wall still standing high to this day. Saint Sergius
solidation and restoration measures for the still impres-
was venerated by Christians and Muslims alike. Byzantine
sive ruins, also in view of increasing tourist numbers and
emperors and Umayyad caliphs, Christian Arab tribes and
resurging pilgrim tours.
European crusader gave rich presents to his churches and
Preliminary studies on the existing building stock and the
provided for the upkeep of the city.
cause of damage are the indispensable foundation for all
Resafa was constructed on difficult building ground and
such measures. Conservation measures on Basilica A were
lies in an earthquake zone but the city and the complex
begun anew in 2006. A study on its stability was carried
surrounding the great pilgrim church (Basilica A), built in
out in 2007; the findings showed that the building was still
the 5th century AD, were nevertheless repaired again and
in motion and in acute danger of collapsing. Temporary
again with a great deal of effort against all odds. The town
supports were therefore erected as an emergency meas-
2
3
53
Saudi Arabia
Financing Requirement: 200,000 €
The Conservation of Buildings in Tayma
Since 2004, a joint German and Saudi project team has
been excavating public and residential buildings, dating
from the early 2nd millennium BC to the Islamic period, in
the northwest Arabian oasis of Tayma, a centre in the trade
network of the Arabian peninsula.
The local arid environmental conditions present special
challenges to the conservation and restoration of the extensive building remains in the oasis. Fluctuations of temperature and humidity as well as sunlight and wind erosion
1
put an extreme strain on the architectural remains.
The walls are made of irregular dry stone bedded in loam
mortar. The stones derive mainly from various types of
them to conduct a sustainable site management and the
sandstone showing different damage symptoms. This
touristic development of the site by their own authority.
affects the stability of the walls, sections of which are in
An important part of the excavations consists in the skilled
acute danger of collapsing. The repair of wall joints and ad-
recovery, transportation and re-setting of heavy stone ob-
ditions to missing parts in the historical building stock will
jects. As the necessary hoisting technology is lacking so
now also contribute to the long-term preservation of the
far, it is intended to employ a gantry crane which has been
ruins.
specially equipped for the conditions on the excavation
The missing parts of the joints are filled with a specially
site.
manufactured and modified loam mortar which is made
exclusively of locally available materials. Loose stone and
wall copings are secured and provided with a drainage
system to protect them from erosion and heavy rainfall.
The best results were obtained through the addition of
screened sand, lime hydrate and plant fibres as well as specialised methods of workmanship.
During the implementation of the restoration programme,
local specialists are being trained with the aim to enable
54
1 Temple with a dry stone mortar wall made of sandstone
2 Filling the joints with modified mortar
2
55
Imprint
Italy: pp. 6–7: DAI Rome in cooperation with Studio Hinz und Franz, Munich. pp. 10–11 all figs.: D. Mertens.
pp. 12–13 fig. 1: D. Mertens, fig. 2: F. Beuthan, fig. 3: S. Fleig after K. Mathieu. All other figs.: DAI.
Tunisia: pp. 14–15 all figs.: DAI.
Greece: pp. 16–23 all figs.: DAI.
Egypt: pp. 24–31 all figs.: DAI.
Turkey: pp. 32–33 figs. 1, 2: Schmidt, fig. 3: graphic G. Knoll.
Yemen: pp. 40–41 figs. 1, 4: J. Kramer, fig. 3: N. Röring. pp. 42–43 figs. 1–3: DAI Sanaa. pp. 44–45 fig. 1: J. Kramer, figs. 2, 3: I. Wagner.
pp. 46–47 figs. 1–4: I. Wagner.
Ethiopia: pp. 48–49 all figs.: DAI.
Lebanon: pp. 50–51 all figs.: I. Wagner.
Syria: pp. 52–53 all figs.: M. Gussone.
Saudi Arabia: p. 54–55 all figs.: A. Hausleiter.
Map in the book jacket: world map after R. Stöckli, E. Vermote, N. Saleous, R. Simmon and D. Herring (2005). The Blue Marble Next Generation – A true
color earth dataset including seasonal dynamics from MODIS. Published by the NASA Earth Observatory. Corresponding author: [email protected].
nasa.gov. – Rivers after Global Runoff Data Centre (2007): GIS Layers of Major River Basins of the World. 1st edition. GRDC in the Bundesanstalt für Gewässerkunde, 56068 Koblenz, Germany, http://grdc.bafg.de. – National borders after Environmental Systems Research, Inc. (ESRI), 20050811, Countries:
ESRI Data & Maps 2005, Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc. (ESRI), Redlands, California, USA
Layout, design and typesetting: Division of Building Archaeology at the Head Office
Translation: Jennifer Wilde
© DAI 2011
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