On recalling ANT
Transcription
On recalling ANT
llix Guattari (1988). I Thousqnd Plateaus'.Capiralinn and n: Athlone. ), A Cyborg Manifesto: Science,Technology and Socialist T w e n t i e t hC e n t u r y ' , p a g e s1 4 9 - l 8 t i n D o n n a H a r a w a y ( e d . ) , nd llomen: the Reinvention of Nalure, London: Free On recallingANT -he Condition of Postmodernity'. an Enquiry into the Origins of >rd: Blackwell. )97), 'Museum Topology and the Will to Connect', Journal of 99 218. 183), NelxorÈs of Power: Electriftation in Western Society, :: Johns Hopkins University Press. I\, Postmodernisnt, or, the Cultural Logit' of Late Capiralism, Science in Action'. Hott' to Follou Scler?lis/s ttnd Engrneers :on Keynes: Open University Press. 'he Pasteuri:ation of France. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard. Aramis, or the Lot'e of Technologl',Cambridge. Mass.: MIT ù: ing Jl{odernir1,,Oxford: Blackwell. Oslo: University of Oslo. luctionlTrahison: Notes on lNl I06. letherington (1998), Allegory and Interference:Economies of ociology', submitted. 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Thousand Oaks and New Delhi: e The Editorial Board ofThe Sociological Review 1999 BrunoLatour Abstract The paper exploresone after the other the four difhcultiesof actornetworktheory,that is the words'actor','network'and 'theory'-without forgettingthe hyphen.It triesto refocusthe originalityol what is morea methodto deploythe actor'sown world buildingactivitiesthan an alternativesocialtheory.Finally,it sketches someof its remainingpotential. I will start by saying that there are four things that do not work rvith actor-network theory; the word actor. the word network, the word theory and the hyphen! Four nails in the coffin. The first nail in the cofûn is I guessthe word 'network', as John Law indicates in his paper in this volume. This is the great danger of using a technical metaphor slightly ahead of everyone'scommon use. Now that the World Wide Web exists, everyone believes they understand what a network is. tffhile twenty years ago there was still some freshness in the term as a critical tool against notions as diverse as institution, society, nation-state and, more generally,any flat surface,it has lost any cutting edge and is now the pet notion of all those who want to modernizemodernization.'Down with rigid institutions,' they all say,'long live flexible networks.' What is the difference between the older and the new usage?At the time, the word network, like Deleuze'sand Guattari's term rhizome, clearly meant a seriesoî transformations-ûanslations, transductions-which could not be captured by any of the traditional terms of social theory. With the new popularization of the word netrvork, it now means transport without deformation, an instantaneous, unmediated access to every piece of information. That is exactly the opposite of what we meant. What I would like to call 'double click information' has killed the last brt of the crirical j The Editorial Board of The Sociological Review 1999. Published by Blackwell Publishers, :rl8 Cowley Road, Oxford OX4 lJF, UK and 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148. USA. Bruno Lutour it cutting edgeof the notion of network. I don't think we should use transand uny-àr. u1l.urt not to mean the type of transformations lations that we want now to explore. The secondnail that I'd like to hammer into the coffin is the word ,actol.' in its hyphenatedconnection tvith the notion of 'network'. From day one, f objected to the hyphen becauseinevitably it would in remind sociologists of the agency/structurecliche, or, as we say misunthe French, of tbe'pont aux ânes'of social theory' Most of derstandings about ANT have come from this coupling of terms' one that is much too similar to the traditional divides of social theory. The managerial, engineering,Machiavellian, demiurgic character of ANT has been criticised many times. More exactly,critiques have poles: alternated, quite predictably, between the two hyphenated turned other one type of èritiqûe has turned around the actot the the uround the network. The first line of criticism has insisted on the ANT; Schumpeterian, male-like, hairy gorilla-like character of second line of criticism has focused instead on the dissolution of humanity proposed by ANT into a field of forces where morality' humanity, psychology was absent.Thus, the actor-network was split 'death Man' on the other' of into two: demiurgy on one side; No matter how prepared I am to criticise the theory, I still think that these two symmetrical critiques are off target even though the 'actor-network' invites this reaction. The original very expressionof idea was not to occupy a position in the agency/structuredebate, not evento overcomethis contradiction.contradictions. most of the predicatime and especiallywhen they are related to the modernist ment, should not be overcome' but simply ignored or bypassed'But I agree that the hyphenated term made it impossible to see clearly the bypassoperation that had been attempted' Let me try to refocus the argument. Let us abandon the words ,actor' and .network' for a moment and pay some attention to lwo operations, one of franring (seethe chapter in this volume by Michel C a l l o n ) a n d o n e o f s u r n m i n gu P . It is not exactly true that social scienceshave always alternated between actor and system, or agency and structure' It might be more productive to say that they have alternated between two types of equally powerful dissatisfactions:when social scientistsconcentrate on what could be called the micro level. that is face to face interactions, local sites' they quickly tealize that many of elements necessaryto make senseof the situation are already in place or are coming irom far away; hence, this urge to look for something else' l6 O The Editorial Board ofThe Sociological Review 1999 some other level. and 1o concentrateon w. in the situation but has made the situation much work has been dedicatedto notions values,culture,structure,social context, all nating what gives shape to micro interact' new level has been reached,a second type Socialscientistsnow feel that somethingis r tion of terms like culture and structure.n too great, and that one needs to reconner move. back to the flesh-and-bloodlocal sitr had started.Once -backto the local sites.ht nessthat pushed them in the direction of a ture quickly sets in. Social scientistssoor situation is exactly as abstract as the so c which they came and they now want to leavr the situation together.And so on acl infnitur It seemsto me that ANT is simply a wa, these two dissatisfactions, not again to ove the problem. but to follow them elsewherea very conditions that make thesetwo opposit sible. By topicalizing the social sciences'o might have hit on one of the very phenomr may be the social possesses the bizarre prop of agency and structure at all. but rather entity. The double dissatisfactionthat has tr conceptualagitation of the social sciencesin an artefact:the result of trying to picture a I b y u s i n g o p p o s i t i o n sb e l w e e nt w o n o t i o n s . vidual and structure,which havenothing to c If this bypassingstrategy is acceptedthe a r e c l a r i f i e dA : N T c o n c e n t r a t east t e n t i o no n ment well demonstratedby the successive sh dissatisliedsocial scientist.This movement l tures. The first one is the redescription of wh; as having to do with the macro-social.As i even, I think, by the harshestcritics of AN' actor-networkdoes not aim at all at design Animal that makessenseof local interaction nate an anonymous field of forces. Instead entirely different which is the summing up c various kinds of devices,inscriptions,formr very local, very practical, very tiny locus. T The Editorial Board ofThe Sociological Review 1999 On recalling AltlT otion of network. I don't think we should use it to mean the type of transformations and transnow to explore. at I'd like to hammer into the coffin is the word 'network'. ated connection rvith the notion of :cted to the hyphen becauseinevitably it would cf the agency/structurecliché, or, as we say in aux ânes' of social theory. Most of the misunANT have come from this coupling of terms, ro similar to the traditional divides of social ngineering, Machiavellian, demiurgic character ticised many times. More exactly,critiques have edictably, between the two hyphenated poles: has turned around the actot the other turned . The first line of criticism has insisted on the e-like, hairy gorilla-like character of ANT; the rism has focused instead on the dissolution of by ANT into a field of forces where morality, ;y was absent.Thus, the actor-network was split 'death of Man' on the other. rn one sidel repared I am to criticise the theory, I still think retrical critiques are off target even though the "ctor-network' invites this reaction. The original )upy a position in the agency/structuredebate, r this contradiction.Contradictions,most of the when they are related to the modernist predicaovercome,but simply ignored or bypassed.But ,henatedterm made it impossible to see clearly r that had been attemPted. ôcus the argument. Let us abandon the words l' for a moment and pay some attention to two 'atning(seethe chapter in this volume by Michel ;wnming up. lrue that social scienceshave always alternated system, or agency and structure. It might be say that they have alternated between two types dissatisfactions:when social scientistsconcenI be called the micro level, that is face to face ites, they quickly realize that many of elements renseof the situation are already in place or are a1: hence,this urge to look for something else, C The Editorial Board of The Sociological Review I 999 some other level, and to concentrate on what is not directly visible in the situation but has made the situation what it is. This is why so much work has been dedicated to notions such as society, norms, values,culture.structure,social context, all terms that aim at designating what gives shape to micro interaction. But then, once this new level has been reached.a second type of dissatisfaction begins. Socialscientistsnow feel that somethingis missing,that the abstraction of terms like culture and structure. norms and values. seems too great, and that one needs to reconnect, through an opposite move, back to the flesh-and-blood local situations from which they had started. Once back to the local sites.however.the same uneasiness that pushed them in the direction of a search for social structure quickly sets in. Social scientists soon realize that the local 'macro' situation is exactly as abstract as the so called one from which they came and they now want to leaveit again for what holds the situation together.And so on ad infinitwn. It seemsto me that ANT is simply a way of paying attention to not again to overcomethem or to solve these two dissatisfactions. the problem, but to follow them elsewhereand to try to explore the very conditions that make thesetwo oppositedisappointmentspossible. By topicalizing the social sciences'own controversies.ANT might have hit on one of the very phenomena of the social order: may be the social possessesthe bizarre property of not being made of agency and structure at all, but rather of being a circulating entity. The double dissatisfaction that has triggered so much of the conceptual agitation of the social sciencesin the past would thus be an artefact:the result of trying to picture a trajectory,a movement. by using oppositions betweentwo notions, micro and macro, individual and structure,which havenothing to do with it. If this bypassing strategy is accepted then perhaps a few things are clarified: ANT concentratesattention on a movement-a movement well demonstrated by the successiveshifts of attention of the dissatisfiedsocial scientist. This movement has many peculiar features. The first one is the redescription of what was earlier perceived as having to do with the macro-social.As it has been understood even, I think, by the harshest critics of ANI the network pole of actor-network does not aim at all at designating a Society, the Big Animal that makessenseof local interactions.Neither does it designate an anonymous field of forces. Instead it refers to something entirely different which is the summing up of interactions through various kinds of devices.inscriptions,forms and formulae, into a very local, very practical, very tiny locus. This is now well known e The Editorial Board ofThe Sociolosical Review 1999 t7 Bruno Latour through the study of accounting, managerial practice (Power, 1995), organization studies (Czarniawska, 1997), some sociolinguistics 'oligoptica', Latour (Taylor, 1993), panoptica (or what I now call and Hermant, 1998),economics,the anthropology of markets,and 'really' big or 'overall', or 'overarching', so on. Big does not mean but connected, blind, local, mediated, related. This is already an important contribution of ANT since it means that when one explores the structures of the social, one is not led away from the local sites-as it was the case with the dissatisfiedsocial scientistbut closer to them. The secondconsequenceis lesswell developedbut equally important: actantiality is not what an actor does-with its consequence what provides actants with for the demiurgic version of ANT-but their actions, with their subjectivity,with their intentionality, with their morality. When you hook up with this circulating entity, then you are partially provided with consciousness,subjectivity, actoriality, etc. There is no reason to alternate between a conception of social order as made of a Society and another one obtained from the stochasticcomposition of individual atoms. To become an actor 'total' structure.I will is as much a local achievementas obtaining a come back to this aspect in a moment, but the consequence is already important: there is nothing especially local, and nothing especially human, in a local intersubjective encounter. I have pro'interobjectivity' posed as a way of phrasing the new position of the actor (Latour, 1996). The third and very puzzling consequenceis that, by following the movement allowed by ANT, we are never led to study social order, in a displacement that would allow an observer to zoom from the global to the local and back. In the social domain there is no change of scale.It is so to speak always flat and folded and this is especially true of the natural sciencesthat are said to provide the context, the frame, the global environment in which society is supposed to be located. Contexts too flow locally through networks, be these geography,medicine, statistics,economics, or even sociology. This is where ANT has used the insights of sociology of scienceincluding of course the sociology of the social sciences-as much as possible:economiesemergeout of economics;societiesout of sociologies; cultures out of anthropologies;etc. The topology of the social, John Law is right, is rather bizarre, but I don't think it is fractal. Each locus can be seenas framing and summing up. Actor' 'network' to play the role is not here to play the role of agency and of society.Actor and network-if we want to still use those terms- t8 O The Editorial Board ofThe Sociological Revrew I999 designatestwo faces of the same phenomeno cles,the slow realizationthat the social is a tion that can travel endlessly without ever e micro-level-there is never an interaction tha macro-level-there are only local summing u local totalities('oligoptica') or total localities To have transformed the social from what tory, a province of reality, into a circulatio been the mosti useful contribution of ANT. negativecontri,bution, becauseit has simply r a fourth consequencewhich is also the mosl zoom going from macro structure to micrr micro and macro are local effects of hooking ties. if contexts flow inside narrow conduits, plenty of 'space' in between the tiny traject< called the local productions of 'phusigen 'psychogenics'. 'Nature', 'Society', 'Subjectivity' do not de like, but what circulates locally and to which as we subscribe to cable TV and sewers-ir subscription that allows us to say 'we' and 'c 'in between' the networks, those terra incognit aspectsof ANT becausethey show the exten the immense reservethat is open for change.E be drawn from this vast empty space 'in betw ries is not clear yet becauseof a third difficu tackle. The third nail in the coffin is the word th said some time ago, ANT should really be < ontology'. But who would have cared for suc of words-not to mention the acronym AR point. If it is a theory,of what it is a theory? It was never a theory of what the social is the reading of many sociologists who belie school trying to explain the behaviour of socia uas simply another way of being faithful t< nomethodology: actors know what they do t-romthem not only what they do, but how an rrs. the social scientists,who lack knowledge not they who are missing the explanation of tingly manipulated by forces exterior to then the social scientist'spowerful gaze and meth< The Editorial Board ofThe Socioloeical Review 1999 On recalling ANT accounting, managerial practice (Power, 1995), (Czarniawska, 1997), some sociolinguistics ptica (or what I now call 'oligoptica', Latour , economics, the anthropology of markets, and 'really' 'overall', 'overarching', mean big or or [, local, mediated, related. This is already an ion of ANT since it means that when one es of the social, one is not led away from the the case with the dissatisfiedsocial scientistluenceis lesswell developedbut equally imporrot what an actor does with its consequence :sion of ANT-but whar provides actants with reir subjectivity, with their intentionality, with you hook up with this circulating entity, then rided with consciousness,subjectivity, actorialreason to alternate between a conception of r of a Society and another one obtained from sition of individual atoms. To become an actor rievementas obtaining a'total' structure.I will rspect in a moment, but the consequence is here is nothing especially local, and nothing a local intersubjective encounter. I have proy' as a way of phrasing the new position of the puzzling consequenceis that, by following the y ANT, we are never led to study social order, at would allow an observer to zoom from the and back. In the social domain there is no so to speak always flat and folded and this is : natural sciencesthat are said to provide the re global environment in which society is supSontexts too flow locally through networks, be licine, statistics,economics, or even sociology. ras used the insights of sociology of sciencere sociology of the social sciences-as much as :mergeout of economics;societiesout of sociof anthropologies; etc. The topology of the right, is rather bizarre, but I don't think it is in be seenas framing and summing up. Actor' 'network' e role of agency and to play the role network-if we want to still use those termsO The Editorial Board ofThe Sociolosical Review 1999 designatestwo faces of the same phenomenon, like wavesand particles, the slow realization that the social is a certain type of circulation that can travel endlessly without ever encountering either the micro-level-there is never an interaction that is not framed-or the macro-level-there are only local summing up which produce either local totalities('oligoptica') or total localities(agencies). To have transformed the social from what was a surface, a territory, a province of reality, into a circulation, is what I think has been the most useful contribution of ANT. It is, I agree,a largely negativecontribution, becauseit has simply rendered us sensitiveto a fourth consequencewhich is also the most bizarre: if there is no zoom going from macro structure to micro interactions.if both micro and macro are local effects of hooking up to circulating entities, if contexts flow inside narrow conduits, it means that there is plenty of 'space' in between the tiny trajectories of what could be 'phusigenics', 'sociogenics' called the local productions of and 'psychogenics'. 'Nature', 'Society', 'Subjectivity' do not define what the world is like, but what circulates locally and to which one 'subscribes'much as we subscribe to cable TV and sewers-including of course the 'we' 'one'. subscription that allows us to say This empty space and 'in between' the networks, those terra incognita are the most exciting aspectsof ANT becausethey show the extent of our ignorance and the immense reservethat is open for change.But the benefit that can 'in be drawn from this vast empty space between' network trajectories is not clear yet becauseof a third difficulty that I now have to tackle. The third nail in the coffin is the word theory. As Mike Lynch said some time ago, ANT should really be called 'actant-rhizome ontology'. But who would have cared for such a horrible mouthful of words-not to mention the acronym ARO'? Yet, Lynch has a point. If it is a theory, of what it is a theory? It was never a theory of what the social is made of, contrary to the reading of many sociologists who believed it was one more school trying to explain the behaviour of social actors. For us, ANT was simply another way of being faithful to the insights of ethnomethodology: actors know what they do and we have to learn from them not only what they do, but how and why they do it. It is ars,the social scientists,who lack knowledge of what they do, and not they who are missing the explanation of why they are unwittingly manipulated by forces exterior to themselvesand known to the social scientist'spowerful gaze and methods. ANT is a wav of O The Editorial Board of The Sociolosical Review I 999 t9 Bruno Latour delegitimatingthe incrediblepretensionsof sociologistswho, to r'rse Bauman'sforceful expression(Bauman, 1992),want to act as legislators and to open yet another spacefor interpretivesociology.Far from being a theory of the social or even worse an explanation of what makes society exert pressureon actors, it always was, and this from its very inception (Callon and Latour, 198I ), a very crude method to learn from the actors without imposing on them an n priori defrnition of their world-building capacities.The ridiculous poverty of the ANT vocabulary-association, translation. alliance. obligatory passagepoint, etc.-was a clear signal that none of these words could replace the rich vocabulary of the actor's practice, but was simply a way to systematicallyavoid replacing their sociology, their metaphysicsand their ontology with those of the social scientists who were connecting with them through some researchprotocol--I use this cumbersome circumlocution to avoid the loaded 'studying', becauseANT researchers cannot exactly be said to term 'study' the other socialactors. I agreethat we have not always been true to the original task, and that a great deal of our olvn vocabulary has contaminated our ability to let the actors build their own space,as many critiques have charitably shown (Chateauraynaud,1991; Lee and Brown, 1994). This weakness on our part does not mean, however. that our vocabularywas too poor, but that, on the contrary, it was not poor enough and that designing a space for the actors to deploy their own categoriesis a much harder task than we thought at first-and this appliesof course to this notion of deploymentitself. From the very beginning, ANT has been sliding in a sort of race to overcome its limits and to drop from the list of its methodologicalterms any which would make it impossiblefor new actors (actantsin fact) to define the world in their own terms, using their own dimensions and touchstones. John Law and Annemarie Mol have used the word fluid (Mol and Law 1994),Adrian Cussins,the word trails (Cussins, 1992),Charis Cussins,the word choreography(Cussins,1996).All of thesewords designatein my view what the theory should be and 'double-cliçk'networks has rendered diffusion of what the excessive irretrievable:it is a theory that saysthat by following circulations we can get more than by defining entities, essenceor provinces.In that sense,ANT is merely one of the many anti-essentialistmovements that seemsto characterizethe end of the century. But it is also, like ethnomethodology,simply a way for the social scientiststo access sites,a method and not a theor1,,a way to travel from one spot to the next, from one field site to the next, not an interpretation of 20 e The Editorial Board of The Socioiogical Review I 999 what actors do sirnply glossed in a differe more universalistlanguage. I have often compared it to perspectivec because of this peculiar relation between i that is nonethelessstrictly determinedbut v than disappearingonce the picture is left to am well awareof the limits of this metapho more constraining method than three dir drawing! Yet the image has its advantase:AI\ the shape that is to be drawn--circles-or cu how to go about systematicallyrecording th ties of the sitesto be documentedand resist potentialitiesof ANT are srill largelyuntalpe cal implications of a social theory that wàut the actors' behaviourand reasons.but onlv rvhich render actors able to negotiate the another'sworld-buildingactivity. The fourth and last nail in the coffin is tl and distinguishesthe two words .actor' and rndicatedabove,it is an unfortunate reminder agency and structure into which we never wa also a place holder for a much bigger probl become aware of only very slowly, and whos much felt in the future. By clealingsimuitane non-human agencies.we happened to fall iretrveenthe four major concerns of the mode \\-e were not conscious of this coherence at fi rard way when we beganto understandthat t, :rr.n most interested in our work, that is soci :hoseof SSK (the Sociologyof ScientificKnor "c its harshestcritics (Collins and yearlev. 199 ..,cial explanationdid nor seemto us to irold r ' ..n of society was part of the problem not il,,rr could that be possible.anà how could ':rrger suchentirelydifferent researchprogram \\T slowly drifted from a sociology of sci - ,rt a social theory, into another enquirv ( ^:er c-alled comparative. symmetrical, o. , -):.cola and Palsson,1996).The differencebr -' :.icS of reflection on modernity and post_,l - .ir'rnit\,.was simply that it took to task all r - - :: could be called the modernist nredica ' : .: :rrrrl Board ofThe Sociologicai Review 1999 On recalling ANT ncrediblepretensionsof sociologistswho, to use :xpression(Bauman, 1992),want to act as legisyet another spacelbr interpretive sociology. Far y of the social or even worse an explanation of exert pressureon actors, it always was. and this rtion (Callon and Latour, l98l). a very crude om the actors without imposing on them an a their world-building capacities.The ridiculous I vocabulary association,translation,alliance, point, etc.-was a clear signalthat none of these : the rich vocabulary of the actor's practice, but o systematicallyavoid replacingtheir sociology, nd their ontology with those of the social scienIecting with them through some researchprotonbersome circumlocution to avoid the loaded :auseANT researchers cannot exactlybe said to :ial actors. Ive not alwaysbeentrue to the original task, and our own vocabularyhas contaminatedour abill build their own space.as many critiques have Chateauraynaud,l99l; Lee and Brown, 1994). our part does not mean, however. that our poor. but that, on the contrary. it was not poor esigning a space for the actors to deploy their much harder task than we thought at first-and se to this notion of deploymentitself. From the T has been sliding in a sort of race to overcome rp from the list of its methodologicalterms any it impossiblefor new actors (actantsin fact) to iheir own terms,using their own dimensionsand Law and Annemarie Mol have used the word ,1994\, Adrian Cussins,the word trails (Cussins, ns. the word choreography(Cussins,1996).All ;nate in my view what the theory should be and Iiffusionof 'double-click'networks has rendered heory that saysthat by following circulationswe ry defining entities. essenceor provinces.In that rly one of the many anti-essentialistmovements cterize the end of the century. But it is also, like simply a way for the social scientiststo access not a theory, a way to travel from one spot to field site to the next, not an interpretation of O The Editorial Board ofThe Sociolosical Review 1999 .ihat actors do simply glossedin a difl'erent more palatable and :'.!)reuniversalistlanguage. I have often compared it to perspectivedrawing (Latour, 1997), \'.uuse of this peculiar relation between an empty construction :h.it is nonethelessstrictly determinedbut which has no other aim :r.rn disappearingonce the picture is left to deploy its own space.I -rm rr!ll awareof the limits of this metaphor sincethere is hardly a lrr)re constraining method than three dimensional perspectival jra*'ing! Yet the image has its advantage:ANT does not tell anyone :he shape that is to be drawn----circlesor cubes or lines-but only rtr\\' to go about systematicallyrecording the world-building abili:resof the sitesto be documentedand registered.In that sense,the :r)tÈntialitiesof ANT are still largelyuntapped.especiallythe politi;al implicationsof a social theory that would not claim to explain :he actors' behaviour and reasons,but only to find the procedures lhich render actors able to negotiate their ways through one r n o t h e r ' sw o r l d - b u i l d i n ga c t i v i t v . The fourth and last nail in the coffin is the hyphen that relates .rnd distinguishesthe two words 'actor' and 'network'. As I have rndicatedabove,it is an unfortunate reminder of the debate between rgency and structure into which we never wanted to enter. But it is .rlso a place holder for a much bigger problem, cne that we have become aware of only very slowly, and whose impact will be very much felt in the future. By ciealingsimultaneouslywith human and non-human agencies.we happened to fall into an entpty space betweenthe four major concernsof the modernistway of thinking. We were not conscious of this coherenceat first. but learned it the hard way when we began to understand that those who should have been most interestedin our work, that is social scientists,including thoseof SSK (the Sociologyof ScientificKnowledge).turned out to be its harshestcritics (Collins and Yearley,1992;Bloor. 1998).Their social explanation did not seemto us to hold water: the very definition of society was part of the problem not part of the solution. How could that be possible,and how could sociology of science trigger such entirely different researchprograms? ANT slowly drifted from a sociology o[ scienceand technology, from a social theory, into another enquiry of modernity-sometimes called comparative, symmetrical, or monist anthropology (Descolaand Palsson,1996).The differencebetweenANT and the massesof reflection on modernity and post-, hyper-, pre- and antimodernity,was simply that it took to task all of the componentsof what could be called the modernisi predicament simultaneousl),. O The Editorial Board ofThe Socioloeical Review 1999 2l Bruno Latour The reason why it could not stick to a theory of social order is that the whole theory of society soon appeared to be enmeshed in a much more complex struggle to define an epistemological settlement about: (a) what the world is llke outsidewithout human intervention; (b) a psychology inside-an isolated subjectivity still able to also comprehend the word out there; (c) a political theory of how to keep the crowds at bay without them intervening with their unruly passionsand ruining the social order; and finally (d) a rather repressedbut very present theology that is the only way to guarantee the differences and the connections between those three other domains of reality. There is not one problem of deciding what society is, a second of explaining why there is a psychology, a third of defining politics, and a fourth of accounting for the deletion of theological interests. Instead there is only one single predicament which, no matter how entangled, has to be tackled at once. To sum 'in 'out there' psychology, there' nature, it up in one simple formula: 'up there' theology. It is this whole package 'down politics, there' that by happenstanceANT called into question at once. There is no room here to review the whole question-I have done so elsewhere(Latout 1999)-but only to indicate the consequences for one possible future of ANT. ANT is not a theory of the social, any more than it is a theory of the subject, or a theory of God, or a theory of nature. It is a theory of the spaceor fluids circulating in a non-modern situation. What type of connection can be established between those terms, other than the systematicmodernist solution? 'after' ANT and This is, I think, clearly the direction of what is in the expressed worries number of the a to solve what would begin book. contributionsto this Let us not forget that the first thing we made circulate is nature 'out there' box. I was struck to see that and reference,that is the none of the writers. in this book or at the conferencefrom which it derived, mentioned social constructivism and the recent Science Wars. Clearly the treatment of the collective of scientific reality as a circulation of transformations-is it even necessaryto say again that referenceis real, social and narrative at once?-is now, if not taken for granted, at least clearly articulated. If ANT can be credited with something, it is to have developeda sciencestudiesthat entirely 'social construction' and the 'realist/ bypasses the question of relativistdebate'.lt is not, it never was. a pertinent question.even though it still amusesmany people who are not familiar with either science studies or ANT. Social theory is now allowed to have as with a bountiful many points of contact. as many correspondences. 22 O The Editorial Board of The Sociological Review I 999 reality as there are circulating references.Al realities without having to spend a single mo not believing in an 'outside' reality. On the r to explain why on earth the modernist had tl ing reality 'outside'. What I call the 'second wave' of science .offering) the same sort of treatment to the ot Subjectivity, corporeality, is no more a prope viduals, of intentional subjects, than being i property of nature. This new tack is so w papers in this book that there is no need to r (seethe chapter by Annemarie Mol). Subiect circulating capacity.something that is partii hooking up to certain bodies of practice. Mar the chapter by Emilie Gomart and Antoine F the work I am doing on ethnopsychiatry (Latc Charis Cussins, the new book by Marc Berg (Berg and Mol, 1998), all have the character tributing subjectivequality outside-but of co ferent 'outside' now that epistemology has circulating reference.The two movements-th wave, one on objectivity, the other on sub related: the more we have ,socialized' so to s the more 'outside' objectivity the content oi gain. There is plenty of room now for both. What is next? Clearly the .down there' asp predicament, namely political theory as indir growing body of work (seework by Dick pels) ..f our definition of political practice escapest ncrlogy ('out there') and psychology (,in ther :he specificity of a certain type of circulatior Body Politic into one, that is, some type of circ ::ie collective, we would have made an immer .\(ruld have at last freed politics from science_ rristemology (Latour, 1997)-a result that wou tr)ple who are still often accusedto have politi -:pairl From the recent work in political ecolog \:.ngers call 'cosmopolitics'(Stengers, 1996;S -,:her confident that this will soon come to fi --'.:r3nçs that academicsalways searchfor, so -:r.rot be obtained without a relocationof the - ., ::r of political circulation. ': !.:rrtrrial Board ofThe Sociological Review 1999 On recalling ANT )uld not stick to a theory of social order is that f society soon appeared to be enmeshed in a x struggle to define an epistemological settlet the world is llke outsidewithout human interology inside-an isolated subjectivity still able the word out there; (c) a political theory of how r at bay without them intervening with their ruining the social order; and finally (d) a rather resent theology that is the only way to guaranLnd the connections between those three other fhere is not one problem of deciding what socixplaining why there is a psychology, a third of I a fourth of accounting for the deletion of thenstead there is only one single predicament w entangled, has to be tackled at once. To sum 'out 'in rrmula: there' nature, there' psychology, 'up ;, there' theology. It is this whole package : ANT called into questionat once. here to review the whole question-I have done :, 1999)-but only to indicate the consequences rre of ANT. ANT is not a theory of the social, . theory of the subject, or a theory of God, or a s a theory of the spaceor fluids circulating in a ,n. What type of connection can be established , other than the systematicmodernist solution? 'after' rrly the direction of what is ANT and solve a number of the worries expressedin the book. that the first thing we made circulate is nature 'out s the there' box. I was struck to see that in this book or at the conferencefrom which it social constructivism and the recent Science atment of the collective of scientific reality as a brmations-is it even necessaryto say again , social and narrative at once?-is noq if not least clearly articulated. If ANT can be credited to have developeda sciencestudiesthat entirely 'social 'realist/ on of construction' and the is not, it never was, a pertinent question,even s many people who are not familiar with either NT. Social theory is now allowed to have as rct, as many correspondences,with a bountiful O The Editorial Board of The Sociolosical Review I 999 reality as there are circulating references.ANT can gorge itself on realitieswithout having to spend a single moment excusingitself for not believing in an 'outside' reality. On the contrary, it is now able to explain why on earth the modernist had the bizarre idea of makrng reality'outside'. What I call the 'second wave' of sciencestudies has offered (is offering) the same sort of treatment to the other sphere-'in there'. Subjectivity,corporeality, is no more a property of humans, of indir iduals, of intentional subjects, than being an outside reality is a property of nature. This new tack is so well represented in the papers in this book that there is no need to develop the point here tseethe chapter by Annemarie Mol). Subjectivity seemsalso to be a circulating capacity, something that is partially gained or lost by hooking up to certain bodies of practice. Madeleine Akrich's work, the chapter by Emilie Gomart and Antoine Hennion for this book, the work I am doing on ethnopsychiatry (Latour, 1996),the work of Charis Cussins, the new book by Marc Berg and Annemarie Mol lBerg and Mol, 1998),all have the character of, so to speak, redistributing subjectivequality outside-buT of course,it is a totally dif'outside' Èrent now that epistemology has been turned into a circulating reference.The two movements-the first and the second \\'ave, one on objectivity, the other on subjectivity-are closely related: the more we have 'socialized' so to speak 'outside' nature, the more 'outside' objectivity the content of our subjectivity can gain. There is plenty of room now for both. What is next? Clearly the 'down there' aspect of the modernist predicament, namely political theory as indicated by a small but growing body of work (seework by Dick Pels).Not a single feature of our definition of political practice escapesthe pressureof epistemology ('out there') and psychology ('in there'). If we could elicit the specificity of a certain type of circulation that is turning the Body Politic into one, that is, some type of circulation that 'collects' the collective, we would have made an immense step forward. We would have at last freed politics from science-or more exactly from epistemology(Latour, 1997)-a result that would be quite a feat for people who are still often accusedto have politicized sciencebeyond repair! From the recent work in political ecology,or in what Isabelle Stengerscall'cosmopolitics' (Stengers,1996;Stengers,1997),I am rather confident that this will soon come to fruition. The political relevancethat academics always search for, somewhat desperately, cannot be obtained without a relocation of the extraordinary originality of political circulation. O The Editorial Board ofThe Socioloeical Review 1999 ZJ Bruno Latour What about the half hidden sphereabove,that has been used as a guarantee for the rest of the modernist systems?I know this is a very risky territory since if there is anything worse than dabbling with non-humans, it is to take theology seriously.This line of work is not representedat all, I agree,in this book. Yet, I think that it is in theology that the notion of circulation is the most rewarding. preciselybecauseit quickly rejuvenatesa tissueof absurdities(what has become a tissue of absurdities) becauseof the shadow cast by the notion of a Science and by the notion of Society. Morality that seemstotally absent from the engineering dreams of ANI may be very abundant if we care to take it also for a certain type of circulation. The point on which I want to conclude is somewhat different from that of John Law. In his chapter, he asks us to limit ANT and to tackle complexity and locality seriously and modestly. As with severalof us, he is somewhat terrified by the monster that we have begot. But you cannot do to ideas what auto manufacturers do with badly conceived cars: you cannot recall them all by sending advertisements to the owners, retrofitting them with improved enginesor parts. and sending them back again, all for free. Once launched in this unplanned and uncharted experimentin collectivephilosophy there is no way to retract and once again be modest. The only solution is to do what Victor Frankenstein did not do. that is, not to abandonthe creatureto its fate but continue all the way in developi n g i t s s t r a n g ep o t e n t i a l . Yes,I think there is life after ANT. Once we have strongly pushed a stake into the heart of the creature safely buried in its coffin-thus 'actor', 'network', abandoningwhat is so wrong with ANT, that is 'theory' without forgettingthe hyphenl-some other creaturemight emerse,light and beautiful:our future collectiveachievement. Collins. H. and S. \'êarley (1992). 'Epistemological Ch A . p i c k e r i n g .C h i c a _ e oC: h i c a g o U n i v e r s i t y I ,Culture. ' C o n t e n t , C u s s i n s ,A . ( 1 9 9 2 ) , E m b o c l i m e n ta n < lO b i e c t Trails."tl inJ l 0 l t+04): 65 1_6g8. 'Onrological Cussins, C. (1996). Choreography: Agen I n f e r t i l i t y C I i n i c . ' p a g e s 1 6 6 2 0 1 i n M . B e r . ea n d A. Durham. N. Carolina:Duke Universirr pres-s. Czarniarwska. B. { lq97). .\urrtttittg rlte Orgtni:ation. Chicago Press. Descola. P and G. palsson (eds) (1996\, Nature r Perspet I i ves. London: Routledse. L a r o u r . B . ( l 9 q 6 ) . ' O n I n t e r o b j i e c t i rt y w i r h d i s c u s Lvnch and Yrjo Engelstrôm.' LIind. Culturt,und ,4t.ri Latour B. (19961,petite réflerion sur le tulte noderne t Empécheursde penseren rond. Latour. B. (1997), 'socrates' and Callicles.Settlem Impossible Body Politic.' Confgurutions.Spring(2): lg Latour. B. (1997). 'The Trouble with Actor Net,"or -169381 Lrttour. B. (1999), Pondora's Hope. E.ysays <tn the C a m b r i t l g e .M a s s . :H a r v a r d U n i v e r s i t v p r e s s . Liitour. B. and E. Hermant (199g). pari:; r,ille invisib! Empêcheursde penseren rond. L e e . N . a n d S . B r o w n ( 1 9 9 4 ) .. O t h e r n e s sa n d t h e A c t o r Continent.' Anterit un Behat,ioral Scientist3i'(6J:772-. \ 1 o 1 . A . a n d J . L a w ( 1 9 9 4 ) , . R e g i o n s ,N e t w o r k s . and l Topologlr' SociulSrudie.yoJ'Scientt,24(4): 641 672. : ) , , r r e r .M . ( e d . ) ( 1 9 9 5 ) . A c t o u n t i n g a n d S c i e n < . e : Natio .R.,rf-r{//r. 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(19931.Rethinking tht, Theor.+' o.f'Organi:ational Cctnmtunication:Hort to Read un Organi:ution. Norwood, New Jersey:Ablex Publishing. utions of Po.stnndernitl'.London: Routledge. 1998) (eds). Differentes in Medicine: Unruvelling Prat'tices. , Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. atour.' .S/rrlre.rin History and Phibsopht'oJ St'ience. ' U n s c r e w i n gt h e B i g L e v i a t h a n :H o w D o A c t o r s ur (1981). y'. Advantts irt Social Theor"vund Methodology-. Tot'ard an ,nd Mucro Socioloeies.K. Knorr and A. Cicourel. London: rl). 'Forces et faiblessesde la nouvelle anthropologie des scii30):458478. O The Editorial Board of The Sociolosical Review I 999 O The Editorial Board of The Sociolosical Review 1999 25