ORGANIZER OF PLANNED ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES UAB KAUNO

ORGANIZER OF PLANNED
ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
UAB KAUNO TERMOFIKACIJOS
ELEKTRINĖ
PLANNED ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
EXPANSION OF KAUNAS
POWER PLANT, CONSTRUCTING
A COMBINED CYCLE POWER
PLANT (OF ~350 MW ELECTRIC
POWER / ~350 MW HEAT
POWER)
PLACE OF PLANNED ECONOMIC
ACTIVITIES
TAIKOS PR. 147 / V. KRĖVĖS PR.
128, KAUNAS
STAGE
REPORT ON ASSESSMENT OF
IMPACT ON ENVIRONMENT
Developer of PAV documents
2008
UAB KAUNO TERMOFIKACIJOS ELEKTRINĖ
(Joint-Stock Company the Kaunas Thermoelectrical Power Plant in English)
EXPANSION OF KAUNAS POWER PLANT WITH
CONSTRUCTION A COMBINED CYCLE POWER –
GENERATING UNIT (OF ~350 MW ELECTRIC POWER /
~350 MW HEAT POWER)
REPORT ON ASSESSMENT OF IMPACT ON ENVIRONMENT
2008
UAB Kauno termofikacijos elektrinė
Chief specialist Viktor Saičenko
tel. 8 37 308 080
UAB „Termosistemų projektai“
Director Rasburskis
tel. 8 37 207 222
UAB „Ekokonsultacijos“
Directress Lina Šleinotaitė – Budrienė
tel. 8 5 274 54 87
Persons, responsible for report
elaboration
Part prepared
Inga Karaliūnaitė
chapters III, VI, VII, XII, subparagraphs 5.2.2, 5.2.4
8 5 274 54 91
sub-paragraph 5.2.1
8 37 300180
Environment specialist of UAB
„Ekokonsultacijos“
Doc. dr. Dainius Martuzevičius
Head of Engineering Ecology Department
of the Kaunas Technological University, air
pollution assessment specialist
Signature
Telephone No.
8 654 47083
Dr. Kęstutis Buinevičius, specialist in the
area of Energetics and burning processes
sub-paragraph 5.2.1
8 698 30201
Inga Silvestravičiūtė
chapters I, II, IV, VIII, IX, X,
XI, poskyriai 5.1, 5.2.3, 5.2.6,
5.2.7
8 5 274 54 91
Sub-paragraph 5.2.5
8 5 274 54 91
Specialist in the area of assessment of
impact on environment of UAB
„Ekokonsultacijos“
Lina Sakalauskaitė
Environment protection and public health
specialist of UAB „Ekokonsultacijos“
2
CONTENTS
PART I. PAV PROGRAMME ..................................................................................................................................5
ABBREVIATIONS USED
PART II. DESCRIPTION .......................................................................................................................................7
I. INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................................................................8
1.1
Provisions of programmes on assessment of impact on invironment and principles of report
elaboration ......................................................................................................................................................8
1.2
Brief review of energetic sector and project background.....................................................................9
II. GENERAL DATA ................................................................................... FEHLER! TEXTMARKE NICHT DEFINIERT.
2.1
Data of organizer of planned economic activities (customer).General information about the Kaunas
power plant....................................................................................................................................................11
2.2
Data about the person responsible for elaboration of documents regarding assessment of impact on
environment of planned economic activities .................................................................................................12
2.3
Brief description of planned economic activities ................................................................................12
2.4
Stages, terms and sequence of implementation of planned economic activities ..............................14
2.5
Correlation of the stage of PAV programme and report preparation and stages of planning and
projecting.......................................................................................................................................................14
2.6
Data of products of planned economic activities, fuel and other raw materials.................................15
2.7
Description of site of planned economic activity ................................................................................16
2.7.1 Geographic and administrative location ......................................................................................16
2.7.2 Information about existing plot of land, its infrastructure, natural, historical and cultural values 20
2.7.3 Geologic, hydrogeologic, meteorological and climatic conditions of the site ..............................22
2.7.4 Existing level of pollution .............................................................................................................23
III. TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESSES ...............................................................................................................25
3.1
Brief description of existing the Kaunas power plant and subsidiary system ...................................25
3.2
Description of combined cycle power-generating unit, proposed equipment and technological
process..........................................................................................................................................................29
3.3
Description of subsidiary systems......................................................................................................30
3.4
Comparison and vvaluation of proposed technologies (way of production, equipment) with the best
accessible production ways upon this activity type applicable in the European Union ................................33
IV. WASTES ......................................................................................................................................................43
4.1
Wastes, quantity and ways of management ......................................................................................43
V. PLANNED ACTIVITY‘S POTENTIAL IMPACT ON DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENT COMPONENTS AND
MEANS DECREASING THE IMPACT ON ENVIRONMENT.............................................................................44
5.1
Planned activity‘s potential environmenial impact within contraction works .....................................44
5.1.1 Wastes.........................................................................................................................................44
5.1.2 Noise............................................................................................................................................45
5.2
Planned activity‘s potential environmental impact within exploiting..................................................45
5.2.1 Potential impact of planned economic activities on environmental air caused by emission from
stationary sources and impact decreasing means ......................................................................45
5.2.1.1
Stationary pollution sources, their description....................................................................45
5.2.1.2
Inventory data of operating object‘s air pollution sources and pollution emitted...............47
5.2.1.3
Calculation of produced and emitted air pollution connected (expected) with planned
economic activities ...............................................................................................................................48
5.2.1.4
Marginal values of pollution emitted in air of living areas ...................................................54
5.2.1.5
Pollution groups with summarized impact ..........................................................................56
5.2.1.6
Air pollution predicting methods, output data and environmental air pollution forecasts ...56
5.2.1.7
Analysis and conclusions connected to pollution lower concentration...............................61
5.2.1.8
Allowable air pollution norms, having evaluated background pollution level .....................62
5.2.1.9
Means decreasing impact on air pollution ..........................................................................65
5.2.1.10
Application of additional ATL to new equipment of the Kaunas power plant..................65
5.2.2 Potential impact of planned economic activities on environmental air caused by emission from
mobile pollution sources and impact increasing means..............................................................68
5.2.3 Economic activities‘ potential noise impact, noise emission .......................................................68
3
5.2.4 Potentional impact of planned economic activities on water, soil, earth interior, biodiversity and
landscape ....................................................................................................................................73
5.2.5 Potential impact of planned economic activities on human health..............................................77
5.2.6 Potential impact of planned economic activities on social-economic environment, potential
impact on energy prices payable by resident of the town of Kaunas ..........................................81
5.2.7 Potential impact of planned economic activities on ethnic-cultural conditions and cultural
heritage........................................................................................................................................82
VI. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES..................................................................................................................83
6.1
Brief description of “Zero”and proposed alternative...........................................................................83
6.2
Description of alternatives, mmmmain selection reasons..................................................................83
6.3
Analysis and comparison of alternatives based on potential impact on separate components of
physical, social and economic environment .................................................................................................86
VII. MONITORING PLAN OF PLANNED ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES..................................................................89
VIII. REVIEW OF POTENTIAL EXTREMAL SITUATIONS ...............................................................................92
8.1
Planned economic activities‘potential emergency situations forecasts .............................................92
8.2
Breakdown liquidation plan and preventive means ...........................................................................97
IX. PROBLEMS DESCRIPTION........................................................................................................................98
X. PUBLIC SOCIETY‘S PARTICIPATION ........................................................................................................99
XI. PAV SUBJECTS‘ CONCLUSIONS AND OTHER DOCUMENTS COORDINATING PAV PROGRAMMES
AND REPORTS
11.1 PAV programme‘s coordinating conslusions and documents..........................................................101
11.2 PAV report‘s coordinating conslusions and documents...................................................................102
XII. REPORT SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................103
XII. ANNEXES .................................................................................................................................................107
4
CHAPTER I. PAV programme
EXPANSION OF KAUNAS POWER PLANT, CONSTRUCTING
COMBINED CYCLE POWER STATION (OF ~350 MW ELECTRIC
POWER / ~350 MW HEAT POWER)
IMPACT ON ENVIRONMENT EVALUATION PROGRAMME – THE SCOPE
OF PAV REPORT PROPOSED
I. INTRODUCTION
1.1.
1.2.
Principal provisions of impact on environment evaluation and reports elaboration
Brief description of energetic sector
II. GENERAL DATA
2.1
Data of planned economic activities‘ organizer (customer). General data of the Kaunas power
plant
2.2
Data of a person responsible for elaboration of documents connected to evaluation of impact
on environment of planned economic activities
2.3
Brief description of planned economic activities
2.4
Stages, terms and sequence of implementation of planned economic activities
2.5
Correlation of the stage of PAV programme and report preparation and stages of planning
and projecting
2.6
Data of products of planned economic activities, fuel and other raw materials
2.7.1. Description of site of planned economic activities
2.7.2. Geographic and administrative location
2.7.3. Information about existing plot of land, its infrastructure, natural, historical and cultural values
2.7.4. Geologic, hydrogeological, meteorological and climatic conditions of the site
2.7.5. Existing level of pollution
III. TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESSES
3.1 Brief description of existing the Kaunas power plant and subsidiary system
3.2 Description of conventional cycle power plant, proposed equipment and technological
process
3.3 Description of subsidiary systems30
3.4 Comparison and vvaluation of proposed technologies (way of production, equipment) with
the best accessible production ways upon this activity type applicable in the European Union33
IV. WASTES
4.1
Wastes formed, amount and ways of disposal
V. PLANNED ACTIVITY‘S POTENTIAL IMPACT ON DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENT COMPONENTS
AND MEANS INCREASING THE IMPACT ON ENVIRONMENT
5.1.
5.1.1
5.1.2
Planned activity‘s potential impact on environment within contraction works
Wastes
Noise
5.2.
5.2.1
Planned activity‘s potential impact on environment within exploiting
Potential impact of planned economic activities on environmental air caused by emission from
stationary sources and impact increasing means
5.2.1.1
Stationary pollution sources, their description
5.2.1.2
Inventory data of operating object‘s air pollution sources and pollution emitted
5.2.1.3
Calculation of produced and emitted air pollution connected (expected) with planned
economic activities
5
5.2.1.4
Marginal values of pollution emitted in air of living areas
5.2.1.5
Pollution groups with summarized impact
5.2.1.6
Air pollution predicting methods, output data and environmental air pollution forecasts
5.2.1.7
Analysis and conclusions connected to pollution bottom concentration
5.2.1.8
Allowable air pollution norms, having evaluated background pollution level
5.2.1.9
Means decreasing impact on air pollution
5.2.1.10 Application of additional ATL to new equipment of the Kaunas power plant
5.2.2. Potential impact of planned economic activities on environmental air caused by emission from
mobile pollution sources and impact increasing means
5.2.3. Economic activities‘ potential noise impact, noise emission
5.2.4. Potential impact of planned economic activities on water, soil, earth interior, biodiversity and
landscape
5.2.5. Potential impact of planned economic activities on human health
5.2.6. Potential impact of planned economic activities on social-economic environment, potential
impact on energy prices payable by resident of the town of Kaunas
5.2.7. Potential impact of planned economic activities on ethnic-cultural conditions and cultural
heritage
VI. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES
6.1
Brief description of “Zero”and proposed alternative
6.2
Description of alternatives, main selection reasons
6.3
Analysis and comparison of alternatives based on potential impact on separate components
of physical, social and economic environment
VII. MONITORING PLAN OF PLANNED ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
VIII. REVIEW OF POTENTIAL EXTREMAL SITUATIONS
8.1.
Planned economic activities’ potential emergency situations forecasts
8.2.
Breakdown liquidation plan and preventive means
IX. PROBLEMS DESCRIPTION
X. PUBLIC SOCIETY‘S PARTICIPATION
XI. PAV SUBJECTS‘ CONCLUSIONS AND OTHER DOCUMENTS COORDINATING
PROGRAMMES AND REPORTS
11.1. PAV programme‘s coordinating conclusions and documents
11.2. PAV report‘s coordinating conclusions and documents
PAV
XII. REPORT SUMMARY
XIII. ANNEXES
6
Abbreviations used in the text
AAA – Environment protection agency
ATL – turnover pollution permit
DKDĮ – fuel burning large installation
DLN – preliminary mixing dry type injection burners of small NOx generation
ES – European Union
GPGB – the best accessible production way
HN – hygienic norm
KCDT – combined cycle gas turbine
KD – solid particles
KE – the Kaunas power plant
LAND – Environment protection normative document of the Republic of Lithuania
LHMT –Lithuanian Hydrometerological Service
LOJ – volatile organic compounds
NAP – National plan on distribution of turnover pollution permits
NES – National energetic strategy
NMS – unfavourable meteorological conditions
PAV – evaluation of impact on environment
PAOV – evaluation of impact on environmental air
PŪV – planned economic activities
RAAD – regional department of environment protection
RSN – Republican construction norms
RV – marginal value
SAZ – sanitary protection zone
TIPK – the pollution integrated prevention and control
VŠK – water heating boiler
7
CHAPTER II. DESCRIPTION
I. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Principal provisions of preparation of the impact on environment
assessment programme and report
According to legal acts valid in Lithuania and the European Union all the activities planned
that might have impact on environment should be evaluated in advance and the impact
decreasing means should be foreseen.
Evaluation of impact on environment (PAV) shall be carried out in order to:
1) determine, characterize and evaluate a possible direct and indirect impact of planned
economic activities on public health, animals and plants, soil, earth surface and interior, air,
water, climate, landscape, biodiversity, material values and cultural real estate values and
mutual interaction of these environmental components;
2) to decrease or avoid harmful impact of planned economic activities on public health and
other environmental components;
3) to determine whether the planned economic activities after having evaluated their
nature and impact on environment shall be allowed in the appropriate territory.
The Law of the Republic of Lithuania on the Environmental Impact Assessment of
Planned Economic Activity (Žin., 2005, No. 84-3105) divides economic activity into the following
two categories: the activity of which environmental impact assessment is obligatory and the
activity which is applied a selection regarding an obligatory assessment of environmental;
impact.
Regarding planned activity of UAB Kauno termofikacijos elektrinė – expansion of the
Kaunas power plant, constructing of combined cycle power-generating unit (of ~350 MW
electric power / ~350 MW heat power), the environmental impact assessment is obligatory
according to clause 3.1. of Annex 1 of the Law on Amendment of the Law on the
Environmental Impact Assessment (Žin., 2005, No. 84-3105) „Construction of thermal power
plants as well as other combusting installations, including industrial equipment for production of
electricity, steam or water heating (when the appropriate installation capacity is 300 MW or
higher)”.
In accordance with methods elaborated by the Ministry of Environment, taking into
consideration the particular features of planned economic activity, PAV programme elaborated
is to be delivered to PAV subjects1that within 10 weekdays are to provide their conclusions or
motivated requirements on this programme supplement of amendment. The developer of PAV
documents is to provide PAV programme for repeated coordination after all the notes and
1
To the Kaunas municipality, the Kaunas fire-protection authority, the Borad of Administration of the Kaunas county‘s
head, The Kaunas Centre for Public Health and territorial section of the Kaunas Cultural Heritage Protection
Department.
8
amendments of PAV programme have been considered. Having received the PAV subjects‘
conclusions the programe shall be provided to the Kaunas RAAD for final coordination.
Conclusions of the PAV subjects and the Kaunas RAAD upon PAV programme coordination
shall be specified in clause 11.1. of this report.
After having coordinated the PAV programme upon the PAV report prepared, the similar
coordination procedure with PAV subjects shall be carried out. Having received the PAV
subjects‘ conclusions and having acquainted the public society, the PAV report supplemented
shall be submitted to the Kaunas RAAD for final consideration; and final decision on planned
economic activity concerned shall be adopted within 25 weekdays.
The public society has been informed according to the order defined by the Ministry of
Environment about the programme prepared (the decree No, DI-370 issued by the Minister of
the Environment of RL „Regarding informing and participation of the society in approval of
description of the order related to planned activity‘s environmental impact assessment“ (Žin.,
2005, No. 93-3472)), the copies of announcements are provided in text Annex No.1. Special
attention in the environmental impact assessment was paid to society informing and its
involvement in consideration of planned economic activity draft, creating opportunities for
provision of motivated proposals within the whole period of the environmental impact
assessment.
Within RAV process, data contained in PAV programme was clarified and used when
preparing RAV report.
1.2
Brief description of energetic sector and Project background
The National Energetic Strategy (hereinafter referred to as NES) defines development
trends of Lithuanian energetics. NES approved by the Resolution No. X-1046 adopted by the
Seimas of the RL on 18 January 2007. (Žin., 2007, No. 11-430) foresees an increase in power
produced by thermoelectrical power plants in total electric power balance up to 35% by 2025. In
order to achieve this goal there was foreseen to gradually equip cogeneration power plants in
enterprises of heating supply sector, able to produce electric power of which the price is
competitive on open electricity market. It was also foreseen that based on further increase in
price for organic fuel and demand for electricity, growing faster than demand for heat, most
attention should be paid to replacement of existing power-generating units of the Kaunas and
Vilnius thermoelectrical power plants to new power-generating units of combined cycle.
After the second block of the Ignalina nuclear power station has been closed, the main
electric power production source before the construction of a new nuclear power plant shall be
the Lithuanian power plant and the Vilnius and Kaunas thermoelectrical power plants The price
of electric power produced by existing power-generating units of the Lithuanian power plant with
the use of natural gas is considerably higher and non-competitive on the market. Therefore,
NES foresees that it is obligatory to expand in fastest tempo the capacities of more economical
thermoelectrical power plants.
Besides, the trends of development of the Heat economy approved by the Resolution No.
307 adopted by the Government of the RL on March 22, 2004 (Žin., 2004, No. 44-1446) also
expect to expand capacities of cogeneration power plants trying to increase the efficiency of
9
power generation and decrease the environment pollution. Together with other means the Heat
economy expansion trends foresees the modernization of the Kaunas power plant.
The project on planned expansion of the Kaunas power plant based on construction of
combined cycle power-generating unit (of ~350 MW electric power / ~350 MW heat power,
would implement not only targets contained in the National Energetic Strategy, but also
company‘s obligations before the town of Kaunas to expand by the 1st of January, 2009,
generation capacities of the Kaunas power plant, undertaken on the 31st of March 2003
10
II. GENERAL DATA
2.1 Data about organizer of planned economic activity (customer).
General data about the Kaunas power plant
The organizer (customer) of planned economic activity shall be UAB Kauno termofikacijos
elektrinė, enterprise code110884491, Taikos pr. 147, LT-51142 Kaunas, tel. 8 37 308 059, fax.
8 37 308 334, email address: [email protected].
Contact persons – chief specialist, Viktor Saičenko, tel. 8 37 308 080, fax. 8 37 308 334;
the head of environment protection section of UAB „Energijos sistemų servisas“, Marius
Mockus, tel. 8 37 308008, fax. 8 37 456263, email address; [email protected].
The Kaunas power plant is being operated by UAB „Energijos sistemų servisas“,
according to the agreement on power plant‘s exploiting services concluded on the 12th of
December 2003 with the owner of the Kaunas power plant, UAB Kauno termofikacijos elektrinė.
General data of the Kaunas power plant
The Kaunas power plant was started to construct on the 1st of June 1971. By the end of
1975 the first power-generating block equipped with turbogenerating unit of 60 MW electric
power was started to operate. By the end of 1976 the second energetic block equipped with
turbogenerating unit of 110 MW electric power was started to exploit and it was reached the
power plant‘s projecting electric power of 170 MW. By the end of 1984 the third energetic steam
boiler was started to exploit and in 1988 after having completed the construction of the second,
180 m high chimney, the today‘s Kaunas power plant was fully completed for production of
electric and heat power at full capacity. The biggest electric power amount within the whole
period of exploiting of the power plant was produced in1985 (892 thousand MWh).
Rated capacity of the Kaunas power plant is 1543 MW of heat power and 170 MW of
electric power. For purpose of implementation of economic activity the company obtained the
pollution integrated prevention and control permit No. 1/105 issued on the 29th December 2006
by the Kaunas RAAD.
At the Kaunas power plant they produce heat and electric power and provide heat
networks with thermal water. Three steam boilers produce heat in the form of steam and 5
water heating boilers produce thermal water heat. In steam and water heating boilers natural
gas is being combusted and in case of necessity there can be used the back-up fuel, mazut,
stored in the territory of the power plant – in the mazut unit. Part of heat energy produced in
steam boilers is used for production of electric power. Electric power is being produced by two
steam turbines, of which one has steam offtake to industrial companies. Special purpose water
is used in technological process of heat energy production and supply of heat produced. For
purpose of preparation of the aforementioned water a surface-water from the Kaunas water
resevoir is used after the appropriate processing in the water preparation unit. Back-up fuel,
mazut, is being stored within a separate territory, the mazut unit, from which it is being supplied
for boilers heating.
Feasibility study on implementation of general heat and electric energy production
system at the Kaunas power plant.
11
In regard with most technological installations, especially those there burning and
mechanical works were being performed, a 30-year exploiting term becomes crucial. Technical
level of the Kaunas power plant reflects this, i.e. in order to ensure a reliable and efficient the
power production process, huge investments are unavoidably required.
Company‘s owners and leaders, understanding the necessity of essential reconstruction
of the power plant and having evaluated the changes on the electric power market after closing
of the Ignalina nuclear power plant by the end of 2009, have initiated the carrying out of
feasibility study for purpose of assessment of technical-financial accuracy of capital
investments, expecting implementation of the combined cycle technologies.
Company UAB „Termosistemų projektai“ in 2006 - 2007 prepared feasibility study on
combined cycle technology accuracy assessment, covering optimization of installed power and
energetic block number, background of financial accuracy and selection of possible
combinations in order to integrate new equipment in operation with existing systems.
The present PAV report is based on „Feasibility study on implementation of general heat
and electric power production system at UAB Kauno termofikacijos elektrinė“ (2007).
2.2
Data of the developer of the planned economic activity
environmental impact assessment
The developer of the planned activity environmental impact assessment shall be UAB
„Ekokonsultacijos“, J. Galvydžio street 3, LT - 08236, Vilnius, www.ekokonsultacijos.lt.
Contact person – Project leader, Inga Silvestravičiūtė, contact telephone/fax
No.el./faks. 8 5 274 54 91, mob. 8-698-48047, email address: [email protected].
2.3
Brief description of planned economic activity
UAB Kauno termofikacijos elektrinė expects to construct within the territory of the Kaunas
power plant a combined cycle power-generating unit, situated at Taikos pr. 147 / V. Krėvės pr.
128, in Kaunas, non-expanding the borders of existing KE territory. In a new power-generating
unit It is expected to install four gas turbines, four gas generators with additional combusting as
well as two steam turbines. An expected total combined cycle power-generating unit’s electric
power shall reach ~350 MW. In case of expected electric/heat power proportion equal to 1, heat
power shall also be equal to ~350 MW. Total demand for fuel shall be about 780 MW. It is
expected that the combined cycle power-generating unit shall be adapted to combusting of
natural gas, as the main fuel, and liquid fuel (dieseline) as additional/back-up fuel (in case it
shall be obligatory upon normative documents that are being clarified at the moment).
When valuating the demand for heat energy for non-heating season as well as factual
possibilities to become the reserve of national electric power supply system, it is expected to
install cooling facilities of about 350 MW heat power.
It is expected that at the Kaunas power plant the following existing power generating
installations shall be kept unchanged: three steam boilers BKZ – 420 (nominal heat power is
290 MW each), two steam turbines PT – 60 (nominal rated electric power60 MW) and T – 100
12
(nominal electric power 110 MW), four water heating boilers PTVM – 100 (nominal heat power
~116 MW each), one water heating boiler KVGM – 180 (nominal heating capacity 209 MW).
Summarized heat power of the aforementioned installations is 1543 MW, electric power is 170
MW. At present, at the Kaunas power plant the main fuel being combusted is natural gas and
the back-up fuel is mazut. During expansion it is planned to keep unchanged the existing backup fuel (mazut) unit.
The water preparation unit and slime unit can be modernized, taking into consideration
technical properties of the new combined cycle power-generating unit to be constructed.
Besides that it is planned to have the connection to the electric power transmission
network according to preliminary technical conditions of AB „Lietuvos energija“ related to
increase in production of electric power at the Kaunas power plant.
Total amount of expected investments shall be about Litas 1 billion.
13
2.4
Stages, terms and sequence of planned economic activity
Stages, terms and sequence of activity implementation:
Stages
Name of works
Performance term
Stage I
Feasibility study preparation
IV qt. of 2006 – Iqt.
Of 2007
Stage II
Stage III
Stage IV
Assessment of environmental impact, PAV decision on
acceptance of planned economic activity in regard with
environmental impact
Prior-to-project assessment of necessity of reconstruction of
electric line
Preparation of business plan, tender documents and technical
specifications
III qt. of 2007 m.. –
I qt. Of 2008 m.
III – IV qt. of 2007
IV qt. of 2007
Stage V
Obtaining of the Ministry‘s of Economy permit for creation of
new production capacities
I qt. of 2008
Stage VI
Organization and implementation of tenders on technical
design, equipment supply and construction works, bids‘
assessment and agreements signing
IV qt. of 2007 - III
qt. of 2008
Stage VII
Technical design, construction works
Stage VIII
Stage IX
Stage X
The object transference to the customer, commissioning
works
Preparation of applications for TIPK permit, obtaining of TIPK
permit
Planned start of economic activity
III qt. of 2008 – III
qt. of 2010
III qt. of 2010 – I qt.
of 2011
II - III qt. of .2010
I qt. of 2011
Expected period of exploiting of combined cycle power plant‘s power-generating unit shall
be 30 years.
2.5
Correlation of the PAV programme and report preparation with
planning and projecting stages
The process of the environmental impact assessment started after specialists of UAB
„Termosistemų projektai“ have prepared the feasibility study on implementation of general heat
and electric power production system in the UAB Kauno termofikacijos elektrinė. Further
planning and technical projecting works shall be carried out after having adopted a positive
decision of the Kaunas RAAD regarding admissibility of environmental impact of planned
economic activity concerned (see clause 2.4 „Stages, terms and sequence of planned
economic activity“).
14
2.6 Data about planned economic activity‘s products, fuel, raw and
other materials
During carrying out of planned economic activity the heat and electric energy shall be
produced. Data about expected fuel, heat and electric energy consumption and expected
amounts of heat and electric energy to be produced are provided in Tables 1 and 2.
accordingly.
Table 1. Fuel and energy consumption
Energetic and
technological
resources
Measuring units,
t, m3, kWh and
others
1
2
3
a) electrical energy
MWh
200 000
UAB Kauno termofikacijos
elektrinė, AB „Lietuvos energija“,
AB „VST“
b) heat energy:
MWh
90 000
UAB Kauno termofikacijos elektrinė
c) natural gas:
New block
1 007 668
OAO „Gazprom“
306 868
OAO „Gazprom“
3
700 800
OAO „Gazprom“
30 000
UAB „Mažeikių nafta“ or other
supplier
thousand Nm
-
e) mazut
t
f) stove oil
-
g) dieseline
t
4
3
thousand Nm
d) liquefied gas
Sources of resources
3
thousand Nm
Equipment available
Amounts used
within one year
392 448*
LR companies
h) black coal
i) gasoline
j) biofuel:
k) other
* an amount of dieseline indicated is expected to use in a new block
Table 2. Energy production
Energy type
Expected amount to be produced
1
2
Electric energy, MWh
3 095 000
Heat energy, MWh
1 800 000*
* an amount of heat energy produced (transferred to networks) is indicated taking into consideration the expected
demand for heat energy of the town of Kaunas.
During carrying out of planned economic activity chemical materials and products shall be
mostly used in the water preparation unit (taking into consideration that during planned
economic activity and amount of industrial water required shall be prepared upon chemical way,
i.e. non-changing the existing technological principle of water preparation). Besides that when
exploiting electrical installations there will be used turbine oil. Information about chemical
materials or products that are expected to use are indicated in Table 3. below.
15
Table 3. Information about raw materials, chemical materials or products used
Name of raw material,
chemical material or
product
Annual
amount, t
1
Classification and marking of chemical material or
product
category
Hazard
reference
Risk phrase
2
3
4
5
Ferric sulphate (FeSO4)
30
-
-
-
Lime (CaO)
400
Erosive
(etching)
Erosive
(etching)
C
Sodium chloride (NaCl)
200
-
-
-
Sulphuric acid (H2SO4)
330
Erosive
(etching)
Erosive
(etching)
C
Sodium dichloride (NaOH)
260
Erosive
(etching)
Erosive
(etching)
C
Ammonia water (NH4OH)
5
Erosive
(etching)
Hazardous for
environment
Erosive
(etching)
Hazardous for
environment
C, N
Hydrazine solution (N2H4)
3
Toxic, harmful
for
environment
Toxic, harmful
for environment
T, N
Triodium phosphate
(Na3PO4)
5
Irritant
Irritant
Xi
~ 40 m3 *
-
-
-
Turbine oil
* turbine oil is to be replaced once per 10 years.
Chemical materials and products containing solvents shall not be used when performing
the main planned economic activity.
2.7
Description of site of the planned economic activity
2.7.1 Geographic and administrative location
Description of site and neighbouring territory. The Kaunas power plant is situated at
Taikos pr. 147/ V.Krėvės pr. 128, LT – 51142 in Kaunas, within the north-eastern borders of the
town of Kaunas, in the district of industrial enterprises, close to highway Kaunas – Vilnius (see
Pic. 1).
The Kaunas power plant is performing its economic activity within the plot of land of 55,3346
ha area. This territory includes plots of land situated at V.Krėvės pr. 135 (slime unit) – 4,3636
ha, Taikos pr. 147/V.Krėvės pr.128 (the Kaunas power plant) – 31,3991 ha, Ateities highway.
35 (mazut unit) – 16,1457 ha, V.Krėvės pr. 128b ir V.Krėvės pr. 133a (railway) – 0,7081 ha and
2,1509 ha, R.Kalantos g. 124 – 0,5672 ha (the complex of industrial water supply station). The
planned economic activity is expected to be carried out within the main plot of land (the plot of
land area - 31,3991 ha), situated at Taikos pr. 147/V.Krėvės pr.128.
16
Coordinates of the centre of the plot of land the planned economic activity shall be carried
out within: east longitude 240 01' 41.80"; north latitude 540 55' 14.48" . Altitude above sea level 70
metres.
State-owned plots of land on which the KE is situated are rented in accordance with
decrees No. 02-01-6472, No. 02-01-6473, No. 02-01-6474 issued on the 25th of November
2002 by the Head of the Kaunas county and decrees No. 02-01-7259, No. 02-01-7260 issued
on the 18th December 2002 to a renter, UAB Kauno termofikacijos elektrinė (address Taikos pr.
147, LT-51142, Kaunas). The plot of land the planned economic activity shall be carried out
within is renter from the state up to 2101, the copy of the plot of land records extract of the State
enterprise the Register Centre is specified in text Annex No.2.
Slime unit of the
Kaunas power plant
The Kaunas
power plant
The
PŪV
site
The mazut unit of
the Kaunas power
plant
Picture 1. Site of the planned economic activity (PŪV)
Plans of PŪV plots of land are enclosed in graphic Annex No.1.
The main purposive application sphere of the PŪV plot of land is “other” (the territory
designated for laying and exploiting of networks and objects of engineering infrastructure)
Adjacencies. On the north, the main plot of land of the Kaunas power plant borders Taikos
avenue, on the east and north – it borders Davalgonių forest, on the east – private garage
cooperative, railway and former company‘s UAB „Dinamo“ territory (see Picture 2).
The power plant is situated in industrial area of the town of Kaunas, next to it, the following
companies are performing their activities: UAB „Varanas“ – car market of the town of Kaunas,
UAB „Kelių remonto grupė“, UAB „Termoizola“, UAB „Transgesta servis“, UAB „Nepriklausomos
17
energijos paslaugos“. The list of other companies situated nearby is specified in text Annex
No.3.
There are no any schools and hospitals situated next to the power plant. In 1,2 km
distance to north-west direction from the site of the planned economic activity there are
residential houses of Dainava block of flats (intersection of Partizanų and V.Krėvės streets). In
1,4 km distance to the north of the PŪV site there is the territory of collective plots of land for
gardening, residebtial houses of the Palemonas block of flats are situated in 2 km distance to
the east. The nearest living house (V. Krėvės avenue 135A) is situated in 200 m distance to the
north-eastern direction from the PŪV.
Davalgonių forest
Garages
Slime unit
UAB „Transgesta“
Residential
building
UAB „Kelių
remonto grupė“
PŪV site
The Kaunas
car market
place
Davalgonių
forest
The Kaunas
power plant
Picture 2. Adjacency of the PŪV plot of land and the PŪV site.
According to data provided by state enterprise the Register Centre, The PŪV plot of land
(unique No. 1901-0092-0003, cadastre No. 1901/0092:3) borders 2 plots of land owned by state
and one plot of land of which owners are the Republic of Lithuania and UAB „Kelių remonto
grupė“ (see Table 4). The copy of the Reference issued by the Kaunas branch of the public
18
enterprise, the Register centre, regarding the owners of adjacent plots of land and the extract of
the Cadastre map are presented in text Annex No.3.
Table 4. Information about owners of plots of land which border the PŪV plot of land (source: the
Kaunas branch of the PE Register Centre)
Ord.No.
Cadastre No. of a plot of land
Owner
1.
1901/0092:1
Republic of Lithuania
2.
1901/0092:4
Republic of Lithuania
3.
1901/0092:6
Republic of Lithuania; UAB „Kelių remonto grupė“
Information about owners, users or managers of plots of land formed close to the PŪV plot
of land is presented in Table 5.
Table 5. Information about owners, users or managers of plots of land formed close to the PŪV plot
of land (source of information: public enterprise the Register Centre)
Ord.
Address and
Area and application
Owner, user or
Headquarters
No.
cadastre No. of
sphere of the plot of
manager of the plot of
address of plot‘s
plot of land
land
land
of land owner,
user of manager
1
2
3
4
5
1.
V.
Krėvės
135A,
1901/0065:2
pr.
0,2461 ha
Other (for construction
and exploiting of private
houses/structures)
Owners of the plot of
land:
Vytautas Prialgauskas,
Renė Elena Etnerienė,
Lietuvos Respublika
V.
Krėvės
pr.
135A,
51102
Kaunas
2.
V.
Krėvės
128D,
1901/0092:4
pr.
0,3587 ha
Territory of commercial
objects construction of
trade,
service
or
entertainment objects)
Owner of the plot of
land:
Republic of Lithuania;
Agreement on lease
was concluded with:
UAB „Kelių remonto
grupė“
V. Krėvės pr. 128,
51108 Kaunas
3.
V. Krėvės pr. 128F,
1901/0092:1
0,6022 ha
Other (for construction
and
exploiting
of
commercial and small
business objects)
Owner of the plot of
land:
Republic of Lithuania;
Agreement on lease
was concluded with:
UAB „Transgesta“
V.
Krėvės
pr.
128F,
51106
Kaunas
4.
V.
Krėvės
128G,
1901/0092:6
3,0103 ha (formalities are
in progress)
Territory of industrial and
warehousing
objects
(construction
of
warehousing structures)
Owners of the plot of
land:
Republic of Lithuania;
UAB „Kelių remonto
grupė“
V. Krėvės pr. 128,
51108 Kaunas
5.
State-owned land. Non-formed plots of land
The
Board
of
Administration of the
Kaunas county head
L. Sapiegos street
10, 44251 Kaunas
pr.
19
The planned economic activity is expected to be carried our within undeveloped
company‘s plot next to VŠK 2 complex (see graphic annex No.2, Pic. 2). When
constructing a combined cycle power plant, it is expected to demolish one tin
warehouse of 625,24 sq. m area and in case of needs, it shall be possible to demolish
garages with attic of 1570 sq. m area.
2.7.2 Information about existing land-utilization, its infrastructure, natural,
historical and cultural values
Land-utilization. On the general plan of the town‘s of Kaunas municipality, approved by
the Resolution No. T-242 adopted by the Council of the town of Kaunas on the 25th of May
2003, the PŪV territory is attributed to other application sphere land: territory of industrial
objects/commercial, public infrastructure/ (see graphic annex No.3).
The main purposive application sphere of the PŪV plot of land is “other” (the territory for
construction and exploiting of networks and objects of engineering infrastructure) (see text Annex
No.2).
Site infrastructure. Existing infrastructure of the planned economic activity site, the
territory of the Kaunas power plant:
1) Communications lines;
2) Electric lines;
3) Gas pipeline;
4) Mazut pipeline;
5) Drinking water supply;
6) Production water supply (the Kaunas water reservoir);
7) City sewage networks;
8) Local storm-water and production sewage networks;
9) Steam and hot water supply networks;
10) railway.
Natural, historical and cultural values.
Cultural values. There are no any historical and cultural values of the territory of planned
economic activity; this territory is not attributed to protected territories. Next to the mazut unit, at
about 1 km distance from the PŪV site there are protected belongings of the Kaunas fortress,
blindages. The planned economic activity shall be carried out in 1 km distance away from
protected territory and shall have no impact on protected cultural values. There are no any other
cultural real estate values on the planned economic activity territory and neighbouring
territories.
Planted land. Within the KE territory there are some planted plots to be protected. Within
the PŪV territory to be developed there are warty birches, however, on the plot of land detailed
plan they are not marked as to be protected. The KE territorial plan is presented in the graphic
annex No.1, the list of trees to be protected is presented in graphic annex no.4 (plants to be
removed within PŪV are indicated as No. 154).
To the north, north-east and east direction from the power plant there is Davalgonių forest
Nearest water basins. In ~ 2,7 km distance from the PŪV site to south-east direction there is
the Kaunas water reservoir.
20
Nearest protected territories (see picture 3). The nearest protected territory the regional
park of the Kaunas water reservoir is situated in ~2,3 km distance to the south-east of the
planned economic activity territory. The aim of establishment of the regional park is to preserve
a unique landscape of a lower part of the Kaunas water reservoir basin, its natural ecosystem
and cultural heritage objects.
In~2,3 km distance to south-east direction there is a preservation priority zone –
landscape protection area. This is an archeological protective area of the Palemonas defensive
installations. This protected territory is attributed to the regional park type.
In ~2,4 km distance to south-east direction from the planned economic activity territory
there is Amalių ecological protective zone, attributed to the preservation priority zone and
regional parks as the type of protected territories.
To south-east and south directions in ~2,4 km distance there is a water unit zone,
attributed to functional priority zone and regional parks as the type of protected territories.
In ~3 km distance to south direction from the planned economic activity there is the
Petrašiūnai recreation zone, attributed to the preservation priority zone and regional parks as
the type of protected territories.
The Kaunas
fortress’s
Kauno tvirtovės
belongings
priklausiniai
blindages
blindažai
PŪV site
PŪV vieta
The
Palemonas
Palemono
recreation
rekreacinė
zone
zona
The Palemonas
archaeological
Palemono
protective
areagynybinių
defensive
installations
įtvirtinimų
archeologinis
draustinis
Pic.3. Nearest protected territories, source of information: protected territories cadastre, www.
vstt.lt
In ~2,5 km distance to southeast direction from the Palemonas recreation zone, attributed
to the recreation priority zone and regional parks as protected territories type.
21
The site of planned economic activity is not included in the list of European most important
protected territories network NATURA 2000 and does not border them. The nearest NATURA
2000 territory is the Kaunas water reservoir, situated to south-east in ~2,7 km distance (the
territory important for headquarters protection).
2.7.3 Geologic, hydrogeological, meteorological and climatic conditions of the
site
Meteorological conditions. Winter is mild, minimal temperature -22 0C (sometimes,
for short periods of time, it can be up to -35 0C). In winter-time south-east winds 4 - 6 m/s are
prevailing. Degree of air saturation is fluctuating within 85 – 100 % limits. Snow cover is up
to 0,1 m. In spring temperature is 10 – 14 0C above zero, though frosts can appear up to
June. By the end of spring, north and north-west winds are prevailing. Degree of air
saturation is increasing and in May it reaches 95 – 100 %. Summer is moderately warm. The
warmest month is July. Temperature can reach 30 0C. In the beginning of summer northwest winds are prevailing and in the end of summer – west winds are prevailing. Average
wind speed is 3 – 4 m/s. Average humidity in summer is 70 – 75 %. Most rainfall amount is in
summer. Average rainfall duration 50 – 80 hours per month. Autumn is considerably warm.
Degree of air saturation is increasing from 85 % in September up to 90 – 95 % in November.
In the beginning of the autumn time south-west winds are prevailing, By the end – south
winds. Winds speed is increasing. The rainfall amount is under decrease, although rainfall
duration becomes longer: up to 60 – 166 hours per month.
Within the territory of KE average wind speed is 4,2 m/s, average maximum wind speed
is about 20 m/s, in rare cases - up to 30 m/s. Annually there are 173 days with rainfall.
Average annual rainfall amount is equal to 550 – 600 mm (including 150 – 200 mm in cold
periods and 400 – 500 mm within warm period of time). Seasonal soil freezing with
probability α=0,95 is 1,4 m (according to data provided by the Kaunas hydrometeorological
observatory).
Geological conditions. Geological investigations of the Kaunas power plant‘s
construction site were carried out by the Kaunas institute of engineering research and
complete data about works performed, research methods, wellhole plans and others are kept
in the archive of the institute mentioned.
The KE site‘s surface layer consists of technogenic (filled) soil, of 0,3 – 3,1 m thickness. Filled
soil consists of clay loam with sand and humus. Packed filled soil (more than 5 years) is prevailing.
Filled soil was formed when leveling the construction site within construction works and later when
improving territory. Below filled soil there is clay loam of brown colour and brown layered semi-solid
clay of 0,4 – 3,0 m thickness and grey fine sand layers (0,4 – 1,7 m). Cone resistance is typical for
clay loams q = 0,4 – 4,0 (vid. 1,8) MPa, deformation module E = 4,0 – 40 (av. 16,7) MPa. At a depth
of 1,0 – 4,0 metres there are moraine loams of semi-solid consistence with sand lens and interlayers
(0,4 – 0,5 m). Such soils have typical properties: q = 0,6 – 5,0 (av. 1,7) MPa, E = 11,6 – 36,8 (av.
20,0) MPa. Solid plastic moraine loams make a layer up to 4,4 – 12,5 m depth with q = 2,0 – 13,0
(vid. 4,4) MPa, E = 22,0 – 103,4 (av. 44,0) MPa.
Hydrographical conditions. There are no any natural water basins, rivers, springs on the main
plot of land of the Kaunas power plant. Water for production needs is collected from the Kaunas water
reservoir by own industrial water supply station complex and pipeline. Drinking water is supplied by
22
the town water supply network. Within KE territory, ground waters are found at a depth of 0,7 – 2,1
m from ground surface, water-bearing soils consist of sand gravel lenses of 0,4 – 1,0 m thickness and
created pressure is equal up to 0,7 – 1,0 m. ground waters are fed from atmospheric precipitation
upon natural infiltration way. Ground waters are not chemically aggressive. Maximum ground waters
level can be 0,3 – 0,5 m from earth surface. Ground waters within mazut unit territory are found at a
depth of 1,7 – 2,5 m from the earth surface. Water-bearing soil is fine sand. Maximum level of ground
waters can be 0,8 – 1,0 m from the earth surface.
2.7.4
Existing pollution level
When preparing this PAV report, the Kaunas RAAD recommended to apply the following
background concentrations of environmental air pollutants:
Carbon monoxide
- 2,0 mg/m3;
Nitrogen dioxide
- 0,05 mg/m3;
Sulfur dioxide
- 0,02 mg/m3;
Solid particles
- 0,32 mg/m3.
In the Kaunas agglomeration, in 2005 industrial and energetic companies‘ atmospheric emissions
reached 5,1 thousand tons, including: about 2 thousand tons of volatile organic compounds, 1,3 thousand
tons of nitrogen oxides and 1,3 tons of carbon monoxide, 0,1 thousand tons sulfur dioxide, 0,3 thousand
tons of solid particles. Compared to the year 2004 an amount of atmospheric pollutants from stationary
pollution sources was almost unchanged.
Fluctuation of harmful materials, emissions of stationary pollution sources in the Kaunas
agglomeration within 10 recent years was presented in Picture 4.
Pic.t/m) from stationary pollution sources in the town
Pic. 3. Amount of atmospheric pollutants (thous.
of Kaunas in 1996-2005. Source: Environment protection agency. “Air quality in agglomeration and
zone2005
in 2005
2006
m.
m. “.oro
kokybės
tyrimų duomenys rodo, kad Kauno aglomeracijoje vidutinė paros
Concentration of solid particles next to busy traffic roads exceeded the norm for more than 35 days per
annum, i.e. an amount of entered cases of pollution norms exceeded was higher that it was allowed upon
requirements contained in legal acts of the EU and Lithuania. Maximum concentration of nitrogen dioxide
next to intense traffic roads exceeded the norm valid in 2005, however, an amount of exceeding cases
was smaller compared to allowable: per annum there were registered 4 cases of norm exceeding
23
(allowable amount is 18). Concentration of sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, gazoline, Plumbum did not
exceed the norms established.
24
III. TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESSES
3.1 Brief description of existing the Kaunas power plant and subsidiary
systems
The Kaunas power plant produces heat and electrical energy as well as provides heating
networks with thermal water. At present, the power plant concerned is equipped with the
following equipment used for production of heat and electrical power:
-
three steam boilers BKZ – 420, of 420 t/h steam capacity each (or nominal heat capacity
290 MW);
-
two steam turbines:
1) PT-60 with a 60 MW power generator with hydrogen cooling with thermal and
industrial steam offtakes,
2) T-100 with a 110 MW power generator with hydrogen cooling with thermal gas
offtake.
-
Four water heating boilers PTVM – 100, of 100 Gcal/h capacity each (or ~116 MW);
-
One water heating boiler KVGM – 180, of 180 Gcal/h capacity (or 209 MW).
High parameters steam is being produced in a steam boiler. Combusting process takes
place in the boiler‘s furnace and emitted heat is being supplied to the boiler‘s waterwall surfaces
though which the boiler water is circulating. In steam boiler, water is circulating upon closed
cycle: boiler drum – offtake non-heated pipes – bottom collectors – furnace‘s heated pipes –
boiler drum. A water and water steam mixture passes back to boiler drum. In a drum, steam is
being separated from water, and water occupies the drum bottom part and steam – its top part.
Steam is being transferred to the steam super heater section and when after having given back
combusting gas energy, steam temperature is being raised as required. Heat produced by
combusting products is fully used by the boiler convection surfaces and combusting products
are being passed to chimney with smoke exhauster. Part of heat energy produced in a steam
boiler is being used for electrical power production. Electrical power is being produced by two
gas turbines, of which one has gas offtake to industrial companies. Fuel is being combusted in
a water heating boiler furnace, heat energy emitted – combusting products, through boiler‘s
heated surfaces are being passed to circulating water of which temperature is being raised up
to required. The Kaunas power plant‘s schematic diagram is presented in Picture 5.
The Kaunas power plant is equipped with three BKZ-420 steam, four PTVM-100 water
heating boilers and one KVGM-180 water heating boiler. Combusting products from the three
steam boilers BKZ-420 (with nominal heating capacity 290 MW each) and four water heating
boilers PTVM-100 (with nominal heating capacity ~116 MW each) are being emitted through
chimney No.1 (pollution source 001). Combusting products from water heating boiler KVGM180 (nominal heating capacity 209 MW) are being emitted through chimney No. 2 (pollution
source 002). This VŠK is a reserved boiler which can be used when two VŠK PTVM-100
connected to chimney No.1 are out of operation. At the Kaunas power plant, the main fuel is
natural gas and back-up fuel is mazut. Boilers are heated with mixed fuels – when some
25
burners of boilers are fired with natural gas, other burners are fired with mazut. Carbon
monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur anhydride and solid particles are being emitted into
atmospheric air through chimneys No.1 and No.2 (organized pollution sources 001 and 002)
when boilers are fired with natural gas. When boilers are fired with mazut or mixed fuel, carbon
monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur anhydride, solid particles and vanadium pentoxide are being
emitted into atmospheric air through chimneys.
Pic. 4. The Kaunas power plant’s schematic diagram
Mazut unit. A mazut unit was established for mazut storing; where there are six vertical
metal tanks of 10000 m3 volume and two new vertical metal tanks of 30000 m3 volume. The
mazut unit functions: to accept, store, discharge mazut, to prepare it for combusting and supply
to the power plant. The mazut unit is equipped with the mazut acceptance/discharge devices,
mazut storage tanks, mazut pump-house and site for the mazut loading into cisterns.
Mazut is delivered in 50 or 60 m3 volume tank wagons. For mazut discharge from
cisterns there was installed a two spur tracks the mazut discharge ramp on which it is possible
to place at the same time 52 cisterns. If temperature of delivered mazut is lower than 40 oC,
according to unloading technology it shall be heated, therefore, for the purpose of mazut
heating and cistern evaporating on the ramp there were established some points for heatingevaporating. Each spur track can accept 26 cisterns for mazut discharge. Below rails there were
installed open ferroconcrete troughs with inclines towards interim tanks. Discharge troughs are
separated from interim tank by hydraulic locking. Two interim ferro-concrete tanks of 600 m3
volume each are installed close to the ramp to accept mazut. Mazut from interim tanks is being
pumped into storage tanks with transfer pumps. Each interim tanks has two transfer pumps, two
ventilation openings and devices to measure the mazut temperature and level.
26
In order to protect ground and surface waters against mazut spills from storage tanks,
around tanks there were made protective dikes. The bottom of site of six tanks of 10000 m3
volume each and dikes are made of rolled clayey ground and bottom of site of two new tanks of
30000 m3 volume each and dikes are concreted. Lighting conductors are installed within the
territory, all installations are earthened, there was installed an automatic fire-fighting system
with water and foam tanks and fire-protection pump house.
Electricity unit. An open switchboard of110 kV includes three-bus systems – two of them
are operating and one is bypass. Two closed power switchboards of 6 kV and 0,4 kV
designated for electricity needs are assembled from kitting cells.
Water preparation unit. For production needs, water is being collected from the Kaunas water
reservoir by own industrial water supply complex equipment. At the power plant there were
installed devices for water preparation: the desalinated water device of 274 m3/h capacity and the
chemically purified water device of 728 m3/h capacity. Chemically prepared water depending on its
quality parameters is used for steam production or supplement of heating networks.
At the Kaunas power plant the Kaunas water reservoir water is used for supplement of
power boilers and heating networks. Initial cleaning from sinking particles and partial softening
is being carried out in clarification section within process of liming-coagulation. Liming solution
(Ca(OH)2) and coagulant (FeSO4*7H2O) are being supplied to clarification section. Slime
formed to be eliminated to slime unit. Partly clarified water (coagulated) shall be fully clarified in
mechanic filters. After having being processed in mechanical filters, clarified water shall be
divided into two flows.
The first flow shall pass to Na-cationic filters to be softened up to norm, required for
heating networks. Required pH index to be achieved upon the appropriate acidation of water
prior to passing to buffer mixing filter. Regeneration of worn Na-cationic filters is being carried
out with NaCl (salt). Regeneration water is being passed to slime unit. Chemically purified
water, being in accordance with requirements applicable shall be supplied by heating networks
pumps to supplement heating networks.
The second flow of clarified water after having been treated by mechanical filters shall be
supplied to H-cationic filters, where cations shall be completely removed from water. H-cationic
filters are regenerated by sulfuric acid (H2SO4). After cationic filters water is being passed
through first level anionic filters where the strong acids anions (Cl-, SO42- ir pan.) shall be
removed. Anionic filters shall be regenerated by NaOH. After first level desalting water shall be
passed to decarbonators, where carbon dioxide (CO2) shall be removed from water. After
processing in decarbonators partly desalted water shall be supplied to the second level Hcationic filters, where cations that are not removed when processed by the first-level shall be
completely removed. The second-level H-cationic filters shall be regenerated by sulfuric acid
(H2SO4). After having been processed in the second-level H-cationic filters, water shall be
supplied to the second-level anionic filters where weak acids (HSiO3, HCO3-, CO3- etc.) and
strong acids‘ anions that have not been completely removed through the first-level filters shall
be completely removed from water. The second-level aniotic filters are regenerated by NaOH.
Regenerated alkali and acid waters shall be mutually neutralized in neutralization tanks and
then shall be passed to slime unit. After the second-level desalting, prepared water shall be
pumped to feed energetic boilers.
27
Slime unit. Slime unit is designated for collection of rain and production waters, storage of
silt formed in clarification sections, during the process of neutralization and silt from neutralized
waters after washing of boilers.
Six pits for water collection have been installed, exploiting of the first and second pits was
terminated and both of them were recultivated in 1994 upon the appropriate permit issued by
the Kaunas RAAD, The third and fourth pits (of 7400 m3 volume each) are designated for
collection of rainwater (circulating system). Rainwater is being passed to the fourth pit for
setting. The pit is also equipped with shutters with two mazut collectors and underground mazut
collector to protect against mazut. Waters polluted with mazut shall be delivered to the power
plant‘s purification facilities. The fourth pit is connected to the third pit through sluice of which
water is being pumped into cooling section to replenish production water.
Neutralized waters of boilers washing shall be collected in the fifth pit of 9350 m3 volume.
At present, 80% of the pit volume is filled with silt, slopes are strengthened with chips and the
slit accumulated has been analyzed in the Centre for agrochemical analysis of the Agriculture
Institute of Lithuania. the pit renovation is expected to be performed in future coordinating the
exploiting perspective of the sixth pit.
At present, all neutralized waters are collected in the sixth pit, of which volume is 23000
m . Based on the appropriate calculations, the pit could be exploited during six years. A part of
settled water shall be pumped back to production section and balance water is being
discharged into the Amalės river. According to sewage and surface waters controlling plan, the
discharged sewage waters pollution is being inspected once a month. The following parameters
are controlled: temperature, transparency, colour, smell, pH, sinking materials, oil products,
chlorides, sulphates, BDS7, ChDSCr.
3
All pits are isolated and the sixth pit has the improved isolation properties – concreted
bottom with waterproofing seams. The pit slope drainage waters are collected in the slope
drainage wells and are used to replenish production waters. The slime unit territory is fenced
and guarded.
In future, depending on the way of modernization of the water preparation unit and water
preparation technology implemented, the slime unit can be expanded based on erection of
additional slime pit or it can de decreased, based on recultivation of some of existing slime pits.
During the period of preparation of PAV report several alternatives of the production water
preparation have been considered: expansion of capacities of existing water preparation upon
chemical technology, establishment of the new water chemical preparation unit for combined
cycle power plant‘s block expected to construct as well as implementation of the „reverse
osmosis“ water purification technology. The „reverse osmosis“ technology is more favourable
regarding environment protection, however, within the stage of the environmental impact
assessment it was not decided which the water preparation alternative shall be implemented,
therefore, the PAV report includes information about sewage, wastes and chemical materials in
case of the water chemical preparation and the „reverse osmosis“ water purification technology
is considered at technological level only.
For purpose of capacitors cooling there was established the bypass water system with
cooling section and circulation pumps.
28
3.2 Description of combined cycle power-generating unit, proposed
equipment and technological process
At present, the combined cycle power plant is the most optimal technology upon technical
and financial aspects in case it is planned to generate over 20 MW electric energy. In energetic
block of such type a conditionally used heating flow from gas turbine shall be transferred to
steam generator where the high parameters steam is produced and passed to steam generator
that is being passed to steam turbine. Electric generators are connected either to gas turbine
shaft or to the steam turbine shaft. This combination of heating devices allows to use fuel in
more efficient way and reach high efficiency of the electric energy production that could reach
even 60 %. In order to achieve a higher efficiency of steam turbine, steam generator was
equipped with additional burners that allow to achieve higher steam parameters and decrease a
surplus oxygen amount which allows to increase total system‘s efficiency up to 90 % or even
more (in this case the power plant‘s productivity is about 45 - 48 %).
UAB Kauno termofikacijos elektrinė expects to install four gas turbines, four steam
generators with additional combusting and two steam turbines in the new power plant to be
constructed. The expected total electrical power of combined cycle power-generating unit shall
reach ~350 MW. In case of planned electricity/heat energy proportion equal to~1, heat power
shall also be about 350 MW. Total demand for fuel shall be about 780 MW. The combined cycle
power plant‘s schematic diagram is presented in Picture 6.
573
146
207
204
350
Pic. 5. Combined cycle power plant’s schematic diagram
It is planned that the combined cycle power-generating unit shall be adapted to the use of
natural gas as the main fuel and liquid fuel (dieseline), as additional/back-up fuel (in case it shall
be obligatory upon normative documents that are being clarified at present).
Having evaluated the demand for heat energy within non-heating season and real
possibilities to become the reserve of the national electric energy supply system, it is expected
to install cooling facilities of about 350 MW heat power, ensuring an uninterrupted power plant‘s
operating in case of no demand for heat energy.
29
3.3
Description of subsidiary systems
The water preparation unit. The water preparation unit can be modernized taking into
consideration technical properties of the new combined cycle power plant‘s power-generating
unit. The PAV report considers three alternatives of the water preparation unit: traditional water
preparation system, modernization and/or increase in its capacity and implementation of the
water purification „reverse osmosis“ technology, generally in regard with planned and existing
installations. Existing traditional the water preparation system is described in clause 3.1. of the
PAV report. Find below the brief description of „reverse osmosis“ technology.
Reverse osmosis – is a process, during which water is filtrated being passed through a
special semi-conductive membrane, able to transmit water and retain the salt ions and desalted
water is being received. The membrane used is an especially small porosity (one pore size is
only 0,0001 micron) filter, removing 90-98 per cent of materials (salts) solved in water. The
reverse osmosis membrane can also retain up to 98 per cent of biological and colloidal
materials. Membranes are made of different materials, at present, they are made of especially
thin polymeric film.
A semi-conductive film-membrane placed between two liquids of different concentration
transmits a smaller concentration liquid-solvent into a larger concentration solution. The
membrane transmits the solvent only, i.e. pure water until the concentration shall be even. In
nature, this process takes place without any outside forces, but in case liquid (water) is effected
by outside forces, for example, pressure, the reverse osmosis shall be got. When water is
effected by pressure, only water molecules can be penetrated through membrane and
inclusions solved in water shall be retained by the membrane. The reverse osmosis principal
scheme is presented in Pic.6.
30
Pic. 6. Principal scheme of osmosis and reverse osmosis
The scheme of water purification based on the reverse osmosis principle is presented in
Pic.7. There are four main stages of the water purification process: (1) The water initial
preparation, (2) compression, (3) the pollutants separation by membrane (4) the purified water
stabilization.
(1) The water initial preparation. Prior to purification the water should be processed,
removing suspended materials and adjusting pH level. After having implemented the reverse
osmosis water purification system, the water initial purification from sinking particles and its
partial softening shall be performed in clarification section within the process of limingcoagulation.
(2) Compression. Pressure pump is to compress water close to membrane up to required
level.
(3) Pollutants separation by membrane. After the membrane purification there will be two
water flows: pure water and salty wastewaters.
(4) The purified water stabilization. In most cases, after purification it shall be necessary to
adjust the water pH. For this purpose water shall be passed through aeration device that is
adjusting water pH from 5 up to almost 7.
31
Pic. 7. The main operating stage of the reverse osmosis
Advantages of the reverse osmosis equipment:
•
small wastes water amount (recalculated coefficient of efficiency);
•
non-use of reagents;
•
possibility to use different selectivity membranes;
•
low exploiting input;
•
compactness;
•
required level of automatization;
•
easy to operate.
Disadvantages of the reverse osmosis equipment:
•
The reverse osmosis membrane is very sensitive to suspended materials,
therefore the previous water preparation is required prior to water filtration. For
system‘s supervising high qualification operators are required.
Main requirements to the water to be supplied to the reverse osmosis equipment:
•
Suspended particles – not more than 1 pc turbidity (~0,58 mg/l);
•
Total salts amount – up to 50 g/l;
•
pH value – from 2 up to 11;
•
colloidal index SDI – less than 4 (oxidation less than 2-3 mgO2/l);
•
maximum operating temperature – +45 °C;
32
•
free chlorine or other strong oxidating agents (ozone, potassium permanganate
and others) – up to 0,1 mg/l;
•
oil products – no.
washing frequency – from 1 up to 6 times per month, it depends on initial water quality
and the equipment operating conditions.
Sewage disposal system. In future, depending on the way of modernization of the water
preparation unit and the water preparation technology implemented, the slime unit can be
expanded by establishing an additional slime pit, or it cam be decreased by recultivating the
part of slime pits available. The brief description of the slime unit is presented in clause 3.1. of
the PAV report.
Technical means aimed at decrease in atmospheric pollutants. It is foreseen that that
new combined cycle plant‘s emission into atmospheric air shall be in accordance with the level
of pollution concentration in exhaust fumes specified in GPGB document, therefore, the
particular means aimed at decrease of environmental impact have not been considered in the
PAV report (more information you can find in clause 5.2.1.9 ).
The dieseline unit. It was expected that the new combined cycle power-generating unit to
be constructed in the Kaunas power plant shall be adopted not to natural gas, as the main fuel,
but to liquid fuel (dieseline) as additional/back-up fuel as well (provided that it is obligatory upon
normative documents that are being clarified at the moment). For this purpose, within the
territory of the Kaunas power plant it is expected to arrange the dieseline unit, installing one
ground dieseline tank of ~10 000 m3 volume, aimed at storing of a ~7-day total load dieseline
reserves ( ~7 500 tons). Diesel fuel can be delivered to the Kaunas power plant by road
transport or railways.
Electricity unit. After having increased the electric energy production capacity, the
Kaunas power plant has to be connected to the electric power transmission network. For this
purpose, from AB „Lietuvos energija“ there were received preliminary technical conditions for
increase in production of electric energy at the Kaunas power plant.
3.4 Comparison and assessment of proposed technology (the way of
production and equipment) according to the best accessible production
ways (GPGB) of the European Union related to this type activity.
According to issuance, renewal and termination of rules on permits of the pollution
integrated prevention and control (Žin., 2002, No. 85-3684; 2005, No. 103-3829) (hereinafter
referred to as TIPK regulations), the combined cycle power-generating unit is the part of the
33
Kaunas power plant object and is in accordance with criteria established in Annex 1 of TIP
regulations:
1.1
Fuel combusting equipment with nominal heat capacity over 50 MW.
According to requirements contained in the TIPK regulations, allowable limits of exhaust emission
of equipment according to criteria of annex 1 shall be defined upon the EU the best accessible production
ways (hereinafter referred to as GPGB) information document prepared upon the appropriate activity
type. In this case it is not required to apply a particular production method or technology, but, taking into
consideration the economic possibilities, the location of the economic activity place and environmental
conditions of the economic activity‘s executor, the limiting values of emitted pollution should be
compared and if possible to be in accordance with limiting values specified in the EU GPGB information
documents or annotations of these documents.
Limiting values of pollution emitted during the planned economic activity shall be defined upon the
EU information document about the best accessible production ways for large installations burning fuel
(DKDĮ), therefore technologies expected to use in the combined cycle power station should be
comparative with GPGB.
When comparing the technology of planned economic activity with GPGB, the following documents
were taken into consideration:
1)
The EU information document on the best accessible production ways for large the fuel burning
installations (approved in July 2006).
2)
According to issuance, renewal and termination of rules on permits of the pollution integrated
prevention and control (Žin., 2002, No. 85-3684; 2005, No. 103-3829, N0. 107 (revised edition)).
3)
Norms of pollution emitted by large installations burning fuel and norms of pollution emitted by
installations burning fuel LAND 43-2001 (Žin., 2001, No.88-3100; 2004, No. 37-1210).
4)
The EU information document on general monitoring principles (approved in July 2003).
The existing and future monitoring system of the Kaunas power plant is in accordance with the
requirements contained in the EU information document on general monitoring principles:
-
Control on stationary sources of atmospheric air pollution; when designing and constructing the
new combined cycle power plant‘s block it is proposed to implement in all four new chimneys an
automatic (continuous) monitoring system;
-
Controlling on waste and surface waters (it shall not be changed);
-
Water (impact on surface water) monitoring (it shall not be changed);
-
Greenhouse gas monitoring; after having constructed the new block there will be elaborated the
greenhouse gas monitoring programme for the whole Kaunas power plant;
-
Underground waters monitoring; after having arranged the dieseline unit there shall be elaborated
and coordinated upon the appropriate order the dieseline unit‘s underground waters programme
Find more details about the Kaunas plant‘s monitoring in chapter VII of the PAV report.
34
Table 6. Comparative assessment with the EU information document about the GPGB for large installations burning fuel
Ord..
No.
Technology
1
GPGB technology
2
Reference to
the EU GPGB
information
document
3
Limiting values
Upon planned
upon GPGB
production
ways
4
5
Conformity / notes
6
BEST ACCESSIBLE PRODUCTION WAYS WHEN BURNING GAS FUEL
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Delivery and
supervision of
gas fuel and its
additives
To use warning systems or
alert signals to warn about fuel
leakage.
To use expansion turbines in
order to receive the energy of
gas fuel.
7.5.1.
-
-
It shall be taken into consideration when preparing
projecting documents.
7.5.1.
-
-
Heating of gas fuel and air (for
burning) using residual heat of
the boiler or gas turbine heat.
Supervision and storage of
pure liquefied ammonia:
overhead tank for storage of
>100 m3 of pure liquefied
ammonia shall have double
walls and must be situated
under the ground; tank for
storage of 100 m3 or less of
pure liquefied ammonia must
be equipped with annealing
devices.
Ammonia should be stored in
the form of aqua-ammonia
solution to be less dangerous
compared to storage and
supervision of pure liquefied
ammonia
Hermetic surfaces with
drainage system (including oil
traps in order to avoid polluting
of water and soil).
7.5.1.
-
-
7.5.1.
-
-
The gas expansion turbine is not foreseen, taking into
consideration that pressure of natural gas supplied to the
Kaunas power plant is not high enough so that it would be
economically beneficial to give back the compressed gas
expansion energy. Besides, such systems are very
complicated in technological aspect and require huge
investments. Implementation is not foreseen.
Based on technical and economic possibilities it shall be
taken into consideration when preparing Project
documents.
Non-applicable, because selective catalytic or noncatalytic purification of exhaust fumes with the use of
ammonia is not foreseen. Existing ammonia unit shall not
be changed. Aqua-ammonia solution (25 %) is kept in
3
3
tanks (8 m ) within spatial outdoor site (4 m ). There is no
need for annealing devices.
7.5.1.
-
-
Non-applicable, because selective catalytic or noncatalytic purification of exhaust fumes with the use of
ammonia is not foreseen. Existing ammonia unit shall not
be changed. In the water preparation unit, ammonia is
stored in the form of aqua-ammonia solution (25 %).
7.4.1.
-
-
The surface storm sewage unit shall not be changed.
Surface sewage waters collected shall be passed to the
pond settler and then shall be returned back to production
section.
35
Ord..
No.
Technology
Reference to
the EU GPGB
information
document
3
7.5.2.
Limiting values,
Upon planned
upon GPGB
Conformity / notes
production
ways
4
5
6
Electrical efficiency Electrical efficiency It is planned to expand the Kaunas power plant based on
>40 %
>40 %
construction of combined cycle power station (of ~350
MW electric power/ ~350 MW heat power), with electrical
efficiency 40-47 %.
When preparing Project documents based on technical
and economic possibilities, there will be foreseen all the
means for efficiency increasing.
-
14.
2
The heat and electricity
cogeneration. Combined cycle
with additional burning in KJ
regime.
The gas fuel pre-heating
based on residual heat.
The use of advanced materials
in order to achieve high
temperature and increase the
steam turbine‘s efficiency.
Double pre-heating.
Regeneration heating of fed
water.
Advanced computerized the
burning conditions controlling
technologies aimed at
emission decrease and
increase in boiler efficiency.
Heat accumulation.
15.
Burning air pre-heating
7.4.2.
-
-
Advanced computerized gas
turbines and controlling
technologies of relevant wasteheat boilers
The use of advanced materials
in order to achieve high
temperature and increase the
steam turbine‘s efficiency.
7.4.2.
-
-
7.4.2.
-
-
7.
1
Heating
efficiency of
gas burning
equipment
GPGB technology
8.
10.
11.
12.
13.
16.
17.
Heat efficiency
of the gas
turbines
7.4.2.
7.4.2.
7.4.2.
7.4.2.
-
-
7.4.2.
-
-
7.4.2.
-
-
It is impossible to implement this means because for heat
accumulation there will be need for extremely big tanks to
satisfy demand for peak heat.
Based on technical and economic possibilities it shall be
taken into consideration when preparing Project
documents.
Based on technical and economic possibilities it shall be
taken into consideration when preparing Project
documents.
Based on technical and economic possibilities it shall be
taken into consideration when preparing Project
documents.
36
Ord..
No.
18.
19.
Technology
1
Emission of
dust and SO2
from the gas
burning
equipment
GPGB technology
2
When burning natural gas and
non-applying any additional
technical means, dust amount
is usually less than 5 mg/Nm3.
SO2 emission is less than 10
3
mg/Nm .
Reference to
the EU GPGB
information
document
3
7.5.3.
7.5.3.
Limiting values, pcs.
Upon planned
upon GPGB
production
ways
4
5
Solid particles
Solid particles
3
5 mg/Nm3
5 mg/Nm
SO2
3
10 mg/Nm
SO2
3
10 mg/Nm
Conformity / notes
6
When burning natural gas an amount of solid particles
emitted in atmospheric air shall not exceed 5 mg/Nm3.
When burning natural gas SO2 emitted into atmospheric
3
air shall not exceeded 10 mg/Nm .
o
Maximum allowable amount of solid particles and SO2 concentration in exhaust fumes emitted by new equipment, mg/Nm3
For gas turbines
Fuel
Lithuanian norms,
mg/Nm3
GPGB emission
levels, mg/Nm3
For boilers
Lithuanian
norms, mg/Nm3
Maximum allowable SO2 concentrations, mg/Nm3
35
10
35
Gas fuel
(O2 amount 3% )
(O2 amount – 15%) (O2 amount 3% )
Maximum allowable solid particles concentrations, mg/Nm3
5
5
Gas fuel
(O2 amount – 15%) (O2 amount 3% )
GPGB emission
levels, mg/Nm3
10
(O2 amount – 15%)
5
(O2 amount – 15%)
37
Ord..
No.
20.
21.
22.
Technology
1
NOx ir CO
emission from
gas turbines
GPGB technology
2
Direct gas injection
Direct water injection
Combustion chamber with
small NOx generation previous
mixing burners without
humidity injection
Reference to
the EU GPGB
information
document
3
7.4.3
7.4.3
7.5.4
Limiting values, pcs.
Upon planned
upon GPGB
production
ways
4
5
20-50 (KCDT
20-50 (KCDT
with add. burn.)
with add. burn.)
23.
Selective catalytic cleaning
7.5.4
24.
Catalytic burning
7.5.4
25.
CO oxidation catalysts
7.5.4
30-100 (KCDT
with add. burn.)
30-100 (KCDT
with add. burn.)
26.
Non-stop monitoring.
7.5.4.
-
-
Conformity / notes
6
Applicable to existing equipment only.
Nowadays almost all gas turbines have dry type injection
systems (DLN) of preliminary mixing burners of small
NOx generation. When preparing Project documents there
will be foreseen all the means in order the amount of
emitted NOx when burning natural gas would not exceed
3
20-50 mg/Nm .
In regard with new gas turbines DLN burners can be
considered as Standard means, therefore, in most cases,
application of additional selective catalytic purification
shall not be required. Selective catalytic or non-catalytic
purification when burning natural gas in the new block has
not been considered, because an amount of emitted NOx
3
shall not exceed 20-50 mg/Nm , and having evaluated the
results of modeling of pollution distribution (lower
concentrations), it shall be possible to conclude that
factual company‘s emissions shall have no crucial impact
on environmental air quality based on which the limiting
pollutions concentration indexes would be exceeded
The catalytic burning technology in the USA has been
introduced on the market recently. Manufacturers‘
information has not been based by practical equipment
operating, however, it is possible to achieve very little
NOx emissions - up to 5 – 6 mg/Nm3. When preparing
projecting documents, there will be foreseen all the means
required so that amount of emitted NOx would not exceed
20-50 mg/Nm3when burning natural gas.
When preparing projecting documents, there will be
foreseen all the means required so that amount of emitted
CO would not exceed 30-100 mg/Nm3 when burning
natural gas.
In the new block It is foreseen to implement the automatic
(non-stop) monitoring system).
38
Ord..
No.
27.
28.
29.
30.
Technology
1
NOx and CO
emission by gas
boilers
GPGB technology
2
Small excess air amount
Recirculation of emitted gas
Small NOx burners for gas
boilers
Selective catalytic purification.
Reference to
the EU GPGB
information
document
3
7.4.3.
7.4.3.
7.4.3.
7.4.3
31.
Selective
purification.
non-catalytic
7.4.3
32.
Clean fuel burning applying the
appropriate monitoring and
process
controlling
technologies and supervising
burning
system
in
the
appropriate way.
7.5.4.
Limiting values, pcs.
Upon planned
upon GPGB
production
ways
4
5
20-50 (KCDT
20-50 (KCDT
with add. burn.)
with add. burn.)
20-50 (KCDT
with add. burn.)
20-50 (KCDT
with add. burn.)
30-100 (KCDT
with add. burn.)
30-100 (KCDT
with add. burn.)
Conformity / notes
6
When preparing projecting documents, there will be
foreseen all the means required so that amount of emitted
3
NOx would not exceed 20-50 mg/Nm when burning
natural gas.
Selective catalytic or non-catalytic purification when
burning natural gas in the new block has not been
considered, because an amount of emitted NOx shall not
exceed 20-50 mg/Nm3, and having evaluated the results
of modeling of pollution distribution (lower concentrations),
it shall be possible to conclude that factual company‘s
emissions shall have no crucial impact on environmental
air quality based on which the limiting pollutions
concentration indexes would be exceeded.
When preparing projecting documents, there will be
foreseen all the means required so that amount of emitted
CO would not exceed 30-100 mg/Nm3 when burning
natural gas In the new block It is foreseen to implement
the automatic (non-stop) monitoring system).
39
Maximum allowable NOx and CO emission concentrations in exhaust fumes of new equipment, mg/Nm3
Gas turbines
Fuel
Lithuanian norms,
mg/Nm3
Boilers
GPGB emission
levels, mg/Nm3
Lithuanian
norms, mg/Nm3
GPGB emission
levels, mg/Nm3
100
(O2 amount 3% )
50-100
(O2 amount 3%)
50 (75)
(O2 amount –
15%)
20-50 (KCDT with
add.burn.) (O2 amount –
depending on particular
piece of equipment)
200
(O2 amount 3% )
30-100
(O2 amount 3%)
200
(O2 amount 3%
)
30-100 (KCDT with
add.burn.) (O2 amount –
depending on particular
piece of equipment)
Maximum allowable NOx concentrations, mg/Nm3
Gas fuel
50 (75)
(O2 amount – 15%)
20-50
(O2 amount – 15%)
Combined cycle gas turbines
Lithuanian
GPGB emission levels,
norms,
mg/Nm3
3
mg/Nm
The highest allowable CO concentrations,mg/Nm3
Gas fuel
Ord..
No.
33.
34.
35.
Technology
1
Water polluting
200
(O2 amount 3% )
5-100
(O2 amount – 15%)
GPGB technology
2
Regeneration of
demineralizers and
condensate:
Neutralization and settling
Washing of boilers, air heaters
and settlers:
Neutralization and closed
cycle, o ruse of dry
purification methods
instead, if technically
possible
Surface storm waters:
Settling or chemical
purification and repeated
inner use
Reference to
the EU GPGB
information
document
3
7.4.4.
Limiting values,
Upon planned
upon GPGB
production
ways
4
5
-
7.4.4.
-
-
7.4.4.
-
-
Conformity / notes
6
Nowadays. The sewage silt, neutralized and settled is
kept in the slime unit. Based on technical parameters of
the new block, the water preparation unit can be
modernized. The slime unit can be expanded analogically,
installing an additional slime pit or it can be diminished,
recultivating a part of existing slime pits.
Based on technical and economic possibilities it shall be
taken into consideration when preparing Project
documents. At present, sewage waters are neutralized
with lime.
The surface storm sewage unit shall not be changed.
Surface sewage waters collected shall be passed to the
pond settler and then shall be returned back to production
section.
40
Ord..
No.
Technology
1
GPGB technology
2
Reference to
the EU GPGB
information
document
3
Limiting values,
Upon planned
upon GPGB
production
ways
4
5
Conformity / notes
6
BEST ACCESSIBLE PRODUCTION WAYS, CONNECTED TO LIQUID FUEL (DIESELINE) BURNING
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
Unloading,
storage and
control of liquid
fuel and its
additives
Tanks are paled with
protective dikes of the
following volume: 50-75 % all
tanks available are of
maximum volume or at least
100 % of the largest tank
volume.
Pipes should be laid above
ground in safe and open
places so that it would be
possible to immediately detect
any leakage. Besides, it is
necessary to ensure protection
against transport means or
other equipment that might
create danger.
The fuel orders planning and
automatic control systems to
avoid thanks overflow.
Regular inspections of
protective points and pipelines.
Close system of storage of
lime/limestone with dust
removal equipment.
6.5.1
50-75 % all tanks 50-75 % all tanks Based on technical and economic possibilities, the
dieseline unit expected to equip shall be in accordance
available are of
available are of
maximum volume maximum volume with all GPGB requirements.
or at least 100 % of or at least 100 % of
the largest tank
the largest tank
volume.
volume.
6.5.1
-
-
It is expected to lay ground-surface pipeline that shall be
in accordance with all GPGB requirements
upon
technical and economic possibilities.
6.4.1.
-
-
The dieseline fuel unit expected to equip shall be in
accordance with all GPGB requirements upon technical
and economic possibilities.
6.4.1.
-
-
6.4.1.
-
-
41.
Hermetic surfaces with
drainage system (including oil
traps)
6.5.1.
-
-
42.
Storage of ammonia in the
form of aqua-ammonia solvent.
6.4.1.
-
-
Non-applicable, the exhaust fumes desulfuring is not
foreseen. Calcinated lime in rather small quantities is
used in subsidiary processes – in water clarification
devices within the process of water calcificationcoagulation and stored in premises in concreted pits (150
3
3
m and 200 m ).
The surface storm sewage unit shall not be changed.
Surface sewage waters collected shall be passed to the
pond settler and then shall be returned back to production
section.
Non-applicable, because selective catalytic or noncatalytic purification of exhaust fumes with the use of
ammonia is not foreseen. Existing ammonia unit shall not
be changed. Aqua-ammonia solution (25 %) is kept in the
water chemical preparation unit.
41
Ord..
No.
43.
44.
45.
Technology
1
Previous
preparation of
liquefied fuel,
used in engines
and gas turbines
Gas turbines
operating on
liquid fuel
GPGB technology
2
The dieseline previous
processing devices consisting
of the dieseline electrostatic or
centrifuge type purification
devices.
Water or steam injection
Reference to
the EU GPGB
information
document
3
6.5.2
Limiting values,
Upon planned
upon GPGB
production
ways
4
5
-
6.5.4
-
-
6.5.4
-
-
46.
The use of liquid fuel with
small amount of sulfur
Small NOx generation previous
mixing burners without
humidity injection (DLN).
6.5.4
-
-
47.
Selective catalytic purification.
6.5.4
-
-
Conformity / notes
6
Based on technical and economic possibilities, the
dieseline unit expected to equip shall be in accordance
with all GPGB requirements.
Based on technical and economic possibilities it shall be
taken into consideration when preparing Project
documents.
Dieseline shall be used in the new block as
additional/reserved fuel.
DLN burners are considered as GPGB in regard with new
turbines only, for which this new way is accessible on the
market, therefore, based on technical and economic
possibilities it shall be taken into consideration when
preparing Project documents.
Selective catalytic purification when burning dieseline fuel
in the new block has not been considered, because liquid
fuel shall be used in emergency cases, so based on
economic aspects, this means shall not be accessible.
Besides, having evaluated the results of modeling of
pollution distribution (lower concentrations), it shall be
possible to conclude that factual company‘s emissions
shall have no crucial impact on environmental air quality
based on which the limiting pollutions concentration
indexes would be exceeded.
42
IV. WASTES
4.1
Wastes, quantities and ways of management
Natural gas, as the main fuel or liquefied fuel (dieseline) as additional/back-up fuel)
(provided that it is obligatory upon normative documents that are being clarified at the moment)
shall be used during the planned economic activity at the combined cycle power-generating
unit, therefore, there will be no wastes during combusting. However, based on increase in the
power plant‘s heat and electrical capacity there will be an increase in needs for industrial water
used in the process of production (to feed energetic boilers), therefore, there will be an
increased needs for chemically processed/prepared water, as a result, the amount of slime
(after water clarification) and regeneration solutions of filters shall be increasing as well. After
having equipped the new power plant‘s power-generating unit, there will be more water silt
after cleaning of boilers. The water clarification silt formed within the process of water
preparation, the inonite regeneration silt and water silt of the boilers cleaning shall be passed to
and stored in the slime unit. When exploiting turbines, there will be used turbine oil. Preliminary
quantities of wastes related to the planned economic activity are presented in Table 7.
Quantities of the water clarification silt and the inonites regeneration silt are assessed based on
the assumption that the industrial water amount necessary for the planned economic activity
shall be prepared by chemical way, i.e. with no changes made in the existing technology
applicable to water preparation.
Table 7. Wastes, waste disposal
Wastes storage at
the object
Wastes
Quantity
Name
The boiler
cleaning water
silt
The water
clarification silt
The ionites
regeneration
silt
t/day
t/year
0,4
150
1,8
660
2,2
800
Aggregat
e state
(solid,
liquid,
pastes)
Code upon
wastes list
Pastes
10 01 23
03.21
-
19 09 02
11.21
-
19 09 06
03.14
-
Pastes
Statistical
Storage
Dangerou
classification
conditi
sness
code
ons
Maximum
amount
Slime
3
23 000 m
unit‘s pits
Slime unit
Pastes
Spec.
containers
Turbine’s used
oil
Expected
ways of
wastes
disposal
-
40 t*
Liquid
13 03 10*
01.32
H14
40 t
Transference
of dangerous
wastes to
specialpurpose
companies
* turbine oil is to be replaced
43
V. PLANNED ACTIVITY‘S POTENTIAL IMPACT ON
DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENT COMPONENTS AND MEANS
DECREASING THE IMPACT ON ENVIRONMENT
5.1 Planned activity‘s potential environmental impact during
construction works
Prior to start of excavation and construction works there will be cut some unnecessary
trees – 14 warty birches (and other if needed). Within construction works a 20 cm soil layer in
the construction site shall be piled up and later shall be used for the territory improvement.
5.1.1 Wastes
Within the process of construction of the combined cycle power plant‘s power-generating
unit there will be some demolition and construction wastes: complex construction wastes, metal
wastes (while carrying out the combined cycle power plant‘s works it is expected to demolish
one tin warehouse building of 625,24 sq.m. and in case of needs, there will be demolished
garages with attic of 1570 sq. m area), hazardous and other construction wastes. Amounts of
waste, assortment and management ways are presented in Table 8. Amounts of wastes formed
within the construction stage shall be corrected within the stage of technical projecting.
Table 8. Wastes, waste management within the process of construction
Wastes storage at the
object
Wastes
Quantity
Name
Ferrous metal
Concrete
wastes
Wooden
wastes
Insulation
materials
Wastes
containing
asbestos
Complex
construction
wastes
Packing
materials
containing
hazardous
chemical
materials
remains or are
polluted with
such materials
Paper and
cardboard
packing
remains
Plastic wastes
t/d
t/y
-
40
-
650
-
3
-
11
-
0,2
-
300
Aggregate
state (solid,
liquid,
pastes)
solid
solid
solid
solid
Code
upon
wastes
list
Statistical
Dangero Storage
classificatio
usness conditions
n code
Construction
site/ container
Construction
site
container
Expected
ways of
waste
Maximum
manage
amount
ment
17 04 05
06.11
-
17 01 01
12.11
-
17 02 01
07.53
-
17 06 04
12.13
-
17 06 05*
12.21
H7
Spec.
container
0,2
17 09 04
12.13
-
container
40
15 01 10*
02.33
H14
Spec.
container
2
solid
container
10
40
3
11
solid
solid
-
2
solid
-
1
-
0,3
container
15 01 01
solid
Wastes
delivery to
waste
disposing
companies
authorized
to dispose
the
appropriate
wastes
15 01 02
07.21
-
07.41
-
1
container
0,3
44
Asbestos-containing
materials
removal
works
from
buildings
under
demolition/reconstruction shall be carried out in accordance with requirements contained in the
Regulations on works with asbestos (Žin., 2004, No. 116-4342). Reconstruction works of the
aforementioned buildings can be only performed by companies, meeting requirements
contained in the Competence Requirements to companies involved in demolition of buildings
containing asbestos, their constructions or those involved in asbestos-removal works, included
in the list approved by the decree No. A-1-199 issued by the Minister of Social Security and
Labour of the Republic of Lithuania on the 12th of July, 2005 (Žin., 2005, No. 86-3247).
Asbestos-containing construction wastes shall be managed according to requirements to
hazardous wastes management provided for in the Law on Waste Management of the Republic
of Lithuania (Žin., 1998, No. 61-1726, 2002, No. 72-3016), Waste Management Regulations
(Žin., 1999, No. 63-2065; 2004, No. 68-2381) as well as Construction Waste Management
Regulations (Žin., 2007, No. 10-403).
Non-hazardous construction waste shall be sorted into separate containers to be taken
away from the construction site by the company involved in waste management Asbestoscontaining waste should be wetted with water and put into hermetic containers or double
polyethylene bags in order to avoid the spread in air of the asbestos smallest particles.
Asbestos-containing waste shall be delivered to a special construction waste dump.
5.1.2 Noise
During PAV there was assessed a potential impact of noise caused within the
construction works carried in the open: mechanisms operating in the open (cranes, bulldozers,
vehicles delivering construction materials and electrical installations and taking out construction
wastes and noise cause when demolishing-dismantling works. Taking into consideration that a
level of noise caused by mobile mechanisms does not exceed 85 dBA, therefore, calculations
are similar to those provided for in clause 5.2.3 hereunder.
Taking into consideration that in most cases construction works are being carried out on
weekdays within working hours, a level of noise caused during construction works shall not
exceed allowable noise level, acceptable for residential territories on the company‘s territory
borders and the nearest residential area neither in daytime nor at night.
5.2
Planned activity‘s potential environmental impact within exploiting
5.2.1 Potential impact of planned economic activities on environmental air
caused by emission from stationary sources and impact decreasing means
5.2.1.1
Stationary pollution sources, their description
At present, at the Kaunas power plant, exhaust fumes formed within fuel combusting are
being removed through two chimneys No. 1 and N 2. 2 (pollution source 001 and pollution
source 002 accordingly). Connected to the chimney No. 1 the water heating boiler KVGM-180
(of nominal heat capacity 209 MW) is a reserve boiler that can be used when two, attached to
the chimney No.1 (p.s. 001) boilers VŠK PTVM-100 are out of operations. The water heating
45
boiler VŠK KVGM-180, connected to the chimney No. 2 (p.s. 002) has not been considered in
the PAV report.
Chimney No.1 (p.s.001) through which there will be removed exhaust fumes from steam
and water heating boilers, is considered in the PAV report as adjacent the pollution emission
source. Its physical properties are presented in Table 9.
It is expected to construct four new chimneys No. 3-6 for emission of pollution formed
within the planned economic activity when combusting fuel at the combined cycle powergenerating unit (point pollutions sources). New pollution emission sources were provided with
new numbers not used before (p.s. 011-014).
Taking into consideration that the new combined cycle power power-generating unit shall
be adopted to burn not only natural gas as the main fuel, but liquid fuel (dieseline) as
additional/back-up fuel as well (provided that it is obligatory upon the appropriate normative
documents that are being clarified at the moment), within the territory of the power plant it is
expected to arrange the dieseline unit with one dieseline tank of ~10000 m3 volume (pollution
source 611). Taking into consideration that this pollution source is not an organized pollution
source, it has not been considered in the further pollution spread calculations (lower
concentrations).
Information about coordinates of the preliminary new pollution sources in the coordinate
system LKS’94 and key parameters having impact on pollution spread: height, diameter of
emission openings, the emitted fumes debit, speed and temperature are presented in Table 9.
The methods of the main parameters definition are specified in clause 5.2.1.3 of the PAV report.
Table 9. Physical properties of the existing stationary pollution sources of the Kaunas power
plant and those expected to be used in the planned economic activity
Pollution sources
The exhaust fumes indexes at the Duration of
place of sample taking (measuring)
pollution
**
emission,
hours/m.
Name
No.
coordinates
height, m Discharge
Flow
temperaVolume
opening
speed, m/s
ture,
debit, Nm3/s
0
dimensions, m
C
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
chimney No. 1
001
501200.75/
150
8,4
10,29/
160/190
569,79/
8760
6087234.36
9,39
520,36
chimney No. 3
011
500933.61/
80
3.2
17,4/
70/165
111.09/
8760
6087394.13
21.5
107.94
chimney No. 4
012
500948.21/
80
3.2
17,4/
70/165
111.09/
8760
6087404.96
21.5
107.94
chimney No. 5
013
500964.59/
80
3.2
17,4/
70/165
111.09/
8760
6087417.57
21.5
107.94
chimney No. 6
014
500980.43/
80
3.2
17,4/
70/165
111.09/
8760
6087431.25
21.5
107.94
Dieseline tank
611
-*
10
0,5
5
0
4789
* the dieseline tanks‘ coordinates shall be corrected after technical Project has been developed.
** parameters specified when combusting natural gas/mazut (No. 001) and natural gas/dieseline (No. 011-014).
46
5.2.1.2 Inventory data of operating object‘s atmospheric air pollution sources and
pollution emitted
Inventory auditing of the Kaunas power plant atmospheric pollution sources and their
pollution emitted has been carried out and report on inventory was coordinated with the Kaunas
RAAD in 2006 and this inventory data is provided for in the text Annex No.4.
In 2006 there were 17 pollution sources at the KE, including 9 stationary pollution sources
and 8 non-organized pollution sources. The aforementioned pollution sources emit 16 different
kinds of pollutants.
Organized pollution sources and pollution kinds emitted by them. Combusting
products of three steam boilers and four water heating boilers are emitted from the pollution
source No. 001. At the Kaunas power plant there was installed the water heating boiler KVGM180 which has not been used since 2000 (pollution source 002). The main fuel type of the KE is
natural gas and back-up fuel is mazut. Boilers are fired with mixed fuel – natural gas and mazut.
When boilers are fired with natural gas, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides are emitted into
atmospheric air through pollution source 001. When boilers are fired with mixed fuel, solid
particles, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide and vanadium pentoxide are emitted into atmospheric
air through pollution source 001.
Supporting works, such as small millworks for the needs of electrical unit produced in the
wood processing workshops are performed at the KE as well. Air exhausted from the wood
processing machinery shall pass to cyclone and solid particles shall be emitted into atmospheric
air through pollution source 006. Through pollution source 003 ammonia is emitted into
atmospheric air from the chemical unit‘s mechanical installation management section and
potassium alkali is emitted through the pollution source 004 from the alkali container premises.
Solid particles (welding aerosol), marganous oxides, Silicium compounds, fluorides, hydrogen
fluoride are emitted into atmospheric air through the pollution source 005 from welding section
of chemical unit‘s mechanical equipment controlling department. In chemical unit‘s mechanical
equipment controlling department sulfuric acid aerosol and caustic alkali from the sulfuric acid
and caustic alkali containers are emitted into atmospheric air (pollution source 007). In welding
post of the mechanical equipment controlling department (pollution source 008), solid particles
(welding aerosol) and marganous oxides are emitted into atmospheric air. Through pollution
source 009, solid particles (welding aerosol), manganous oxides, Silicium compounds, fluorides
and hydrogen fluoride are emitted into atmospheric air from the mechanical equipment repair
section and from metal processing machinery, through the pollution source 009 solid particle
are emitted into atmospheric air. Solid particle (welding aerosol), marganous oxides and
nitrogen oxides are emitted into atmospheric air though pollution source 010 from welding
section of the electrical and mechanical lines workshops.
Non-organized pollution sources and pollutants emitted by them. Four non-organized
pollution sources (601, 602, 603, 604), of the mazut unit‘s mechanical equipment controlling
section, emits LOJ (volatile organic compounds) into atmospheric air. During painting works
performed within the whole company‘s territory (pollution source 606), white spirit, solvent oil,
acetone and hydrogen chloride are emitted into atmospheric air. Through non-organized
pollution source 607, sulfuric acid is emitted into atmospheric air from the sulfuric acid and
47
caustic alkali containers, equipped in the open. There no atmospheric pollution emission when
lime is being unloaded from vehicles (pollution source 609), because lime is being unloaded
directly into the water. Solid particles (welding aerosol), marganous oxides, silicium
compounds, fluorides, hydrogen fluoride, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides are emitted
into atmospheric air through the pollution source 610 while wedding works are being
carried out.
5.2.1.3
Calculation of produced and emitted air pollution connected
(expected) with planned economic activities
The following methods of calculation of pollutants (CO, NOx, SO2, solid particles) emitted
into atmospheric air when burning natural gas and back-up fuel (dieseline), provided it is
required upon normative documents that are being clarified at the moment, can be applied:
•
Book of methods related to calculation of atmospheric pollution emitted within
different kind production processes Leningrad, 1986. (in Russian – Сборник
методик по расчету выбросов в атмосферу загрязняющих веществ от
различных производств, Л., Гидрометеоиздат, 1986 г.) – Calculation of pollution
emission from boilers of heat power plants. (In Russian – Расчет выбросов
загрязняющих веществ от котлов тепловых электростанций).
•
Methods of definition of gross and specific pollution emission from boilers of heat
power plants. RD.34.02.305-90. Moscow, 1991 (in Russian - РД.34.02.305-90.
Методика определения валовых и удельных выбросов вредных веществ в
атмосферу от котлов тепловых электростанций).
•
The amount definition based on balance method upon fuel consumption and the
equipment maximum emission concentrations specified in the appropriate
specifications.
After having analyzed the aforementioned methods, it became clear that the first two
methods are not suitable for assessment of emission from the combined cycle powergenerating unit to be construction because:
-
The first method is designated for calculation of atmospheric emissions from boilers of the
heat power plants, however, upon the planned economic activity it is expected to install
power-generating units of four gas turbines, where waste-heat boilers shall be used and
these boilers are different from ordinary steam boilers, thus, combusting there takes
place in the flow passed from the turbine, trying to use the oxygen balance amount from
gas turbine. As a result, formation of pollutants in this process is quite different, compared
to fuel combusting in ordinary boilers.
-
The second method is designated for calculation of atmospheric emissions from gas
turbines upon the appropriate turbine type made in Russia. However, during planned
economic activity it is expected to implement advanced western technologies of which the
relevant emission amount is in accordance with GPGB requirements. Methodology
elaborated in 1991 (in Moscow, Russia) does not contain information suitable for
application to the aforementioned equipment.
48
Definition of emitted pollution is performed upon balance method based on expected
concentration of pollution emitted as well as in potential equipment suppliers‘ technical
specifications (fuel consumption, exhaust fumes debit, temperature, etc.)
Technical specifications of the appropriate equipment contain information on maximum
atmospheric pollution concentrations.
Assessment of pollution emission from the Kaunas combined cycle power plant has been
prepared based on the following regime of generating units2:
1)
generating unit is operation on ordinary fuel, natural gas, the energy clock power 100 %.
Gas passes to gas turbine and waste-heat boiler with additional gas combustion (general
fuel consumption is up to 20 000 Nm3/h based on 100 % power of gas turbine and boiler).
Additional burning takes place in the same flow of products burning, that passes from gas
turbine.
2)
energy-generating unit it operating on liquid/back-up fuel (emergency situation). Back-up
fuel, dieseline, or similar fuel. Liquid fuel is supplied to gas turbine only (up to 11 200 kg/h,
based on 100 % gas turbine power).
When exploiting the dieseline container, volatile organic compounds (LOJ) are emitted
into atmospheric air, amount of which are calculated based on methods LAND 31-2007/M-11
(Žin., 2007, No. 53-2052) of assessment of volatile organic compounds emitted into
atmospheric air when storing and distributing oil and oil products. These calculations results are
presented in text annex no. 5.
Output data for calculation of pollution emission.
Data on the pollution emission calculations are based on analogue principle taking into
consideration information for one generating unit, provided by potential equipment suppliers
(table 10).
Data as above has been provided upon different conditions, for example, burning products
flow is real, values of air excess coefficients – based on real conditions, however, fuel
consumption – upon normal conditions.
Table 10. parameters of emission of one power-generating unit
Ord..
Parameter
Measuring
No.
unit
1
2
1.
Fuel consumption:
1.1
Natural gas passed to gas turbine and for
additional combustion in a boiler
1.2
Dieseline passed to gas turbine
Amount based on
100% power
3
4
Nm3/h
20 000.0
t/h
11.2
2
The combined cycle power plant shall include four power-generating units, consisting of gas turbine, waste-heat
boiler (steam generator) and gas turbine.
49
Ord..
No.
Parameter
Measuring
unit
Amount based on
100% power
1.3
Dieseline for additional combusting in boiler
t/h
*
2.
O2 concentration in combustion
products:
2.1
Under gas turbine, combusting natural gas
13.3
2.2
After additional natural gas combustion in a
boiler
10.7
2.3
Under gas turbine, combusting dieseline
2.4
Under boiler, combusting dieseline
3.
Combustion products:
3.1
Combustion products volume, when
operation based on gas at operating smoke
temperature – full capacity
3.2
Combustion products temperature when
combusting natural gas
3.3
Combustion products volume when
operation on dieseline at working smoke
temperature
3.4
Combustion products temperature when
combusting dieseline
vol-%
13.7
(13.7)
m3/h
o
502 500
C
70
m3/h
623 500
o
C
165
* additional dieseline combustion in boiler has not been foreseen. Dieseline is used as emergency
fuel for gas turbine and for short-time operating only.
Methods of pollution emission calculation for the combined cycle power-generating
unit.
When elaborating the pollution emission methods the data on atmospheric pollution
emission upon one power-generating unit, provided by potential equipment suppliers, has been
taken into consideration. Table 10.
According to technological scheme, the following combustion products passing ways are
possible:
-
Natural gas combustion product are passing from gas turbine to a boiler where in addition,
in the same smoke flow, an additional amount of natural gas is being combusted;
combustion products flow passes to chimney 502500 m3/h (upon real conditions, at 70 oC
temperature); this flow is maximum and equal to 100 % of the power-generating unit
capacity;
-
If an additional/back-up fuel (dieseline) is used, combustion products pass from gas
turbine through boiler to chimney, however, additional burning in a boiler is not used;
combustion products flow passes to chimney 623500 m3/h (upon real conditions at165 oC
temperature); this flow is maximum, when burning dieseline and it is equal to 100 % of
gas turbine capacity.
Pollution emissions are calculated in regard with two aforementioned cases, taking into
consideration that based on the first vase, emissions shall be the highest when burning gas and
in regard with the second case – they are highest when burning dieseline.
50
The essence of calculation methods is to equalize the different data conditions, i.e. to
recalculate the pollution concentrations from values provided at Standard excess-air coefficient
upon GPGB or the Directive 2001/80/EC, to values of real excess- air conditions. Combustion
products flow should be recalculated changing real conditions to normal conditions so that it
would be possible to calculate pollution emissions (g/s).
An air-excess coefficient α in combustions products is calculated upon the following
formula:
α = 21/(21 –O2),
where: O2 – oxygen concentration in combustion products, per cent.
Upon oxygen concentration in combustion products (Table 10) there will be recalculated
values of the air- excess coefficients:
In combustions products under turbine and boiler, when burning gas: O2 – 10,7 per cent, α
= 2,039;
In combustions products under gas turbine when burning dieseline: O2 – 13,7 per cent, α
= 2,877;
Excess-air coefficient upon Standard conditions : O2 – 15,0 per cent, α ST = 3,5.
Recalculation of pollution concentrations upon real air-excess conditions, coefficients shall
be calculated as follows:
k = α ST/ α ,
where: α – the combustion products excess-air coefficient upon real conditions; α
air coefficient upon Standard conditions.
ST
– excess-
Pollution concentration upon the excess-air real conditions:
CRN = k * CST ,
where: CRN – concentration of pollutant (NOx, SO2 and others) based on real excess air. Upon
normal conditions; (mg/Nm3); CST – concentration of pollutant (NOx, SO2 and others) based on
Standard excess-air upon normal conditions, ( mg/Nm 3 ).
Recalculation of combustion products flow upon normal conditions (atmospheric pressure,
temperature 0 oC):
VN = VR (273/(273 + tD )) ,
where: VN – combustion products flow upon normal conditions (Nm3/s); VR – combustion
products flow upon real conditions (Nm3/s); tD – combustion products temperature ( oC).
The pollutant real mass emission is calculated as follows:
E = C RN * VN /1000 ,
where: E – real mass emission of pollutant (NOx, SO2 and others) (g/s).
51
When calculating spread from pollution source (chimney), the combustion products flow is
assessed upon real conditions, i.e. base on factual temperature of combustion products,
according to table 10.
The pollution emission calculations.
The exhaust fumes removal issue is under consideration; separate chimney shall be
constructed for each power-generating unit that can be located within one supporting
construction, however the chimneys shall not be connected to each other upon aerodynamical
way. Taking into consideration that exact parameters of new chimneys are unknown, output
data is being selected upon analogue principle based on the following information provided by
potential suppliers of the appropriate equipment:
-
diameter of each chimney 3,2 m;
-
Chimney height 80 m.
Find below the pollution mass emission calculations for the two variants mentioned (Table
11 and Table 12).
Table 11. Pollution emitted by one power-generating unit when operating with the use of natural
gas, with addition burning, operating at full capacity
Parameter
Measuring
Value
unit
1
2
3
Smoke debit
Nm3/ s
111,09
o
Smoke temperature
C
70
Total emission of NOx under waste-heat boilers
g/s
9,53
Total emission of SO2 under waste-heat boilers
g/s
1,91
Total emission of CO under waste-heat boilers
g/s
19,11
Total emission of solid particles under waste-heat
g/s
0,953
boilers
Table 122. Pollution emitted by one power-generating unit when operating with the use of
dieseline, without addition burning, operating in full capacity of gas turbine
Parameter
Measuring
Value
unit
1
2
3
Smoke debit
Nm3/ s
107,94
o
Smoke temperature
C
165
Emission of NOx under gas turbines
g/s
15,67
Emission of SO2 under gas turbines
g/s
14,37
Emission of CO under gas turbines
g/s
39,18
Emission of solid particles under gas turbines
g/s
1,31
In most cases in power-generating units, combustion regime is adjusted the way so that
concentration of CO in smoke is about 0 mg/m3. However, during transitional regimes, i.e. when
installation are automatically changing the capacity reached, short-term increase in CO
concentration is possible. However these increase values are still within allowable CO
concentration limits. Therefore, calculations in the PAV report are based on:
1) Momentary CO concentration (mg/Nm3 and g/s) defined upon requirements contained in
GPGB (regarding gas) and the Directive 2001/80 EC (regarding additional/back-up fuel,
accepting the following possible momentary values as maximal ones
52
2) Co annual emission (t/year) calculated upon average long-term CO concentration
selected upon analogue principle in accordance with information provided by potential
equipment suppliers:
− 20 mg/m3 when burning natural gas;
− 20 mg/m3 when burning liquid fuel (dieseline).
Table 13. The emitted pollution concentration and annual pollution amounts.
Pollutant
Expected pollution
Pollution
Total annual
concentration
emitted by
emission,
mg/Nm3, at 15 perc.
4 powert/year*
O2
generating
units, g/s
1
2
3
4
Natural gas
NOx emission
50
38,13
1202,4
SO2 emission
10
7,63
240,6
CO emission
100
76,43
482,1
SP emission
5
3,81
120,2
Dieseline
NOx emission
120
62,68
1973,7
SO2 emission
110
57,46
1812,2
CO emission
300
156,7
329,53
SP emission
10
5,22
164,7
* calculations are made based on 8760 operating hours o fone power-generating block per annum.
Table 14. Comparison of existing and planned concentration in exhaust fumes with norms
of emitted pollution from large fuel combustion equipment (Žin., 2001, No. 88-3100) with the
GPGB emission norms
For new gas turbines
Fuel
Lithuanian
norms, mg/Nm3
GPGB emission
levels, mg/Nm3
1
2
3
For new boilers
Lithuanian
GPGB emission
norms,
levels, mg/Nm3
3
mg/Nm
4
5
Existing
Expected
emission levels
emission levels,,
of the KE,
mg/Nm3
mg/Nm3
6
NOx
Gas fuel
Liquid
fuel
20-50 (KCDT with
350
50
add. burn.)
(O2 amount 3% ) (O2 amount – 15%)
(O2 amount – 15%)
200
50-100
450
120
(O2 amount 3% ) (O2 amount 3% ) (O2 amount 3% ) (O2 amount 15% )
50 (75)
20-50
100
(O2 amount – 15%) (O2 amount – 15%) (O2 amount 3% )
120
(O2 amount – 15%)
-
SO2
Gas fuel
Liquid
fuel
CO
35
10
35
10
35
10
(O2 amount 3% ) (O2 amount – 15%) (O2 amount 3% ) (O2 amount – 15%) (O2 amount 3% ) (O2 amount – 15%)
200
50-150
1700
110
(O2 amount 3% ) (O2 amount 3% ) (O2 amount 3% ) (O2 amount 15% )
30-100 (KCDT with
200
5-100
200
add. burn.)
(O2 amount 3% ) (O2 amount – 15%) (O2 amount 3% )
(O2 amount – 15%)
300
300
30-50
Liquid
(O2 amount 3% )
(O2 amount 3% ) (O2 amount 3% )
fuel
Solid particles
5
5
5
Gas fuel
(O2 amount – 15%) (O2 amount 3%) (O2 amount – 15%)
30
5-10
Liquid
(O2 amount 3%)
(O2 amount 3% )
fuel
Gas fuel
200
100
(O2 amount 3% ) (O2 amount – 15%)
300
300
(O2 amount 3% ) (O2 amount 15% )
5
5
(O2 amount 3% ) (O2 amount – 15%)
50
10
(O2 amount 3% ) (O2 amount 15% )
53
5.2.1.4
Limiting values of emitted pollution within living area
Within planned economic activity when burning natural gas or back-up fuel (dieseline) at
the combined cycle power plant, in atmospheric air there shall be emitted the following
pollutants: carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides and solid particles. The
aforementioned pollutants are standardized upon the norms of pollutants emitted from large
installation burning fuel (Žin., 2001, No. 88-3100) and the EU information document regarding
the best accessible ways for large installations burning fuel.
Limiting values of pollution emitted into atmospheric air (CO, NOx, SO2, solid particles)
and danger ceilings are defined in the Decree issued by the Minister of the Environment of the
RL and the Minister of Health of the LR „Regarding definition of atmosphere air pollution norms“
(Žin., 2001, No. 106-3827) (see Table 15). These values shall be compared with the results of
the pollutants lower concentrations modeling.
54
Table 15. Limiting values of atmospheric air pollution emissions and danger ceilings
SO2
1. Hourly average limiting value
defined for human health protection
2. Daily limiting value defined for
human health protection
3. Limiting value, defined for
ecosystem‘s protection
NO2 and NOx
1. Hourly average limiting value,
defined for human health protection
Average
Limiting values
1 hours
350 µg/m cannot be exceeded for more than
24 times per calendar year.
24 hours
125 µg/m cannot be exceeded for more than
24 times per calendar year
3
20 µg/m
Calendar year and
winter (October 1- March
31)
3
3
3
1 hours
200 µg/m NO2 cannot be exceeded for more
than 18 times per calendar year.
2. Annual limiting value, defined for
human health protection
Calendar year
40 µg/m NO2
3. Annual limiting value, defined for
flora protection
Calendar year
30 µg/m NOx
24 hours
50 µg/m PM10 cannot be exceeded for more
than 35 times per calendar year
Calendar year
4 0 µg/m PM10
24 hours
50 µg/m PM10 cannot be exceeded for more
than 7 times per calendar year
Calendar year
20 µg/m PM10
Maximum average for 8
hours of the day
10 mg/m
3
3
Allovable deviation level
3
ĮEnforcement
date
150 µg/m (43%) up to enforcement date of these Norms. Then,
commencing from 01 012002, every 12 months gradually decreasing so
that from 01 01 2005 there would be applied a 0% allowable deviation
level.
No
01 012005
No
01 012004
50% up to enforcement of these Norms. Then, commencing from 01
012002, every 12 months gradually decreasing so that from 01 01 2010
there would be applied a 0% allowable deviation level.
01 012010
50% up to enforcement of these Norms. Then, commencing from 01
012002, every 12 months gradually decreasing so that from 01 01 2010
there would be applied a 0% allowable deviation level.
No
01 012010
01 01 2005
01 012004
KD10
Stage 1
1. Daily limiting value, defined for
human health protection
2. Annual limiting value, defined for
human health protection
Stage 2
1. Daily limiting value, defined for
human health protection
2. Annual limiting value, defined for
human health protection
CO
Limiting value defined for human
health protection
3
3
50% up to enforcement of these Norms. Then, commencing from 01
012002, every 12 months gradually decreasing so that from 01 01 2005
there would be applied a 0% allowable deviation level.
20% up to enforcement of these Norms. Then, commencing from 01
012002, every 12 months gradually decreasing so that from 01 01 2005
there would be applied a 0% allowable deviation level.
01 012005
01 01 2005
3
Shall be defined based on the atmospheric air quality assessment data
received after having implemented the first stage norms.
01 012010
3
50% up to 01 01 2005. Then, every 12 months gradually decreasing so
that from 01 01 2010 there would be applied a 0% allowable deviation
level.
01 012010
3
3
6 mg/m up to enforcement date of these Norms. Then, commencing
3
from 01 012003, every 12 months gradually decreasing 2 mg/m so that
from 01 01 2005 there would be applied a 0% allowable deviation level.
01 012005
55
5.2.1.5
Pollution groups with summarized impact
Pollution groups with summarized impact earlier were assessed based on provisions
contained in HN 35:2002 „Limiting concentration values of materials polluting atmospheric air in
residing area“. After this legal act has been expired as the document regulating the atmospheric
air polluting, at present, legal acts regulating atmospheric air polluting in Lithuania, does not
regulate the normalization of pollution groups with summarized impact. Based on this reason
the pollution groups with summarized impact have not been assessed.
5.2.1.6
Air pollution prediction methods, output data and environmental air
pollution forecasts
Meteorological and calculating field data.
Meteorological data for modeling are ordered and provided by the Lithuanian
Hydrometeorological Service under the Ministry of Environment. In order to evaluate the
meteorological parameters alteration in due course, data used for modeling in 2006 were
collected at the Kaunas meteorological station. Calculating parameters used for modeling, such
as wind direction (degree), wind speed (m/s), ambient temperature (oC), cloudiness (in octants).
The meteorological data wind rose used for modeling is presented in Picture 8. The PAV report
also contains long-term average wind roses presented in other sources, RSN and LHMT
(Picture 9). The main meteorological parameters of the reported year (upon monthly average
amounts) are presented in Picture 16. Based on the meteorological data presented, it is
possible to state that in Lithuania PR-V direction winds are prevailing. When comparing data
used for calculating with long-term average amounts it is possible to state in 2006 PR direction
winds were prevailing, followed by P, V, and PV direction winds. However, based on RSN , it is
obvious that prevailing wind directions were V, as well as PV and P, and PR direction cannot
be considered as frequent, especially in the summertime. This issue should be taken into
consideration analyzing the calculating results of pollution lower concentrations.
In order to calculate wind spread the field with a 4 km leg is used (it corresponds a 2 km
radius). Concentrations are calculated upon absolute concentration values (μg/m3 and mg/m3).
In regard with each pollutant its spread is being calculated only in case of fuel combustion
when pollution amount emitted within the appropriate period of time could be the biggest.
56
H:\Ekokon\26. KTE PAV sklaida\Sklaida\Duomenys sklaidai\Kaunometeo45.met
0°
337.5°
22.5°
80
315°
45°
60
40
292.5°
67.5°
20
270°
90°
247.5°
112.5°
225°
135°
202.5°
157.5°
0
3
0
1.5
180°
6
10
16
mazgai
(knots)
8.2
m/s
(m/s)
Vėjo
greitis
Wind speed
3.1
5.1
Pic. 8. The meteorological data wind rose used for modeling.
Table 16. Annual summary of meteorological data used for modeling (monthly average amounts)
Air
Average wind
General cloudiness,
Month
temperature,
speed, m/s
octants
°C
1
-7.2
3.7
6.8
2
-6.3
3.6
6.7
3
-2.7
3.3
5.8
4
6.5
3.4
5.5
5
12.6
3.6
5.1
6
16.5
2.6
4.7
7
20.9
2.4
4.4
8
17.8
2.7
6.6
9
14.6
2.8
3.8
10
9.7
3.6
6.2
11
4.4
4.2
7.2
12
4.0
4.8
6.8
57
a)
b)
0°
337.5°
22.5°
25
20
315°
45°
30°
30
15
292.5°
0°
40
330°
300°
60°
20
67.5°
10
10
5
270°
90°
247.5°
270°
90°
112.5°
240°
225°
120°
135°
202.5°
0
157.5°
3
180°
6
10
16
(knots)
210°
150°
0
3
0
1.5
180°
6
10
16
(knots)
8.2
(m/s)
Wind speed
Wind speed
0
1.5
3.1
5.1
8.2
(m/s)
3.1
5.1
c)
Pic. 9. Wind rose of the town of Kaunas: a) RSN 156-94, January, b) RSN 156-94, July, c) the
Lithuanian Hydrometeorologica; Service under the Ministry of Environment. Climate of Lithuania.
Average annual wind speed and prevailing wind directions.
Background pollution.
In order to evaluate the background air pollution of the object‘s neighbouring environment
the Kaunas environment protection department has issued the Reference „Regarding
background concentrations“ (2008-01-22, No. KR12-271/6) (text annex No,6). The Reference
states that when valuating the planned object‘s environmental impact, it is recommended to
apply the following background concentrations of air pollutants:
CO – 2,0 mg/m3,
NO2 – 0,05 mg/m3
58
SO2 – 0,02 mg/m3
Solid particles – 0,32 mg/m3.
Based on the Note (10-5)-D8-746 issued by the Ministry of Environment of the Republic of
Lithuania on the 24th of January 2008 „Regarding the environmental air background pollution
and the use of meteorological data“; the Reference on background concentrations was ordered
to issue by the Environment Protection Agency (Annex 6T). Based on data provided by the
Kaunas Dainava air quality investigation station of the year 2007, the following background
concentrations are indicated:
CO – 0.43 mg/m3,
NO2 – 0.032 mg/m3
SO2 – 0,002 mg/m3
KD10 – 0,030 mg/m3.
In order to evaluate the possible background pollution as accurate as possible, the
following factors should be taken into consideration:
1) These values have been calculated or measured when assessing surrounding air
sources, i.e. and existing KTE chimney, that is operating at present. When calculating pollution
emitted by new chimneys or emission from existing chimney, it has not been assessed that
there will be no pollution from existing chimney or its nature shall be changed, therefore, it is
possible that summarized pollution concentrations added by background ones, shall be
overrated.
2) Having compared data provided by AAA and RAAD it is possible to state that long-term
average pollution concentrations calculated upon RAAD methods are considerably higher than
those recorded at monitoring point: KD10 – by 7,5 times more (0,32*0,7/0,030), NO2 – by 1,6
times, SO2 – by 10 times, CO – by 4,7 times. Taking into consideration that data provided by
AAA have been measured, but not calculated, it is proposed to use this data for further
assessment of background pollution.
3) Monitoring point of which data collected shall be is used to assess background pollution
is situated next to the intense traffic crossing and results recorded by this monitoring point are
mostly influenced by traffic emissions, but not by stationary pollution sources. According to AAA
classification, this point is attributed to „transport points“. If the measuring point was placed at
least 100 metres away from the road, values recorded by it would be up to 2 times less.3.
3
Zhu, Y., Hinds., W.C., Kim, S., Sioutas, C., 2000. Concentration and Size Distribution of Ultrafine Particles Near a
Major Highway. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 52, p. 1040.
59
Atmospheric air pollution prediction methods.
Computer programme ADMS3.3 (Cambridge Environmental Research Consultants Ltd,
the Great Britain) is used for calculation of largest quantities of the emitted pollution. This
modeling system has been included in the list of models of the Ministry of Environment of the
LR recommended for when assessing the environmental impact.
ADMS3 is a local-scale atmosphere dispersion modeling system. This is an air dispersion
model of a new generation where the properties of atmosphere limiting layers properties are
described by two parameters – the limiting layers depth and Monin-Obukov length. Dispersion
for convectional meteorological conditions is calculated based on asymmetric distribution of
Gauss concentrations. In general case the model equitation is presented as follows:
C=
(
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Qs
− y 2 / 2 σ 2y
e
e− ( z − z s ) / 2σ z + e− ( z + z s ) / 2σ z + e− ( z + 2 h − z s ) / 2σ z + e− ( z − 2 h + z s ) / 2σ z + e−( z − 2 h − z s ) / 2σ z
2π y σ z U
)
where: Qs – pollution emission, g/s ;
σy – the dispersion horizontal parameter, m;
σz – the dispersion vertical parameter, m;
U – wind speed, m/s;
h – source height, m;
z – receptor’s height, m.
The system can model a dry and wet pollution settling, atmosphere clearness, oflaction,
the building and complex relief impact on pollution dispersion; it can provide calculations of
dispersed pollution emitted by up to one hundred of point, spatial, volumetric and linear
sources. Pollution dispersion in atmospheric air is calculated upon the locality relief,
geographical location, meteorological conditions, properties of materials and the pollution
source parameters.
The largest lower concentrations of emitted pollution are calculated upon four versions:
•
Variant Ia. Only new power-generating unit of the combined cycle power plant is
operating at full capacity (~350 MW of heat power, ~350 MW of electric power.), fuel –
natural gas.
•
Variant Ib. Only new power-generating unit of the combined cycle power plant is
operating at full capacity of gas turbines without additional combustion in waste-heat
boiler (~225 MW of heat and ~280 MW of electric power), fuel – dieseline.
•
Variant IIa. The Kaunas power plant is operating at full installed capacity (condensation
regime): a combined cycle power plant ~350 MW of heat power, ~350 MW of electric
power. (fuel – natural gas), existing thermoelectric power plant – 660 MW of heat, 170
MW of electric power (fuel – natural gas).
60
•
Variant IIb. The Kaunas power plant is operating at full installed capacity (condensation
regime): a combined cycle power plant – at full capacity of gas turbines without additional
combustion in a waste-heat boiler ~225 MW of heat and ~280 MW electric power (fuel –
dieseline), existing thermoelectric power plant is operating upon maximum factual load
~660 MW of heat and 170 MW of electric power (fuel – mazut).
The variant with the use of only back-up fuel, mazut, has not been considered in the PAV
report, taking into consideration that mazut (as a reserve fuel) upon technological aspect can be
only used in the Kaunas power plant‘s installations and this variant has been assessed in the
company‘s PAOV report (UAB „Energijos sistemų servisas“ Assessment of air environmental
impact of economic activity carried out by the Kaunas power plant, Kaunas, 2006. PAOV
report‘s developer UAB „Pramoninis servisas“).
The dispersion calculation radius selection depends on the pollution source technological
parameters. When performing the emitted pollution dispersion (the largest lower concentrations)
modeling there was defined the pollution dispersion modeling radius (2 km), outside which at
longer distances the changes in the pollution level shall be insignificant. Separate
Concentrations shall be calculated at selected radius by absolute concentration values (mg/m3).
Dispersion in regard with each pollution kind mentioned shall be calculated for all fuel
combustion cases. After having calculated the pollution dispersion, its lower concentrations
shall be compared with limiting values.
5.2.1.7
Analysis and conclusions connected to pollution lower
concentration
The pollution dispersion modeling results (lower concentrations) is presented in the
dispersion maps (graphical annex No.5) for all calculations variants, described in clause 5.2.1.6
The main calculating results and their correlation with limiting values and background
concentrations are presented in Table 17. Based on meteorological data provided in 2006, the
most considerable pollution level is expected in north-west direction at 600 m distance from
pollution sources. Taking into consideration average wind directions specified in clause 5.2.1.6
hereunder, it is most likely that in case of south-east, south, south-west and south wind
directions, a similar average long-term concentration shall be reached alongside highway
Vilnius – Klaipėda (A1).
Compared with limiting values, in all scenario cases the most considerable concentration
shall be calculated regarding nitrogen oxides – 0,15-0,16 RV, and sulfur dioxide, combusting
liquid fuel – 0,27-0,40 RV. Concentrations of other pollution types, such as carbon monoxide
and solid particles shall be considerable low, less than 0,1 RV.
When assessing background concentration, it is necessary to draw an attention to the
aspects specified in clause 5.2.1.6. Background concentration provided by AAA (the Dainava
point‘s average annual concentrations): modeled NOx (as NO2) concentrations together with
background concentrations reaches 0,96 RV, KD10 reaches 0,77 RV, carbon monoxide – 0,04
RV, and sulfur dioxide – 0,50 RV. Taking into consideration that monitoring point is directed
influenced by pollution emitted by traffic means, it is possible to state long –term RV shall not
been exceeded within the territories located away from traffic arteries.
61
Table 17. Main indicators of the pollution dispersion calculation
Parameter
Calculation
variant *
Concentration
Ia
Ib
IIa
IIb
Limiting value
Concentration by RV
parts
Ia
Ib
IIa
IIb
Background upon AAA
Concentration together
with monitoring
background
Concentration together
with monitoring
background, by RV
parts
Ia
Ib
IIa
IIb
Ia
Ib
IIa
IIb
NOx,
μg /m3
5.8
5.8
6.3
6.2
40
0.15
0.15
0.16
0.15
32
37.8
37.8
38.3
38.2
0.95
0.95
0.96
0.95
Pollutants
CO,
KD,
mg/m3
μg /m3
0.012
0.58
0.015
0.49
0.012
0.60
0.015
0.61
10
40
0.0012
0.015
0.0015
0.012
0.0012
0.015
0.0015
0.015
0.43
30
0.442
30.6
0.445
30.5
0.442
30.6
0.445
30.6
0.04
0.76
0.04
0.76
0.04
0.77
0.04
0.77
SO2,
μg /m3
1.2
5.3
1.3
8.0
20
0.059
0.267
0.065
0.399
2
3.2
7.3
3.3
10.0
0.16
0.37
0.17
0.50
* Note:
•
Variant Ia. Only new power-generating unit of the combined cycle power plant is operating at full
capacity (~350 MW of heat power, ~350 MW of eletric power.), fuel – natural gas.
•
Variant Ib. Only new power-generating unit of the combined cycle power plant is operating at full
capacity of gas turbines without additional combustion in waste-heat boiler (~225 MW of heat and
~280 MW of electric power), fuel – dieseline.
Variant IIa. The Kaunas power plan is operating at full installed capacity (condensation regime): a
combined cycle power plant ~350 MW of heat power, ~350 MW of electric power. (fuel –
natural gas), existing thermoelectric power plant – 660 MW of heat, 170 MW of electric power
(fuel – natural gas).
Variant IIb. The Kaunas power plan is operating at full installed capacity (condensation regime): a
combined cycle power plant – at full capacity of gas turbines without additional combustion in
a waste-heat boiler ~225 MW of heat and ~280 MW electric power (fuel – dieseline), existing
thermoelectric power plant is operating upon maximum factual load ~660 MW of heat and
170 MW of electric power (fuel – mazut).
5.2.1.8
Allowable air pollution norms, having evaluated background
pollution level
When defining company‘s allowable pollution norms it is proposed to take into account the
following aspects:
1. After having evaluated the information as above it is possible to state that factually,
pollution emitted by the company shall have no crucial impact on environmental air
quality based on which the limiting pollution concentration values could be
exceeded.
62
2. Pollution concentration in chippings the pollution dispersion bas been calculated
upon is in fully accordance with the emission values contained in the EU
information documents regarding GPGB for large fuel combustion installations.
Proposed allowable pollution norms are presented in Table 18.
Table 18. Proposals regarding definition of the allowable atmosphere pollution norms
Expected pollution – allowable
pollution norms proposed
Existing
Pollutant
Name of pollutant
pollution,
single
code
t/m.
annual, t/m.
Meas.unit
amount
2
3
4
5
6
1
Darbon monoxide
From source 011, combusting gas (O2 15%)
100
177
mg/Nm3
120,525
3
From source 012, combusting gas (O2 15%)
100
177
mg/Nm
120,525
3
From source 013, combusting gas (O2 15%)
100
177
mg/Nm
120,525
From source 014, combusting gas (O2 15%)
100
177
mg/Nm3
120,525
Total
482,100
From source 011, combusting dieseline (O2
3
177
mg/Nm
300
82,383
15%)
From source 012, combusting dieseline (O2
3
177
mg/Nm
300
82,383
15%)
From source 013, combusting dieseline (O2
177
mg/Nm3
300
82,383
15%)
From source 014, combusting dieseline (O2
177
mg/Nm3
300
82,383
15%)
Total
329,533
From source 001, combusting gas/ mazut (O2
177
103,177
mg/Nm3
200/300 **
103,177
3%)
Total
103,177
585,277
Nitrogen oxides
From source 011, combusting gas (O2 15%)
50
250
mg/Nm3
300,6
3
From source 012, combusting gas (O2 15%)
50
250
mg/Nm
300,6
From source 013, combusting gas (O2 15%)
50
250
mg/Nm3
300,6
From source 014, combusting gas (O2 15%)
50
250
mg/Nm3
300,6
Total
1202,400
From source 011, combusting dieseline (O2
3
250
mg/Nm
120
493,425
15%)
From source 012, combusting dieseline (O2
3
250
mg/Nm
120
493,425
15%)
From source 013, combusting dieseline (O2
3
250
mg/Nm
120
493,425
15%)
From source 014, combusting dieseline (O2
3
250
mg/Nm
120
493,425
15%)
Total
1973,700
From source 001, combusting gas/ mazut (O2
3
250
1472,263
mg/Nm
350/450 **
1472,263
3%)
Total
1472,263
3445,963
Solid particles
From source 011, combusting gas (O2 15%)
5
6493
mg/Nm3
30,05
3
From source 012, combusting gas (O2 15%)
5
6493
mg/Nm
30,05
From source 013, combusting gas (O2 15%)
5
6493
mg/Nm3
30,05
63
Pollutant
code
Name of pollutant
1
From source 014, combusting gas (O2 15%)
Total
From source 011, combusting dieseline (O2
15%)
From source 012, combusting dieseline (O2
15%)
From source 013, combusting dieseline (O2
15%)
From source 014, combusting dieseline (O2
15%)
Existing
pollution,
t/m.
Expected pollution – allowable
pollution norms proposed
single
annual, t/m.
2
6493
3
-
Meas.unit
4
mg/Nm3
amount
5
5
6493
-
g/s
1,198
6493
-
g/s
1,198
6493
-
g/s
1,198
6493
-
g/s
1,198
mg/Nm3
5/50 **
From source 001, combusting gas/ mazut (O2
3%)
6493
Total
Sulfur dioxide
From source 011, combusting gas (O2 15%)
From source 012, combusting gas (O2 15%)
From source 013, combusting gas (O2 15%)
From source 014, combusting gas (O2 15%)
Total
From source 011, combusting dieseline (O2
15%)
From source 012, combusting dieseline (O2
15%)
From source 013, combusting dieseline (O2
15%)
From source 014, combusting dieseline (O2
15%)
22,500
1753
1753
1753
1753
-
mg/Nm3
mg/Nm3
mg/Nm3
mg/Nm3
10
10
10
10
1753
-
g/s
13,18
1753
-
g/s
13,18
1753
-
g/s
13,18
1753
-
g/s
13,18
mg/Nm3
35/1700 **
g/s
1,28842
Total
From source 001, combusting gas/ mazut (O2
3%)
1753
Total
Vanadium pentoxide
From source 001, combusting gas/ mazut (O2
3%)
1041,936
1041,936
2023
Total
Volatile organic compounds
From source 611
22,500
4,123
4,123
308
Total
-
Greenhouse gas
From source 011-014, combusting gas/
dieseline
From source 001, combusting gas/ mazut
177
177
Total
* amount specified is allocated for one-year period
30,05
120,200
41,175
41,175
41,175
41,175
164,700
22,5
187,200
60,15
60,15
60,15
60,15
240,600
453,05
453,05
453,05
453,05
1812,200
1041,936
2854,136
4,123
4,123
g/s
0,0117
2643,999
Total
6
0,0645
0,0645
7076,764
-
-
-
1085000*
782325
782325
-
-
562250,6
1647250,6
64
** pollution norms specified when combusting natural gas / mazut.
5.2.1.9
Means decreasing impact on air polluting
Technical means aimed at decrease in atmospheric pollutants. It is foreseen that that
new combined cycle plant‘s emission into atmospheric air shall be in accordance with the level
of pollution concentration in exhaust fumes specified in GPGB document, therefore, the
particular means aimed at decrease of environmental impact have not been considered. When
elaborating the new power-generating unit‘s Project documents based on technical and
economic possibilities there will be foreseen all the means required to decrease an impact on
environmental air up to emission values specified in the EU information documents regarding
the best accessible production ways for large fuel-combusting installations (DKDĮ). The
following GPGB are foreseen in the new combined cycle power-generating unit:
-
Efficiency increasing based on construction of a combined cycle power-generating unit (of
~350 MW electric power / ~350 MW heat power);
-
Decrease in NOx emission, selecting small NOx burners;
-
Emission into air controlling, implementing an automatic (not-stop) monitoring system;
-
Implementation of other primary means decreasing emission up to the GPGB level.
A selective catalytic or non-catalytic the exhaust fumes purification is not foreseen at the
new power-generating unit of the Kaunas power plant, because an amount of emitted NOx shall
not exceed 50 μg/Nm3, and after having evaluated the pollution dispersion (lower
concentrations) modeling results, it is possible to state that in fact company‘s emission shall
have no crucial impact on environmental air quality based on which the limiting pollution
concentrations could be exceeded. Because of the aforementioned reasons the implementation
of purification system in regard with other kind pollutions emitted shall not be foreseen.
In order to decrease the atmospheric air pollution in the town of Kaunas and taking into
consideration the atmospheric air emitted pollution lower concentration modeling results, it was
decided to increase the minimal new chimneys‘ height from 60 up to 80 m.
5.2.1.10
Application of additional ATL to new equipment of the Kaunas
power plant
National plan of the turnover pollution permits distribution within 2008-2012 years
A total amount of the National plan on turnover pollution permits distribution within 20082012 (hereinafter referred to as ATL) (Žin., 2007, No. 120-4946), i.e. 44 256 520 ATL (on
average 8 851 304 ATL per annum), shall be distributed within five years as follows:
-
7 216 955 ATL (on average 1 443 391 ATL per annum) shall be distributed for reserved
plants that have started their activities or expanded capacities after 01/01/2007;
-
1 321 310 ATL (on average 264 262 ATL per annum) shall be distributed for the General
Implementation projects reserves;
65
-
Balance ATL amount – 35 718 255 ATL (on average 7 143 651 ATL per annum) shall be
distributed among existing plants which are obligated to participate in the system of trading
in turnover pollution permits in accordance with the European Parliament and the Council
Directive 2003/87/EC.
According to the approved National turnover pollution permits distribution plan for 20082012 (hereinafter referred to as – NAP), for 2008-2012 year period it was allocated 2 811 253
ATL of UAB Kauno termofikacijos elektrinė for the operating Kaunas power plant.
Regulation of the ATL provision to new members.
Reserve for new installations should be foreseen upon the 6th criterion of the European
Commission‘s communique „Additional recommendations on the permits distribution upon EU
emitted pollution trading scheme for 2008-2012 trading period“ (Brussels, 22.12.2005
KOM(2005) 703 final).
It is expected that the Ministry of Environment in cooperation with the Ministry of
Environment shall prepare the renewed regulations on reserve allocation to new plants defining
the procedure how ATL are to be granted to new plant and how ATL of plants to be closed shall
be transferred to reserve.
At present, plants4 that that started their activity from the 1st of January 2005, the turnover
pollution permits for the period of 2008-2012 years are to be distributed upon the regulations
(hereinafter referred to as the Regulations) on the turnover pollution permits rezerve for new
plants and the turnover pollution permits of plants terminating their activity of which the
appropriate permits are to be transferred to the turnover pollution rezerve for new plants. (Žin.,
2006, No. 7-261). The aforementioned Regulations came into force on the 19th of January
2006. Also the permits mentioned are allocated upon the Lithuanian plan on the turnover
pollution permits allocation for 2008-2012 years.
New plants, i.e. the plants increasing their production capacity or newly established plants
shall be provided with the appropriate ATL from the reserve for new plants. The reserve
mentioned foreseen upon the national turnover pollution permits allocation plan includes 7 216
955 million ATL to be distributed within 2008-2012-year period.
The Regulations mentioned contain conditions to be met by activity managers in order to
be granted ATL from the ATL reserve for newly established plants as follows:
-
Plants starting to exploit new installations for electric power generating of new installations
to produce heat energy together with electricity;
-
Plants starting to exploit new installations for heat energy generation;
-
Plants starting to exploit new installations where within the production process
greenhouse gas is being emitted;
4
Plants mean all fuel-combusting facilities situated within one site and provided with one TIPL permit irrespectively of
whether the product or energy is being produced when combusting fuel, or whether the energy produced is directly
used in the process of production provided that total summaried power of all fuel combusting installations exceeds 20
MW ori n case the production facilities for producing of cellulose, paper, cement, ceramics, glass, metal exceed the
limits specified in the directive upon the trade in the turnover pollution permits..
66
-
After having increased the installations‘ nominal rated power or production capacity, the
activity manager of the plants to be attributed to the plants included in the list of the
trading procedure Annex no.1 is to obtain a permit for greenhouse gas emission;
-
After having increased the nominal rated power of the plant included in plan of the
national turnover pollution permits (ATL shall be provided for such part of nominal rated
power that exceeds the nominal rated power indicated in valid permits for the Pollution
integrated prevention and control or the Natural resources use).
Having established new heat-power-generating facilities of having expanded the existing
plants‘ capacity, each newly-established the nominal heat power unit (MW) shall be provided
with:
-
600 ATL for one-year period;
-
1000 ATL for one-year period provided that over half of heat energy produced by the
appropriate unit is supplied for industrial processes needs.
After having established new electric energy generating facilities or having expanded the
existing plants capacity each newly-established the nominal electrical power unit (MW) shall be
provided with 2500 ATL for one-year period.
The plant involved in generating at the same time heat and electricity shall be provided
with ATL as for the newly-established units of the electrical power-generating sector as for the
newly-established units of the heat-power-generating sector after having evaluated the biggest
nominal rated heat and electrical power summing up the number of ATL to be provided.
If after having increased the installations‘ nominal rated power or production capacity, the
activity manager of the plants to be attributed to the plants included in the list of the trading
procedure Annex no.1 is to obtain a permit for greenhouse gas emission, in this case, ATL shall
be granted as to the newly-established unit and nominal rated power or production capacity of
such unit shall be equal to the sum of the installed and newly-installed nominal rated power or
production capacity. After the reserve for new installations have been completely used it could
be supplemented by transferring the turnover pollution permits that were expected to allocate
upon the appropriate auction.
If a reserved amount of the turnover pollution permits to be granted to newly-established
units is not sufficient, first of all, the turnover pollution permits shall be granted to those plants
that have submitted the appropriate applications on an earlier date. Other managers of the
newly-established plants shall not be provided with the turnover pollution permits and they have
the right to buy them.
After a plant has terminated its activities or validity of its permit for greenhouse gas
emission has been cancelled, the non-used the turnover pollution permits shall be transferred to
the reserve for newly-established plant.
Granting of additional ATL to the Kaunas power plant‘s units
Total nominal rated electrical power of the Kaunas power plant‘s units included in the
system of trade in the turnover pollution permits is equal to 170 MW of electrical power and
1543 MW of heat power. When establishing new units, the powers of either electrical or heat
67
installations included in the national plan of the turnover pollution permits shall be unavoidably
changed. In case of increase in total heat or electrical power, additional ATL (there will be kept
ATL that have been already granted and new ATL shall be granted regarding power difference)
shall be provided from the appropriate reserve for newly-established units because they have
met the following conditions:
-
A newly-established unit has been started to exploit (unit‘s power has been increased)
and such unit produces heat and electrical energy at the same time;
-
The nominal rated power of the unit included in the national the turnover pollution permits
plan, has been increased.
Additional ATL for additional heat and electrical powers shall be granted to entity‘s new
units upon the valid Regulations based on:
-
Expansion of existing installations‘ power, each installed nominal rated heat power unit
(MW) shall be provided with 600 ATL for one-year period;
-
Expansion of existing installations‘ power, each installed nominal rated electrical power
unit (MW) shall be provided with 2500 ATL for one-year period.
Electrical power of a combined cycle power-generating unit expected to be constructed by
UAB Kauno termofikacijos elektrinė shall be ~350 MW. In case of expected proportion between
elecrtical/heat energy equal~1, heat power shall also be about 350 MW. The new powergenerating unit of the Kaunas power plant has to be granted/acquired additionally 1 085 000
ATL (for one-year period) in accordance with the Regulations on allocation of the turnover
pollution reserve to new units and transference of the turnover pollution permits from the units
terminating their activities to the turnover pollution permits reserved to be distributed to new
units (Žin., 2006, No. 7-261):
-
875 000 ATL for additional electrical power (350 MW);
-
210 000 ATL for additional heat power (350 MW).
In the new power-generating unit of the Kaunas power plant it is planned to combust 700
800 thousand m3 of natural gas per annum. Liquid fuel (dieseline) is expected for use as
additional/back-up fuel, provided that it shall be obligatory upon the appropriate normative
documents that are being clarified at the moment. It is expected to combust up to 392 448 t of
liquid fuel (dieseline) per annum.
5.2.2 Possible impact of planned economic activities on ambient air from mobile
pollution sources and impact reduction measures
An alternative for gas usage as fuel. Burning natural gas which is supplied through gas
supply pipes in the planned combined cycle power plant during planned economic activities the
need for mobile vehicles shall not alter, and planned economic activities shall not influence
pollution from mobile sources.
68
An alternative for diesel usage as fuel. Burning dieseline in the planned combined cycle
power plant, fuel shall be transported to the power plant by motor vehicles or by rail (see Table
19). In KE territory it is planned to install 1 diesel tank, where it is planned to store diesel
reserves for 7 days - ~ 7 500 tons, tank capacity - ~10 000 m3.
Whereas in the phase of assessment of impact on environment it is not exactly known
which suppliers dieseline will be bought from and where it will be transported to the territory of
the company from, only potential impact of motor vehicles within the limits of company territory
shall be assessed.
Table 19. Mobile pollution sources, their description
Transport
Transport
description
Alternatives of dieseline transportation
3
Motor vehicles Trucks with 30 m
cisterns
Railway cisterns (60
Railway
3
m)
transport
Annual
volume of
transported
cargo
392 448 t /
3
467200 m
Annual
haulage in
company’s
territory, km
Annual fuel
Traffic, number of
consumption, automobiles/number of trips
t
Per
Per
Per
Per
annum month week
day
12459
3,45
15573
1298
311
-
-
7787
649
156
62
-
Potential air pollution caused by mobile air pollution sources in company’s
territory. Assessment of potential impact of planned economic activities caused by mobile
pollution sources was performed following Order No. 125 of the Ministry of Environment of
13 07 1998 there were approved Methods of assessment of pollution emitted to atmosphere by
vehicles driven by internal combustion engines (Žin., 1998, No. 66-1926).
Motor vehicle rates:
CO:
CH:
NOx:
SO2:
Particles:
K1
1,273
1,040
1,011
1,0
0,769
K2
1,0
1,0
1,0
1,0
1,0
K3
0,29
0,31
0,39
1,0
0,3
Amount of pollutants emitted by mobile sources of pollution in company’s territory is
presented in Table 20. Whereas the probability, dieseline to be burned in the new combined
cycle power plant continuously, is low, it is likely that dieseline will be used just as reserve fuel,
therefore possible amounts of pollutants emitted by cisterns per month were calculated.
Table 20. Amount of pollutants from mobile pollution sources in company’s territory
Maximal amounts of pollutants
Amounts of pollutants emitted by
Pollutants
emitted by dieseline cisterns, t/year
dieseline cisterns, t/month
CO:
0,166
0,0138
CH:
0,045
0,0038
NOx:
0,043
0,0036
SO2:
0,003
0,0003
Particles:
0,003
0,0003
69
Pollution from vehicles transporting dieseline in KE territory is not significant.
5.2.3 Economic activities‘ potential noise impact, noise emission
In the present section of PAV report there are provided data about noise caused by
planned economic activities during operation and calculations of noise emission within
company’s territory, in surrounding area and till the closest living area.
In power plants main noise sources are fuel transportation and supervising systems, large
pumps and fans, cooling systems, boilers, gas and steam turbines, as well as stationary
engines. In PAV report the following stationary noise sources were analysed – gas and steam
turbines and steam generators, fans, air taking/discharge locations, cooling batteries, emission
of noise caused by them. Gas turbines are characterized by big acoustic noise, therefore they
are placed in closed, acoustically secure premises.
Basing on information provided by producers, noise level 1 m away from power plant's
wall amounts to 35-45 dBA depending on building’s construction and used constructional
materials. Noise caused by fans (in air intake/discharge locations) and cooling batteries is
assessed at 75-80 dBA. These devices may be designed on desired side/location seeking to
reduce noise level in relevant points (e.g. in administrative premises or in the nearest residential
area). Noise level caused by gas turbines in air intake/discharge locations (without or up to
absorbers) amounts to 90 dBA.
Noise caused by planned economic activity, its emission were calculated and assessed
following:
1. SN and T II-12-77 „Noise control“
2. Erikas Mačiūnas. Calculation and assessment of noise caused by automobiles and
living area getting into premises: recommended methods. Ministry of Health of the
Republic of Lithuania, State Public Health Center, Vilnius, 1999.
3. Description of assessment of noise impact on public health approved by the Order No.
V-596 of the Minister of Health, dated 21 July 2005 (Žin., 2005, No. 93-3484);
4. HN 33. 2007 “Acoustical noise”. Limit values of noise in living and public purpose
buildings and their environment: (Žin., 2007, No. 75-2990). J.Kaulakys. Physical
technological environment pollution. Noise and vibration. Vilnius, Technika, 1999.
5. Information provided by equipment producers.
Performing calculations of noise emission it was assumed that air intake systems of 4
steam turbines, where noise absorbers reduce noise level to 85 dBA, will cause the biggest
noise outside the planned power plant. Cumulative noise level of 4 noise sources shall be
calculated according to the following formula:
n
Ltotal = 10 lg
∑ 10
0.1Li
= 91 dBA
i =1
Noise emission in environment is calculated following SN and T II-12-77 "Noise control":
LA eq terr = LA eq – ΔLA eq dist – ΔLA eq shield, where (1)
LA eq terr – noise level on the territory point calculated, dB(A);
70
LA eq – equivalent source noise level, dB(A);
ΔLA eq dist – decrease of noise level dB(A) subject to the distance between noise source and
calculated point (following SN and II-12-77 pic. 26 and chart 1 of elaborated methods);
ΔLA eq shield – decrease of noise level dB(A) because of shielding effect (following SN and
II-12-77 Table 35);
Calculating noise level at plot limits only decrease of noise level because of the distance
regardless of the building noise shielding effect in KE territory was assessed, because on the
stage of environment effect assessment there were no data about parameters of the new power
plant‘s block (height, width, length), layout of devices. Assessing noise level in the nearest
living area which is 250 m away from systems causing noise, noise shielding effect of the green
was assessed (a 20 m wide green zone reduces noise level by 8 dBA). In addition, noise level
influenced by planned economic activities in the nearest administrative buildings –
administrative buildings of KE and UAB „Kelių remonto grupė“ – was assessed (in calculations it
is assumed that double unsealed windows reduce noise level by 22 dBA). Calculation results
are provided in Pic. 1 and Table 21.
800.00
Location of the new
power plant's block
The nearest dwelling
house
700.00
600.00
500.00
400.00
300.00
200.00
100.00
0.00
0.00
100.00
200.00
300.00
400.00
500.00
600.00
700.00
800.00
900.00
1000.00
Pic. 10. Emission of noise caused by planned economic activities
71
Table 21. Physical pollution caused by planned economic activities
Pollution
Number Equivalent
Maximal allowed Calculated pollution caused by activities and its reduction measures
source
of
noise level
Pollution level
pollution caused by
(environment
At the borders of
In the nearest living
In the nearest
sources pollution
and human
object territory
area
administrative
source, dBA
friendly), dBA
buildings
Direct.
Equivalent
Direct.
Equivalent
Direct.
Equivalent
noise level,
noise level,
noise level,
dBA
dBA
dBA
Air intake
4
85
N
58
openings of
NE
57
NE
35
gas turbines
E
55
with
SE
47
absorbers
NE
48,5
S
53
SW
58
65 (6a.m.SE
31
∗
W
56
6p.m.)
NW
54
60 (6a.m.10p.m.)
N
64
55 (10p.m.NE
63
NE
41
6a.m.)
E
61
SE
53
NE
54,5
S
59
SW
64
SE
37
W
62
NW
Total
91
60
Pollution reduction
measures, remarks
Unestimated
Unestimated
∗
According to HN 33: 2007 „Acoustic noise. Limit values of noise in living and public purpose buildings and in their environment“ (Žin., 2007, No. 75-2990) maximal allowable noise
level on working hours in environment of living and public purpose buildings (6 a.m. to 6 p.m.) amounts to 70 dBA, and allowable equivalent noise level amounts to 65 dBA.
Following the Regulations on labour protection against risk caused by noise (Žin., 2005, No. 53-1804) expositional noise levels for start of actions (assurance of labour protection
against operative noise) are 80 to 85 dBA.
72
Noise reduction measures, technical solutions. Seeking to assure allowable equivalent noise
level of 85 dBA in working environment the following noise reduction measures shall be applied
designing combined cycle power plant and procuring equipment:
•
gas and steam turbines, generators, boiler power pumps shall be installed in premises
with insulation of acoustic noise/under covers;
•
using low-noise fans;
•
using absorbers of high noise;
•
insulation of noisy equipment with noise absorbing materials;
•
selection of building constructions considering noise insulation characteristics;
•
silencers in intake and discharge channels;
•
usage of noise absorbing materials in walls and ceilings;
•
usage of vibration reducing measures and flexible connections;
•
noise assessment on designing stage, e.g. accidental noise discharge through openings
or pressure fluctuations in the pipes;
•
direction and location of noise emitting equipment, noise frequency altering.
Conclusion. Basing on provided equivalent noise level calculations, equivalent noise level
caused by planned economic activities doesn't exceed allowable equivalent noise level in
environment of living and public purpose buildings within KE territory in day time. Excess of equivalent
noise level up to 9 dBA in night time within company’s territory is not a topical issue, because KE
territory doesn't meet living or public purpose territories. In the nearest living area which is 250 m
away in northeast direction allowable equivalent noise level is not exceeded both in day and night
time. Noise caused by planned economic activities shall not exceed norms in administrative premises
of KE and other companies.
5.2.4 Potential impact of planned economic activities on water, soil, earth interior,
biodiversity and landscape
Information about locations and water consumption. When thermal and electric power of the
Kaunas power plant increases, the demand of industrial water for production needs (power of boilers)
shall grow, and amount of chemically processed/prepared water which is drawn from Kaunas see
shall increase. Water consumption is provided in Table 22.
Sewage disposal. For disposal of sewage there shall be used existing production sewage
disposal system (slime unit) which is briefly described in clause 3.1 of the PAV report. Information
about surface water body (receiver) which will be polluted because of planned economic activities is
provided in Table 23. Data about sewage sources and dischargers before and after construction of
the new block are provided in Table 24. Pollution of production and surface sewage planned to be
discharged to environment (discharger No. 1) is provided in Table 25. Amount of surface (rain)
sewage during planned economic activities and its disposal shall not change.
73
Table 22. Estimated water intake and consumption
Water source
Maximal water amount planned
Activities,
No.
(watering-place or
to receive/obtain
where water will
other)2
be consumed 3
m3/m
m3/d
m3/h
1
2
3
4
5
6
Current situation
Watering plant
No. 1 (Kaunas
Production of
V-1
WPP basin
2000000
20000
1000
thermal and electric
(Kaunas water
power
reservoir))
Planned economic activities
Watering plant
No. 1 (Kaunas
Production of
V-1
2400000
24000
1200
thermal and electric
WPP basin
(Kaunas water
power
reservoir))
1
Maximal amount of water planned
to be consumed in each kind of
activity
m3/m
m3/d
m3/h
7
8
9
Water amount planned
Planned water to be transferred to
loss, m3/m other objects/persons,
m3/m
10
11
1900000
19000
800
10000
(0,5 %)
-
2120000
21200
1060
12000
(0,5 %)
-
Table 23. Information about surface water body (receiver), where it is planned to drain sewage or which will be polluted because of planned economic
activities in other ways
Average
Water body condition6
water flow
allowable water body
Name of
River basin
current (background) condition/MAA/impact
rate with
2
load11
water body ,
district,
1
No.
probability of
value
its category3
basin,
parameter7
95% in the
measuring
measuring
4
5
and code
subbasin
value
condition8
MAA9
impact10
driest month,
unit
unit
3
m /s
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Nemunas*,
1
Nemunas
124 **
BDS7
mg/l O2
6 ***
mg/l O2
412
river,
10010001
Remarks:
* During planned economic activities production and surface sewage will be discharged into the Amalė river. Whereas the Amalė river is drained, and ~ 6 km
away flows into Nemunas, therefore possible impact of planned economic activities on Nemunas river is assessed in the report.
** Average water flowrate in case of minimal summer-autumn sinkage with 80 % probability during 30 driest days
*** following Description of requirements for protection of surface water bodies, where freshwater fishes may breed (Žin., 2006, No. 5-159), limit value of water
bodies suitable for carps is BDS7 - 6 mg/l O2.
74
Table 24. Data about sewage sources and/or dischargers
No.1
Receiver’s
number 2
Description of sewages planned to be discharged
and their source3
1
2
Current situation
1
3
1
Discharger’s
type/technical
data4
4
Description of
discharger’s location5
5
Maximal amount of sewages
planned to be discharged6
3
m /s
m3/h
m3/d
m3/m
6
7
8
9
Production and surface sewage
channelled, d 1,5
m
in the middle of the
river, 6 km to mouth
0,14
500
3000
200000
Production and surface sewage
channelled, d 1,5
m
in the middle of the
river, 6 km to mouth
0,19
660
4000
265000
Planned economic activities
1
1
Table 25. Impurity of sewage planned to be discharged/estimated environment pollution
No.
Name of
pollutant
Estimated maximal impurity of
sewage before cleaning14
mom.,
mg/l
1
2
3
Current situation
Sinking
objects
Oil products
1
Chlorides
Sulphates
BDS7
Planned economic activities
Sinking
objects
Oil products
1
Chlorides
Sulphates
BDS7
-
Estimated maximal allowable and actual pollution of sewage planned to be
Estimated
discharged/planned environment pollution15
cleaning
planned
LK aver., Planned
DLT per
Planned
DLT per
Planned
effectiveness,
LK mom.,
11
12
13
mom.,
mg/l
aver.,
day,
per day ,
year ,
per year ,
%
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
t/d
t/d
t/m.
t/m.
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
aver.,
mg/l
t/d
t/year
4
5
6
-
-
-
50
50
30
30
0,15
0,15
6
6
-
-
-
-
7
2000
600
58
7
2000
600
58
5
1000
300
29
5
1000
300
29
0,021
6
1,8
0,17
0,021
6
1,8
0,17
1
200
60
5,8
1
200
60
5,8
-
-
-
-
50
50
30
30
-
-
-
7
2000
600
58
7
2000
600
58
5
1000
300
29
5
1000
300
29
0,20
0,03
8,00
2,40
0,23
0,20
0,03
8,00
2,40
0,23
8,0
1,3
265,0
79,5
7,7
8,0
1,3
265,0
79,5
7,7
-
75
Basing on the requirements of the Sewage disposal regulation (Žin., 2006, No. 59-2103, 2007,
No. 110-4522) the impact on surface water body is assessed following BDS7, common N and
common P (in cases, when receiver’s condition is bad because of too high concentrations of certain N
and P compounds, on RAAD indication it is essential to assess the impact of the mentioned
compounds). Considering the nature of PŪV, N and P compounds will not be discharged to
environment, therefore the impact on surface water body – the Nemunas river – is assessed only
according to BDS7.
When sewage is discharged (planned to be discharged) into a body of running water (river,
channel), BDS concentration in a normal daily sewage sample or in an instantaneous sewage
sample, in case of which allowable impact on receiver will not be exceeded, shall be calculated
according to the following formula:
C sewage =
1,1 · Criver (MAA)· Qsewage + 360 · Criver (MAA) · Q river
Q sewage
where:
C sewage – the highest BDS7 concentration in a normal daily or instantaneous sewage sample, in
case of which allowable impact on receiver will not be exceeded, mg/l;
C river (MAA) – MAA in receiver according to BDS7 (requirements for good receiver’s state), mg/l;
Q sewage – the highest calculated hourly flowrate of sewage being discharged (during the dry
season), m3/h;
Q river – average water flowrate in case of minimal summer-autumn sinking with 80% probability
in discharge location 30 driest days in succession, m3/s.
In calculations C river (MAA) is determined according to the Description of requirements for
protection of surface water bodies, where freshwater fishes may grow and breed (Žin., 2006, No. 5159), i.e. in calculations there was assessed BDS7 limit value of water bodies suitable for carps, which
amounts to 6 mg/l O2.
In case of minimal summer-autumn sinking with 80 % probability in 30 driest days in sequence
average water flowrate in Nemunas near Smalininkai is equal to 220 m3/s5. Assessing that the area of
river basin near Smalininkai amounts to 81 200 km2, and near Kaunas – to 45 700 km2, in case of
minimal summer-autumn sinking with 80 % probability in 30 driest days in sequence average water
flowrate in Nemunas near Kaunas amounts to 124 m3/s.
C sewage =
1,1 · Criver (MAA)· Qsewage + 360 · Criver (MAA) · Q river
Q sewage
=
1,1 · 6 · 660 + 360 · 6 · 124
660
= 412 mg/l O2
Provided calculations of sewage receiver‘s (Nemunas river near Petrašiūnai) annual load show
that production and surface sewage formed during planned economic activities and discharged to
natural environment shall have no negative impact on water quality in Nemunas river near
Petrašiūnai.
5
J. Kriaučiūnienė, M. Kovalenkovienė, D. Meilutytė-Barauskienė. Lietuvos upių minimalaus nuotėkio kaitos dėsningumai. //
Aplinkos tyrimai, inžinerija ir vadyba, 2007.Nr.4(42), P. 5-12.
76
Possible impact on biodiversity. Within the PŪV territory to be developed there are 14 warty
birches, however, on the detailed plan of the plot of land they are not marked as to be protected. The
territorial plan of the Kaunas water power plant is presented in the graphic Annex No.1, the list of
trees to be protected is presented in graphic Annex No.4 (plants to be cut within PŪV are indicated as
No. 154). It is recommended to plant not less leafy trees than it will be necessary to cut during
construction of the new power plant block. It is recommended to plant the green in the northern,
north-eastern part in technologically and according to fire safety acceptable locations or closer to
administrative KE buildings.
Possible impact on earth interior. Planned economic activities will have no impact on earth
interior, so this aspect hasn't been analysed in PAV report.
When the new power plant is constructed, in KE territory there will be installed a dieseline unit,
where it is foreseen to store app. 75000 t of dieseline, therefore underground water monitoring shall
be performed according to the prepared dieseline unit’s underground water monitoring program.
Negative impact of planned economic activities on water, soil, earth interior, biodiversity and
landscape is possible in case of accident spillage (further information provided in Section 8.1).
Possible impact on landscape. Visibility of the combined power pant block, its visual impact
and pollution basically depends on number of chimneys and their height which are seen at a quite big
distance. It is planned to build 4 new 80 m high power plant chimneys which will be almost 2 times
shorter compared with existing 150 and 180 m high chimneys. Whereas the new power plant block
will be build in the present KE territory, in an area of industrial companies, in northeast of the Kaunas
city, not far from the highway Kaunas - Vilnius, erection of 4 shorter chimneys next to the existing 2
KE chimneys will not have any negative visual impact on landscape.
5.2.5 Potential impact of planned economic activities on human health
Demography and morbidity of residents
10,6 % of all Lithuanian residents live in Kaunas city. 1 July 2007 number of residents
amounted to 356 701 in Kaunas, density of population– 2267 / sq km.
1997 to 2007 in Kaunas city, as well as in other biggest Lithuanian cities, number of residents
decreased because of reducing birth rate and resettling into district areas, however in Kaunas density
of population is the biggest (bigger than in Vilnius by 1,7, and than in Klaipėda – by 1,2). Migration
saldo is negative in Kaunas, as in the most Lithuanian cities, because of higher number of resettlers
compared with number of arrivers.
The object of the planned economic activity is Petrašiūnai township of the Kaunas town.
Petrašiūnai township is the biggest township in Kaunas by its area – 28 460 sq m. However it is the
smallest by its number of residents. In the mentioned township there live app. 18 000 residents.
Naujasodis microdistrict, where Kaunas heat and power plant is situated, covers almost one third of
the area of Petrašiūnai township. This district is exceptional, because almost the whole area is
covered with enterprise offices, workshops, garages, and it has just 500 residents.
Executing planned economic activities potential impact on human health is possible because of
air pollution. When in the Heat and power plant fuel (natural gas and dieseline) is burned, the
following pollutants are emitted to environment: carbon monoxide, nitrate oxides, sulphur anhydride,
solid particles.
77
The number of persons suffering from acute upper airway infections reaches app. 1350 cases
per 10 000 residents annually. In Lithuania average morbidity within the last 5 years equalled to 377
cases per 10 000 residents. The biggest number of diseased is among children up to 6 years old and
among 10 to 14 years old teenagers. Number of influenza cases reaches app. 200 per 10 000
residents. In Lithuania average number of influenza cases per 10 000 residents is 35. The highest
number of people suffering from influenza in Lithuania is among 10 to 14 and 15 to 17 years old
people.
Incidence of all airway diseases in Kaunas city tends to grow – in 2005 274,75 cases per 10 000
residence, while in 2002 211,78 cases were registered. Incidence of airway diseases among children
is quite high – 1400 cases per 1000 children per year, it means that every child contracts an airway
disease more than one time per year.
Incidence of diseases of the circulatory system and number of deaths caused by them is one of
the biggest problems in modern society. It is the main death reason in Lithuania and in Kaunas city,
as well. In 2005 number of the diseased per 1000 adults reached 312,43. Incidence of diseases of the
circulatory system grows not only among adults, but also among children. In 2005 number of the
diseases per 1000 children reached 13,59, and in 2002 the rate reached 6,7 percent.
Impact on health of residents
It is hard to determine a direct connection between polluted environment and diseases,
therefore both air being breathed, and drinking water, or the soil, where grain cultures and vegetables
are grown, may cause different health problems.
Pollutants are more or less toxic to living
organisms, and their impact depends on the dose received by organism. The order No. 591/640 of
the Minister of Environment and Health of the Republic of Lithuania „Regarding determination of
ambient air pollution norms“ (Žin., 2001, No. 106-3827), dated 11 December 2001, determined
ambient air pollution norms. Following the mentioned order the limit value of nitrate dioxide and nitrate
oxides in atmosphere is 0,04 mg/m3, carbon monoxide – 10 mg/m3, sulphur dioxide – 0,02 mg/m3,
solid particles (PM10) – 0,04 mg/m3. Scientific researches have proved that air pollution in cities
influences morbidity of residents. Because of increased number of carbon, sulphur, nitrate oxides and
solid particles in atmosphere some chronic diseases may flare up, as for example diseases of the
airway and circulatory system, ambient air pollution influences development of malignant tumours, as
well. The most sensitive to pollutants are young children, elderly people or people suffering from
chronic diseases.
Ecological monitoring of the Kaunas town according to the program approved by the Ministry of
Environment is started to execute in the year 1993. Since the year 1999 Department of Environmental
Studies of the Vytautas Magnus University has been a responsible executor and labour coordinator of
environment monitoring of the Kaunas town, and the Kaunas City Public Health Centre - the main
partner. According to Kaunas city environment monitoring program in 2006 Kaunas Public Health
Center performed measurements in temporary stationary air research posts in 12 living areas in three
seasons (spring, summer and autumn). Average daily concentrations of nitrate dioxide, sulphur
dioxide and dust were measured.
Following the summarized research data of the year 2006 in Petrašiūnai township average
nitrate dioxide concentration amounted to 0,023 mg/m3 (limit value – 0,04 mg/m3) and it hasn’t
exceeded the norm established during the research period. Average concentration of sulphur dioxide
was equal to 0,001 mg/m3 (limit value – 0,05 mg/m3) and it hasn‘t exceeded the norm established.
Average concentration of dust was equal to 0.131 mg/m3 (limit value – 0.15 mg/m3), it has exceeded
78
the norm established within the research period by 3 times. Air pollution of the city is caused by both
stationary, and mobile pollution sources. While the number of vehicles grows, however their technical
characteristics don't improve, the biggest share of air pollutants consists of exhaust gases of mobile
vehicles in urbanized territories (app. 60 to 70 percent and more). Concentrations of pollutants
emitted by stationary pollution sources have less influence to the level of city air pollution because of
high chimneys and higher spread of pollutants.
Calculations of possible air pollution caused by planned economic activities – expansion of
Kaunas power plant constructing a combined cycle power plant (~350 mw electric power / ~350 mw
heat power) – are provided in Section 5.2.1. Though amount of consumed fuel will increase after
construction of the new combined cycle power plant, technological solutions will allow reducing
concentration of emitted pollutants to norms allowed. Assessment of calculation and forecasting
results shows that concentration of pollution doesn't exceed the norms established both in company
territory, and in the nearest living areas. The nearest dwelling house is situated 1 km away from the
PŪV to the northeast direction, and a quarter of living houses starts app. 1 km away. Whereas
company‘s emissions will not have real significant influence on ambient air quality, on this account
limit concentrations of pollutants may be exceeded, and it shouldn't have any direct influence on
health of residents.
During carrying out of planned economic activity noise sources will be gas and steam turbines,
as well as steam generators.
Order No. V-555 of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Lithuania “Regarding approval of
the Lithuanian hygiene norm HN 33:2007 “Acoustic noise. Limit values of noise in living and public
purpose buildings and their environment”, dated 2 July 2007 (Žin., 2007, No. 75-2990), determines
the following noise levels:
• In environment of living and public purpose buildings allowable equivalent noise level is
following:
¾ 65 dBA in day time (6 a.m. to 6 p.m.)
¾ 60 dBA in night time (6 p.m. to 10 p.m.)
¾ 55 dBA in night time (10 p.m. to 6 a.m.)
• In sleeping rooms of living houses:
¾ 45 dBA in day time (6 a.m. to 6 p.m.)
¾ 40 dBA in night time (6 p.m. to 10 p.m.)
¾ 35 dBA in night time (10 p.m. to 6 a.m.)
Calculations of noise emission are provided in Section 5.2.3. In the nearest living area which is
250 m away in northeast direction allowable equivalent noise level is not exceeded both in day and
night time. Noise caused by planned economic activities shall not exceed norms both in administrative
premises of KE and other companies.
PŪV will have no influence on public behaviour and lifestyle actions (nourishment, addictions,
physical activity, etc.). Planned economic activities will have no impact on accessibility of health care,
social services and quality of these services.
At the Kaunas power plant the Kaunas reservoir water is used to supplement power boilers and
heating networks. When activity of the Kaunas power plant is expanded, the amount of drawn water
will increase, as well as the amount of production sewage.
As before, a part of water after
clarification in accumulation pit (slime unit) shall be returned to production process, and another part discharged into the Amalė river. Impurity of discharged sewage shall be assessed 1 time per month.
79
Neither sewage impurity, nor frequency of its control will change. Environment of Kaunas water
reservoir, as a recreational and popular place, will not change because of PŪV, there will be no
negative impact on health of residents.
Communication of local residents because of planned economic activities will not be disturbed.
When amount of consumed and reserve fuel will increase because of PŪV, a new dieseline tank
shall be constructed. For protection of soil and ground water the bottom of tank field and dikes shall
be concreted. Lighting conductors are installed within the territory, all installations are earthened,
there was installed an automatic fire-fighting system with water and foam tanks and fire-protection
pump house. In company there will be prepared a salvage plan which will be renewed after
construction of a new dieseline tank. Conditions assuring safety and health of residents shall be
secured.
Impact on health of employees
Currently hearing impairments comprise the biggest share of occupational diseases both in
Europe, and the whole world. In the year 2005 the European Safety and Occupational Health Agency
indicated that almost one fourth of EU employees (60 million people) experience at their workplaces
such high noise that at least half their work time they have to talk louder than normally seeking to be
heard.
In Lithuania occupational diseases caused by physical factors (noise, vibration, etc.) are
diagnosed the most. Among occupational diseases of sense-organs dominate, hearing impairments
caused by noise compose 99 percent of them.
Order No. A1-103/V-265 of the Minister of Social Security and Labour and the Minister of Health
of the Republic of Lithuania "Regarding approval of protection of employees against risks caused by
noise“ (Žin., 2005, No. 53-1804), dated 15 April 2005 regulates that when expositional noise levels
reach 80 to 85 dB(A), measures securing protection of employees against noise shall be applied.
Noise level influencing employees including those employees who use personal hearing protection
means can not exceed limit explosion value in any way, i.e. 87 dB(A).
Seeking to protect employees against hazards caused by noise at work, the following commonly
acceptable principles for prevention of hearing damage risk shall be introduced:
• Equipment of new noiseless working means or new work places;
• Determination and reduction of noise levels at working place influencing
employees;
• Informal examinations of health of employees;
• Application of engineering, acoustic, organizational and other noise reduction
measures and methods;
• Notification of employees, their training and control;
• Periodical verification of effectiveness of applied noise reduction programs.
The object of planned economic activities shall be designed and constructed in the way to be
correspondent with STR 2.01.07:2003 “Noise control in internal and external environments of
80
buildings” and considering that gas and steam turbines and steam generators are devices noisy
enough which emit noise of >=85 dBA. These devices shall be placed in closed, acoustically secured
premises. Control panel, where employees will work, shall be sufficiently insulated from devices
emitting noise. When servicing, maintenance, repair and other necessary works are performed,
employees shall use personal protection against noise.
Applying above mentioned protection
measures, possible risk for health of employees may be reduced up to minimal level or it may be
avoided.
Chemical materials are used for chemical water processing. When activities of the Kaunas heat
and power plant are expanded, no new chemical materials shall be used, and only amount of
consumed materials shall increase. Dosing of chemical materials shall be performed automatically,
employees shall have direct contract with chemical materials during their supply, transfusion. All
center employees are trained in the power plant and have passed an examination. They have labour
safety, technical operation, fire safety certificates. Shift employees regularly take part in emergency
trainings and trainings organized according to the training plan applicable in the power plant. In the
company there is prepared a hazard and risk analysis for two reagents – sulphur acid and caustic
soda, a salvage plan is prepared.
Conclusions: The planned combined cycle power plant in the present territory of the Kaunas
heat and power plant will have no impact on health of residents: the newest and the most modern
technological solutions shall allow securing ambient pollution not to exceed allowed limit values
determined by legal acts and shall assure high-quality conditions for residents at once. The level of
noise emitted by PŪV is in concordance with noise levels allowable in environment of living buildings
both next to the nearest residents, and administrative premises of neighbouring companies.
Sanitary protection zone In the detailed territory plan of planned economic activities6 there is
made a record that determined sanitary protection zone of chimney No. 1 and No. 2 is 500 m and it is
coordinated with Hygiene Center of Kaunas County (Conclusion No. 80, dated 22 July 1991) (Remark
No. 8). In addition, Regulations on determination and regime of protection zones (Žin., 2004, No.
134-4878) don’t norm SAZ sizes for electricity production and distribution devices – heat and power
plant. In Special terms on land and wood usage (Žin., 1992, No. 22-652; 1996, No. 2-43; 2002, No.
70-2887) it is determined that the size of sanitary protection zone of boiler houses, heat and power
plants is determined considering physical impact of these objects. Alteration of SAZ determined for
the Kaunas power plant is not offered in PAV report, because pollution spread (ground-level
concentration) modelling results showed that company emissions shall have no crucial impact on
ambient air quality, so limit values of pollution concentration may be exceeded (for further information
see sections 5.2.1.7 and 5.2.1.8). Considering provided calculations of equivalent noise level caused
by planned economic activities, equivalent noise level caused by the panned economic activities shall
not exceed allowable equivalent noise level in environment of living and public purpose buildings in
day time within KE territory, and at the limits of the present sanitary protection zone (500 m) allowable
equivalent noise level shall not be exceeded both in day and night time.
5.2.6 Potential impact of planned economic activities on social-economic
environment, potential impact on energy prices payable by residents of the town of
Kaunas
Preliminary investments into construction of combined cycle power plant‘s block amount to Litas
1 billion.
6
Detailed plant of land plots situated in V.Krėvės pr. No.135, Ateities pl. No. 35 and Taikos pr. Nr. 147 approved in 2002
81
Planned economic activities shall have positive impact on social-economic environment both on
the level of the Kaunas town, and the whole Lithuania. Direct positive impact is related to planned
economic activities – up to 20 new workplaces in KE, and positive secondary impact on other
economic branches – e.g. transport sector.
Planned economic activities shall take a hand in implementation of goals of the National Energy
Strategy (NES) and shall increase safety and reliability of Lithuanian electric power system supply
reducing dependence on import. After the second block of the Ignalina nuclear power station has
been closed, the main electric power production source before the construction of a new nuclear
power plant shall be the Lithuanian power plant and the Vilnius and Kaunas thermal power plants.
The price of electric power produced by existing generation blocks of the Lithuanian power plant with
the use of natural gas is considerably higher and non-competitive on the market. Therefore, NES
foresees that it is obligatory to expand in faster tempo the capacities of more economical thermal
power plants.
In case of implementation of the planned economic activities reliable and possibly the cheapest
supply of thermal power shall be secured to Kaunas town using effectiveness of power devices
existing in the market. When the project is implemented, reliability of power supply to Kaunas city will
also grow because of higher installed power in the territory of Kaunas town.
The price of electric
power production shall be lower comparing with possible alternatives in case of installation of the
same technology in Lithuanian power plant. In case the project is not implemented, reliability of
electric and thermal power supply would decrease, and the price would grow because of existing
technological devices which are physically and morally worn.
5.2.7 Potential impact of planned economic activities on ethnic-cultural conditions
and cultural heritage
There are no any historical and cultural values in the territory of planned economic activity; this
territory is not attributed to protected territories. Next to the mazut unit, at about 1 km distance from
the PŪV site there are protected belongings of the Kaunas fortress, blindges (see graphical Annex 1).
The PŪV shall be carried out at 1 km distance from protected territory and shall have no impact on
protected cultural values. There are no any other cultural real estate values on the planned economic
activity territory and neighbouring territories, therefore in PAV report this aspect hasn’t been analysed.
PŪV also will have no impact on ethnic-cultural conditions.
82
VI. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES
6.1
Brief description of “Zero” and proposed alternative
“Zero” alternative – the combined cycle power plant will not be constructed, and Kaunas power
plant operates in its present capacity (1543 MW thermal power and 170 MW electric power).
Proposed alternative - expansion of the Kaunas power plant constructing a combined cycle
power plant (~350 mw electric power / ~350 mw thermal power).
6.2
Description of alternatives, main selection reasons
Whereas it is planned to construct the new combined cycle power plant in the territory of the
present Kaunas power plant connecting it to present communications and retaining the biggest part of
present devices, there was no location alternative analysed in PAV report.
In addition to „zero“ alternative there were analysed the following alternatives in the PAV
process:
1. Alternatives of power production technologies (cogeneration);
2. Fuel alternatives;
3. Water preparation unit alternatives.
Comparison of types of cogeneration devices7
Recently, when concrete plans regarding closing of Ignalina AE became clear, cogeneration
(cogeneration of thermal ant electric power) issue becomes more and more topical. First industrial companies,
heat supply companies, large-scale thermal and electric energy consumers started discussing a possibility to
install such devices in the nearest future. Some heat supply companies installed small Russian steam turbines
to generate electricity used for their own needs. Some sample cogeneration devices were installed in industrial
and commercial buildings.
There exist some prevalent types of cogeneration devices:
1. Steam turbines.
2. Gas turbines.
3. Internal combustion (piston) engines.
Combined cycle power plants are combinations of steam and gas turbines.
In Table 26 there are provided type characteristics of main cogeneration devices, in Table 27 – main
deficiencies and advantages of different cogeneration device types, in Table 28 there are assessed
conditions, in case of which selection of cogeneration device type is to be discussed.
7
Papared following: A GUIDE TO COGENERATION,
www.cogen.org/Downloadables/Projects/EDUCOGEN_Cogen_Guide.doc
83
Table 23. Characteristics of cogeneration devices
Fuel
POWER
(MWe)
Relation of
heat/
Electricity
produced
Effectiveness
of electricity
generation
Steam
turbines
All kinds
0,5-500
3:1 to 10:1+
7-20%
Up to
90%
Combined
cycle power
plant
Nat.gas; biogas;
dies.fuel;
liquid
fuel; liquid gas; oil
3-300+
1:1 to 3:1
35-55%
73-95%
Gas turbines
Nat.gas; biogas;
dies.fuel;
liquid
fuel; liquid gas; oil
0,2550+
1:5 to 5:1
25-42%
65-87%
Internal
–
combustion
(piston)
engines
Nat.gas; biogas,
oil, mazut,
dies.fuel
0,00320
0:5 to 3:1
25-45%
65-92%
Total
impact
Heat
produced
Steam of
different
pressures
Average
pressure
steam; high
temperature
water
High pressure
steam, hightemperature
water
Low-pressure
steam;
average and
low
temperature
water
Table 26. Advantages and deficiencies of devices
Steam
turbines
ADVANTAGES
· High total effectiveness;
· All kinds of fuel may be used
· Variable relation of generated
heat/electricity
· Generation of heat of different parameters
· Wide range of produced devices
· Long service life
DEFICIENCIES
· High relation of generated heat/electricity
· Big investments
· Slow operation
Gas
turbines
· High reliability, possibility of long-term
maintenance free operation
· Heat with high parameters generated
· Constant frequency of generated el. power
· Regulation of electricity generation power
· High relation of generated electric energy/
device weight
· Cooling water not required
· Lower relative investment for 1 kWe
· Low pollution emission
· Limited range of produced device power
· High-pressure gas is required (or a fuel
compressor has to be installed)
· High noise level of high frequency
· Low effectiveness working with low
loading
· High requirements for cleanness of used
fuel
· Power reduces, when air temperature
grows (density of burned air decreases)
· Reparations take long time
Internal
combust.
(piston)
engines
· High electricity generation effectiveness
· Lower relative investments for 1 kWe,
· Wide range of device power (from 3kW)
· Wide range of operation with partial load
(30% to 100%) not decreasing effectiveness
· Possible operation in full separation from
common network
· Fast commissioning (up to 15 s comparing
with gas turbine, its commissioning takes 0,5
to 2 hours)
· Possible work using lower pressure natural
gas (from 1 bar)
· Constant cooling is required, even if
conducted heat is not used
· Low relation of generated electric power/
device weight, a solid base has to be
installed
· High noise level in low frequency
· High servicing costs
84
Table 28. Selection of device type
Steam
turbines
Gas turbines
Internal
combustion
(piston)
engines
COGENERATION DEVICES ARE SELECTED, WHEN...
· Electric power demand falls below 250 kWe
· High steam demand, relation of heat/electric power need is higher than 3:1
· There is a possibility to burn cheap fuel
· There is sufficient place for device construction
· There is sufficient amount of residual heat with high parameters
· It is necessary to exchange old boilers
· Constant demand for electric power exceeding 1 MWe
· There is natural gas
· High demand for steam and water with high parameters (over 140 oC)
· There is a technological demand for exhaust gases of over 450 oC
· The demand for electric power/heat is cyclic and unstable
· There exists the need for low/average temperature water
· Low relation of heat/electric power needs
Fuel alternatives:
•
there is proposed a combined cycle power plant, where only natural gas will be burned;
•
devices planned to be used would be adapted to burn not only natural gas, but also
additional liquid fuel – dieseline (if it is obligatory according to normative documents
which currently are being revised).
In PAV report there was analyzed potential impact of planned economic activities on ambient air
both using natural gas, and dieseline as fuel, as provided in Section 5.2.1.
Water preparation unit alternatives:
•
there is used an existing water preparation technology and devices (amount of prepared
water is increased consuming more chemical materials) (see Section 3.3);
•
modernization of present devices retaining current water processing technology for
present KE devices, and construction of a new water preparation unit for a new block of
the combined cycle power plant (see Section 3.3);
•
modernization of existing devices or construction of a new water preparation unit
installing water cleaning technology “reverse osmosis” collectively for current and
planned devices (see Section 3.3).
85
6.3
Analysis and comparison of alternatives based on potential impact on
separate components of physical, social and economic environment
For comparison of alternatives based on potential impact on separate components of physical,
social and economic environment there was used a method of weighted matrix.
Methodology. For comparison of alternatives determining relation between the planned
economic activity aspects and different environment components (physical, social and economical)
there was formed a weighted matrix (Table 8) considering the scope of impact and determining
significance of the impact. Applying the weighted matrix the impact of planned activity alternatives on
physical and social-economical environment components is assessed at a certain numeric value (B)
(on the chosen scale) and multiplied by significance value (A) given to each component. The method
of weighted matrix allows comparing and systemizing numeric values of impact of different
alternatives on physical, social and economic environment and determining which alternative is the
most acceptable in this regard.
Following the mentioned methodology first of all there are identified components/aspects of
physical, social and economic environment which shall be significantly influenced by the project. Total
significance of all identified aspects (environment components) is equalled to 100.
Hereafter, considering legal environment of planned economic activities – the project,
Lithuanian energy policy and international liabilities (regulations and requirements of currently
applicable Lithuanian legal acts) a team of PAV experts vested significance in publicly topical aspects
for each identified environment component.
PAV experts rendered the biggest significance to air quality aspect in Kaunas town and gave to
this aspect 25 points (see Table 29). Other significant aspects of physical environment scored with 15
and 10 points are emission of gases causing „greenhouse effect“ and noise. Energetic effectiveness
is scored at 20 points. To not less important aspects less significance is rendered (10 points): safety
and reliability of Lithuanian electric power system supply, impact on city and region development,
social – economic aspects (establishment of workplaces).
Rendering significance to certain aspects, in case of both alternatives a team of PAV experts
performed assessment of each of impacts on physical, social and economical environment
component determining the impact size in the scale from -5 (very significant negative impact) to +5
(very significant positive impact). Assessing impact size Zero and proposed alternatives are
compared with each other.
Later, significance of each aspect shall be multiplied by the size of impact on aspect, and the
values received shall be summarized.
86
Table 27. Weighted matrix of alternatives for impact on physical / social / economical environment components/ aspects
“Zero” alternative
Component/aspect of physical, social /
economic environment
Environment
component
significance (A)
Ambient air quality:
• pollution concentration, mg/m3
• pollution emission, t/year
25
10
15
Greenhouse effect
15
•
CO2 eq t/ production unit (MWh)
Size of impact on
environment
components (B)
-3
-3
Proposed alternative
(A) x (B)
Size of impact on
environment
components (B)
-75
-30
-45
-2
-4
-45
(A) x (B)
-80
-20
-60
-44
8
-3
-24
-2
-16
• Pollution emission, t/year
Noise
Energetic effectiveness
7
-3
-21
-4
-28
10
20
-1
4
-10
80
-1
5
-10
100
Power system safety and reliability
10
1
10
4
40
Impact on city and region development
10
1
10
1
10
Social-economic factors, unemployment
10
1
10
2
20
IN TOTAL:
100
-20
36
(A)- significance of physical environment (in total: 100)
(B)- size of alternatives of impact on separate physical environment components/ aspects
(scale from –5 -0-5(positive impact), with a minus sign – negative impact, where there is:
0- no impact,
1- very small positive impact,
2- insignificant positive impact,
3- Average positive impact,
4- significant positive impact,
5- very significant positive impact.
-1- very insignificant negative impact,
-2- insignificant negative impact,
-3- average negative impact,
-4- significant negative impact,
-5- very significant negative impact.
87
Below there is provided a summarized Table 28, where main parameters of “zero” and
proposed alternatives basing on which an assessment of impact size was performed.
Table 28. Comparison of “zero” and proposed alternatives
Parameter
NOx
SO2
CO
Solid articles
Pollution concentration, mg/Nm3
Pollution emission, t/m
NOx
SO2
CO
Solid particles
NOx
SO2
CO
Solid particles
Greenhouse gas emission
(according to ATL), t/year
Energetic effectiveness, %
(thermal power regime)
Electric
Thermal
Total
„Zero“
alternative
Gas fuel
350
35
200
5
Liquid fuel
(mazut / dieseline)
450
1700
300
50
1472,263
1041,936
103,177
22,5
Proposed
alternative
50
10
100
5
120
110
300
10
3445,963
2854,136
585,277
187,200
782 325
1 647 250,6
24,9
50,6
75,5
40-47
40-48
84-88
In addition, considering data provided by possible equipment suppliers burning natural
gas in the new block emission of nitrate oxides for a production unit (g/MWh) shall decrease by
app. 35 to 40 %, and carbon monoxide – by app. 60 to 70 % comparing with current emissions
for a production unit.
88
VII. MONITORING PLAN OF PLANNED ECONOMIC
ACTIVITIES
Following the order No. 486 of the Minister of Environment „Regarding determination of
pollution emitted by large fuel burning device norms and norms of pollution emitted by fuel
burning devices LAND 43-2001“, dated 28 September 2001, control of stationary
environment air pollution sources is performed:
-
since 2008 monitoring pollution – nitrate oxides and sulphur dioxide – of stationary
ambient air, pollution source No. 001, using an automatic measuring and data registering
system;
-
control of carbon monoxide and solid particles is executed two times per month.
Designing and constructing a new combined cycle power plant block an automatic
(continuous) monitoring system shall be foreseen and installed in all four new chimneys:
-
a system designed for measurement of sulphur dioxide, nitrate oxide and solid particles in
exhaust gases and data registration;
-
a system designed for measurement of temperature, pressure, oxygen and water steam
amount in exhaust gases and data registration.
Following the order No. 171 of the Minister of Environment „Regarding approval of water
resource usage and pollution emitted with sewage, primary accounting and control“, dated 30
March 2001, Sewage and surface water control shall be executed in Kaunas power plant.
The following parameters are controlled:
-
in production and surface sewage discharged into Amalė river - temperature,
transparency, colour, smell, pH, sinking materials, oil products, chlorides, sulphates,
BDS7, ChDSCr – once per month;
-
in domestic waste discharged into faecal sewage – BDS7 and ChDScr – once per quarter.
During planned economic activities sewage and water unit shall not change (because of
PŪV only amount of taken water and discharged sewage will increase, but qualitative
composition - not), therefore periodicity of laboratory control of discharged sewage executed by
the company and controlled parameters will not change.
Following the order No. 230 of the Minister of Environment “Regarding approval of
monitoring of economic entity’s environment”, dated 15 May 2003, Water (impact on surface
water) monitoring is executed in the company:
-
water of Kaunas reservoir – pH, temperature, oxygen melted in water, sinking materials,
oil products, chlorides, sulphates, BDS7 and ChDScr – once per month;
-
water of Amalė river (in the upper reaches – above slime unit, below power plant – at the
start of open bed) – pH, temperature, oxygen melted in water, sinking materials, oil
products, chlorides, sulphates, BDS7 and ChDScr – once per month;
89
-
water of Amalė river (above and below mazut unit) - pH, oil products – once per month.
During planned economic activities sewage and water unit shall not change (because of
PŪV only amount of taken water and discharged waste will increase, however qualitative
composition - not), therefore periodicity of water (impact on surface water) monitoring executed
by the company and controlled parameters will not change.
Following the order No. D1-628 of the Minister of Environment „Regarding alteration of the
order No. 230 of the Minister of Environment “Regarding approval of environment monitoring
executed by economic entities”, dated 15 May 2003", dated 09 December 2004, in article No.
1.2.12 there will be presented a new wording of the mentioned article „concentration of
(specific) pollution characteristic to the kind of activities in ambient air has to be measured,
when danger rate of pollution emitted to ambient air is (TPR)>104, and the results of pollution
measurement may be attributed to the impact of economic activities of particular economic
entity“, air (impact on ambient air) monitoring is not required in Kaunas power plant,
whereas:
-
pollution characteristic to fuel burning devices are sulphur anhydride (SO2), nitrate oxides
(NOx), carbon monoxide (CO) and solid particles;
-
following determination of controlled pollution discharged to ambient air performed by
UAB „Pramoninis servisas“ in 2006 danger rate of nitrate oxides (TPR) exceeded 104;
-
according to section 4.2 of the report on assessment of impact of economic activities
executed by Kaunas power plant on ambient air (UAB „Pramoninis servisas“, 2006) the
highest ground-level concentration of nitrate oxides at the distance of 2500-3000 meters
from pollution source 001 amounts only app. 10 % nitrate oxides MAA (following HN
35:2002 MAA of nitrate oxides - 0,085 mg/m3), and background – app. 90 % of MAA
(following HN 35:2002). Comparing these pollution emission assessment results with
currently valid limit values of environment air pollution with nitrate dioxide and nitrate
oxides (LV – 0,04 mg/m3), the highest ground-level concentration of nitrate oxides would
comprise ~25 % of LV.
-
dominating long-term wind direction in Kaunas town is western;
-
Kaunas power plant is situated in industrial region among other industrial companies, and
at the distance of 2,5-3 km down the wind there is situated a large industrial company AB
,,Palemono keramika";
-
Kaunas power plant is surrounded by a network of city streets and large transport routes,
and in cities pollution caused by transport comprises app. 70 to 80% of ambient air
pollution.
After assessment of location of Kaunas power plant in Kaunas city results of nitrate oxide
measurement may not be assigned to impact of current or planned economic activities of the
Kaunas power plant on ambient air, not to economic activities executed by other economic
entities or transport emissions. Following meteorological data of the year 2006 and results of
pollution emission modelling the biggest pollution is forecasted in north-western direction at the
distance of 600 m from pollution sources, and in case of south-eastern, southern, south-western
and western wind direction a similar average long-term concentration will be reached near the
highway A1 Vilnius – Klaipėda.
90
Because of the above mentioned reasons it is unnecessary and unreasonable to prepare
an air (impact on ambient air) monitoring program and to perform monitoring of impact on
ambient air after expansion of economic activities in Kaunas power plant.
In addition,
calculations of emission of pollution emitted by the new block showed that the biggest groundlevel concentration of nitrate oxides is in the industrial area and comprises only app. 15 to 16%
of the limit value (LV - 0,04 mg/m3).
Following the order No. D1-231 of the Minister of Environment „Regarding approval of
description of issue of greenhouse gas pollution permissions and their trading“, dated 29 April
2004, greenhouse gas monitoring is executed in the company according to a coordinated
monitoring plan.
Following the order No. 1-59 of the Minister of Environment „Regarding approval of the
order of underground water monitoring performed by economic entities“, dated 24 October
2003, there is executed underground water monitoring of Kaunas power plant, slime and
mazut unit. Whereas when a new block is mounted in KE territory there will be constructed a
dieseline unit, where it is foreseen to store app. 7500 t of dieseline, a program of dieseline unit
underground water monitoring shall be prepared and coordinated with certain institutions.
91
VIII. REVIEW OF POTENTIAL EXTREME SITUATIONS
8.1 Planned economic activities’ potential emergency situations
forecasts
In the present section there is provided assessment of the risk of possible emergencies of
planned economic activities following recommendations of risk assessment of potential
emergencies of planned economic activities R 41 – 02 approved by the order No. 367 of the
Minister of Environment of the Republic of Lithuania, dated 16 July 2003.
In regard to potential emergencies materials used in production of Kaunas power plant
and stored are dangerous: in gas unit – natural gas, in mazut unit – mazut, in water preparation
unit – chemical materials used for chemical preparation of water, in planned dieseline unit –
dieseline. In KE territory it is planned to install 1 new overground dieseline tank with volume of
~10 000 m3 for storage of dieseline reserves for 7 days (~ 7 500 tons).
Planned economic activities‘ potential emergency situations. Chemical materials for
water preparation (sulphur acid, caustic soda) may spill in case of a reservoir or tube crack.
During such an emergency case soil or ground water may be polluted, as well as atmosphere with steam. Humans may be harmed by acids and alkalis. There is no danger of explosion of
chemical materials or fire.
Diesel fuel may spill because of a cracked tank, tube or a cistern which left the rails – in
such case soil and water may be exposed to the danger to be polluted. In case of fire
atmosphere would be polluted with hydrocarbons, smut, humans may be harmed because of
thermal impact or fire may expand.
In case of gas leakage and if gas-air mixture of dangerous concentration forms, a fire or
an explosion may occur which may result in injuries of people.
Assessment of possible emergency risk caused by planned economic activities is
provided in Table 31 and Table 32.
92
Table 29. Main risk analysis elements of planned economic activities – storage of sulphur acid and caustic soda in a chemistry workshop
Object
Operation
Dangerous
Nature of an
Exposed
Consequences
Significance (to
Speed of an
factor
accident
subjects
for exposed
humans, nature,
accident
subjects
ownership)
1
2
Storage
of Storage
of
sulphur acid sulphur acid and
and
caustic caustic soda
soda
3
Dangerous
materials
4
5
Spillage of
dangerous
materials and
spread in
environment
Employees,
premises, nature
6
7
8
For nature and
premises –
spread of
dangerous
materials; for
people – airway,
skin irritation,
burn
To nature – limited, to
people – big,
To company
ownership –
insignificant.
Early and clear
warning
Table 31 continued. Main elements of risk analysis
Subject
Operation
1
2
A tank of sulphur Storage of sulphur
acid and caustic acid and caustic
soda
soda
Nature of an
accident
4
Spread of dangerous
material in
environment
Probability of an
accident
9
It is probable, once
per 10 to 100 years
Importance
(risk level)
10
A
Preventive measures
11
Periodic control of devices,
implementation of labour
and fire safety regulations
Remarks
12
-
93
Table 30. Main risk analysis elements of planned economic activities – for natural gas unit and dieseline storage in KE territory
Object
Operation
Dangerous factor Accident nature Exposed
Consequences
Significance (to
subjects
for exposed
humans, nature,
subjects
ownership)
1
2
Natural
gas Natural gas unit
unit
and and
dieseline
dieseline tank storage
3
Combustible
materials
dangerous
to
environment, high
pressure in tubes
4
Fire, explosion,
spread of
dangerous
materials in
environment
5
Employees,
premises, nature
6
7
For nature and
premises –
destruction, spread
of toxic materials;
for humans – burn,
heavy or even
deadly injuries
To nature: in case of
fire – big, in case of
explosion and
spillage – big; to
humans: during fire big, during explosion
and spillage – very
big;
To enterprise
ownership: during fire
– big, during
explosion and
spillage - big.
Speed of
accident
8
Average
94
Table 32 continued. Main elements of risk analysis
Object
Operation
Accident nature
1
Natural gas unit
and dieseline
tank
2
Natural gas unit
and dieseline
storage
4
Combustible
materials and
materials dangerous
for environment
Accident
probability
9
Totally probable,
once per 10 to 100
years
Significance
(risk grade)
10
3C
Preventive measures
Remarks
11
In gas regulation point there is an
automatic process management
system, discharge and protective
valves, gas switch valves are
mounted, segmented flaps are
installed. Automatic actuation of
valves in case of gas pressure
decrease or increase, recording of
gas leakage according to smell.
Preparation of certain procedures,
regular check of gas supply
equipment and the pipes according
to set check schedules.
12
-
Construction of protective dikes
around tanks in dieseline storage,
which could hold 50 to 75 % of
maximal volume of all available
tanks or at least total volume of the
biggest tank, alerts are installed.
Continuous check of the pipes and
devices.
95
Natural environment of the Kaunas power plant territory would be damaged the most in
case of dieseline spillage or in case the pipes connecting dieseline storage cracks. In case of
dieseline spillage in storages, dieseline may spill into pipework channel and it may get into
storage soil. If preventive measures aren‘t taken due time (waste accumulation openings are
not closed or pollution spread through sorbing agent or sand is not limited), oil products may get
into rainwater accumulation system, and into water accumulation pits through it.
In case the level of ground or underground water pollution with oil products determined by
normative requirements is exceeded, pollution liquidation and environment recovery measures
are taken. Spillage of surface pollution may be liquidated by special services (civil safety, fire
fighting, etc.) or the owner of electric system by their own forces.
Stop of dieseline leak is performed using work tools. Pollution spread is stopped by
sorbing materials or sand which, if required, is taken in trucks into the location of emergency.
Pipes and hoses, a tractor with a pump are used for dieseline picking, electric pumps may
be used, as well. Dieseline elimination from soil is performed manually. Polluted soil shall be
loaded into a tight trailer and transported to a company engaged in disposal of dangerous
waste.
Dieseline is drawn from pipe channel using pumps.
manually – using spades, and cleaning – using brooms.
Channel cleaning is performed
Environment recovery measures are applied in the following sequence:
1. Dieseline spill stoppage (work tools used)
2. Elimination of dieseline from pipework channels (using pumps)
3. Cleaning of channel and dieseline elimination from ground manually (using
spades, tanks for dieseline)
4. Pipework cleaning using sorbing materials (cleaning brooms)
5. Cleaning of tank hatches of devices and tanks
6. Disposal of polluted soil.
In case of gas supply pipework crack natural gas is dangerous only as a source of
atmosphere pollution.
Natural gas doesn't influence other ecosystem elements - soil,
underground and surface water sources.
In case of an extreme situation enterprise civil safety commission warns and informs
employees about the extreme situation, necessary actions, controls and coordinates actions of
civil safety forces performing primary rescue works, as well as informs special services, national
supervision and municipality institutions about formed extreme situation and supplies
employees with individual and collective protective means. In case of such circumstances
evacuation and primary rescue works are organized.
When in the year 2005 the Kaunas power plant performed an analysis of danger and risk
and their assessment in regard to safety the following documents were prepared:
96
-
Analysis of hazard and risk caused by sulphur acid and caustic soda of the Kaunas
power plant and their assessment in regard to safety (2005)
-
Analysis of hazard and risk caused by Kaunas power plant’s mazut unit and their
assessment in regard to safety (2005)
After implementation of the planned project – construction of a new combined cycle power
plant block, hazard and risk analysis and assessment in regard to safety shall be renewed
assessing situation changes.
8.2
Breakdown liquidation plan and preventive means
Basing on subject's hazard and risk analysis and their assessment in regard to safety
performed by KE in the year 2005 there were prepared:
-
A plan for liquidation of breakdowns of sulphur acid and caustic soda storages of the
Kaunas power plant (2005)
-
A plan for liquidation of breakdowns of mazut unit of the Kaunas power plant (2005).
After implementation of the planned project, considering altered amounts of stored and
used dangerous materials and performed hazard and risk analysis results, before starting
planned economic activities breakdown liquidation plans shall be renewed and coordinated with
responsible authorities.
Kaunas power plant territory is safeguarded round the clock (4 shifts). Security guards are
specially trained. In addition, there is an electronic alarm, video surveillance system (12
cameras). Video cameras operate round the clock, indications of all cameras are recorded,
records shall be kept for 1 month.
Lighting conductors are installed within the territory, all installations shall be earthened,
there was installed an automatic fire-fighting system with water and foam tanks and fireprotection pump house.
In Kaunas power plant fire-fighting system shall comprise of double ring circuit with 12
water hydrants – fire-fighting shall be performed using water from production water network, the
cooling section shall be used as a reserve.
97
IX. PROBLEMS DESCRIPTION
Preparers of PAV documents also faced absence of approved methods for calculation of
pollution discharge into atmosphere in case of certain planned economic activities, therefore
determination of amount of discharged pollution is performed following balanced method
according to planned concentrations of discharged pollution and technical characteristics
indicated by potential equipment suppliers (fuel consumption, debit of exhausts, temperature,
etc.). Substantiation of calculation of produced and emitted air pollution connected (expected)
with planned economic activities is provided in Section 5.2.1.3 of PAV report.
Among meteorological data provided by the Lithuanian Hydrometeorological Service wind
directions are indicated in 8 main world’s directions, and not equivalently to the whole field of
360 degrees. Because of this reason, modelling pollution spread, pollution spread isolines are
distributed along axes of wind directions. If uniform data distribution in the range of 360 degrees
is used, the biggest average pollution concentration provided in PAV report may be directed
towards direction within the limits of +/-45 degrees of the calculated value.
Preparers of PAV documents haven't faced other significant problems.
98
X. PUBLIC SOCIETY‘S PARTICIPATION
Information about public society‘s participation during assessment of impact of planned
economic activities on environment is provided in the present section.
Before submitting the program to certain entities, public society has to be informed about
it according to the requirements laid down in the Description of the order of public society’s
information and assessment of impact of participation in planned economic activities on
environment (Žin., 2005, No. 93-3472). 29 October 2007 information was published (see text
annex 1):
1. on notice board of the Kaunas municipality;
2. in the daily newspaper of Kaunas region „Kauno diena“;
3. in the republican daily newspaper “Lietuvos rytas“;
4. Registered mail with information about started process of assessment of impact
on environment was sent to managers or users of land plots meeting PŪV
territory (the list is presented in text Annex No. 1, Table 4 and Table 5).
Copies of above described documents are presented in text Annex No. 1.
Public society hasn't addressed neither preparer of PAV documents, nor UAB Kauno
termofikacijos elektrinė because of planned economic activity, no motivated offers were
received. UAB „Kelių remonto grupė“ which meets the PŪV land plot and which was informed
by registered mail has sent an informative letter, a copy of it with other PAV program
coordination documents is provided in Section 11.1. No motivated offers were received from
UAB „Kelių remonto grupė“ and other companies or society representatives.
25 February 2008 public society was informed about prepared PAV report and public
society’s acquaintance with PAV report according to requirements provided in Description of the
order of public society’s information and assessment of impact of participation in planned
economic activities on environment. Information is announced (see text Annex No. 7):
1.
on the notice board of the Kaunas municipality;
2. in the daily newspaper of Kaunas region “Kauno diena”;
3. in the republican daily newspaper “Lietuvos rytas”.
Not later than before 10 working days till planned meeting with public society, since 25
February 2008 residents have been rendered the possibility to get acquainted with PAV report
which was exposed in UAB Kauno termofikacijos elektrinė and headquarters of UAB
„Ekokonsultacijos“. Location of public society‘s acquaintance with PAV report and location of
PAV report exposure were coordinated with Environment protection division of the Kaunas
municipality (text Annex No. 7).
Public society's acquaintance with PAV report took place on 12 March 2008 (Wednesday)
5.30 p.m. at the administrative block of UAB Kauno termofikacijos elektrinė at Taikos pr. 147,
LT-51142 Kaunas (main entrance into Kaunas power plant floor I).
99
Up to public announcement of PAV report society's representatives haven‘t addressed
PAV and it hasn't submit any motivated offers regarding impact of planned economic activities
on environment. In public announcement there participated representatives of PŪV customer,
preparers of PAV documents, society and press. When preparers of PAV documents introduced
planned economic activities and PAV report (a copy of announcement is provided in text Annex
No. 7), meeting participators had no objections against planned economic activities, they
haven‘t submitted any motivated offers.
The minutes of public announcement of environment impact assessment report (3 pages)
and the list of participators of public announcement (1 page) are provided in text Annex No. 7.
Since the undersigning day of the minutes the minutes have been exposed to society for 3
days at the administrative block of UAB Kauno termofikacijos elektrinė, address Taikos pr. 147,
LT-51142 Kaunas and at the headquarters of UAB „Ekokonsultacijos“, address J.Glavydžio St.
3-308 Vilnius. Society’s representatives haven’t arrived to get acquainted with the minutes.
Following the Description of public announcement and participation in the process of
assessment of impact of planned economic activities on environment (Žin., 2005, No. 93-3472),
interested society was entitled to provide to the customer or preparer of PAV documents
motivated offers because of assessment of impact on environment within 10 working days after
public announcement of PAV report. No motivated society’s offers were received within 10
working days since public announcement of PAV report, PAV report was submitted for
coordination to PAV subjects 31 March 2008.
100
XI. PAV SUBJECTS‘ CONCLUSIONS AND OTHER
DOCUMENTS COORDINATING PAV PROGRAMMES AND
REPORTS
11.1 PAV programme‘s coordination conclusions and documents
Coordination documents of PAV program are provided in the present section (see below)
– coordination conclusions of the Kaunas municipality, the Kaunas fire-protection authority, the
Board of Administration of the Kaunas county‘s head, the Kaunas Centre for Public Health and
territorial section of the Kaunas Cultural Heritage Protection Department.
101
11.2 PAV report‘s coordinating conclusions and documents
Coordination documents of PAV report are provided in the present section (see below) –
coordination conclusions of the Kaunas municipality, the Kaunas fire-protection authority, the
Board of Administration of the Kaunas county‘s head, the Kaunas Centre for Public Health and
territorial section of the Kaunas Cultural Heritage Protection Department.
The Kaunas Centre for Public Health approved the provided PAV report. Remarks of the
Kaunas Centre for Public Health are recommendations. The remark about noise shows that
noise emission calculations9 are interpreted not correctly, because equivalent noise level
caused by planned economic activities doesn‘t exceed allowable equivalent noise level in
environment of living and public purpose buildings in day time within KE territory. Excess of
equivalent noise level up to 9 dBA in night time within company territory is not a topical issue,
because KE territory doesn't meet living or public purpose territories. In the nearest living area
which is 250 m away in northeast direction allowable equivalent noise level is not exceeded
both in day and night time.
Alteration of SAZ determined for the Kaunas power plant is not proposed in PAV report,
because pollution spread (underground concentration) modelling results showed that company
emissions will have no crucial impact on ambient air quality, so limit values of pollution
concentration may be exceeded. In addition, Regulations on determination and regime of
protection zones (Žin., 2004, No. 134-4878) don’t norm SAZ sizes for electricity production and
distribution devices – heat and power plant (see further information in Section 5.2.5), therefore
PAV report is not supplemented with graphic SAZ marking part.
8
In Pic.11. there is not indicated distance in meters, but the grid used by software in local coordinate
system for definition of isolines.
9
In Pic.11. there is not indicated distance in meters, but the grid used by software in local coordinate
system for definition of isolines.
102
XII. REPORT SUMMARY
The Kaunas power plant is situated at Taikos pr. 147/ V.Krėvės pr. 128, LT – 51142 in
Kaunas, within the north-eastern borders of the town of Kaunas, in the district of industrial
enterprises, close to highway Kaunas – Vilnius.
The first energetic block of the Kaunas power plant is started to be exploited in the year
1975, the second – in the year 1976. By the end of 1984 the third energetic steam boiler was
started to exploit and in 1988 after having completed the construction of the second, 180 m
high, the today‘s Kaunas power plant was fully completed for production of electric and heat
power in full capacity. Present rated capacity of the Kaunas power plant is 1543 MW of thermal
power and 170 MW of electric power.
After the second block of the Ignalina nuclear power station has been closed, the main
electric power production source before the construction of a new nuclear power plant shall be
the Lithuanian power plant and the Vilnius and Kaunas thermal power plants. The price of
electric power produced by existing generation blocks of the Lithuanian power plant with the
use of natural gas is considerably higher and non-competitive on the market, so the National
energy strategy foresees that it is required to expand capacity of more economical heat and
power stations faster.
In regard with most technological installations, especially those there burning and
mechanical works were being performed, a 30-year exploiting term becomes crucial. Technical
level of the Kaunas power plant reflects this, i.e. in order to ensure a reliable and efficient power
production process, huge investments are unavoidably required. Company‘s leaders
understanding the necessity of essential reconstruction of the power plant and having evaluated
the changes on the electric power market after closing of the Ignalina nuclear power plant by
the end of 2009, have initiated the project of expansion of the Kaunas power plant, constructing
a combined cycle power plant, not expanding the limits of the present territory of the power
station. It is expected to install in a new power station four gas turbines, four gas generators
with additional burning as well as two steam turbines. The expected total electric power of
combined cycle power plant shall reach ~350 MW, thermal power shall be near to 350 MW. It is
planned that the combined cycle power plant shall be adapted for the use of natural gas as the
main fuel and liquid fuel (dieseline), as additional/reserved fuel.
It is planned to introduce a modern thermal and electric power production technology in
compliance with the strictest environment protection requirements at the Kaunas power plant,
i.e. at the combined cycle power plant it is planned to use technologies in compliance with the
best accessible production methods of the European Union for large fuel burning devices. For
control of pollution discharged to ambient air an automatic continuous monitoring system shall
be installed at the new power plant. It is planned to start exploiting the new combined cycle
power plant in the year 2011, total investments will amount to Litas 1 billion.
At present, the combined cycle power plant is the most optimal technology upon technical
and financial aspects in case it is planned to generate over 20 MW electric energy. In energetic
block of such type a conditionally used heating flow from gas turbine shall be transferred to
steam generator where the high parameters steam is produced and passed to steam generator
103
that is being passed to steam turbine. Electric generators are connected either to gas turbine
shaft or to the steam turbine shaft. This combination of heating devices allows to use fuel in
more efficient way and reach high efficiency of the electric energy production that could reach
even 60 %. In order to achieve a higher efficiency of steam turbine, steam generator was
equipped with additional burners that allow to achieve higher steam parameters and decrease a
surplus oxygen amount which allows to increase total system‘s efficiency up to 90 % or even
more (in this case the power plant‘s productivity is about 45 - 48 %). After project
implementation, total effectiveness of the Kaunas power plant will grow from 75,5 to 84 - 88 %,
and electric effectiveness – from 24,9 to 40-47 %.
Burning natural gas or reserve fuel (dieseline) in the combined cycle power plant during
planned economic activities through the planned 4 new 80m high chimneys the following
pollution will be discharged into ambient air: carbon monoxide, nitrate oxides, sulphur dioxide,
solid particles. For formation of ambient air pollution forecasts determination of discharged
pollution's amount was performed applying the balanced method according to planned
concentrations of discharged pollution and technical characteristics indicated by potential
equipment suppliers. For calculation of the biggest ground-level concentrations of discharged
pollution the programme ADMS3.3 (Cambridge Environmental Research Consultants Ltd, Great
Britain) was used. For calculation of spread there was used the field, and its border is equal to
4 km (it corresponds to the radius of 2 km).
The highest ground-level concentration are calculated in four variations:
•
Variation Ia. Only the new block of the combined cycle power plant operates at full
capacity (~350 MW thermal power and ~350 MW electric power), fuel – natural gas.
•
Variation Ib. Only the new block of the combined cycle power plant operates at full
capacity of gas turbines without additional burning in the boiler stylizator (gas generator)
(~225 MW thermal power and ~280 MW electric power), fuel – dieseline.
•
Variation IIa. The Kaunas power plant operates with installed capacity (condensation
regime): the combined cycle power plant ~350 MW thermal power and ~350 MW electric
power (fuel – natural gas), the present heat and power plant - 660 MW thermal power,
~170 MW electric power (fuel – natural gas).
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Variation IIb. The Kaunas power plant operates at installed capacity (condensation
regime): the combined cycle power plant operates at full capacity of gas turbines without
additional burning in the boiler stylizator (gas generator) ~225 MW thermal power, ~280
MW electric power (fuel – dieseline), the present heat and power plant - at maximal actual
load ~660 MW thermal power, ~170 MW electric power (fuel – mazut).
Following the results of pollution spread (ground-level concentration) modelling in case of
all scenarios the biggest calculated concentration will be in case of nitrate oxides – 0,15 – 0,16
of limit value, and in case of sulphur dioxide, burning liquid fuel – 0,27 – 0,40 of the limit value.
Concentrations of other pollution – carbon monoxide and solid particles – are comparatively
insignificant and are below 0,1 of the limit value. The biggest pollution is forecasted at the
north-eastern direction at the distance of 600 meters from pollution sources. Considering
average wind direction there is the biggest probability that in case of south-eastern, southern,
south-western and western wind, a similar average long-term concentration will be reached
close to highway Vilnius – Klaipėda (A1). Considering modelling results, it may be concluded
that company's emissions will have no crucial impact on the quality of ambient air, because of
which the limit values of pollution concentrations are exceeded.
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After implementation of expansion of the Kaunas power plant, concentrations of
discharged pollution shall substantially decrease, in addition, after introduction of a more
effective thermal and electric power production technology, production of 1 MWh power shall
cause less pollution. For example, burning natural gas emissions of nitrate oxides for one
production unit (g/MWh) shall decrease by app. 35-40% at the new block, and carbon monoxide
– by app. 60-70% comparing with present emissions for one production unit. However in case
a significantly bigger amount of natural gas is burned, annual pollution emission shall increase.
Seeking to reduce ambient air pollution in Kaunas town and considering the results of
modelling of ground-level concentrations of discharged air pollution, minimal height of new
chimneys was increased from 60 to 80 m.
Noise emission calculation results showed that equivalent noise level caused by planned
economic activities will not exceed allowable equivalent noise level in environment of living and
public purpose buildings in day time at the borders of the Kaunas power plant territory. Excess
of equivalent noise level up to 9 dBA in night time within company’s territory is not a topical
issue, because Kaunas power plant’s territory doesn't meet living or public purpose territories.
In the nearest living area which is 250 m away in northeast direction from devices making the
biggest noise allowable equivalent noise level is not exceeded both in day and night time. Noise
caused by planned economic activities shall not exceed allowable equivalent noise level both in
administrative premises of Kaunas plant, and neighbouring companies.
When thermal and electric power of the Kaunas Power Plant increases, the demand of
industrial water for production needs grows, therefore amount of water drawn from Kaunas see
shall increase. For disposal of accumulated sewage there shall be used existing production
sewage disposal system (slime unit). Amount of surface (rain) sewage and its disposal during
planned economic activities shall not change. According to calculations of annual load of
sewage receiver (Nemunas river near Petrašiūnai) it is determined that production and surface
sewage caused by planned economic activities and discharged to natural environment shall
have no negative impact on water quality in Nemunas river near Petrašiūnai.
Visibility of the combined power pant block, its visual impact and pollution basically
depend on number of chimneys and their height which are seen at a quite big distance. It is
planned to build 4 new 80 m high power plant chimneys which will be almost 2 times shorter
compared with existing 150 and 180 m high chimneys. Whereas the new power plant block will
be build in the present territory of the Kaunas power plant, in an area of industrial companies, in
northeast of the Kaunas city, not far from the highway Kaunas - Vilnius, erection of 4 shorter
chimneys next to the existing two chimneys will not have any negative visual impact on
landscape.
During assessment of impact on environment it was determined that planned economic
activities will not exceed allowable pollution norms, therefore it will have no essential and
significant impact on the health of residents and employees.
In case of implementation of the planned economic activities reliable and possibly the
cheapest supply of thermal power shall be secured to Kaunas city using effectiveness of power
devices existing in the market. When the project is implemented, reliability of power supply to
Kaunas city will also grow because of higher installed power in the territory of Kaunas city.
The price of electric power production shall be lower comparing with available alternatives in
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case of installation of the same technology in Lithuanian power plant. In case the project is not
implemented, reliability of electric and thermal power supply would decrease, and the price
would grow because of existing technological devices which are physically and morally worn.
Planned economic activities shall not have any impact on soil, earth interior, biodiversity,
ethnic-cultural conditions and cultural heritage.
Designing and constructing a new combined cycle power plant block an automatic
(continuous) monitoring system shall be foreseen and installed in all four new chimneys. During
planned economic activities there will be also performed periodical sewage and surface water
control, monitoring of water (impact on surface water), greenhouse gas and underground water.
In the report on planned economic activity‘s potential impact on environment possible
breakdown situations of planned economic activities, foreseen breakdown prevention means
shall be assessed.
The results of comparison of alternatives show that after assessment of different
environment, social and economic aspects, the proposed alternative - expansion of the Kaunas
power plant constructing the combined cycle power plant - is a little more acceptable.
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XII. ANNEXES
Text annexes
Text Annex No. 1
1. Copies of public announcements about the prepared PAV programme:
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•
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On the notice board of the Kaunas municipality;
In the daily newspaper of Kaunas region “Kauno diena”;
in the republican daily newspaper “Lietuvos rytas”.
2. The list of managers or users of land plots meeting the PŪV territory, who were
sent registered mail containing information about the started process of
assessment of impact on environment to and contents of registered mail's
informative notification
Text Annex No. 2
A copy of an extract about the land plot of planned economic activities from State
Enterprise Center of Registers
Text Annex No. 3
1. A copy of the Certificate about owners of neighbouring land plots issued by
the Kaunas Branch of SE Center of Registers
2. A copy of cadastre map extract
3. A list of companies situated in the neighbourhood of the land plot of planned
economic activities
Text Annex No. 4
Report of inventory of Kaunas power plant’s air pollution sources and discharged
pollution
Text Annex No. 5
Calculations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) discharged into air from the
dieseline storage
Text Annex No. 6
1. Certificate No. KR12-271/6 “Regarding background concentrations” issued by
the Kaunas region environment protection department, dated 22 January 2008
2. Letter No. (11)-A4-339 “Regarding background concentrations” issued by the
Environment protection agency, dated 29 February 2008
Text Annex No. 7
1. Copies of public announcement about prepared PAV report
2. A letter of UAB „Ekokonsultacijos“ to Kaunas municipality regarding
coordination of locations of public announcement of PAV report and PAV report’s
exposure
3. The minutes on public consideration and announcement of PAV report and the
list of participators of the public announcement
4. A copy of public announcement
Graphic annexes
Graphic Annex No. 1
Land plot plans
Graphic Annex No. 2
Foreseen location for construction of the combined cycle power plant’s block
Graphic Annex No. 3
Extract of the territory plan approved by the Kaunas municipality
Graphic Annex No. 4
Page 3 of detailed plan of the land plots located in V.Krėvės pr. No.135, Ateities
pl. No. 35 and Taikos pr. No. 147 (the list of trees to be protected)
Graphic Annex No. 5
Modelling results of pollution spread (ground-level concentrations)
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