Grenzen überschreiten. Perspektiven für ein - Euro

Grenzen überschreiten.
Perspektiven für ein grenzüberschreitendes regionales Innovationssystem
der Life Sciences in der Euregio Maas-Rhein.
Marco Trienes M.A.
Kolloquium:
Grenzen überbrücken:
Auf dem Weg zur territorialen Kohäsion in Europa?
18. & 19.10.2010 Strasbourg
Euro-Institut & fare
Crossborder cooperation regions in Europe
Introduction
In a prospectively ‛borderless’
Europe conceived of ‛networks
of regions’, cross-border
regions are put at the centre of a
political economic challenge as
the
rediscovery of the territorial
embeddedness of economic
systems
merges with the need for
active policies in
constructing and sustaining
territorial units of competition.
(Gualini 2003: 44)
EuregioGraphics Association for the administrative boundaries
E U R E G I O MAAS-RHEIN MAAS-RIJN
MEUSE-RHIN EMR
EMR
Nordrhine-Westfalia
Regio Aachen
11.400 km2
Area:
Netherlands
Provincie Limburg (NL)
Inhabitants: 3.82 Mio.
Vlaams Gewest
Provincie Limburg (B)
47% Belgian
33% German
20% Dutch
Région Wallonne
Province de Liège
% 5
GDP per
capita *
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
EMR
Northrhine-Westfalia
Regio Aachen (5,9%)
City
Inhabitants
Aachen
250.000
Netherlands
Provincie Limburg (NL) (3,5%)
Liège
Maastricht
200.000
125.000
Vlaams Gewest
Provincie Limburg (B) (11,3)%)
Hasselt
70.000
27.000
26.000
25.000
24.000
23.000
22.000
21.000
20.000
19.000
18.000
17.000
16.000
15.000
14.000
13.000
Euro
12.000
*) average 2006
11.000
Région Wallonne
Province de Liège (31,2%)
10.000
Introduction
Unemployment
Rate *
(Bez.-reg. Köln 2000)
VROM 2001 (obere Karte), Programme Agency
Horizon 2004: 20 (untere Karte), ergänzt
Heartbeat of life sciences in Europe
Project period: 2002-2006
Budget: 1.71 Mio. EUR
Seven project partners
B:
Liège University (Interface Entreprises-Université)
Economic promotion agency German speaking community
G:
Agency for innovation and technology transfer Aachen AGIT
RWTH Aachen University
N:
Holding University Maastricht
Regional development agency Limburg LIOF
City of Maastricht
Introduction
Goal:
Stimulate contacts between
universities, research institutions and
enterprises in the field of
biotechnology, medical devices,
pharmaceuticals
Activities: web page, newsletter, database,
networking, promotion, conferences,
regional strategy for Life Sciences
LifeTecAachen-Jülich e.V. (02.10.2004): LifeTecAachen-Jülich e.V.
http://www.life-tec.org/Hauptseiten0
3
Introduction
The 1994-98 period saw the emergence of transnational cluster development, for
instance the Medicon Valley Academy cluster in southern Sweden and Copenhagen and
the BioValley biotech cluster, located between Alsace in France, northwest Switzerland
and South-Baden in Germany.
This trend has strengthened with the formation of other transnational clusters, such as
the MedCoast Scandinavia cluster (Norway and Sweden) formed in 2000 and Scanbalt
BioRegion, which links 11 countries: Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Iceland,
Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Poland, Russia and Sweden.
Its aims include the coordination of joint efforts in research, technology transfer,
innovation and economic development as well as promoting collaboration between
academia, hospitals, industry and public authorities. Similar efforts are now appearing
in the south of the EU with the inauguration in 2005 of EuroBioCluster South, which
links Spain, France, Switzerland, Italy and South Germany and involves a consortium
of regional authorities, cities and universities.
(Enzing et al. (2007): BioPolis. Inventory and analysis of national public polcies that stimulate biotechnology research, its exploitation and
commercialisation by industry in Europe in the period 2002–2005. National Report of the Netherlands. Delft: 95.
Future research projects could focus on how to apply the NSI [national system
of innovation] conceptual framework in a consistent manner. They could also
map where firms and the public science base are located to see if there are
"clusters", or innovative regions which cross border between countries.
J. Senker and P. van Zwanenberg, SPRU, University of Sussex (2001): TSER Project No. SOE1-CT98-1117 FINAL REPORT
European Biotechnology Innovation Systems: 36.
Agenda
Introduction
•
Introduction √
•
Setting the Scene: Life Sciences in the Euregio Meuse Rhine
•
Conceptual framework: The Regional Innovation System in
a cross border perspective
•
Empirical Findings: Problems of scale and governance
•
Conclusions
Knowledge infrastructure in the Euregio Meuse Rhine
Universities: 4
Universities of appl. Sciences: 12
University hospitals: 3
Professors:
1.400
Scientific staff: 11.000
Students:
100.000
Setting the Scene
University
University hospital
Other large hospital
Univ. of applied sciences
Other public research center
Life Sciences
"The expression Life Sciences contains the so far separated areas of pharmaceuticals,
agriculture and nutrition. The elements who combine them are gen- and biotechnology.“
(Vita 1998: 7)
LIFE SCIENCES
Setting the Scene
Medicine
Chemistry
(Process) Technology
GEN- / BIOTECHNOLOGY
Biology
(Moleculare) Medicine
Pharmaceutical industry
Food industry
Agriculture,
veterinary medicine
Chemical industry
Environment, energy
production
(Trienes 2006)
Natural sciences that deal with vital nature on a microscopic level
Interdisciplinary and integrative
Based on modern biotechnology
Turnover (bio) pharmaceutical market worldwide
Billion US$
600
Setting the Scene
500
biopharmaceutical market
pharma market (excl. biopharmaceutical)
400
300
200
100
0
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005*
Les Entreprises du médicaments (LEEM); Arthur D. Little (12/2005); *DIB (2006)
Life Sciences in the Euregio Meuse Rhine
0%
Setting the Scene
10% 20% 30%
BE
222
0%
0%
10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
10%
Students [ft] (17.000)*
0%
10% 20% 30% 40%
Biotech-Enterprises (70) **
Public research departments (302)***
* Estimation based on AGIT Regional development agency Aachen (2004): heartbeat of life sciences in
Europe. **Trienes: Internet enquiry (Jan.-Apr. 2005) *** Trienes: postal survey (Sep.-Oct. 2004)
Regional Innovation System
Conceptual framework
Demand
Basic conditions
Final and intermediate products; services
(Business culture, human capital,
trust)
BUSINESSSYSTEM
RESEARCH
AND
DEVELOPMENT
Intermediates
Big companies
(R&D)
Administration
(Technology transfer
institutions etc.)
SME
Political
System
Education
R&DPolicy
Business-Environment
Finance
VC
Property
Rights
Communication and
Standards and
Transport infrastructure
norms
Cooke2002a, Association of German engineers (2003):„Mobilizing competences – A guide for managers of competence centers.“ discussion paper. 11.12.2003. Düsseldorf, p. 31,.
Governance dimension in regional innovation system
Regional
governance
Governance
Dimension
Business
Dimension
Conceptual framework
Type
Grassroot
Network
Dirigiste
Technology
Transfer
local
interplay of local,
regional and national
level
external impetus
Coordination
local institutions
systematic
centralized
Scientific
competences
applied
research, low
degree of
specialisation
mixture of applied
and basic research
basic research
Financing
diversified, but
local rooted
organized between
private and public
financial institutions
and enterprises
centralized,
standardized
Criteria
(Cooke 1998, 20f.)
Crossborder RIS
•
Distance and proximity
– Proximity concepts
– Effects of distance for (radical) innovations
•
Conceptual framework
Interaction
– Forms of knowledge based interaction
– Influence of political, economic, institutional, cultural borders on cross border
interaction and knowledge transfer
•
Institutions
– Effects through coupling regional and national institutions
– Influence and development of institutional arrangements in parts of a cross
border region
– Development of specific institutional arrangements in a crossborder RIS
Trippl, M. (2006): Cross-border regional innovation systems. Wien. (SRE Discussion 2006/05, Institute for Regional Development and
Environment, Vienna University of Economics and Business Administration):17f.
•
Regional Policy
Methods
– Interviews (2005-2006)
• Researchers (24)
• Entrepreneurs (16)
• Intermediate organizations, government, cities (30)
Conceptual framework
– Surveys
• R&D units (2005: 302, postal, return rate: 18%)
• Enterprises (2006: 24, online & postal, return rate: 23%)
– Further information
• Statistics (Intermediate organizations, OECD, EU, Ernst&Young,
Critical I, Eurostat, European Patent office)
• ISI Web of Science
• European Patents Office EPO
• …
Main research activities in the Euregio
biotechnological
research
departments
Findings
biotechnology
companies
Zimmer et. al 2002
Red Biotech spin-offs
University Aachen
University Lüttich
Findings
University Maastricht
Red Biotechnology/
Medical Technology
University Hasselt
Other
0
10
20
30
40 50 60
spin-offs (abs.)
70
80
90 100 110
•75% of lifes sciences enterprises in EMR are spin-offs
• At least no cross border mobility
EMR Biotech companies: interaction in the innovation process
Rest of the world
Europe
Netherlands
Southeast
Flanders N.
1
2
1
Bruxelles
3
4
2
Findings
1
2
5
6
Prov. Limburg B Prov. Limburg N
5 Prov.Liège B Aachen D
4
3 4
5
6
6
7
7
9
8
8
9
10
10
11
11 12
NordWallonie rhineWestfalia
7
8
3 2
1
Germany
Biotech company
Interaction with research institutions
Interaction with other companies
n= 32
Biotechnology business model
Products
Products &
Services
Innovation pipeline
Basic
research
Findings
Big pharma
Small Pharma &
other application
fields
(e.g. Materials,
Chemical industry,
Process
technologies)
I
Products &
Services
on
i
t
a
gr
e
t
n
Small
Bio
Research
institutions
The R&D network of Matricel
4 weitere Partner (Deutschland)
Genzyme Biosurgery
(Cambridge)
Fraunhofer-Institut für
Lasertechnik (Aachen)
(Koordination)
Dermaprof B.V.
(Rijswijk)
PharmaCell (Maastricht)
(Koordination)
N
vi nz
Pro
Universitätsklinik
Maastricht
Unternehmen
Klinik
Universitätsklinik
Nicht universitäre
Forschungseinrichtung
Verbundprojekt
Matricel 2007: Projektpartner
IZKF BIOMAT
RWTH Aachen
B
BMW T
Burns Research Institute u. Nederlandse
Brandwonden Stichting (Beverwijk)
Findings
Institut für Biomedizinische
Technologien RWTH Aachen
F
MB
BF
BM
MATRICEL
BMBF
burg
Li m
Pauwelsklinik
(Aachen)
Klinik für Plastische und
Wiederherstellende Chirurgie
RWTH Aachen
Neurologischen Klinik
Universitätsklinik Aachen
Urologische Klinik
RWTH Aachen
EU
Celonic GmbH (Jülich)
EuroSTEC
(Integriertes Projekt 6.
Forschungsrahmenprogramm
EU) Radboud University
Nijmegen Medical Centre
(Koordination)
14 weitere Partner (4 Niederlande,
3 Schweiz, 1: Deutschland,
Spanien, Frankreich, Belgien,
Österreich, Finnland, England)
Center of advanced
european studies and
research CAESAR
(Bonn) (Koordination)
5 weitere Partner (4
Deutschland, 1 Schweiz)
Institut für Biotechnologie,
Forschungszentrum Jülich
Institut für Neurophysiologie
Universität Köln
Possible Advantages of crossborder cooperation in the EMR for companies
face-to-face-contacts
Knowledge infrastructure
Findings
Familiarity
Technological profile
Similar business-culture
Relevance
high
0%
n= 24
low
Trienes (company servey)
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Co-operate publications (1983-2007)
Hasselt
Jülich
Maastricht
Aachen
Findings
Co-operate journal
acticles (absolut)
(= thicknessof arrow)
Lüttich
1000
500
200
100
50
25
0
0
25 km
Only articles written by two authors (approx. 70% of all articles)
Syntax: ci=(aachen or aken or achen or aix la chapelle) and (Hasselt or Diepenbeek) and SubjCat=(BIOCHEMICAL RESEARCH METHODS OR
BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OR BIOTECHNOLOGY & APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY OR CARDIAC & CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEMS OR CELL BIOLOGY OR CHEMISTRY, MEDICINAL OR CLINICAL NEUROLOGY OR GENETICS & HEREDITY OR IMMUNOLOGY
OR INFECTIOUS DISEASES OR MEDICAL LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY OR MEDICINE, RESEARCH & EXPERIMENTAL OR
MICROBIOLOGY OR NEUROSCIENCES OR PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE OR PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY OR TOXICOLOGY
OR VIROLOGY) Thomson Scientific (12.09.2007): ISI Web of science (1983-2007)
Findings
•Virtual laboratory
•Research and services (genomics, proteomics, bioinformatics, biotechnology)
•LIMS (laboratory information management system)
•Partners: GIGA Liège, Institute for Moleculare Biotechnology RWTH Aachen,
BioMed Hasselt, Genom-Centrum Maastricht an der Universität Maastricht
•Budget: 2.2 Mio. Euro (50% Interreg)
15
Governance structure University Maastricht
Universiteit Maastricht
HoldingBV
UniVentureBV
Ma
Die
Findings
UM
Education
Discovery
company
UM
Research
Patient care
3rdparties,
venturing
Spin-off
company
Product /
Process
Life Sciences networks in the EMR
Life Tec
Limburg
Findings
D
Life
Sciences
M Limburg
A
Life Tec
Aachen Jülich
Bioliège L
Heartbeat of Life
Sciences in Europe
A Aachen
M Maastricht
D Diepenbeek
L Lüttich
Biowin and clusters in Life Sciences
Networks
Brussels
Top Institute TI Pharma
Dutch program for
Tissue Engineering dpte
Center for
Transnational
Molecular Medicine
ctrmm
Niaba
Nederlandse
Biotechnologie
Associatie
Netherlands Genomics Initiative
member
65
Findings
NRW Gesundheitswirtschaft &
anwendungsorientierte
Medizintechnologien
Parelsnor Initiatief
50
Biopartner
Med in.NRW Medizinforschung/
forschungsintensive
Medizintechnologien
Associations/Institutions
BioMedical
Universities
Materials program
R&D Centres University
BMM
R&D Centres Non-University
FlandersBio
Higher
Education
School
VIB
Vlaams
Interuniversitair Instituut
Training
Centres
Biotechnologie
Companies
Innovatiecentrum van de Vlaamse
voedingindustrie
Technology
Bio NRW*
B
e r Cluster Industrielle
v
Biotechnologie
r i
o
CLIB2021
i
(Bio-)Pharma
25
Diagnostic
BiotechProducts
Wallonia Biotech
BelgoBiotech
Bioinformatics and IT Services
Essenscia
Support Services
aresa clinical research
Medical Equipments
Wagralim & Cluster
Medical Devices
10
Nutrition
Local administrative border
Other Company
Biopôle/
5
Investors
1
0
Others
Wallonie
Biovallée
Agrobiopôle
Biowin
Euregio Maas Rhein
0
50
100 km
© Geographisches Institut RWTH Aachen
l
réalisées par le laboratoire de méthodologie des sciences géographiques de Liège (LMG).Paul Delforge La Wallonie. cahier pédagogique «Wallonie toutes les cartes en mains»*La Wallonie. Une entité fédérée. 41.
Deux cent soixante-deux communes wallonnes. http://mrw.wallonie.be/sg/dsg/dircom/walcartes/pages/map541.htm cahier pédagogique original (version papier)(1) Sous
a rédaction de B. MERENNE, H. VAN DER HAEGEN, E. VAN HECKE, Bruxelles, 1998
Underlined: focused on lobbying and regional marketing,, Excl. Bruxells, Federal State Germany
Importance of different administrative levels for the development of regional Life Sciences region
Regio Aachen
subnational (= Nordrhein-Westfalen)
14 15
14
regional (= Regio Aachen)
4 5
14
lokal (Kommunen Aachen & Jülich)
4 4
7
euregional
57
42
35
36
4
50
35
61
Provinz Lüttich
subnational (Wallonie)
Findings
31
9
regional (= Provinz Lüttich)
29
lokal (=Kommune Lüttich)
15
euregional
Provinz Niederländisch Limburg
subnational (= Südostniederlande*)
36
37
72
76
13
22
44
7 14
11 33
0
Not important
47
14
regional (= Provinz B.Limburg)
euregional
52
11 6 11
Provinz Belgisch Limburg
subnational (= Flandern)
lokal (= Kommunen Hasselt/Diepenbeek)
63
38
5 11
10
21
54
10
lokal (= Kommunen Maastricht & Geleen)
euregional
14
22
9 15 22
regional (= Provinz N. Limburg)
52
65
25
31
36
22
4
43
33
8
12
16
20
24
Very important
Interviews intermediates
(Regio Aachen: 16, Prov. Lüttich: 14, Prov. N. Limburg: 14, Prov. B.Limburg: 11)
28
Governance structure
Dutch part of the region
Technology Transfer
local: focused on university
- local spin offs
centralized: University
Maastricht Holding, regional
development agency LIOF
instrument for regional
structural change,
German part of the region
regional: system of
incubators, connections to
SME
diversified: each university
departement, economic
promotion agencies,
incubators, chambers of
commerce
lack of systematic transfer
Coordination
more centralized: national
technology policy
(Biopartner Center, life
sciences strategy ) and
regional development
agency LIOF
fragmentary: different levels
(local and regional institutions
but also state government),
less coordination between
levels
Scientific competences
applied, commercialization
(`Biotrade`), lack of basic
research;
focus on biomedicine
strong basic research
(`Bioscience`), diversified;
Conclusions
„[…] despite obvious similarities, the innovation systems in the Swedish and Danish parts of the
Øresund Region are remarkably different when inspected more closely. Any hopes of an immediate
full-scale integration and a swift reaping of major benefits related to increased economies of scale and
scope are bound to lead to dissapointment.” (Malmberg & Törnqvist 1999: 79)
Conclusions
•
Symmetric cross border situation (development path, knowledge
infrastructure), nevertheless aspects of fragmentation and less integration
• "policy-driven integration” (Perkmann 2007b: 862) ?
•technological, organizational and spatial dynamics of life sciences in
emerging bioeconomy
•functional space vs. administrative space
•
Conclusions
Horizontal and vertical dimension of governance
• Importance of universities as driving forces for cross border networking
f (esp. in emerging technology fields)
• Impact of "national" technology programs/strategies
• Understanding the function & dynamics of networks
•Competition of different (overlapping) "governance-solutions"
Scale and proximity
„[…] post-disciplinary interpretations” of border regions (Perkmann/Sum 2002: 9)