Subtour elimination polytopes and graphs of inscribable type
Transcription
Subtour elimination polytopes and graphs of inscribable type
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JcWYl]Vw 3:3nVY k _ YQTSQbSVU8]VUXyXUXWWTi \ ;i@QQ \ Yl:3nVQUXW [ nVQQbSVUU k U r U^]<QWa@f C Yl]<Qa!i k YZWQLYl]J]Va] Yl]Vy \ U^i@WY|]Vwa \ 3_ U \ a@f 3_ U [ QbS ; E .^< - &3# LYW]Va] U r[ Q; , \ U r a@e<U pN\ WQU k U r U^]sQ f \ a r # Q \ i e<U \ WUX_2 ; 3P 8 : M IZA ! :<+-F M A <QP;P M BSA ; "dP$ " cz # : M IZA ; "dc $is]V_ :<+-F M A ; "c I ; # I QYZwS<Q [ i \ U^]sQ % ; "c &,@ Q; [ U [ i \ U^]<Q %X ; : "P} " } x g G 36 ;: M BSA ; "c -i<]V_ <DPP M BSA ; "c I :VY [ i \ QYQU [ i \ U^]sQ %L ; "c 36 ; I Q; [ U Y ; : " } 3 :VY [ i \ QYQU [ i \ U^]sQ %L ; 3P -,@# -,@# -, -3# %' 0$&% ( O C F .^ .,. .^ .^ .( .; .E .O .C .F < . < " } x g G ! . &3# ; # ,- \ U r a@e<Ui<]9U k U r U^]sQ f \ a r : M IZA :B<+-F M A <DPP M IZA Y ; "P$ # " x g G ( QYZwSsQ X ; " c ; # ;: M B SA ; d" c { i<]V_ :B<?- M A ; " c ja \ <DPP M IZA ; "dc 8 E Q; [ U L ; :d" P} O " } x g G C 3 .^ ( F Q; [ U L ; .^ -,@# .,. -, -3# ' - . :" '- . } ; >) % (7(- * YZwn \ U (Y k k nVWQ \ i@QUXWdQbSVU8U&VUXy^nVQYZa] a@f x }*/z{ & g U]Va r i $ U Wa r Ua:VWU \ e0i@QYZa]VW YZQbSVaVnVQ [3\ aa@f UXQ ; % "C & % % e<U \ ;w \ i [ SYl]7YZWQ \ i^esU \ WUX_U&3i@yXQ k ;Ja]VyXU:s; "dP $ #" cdz SVYZW f a kZk aWdf \ a r z \ a [ a<WYZQYZa] . (!WY|]VyXU "dP $ #" cdz WUXQW8Q \ i e<U \ WUX_2 -Qa "dc f a \ i kZk QbSVUWY|: k Yl]Vw<W Ra@f UXQ " C * %:3U/]Va<Q9i k U^i f R]VyXU/QYwVS<Q YZWWUXQ!Qa "c C Y kk ]Va<Q :3UQ \ i^esU \ WUX_iwi@Yl]:<; "dP $ " x g G SVYZW YZW{:3UXy^i<nVWUQYZwS<Q ; 3P fva \ UXe<U \ ; RYl] [ i@WWUX_Qa " } x g G {iy S w \ i [ S Yl] YZWQ \ i e<U \ WUX_iQ r a<WQ8aV]VyXUJ:<; "P $ " x g G SVYZWf a kZk a Wf \ a r QbSVU [3\ UXeVYaVnVWa:VWU \ e@i@QYZa] WYl]VyXUQYZwSsQ YZWWUXQ8Qa "c Yl] k Y|]VU (Ja@f " } x g G i0fvQU \ C YZWQ \ i e<U \ WUX_m:s; "dP $ #" x g G 6; >) % (7(- 1 >) % (7(- < 8 I%'4 9 * 9 J$%&b* ' 4> - (K9 ;: -F*@ '*@ N ( '\P N # %6`a *,( (K9 a :; :VWU \ e0i@QYZa] .< $U9WUXUQbS3iQQbSVUQa<QTi k$\ n3]3]VYl]VwjQY r Ua@f "dP $ #" cdz(a@e<U \ U^i@yXS7w \ i [ S7Yl] ; 1 4 I C I ; I ' C I 4:3UXy^i<nVWUDfva \ U^i@y S " C X i [3[ U^i \ WdY|] i@Q r a<WQa]VU " i<]V_ Wa9_3aUXWC VY r Y k i \k ;< 2:s;:VWU \ e@i@QYZa] 3 )QbSVUQa<Qbi k \ n3]3]VYl]Vw/QY r U9a@f "P$ " x g G a@e<U \ U^iy S w \ i [ S Yl] ; I C I G a8 S3i@Q x {}*Dz +_3aVUXW8Yl] k Yl]VU9y^i<]/:3U9i@yXyXa r[Vk YZWbSVUX_7nVWYl]VwiJ: \ U^i@_3QbS pN\ WQWU^i \ yXSJaV] (Yl] I C I -QY r U dU^]VyXU< HQTSVU \ n3]3]VY|]VwQY r Uaf x {}*/z{ YZW vQY r U \ UXt3nVY \ UX_ Qa:3nVY k _ - I C I ; vQY r U \ UXt3nVY \ UX_JQa!:3nVY k _ - % ~WYl]VyXU I C I , % . g 8 U ]Va WbSVa QTS3i@Q x {}*Dz 7YZWan \ _3UXWY \ UX_/i k w<a \ YZQbS r 3n [3[ a<WU x }*/z{ S3iWyXa r[Vk UXQUX_/U&VUXy^nVQYZa]`f a \ i [ i \ QYZy^n k i \ UXQ QbSVUQY r U SVU^]QTSVU8i k w<a \ YZQbS r QU \r Yl]3i@QUX_ g U pN\ WQUXWQTi<: k YWTSJQTSVUdfva kZk aYl]Vw "C & % , (D <JP^I<K9 a $%&' QYwVS<Q ; $ <D 8 I%'4 9 * M <+ N (+PZRF 9 :[<F(+ M *) =`<DP ">+&b G24 (K9 a _3U^]Va<QU - 9 .^D; - m n g n m { j, k, l } k l g i j d e h f a b H (G 0 , a ) k l a f H (G 0 , e ) H (G 0 , k ) c b h H (G 0,{ j, k, l }) e d j G0 i c L = ({ g },...) After executing line 1 of DECOMPOSE: R TRAVERSE_UP({g}) returns (TRUE, {{ d, e, f }, { h, i, j, k, l, m, n}}, TRUE, FALSE) R After executing line 11 of DECOMPOSE, {a } {b } { c } { g} {a } {b } { c } T: {d } { e } { f } {h } { i } {m } {n } T: type(R ) = BRACE. { g} {d } { e } { f } {h } { i } {m } {n } { j } {k } {l } { j } {k } {l } L = ({ k}, { l }, { j}, {j , k , l }, { h }, { i }, {m }, {n}, {d} ,... ) at line 2 TRAVERSE_UP({k } ) returns (FALSE, {}, TRUE, TRUE)at line 6. TRICKLE_DOWN({{ d, e, f}, {h, i, j, k, l, m, n}}) TRAVERSE_DOWN({ d, e, f }) returns (FALSE, {}, TRUE, TRUE) R T: After executing line 18, { h } {i } {m } {n } After executing line 9 of TRICKLE_DOWN, bipartite({j, k, l }) = FALSE. { j } {k } { l } {a } {b } { c } T: { g} type({ d, e, f }) = BRICK. {d } { e } { f } {h } { i } L = ({ j, k, l }, { h}, { i}, {m}, {n }, { d } ,... ) { j } {k } {l } TRAVERSE_UP({ j, k, l }) returns (TRUE, {{ j, k, l }}, FALSE, FALSE) TRAVERSE_DOWN({h, i, j, k, l, m, n}) returns (TRUE, {{ j, k, l}} , TRUE, FALSE) After executing line 6 of TRICKLE_DOWN, After executing line 18, T: { h } {i } {m } {n } type({ h, i, j, k, l, m, n}) = BRACE. bipartite({h, i, j, k, l, m, n }) = FALSE. {m } {n } {h } { i } { j } {k } { l } {m } {n } { j } {k } {l } TRICKLE_DOWN({{ j, k, l }}) L = ({ d }, { f }, {e }, { g }, { a },...) TRAVERSE_DOWN({j, k, l }) returns (FALSE, {}, TRUE, TRUE) TRAVERSE_UP({d }) returns (FALSE, {}, TRUE, TRUE) R After executing line 6 of TRICKLE_DOWN, After executing line 18, {a } {b } { c } T: bipartite({ d, e, f }) = FALSE. { g} {d } { e } { f } {h } { i } {m } {n } type({ j, k, l}) = BRICK. {h } { i } {m } {n } { j } {k } {l } Legend: { j } {k } {l } ; ( ##VUXy^nVQYZa]af x }*/z{ & DECOMPOSE terminates YZwn \ U traversed = TRUE tight = TRUE .^DE :UTf a \ U ' - . 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R $*$# 8 -"?A ! - I*J*) ., ),+ - M/. - MPOQ5R<M z0Q>w P b no_f$] ] & & eozO \ , ] eozO M eozOUM / 3 &12 eozO*M " M # / # # $+ 1- ! * Q.n+|wzl]`>?w e RCQRLW$maQ~h j@_5mm4no];QM bfeo].eOQPoQ?Q>v¶RdbQ$QxoQ;;R"Q; Tbfno];Q \ \ eQ m4eowdb Twd];Qye[O;e`$Q;z0R h j@_5mm4n]Q wd]eu`?noHynoz±zQ;w`Pob on _( n+| \ eoQu]$_a`;bRdbfe= R M w]qQ>wRdb(Q; nou e v¶`$nozlz0Q$`2R"'Q Oy m R ez0eo Pe$m@b6|no ° 4 eo z O M " M bfQ;Q T wd] RdbfQHRd$wed z P[RCQ Tw"RdbqxoQ;;Rdw`$Q;] & 6& ] © / 3 ©O3 © / , \ 7 T>a>c eozO KA 2O wd] Rdb(QRd?w"eozdP RCQTw"RdbHx~Q;;Rdw"`?Q>] & & h#V bfQ;zeM © 3 O , £ eoQHn+|wdz@];`;$w e RCQRLW?maQ~h tj0Q$Qw`Po_(Q =h Y[Y=h \ \ M /£ M 3 eozOU 0 9 M # 1 ] £ M /£ M 3 & &# M M / £ M 3 #D * M 1 ] £ M / £ M 3 $+ - $9- * £ $ &+ ?& - * &12 ' M M DY$ &+ # ' ,-S # * ° 4 -" !':?A!C* * ? - -"? ° $ ).7< M ° " D-"$9- !7 ´ ! # & ?L *S- #L& #$) · & 9 S 1 3M ° M ° o¨ &$ - # ! 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OMPOQ2R &&K3 #, &=S&= - - &= & M 4 * *) $ !C* 3:?A- -" -"? & M &$ # M &=$ # M %& <&Q ? o¨ - * !+?A!C* ? !"-+* C+* o¨ - -" 4 & ? !"+- *$ * 8 ?AR K*$# * < " #L& )# ) &= R Q"- $9 - >$ 9- !' - +? - *-s \ $ ?A +*- © ) & &$ # ~ & & ' : & -"R"+? @?Q-6? ! s * - © , * - <-"$9-.s o¨ - * 4 ?.s M ª M 1 s ") © ( * *"- #, - &= * & - M ª %&(QY ? !"-+* C+** & &= & M ª &7) # M ª 8 ? R $* # "- ?A (%:R !'- ? -"$? , *(T * ; ; E Z$ &+ " # M ' $ ? - ! "- $9- ! ! ! #+ * *,R"R" K*$# U-"$@& ? !U¶- *$+* n5n+|>h 8&$? Decomposition tree ')7 ?A $* # 2a% #L&U) ? ! $ )" & R & ? # & +& &= ' R -1?A L") & &+( &# ) ' &"L& ?(9! - !'- -(? R ! -1? !9? !-+*$ &= # ) # & &+ &= # & &: &= &( #L& ) - *5 ? -" R' -1?A+* 8 R' 1- ?A -"U?(! # # ) 2 & & &# ) &= &Q - ?Ay$* # +?A R ? +* ( +? -" ? ! -"! ? ! # & & -+* C ! - "- ? -* - Q &="#$& \ & =& && Q# & # ( : A? '! "- - ? ! * b -"<- ! +! C +?A! ?* +?A- !' & '# < & Y(' ) <&= &( ) \& Y -&$? R +-" -1? - A? R R"9! !Y +? ? " ? ! -+ * $+* 8R" & &+ # & 6 E ( ¤H ¢ # 0 ) & M" © /% # ©O3%+? - #L& -1? ) !' T" ;-"$9"R" R"9! ! +? ? ! ? ! & &=&( & ) & # & B ' & # & ' # B 1 M # © / ! ©O3 ! S¡ 9!! -" $?(9?AR #$) #$) OweQP=noz0e R.w¬m * # # #$#$) -" H! -" B )= 9 &$# # )+ #L& ) #\ &= % ? - $9- + R" R"9!*!Y ? ! -" +? - & & Y 5 # & & & ) &Q#$ )+& § #T#K 2 -1 ? R - -"? * C? ? R - ;B 9! * ;*±$# " # # " & & ) " &=<& #$ &$" ;B - C! * - -"Q? !- - - ? ? * R !+? ?A !- ? ? & $#W # 0 # * % &= # & # & &$#TY)l% "- "- !! 4< + Q&LR Tnyyeo5wy[e R= m RCeozeo Poe$m@b=] n+|wdz@];`;$w e RCQLR W$m4Qbfeox5wz>P 3 \ y \ \ x~Q>R"Q>u]Q5R h¯{³| - - E RdbfQ;zKRdb(Q;Q¢Q>2wd]Rd]ye];Q>_4Q>z0`$Qyn+|6yeo2wdye[RmRCeozeoePoe$m@b] s M / & s / & & s r / & s r M 3 ]?_a`;bRdbfeR sH° w]yn+|Hwdz@];`;$w \ e \ R QHLR W$m4Q |no & & eoz O sH° `$eoz & & h Q n R"eowdz0Q'O|$no x5weu/ e Oow"Qe Pnz0[e R.w¬mH|n \ \ s °% / # I*J*) M MPOQ2R - M/. N ., ),+ % & # & 1 G ! G - D-" - !KSkU ! ! G'* # & $&7$# & $ Y # / - - +?+* -%.cU * . -" - ? 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R & - $+ * ! -" !Y # # * )+! + # .- + B + & -1?( #$ - ) "- $@- SW. tp * n5n+|>h @ & & # &$#<= -V?A !'- R !! ¨ -D?A ? & &=&( <)+ R !- ' $? + ?A+* &7 # & ! 7 & $# * K& ?L-" Q&e|?_>R R vOowyQ>z@]$wnoze[Rl]?wdmR w`>we R(m4n[RXWR"n$maQ ezO & "!$& ' QHRdbfQ&];Q2R \ , , \ n+|yQ;oRdQ;yQmanowdz0Rd] n|uhH{}| ezO eQ z0n=R[e Oe=`?Q>z0R.wdzyRdbfQ>zRdb(Q;QqQ>2wd]Rd] & , , -±S # &= / & "!$& / ' 2h ]$_4`>b Rdbfe=R 1 -@, # - , S , , 9 ):+;+=< - M OMPOQ2R n5n+|>h L&= # ?T-" p & !! " &#\) Y +& ) ) & % ! :?$? ? :R"R $ ? ! R -\- & 1 1 R D R , , < ) ) < ° , < ) 1 * # & $& "! 1 # #, ¢ ¤H R" $R D " -\- & 1 # / 1 1 2 , ° p 0 & p ' 9! p < * ° ° / , / ° / °, # &#!!$& ° 1 # S& & &= & &#!!$& & '& & - R"@! ! 9- ° ?T9!!; +?* ! ! p %& - RS9!* # & # #$& \& #W * , , +? -\ -"? -L -\99! ;B @! -+*&) < , & " # E & & ! " $ & 1 ° ? "- $@& - ) < , ) < , W ) < , ?@!'! # #+* * -1? & " p & & &= " E & & R'!RU -1+? +- * $ - R"9! ! -"$9- ? RU S &#!!$& 1 ' &= & # &: &+(%& & # # * ? +"- $@-%9-\! R - ' - ++* -" -\! ) (" E ( ( / / , , , 8 ? @! +- * RU"- $9- * L -" , &= & "!$& ' & #$ ) &+ & E , S , / , -1?( -"$9-, -1?ARU * (T * ) ( / ( / / - M ° / ° * 8 , , , , *-( # &= / & "!$& / ' 1 $ +H -@, # - , S , , * $ & # & B QH]$_a`;bRdb(eR + # .- + B + |;noyeR 3 % ! S . " \ ) + ! ' [RdbfQ>zy|n ez W ª % yno];Rnoz0Q "p2h{³| &= % e zO ª oe Qye Oe=`?Q>z0R 'S £ S wdz w | eozO¢nozRfW6w | RdbfQ>Q Q;2wd];Rd] " p]$_4`>bRdbfeR ª e z O # .- B E h - M NMPOQ2R -,/. .. 'S S ' )+ ! + + + nRdb¢e[O;e`$Q;z0RR"n ± wdzy.RdbfQ;z eozO e QHe[O e`$Q;zRwz w | ,yS \ , eozOqnozRXWyw |Rdb(Q WueoQ e O e=`?Q>z0Rwdz¢pyh nQ$noxoQ;$w | '& % eoQHz0n=R # "p " ª + # -"$9-L-"? % - ' S^ D-"$9S' ),+ ! &= 1 ª p & & # * !':?A!C* - S¡ ? 9!!O-uS # * (T - S ¡ & 2+2 # ª # & ?\9!!-uS # * *uR"RSy$* +?A * &= &+ & "p " ª # :? !C* S"- $9- ?< *;'S -"$9S ' $+),+ ! " p % ª ' # ª ª & # ª & B ª : & ª B L + *& + - @ 'S S ' ! * -(-"$9-7) + ! # + # - + B + & ?9-"R &: - &= ' B ª G ,+ & ?U9!0 + ! ' S ¡ @^ - $9( - ),+ ! n5n+|>h &+ + B E % L* ,+ ª' " + S + # # ª @%* ## ! # .- + B G T . & " E ª 1 ª ?T9!!<' S@ - ? - !C* RS9!! ' & & & p F "p # /- B G 9- K ),+! + + ,+ ?%9!!:' S± *(\ -" -(? ? # & # ª $& # &= " ª - * ' -" !C* !RU @ -"$9« « # /- « B « & E ª 1 ª ) + ! + + - ? - !C* R"9!!' @- K + « «# - «B « # & ª # /- B G + ) + ! + + ) + ! + + ?<9!!:' ' *(\ -" + '& & ª $& # ' & ª F D # ª ?A!9- + - ? ? ' * ' - * $? : -" & & &+ &= ? - $+?A- -"$? - * J& &=# & % # & & $& ? -" $+?A- !, S "- -\* # D # p [ # !':?A!C* ,"+?A "- "- ; *W+? ( * &= [ # # pU ' & tp " :? C! * ,D+?AU ( "- "- ? - ' / ' 3S¢ -"$9# 2 #\ & &= & &1 # - B , 9- * )+µ"! +µ +µ L$,+ # "- N; B 9! +- *+* !9- -" & & &: &= #\ # & C& # ; B @! - "- */- ? - $+? "- $? !'! --" #$ )N& " '& ' $& # & &= , -1? ? R ' * 8 9- K "- ; B @! - "- ?A ?A""- ; * ,# #$' \(& % & C& # Y - - * ,S+?A "- - "- ; *WR - U * )+ + & + % % " p $ |n ;] noyQ "p ' h S 9 S . N S S ' ; ' S¢ "o ' $ RdbfQ;zl|n eoz9W ª % wd] e Oe=`?Q>z0R R"n ª wdz {³| &= % w | eozOHnozRXWw | ª h £ S S % nQ$noxoQ;$w | '& eoQHz0n=R nRdb¢[e O;e`$Q;z0RR"n ±wdzy.RdbfQ;z oe zO e QHe[O e`$Q;zRwz w | ,yS \ , eozOqnozRXWyw |Rdb(Q WueoQ e Oe=`?Q>z0Rwdz¢pyh < -., . - M , MPOQ2R n5n+|>h K& !! &#\< RSRU #$ 9- !C* & ? R 7 ? & &+( ' & 2 0 $* * & ' # #$#$) &V(& " p ? +W- $9- . 3 "+. $? R RU ! & & &+ " & #$#$) 3 . *8 -"R . & # # #N&= " p # @S 9 @ 5*W. . +A? " - # +?A -* I*J*) ., ),+ &= % £ x~Q>R"Q>u]Q5R M - M N bfQ>z M ' &eozOHp e[O;e`$Q;zRwdzp V POQ5R `$eoz ' % \ &= % ]?_a`;b±RdbfeR , £ # ezO&|n e[RLR ° eozO S . QHn "R eowzQbO|$n \ S M % £ ) &= +?DR !'- ¨ ? ! s & "p K& ? R u $ S 9 * ? & &#$Y) !C* "- ? (? ?A TbfQ;Q eozO eoQqe Oe=`?Q>z0R h PiQ5Rp S . . . ' 2 hTOno & ' RCQ2R4M OQ>z0nR"QHRdbfQ Poe$m@b Tw"Rdb S @ ° % |;noqe R R & 1 3M w |qezOnozRXWuw | & eoQ ,S ,±S , ° 1 M 6w |qeozO±nozRXW w | &? eoQue[O;e`$Q;zRwzp h , S ° ° ° x5we6e Oow"Qe Pnz0[e R.w mih & ¢ ¤H & # & && $? - -" $ ? & M R !+?A!C* ? * # ?A # M ### L?AR"+? < - $ 9- ?ARS & -" : RU ? * SZ. & +& &= 2 $& # p p " ? $* # - I +?A R'! @! *±,- . . # 'L # #= tp # - B ' Su S-"$9- -"! * ) + ! + + *, + &+ Y & & # ª & & ª % # & &:Y L& p - V?A!9- : - ? ? S - %- % -1?ARU 'U* &+ & K) # " & & & & G # # B B -" - ! ? 9! ¶- * RS2* RU -"$9-8) + ! + + ? 9!! ! S + # & L& & 2 # & &# &B # - B E . ) + ! + + ?L9!! ! SW. * * ? !'!+?*q$* I -\+ ª ª # * #, &= % ' # .- B , £ * ? +U"- $9-\- ;B 9! -¶* ) + ! + L/ + + & ( & &= # & #b&D # F #$&= & ª& & ª' * * 8 ? R $:?A- - - - &= " &= ª $ ª # ª &+ &( D # ª " "- $9- * +?A =-1? RU & &+ L& ) # " & ' # - - - ª- 2 R - $ + * "- - ! ? 9! +- * %RS2 *U R \"- $9. - # # % & $& ª # ª #\ 7 &= # ª ª& ª' * (\ U+?AU -T"- "- ¨X # ª ª &= # ¨X * < + & ' & 2 ' # - B - S @ * ' ' "- ? * SW. ° 9- K ),+! + + L.,+ #W& #$& -1? -(! * !* * & # E & &+ ? R "- 5 * !+?"- $@-"- ?AD - N- $9? * S #W&= #$& : & # & # - B G 9- K ),+! + + + C! * * S; . ° ' R ! ª #&= & " # - B G -"$9-L"- ? % S . ° * (\ @- K )+! + + ,+ C! * & # & & #\ & # &=Z& ª #$& * !Y R !! ? R "- . °* $& # %(& -1 ! W ? - * ( * n5n+|>h 7 * % % ,yS -" ' " -" ' # & p b - - , # & C& # & + ?A "- Z ( -\=& # C! * -";*+?A * & % , S , S % & p \ - - , & $& # & + ?A -" -\=& # C! * -";*+?A * & p p -" !C* -" !C* # & ( L - - , * -";*+?A #&= #Z&= ,yS - ;* +? # # & \ - - , * # p p ( - # # 2 ## ª # ª +?A # p # +?A &= ¨X # T . p * # & #u~ & ' ª & ª ' C& "- " -Q- ° , * -";* # p # Y +?A * ° -" -";* :?A - - S & @ ' L&=('# * ? '& ,yS % && & % & # "p # - B E + *"-" !Y R ?b * ' Su 9- K ) + ! + + &= #$& & &#\ & 7 & &+ &= 2 0 !C* *8?A !'- !! ? R ? 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"- $@3 - -1 * +?A $& # p Y & p (& & p Y "- "- ; *R - ( "- $9@! ( * ' « « « & p " ª # B L + « " / -R - ( ' * (\ 9- K ) + ! + + « «# - «B « &N ' ª ' -1? -(! *+ * * "- !Y R 9! 9- K ) + ! + L + -1? - C! *+* (T ' + & & T&= &+ %(& D # ª # ª ª 9! * ( ' $ C! *"- $?A -1?AR "- $@ +?A # # ' &= #$ &= ª # ª & # p -1? - * 8 R - ¨X ( * & & % # # & Y,# #L' & & p 7 & ? - / 3 - ""- ; B 9! - "- $9D"- U ° & Y C& # < & p &= &+ "- $9 - -1 "- ,K* C! *N"- $?A" -1?AR ° $ ° R 7 ? ¢ ¤H 0 ## ' &= & #b&D " Y#, # &= * -" ";B @! - -1? - !C* 5* 7/* D-" ( * 7/ ¨ &= &+ & % # #, & pU ª -1 !C*/ -1?AR % - ? R "-"$@-a/ 5* ' *%(\ « # .- « « « <H~ & ' ª & ª ' ª #N & + L + -1? -(! * , ' ' *Z-" ° 9- K ) + ! + &S & &#\ # #b&U& ! R 9! 9- K -" ;B 9! -¶* -1? - !C*+* - !'! -"$9- ,D+?A-"-"$?A « «# - «B « &:Y & #, # # -1?ARU' -" *;) + ! + L + * (T , + # +?A * 9- & # : M ) ) " & & % -" ?(! $ " +?A- - Z-"$9?<9!! ,^S # &= & # # & % 1 M # !C* ,W+? ?9!! S ,# S # #$#$)& M" & ª & ª & &= +?A * * ! +? R ,# ! -" ' dM ª ª # M ) # M (T , +?A !Y +?* \-"$@") & M ª ª # M ' $) ) & M M ?(! $ ? ! ,# * ) # M M 1 ª ª M 1 ,# =*% +?A"R" R"9! ! :? ? R -$+ & & #\ !! * !'- I*J*) ,S &= &? C! * +RU +* $Y) $ # M " & # ?A !- &( &#!!$& % ° ¢,/ , *,/ S & !"$& '' " & & &:Y " % & # MD &= % yS # -"$9? / +?A ! +?" / #\ 2 % ° & &=#$) & &+( 7 & &+ &= -" ? ?A - , ° * 8 !' * ? $* * 3 % &#!!$& '=' " &5& &+ " % & % " % $ 3 +?A ! +? 3 / . 3 HS # -"$9? M &= % 3 M 3 #\ -" ° & ? ?A &=#$) - & , ° * E J& & !" ' # & " %(" & ,- * ?-HS # - D"- -". 3 ° *c ° * RUD-"$9" (& "% %$ # " % $ & & & !! & ' - !C* R"9!! -"$9-£ ° / ° / ° ?\ * S # & & &#\) ):& % $? ? R - !! @! ? "- $R -,/..10 .10 M - M/. N ., ):+ - & & - & M ?2 ?2 / # - ( * & !" & !" $& # $& g % % / # % . 3 -"-"D!RU - M 1 M ( M / * ° - 9 * #$& 9 &#!!$& 9 ' 9 # " * M / ° S # ' * ##) & % / : & &= p ' 0 #$ * - <-"$9¨ RU " p " -S&9 D-"$9- 9 SW. * & & " 7 ª ª S ° "- $9S_. ? R @ % ª' & £ +?A !Y +?* # & &#!!$& r - * ; B ¢ / µ @ & !"$& 1 # & # & # # ² /%+?A ? ° & &#!!$& 1 &+ ? # ° # - G SW. - r -G & ? µ - ª * # &#!!$& - 9 G M " "p R! 9!* # & & - $ 9-H &#!!$& 1 #+* ° ' ) -- &#!!$& ? # * & +?A- S9 ?' &:Y D - "p & ? N-"$9- M µ M ° # \ -" &+ T & r µ & ° :?A ! +?* < #$ ):&= 9! & ? & !"$& ° 1 µ Y T &= < & Y #5 & 5 -1 ? R -" ? =-1? RU & M ? R ) ? ! " #$ ):&= " 9! * #N& )+& & &#!!$& # -\-" - 9! ? - $R $ : 9 S± ° ? # <" ) M M Y - !C* R"@!'! -"! - ?(! * +* 93 * # ) \ & " & / 9!!"- ? ! +?A ? !U+- * C -" ? ! - -"? S9 #W( & 2 9 M &)( & # * 8 A? Rg$* -6 µ & #L&"" ( & "!$& # # * (T ? % * : & 9! #$& ° * &= 9 &#!!$& 9 # ° ) M =$ µ ""- ? & = & $ # ) & & 9 ? ?A - ,® # M & C * r µ & µ / : & - "- $@°³² / ° p T . 2 7 & &+ &= * * ? $ * ) U-" ? - ? ! & #\ !'! * # 4 $ 7 § $# * * L+? - - %* ? 6 R* @h =e Rdb4h 0 2a% 2 0 2 # * 7 ( )=) ?A -" & $!C [e=`;w [` +* 2 § W# & ) # ) & & * L ? **3 (T +! *1< ? * $RU !* ' R ! -+* &+)= ) &7) ) # & &=54 # & Y & & ? D ' ? ! * +- * - ? ?(! R @- ¨ &= ") # )9 w];`;Q5R"S Q a m m R³h eRdb4h a% 0 ? @! - R D 9 # ) # $* & & #, Q e$m@b V b(Q?no'Wfh>azu{zRdnQOo_a`2R"no'W `$no_(?];Q 4 0 < * !'! * * ? 9-( 7 < @-"R"9-+¨ 0 ) ) : # & * $? ¶? ¨= ?A! ? o¨ ?A! # * & # # * * * 9 Y) & " & & & & ! !;* !Y K* - R D :?\-" - ? !C*=- $ -" )D & eRdb4hnbPeoH wdzdP: 2 % 0 -6? +!! 9! R" $? !R* ? #2 # # #+* # 4 L& &= ( '& F § 7 * * +? ? * $* R'$- *Z - @!¬¨ D ? !Y 9* maQ;2h[Q>]>hNPOQ2R"R"Q>?] 0 %'9 9 2 2 * # & &= & ) & j@{a 7hn+| * ! * ? R !Y@?U"- W-6? +!! 9! R" $? !R* aR P=Q \ ew`wd]`>Q2R"Q Q5RdbfnQOo] 9a% 2 # )2 9 # K* L& 4 & & § )+&= / &7 # : * ?A* ? R" * < ++? B ; D 2 * +R - * 9! - ?A¨ ) &=<&= &+ #Z" w];`;Q5R"Q eRdb4h )2 9 % 0 2 2 -6? !9! ? * * L& # : & & § )+&= Z& & ) &= w];`;Q5R"Q * ?A- * +R - * 9! - A? ¨>- ? -1? !9* % 0 2 eRdb4h 2 #2 # * L& ' # & & § )+&= & $& ) '& : * ?A- * +R - * 9! - A? ¨<! ¨ -(- ! -1? !9* wd]`>Q5R"Q eRdb4h 2+2:a2 % 9 2 # * * F * 7 ¬ ## 9 ##f 2 - 4 L& 7 A& K& )Z & 7 =& # § : #$# $# * ? ! * ! - * * 8 "-6? +!! 9 ! 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M M 0 # ¨ R ! ## ' &=$ # ¨ -( #$) &$ # ¨> $ ¨ - & ¨ $:? 9- ? ) 9 ? ! & & ' ! - C # # & - ? ? - 9! # ) $+?A- -( ? & ' R !- '& $+?A- & ! C & $# & ) +? ! ? ! ' ? ( # ? # #$) ? & $ & # ! & # ? ! ? : [ ?A- ,@- # ! # 9 # ! 9 9 ! - # 9+2 # (<+R &#$# =& !- & ) R'!- ? ! &= R' - &=$ #Z) - ? ! &= # -6? - &= + !! # # &= + - ## &= # -1? - &= ¨>-6? 9! ) - :- # -1? 9! +- ¨+? - &: ) ? &= &+ ) ¨? 7!' & # ? ! + &= (<+R !- ) ! "- &#$# & # 7! ? ? -1 #$) 9 R !- ! ( 0 !' # 9 ¨+? - &+ -1?ARU - ## & - ? ? # & - ? ? &( ) ! ? ! ' &( & & ! =- $ # # ' & $? $? ## - # # ) ?(! - - 0 ! # &= (<+R ! & & R ? Y) & # RS9- ¨ :?A # RS R"@! ! +? Y 0 R R"@!'! ! &( ? !"- $ # # ! :? ! ( & 9 Y 0 9 $+? & #$ # ) ?A # # #$ &= RU !! ## #$ &=Z& & & RU ' ! - C ## (<+R =& !- # ? 7! ) ?(! $9- =& !- ) ! - ) C? -R"9- # ! +? # , @! # , ! +? 9! #$#$) ! +?TR ) ! +? ? RS R"@! ) ! ? ! ) &= ! -1? !9& & ! =- $ ## #$ ('&W(& RU # # #$ ('& !! RU 9! ## ) & ? ! ## ( R ! 9! # # & &= 0 - A? ¨>! R 9# #$& ¨+?A- (<+R # & 9 '+- ? # - # # $ - - @! 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