Insect Societies Outline
Transcription
Insect Societies Outline
Insect of the Day: Myrmelachista ants Insect Societies Outline • • Subsociality in insects Eusociality in insects Outline • Inquilines & parasites of social insects • Evolution & maintenance of eusociality • Success of eusocial insects Numerical dominance of social insects • Formica yessensis in 2.7 km • 306 million workers • 1 million queens • 45,000 interconnected nests 2 “Siafu” African Driver ant (genus Dorylus) Ant Colony Optimization algorithms (ACOs) Eusociality (“true social”) • Division of labor with a caste system composed of reproductive and non-reproductive individuals • Cooperation in raising the young • Overlapping generations Eusociality (“true social”) Subbelow • Division of labor with a caste system composed of reproductive and nonAll females are reproductive individuals able to lay eggs Cooperation in raising the young • • Overlapping generations Parental care with nesting aggro aphid Flavors of subsociality behavior: communal nest with • Quasisocial females of same generation that care for young and are all able to reproduce behavior: communal nest with • Semisocial females of same generation that care for young and are all able to reproduce - but some act as workers and rarely lay eggs. Quasisocial millipedes NEW COURSE OFFERING TROPICAL ECOLOGY &CONSERVATION 2016 BIOL/FIW 3954 (6 credits) Instructors: Dr. Ignacio Moore & Dr. Bill Hopkins Day/Time: TBD (Spring, 4 credits) y Abroad: ~ May y 16 – June 8 ((Summer,, 2 credits)) Study STUDY AB S BROAD IN N ECUADO OR SPRING & SUMMER SUMMER ABROAD SPRING SEMESTER History, Ecology, P liti Politics, & Conservation C ti in Ecuador (reading-, writing-, discussion-intensive) ~3.5 Weeks Abroad in Ecuador includes visits to multiple ecoregions and a field research project BIOL STUDENTS: Fulfills upper division elective and lab course, and CLE requirements: Area 2, Area 7, visual, oral and writing intensive FWC STUDENTS: Substitutes for Experiential Learning, Technical Writing, Wildlife Restrictive Elective, or Wildlife Field Biology (choose from 6 cr total, to include only one of the two wildlife core courses) APPLICATION PROCEDURES: [email protected], [email protected] Insect of the day: Large Blue, Phengaris arion Outline & parasites • Inquilines of social insects & • Evolution maintenance of eusociality of eusocial • Success insects Eusociality • Division of labor with a caste system composed of reproductive and nonreproductive individuals • Cooperation in raising the young • Overlapping generations Bald-faced hornet, Dolichovespula maculata Haplodiploidy • Queens control the sex of their offspring • Haplodiploid genetic system • Fertilized haploid eggs develop into females • Unfertilized haploid eggs develop into males ♀ Primitive eusociality & nest founding • Nest founded by more than one queen (gyne) • Rapidly goes from polygynous to monogynous • One queen establishes dominance hierarchy ♂ Age polyethism poly = many ethos = nature • Individuals of eusocial insects in a caste differ behaviorally and perform different tasks as they age. • Vespine wasps: - food distribution > cell cleaning > ventilation/wingfanning > nest defense > foraging > construction & repair Genomic-Based Phylogeny of Ants, Bees, and Wasps 2061 Figure 3. Evolution of the Aculeate Hymenoptera Blue-green branches represent parasitoidism; orange branches represent nest construction and predation (with pollenivory and omnivory as derivative states thereof). Asterisks designate lineages containing eusocial species. Ants are entirely eusocial, but this is not true of all species of Vespidae and Apoidea. Biological information is from various sources, summarized in Gauld and Bolton [2] and Huber [13]. Names of superfamilies are modified from Pilgrim et al. [8]. Placement of Rhopalosomatidae is based on Pilgrim et al. [8] and Debevec et al. [11]. Images courtesy of Alexander Wild and Kurt Schaefer. 2. Gauld, I.D., and Bolton, B., eds. (1988). The Hymenoptera (London: with CAT-GTR as the amino acid replacement model, in an unpartitioned Oxford University Press). analysis of the 308-gene matrix. A species tree was estimated on the basis of average ranks of gene coalescence events, as calculated in STAR [22]. 3. Hölldobler, B., and Wilson, E.O. (1990). The Ants (Cambridge: Harvard The input for this analysis was 100 bootstrap replicate trees of each of University Press). 308 genes, built under maximum likelihood in RAxML. We also inferred a 4. Bradley, T.J., Briscoe, A.D., Brady, S.G., Contreras, H.L., Danforth, B.N., species tree with PhyloNet [33], which uses the parsimony-based criterion Dudley, R., Grimaldi, D., Harrison, J.F., Kaiser, J.A., Merlin, C., et al. of minimizing deep coalescences [34]. We used 308 input trees with boot(2009). Episodes in insect evolution. Integr. Comp. Biol. 49, 590–606. strap support values generated in RAxML. 5. Hughes, W.O.H., Oldroyd, B.P., Beekman, M., and Ratnieks, F.L.W. To evaluate alternate phylogenetic hypotheses against our best-scoring (2008). Ancestral monogamy shows kin selection is key to the evolution ML tree, we employed the Shimodaira-Hasegawa test [23]. Five constraints of eusociality. Science 320, 1213–1216. were considered (Table S3), and separate constrained partitioned analyses 6. Ronquist, F. (1999). Phylogeny of the Hymenoptera (Insecta): the state were conducted using RAxML on the same 308-gene matrix used to of the art. Zool. Scr. 28, 3–12. generate our ML tree (Figure 2). The five best trees satisfying the respective 7. Brothers, D.J. (1999). Phylogeny and evolution of wasps, ants and bees constraints were then subjected to the Shimodaira-Hasegawa test in (Hymenoptera, Chrysidoidea, Vespoidea and Apoidea). Zool. Scr. 28, RAxML (‘‘-f h’’ option) to determine whether they were significantly worse Genomic-Based Phylogeny of Ants,233–249. Bees, and Wasps 2061 than our best unconstrained ML tree. 8. Pilgrim, E.M., von Dohlen, C.D., and Pitts, J.P. (2008). Molecular phylogenetics of Vespoidea indicate paraphyly of the superfamily and novel Accession Numbers relationships of its component families and subfamilies. Zool. Scr. 37, Figure 3. Evolution of the Aculeate Hymenoptera 539–560. Blue-green branches represent parasitoidism; Illumina reads have been deposited in the NCBI Sequence Read Archive orange branches represent nest construction 9. Heraty, J., Ronquist, F., Carpenter, J.M., Hawks, D., Schulmeister, S., and predation (with pollenivory and omnivory as with the accession number SRP020476. The matrices, partition files, and derivative states thereof). Asterisks designate linDowling, A.P., Murray, D., Munro, J., Wheeler, W.C., Schiff, N., and eages containing eusocial species. Ants are gene trees have been deposited in Dryad (http://doi.org/10.5061/dryad. entirely eusocial, but this is not true of all species Sharkey, M. (2011). Evolution of the hymenopteran megaradiation. jt440). of Vespidae and Apoidea. Biological information Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 60, 73–88. is from various sources, summarized in Gauld and Bolton [2] and Huber [13]. Names of super10. Sharkey, M.J., Carpenter, J.M., Vilhelmsen, L., Heraty, J.,et al.Liljeblad, J., families are modified from Pilgrim [8]. PlaceSupplemental Information ment of Rhopalosomatidae is based on Pilgrim Dowling, A.P.G., Schulmeister, S., Murray, D., Deans, A.R., Ronquist, et al. [8] and Debevec et al. [11]. Images courtesy of Alexander Wild and Kurt Schaefer. F., et al. (2012). Phylogenetic relationships among superfamilies of Supplemental Information includes one figure, three tables, and SuppleHymenoptera. Cladistics 28, 80–112. mental Experimental Procedures and can be found with this article online 11. Debevec, A.H., Cardinal, S., and Danforth, B.N. (2012). Identifying the at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2013.08.050. sister group to the bees: a molecular phylogeny of Aculeata with an emphasis on the superfamily Apoidea. Zool. Scr. 41, 527–535. Acknowledgments 12. Wilson, J.S., von Dohlen, C.D., Forister, M.L., and Pitts, J.P. (2013). Family-level divergences in the stinging wasps (Hymenoptera: This work was funded by the University of California, Davis. We thank James Aculeata), with correlations to angiosperm diversification. Evol. Biol. Pitts for provision of the Apterogyna (Bradynobaenidae) specimens and 40, 101–107. three anonymous reviewers for helpful comments thatwithimproved the 2. Gauld, I.D., and Bolton, B., eds. (1988). The Hymenoptera (London: CAT-GTR as the amino acid replacement model, in an unpartitioned 13. Huber, J.T. (2009). Biodiversity of Hymenoptera. In Insect Biodiversity: Oxford University Press). analysis of the 308-gene matrix. A species tree was estimated on the basis manuscript. of average ranks of gene coalescence events, as calculated in STAR [22]. 3. Hölldobler, B., and Wilson, E.O. (1990). The Ants (Cambridge: Harvard Science R. Footit and P. Adler, eds. (Oxford: WileyThe input for this analysis was 100 bootstrap replicateand trees ofSociety, each of University Press). 308 genes, built under maximum likelihood in RAxML. We also a 4. Bradley, T.J., Briscoe, A.D., Brady, S.G., Contreras, H.L., Danforth, B.N., Blackwell), pp.inferred 303–323. species tree with PhyloNet [33], which uses the parsimony-based criterion Received: June 26, 2013 Dudley, R., Grimaldi, D., Harrison, J.F., Kaiser, J.A., Merlin, C., et al. of minimizing deep coalescences 14. [34]. We used 308 input with boot- J., Akhter, (2009). Episodes insect evolution. Integr. Comp.and Biol. 49,Shultz, 590–606. J.W. Hedin, M.,trees Starrett, S.,inSchönhofer, A.L., Revised: August 1, 2013 strap support values generated in RAxML. 5. Hughes, W.O.H., Oldroyd, B.P., Beekman, M., and Ratnieks, F.L.W. (2012). Phylogenomic resolution ofmonogamy paleozoic harvestTo evaluate alternate phylogenetic hypotheses against our best-scoring (2008). Ancestral shows kindivergences selection is key to thein evolution Accepted: August 21, 2013 ML tree, we employed the Shimodaira-Hasegawa test [23]. Five constraints of eusociality. Science 320, 1213–1216. (Arachnida, Opiliones) via analysis of next-generation transcripwere considered (Table S3), and separatemen constrained partitioned analyses Published: October 3, 2013 6. Ronquist, F. (1999). Phylogeny of the Hymenoptera (Insecta): the state were conducted using RAxML on the tome same 308-gene usedONE to data.matrix PLoS 7,ofe42888. the art. Zool. Scr. 28, 3–12. generate our ML tree (Figure 2). The five best trees satisfying the respective 7. Brothers, D.J. (1999). Phylogeny and evolution of wasps, ants and bees constraints were then subjected15. to the Shimodaira-Hasegawa test in Smith, S.A., Wilson, N.G., Goetz,Chrysidoidea, F.E., Feehery, C., Andrade, (Hymenoptera, Vespoidea and Apoidea). Zool. Scr. S.C.S., 28, References RAxML (‘‘-f h’’ option) to determine whether they were significantly worse 233–249. than our best unconstrained ML tree. Rouse, G.W., Giribet, G., and Dunn, C.W. (2011). Resolving the evolu8. Pilgrim, E.M., von Dohlen, C.D., and Pitts, J.P. (2008). Molecular phylo1. Wilson, E.O. (1971). The Insect Societies (Cambridge: Harvard tionary relationships of molluscs with indicate phylogenomic tools. Nature genetics of Vespoidea paraphyly of the superfamily and novel 480, Accession Numbers relationships of its component families and subfamilies. Zool. Scr. 37, University Press). 364–367. 539–560. Johnson, et al. 2013. Current Biology Illumina reads have been deposited in the NCBI Sequence Read Archive with the accession number SRP020476. The matrices, partition files, and gene trees have been deposited in Dryad (http://doi.org/10.5061/dryad. jt440). Supplemental Information Supplemental Information includes one figure, three tables, and Supplemental Experimental Procedures and can be found with this article online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2013.08.050. 9. Heraty, J., Ronquist, F., Carpenter, J.M., Hawks, D., Schulmeister, S., Dowling, A.P., Murray, D., Munro, J., Wheeler, W.C., Schiff, N., and Sharkey, M. (2011). Evolution of the hymenopteran megaradiation. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 60, 73–88. 10. Sharkey, M.J., Carpenter, J.M., Vilhelmsen, L., Heraty, J., Liljeblad, J., Dowling, A.P.G., Schulmeister, S., Murray, D., Deans, A.R., Ronquist, F., et al. (2012). Phylogenetic relationships among superfamilies of Hymenoptera. Cladistics 28, 80–112. 11. Debevec, A.H., Cardinal, S., and Danforth, B.N. (2012). Identifying the sister group to the bees: a molecular phylogeny of Aculeata with an Kin selection • Why should some individuals sacrifice their reproduction for others? • • Kin selection explanation • Contribution by a related individual that assists with the reproductive success of its kin (but not its own) Darwinian fitness plus kinship component no caving, unless you’re kinfolk Hamilton’s rule • • Inclusive fitness • r relatedness, B altruism’s benefits for recipient, C altruism’s cost by donor W.D. Hamilton suggested that altruism is promoted by: rB - C > 0 reduction of an organism’s (parent’s) inclusive fitness Photo credits • Formica yessensis, Gakken’s photo encyclopedia ants, www.ant.edb.miyakyo-u.ac.jp/ INTRODUCTION/Gakken79E/ Page_35.html • Ruby spotted swallowtail aggregation, Jessika Canizalez, www.whatsthatbug.com/2010/11/08/ unknown-caterpillar-aggregation-frommexico/ • Morpho telemachus caterpillar aggregation, Rich Hoyer, www.birdingblogs.com/2011/ richhoyer/cristalino-montage-–-row-6/ morpho-telemachus-caterpillar • Ruby spotted swallowtail adult, Andy Warren, www.butterfliesofamerica.com/images/ Papilionidae/Papilioninae/ Papilio_anchisiades_idaeus/ Papilio_anchisiades_idaeus_F_MX_N AY_Jumatan_360m_28-IX-1996-fd.jpg • European earwig, Nabokov, www.entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/ veg/european_earwig.htm • Tarantula hawk & tarantula, Robyn Waayer, www.sdrp.org/resources/ Ecology/Robyn%20Waayer/ GIIBA7tarantulahawkandtar.jpg • Tarantula hawk & tarantula, Astrobradley, www.commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Tarantula_hawk_cropped.JPG