ADVANCED THEROPOD PHYLOGENY

Archosaur Phylogeny
Mark Norell, George Barrowclough,
Joel Cracraft (AMNH), Peter
Makovicky (TFM), Brad Livezey
(CMNH), James Clark (GWU), John
Gatesy (UCR), Chris Brochu (UI)
Saurischian diversity
All evidence agrees that crocodiles are the closest
living relatives of birds.
~10000
species
Saurischia
ro
tar
si
Dinosauria
Or
ni
th
~30 species
Cr
u
od
i
ra
Ornithischia
Archosauria
The Problem….
• Although it has been firmly established that birds are
ingroup dinosaurs there have been no detailed
phylogenetic treatments of the complete group at fine
taxonomic levels.
• No large combined analysis of molecular and
morphological characters has been undertaken
• Our experience working on coelurosaurian phylogeny has
taught us that character placement is greatly affected by
taxon sampling regimes
• Fine-grained taxonomic sampling is key for a clear
understanding of macroevolutionary events, such as avian
origins and the evolution of associated key morphological
and behavioral character systems.
4 winged-dromaeosaur
Where we are at
Fossilized behavior
Goals
• Combine all relevant morphological characters
into a single large matrix
• Examine an extensive series of archosaur taxa
• Code taxa at the specimen level
• Sequence an extensive series of Neoaves and
Crocodylia
• Develop a Supermatrix database to store all
relevant character and specimen data
The Supermatrix
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
A virtual archive of information
Includes both text and images
Web accessible
Platform independent
Strict version control
Entries can be combined into composites
Data can be output into formats for phylogenetic
analysis
Progress
Supermatrix model developed and site under construction
Hundreds of saurischian specimens have been scored & photographed
A master list of morphological characters is compiled and being updated
Ongoing development and expansion of analyses for sub-clades
Saurischia
Lagerpeton chanarensis
1 Marasuchus lilloensis
50
2 Pseudolagosuchus major
51
6 Pisanosaurus mertii
53
7 Heterodontosaurus tucki
52
55
8 Lesothosaurus diagnosticus
10 Eoraptor lunensis
54
11 Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis
56
12 Coelophysis bauri
Dinosauria
58 13 Liliensternus liliensterni
14 Elaphrosaurus bambergi
57
Saurischia
15 Saturnalia tupiniquim
16 Thecodontosaurus caducus
60
59
17 Thecodontosaurus antiquus
Sauropodomorpha
18 Efraasia minor
61
21 Ruehleia bedheimensis
64
19 Plateosaurus engelhardti
62
63
20 Plateosaurus gracilis
29 'Kholumolumosaurus ellenbergerorum'
65
72
30 Riojasaurus incertus
24 Massospondylus carinatus
22 Coloradisaurus brevis
69
67
25 Lufengosaurus huenei
66
26 Gyposaurus sinensis
68
27 Yunnanosaurus huangi
23 Mussaurus patagonicus
28 Anchisaurus polyzelus
70
31 Jinshanosaurus xinwaensis
71
33 Melanorosaurus readi
34 Antetonitrus ingenipes
73
35 Lessemsaurus sauropoides
74 36 Blikanasaurus cromptoni
37 Vulcanodon karibaensis
75
38 Kotasaurus yamanpalliensi
76
41 Shunosaurus lii
Eusauropoda
81
44 Volkheimeria chubutiensis
80
43 Lappare ntosaurus madagasc
40 Barapasaurus tagorei
79
39 Isanosaurus attavipachi
78
42 Omeisaurus maoianus
77
45 Patagosaurus fariasi
82
47 Diplodocus carnegii
83
48 Camarasaurus lentus
Neosauropoda 84 49 Brachiosaurus brancai
0
Allosaurus
Sinosauropteryx
Tyrannosaurus
Albertosaurus
Struthiomimus
Ornithomimus
Anserimimus
Archaeornithomimus
Gallimimus
Garudimimus
Harpymimus
Shenzhousaurus
Pelecanimimus
Ornitholestes
Mononykus
Shuuvuia
Patagonykus
Alvarezsaurus
Ingenia
Oviraptor
Citipati
Oviraptor
Conchoraptor
Chirostenotes
Avimimus
Microvenator
Caudipteryx
Beipaosaurus
Segnosaurus
Erlikosaurus
Alxasaurus
Dromaeosaurus
Deinonychus
Velociraptor
Unenlagia
Utahraptor
Saurornitholestes
Achillobator
Adasaurus
Ukhaa dromaosaur
Sinornithosaurus
Microraptor
Sinovenator
EK Troodontid
Troodon
Saurornithoides
Saurornithoides
Byronosaurus
Sinornithoides
Rahonavis
Archeopteryx
Confuciusornis
Tyrannosaurs
}
Ornithomimosaurs
} Alvarezsaur
}
}
Oviraptorosaurs
Dromaeosaurs
}}
= Liaoning taxon
Troodontids
Aves
Theropod Working Group
http://research.amnh.org/users/
norell/TWGhome.html
NEOAVIAN PHYLOGENY
Mayr & Clarke, 2003
Modern Bird Phylogenetics:
Scope of the Molecular Data
Follow a liberal interpretation
of generic limits: ~2450 extant
genera to be sampled
(expect 82%, or 2112, to be
represented by tissues
S & A had 760 genera in their
"Tapestry." We expect 2.6X
coverage in this study.
Sequencing partitioned
equally between
Cracraft, Barrowclough,
and Baker labs
Furnariidae
Phylogeny of the
Furnarii (suboscines)
135 of 148 genera
represented
many new insights into
generic relationships
Dendrocolaptidae
Formicariidae
Rhynocryptidae
Thamnophilidae
new biogeographic
insights into origins of
South American
avifauna
Phylogeny and diversification of the
largest avian radiation
F. K. Barker, A. Cibois, P. Schikler, J. Feinstein, and
J. Cracraft. 2004. PNAS 101:11040-11045
All "families" except 1 (Hypocoliidae,
endemic to Iran and Iraq!)
RAG-1 and RAG-2 nuclear genes
(4129 bp)
The passerines (passeriforms) arose
in Australasian part of Gondwana
prior to KT
Significant incongruence with DNA
hybridization "Tapestry" (e.g.,
Australasian "Corvida" massively
paraphyletic)
Phylogeny of the Owls
Barn owls are sister to
strigines as expected
Australasian Ninox
is sister to all other
strigines
25 of 31 genera
represented
Otus is polyphyletic and
now the separate clades
make more sense
biogeographically
What remains to be done….
• Visit more collections and sequence/score more
taxa
• Annealing of subclade matrices to create
Supermatrix
• Upload information onto Supermatrix website
• Development of user-friendly interface to
facilitate broad use.
• Large-scale simultaneous analysis of all the data