Natural and social conditions of Princesa, a macrotidal sandy beach

Journal
Journalof
ofCoastal
CoastalResearch
Research
SI 64
pg -- pg
1979
1983
ICS2011
ICS2011 (Proceedings)
(Proceedings)
Poland
ISSN 0749-0208
0749-0208
ISSN
Natural and social conditions of Princesa, a macrotidal sandy beach on
the Amazon Coast of Brazil
N. I. S. Silva†, L. C. C. Pereira†*, A. Gorayeb‡, A. Vila-Concejo∞, R. C. Sousa†, N. E. Asp† and R. M. Costa†
†Instituto de Estudos Costeiros,
‡Departamento de Geografia,
∞School of Geosciences,
Universidade Federal do Pará,
Universidade Federal do Ceará,
The University of Sydney,
Bragança, 6600-000, Brazil.
Fortaleza 60833-500, Brazil.
Sydney, 2006, Australia.
*Email: [email protected]
Email: [email protected]
E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Silva, N.I.S., Pereira, L.C.C., Gorayeb, A., Vila-Concejo, A., R.C. Sousa, N.E. Asp and R.M. Costa. Natural and
social conditions of Princesa, a macrotidal sandy beach on the Amazon Coast of Brazil. Journal of Coastal
Research, SI 64 (Proceedings of the 11th International Coastal Symposium), – . Szczecin, Poland,
,6610749-0208
This study took place at Princesa Beach, located in an area of environmental protection on the Amazon coast of
Brazil. The aim was to evaluate the impact of natural processes and human activities on this macrotidal beach,
and provide local authorities with guidelines for the implementation of a coastal management program. Data on
social and natural variables were collected between November, 2008, and August, 2010. All amenities on the
beach were identified and georeferenced using a GPS in August, 2010. Four campaigns of over 25 hours duration
were conducted during spring tide periods November, 2008, and March, June, and September, 2009 for the
collection of hydrodynamic and hydrologic data. Motorized vehicles are prohibited on the island. The waterfront
of Princesa beach is characterized by the presence of a small number of buildings. The beach receives large
numbers of visitors only during July and certain bank holidays. The recreational consumption of drugs
constitutes the island’s main social problem. Climatic and hydrological conditions were the main factors
responsible for the high water turbidity and dissolved oxygen levels, and elevated concentrations of chlorophyll
a and dissolved nutrients. The study area was not adversely affected by thermotolerant coliform levels. In order
to guarantee the environmental integrity of the beach over a long term, the authors suggest: (i) the
construction of an adequate public sanitation system, (ii) creation of garbage recycling programs (to
reduce refuse in the dunes), (iii) incentives for the development of ecotourism programs, (iv)
regulation of land use, and (v) intervention for the control of recreational drug use.
ADITIONAL INDEX WORDS: Natural and anthropogenic conditions, management, Amazon beach.
INTRODUCTION
The 8,500 km of the Brazilian coastline is characterized by an
ample variety of landscapes and natural ecosystems. Seventeen of
the 27 Brazilian states are located along its Atlantic seaboard, and
account for almost 70% of the country’s population (190 million
inhabitants, IBGE, 2010). While this coastal zone includes heavily
urbanized regions, where economic activities such as ports,
industries, and tourism have intensified over the past few decades
(Pereira et al., 2007a; Andrade et al., 2010), it also encompasses
vast, sparsely-populated areas with well-preserved ecosystem,
such as mangroves and dune fields (Lara, 2003; Szlafsztein and
Sterr, 2007).
The Amazon coast includes only three states – Amapá, Pará,
and Maranhão – but makes up approximately 35% of the coastline
of Brazil. This area includes one of the largest continuous tracts of
mangrove forest in the world (Kjerfve and Lacerda, 1993), the
discharge of dozens of rivers (including the Amazon), and a
variety of environments, such as muddy and sandy beaches,
coastal plains, salt and freshwater marshes, lagoons, islands, deltas
and dune fields (Souza Filho et al., 2005). Within this coastal
zone, socio-economic and environmental conflicts are caused
primarily by exploitation of natural resources, population growth,
urbanization processes, unplanned land occupation and natural
disasters (Szlafsztein, 2003, 2009; Pereira et al., 2007b, 2009a;
Silva et al., 2009; Menezes et al., 2009; Andrade et al., 2010).
Local and regional governments have created a number of
marine extractive reserves and environmental protection areas
(EPAs) within the Amazon coastal zone, with the primary aim of
reducing or eliminating anthropogenic impacts on these wellpreserved ecosystems (Szlafsztein, 2009). Unfortunately, the Pará
state coastal management program (GERCO-PA) has been
relatively unsuccessful in comparison with the programs of other
Brazilian states. Despite this, the development of effective public
policies remains an essential priority for the region.
The present study focused on Princesa Beach on Maiandeua
Island in the northeastern corner of the Brazilian state of Pará
(Figure 1). This popular tourist beach is located within an EPA
which presents a number of social and environmental problems.
The aim of the present study was to analyze the impacts of natural
events and human activities on the characteristics of the beach and
provide local authorities with guidelines for the implementation of
coastal management programs.
Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue 64, 2011
1979
Natural and social conditions in a macrotidal sandy beach
Natural and social conditions in a macrotidal sandy beach
STUDY AREA
The study site (Figure
1) is located
within an EPA of 2,378 ha
STUDY
AREA
and The
it is
onesiteof(Figure
the Amazon
coast’s
most
popular
tourist
study
1) is located
within
an EPA
of 2,378
ha
destinations,
especially
the coast’s
month of
July.popular
Princesa
is a
and
it is one
of the during
Amazon
most
tourist
scenic
beach especially
approximately
14 the
km month
long, located
Maiandeua
destinations,
during
of July.on
Princesa
is a
Marapanim
Maracanã
Island,
which approximately
is bordered by
scenic beach
14 the
km long,
located and
on Maiandeua
estuaries.
Local
environments
include
dunes, and
lagoons,
and
by the
Marapanim
Maracanã
Island, which
is bordered
mangroves.
The local
inhabitantsinclude
depend on
subsistence
fishing
estuaries. Local
environments
dunes,
lagoons,
and
and
agriculture,
well as
handicrafts
and tourism.
mangroves.
Theaslocal
inhabitants
depend
on subsistence fishing
local climate
equatorial humid
with a mean annual
and The
agriculture,
as well is
as handicrafts
and tourism.
The localofclimate
is and
equatorial
with a ofmean
temperature
26-27°C
annual humid
precipitation
over annual
2,000
mm. Some of
75-85%
precipitation
falls during
the2,000
wet
temperature
26-27°ofC this
and annual
precipitation
of over
season,
which75-85%
is normally
between
January falls
and June
(Martorano
mm. Some
of this
precipitation
during
the wet
et
al., 1993
andisINMET,
TheJanuary
tides areand
semi-diurnal
with a
season,
which
normally2010).
between
June (Martorano
maximum
of 5.5 m (DHN,
2010).
et al., 1993range
and INMET,
2010). The
tides are semi-diurnal with a
This dissipative
macrotidal
maximum
range of 5.5
m (DHN, sandy
2010).beach forms an elongated
sandy
ridge
about 300-400
m wide,
parallel
the shoreline
in an
This
dissipative
macrotidal
sandy
beachtoforms
an elongated
east-west
withm awide,
curved
spit torunning
northwestsandy ridgeorientation,
about 300-400
parallel
the shoreline
in an
southeast.
Both erosivewith
and accretive
werenorthwestobserved
east-west orientation,
a curved conditions
spit running
along the beach.
southeast.
Both erosive and accretive conditions were observed
along the beach.
METHODS
Natural variables (meteorology,
hydrodynamics, hydrology,
METHODS
and Natural
microbiology)
were
assessed between
November, hydrology,
2008, and
variables
(meteorology,
hydrodynamics,
and microbiology) were assessed between November, 2008, and
September, 2009. All public amenities (between P1 and P2, Figure
1)
on the beach
also identified
and georeferenced
September,
2009. were
All public
amenities (between
P1 and P2,using
Figurea
Garmin
GPS.
photographic
the study area
wasa
1) on theEtrex
beach
wereA also
identified map
and of
georeferenced
using
elaborated
based
on the
coordinates recorded
field area
by GPS,
Garmin Etrex
GPS.
A photographic
map of in
thethestudy
was
and
photographic
records
of specific recorded
features. in
Georeferencing
was
elaborated
based on
the coordinates
the field by GPS,
conducted
using the
digital
database
created in 2007
and photographic
records
ofcartographic
specific features.
Georeferencing
was
by
the Geomatics
Department
of the Pará
Federalcreated
Technological
conducted
using the
digital cartographic
database
in 2007
Education
Center (CEFET-PA)
municipal
by the Geomatics
Department offor
thethe
Pará
Federal planialtimetric
Technological
survey
andCenter
registration
of urban
areasmunicipal
of Maiandeua
Island.
Education
(CEFET-PA)
for the
planialtimetric
Analytical
of the Autocad
were used
for
survey andtools
registration
of urban2006©
areas package
of Maiandeua
Island.
georeferencing,
of features
the final
Analytical tools vectorization
of the Autocad
2006© and
package
wereformatting
used for
of
the figure. vectorization of features and the final formatting
georeferencing,
Metereological
data (wind and rainfall) were obtained from
of the
figure.
the Metereological
National Meteorological
for the
between
data (wind Institute
and rainfall)
wereperiod
obtained
from
November,
and September,
2009. for
Fourthecampaigns
of over
the National2008,
Meteorological
Institute
period between
25
hours duration
wereSeptember,
conducted2009.
duringFour
spring
tide periods
in
November,
2008, and
campaigns
of over
November,
2008, and
March,
June, and
September,
2009.
A mini25 hours duration
were
conducted
during
spring tide
periods
in
current
meter,
CTD,
waveJune,
and tide
loggers2009.
were A
fixed
to
November,
2008,
andand
March,
and data
September,
minithe
sea meter,
floor CTD,
at a depth
of and
2.0 tide
m indata
theloggers
subtidal
zone
current
and wave
were
fixedand
to
programmed
average
data m
every
of
the sea floortoatcollect
a depth
of 2.0
in 10
the minutes.
subtidalSamples
zone and
sub-surface
wereaverage
collected
by every
Niskin10oceanographic
bottles
programmedwater
to collect
data
minutes. Samples
of
every
3 hours
forwere
the collected
measurement
of hydrological
databottles
(pH,
sub-surface
water
by Niskin
oceanographic
turbidity
dissolved
chlorophyll
a and thermotolerant
every 3 and
hours
for the nutrients,
measurement
of hydrological
data (pH,
coliforms).
and pH chlorophyll
were then adetermined
in the
turbidity andTurbidity
dissolved nutrients,
and thermotolerant
laboratory.
oxygen
were measured
coliforms). Dissolved
Turbidity and
pH concentrations
were then determined
in the
laboratory. Dissolved oxygen concentrations were measured
Figure 1. Study area, showing Brazil (A), Amazon littoral (B), Northern Pará coast (C), Maiandeua island (D) and Princesa
beach
Figure(E).
1. Study area, showing Brazil (A), Amazon littoral (B), Northern Pará coast (C), Maiandeua island (D) and Princesa
beach (E).
Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue 64, 2011
Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue 64, 2011
1980
Silva et al.
according to the Winkler method (Strickland and Parsons, 1968),
and nutrients according to Strickland and Parsons (1972) and
Grasshoff et al. (1983). Chlorophyll a content and thermotolerant
coliform concentrations were determined by the methods of
Strickland and Parsons (1972) and APHA (2004), respectively.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Social Aspects
Motorized vehicles are prohibited on the island, and the only
wheeled transport is provided by donkey carts (Figure 2A). The
waterfront of Princesa beach is characterized by its sparse
infrastructure (Table 1), with only 22 bars built on the dunes and
intertidal zone (Figure 2B). Under the EPA management, the
construction of hotels or other buildings, except fishermen’s huts,
is strictly prohibited.
Environmental Features
The Amazon coast is characterized by high solar radiation,
high and stable temperatures, strong winds dominated by the
easterly trades, and some of the highest rainfall rates in the world
(Marengo, 1995; Geyer et al., 1996; Nittrouer and DeMaster,
1996). During the study period, annual precipitation was over
2,000 mm. The strongest winds, mainly from the northeast, were
recorded during the dry season (monthly average up to 9.3 m/s),
while moderate winds (less than 6 m/s) from the northeast and
southeast were recorded during the wet season.
Four distinct natural scenarios were recorded in terms of
hydrodynamic and hydrological conditions:
(i) November, 2008 (late dry season: lowest fluvial discharge) was
characterized by high hydrodynamic energy, with strong tidal
currents (up to 0.8 m/s) and high waves (up to 1.2 m), the highest
salinity (up to 35 psu) and pH (up to 8.5), and the lowest dissolved
nutrient concentrations and turbidity (15.81 UT);
(ii) March, 2009 (wet season: equinoctial spring tide) was also
characterized by high hydrodynamic energy, including waves of
up to 1.3 m in height and strong tidal currents (up to 0.8 m/s), as
well as a tide height of 5.8 m, in addition to the highest
concentrations of chlorophyll a (up to 67.6 mg/m³) and nitrates
(up to 28.87 µmol/l);
(iii) June, 2009 (late wet season: highest fluvial discharge) was
characterized by relatively low hydrodynamic energy, with tides
of 4.3 m and tidal currents up to 0.64 m/s, the lowest salinity (4.0
psu) and pH (6.9), and the highest silicate concentrations (up to
348.9 µmol/l);
(iv) September, 2009 (dry season: equinoctial spring tide),
hydrodynamic energy was also high (tide height of 5.8 m and tidal
currents of 0.8 m/s), and the highest phosphate (up to 0.92 µmol/l)
and nitrite (up to 0.49 µmol/l) concentrations were also recorded.
The local high hydrodynamic energy is a consequence of the
macrotidal conditions that in general result in strong tidal currents
(Beardsley et al., 1995), mainly during the equinoctial periods. In
addition, the discharge of the Amazon River and dozens of other
estuaries onto the coastal shelf form a vast and complex marineestuarine system characterized by unique levels of sediment runoff, dissolved nutrients and organic material unlike those found
anywhere else on the planet (Meade et al., 1985; Geyer et al.,
1996). These natural processes are among the principal factors
responsible for variations in nutrient concentrations, turbidity and
salinity, and the formation of phytoplankton blooms on the
Amazon coast and continental platform (DeMaster et al., 1996;
Santos et al., 2008).
The maximum thermotolerant coliform concentration recorded
during the present study was 450 MNP/100ml, which does not
represent a significant threat to the quality of the water, according
to the criteria of the Brazilian Environment Council, CONAMA
(2005), indicating that the beach is more than adequate for
bathing. This appears to indicate the absence of significant
anthropogenic impacts, although natural conditions, such as the
high levels of fluvial discharge, are responsible for the inadequate
turbidity values, according to CONAMA (2005) criteria.
Table 1. Public amenities and other infrastructure identified on
Princesa beach, Maiandeua Island, Pará.
Item
Refuse bin
Number
20
Lamp post
49
Bar
22
Well
6
Cesspit
2
Fishermen’s hut
2
The relative inaccessibility of the beach tends to restrict
visitation except during the peak vacation season (July) and some
bank holidays (Figure 2C). The island can only be reached by
boat. There are no campgrounds on the island, although Algodoal
village offers a selection of lodgings. The beach is patrolled by
lifeguards only in July (Figure 2D). Sewage disposal is based on
the few precarious cesspits built in the dunes or intertidal zone
(Figure 2E), while refuse is dumped in the dunes (Figure 2F).
Toilets and showers are only available in the bars, and their use is
restricted to customers. The recreational consumption of drugs
such as marijuana and cocaine constitutes the island’s main social
problem.
Fishing and tourism are the principal economic activities
within the Amazon coastal zone. Pará has good potential for
tourism, but the development of this industry is limited primarily
by the lack of adequate infrastructure. Initiatives have been
implemented at municipal, state, and federal government levels,
providing economic incentives for the improvement of services
and infrastructure while maintaining the natural beauty of the
region’s beaches (Szlafsztein and Sterr, 2007), but the results have
been slow in coming.
The unregulated occupation of land, and the lack of services
and infrastructure are the principal factors underpinning the social
and environmental problems that characterize this sector of the
Amazon region (Krause and Glaser, 2003; Pereira et al., 2007b,
2009b; Souza Filho et al., 2006; Menezes et al., 2009). The main
problems observed in the study area – i.e., the lack of an adequate
public water supply, sanitation system, and refuse collection – are
typical of the region as a whole.
These problems are intensified during the July vacation
period, when the beach is visited by large numbers of tourists,
with a concomitant increase in the production of sewage and
refuse. A number of environmental education programs have been
implemented on Maiandeua Island, although there is an urgent
need for the active involvement of local and regional governments
for the improvement of existing infrastructure, and the
implantation of sustainable development initiatives. Overall, the
development of a coastal management plan should be the main
priority for local authorities.
Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue 64, 2011
1981
Natural and social conditions in a macrotidal sandy beach
Natural and social conditions in a macrotidal sandy beach
Figure 2. General conditions recorded in Princesa beach.
Figure 2. General conditions recorded in Princesa beach.
FINAL CONSIDERATIONS
Climatic and hydrological
conditions were the main factors
FINAL CONSIDERATIONS
responsible
high waterconditions
turbidity were
and dissolved
Climatic for
andthe
hydrological
the main oxygen
factors
levels,
and for
the the
elevated
concentrations
a and
responsible
high water
turbidity of
andchlorophyll
dissolved oxygen
dissolved
nutrients
recordedconcentrations
during the study.
residents
levels,
and
the elevated
of Local
chlorophyll
a and
beachgoers
have been
targeted
by the
a number
of environmental
dissolved nutrients
recorded
during
study. Local
residents and
education
andtargeted
some ofbythea local
ecological
and social
beachgoersprograms,
have been
number
of environmental
problems
have beenandresolved
However,
other
education programs,
some oforthemitigated.
local ecological
and social
problems have been resolved or mitigated. However, other
problems, such as drug abuse and the inadequate disposal of
sewage
refuse
require
from local
problems,and
such
as drug
abuseeffective
and theintervention
inadequate disposal
of
authorities.
order to
guarantee
the environmental
of
sewage andIn refuse
require
effective
intervention integrity
from local
the
beach In
over
a to
long
term, the environmental
authors suggest:
(i) the
authorities.
order
guarantee
integrity
of
construction
of an aadequate
public the
sanitation
(ii) creation
the
beach over
long term,
authorssystem,
suggest:
(i) the
of garbage recycling
programs
(to reduce
refuse
in the (ii)
dunes),
(iii)
construction
of an adequate
public
sanitation
system,
creation
incentives
for the development
of ecotourism
programs,
(iv)
of
garbage recycling
programs (to reduce
refuse in the
dunes), (iii)
regulation of
and (v) intervention
for programs,
the control(iv)
of
incentives
for land
the use,
development
of ecotourism
recreationalofdrug
use.
regulation
land
use, and (v) intervention for the control of
recreational drug use.
Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue 64, 2011
Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue 64, 2011
1982
Silva et al.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This study was financed by FAPESPA (Fundação de Amparo
à Pesquisa do Estado do Pará) through universal project no.
115/2008. The authors would also like to thank CNPq (Conselho
Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnologia), CAPES
(Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior)
and FAPESPA for research grants. We are also indebted to
Stephen Ferrari for careful correction of the English.
Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue 64, 2011
1983