the eastern bolivia mineral exploration project “proyecto precambrico”

Transcription

the eastern bolivia mineral exploration project “proyecto precambrico”
THE EASTERN BOLI
VI
A MI
NERAL
EXPLORATI
ON PROJECT
“PROYECTO PRECAMBRI
C01
1
by Jevan P.
Ber
r
ang6
The Precambr
i
an a厂east
ern Br
azi
l
i
s now t
he s
ubj
ect
of a maj
or p
r
o
gr
am o
f t
ec
h
ni
c
al
c
o
ope
r
at
i
on ca
r
r
i
e
d out
j
oi
ntl
y by Bri
t
i
sh and Bol
i
vi
an sci
enti
sts
. 加 an area until now un
kn
own,
f
our or
o
ge
ni
c c
ycl
es h
ave bee
n
i
dent
i
fi
ed r
angi
ng f
rom 2000 Ma to l
ate Pr
ecambri
an i
n ape and anew Mesozoi
c al
kal
i
ne pr
ovi
nce has been
di
s
c
ov
er
e
d.
Thi
s ar
t
i
cl
e p
r
e
s
en
t
s a ge
ol
o
gi
c
al
ov
er
v
i
ew of t
he r
e
gi
o
n an
d a
n acc
ou
nt o
f t
he mi
ne
r
al
dep
os
i
t
s
a
nd pot
e
nt
i
al
,
i
ncl
u
di
n
g t
he f
i
r
s
t
r
egi
on
al
compi
l
at
i
o
n map.
I
nt
roduct
i
on
Or
gani
zati
on of t
he Proj
ect
Bo
l
i
v
i
a c
an co
nv
en
i
en
t
l
y be di
v
i
d
ed i
nt
o t
hr
ee maj
org
eo
-
l
og
i
c
-
p
hy
s
i
o
gr
a
ph
i
c pr
ovi
nce
s
.
The And
ea
n Mobi
l
e Bel
t
i
t
s s
edi
ment
s
,
vo
l
ca
ni
c
s and i
g
ne
ou
s i
nt
r
u
s
i
o
ns o
f Ph
an
er
oz
o
i
c
a
g
e,
f
or
ms t
he mo
un
t
a
i
nou
s s
out
hwe
s
t
e
r
n p
ar
t of
t
he cou
nt
r
y
、V ilh
and t
ower
s above t
he f
l
at Quat
er
nary Al
l
uvi
al Beni
-Chaco
Lo
wl
a
nd
s.
The
s
e gi
v
e way ea
s
t
wa
r
d t
o t
h
e mor
e r
u
gge
d
t
er
rai
n f
ormed by rocks of t
he Pr
ecambri
an Shi
el
d. Tradi
-
t
i
onal
l
y, the Andean Mobi
l
e Bel
t has been the s
our
ce of
Bo
l
i
vi
a'
s mi
n
er
al
wea
l
t
h,
i
n
cl
u
di
ng t
i
n,
s
i
l
v
er
,
l
ead,
b
i
s
mut
h,
c
o
pp
er
,
wol
f
r
am,
z
i
nc,
a
nt
i
mony,
c
admi
u
m and go
l
d.
How-
e
v
er
,
a
s t
h
e r
es
e
r
v
es her
e ar
e r
ap
i
d
l
y be
i
ng dep
l
et
ed i
t i
s
neces
sar
y to fi
nd ot
her sources. The Precambr
i
an across t
he
b
o
r
d
er
i
n Br
a
zi
l
has
dep
os
i
t
s of
t
i
n
,
i
r
o
n,
man
gan
es
e,
gol
d and
di
amonds,
and t
he Bol
i
vi
an Shi
el
d was therefore an obvi
ous
target f
or an ore-
search program.
The Ea
s
t
er
n Bol
i
vi
a Mi
ner
al
Ex
p
l
o
r
at
i
on Pr
o
j
ec
t
,
us
ua
l
l
y
r
e
f
er
r
ed t
o a
s "
Pr
oy
ect
o Pr
e
cdmb
r
i
c
ol
l
,
i
s an Ang
l
o
-
Bo
l
i
v
i
a
n
Tec
hn
i
c
al
Co
op
er
a
t
i
on Pr
o
j
ec
t be
i
ng ca
r
r
i
ed out b
y t
h
e
I
ns
t
i
t
u
t
e of Ge
ol
o
gi
c
al
Sc
i
en
ce
s QGS)
on b
eh
al
f of
t
he Over
-
s
ea
s Dev
el
o
pmen
t Admi
ni
s
t
r
at
i
on (
ODA)
i
n co
l
l
a
b
or
a
t
i
o
n wi
t
h
t
he Se
r
v
i
ci
o Geo
l
6gi
co d
e Bo
l
i
v
i
a (
GEOBOL)
.
Th
e i
mmed
i
at
e
ai
m of t
he Pr
oj
ect i
s to make a r
api
d but systemati
c
i
nt
eg
r
at
ed s
u
r
ve
y of
t
h
e ge
o
l
og
y a
nd mi
ne
r
al
p
ot
en
t
i
al
o
f
t
ha
t p
ar
t
o
f t
he Pr
ec
ambr
i
an Br
az
i
l
i
an Sh
i
el
d l
yi
ng wi
t
hi
n
eas
t
e
r
n Bo
l
i
v
i
a.
The l
o
ng t
er
m o
bj
ect
i
v
e i
s t
o a
s
s
i
s
t i
n t
h
e
ove
r
a
l
l
de
ve
l
op
ment
o
f t
he r
eg
i
o
n by i
d
en
t
i
f
yi
ng a
r
e
as of
pot
e
nt
i
a
l
l
y v
al
uab
l
e mi
ner
al
s a
nd r
ock
s
.
Mi
n
i
ng s
uc
h d
ep
os
i
t
s
cou
l
d i
ncr
ea
s
e Bo
l
i
vi
a
'
s exp
or
t
s a
nd f
o
r
e
i
g
n ex
cha
ng
e e
ar
n
-
i
ng
s
,
b
es
i
d
es b
oo
s
t
i
n
g t
h
e p
r
es
ent
r
u
r
al
ec
ono
my by pr
ovi
di
n
g
empl
oy
ment
an
d enc
ou
r
ag
i
ng t
he b
ui
l
d
i
ng of
r
oad
s and o
t
he
r
Fi
gur
e 1:
Cat
ar
at
a Ar
c
o I
r
i
s
di
scovere
d by Pr
oyect
o Pre-
c
c
f
mbr
i
c
o geol
o
gi
s
t
s wh
i
l
e
ascendi
ng the Ri
o Paucema,
Serrani
a 月uanchaca.
EPI
SODES, Vol
.
1982,
No. 4.
3
by
i
nfr
as
truct
ural devel
opment, as well as
s
ti
mul
ati
ng
i
mmi
grat
i
on t
o the "Ori
ent
e" ofsettl
er
s f
rom the hi
ghl
ands.
物彝 ;寮法止羡
只
蕊绪
牛;典
nto two zones to be
At the outs
et t
he Proj
ect wasdivided i
s
ur
v
ey
ed i
n t
wo ph
as
e
s
.
Dur
i
n
g Ph
as
e 1
,
whi
ch r
a
n f
r
om 1
97
6
t
o 1
979
,
r
e
co
nna
i
s
s
an
ce (
a
t 1
:
100
0 00
0 a
nd 1
:
25
0 00
0)
geo
l
og
i
-
c
al
ma
pp
i
n
g an
d ge
och
e
r
ni
c
al
s
ur
vey
s wer
e car
r
i
e
d out ov
er
t
he S
out
he
r
n Zone一 t
hat
p
or
t
i
on of
t
he Pr
eca
mb
r
i
an s
hi
e
l
d
l
y
i
n
g s
out
h of l
at
i
t
ude 1
6'
.
Ph
as
e I
l
(
1
9
80
-1
9
83
)
i
nv
ol
v
es
d
et
a
i
l
ed f
o
l
l
o
w-
up wor
k o
n p
r
o
mi
s
i
n
g g
eoc
he
r
ni
cal
an
omal
i
es
an
d mi
n
er
al
i
z
at
i
o
n di
s
co
ve
r
ed dur
i
n
g Pha
s
e 1
,
a
nd al
s
o
c
on
t
i
n
ue
s t
h
e r
eco
nn
ai
s
s
a
nce ma
pp
i
ng an
d g
eoc
he
r
ni
c
al
expl
or
at
i
on i
n t
he Nor
ther
n Zone.
The Pr
oj
e
ct ar
e
a i
s a
pp
r
ox
i
mat
el
y 220 0
0
0 k
M 2,
i
.
e.
a f
i
f
t
h of
t
h
e t
o
t
a
l
a
r
ea o
f Bol
i
vi
a a
nd ne
ar
l
y t
he s
a
me s
i
ze as
Gh
an
a or
t
he Un
i
t
e
d Ki
n
gdo
m.
I
n t
e
r
ms o
f b
ot
h t
h
e s
i
z
e of t
he ar
ea
蘸彝
燕
蒸
beinf
! surveved and the num ber of U .
K . M ecial
ists invol
ved
彝攀一
称摹一
窄
ki
u-iu, vr
oyecTo vr
ecaM Dri
co i
s Tne i
argesT ano m osT am-
b
i
t
i
ou
s ODA/
I
GS geo
l
o
gi
c
al
an
d mi
ne
r
a
l
e
xp
l
o
r
at
i
on p
r
oj
ect
e
ve
r mou
nt
ed.
On
e of
t
h
e gr
eat
s
t
r
e
n
gt
h
s of t
he Pr
oj
ect i
s
t
hat i
t has been abl
e to draw on the speci
al
i
st ser
vi
ces
avai
l
abl
e i
n the var
i
ous I
GS uni
t
s,
bot
h i
n the U.
K.
and by
彝
Fi
g
ur
e 2:
He
l
i
c
opt
er wi
t
h al
umi
ni
um c
an
oe t
i
e
d u
nde
r
n
eat
h,
bei
ng l
oaded up pri
or to l
i
f
t-
of厂介om t
he bas
.
ecamp near t
he
Ri
o Ver
de,
Ser
r
ani
a Huanchaca.
wor
ki
ng v
i
s
i
t
s t
o t
he f
i
e
l
d as r
e
qu
i
r
e
d.
As pa
r
t o
f i
t
s con
t
r
i
bu
t
i
o
n,
ODA h
as pr
ov
i
de
d es
s
ent
i
al
l
y al
l
t
he eq
ui
pmen
t ne
ed
ed.
Th
i
s i
nc
l
ud
es 1
7 La
nd Rov
er
s
and
s
p
ar
e par
t
s
,
can
oe
s and out
boa
r
ds
,
c
amp e
qui
pment
,
f
i
e
l
d
s
u
r
ve
y i
ns
t
r
u
men
t
s,
r
adi
o t
r
an
s
ce
i
v
er
s
,
mi
c
r
o
s
co
pe
s,
s
t
e
r
eo
-
s
c
op
es
,
dr
a
wi
ng o
f
f
i
c
e and l
ab
or
at
or
y e
qu
i
pment
.
At t
he
s
t
a
r
t o
f t
he Pr
o
j
ect a comp
l
et
e g
eo
ch
emi
ca
l
l
abo
r
at
or
y was
s
e
t u
p i
n t
he Sa
nt
a Cr
uz hea
dq
ua
r
t
er
s
an
d e
qu
i
pp
ed wi
t
h a
r
o
ck cr
u
s
her
,
an at
o
mi
c ab
s
or
p
t
i
on s
p
ec
t
r
o
ph
ot
o
met
er
,
a
p
o
r
t
a
bl
e X-
r
ay f
l
uo
r
e
s
ce
nc
e a
na
l
y
s
er
an
d var
i
o
us ot
her
i
n-
s
t
r
ume
nt
s
f
or co
l
or
i
met
r
i
c an
d c
hr
o
mat
ogr
aph
i
c ana
l
y
s
i
s
.
By
a
l
s
o ma
ki
ng u
s
e of t
h
e GEOBOL op
t
i
c
al
emmi
s
s
i
on s
pec
t
r
o-
gr
aph i
n L
a Paz,
we ca
n car
r
y o
ut qu
an
t
i
t
at
i
ve a
na
l
ys
i
s f
or
Thu
s be
f
o
r
e ge
ol
o
gi
cal
wor
k cou
l
d c
ommen
ce i
n t
hi
s zo
ne,
b
as
emap
s s
h
owi
ng t
he dr
ai
n
ag
e,
r
el
i
ef
and ot
her
ge
og
r
ap
hi
c
f
eatures had t
o be prepar
ed.
These maps are based on
i
nt
e
r
pr
e
t
a
t
i
o
ns of
enh
an
ced L
ANDSAT i
mag
er
y i
nc
l
ud
i
n
g
col
our
c
omp
os
i
t
es of
L
ANDS
AT b
an
ds 4
/
5
/
7,
and bl
ac
k-
a
nd
-
whi
te bands 5 and 7, wit
h detai
l
s added fr
om conventi
onal
aer
i
a
l
p
hot
og
r
ap
hy.
The p
r
el
i
mi
nar
y map
s ar
e s
ubs
eq
ue
nt
l
y
upg
r
a
de
d wi
t
h ad
di
t
i
o
nal
i
nf
or
mat
i
o
n,
i
nc
l
ud
i
n
g ge
og
r
ap
hi
c
n
ame
s
,
g
at
h
er
e
d i
n t
h
e f
i
e
l
d.
Th
es
e t
op
og
r
ap
hi
c b
as
emap
s
ar
e t
he
ms
e
l
ve
s a ver
y s
i
gn
i
f
i
c
ant
c
ont
r
i
bu
t
i
o
n t
o de
ve
l
op
-
me
nt
of
t
he r
egi
on an
d ar
e a
l
r
ead
y i
n d
emand by s
et
t
l
er
s
,
r
an
ch
er
s
,
p
i
l
ot
s
,
pr
o
s
p
ect
or
s
,
l
u
mbe
r co
mpa
ni
e
s and t
he Na
-
about 25 di
ff
erent el
ement
s. As of September 1
982 some
ti
onal Centre f
or Forestry.
2
36
00 s
amp
l
es
had be
en ana
l
ys
e
d,
wor
k wh
i
ch i
n
vol
ved mor
e
The Nort
her
n Zone i
s an ar
ea of trackl
ess forest and swamp,
t
han 276000 el
ement det
ermi
nat
i
ons. A compl
ete petro-
gr
aph
i
c l
a
bo
r
a
t
or
y was a
l
s
o s
e
t u
p i
n Sa
nt
a Cr
u
z an
d eq
ui
pp
ed
wi
t
h r
oc
k cut
t
i
ng,
gr
i
n
di
ng and p
ol
i
s
h
i
ng mach
i
ne
s
,
mi
cr
o-
s
c
op
es
,
an el
ect
r
oma
gn
et
i
c s
e
pa
r
a
t
or
a
nd ot
he
r e
qu
i
pme
nt
f
o
r r
out
i
n
e t
h
i
n
-
s
e
ct
i
oni
ng an
d mi
c
r
o
s
co
pi
c exa
mi
nat
i
o
n of
r
ock sampl
es,
and s
eparati
on of heavy mi
ner
al
s f
or
mi
cr
os
cop
i
c an
d ge
och
emi
c
al
s
t
u
d
i
es
.
Th
e GEOBOL con
t
r
i
bu
t
i
on has
i
nc
l
u
de
d t
he p
r
ov
i
s
i
on of
co
un
t
e
r
p
ar
t
s
t
af
f i
nc
l
ud
i
n
g a co-
di
r
ec
t
o
r
,
g
eo
l
o
gi
s
t
s,
c
hem-
i
s
t
s
,
l
a
bo
r
a
t
or
y a
s
s
i
s
t
a
nt
s
,
ad
mi
ni
s
t
r
at
or
s,
d
r
af
t
s
me
n,
s
ecr
e-
t
ari
es, dri
vers and fi
el
d l
abour
er
s. GEOBOL al
s
o provi
des
of
fi
ces and l
aborat
ori
es i
ncl
udi
nR use of thei
r ful
i
v eaui
nr
i
ed
u r
_}
} iaDoraTorv in
七a v az. in aaaliion. i
:
nev SUDDIV ine
topogr
apni
c oas
emaps k
wnere avai
i
aDi
e)
,
aeri
ai,
pnoi
ograpns
a
n
d e
nha
nc
ed LANDSAT i
mag
er
y.
GEOBOL,
al
s
o c
ove
r
s
r
u
nn
i
ng e
xp
en
s
es b
ot
h i
n Sa
nt
a Cr
u
z a
nd i
n t
he f
i
el
d,
al
l
l
oc
al
t
r
a
ns
p
or
t cos
t
s i
nc
l
ud
i
n
g ch
ar
t
er f
l
y
i
ng (
ex
cl
u
di
n
g hel
i
co
pt
e
r
s
wh
i
c
h a
r
e p
ai
d f
or by ODA)
and ce
r
t
a
i
n s
er
vi
ces
f
or t
he I
GS
team .
Th
e r
e
s
ul
t
s of t
h
e Pr
oj
ec
t a
r
e be
i
n
g i
n
co
r
p
or
a
t
ed i
n 21
co
mpr
eh
en
s
i
ve r
e
po
r
t
s i
n b
ot
h Eng
l
i
s
h a
nd Sp
an
i
s
h.
Some
de
s
c
r
i
b
e t
he ge
ol
o
gy and mi
ner
al
pot
e
nt
i
al
of t
he i
n
di
v
i
du
al
ma
p a
r
e
as s
h
own o
n Fi
gur
e 3,
and ot
h
er
s a
r
e de
vo
t
ed t
o t
he
mi
ne
r
a
l
pr
o
s
p
ec
t
s b
ei
n
g s
t
u
di
ed i
n d
et
ai
l
d
ur
i
ng Phas
e 1
1
.
The
r
e a
r
e a
l
s
o ov
er
a
l
l
s
u
mma
r
y r
ep
o
r
t
s and one de
t
ai
l
i
n
g t
he
r
e
s
u
l
t
s o
f t
he a
ge det
er
mi
nat
i
o
n pr
o
gr
am.
Al
l
t
he
s
e r
e
por
t
s
ar
e b
ei
ng pu
t on op
en f
i
l
e f
or c
ons
ul
t
at
i
on at I
GS (
Lo
nd
on a
nd
Key
wo
r
t
h)
and GEOBOL (
La Pa
z an
d S
an
t
a.
Cr
uz)
.
A nu
mb
er
of s
ci
ent
i
fi
c papers have al
so been publ
i
s
hed.
Wo
r
ki
n
g i
n Eas
t
er
n Bo
l
i
v
i
a
At t
he s
tar
t of the proj
ect,
the Proyect
o Precdmbr
i
co ar
ea
was t
er
r
a i
nc
o
gni
t
a;
i
t had n
ei
t
he
r be
en ma
pp
ed g
eol
ogi
cal
l
y
no
r s
ur
ve
yed s
ys
t
emat
i
ca
l
l
y f
o
r mi
n
e
r
al
dep
os
i
t
s
,
a
nd no
topogr
aphi
c maps wer
e avai
l
abl
e f
or the Nor
thern Zone.
4
o
nl
y s
p
ar
s
el
y i
n
hab
i
t
e
d a
nd l
ac
ki
n
g i
n r
oa
d
s.
Fi
el
d wo
r
k he
r
e
i
s carri
ed out bv maDDi
n2 br
i
2ades consi
sti
nQ of one Bri
t
i
sh
ano one bonvi
an geoi
ogi
s
t,
ano si
x t
o t
en peons wno i
n
a
dd
i
t
i
on t
o t
he
i
r o
t
her
du
t
i
e
s c
ut l
i
n
es
,
ba
ck-
pac
k f
oo
d and
e
qu
i
p
me
nt
,
h
un
t an
d f
i
s
h and make ca
mp.
I
n or
d
er
t
o g
ai
n
a
cc
es
s t
o and mo
ve abo
ut wi
t
hi
n t
h
ei
r
ar
eas
t
he b
r
i
g
ad
es u
s
e
DC3
'
s and s
i
ngl
e en
gi
ne pl
ane
s
,
hel
i
c
opt
er
s
,
Lan
d Rove
r
s
,
ox
-
c
ar
t
s and ho
r
s
e
s
,
woo
den l
au
nc
hes
,
du
go
ut
s
and a
l
umi
nu
m
c
an
oe
s
.
Eac
h ye
ar i
nd
i
vi
d
ua
l
br
i
ga
d
es ha
v
e cu
t many t
e
ns o
f
k
i
l
o
met
er
s of
"
r
oad
" t
h
r
ou
gh t
h
e f
or
e
s
t t
o g
i
ve acc
es
s f
o
r t
he
Lan
d Ro
ver
s
,
whi
l
e ma
ny hun
dr
ed
s o
f
ki
l
omet
er
s o
f j
un
gl
e
t
r
a
i
l
ar
e c
ut and s
ur
vey
ed on f
oo
t
.
The s
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
cs t
e
l
l
n
ot
h
i
ng
a
bo
ut
wa
di
ng t
hr
o
ug
h s
wamp
s
,
t
he s
war
ms of bi
t
i
ng i
ns
e
ct
s
,
t
he s
i
c
k
nes
s
es and i
n
j
ur
i
es t
ha
t h
av
e t
o b
e co
ped wi
t
h,
t
he
d
es
er
t
i
o
n of
pe
面s
,
t
he d
i
et
o
f
monk
ey me
at an
d r
i
ce,
and
t
emper
atures i
n t
he shade greater t
han 30'C!
The mos
t
di
f
f
i
cul
t a
nd h
az
ar
dou
s f
i
e
l
d o
pe
r
at
i
o
ns i
n
vol
ved
t
he map
pi
ng of t
h
e S
er
r
an
i
a Hu
a
nch
ac
a d
ur
i
ng 1
980 an
d 1
981
.
Thi
s was
t
h
e ar
ea exp
l
or
ed i
n 1
90
8 at t
he r
e
que
s
t
of t
he
Bol
ivian i
zovernm ent ;bv Eni
zl
ish survevor. Lt. C ol. Percv
r
i
ar
ri
son r awcett
. i qe i
ront
i
er Det
ween bonvi
a ano br
azi
j at
t
hat ti
me was uncer
tai
n and Fawcett l
ed an exDedi
ti
on UD the
Kt
o verue to its source in tne ,
jerrani
a m uancr
i
aca. u n r
us
r
et
ur
n t
o Lo
ndo
n,
hi
s gr
a
ph
i
c d
es
cr
i
pt
i
on
s t
o t
he Roya
l
Ge
og
r
a
ph
i
c S
oc
i
et
y o
f t
he f
or
e
s
t
e
d "
Gr
e
en Hel
l
" al
ong t
he
Ve
r
de and e
s
p
eci
al
l
y o
f t
h
e my
s
t
er
i
ou
s Hu
an
ch
aca t
a
bl
e
l
an
d
bo
und
ed on a
l
l
s
i
de
s by pr
ec
i
p
i
t
ou
s cl
i
f
f
s,
s
t
i
mu
l
at
ed S
i
r
Ar
thur Conan Doyl
e to wri
te hi
s cel
ebrat
ed book "The Lost
Wor
l
d
" whe
r
e Ju
r
a
s
s
i
c an
d Cr
et
a
ce
ou
s f
au
na an
d fl
or
a,
i
nc
l
u
di
pg di
nos
au
r
s
,
we
r
e s
u
pp
os
ed t
o be p
r
e
s
er
ved
.
J
Geol
ogi
cal Rel
ati
onshi
ps
The Pr
ecambr
i
an r
ocks of east
ern Bol
i
vi
a devel
oped duri
ng
f
o
ur or
og
en
i
c cyc
l
e
s (
L
i
t
h
er
l
an
d a
nd Bl
oomf
i
el
d
,
1
9
81
)
. The
ol
des
t r
o
ck
s ar
e as
s
i
gn
ed t
o t
he Tr
a
ns
-
Ama
zo
ni
a
n Cycl
e
EPI
SODES, Vol
. 1982,
No. 4.
b
el
t
s
f
or
mi
ng s
yn
cl
i
nal
dep
r
es
s
i
on
s of
l
oca
l
f
ac
i
e
s var
i
at
i
o
ns
.
土2 600 Ma) and are r
epres
ent
ed by t
he Lomas Maneches
Gr
anul
i
t
e Gr
oup and t
he bul
k of t
he Chi
qui
tani
a Gnei
ss
These schi
s
t bel
ts ar
e mai
nl
y composed of metapel
i
t
i
c schi
s
ts
wi
th a vari
abl
e meta-
ps
ammi
ti
c f
ract
i
on,
and i
ncl
ude thi
n
l
ayer
s of gr
aphi
ti
c schi
sts
, cal
c-si
l
i
cat
es,
met
a-
i
ronst
ones
and meta-vol
cani
cs.
There i
s al
so a basi
c/
ul
tramafi
c si
l
l
-
Comp
l
ex
.
Th
e
s
e un
i
t
s ar
e c
ompo
s
e
d e
s
s
ent
i
a
l
l
y o
f h
i
gh
-
g
r
ad
e
gr
anul
i
t
es and paragnei
ss
es,
most
ly of met
asedi
ment
arv ori
-
gi
n i
Dut mci
uai
ng Dasi
c nypersT
nene granuutes ano enc
i
eroi
ti
c
g
r
an
ul
i
t
e
s co
ns
i
d
er
e
d t
o b
e i
gn
eou
s
.
丁he en
s
i
al
i
c S
an I
gn
aci
o Cyc
l
e(
<18
00
-13
00 Ma
)
b
ega
n wi
t
h
f
or
mi
ng p
ha
s
e.
The cy
c
l
e cul
mi
nat
ed i
n t
h
e Sa
n I
g
nac
i
o
Schi
st Group that i
s mai
nl
y repres
ented by di
s
crete s
chi
st
nerated ext
ens
i
ve mi
gmat
i
tes,
synki
ner
nati
c GI and post-
Orogeny 一 a regi
onal NW-tr
endi
ng tect
ono-metamorphi
c
ev
ent
t
h
at
r
e
wo
r
k
ed t
he ol
d
er gr
a
nu
l
i
t
e b
as
emen
t and g
e-
t
he de
po
s
i
t
i
o
n of
t
h
e s
ed
i
men
t
s now f
or
mi
n
g t
he Sa
n I
gn
aci
o
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Compi
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on Map a厂Easter
n Bol
i
vi
a.
EPI
S
ODES,
Vol
.
1
982,
No.
4.
5
ki
nema
t
i
c G2 g
r
a
ni
t
e
s
.
I
n t
h
e No
r
t
h
er
n Zo
ne t
hes
e f
or
m t
he
ver
y extensi
ve Pensami
ento Gr
ani
toi
d Compl
ex.
Th
e Sun
s
a
s Or
oge
ni
c二艺SL
e(
<13
00
-
95
0 Ma)
b
ega
n wi
t
h t
he
er
os
i
on of
pr
e-
e
xi
s
t
i
ng r
oc
ks a
nd dep
os
i
t
i
on of
t
he mol
as
s
e-
l
i
k
e s
e
di
me
nt
s as
s
i
g
ned t
o t
he Su
ns
a
s
,
Vi
bos
i
and Hu
an
ch
aca
Gr
oup
s
.
S
ubs
eq
ue
nt def
or
ma
t
i
o
n o
f t
he
s
e and ol
der
r
oc
ks was
es
s
ent
i
a
l
l
y c
on
f
i
ne
d t
o t
he NW-
t
r
en
di
ng cur
vi
l
i
ne
ar S
uns
as
Or
oge
ni
c Be
l
t now f
o
r
mi
ng t
he s
ou
t
hwe
s
t
e
r
n p
or
t
i
on o
f t
he
s
hi
el
d ou
t
cr
op.
Def
or
mat
i
on wa
s acc
ompan
i
e
d b
y a ma
j
or
ph
as
e of
gr
an
i
t
oi
d (
G2
,
G3
)
d
ev
el
op
ment
.
The ou
t
cr
op
pat
t
er
n o
f t
h
e S
an I
gna
ci
o Gr
oup s
c
hi
s
t be
l
t
s i
n t
h
i
s S
uns
as
Or
oge
ni
c Bel
t i
s
d
ue t
o ov
er
p
r
i
nt
i
ng by t
h
e Su
ns
as Or
o
gen
y.
The nor
t
h
eas
t
er
n mar
g
i
n o
f t
he Su
ns
a
s Or
o
gen
i
c Bel
t i
s
f
or
me
d by t
h
e t
ec
t
o
ni
c Conc
epc
i
6n a
nd Sa
n Di
a
bl
o Fr
on
t
s or
"
s
t
r
ai
ght
en
i
ng z
one
s
" be
t
ween i
t
a
nd a qu
as
i
-
c
r
at
on
i
c Mar
gi
-
nol
Zo
ne t
hat o
nl
y un
de
r
went
mod
er
a
t
e an
d l
oca
l
i
z
ed d
ef
o
r
-
mat
i
on. Furt
her toward the NE thi
s semi
-
stabl
e zone pass
es
i
n
t
o t
h
e Par
a
gu
a Cr
at
on,
a r
i
g
i
d st
a
bl
e b
l
oc
k on wh
i
c
h t
he
S
un
s
as s
ed
i
men
t
s a
r
e es
s
ent
i
al
l
y u
nde
f
o
r
med.
The cl
os
e of
t
he Sunsas Cycl
e marked the cratoni
zati
on of the shi
el
d.
The Ri
nc
6n del
Ti
g
r
e La
ver
ed I
gne
ou
s Co
mpl
e
x(1 9
92 Ma
) i
s
de
s
cr
i
be
d b
y Fl
et
c
he
r e
t al
.
(
1
9
81
)
.
Mor
e r
e
cen
t d
et
a
i
l
ed
mapp
i
ng s
hows t
ha
t Cer
r
o Man
om6 i
s f
or
med of
a hi
g
hl
y
br
ecc
i
at
ed and i
nt
ens
e
l
y s
i
l
i
c
i
f
i
ed p
ar
agn
ei
s
s co
r
e s
u
r
r
o
un
ded
by a l
e
s
s h
i
ghl
y a
l
t
er
ed au
r
eo
l
e.
Thes
e ar
e al
l
c
ut by a
n
i
r
r
eg
ul
a
r net
wor
k o
f car
bon
at
i
t
i
c dy
k
es and s
h
eet
s t
hat
h
ave
al
s
o und
er
gon
e p
er
vas
i
ve mul
t
i
ph
as
e hy
dr
ot
her
ma
l
al
t
e
r
at
i
on
ca
us
i
ng d
es
t
r
uc
t
i
on of
al
l
t
h
e car
bo
nat
e mi
ner
al
s
,
i
nt
e
ns
e
s
i
l
i
ci
f
i
ca
t
i
o
n,
a
nd acc
ompa
nyi
ng l
i
ber
at
i
on and de
po
s
i
t
i
on o
f
a range of mi
neral
s descr
i
bed bel
ow.
Mi
nor amount
s of
apa
t
i
t
e r
oc
k,
agg
l
omer
at
es and l
a
vas al
s
o occ
ur
.
Nume
r
o
us ups
t
an
di
n
g qu
ar
t
z b
r
ec
ci
a r
ee
f
s cut t
he b
as
ement
comp
l
ex and t
h
e r
o
ck
s o
f t
he Ve
l
a
s
co Al
kal
i
ne Co
mp
l
ex
around whi
ch t
hey are part
i
cul
ar
l
y common. They are
pr
o
ba
bl
y of Te
r
t
i
ar
y ag
e and co
ns
a
ngu
i
ne
ou
s wi
t
h t
he s
i
l
i
c
i
f
i
-
cat
i
on of Cer
r
o Ma
nom6.
The Ter
t
i
ar
y h
i
s
t
or
y i
s al
s
o mar
k
ed
b
y t
hr
e
e t
o f
o
ur s
uc
ces
s
i
v
e cyc
l
es of
l
at
er
i
l
i
z
at
i
on
Mi
neral
i
zati
on
Nu
mer
ou
s mi
n
er
a
l
s
howi
n
gs and geo
che
mi
cal
an
omal
i
es ha
ve
b
ee
n f
ou
nd d
ur
i
ng t
he cou
r
s
e o
f Pr
oy
ec
t
o Pr
ec
z
i
mb
r
i
co,
a
nd
a
l
t
h
ou
gh on
l
y a s
mal
l
f
r
a
ct
i
on o
f t
h
es
e c
an be ex
pe
ct
e
d t
o
a l
ayered si
l
l
-l
i
ke pl
uton esti
mated to be between 3000 and
eventual
l
y devel
op i
nto economi
c mi
neral deposi
ts,
a number
4 60
0 m t
h
i
c
k,
me
as
ur
i
ng s
ome 62 x 2
7 km and ex
po
s
ed ove
r
of
t
h
em l
ook v
er
y p
r
o
mi
s
i
ng a
nd war
r
ant f
u
r
t
h
er wo
r
k.
I
n
a
ddi
t
i
o
n t
o t
h
e mi
ner
al
p
r
o
s
p
ect
s
act
ua
l
l
y di
s
cov
er
ed b
y
Pr
o
yec
i
o Pr
ecAmb
r
i
co t
h
er
e ar
e ot
her i
mpor
t
ant
mi
n
er
a
l
an ar
ea of about 720 kM2.
I
t compr
i
ses a basal Ul
tr
amafi
c
Uni
t
(
max.
30
00 m)
of
al
t
er
nat
i
ng cy
cl
i
c uni
t
s i
nc
l
ud
i
n
g
s
erpenti
ni
zed duni
tes,
bronzi
ti
t
es,
pi
cri
te,
mel
anor
i
te and
fi
el
ds that have been known for some ti
me and whi
ch i
n the
h
ar
z
bu
r
g
i
t
e;
a med
i
an Ma
f
i
c Un
i
t (
max.
155
0 m)
of nor
i
t
e,
mag
ne
t
i
t
e g
ab
br
o a
nd t
hol
ei
i
t
i
c gab
br
o;
a
nd a t
opmos
t Fel
s
i
c
Uni
t
(
7
50 m)
of
g
r
a
nop
hy
r
e.
Th
e pl
u
t
on was i
n
t
r
u
de
d i
nt
o t
he
Mar
gi
nal
Zon
e,
d
i
f
f
er
e
nt
i
at
ed a
nd t
hen ope
n-
f
ol
de
d wi
t
h l
i
mb
d
i
ps of
up t
o 450
.
Thi
s r
e
n
ewed i
nt
er
es
t
i
s l
a
r
g
el
y a di
r
e
ct
r
es
ul
t o
f t
h
e i
nt
e
r
es
t
i
n t
he mi
n
er
al
p
ot
e
nt
i
al
of
t
h
e Pr
ecamb
r
i
a
n s
hi
e
l
d ge
ner
at
e
d
by t
he Pr
oj
e
ct
.
The mos
t
i
mpor
t
an
t mi
ne
r
al
i
z
ed ar
eas i
n t
h
e
r
e
gi
on a
r
e s
ho
wn on t
he map and ar
e d
es
cr
i
b
ed i
n t
h
e
The Br
a
zi
l
i
an Or
og
eni
c Cy
cl
e (
<95
0
-
500 Ma
)
i
s r
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
e
d i
n
Bol
i
vi
a b
y un
met
amor
p
h
os
ed s
e
que
nc
es on t
he e
as
t
er
n and
s
out
her
n mar
g
i
ns
of
t
he s
hi
el
d.
I
n t
he ea
s
t
,
geo
s
y
ncl
i
na
l
s
edi
ment
s of
t
he Boq
ui
Gr
ou
p t
h
at i
s an ex
t
en
s
i
o
n o
f t
h
e
Par
agu
ay
-
Ar
a
gua
i
a bel
t i
n Br
a
zi
l
(
Al
mei
da et a
l
.
,
1
97
6)
,
c
ompr
i
s
e con
gl
omer
at
e
s ar
k
os
e
s,
s
hal
es
,
l
i
mes
t
on
es
,
g
r
ey
-
past few years have begun to be worked on a smal
l scal
e.
f
ol
l
owi
ng.
Cer
r
o Ma
nomo wa
s f
i
r
s
t i
de
nt
i
f
i
e
d on s
at
el
l
i
t
e i
mag
er
y b
y
I
GS geo
l
o
gi
s
t
s i
n 1
976 pr
i
or
t
o t
he s
t
ar
t of t
he Pr
oj
ect
and
was a t
ar
get
f
o
r i
nve
s
t
i
ga
t
i
o
ns ear
l
y i
n Ph
as
e 1
.
Ano
ma
l
ou
s
concentrati
ons of ni
obi
um,
vanadi
um, rare earth el
ements,
s
c
and
i
u
m,
t
ho
r
i
um,
ur
ani
um,
bar
i
um and pho
s
ph
at
e wer
e
wackes,
banded i
ronst
ones and cherts.
These were l
ocal
l
y
found i
n i
ts soi
l
s and rocks. Thi
s s
ti
mul
ated detai
l
ed f
ol
l
ow-
f
ol
d
ed abo
ut
N-
t
r
en
di
ng ax
es
,
an
d a
r
e unc
on
f
or
mabl
y o
ver
l
ai
n
b
y t
h
e Mu
r
ci
jl
a
go Gr
o
up o
f r
ee
f and non
-
r
ee
f l
i
me
s
t
o
ne
s of
p
r
ob
ab
l
e Ca
mb
r
i
an ag
e.
On t
he s
o
ut
h
er
n f
l
ank of
t
he s
h
i
e
l
d
t
he mi
oge
os
ync
l
i
nal
dol
omi
t
i
c l
i
mes
t
on
e
s,
s
and
s
t
one
s and
s
h
al
es of
Tuc
av
aca Gr
o
up ar
e c
on
f
i
n
ed t
o a WNW一
t
r
end
i
n
g
f
a
ul
t
-
con
t
r
o
l
l
e
d b
a
si
n (
au
l
a
co
gen)
.
Th
e u
n
conf
or
ma
bl
y ov
er
-
up wo
r
k i
n Pha
s
e 1
1
t
hat i
ncl
ud
ed t
he con
s
t
r
uct
i
on o
f a
c
ont
ou
r
ed 1
:
1
000
0 s
ca
l
e t
op
ogr
aph
i
c b
as
e
map of
t
he moun
-
t
a
i
n,
det
ai
l
ed geo
l
o
gi
ca
l
map
pi
ng,
ge
oc
hemi
c
al
s
amp
l
i
ng of
s
o
i
l
s and r
oc
ks
,
p
i
t
t
i
ng,
r
a
t
emet
er and s
p
ec
t
r
o
me
t
er
s
u
r
v
eys
,
an
d t
hou
s
and
s o
f c
hemi
c
al
ana
l
y
s
es of
t
he s
a
mp
l
es
co
l
l
e
ct
e
d.
l
i
e rocks of t
he Sunsas Cycl
e i
n t
he west and the Boqui
Gr
oup
Mes
o
zo
i
c i
gn
eo
us ac
t
i
v
i
t
y i
n ea
s
t
e
r
n Bol
i
vi
a i
s r
ep
r
e
s
e
nt
e
d
t
hr
ee s
e
par
at
e al
ka
l
i
n
e co
mpl
e
xes
.
Th
es
e l
i
n
e up al
on
g
me
ga
l
i
nea
me
nt t
ha
t i
s a co
nt
i
nu
at
i
on of t
h
e Par
ag
uay Bel
t
r
e
gar
ded as a f
a
i
l
e
d ar
m o
f a t
r
i
p
l
e p
oi
n
t r
e
l
a
t
ed t
o t
he
b
r
eak
-
up of
t
h
e S
out
h Ame
r
i
c
a-
Af
r
i
ca pl
at
e (
Fl
et
c
her
a
nd
Li
t
he
r
l
a
nd,
1
981
)
.
Thi
s wor
k has proved the exi
st
ence, on the Eas
ter
n Spur, of a
m easures some 20 x
body of r
adi
oacti
ve apati
terock. This 115 m at the sur
face wi
th a mi
ni
mum measured r
es
erve,
based
p
i
t
t
i
n
g
,
o
f
5
8
0
0
0
me
t
r
i
c
t
o
n
s
.
I
t
h
a
s
a
n
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
on
9 门〕
吻a
i
n the east
.
rade
01
3.
5% P2
05 (
r
a
ng
e1
.
5
-
22
%)
;
0.
1
% U (
r
an
ge 0.
01
-
The three-
.
57%) and 0.
2% Th (
r
an
ge 0.
05-0.
84%)
.
known and
di
mens
i
onal f
orm of the apa
ti
t
er
ock body i
snot d
r
i
l
l
i
ng i
s now r
eq
u
i
r
ed t
o det
er
mi
ne t
hi
s and the total
t
o
nn
ag
e an
d gr
a
de of t
he or
e.
Al
t
hou
gh t
oo hi
gh i
n i
r
on t
o b
e
The vol
can
o
-
pl
ut
o
ni
c Ca
ndel
ar
i
a Al
kal
i
ne Co
mpl
e
x (
11
6-
9
0
Ma)
occ
ur
s al
o
ng
s
i
d
e t
h
e E-
t
r
en
di
n
g Mer
c
ed
es Ri
f
t
.
i
t
comp
r
i
s
es a ne
ph
el
i
n
e s
y
en
i
t
e pl
ut
o
n a
nd a s
ep
ar
at
e bo
dy
f
ormed mai
nl
y of nordmar
ki
t
e and trachyte wi
t
h mi
nor
f
oy
ai
t
e a
nd p
ho
no
l
i
t
e p
has
e
s
.
Ou
t
l
i
er
s
o
f re
d co
nt
i
nen
t
a
l
-
t
yp
e Cr
et
ace
o
us s
a
nd
s
t
o
ne
s ou
t
cr
op near
by.
The El
Ti
g
re A卜
kal
i
ne Compl
e
x i
s a coa
r
s
e-
g
r
ai
ned nor
dmar
ki
t
e pl
ut
on
,
s
ome 42 km i
n di
a
me
t
er
,
s
ho
wi
n
g pr
o
mi
ne
nt cumul
at
e l
a
ye
r
-
i
ng and cur
r
en
t bed
di
ng.
The Vel
a
sc
o Al
k
al
i
ne Compl
e
x (
1
46
-1
3
4 Ma)
i
s by f
ar t
h
e
l
ar
ge
st
of t
h
e t
hr
e
e c
ompl
e
xe
s
.
I
t co
ns
i
s
t
s of an e
ar
l
y
v
ol
c
an
i
c s
ui
t
e o
f ag
gl
o
me
r
at
es
,
wel
de
d a
nd b
r
ec
ci
at
ed t
uf
f
s
a
nd p
or
p
hy
r
i
t
i
c t
r
a
chy
t
e f
l
ows
,
and a s
er
i
es of
1
4 i
nt
er
f
e
r
i
n
g
ci
rcul
ar, ri
ng and el
l
i
pt
i
cal pl
utons i
ncl
udi
ng f
oyai
te,
pul
as
-
te,
ri
ebecki
t
e gr
ani
te and
k
i
t
e,
no
r
dmar
k
i
t
e,
q
uar
t
z syeni
Fl
etcher and
b
i
ot
i
t
e gr
a
ni
t
e a
s t
he m ain rock types (
km 2 and Li
ther
l
and, 1981)
. These pl
utonsc o ve r som e 440 oc cu r
li
es a
6
on a NE-
t
r
en
di
n
g l
i
nea
ment
,
atthe N E end of w hich
carbonati
ti
c compl
ex 一 Cerr
o Man
omd 一 or
i
gi
n
al
l
y
Fi
qure 4: Ri
o Ver
de basecamp on t
he Serr
ani
a Huanchaca.
EPI
SODES, Vol
. 1982,
No.
4.
s
ui
t
abl
e f
or t
he manu
f
ac
t
u
r
e of s
uper
ph
os
p
ha
t
e,
t
he r
o
ck
c
oul
d b
e us
e
d as a s
mal
l
-
s
cal
e s
our
ce o
f f
u
s
ed s
o
da pho
s
p
hat
e
f
ert
i
l
i
zer.
El
sewhere on Cerr
o Manom6 enri
chment i
n
ni
obi
um and rare eart
h el
ement
s has been confi
rmed but at
l
evel
s too l
ow to be of economi
c i
nter
est.
The Ri
nc6
n del
Ti
gr
e I
gn
eou
s Compl
e
x was
r
e
co
gn
i
z
e
d e
ar
l
y
o
n as a p
ot
e
nt
i
al
l
y f
a
vou
r
ab
l
e t
ar
g
et f
or as
be
s
t
os
,
ni
c
ke
l
,
copper,
and pl
at
i
num mi
neral
i
zat
i
on and was therefor
e
s
t
udi
ed i
n s
o
me det
a
i
l
du
r
i
n
g一
Pha
s
e I
.
The r
es
ul
t
s of
t
he
g
eoc
he
mi
cal
s
ur
v
ey
s wer
e s
u
f
f
i
c
i
ent
l
y enc
ou
r
ag
i
ng t
o war
-
r
ant
f
o
l
l
o
w-
up wor
k du
r
i
n
g Pha
s
e I
I
,
an
d det
ai
l
e
d ma
ppi
ng,
t
r
en
ch
i
ng a
nd pi
t
t
i
n
g,
geo
che
mi
cal
a
nd ge
oph
ys
i
ca
l
s
ur
v
ey
s
wer
e ca
r
r
i
e
d ou
t o
n s
ur
vey
ed gr
i
ds cut
a
cr
o
s
s t
he a
nomal
ous
areas.
Al
t
ho
ug
h c
hr
omi
t
e an
d as
b
es
t
os h
av
e bee
n f
ou
nd i
n t
h
e
Ri
nc6n r
o
ck
s,
r
es
u
l
t
s
t
o d
at
e s
u
gg
es
t t
h
at t
he
s
e mi
ner
al
s d
o
not occur i
n suffi
ci
ent concentr
ati
ons t
o be of economi
c
i
n
t
er
es
t
.
Howev
er
,
pi
t
t
i
n
g a
nd s
a
mp
l
i
n
g i
n t
he Cer
r
o Pel
o
n
s
ec
t
or
of t
he c
ompl
e
x has
l
ed t
o t
he f
i
r
s
t
do
cu
me
nt
e
d
di
s
co
ver
y of
g
ar
n
i
er
i
t
i
c ni
cke
l
i
n Bol
i
v
i
a.
The ni
ck
el
d
ep
os
i
t
s
ave
r
a
ge 1
.
0
% over
a met
e
r t
hi
c
kne
s
s
,
t
o
t
al
l
i
n
g ap
pr
ox
i
ma
t
e
l
y
50 000 tonnes of metal
l
i
c ni
ckel
.
Thi
s i
s i
ns
uf
f
i
ci
ent to mi
ne,
b
ut as on
l
y 7 kM2
of
app
r
o
xi
mat
el
y 550 kM2
u
nd
er
l
ai
n by
ul
t
r
ama
fi
c r
oc
ks i
n t
he Ri
n
c6n comp
l
ex hav
e b
een s
y
s
t
emat
i
-
cal
l
y pr
o
s
p
ect
e
d,
t
h
e p
ot
e
nt
i
al
f
or
t
h
e di
s
cov
er
y o
f f
ur
t
her
ni
ckel i
s consi
der
ed to be rel
ati
vel
y hi
gh.
Det
ai
l
ed s
t
u
di
e
s of t
he r
econ
na
i
s
s
anc
e g
eoc
he
r
ni
c
al
anoma
-
l
i
es hav
e r
es
ul
t
ed i
n t
he d
i
s
c
ov
er
y of wi
de
s
p
r
ead di
s
s
e
mi
-
n
at
e
d co
pp
er mi
ne
r
a
l
i
z
at
i
o
n i
n t
he magn
et
i
t
e ga
bbr
os f
or
m-
i
ng pa
r
t of t
h
e ma
f
i
c u
ni
t of
t
h
e c
omp
l
ex,
wi
t
h l
o
cal
concentrati
ons of between 1.
5% and 2.
0% copper.
Loose
Fi
g
ur
e 5:
Ma
nha
ndl
i
ng h
ea
vi
l
y l
a
de
n al
umi
ni
um c
an
oe up
rapi
ds on t
he Ri
o Negro.
t
o 53.
5 g.
A l
ot o
f go
l
d r
emai
n
s t
o be won f
r
om t
he a
r
ea
wh
i
ch i
s s
ui
t
abl
e f
or s
ma
l
l
pl
ace
r op
er
at
i
on
s.
Gi
ve
n go
od
val
ues these coul
d hel
p fi
nance a search for economi
c con-
cen
t
r
a
t
i
ons
of b
edr
ock gol
d i
n t
h
e ar
e
a,
whi
c
h al
s
o h
as b
as
e
metal possi
bi
l
i
ti
es.
bl
ock
s of ma
s
s
i
ve ch
al
c
oc
i
t
e
-
cup
r
i
t
e-
ma
l
a
chi
t
e-
nat
i
ve c
op
per
ha
ve a
l
s
o bee
n f
ou
nd.
The r
e
s
ul
t
s ar
e ve
r
y enco
ur
a
gi
ng,
and
dr
i
l
l
i
ng ma
y b
e car
r
i
ed o
ut i
n 1
983
.
Th
e As
cen
s
i
6r
i
de Gu
ar
a
Vo
s Ti
n厂
i
el
d was f
oun
d b g
y eo-
Ser
r
a
ni
a Sa
n Si
mc
}
n q
ol
df
i
el
d:
Go
l
d i
s r
umou
r
e
d t
o ha
ve bee
n
mi
n
ed i
n S
er
r
ani
a Sa
n S
i
m6n by t
he I
n
cas
,
bu
t t
he f
i
r
s
t
aut
hen
t
i
c
at
e
d mi
ni
n
g was
by t
he J
es
u
i
t
s ove
r a p
er
i
od of 30
-
ques duri
ng Phase 1
1 and is the
chemi
cal pros
pecti
ng techni
and fr
om the '
mother l
ode'
. Then f
rom 1905-1920 Sat
ur
ni
no
ner
al
i
zat
i
on i
n Pr
ecambri
an r
ocks of
fi
rst di
s
cover
y of t
i
nm i
one of them a m ean of 600Jg of
3 ha- beenfound,
Sn02 perm wi
th up to al
most 4000 gof ese a
met
ers of sandy gravel
. Th(
re very i
nteresti
ng val
ues
Sn0
2 pe
r m 3
i
n t
he ba
s
al
t
wo
comparabl
e wit
h grades of al
l
uvi
al cass
i
teri
te mi
ned i
n Brazi
l
i
n the di
scovery of copper
-l
ead-zi
nc anomal
i
es i
n soi
l
s and
s
t
r
ea
m s
edi
ment
s
.
The g
eol
ogi
cal
e
nv
i
r
on
me
nt i
n whi
ch
t
h
es
e an
omal
i
es occ
ur
i
s ver
y f
a
vour
ab
l
e and i
s a
na
l
o
gou
s t
o
bu
yi
ng ext
r
a mi
n
i
ng equ
i
p
me
nt a
nd abs
co
nde
d wi
t
h a l
i
t
e
r
b
ot
t
l
e o
f g
ol
d
.
Two s
epa
r
at
e s
ma
l
l
ope
r
at
i
on
s wer
e con
du
ct
ed 1
94
4 t
o 1
945
and 1962 t
o 1964, and as al
ways t
her
e are numerous tal
es of
the di
scovery and l
oss of great ri
ches.
A det
ai
l
ed fi
el
d
谗嗜薰
g
eoc
her
ni
ca
l
p
r
os
p
ect
i
ng i
n t
h
i
s a
r
ea d
ur
i
n
g Pha
s
e I
r
es
u
l
t
ed
to a hal
t when Boyd j
ourneyed to the USA on t
he pret
ext of
as
ses
sment i
n 1974 concl
uded that the auri
f
er
ous quartz vei
ns
粼
训一
S
on Jo
s
j de Chi
qui
t
os
:
Reg
i
ona
l
ge
ol
o
gi
c
al
mapp
i
n
g a
nd
al
l
uv
i
a
l
and har
dr
o
ck mi
ni
n
g op
er
a
t
i
o
ns
.
The op
er
a
t
i
o
n ca
me
翻 翻引 只资
厂1
肠』
冲 招拢淤 ; 、
热欲
a
nd Mal
ay
s
i
a.
Ac
co
r
di
n
gl
y,
a d
r
i
l
l
i
ng pr
og
r
am d
es
i
g
ned t
o
e
val
u
at
e t
he t
i
n
f
i
e
l
d h
as b
een dr
a
wn u
p and may b
e ca
r
r
i
ed
ou
t dur
i
ng 1
983
.
Saucedo, t
he l
ocal baron of t
he area who commanded about
80 sl
aves,
and his associ
ate Juan Boyd s
upervi
sed bot
h
敷
derived from t
he weather-
eastern Bolivia. The cassiterite is i
ng of pe
gmat
i
t
e dy
ke
s a
nd i
sconcentrated i
n the gravel
fraction of t
he al
l
uvi
um wi
thi
n nearby canyons. Three
in
shall
ow drillho
l
es have been put down i
nthe canyonsand 40 years i
n t
he 18t
h Centur
y.
Rel
i
cs of thei
r worki
ngs
s
ugg
es
t t
ha
t t
h
ey won a gr
eat
d
ea
l
of
g
ol
d,
bot
h f
r
om pl
a
ce
r
s
龚
呱
t
h
e Kat
an
gi
d
e-
Damar
i
de Be
l
t of
c
ent
r
al
a
nd s
ou
t
h
wes
t
er
n
Af
r
i
c
a.
Fo
l
l
o
w-
u
p s
ur
vey
s i
n t
he San J
os
6 ar
ea d
ur
i
ng Phas
e
1
1
ver
i
f
i
ed t
he
s
e i
nt
er
e
s
t
i
n
g bas
e-
met
a
l
anoma
l
i
e
s an
d l
oc
at
e
d
豁 吕
黔萝
巍
薯
哪黎
ot
her Pr
ecambri
an s
edi
ment
ary and vol
cano-sedi
mentar
y
st
rat
i
for
m ores such as t
he copper and l
ead-zi
nc deposi
ts of
玺
‘1
,
尹 沂面盛 诀
哭叹
zones of al
terat
i
on and sul
phi
de mi
ner
al
i
zati
on.
Fur
ther
detai
l
ed work has been recommended.
S
an J
avi
er
/
San Ram6
n g
ol
d
f
i
el
d:
Al
l
u
vi
al
gol
d,
di
s
c
ov
er
e
d i
n
the Sant
a Ros
a de ]
a Mi
na area to t
he s
out
h of San Javi
er,
was mi
ned sporadi
cal
l
y fr
om 1888 to the mi
d-1950s.
At one
ti
me over 7000 peopl
e were empl
oyed.
I
nter
est has agai
n
been ki
ndl
ed by Pr
oyect
o Precdmbri
co and the rel
ati
vel
y hi
gh
滋
缝
簿
蒸鬓黔蒸汀一
pr
i
ce of gol
d.
A s
ma
l
l
g
ol
d r
us
h s
t
a
r
t
e
d ear
l
y i
n 1
9
82 wi
t
h
t
he r
edi
s
co
ver
y o
f g
ood p
l
ac
er gol
d val
ue
s i
n a c
r
ee
k ea
s
t o
f
San Ramdn.
Dur
i
ng t
he f
i
r
s
t t
hr
ee we
eks o
f t
he r
us
h ab
out
1
3 ou
nce
s of gol
d wer
e won by l
oc
al
coo
pe
r
at
i
ve
s us
i
ng ver
y
pr
i
mi
t
i
v
e t
echn
i
q
ues
.
The gol
d or
i
gi
n
at
e
s i
n q
uar
t
z ve
i
ns
and
Fi
gur
e 6:
Bol
i
vi
an ge
ol
ogi
s
t co
l
l
e
ct
i
nq a qeo
c
hemi
c
al
st
r
e
am
occurs i
n al
l
si
zes from mi
nute fl
akes t
o nuggets wei
ghi
ng up
sedi
ment sampl
e f
rom t
he Ri
o Tarvo.
EPI
SODES, Vol
.
1982,
No.
4.
粉 获奖燮掩
7
i
n one s
ec
t
or
co
ns
t
i
t
u
t
e a
n ex
p
l
oi
t
ab
l
e zo
ne over
3 x 1500 m
car
r
y
i
n
g an av
er
age of
t
wo t
o t
hr
ee gr
ams per
t
o
nne,
wh
i
c
h
as
s
umi
n
g a mi
n
i
mum d
ep
t
h o
f 1
00 m was es
t
i
mat
e
d t
o
r
ep
r
es
e
nt a r
e
s
er
ve o
f 578
70 t
r
oy ou
nc
es o
f go
l
d.
The Sa
n
S
i
m6n g
ol
d
f
i
e
l
d i
s b
ei
n
g s
t
u
di
e
d i
n de
t
ai
l
b
y Pr
o
yec
t
o Pr
e
-
c6mbr
i
co geol
o
gi
s
t
s a
nd t
he
r
e s
eems
l
i
t
t
l
e do
ubt t
h
at muc
h
gol
d sti
l
l remai
ns to be won.
Th
e Sa
n I
g
naci
o and Co
nc
e
pci
血 pe
gmat
i
t
e f
i
e
l
d
s:
The comp
-
l
e
x pe
gma
t
i
t
es s
out
h o
f Sa
n I
gn
aci
o and Con
cep
ci
dn wer
e
o
r
i
gi
nal
l
y mi
n
ed f
or
mus
c
ov
i
t
e and b
er
yl
bu
t pr
o
du
ct
i
on ha
d
cea
s
ed by 1
968.
Howeve
r
,
i
n 1
9
80 i
n
t
e
r
e
s
t i
n t
he
s
e p
egma
-
t
i
t
e fi
el
ds was renewed and sever
al of the m i
nes wer
e
r
eopened by l
ocal smal
l mi
ners i
n order t
o ext
ract tantal
i
t
e
(
pr
i
ce i
n 1
981
ar
ou
nd ¥85
/
l
b)
an
d co
l
u
mb
i
t
e.
Pr
oj
e
ct geo
l
o
-
g
i
s
t
s ha
ve h
el
p
ed t
he l
o
cal
mi
n
er
s b
y pr
ov
i
d
i
ng e
nco
ur
age
-
ment and advi
ce and have themsel
ves carri
ed out det
ai
l
ed
s
u
r
v
ey
s a
i
med at f
i
nd
i
ng t
a
nt
al
i
t
e
-
co
l
u
m b
i
t
e p
eg
mat
i
t
es i
n
t
he ar
ea.
Four
d
i
s
c
r
et
e g
eo
che
mi
ca
l
t
an
t
a
l
i
t
e a
nomal
i
es
(
r
ang
e 1
3
0
-
560 pp
m Ta
) no
t a
s
s
o
c
i
at
ed wi
t
h kno
wn p
eg-
mat
i
t
e
s ha
ve b
een f
oun
d i
n t
h
e S
a
n I
g
nac
i
o a
r
ea.
Fur
t
her
de
t
a
i
l
e
d p
r
o
s
pe
ct
i
ng f
o
r t
an
t
al
i
t
e-
b
ea
r
i
n
g pe
gmat
i
t
e
s i
s
i
nd
i
ca
t
ed by t
he
s
e en
cou
r
a
gi
n
g r
es
ul
t
s
.
La Gai
b
a-
Anai
r
oc
k c
r
v
s
f
a
l
an
d amet
hv
s
t厂
i
e
l
d:
I
n t
he
ea
s
t
er
n e
x
t
r
e
mi
t
y of t
h
e Pr
oj
e
ct ar
ea,
n
ear
t
he bo
r
d
er wi
t
h
Br
azi
l
, ext
ensi
ve depos
i
ts of quar
tz, amethys
t and ci
tr
i
ne
oc
cu
r i
n s
i
l
i
c
i
f
i
ed n
or
t
h-
t
r
end
i
n
g f
aul
t z
o
nes c
ut
t
i
ng
Camb
r
i
an l
i
me
s
t
o
ne
s
.
Thi
s s
emi
p
r
e
c
i
ou
s gemf
i
el
d i
s s
ai
d t
o
h
ave b
ee
n f
i
r
s
t d
i
s
c
ov
er
ed i
n a
bou
t 1
960 and h
as
yi
el
d
ed
un
kn
own qu
ant
i
t
i
es o
f g
em ma
t
er
i
a
l
o
ver
t
h
e p
as
t
20 yea
r
s
,
t
h
ou
gh i
t i
s on
l
y s
i
nce 1
980 t
h
at t
he d
ep
os
i
t
s ha
ve b
een
ex
pl
oi
t
ed on a l
ar
ge s
c
al
e.
Amet
h
ys
t s
a
mp
l
e
s ar
e of
v
er
y
h
i
gh q
ua
l
i
t
y
,
and gi
ven t
he r
i
g
ht co
nd
i
t
i
ons i
t s
ho
ul
d be
p
os
s
i
b
l
e t
o de
ve
l
o
p t
hi
s ge
r
n
f
i
e
l
d an
d s
t
a
r
t a l
oc
al
cu
t
t
i
n
g and
po
l
i
s
h
i
ng i
n
du
s
t
r
y.
Trai
ni
ng
En
g
l
i
s
h l
an
gu
age t
r
a
i
ni
n
g ha
s al
s
o be
en p
r
ov
i
ded i
n S
ant
a
Cr
uz
,
and f
ou
r GEOBOL g
eol
og
i
s
t
s
wi
t
h s
uf
f
i
ci
ent co
mma
nd
of
En
gl
i
s
h ha
ve be
en s
en
t t
o t
he UK t
o t
a
ke s
p
eci
al
i
s
t
courses.
Perhaps most val
uabl
e of al
l i
s the i
n-ser
vi
ce
t
r
ai
ni
n
g al
l
GEOBOL s
t
af
f h
av
e r
e
ce
i
ve
d whi
l
e wor
ki
ng
al
on
gs
i
de t
hei
r ODA col
l
e
agu
es
,
b
ot
h i
n t
he f
i
e
l
d and i
n t
he
l
a
bo
r
a
t
o
r
i
e
s and dr
awi
ng of
f
i
ce.
I
n ODA,
wher
e t
r
ai
ni
n
g i
s
c
on
s
i
d
er
ed t
o be a ver
y i
mp
or
t
a
nt pa
r
t o
f t
ec
hn
i
ca
l
coo
per
a-
t
i
on pr
oj
e
ct
s
,
t
he p
hi
l
os
o
ph
y i
s
:
"
Gi
v
e a man a f
i
s
h and y
ou
f
eed h
i
m f
or a da
y.
Tea
ch hi
m t
o f
i
s
h a
nd y
ou f
ee
d h
i
m f
or a
l
i
f
eti
me".
References
Al
mei
da,
F.
F.
M. de, Hasui
, Y.
and Bri
to Neves,
B.
B.
, 1976.
The Upper Pr
ecambri
an of South Amer
i
ca. Bol.
I
nst. Geoci
enc. Uni
v.
Sdo Paul
o,
vol
. 7,
p.
45-80.
Fl
et
c
her
,
C.
J.
N.
a
nd L
i
t
he
r
l
a
nd,
M.
,
1
981
.
The g
eol
ogy and
t
ec
t
o
ni
c s
et
t
i
ng of t
h
e Ve
l
a
s
c
o Al
ka
l
i
ne Pr
ov
i
n
ce,
ea
s
t
e
r
n Bo
l
i
v
i
a.
J.
g
eo
l
.
S
oc.
L
on
do
n,
vo
l
.
13
8,
p
.
5
41
-
54
8.
Fl
e
t
ch
er
,
C.
J.
N.
,
Ap
p
l
et
o
n,
J
.
D.
,
We
bb,
B.
C.
and Ba
s
ha
m,
I
.
R.
,
1
981
.
Mi
ne
r
a
l
i
z
at
i
on i
n t
h
e Ce
r
r
o Ma
nom6 car
bon
a
- t
i
t
e c
ompl
e
x,
ea
s
t
e
r
n Bo
l
i
v
i
a.
Tr
an
s
.
I
ns
t
.
Mi
n
i
ng an
d Met
a
l
l
u
r
gy
,
v.
9
0,
p.
B3
7-
B50
.
Li
t
her
l
and,
M. and Bl
oomf
i
el
d,
K.
, 1981.
The Proter
ozoi
c
Hi
s
t
o
r
y o
f Eas
t
er
n Bo
l
i
vi
a.
Pr
ecamb
r
i
an Re
s
e
ar
c
h,
v.
1
5,
p. 157-1
79.
A BOU T THE AUTHO R:
Dr
.
Jev
an P.
Be
r
r
an
g6 wor
k
ed
i
n Ca
na
da,
Gr
e
en
l
an
d a
nd Ni
ge
-
r
i
a bef
o
r
e j
oi
n
i
ng t
he Ove
r
s
e
as
i筹夔
攘
Di
vi
s
i
on of t
he I
nsti
tut
e of Geo-
l
og
i
ca
l
Sc
i
e
nce
s (
U.
K.
)
i
n J
an
u-
ary 1966. Si
nce then he has
Not a
l
l
ou
r ef
f
or
t ha
s b
een put
i
nt
o b
us
h-
b
as
hi
ng a
nd l
oo
ki
n
g
f
o
r mi
n
er
al
de
po
s
i
t
s
:
t
he t
r
ai
ni
ng o
f Bol
i
vi
an cou
nt
er
p
ar
t
s
t
a
f
f ha
s be
en ano
t
he
r i
mp
or
t
an
t as
pe
ct of o
ur wor
k.
At t
he
s
t
ar
t
of
t
h
e Pr
oj
e
ct f
or
mal
c
ou
r
s
e
s wer
e g
i
v
en by t
h
e I
GS
e
xp
er
t
s on a wi
de r
an
ge of geo
l
o
gi
cal
s
u
bj
e
ct
s
.
As par
t o
f
o
ur t
r
ai
ni
n
g pr
og
r
am t
wo i
l
l
u
s
t
r
at
ed b
oo
kl
e
t
s on s
t
r
u
ct
ur
a
l
g
eol
o
gy an
d met
amor
p
hi
c pe
t
r
ol
o
gy we
r
e pr
e
p
ar
e
d i
n S
pan
i
s
h
f
o
r pu
bl
i
c
at
i
on and i
s
s
u
e t
o GEOBOL g
eo
l
o
gi
s
t
s
.
t
a
ken p
a
r
t i
n v
ar
i
ed t
ech
ni
cal
c
oo
pe
r
a
t
i
o
n p
r
o
j
ec
t
s i
n Gu
yan
a,
Brazi
l
, Costa Ri
ca,
Vi
et
nam,
Cam bodi
a and I
ndonesi
a. He i
s
、
cu
r
r
e
nt
l
y l
ea
di
n
g t
he ODA/
I
GS
鹜
Proyect
o Pr
ecdmbri
co Team
based at Casi
l
l
a 3045,
Santa
Cr
uz,
Bol
i
vi
a.
KAI
L AUTOFOCUS
PROJECTOR
MODEL K-
A5
Tr
ansf
er i
nf
or
mat
i
on f
r
om Aer
i
al Phot
os t
o Map. Dr
af
t maps,
dr
awi
ngs, i
nf
or
mat
i
on t
o t
he desi
r
ed scal
e. The i
mage of any-
t
hi
ng pl
aced on t
he l
ef
t gl
as
s pl
at
e may be pr
oj
ect
ed ont
o t
he
r
i
ght gl
ass pl
at
e t
o t
he si
ze desi
r
ed
Scal
e r
ange: 5X Enl
ar
gement t
o 1/
5X Reduct
i
on
A mot
or
-
dr
i
ven l
i
nkage keeps t
he i
mage i
n cont
i
nual f
ocus
t
hr
cugh t
he ent
i
r
e scal
e range
For mor
e det
ai
l
ed i
nf
ormat
i
on and pr
i
ces, cal
l or wr
i
t
e
Phi
l
i
p B.
Kai
l Associ
at
es, I
nc
1010 W est Is
t Avenue- Denvef
, Col
ofado, 80223
Ph-
8
(
303)6
23-5987
EPI
SODES, Vol
. 1982,
No. 4.

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