docThe requirements for intelligent aircraft tyres
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The requirements for intelligent aircraft tyres
The requirements for intelligent aircraft tyres Wei Ding Dunlop Aircraft Tyres Ltd 5th Intelligent Tyre Technology 2009 1 Contents Dunlop Aircraft Tyres Ltd (company overview) The role of tyres in aircraft Differences between aircraft tyres and ground vehicle tyres Current TPMS/TPIS etc. for aircrafts Requirements for intelligent aircraft tyres Challenges and opportunities Summary 5th Intelligent Tyre Technology 2009 2 Profile of Dunlop Aircraft Tyres Ltd The world’s only dedicated manufacturer and retreader of aircraft tyres Location: Birmingham UK New Tyre Distribution, Manufacturing and Retreading Joint Venture: Location: China New Tyre Distribution and Retreading #1 in UK aircraft tyre market #2 in Global regional aircraft tyre market #2 in European aircraft tyre market Leading the market in retreadability of regional platforms Global customer base supporting a fleet of > 4000 aircraft with > 500 tyre certifications 5th Intelligent Tyre Technology 2009 3 History of Dunlop Aircraft Tyres Ltd Dunlop Aviation Division formed 1925 1910 Start Aircraft Tyre Manufacturing 5th Intelligent Tyre Technology 2009 Change of ownership & formation of DATL 1996 1985 Dunlop acquired by BTR Established JV with Haeco & Taeco for retread plant in China 2008 2007 DATL acquired by AAC Capital Partners* 2010 Centenary year * Formerly ABN Amro Capital 4 The role of tyres in aircraft The tyre is important for the aerospace industry − Tyre is the only contact between aircraft and ground it is critical for: − Aircraft landing/take off and load transfer − Aircraft performance on the ground − Steering − Braking − Passenger ride-comfort (runway roughness) − Significant for aircraft safety − Tyre and wheel failure is a major consideration in design of aircraft for safety − Important for airline operating costs − A key consumable part − Typical landing life will range from 100 to 500 landings per tread life − It can be retreaded 3 – 8 times − Significant contributor for operation costs 5th Intelligent Tyre Technology 2009 5 The role of tyres in aircraft Wei Ding – Tyre Technology EXPO 2008 5th Intelligent Tyre Technology 2009 6 Differences between aircraft tyres and ground vehicle tyres One comparable example − Car tyre (Cooper CS4) − − − − − − Size: P215/70R15 Outside diameter: 26.9 inch Max speed: 118 MPH (190 Km/h) Max load: 1653 lbs Inflation pressure around: 30 psi Load (lbs) per lb of tyre weight around: 69 Courtesy of coopertire.com − Aircraft tyre for B737 (nose gear) − − − − − − Size: 27x7.75 R15 Outside diameter: 27 inch Max speed: 225 MPH (362 KPH) Max load: 9634 lbs Inflation pressure: 200 psi Load (lbs) per lb of tyre weight: 318 Dunlop B737 tyre 5th Intelligent Tyre Technology 2009 7 Differences between aircraft tyres and ground vehicle tyres Ground vehicles − Sport/racing car: speed − SSC Ultimate Aero: 257 mph (115 m/s) − F1 car: top speed around 200 mph Courtesy of supercars.net − Earth mover: high load, − e.g. CAT-770 − Top speed = 46 mph − Gross weight = 71 Tonne − Tyre 18.00R33(E4) Courtesy of Caterpillar web Aircraft: speed and load, e.g.: − A380 − Max take off weight = 560 Tonne − Max take off speed around 224 mph (100 m/s) − A380 tyre (1400X530R23) − Rated speed 235 mph − Rated load = 33 Tonne 5th Intelligent Tyre Technology 2009 8 Differences between aircraft tyres and ground vehicle tyres Main differences for aircraft tyres are: − Different operation condition − On ground − Combination of large loads and high speeds − High tyre pressure, large deflection and large side slip angle − Taking off − Large load changes − Rejected take off (RTO) − Large energy generated at the tyre surface − Landing − Large impact loads, reacted through the tyres − Stringent safety requirement − High consequences of tyre failure (burst, tread shed etc.) 5th Intelligent Tyre Technology 2009 9 Tyre pressure Tyre pressure − is determined by using methods aimed at maintaining an optimum tyre deflection in service therefore maximising tyre life/improving safety − is measured by different methods such as − Manual reading (pressure gages) − SmartStemTM − Flight deck TPMS − Both aircraft and tyre manufacturers recommend frequent monitoring of tyre pressure − Not under-inflated (≤ 5%) − Not over-inflated (> 5%) Can you tell the difference? 60 psi 5th Intelligent Tyre Technology 2009 160 psi 10 Tyre pressure – manual reading Rototherm SafeGauge Accuflate Courtesy of Wilkerson Company, Inc. 5th Intelligent Tyre Technology 2009 Courtesy of www.rototherm.co.uk 11 SmartStem(R) - Tyre Pressure/Temperature Sensing System • No battery in SmartStem® Tyre Pressure Sensor (TPS) – powered wirelessly during interrogation by HandHeld TPS Reader • Redundant sensing channels for high reliability and accuracy • Certified on large commercial and business jet aircraft • Compatible with all standard tyre maintenance equipment • HandHeld TPS Reader displays tyre pressure and temperature along with date, time and aircraft tail number and wheel position 5th Intelligent Tyre Technology 2009 Courtesy of Crane Aerospace & Electronics www.craneae.com 12 TPMS /TPIS (tyre pressure monitoring /indicating system) TPMS/TPIS is important for aircraft − Safety − Tyre under inflation can lead − a tyre failure/burst − damage other components (vales, wheels, landing gear etc.) − Impact on braking/steering performance − TPMS helps prevent tyre bust during the flight or on landing − Tyre life − 5% drop in tyre pressure can result in a approximate 50% drop in tyre performance and life span TPMS is recommended by aircraft manufacturers TPMS has been used in services such as − Airbus: A330, A340, A380 − Boeing: B777 − Others: MD11, Falcon 7X etc. 5th Intelligent Tyre Technology 2009 13 TPMS etc – now and next (examples) TPMS − TPMS comprise a sensor-transmitter assembly for each wheel and a Tyre Pressure Monitoring Unit (TPMU) in the avionics bay − It automatically takes readings of pressure in all tyres for display in the cockpit − Give pilots a real-time reading of pressure during aircraft in flight or on ground − Has been used in service for 20 years Courtesy of messier-bugatti (www.messier-bugatti .com) 5th Intelligent Tyre Technology 2009 14 TPMS – now and next (examples) TPMS - 2G (wireless tyre pressure measurement – one example developed by Messier-Bugatti) − − − − Wireless technology based on RF transmission of data Smaller and lighter Integration of the wheel speed transducer Simplified maintenance − Components easy access for line maintenance − Improved measurement accuracy and reliability − E.g.: it takes just a second to detect an abnormal pressure reading on a tyre − Being used in A380 and Falcon 7X 5th Intelligent Tyre Technology 2009 Courtesy of Messier-Bugatti (www.messier-bugatti .com) 15 Beyond TPMS - WABSIC & TBMS WABSIC (The wheel and brake system integrated components) − All-in-one solution to customer requirements − Developed and patented by Messier-Bugatti, WABSIC has been chosen for Airbus A380 − It combines more functions in a single box: − Wheel rotation speed − TPMS 2G − Brake cooling system − Simpler for easier maintenance, this highly integrated unit cuts weight and maintains easy accessibility TBMS (Tyre and Brake Monitoring System) − A new “2 in 1” system which combines TPMS and BTMS (Brake Temperature Monitoring System) − Messier-Bugatti is developing this system for a first application planned on the B747-8 5th Intelligent Tyre Technology 2009 16 Requirements for intelligent aircraft tyres Tyre monitoring is important part of aircraft system monitoring − Tyre pressure monitoring (TPMS/TPIS) − Brake temperature monitoring − Oleo pressure monitoring − (pressure in the landing gear shock struts) Need more sensors from an intelligent tyre − − − − − − Temperature Wheel load (contact patch) Forces (Lateral and longitudinal) Yaw angle (side slip) Friction (aquaplaning detection) Damage/abnormal detection etc…………. Tyre as an active sensor (future) 5th Intelligent Tyre Technology 2009 17 Requirements for intelligent aircraft tyres Tyre ID is required by airframe manufacturers − E.g.: RFID - Radio Frequency Identification ATA Approved RFID Data Structures for Spec 2000 − The agreement paves the way for part suppliers, airplane manufacturers, airlines and maintenance companies to adopt radio frequency identification to track parts Benefits of RFID tyre − Improve tyre serialization/traceability − Life management from design to the end of use − Manufacturing – logistics – service – retreading - recycling − Important for future intelligent tyre (Combine with other sensors) − Improve efficiency and cost saving − Lead to improved aircraft safety Future: TPMS + RFID + other sensors? 5th Intelligent Tyre Technology 2009 18 Requirements for intelligent aircraft tyres RFID tag and patch RFID & TPMS Courtesy of Translogik Ltd - www.trans-logik.com 5th Intelligent Tyre Technology 2009 19 Challenges and opportunities TPMS (on wheel) has been used for aircraft successfully It is challenging to put any sensor into aircraft tyre − Manufacturing process − Operational conditions − High speed − Large load − High temperature − Retreading RFID is required by airframe manufacturers and it will benefit airlines, part suppliers and maintenance organizations Tyre is an important part of integrated system Need more research for sensor technology beyond TPMS 5th Intelligent Tyre Technology 2009 20 Summary Tyre is a critical element for aircraft Aircraft tyres are different from ground vehicle tyres Intelligent tyre is required by aerospace industry Aircraft tyre monitoring is challenging More research are needed for intelligent aircraft tyres 5th Intelligent Tyre Technology 2009 21
