The Vendian as the Terminal
Transcription
The Vendian as the Terminal
The Vendi an as t he Ter mi na! Syst em of t he Pr ecambr i an by Bor i s S. Sok ol ov and Mi khai l A. Fedonki n The Vendi an has been recogni zed厂 or some ti me i n t he U. S. S. R. a s t he ol de s t s t r at i gr aph i c di v i s i on o厂t he s e di me nt ar y co ver t o t he cr yst al l i ne basement and Pr oterozoi c aul ocogenes 0厂the Russi an Pl at加rm. The aut hors s ummari ze here r ecent st udi es on the Vendi an o厂t he U. S. S. R. as a previ ew to a maj or di scussi on t o be hel d duri ng the Moscow Congress 0 厂t hi s pot ent i al new s 娜t e m i n t he s t an d ar d s t r at i gr a phi c col um n. ( s ee Comi n g Ev ent s , t hi s i s s u e of Ep i s o de s ) . Thi s ac co unt of t he n ew s t r at i gr ap hi c s ys t em wi l l emb r a ce wor l dwi de mat e- ri al , i ncl udi ng pr i mar y basi c data f rom t he U. S. S. R. Out si de t he U. S. S. R. , important work on the Vendian and s i mi l a r s t 甲t i g r 曾h i c un i t sis being carried out in Australia 、乙di ac己「己n) , i n t -nlna kThe " S i ni an Sy s t em" s e ns u s t r i c t o) and i n a few other countri es. The recogni ti on of t he Vendi an i s now arousi ng worl dwi de i nt er es t i n ge ol o gi s t s , t ect oni s t s , s tr ati gr aphers, pal aeont ol ogi s ts, speci al i st s on bi ochemi s tr y Ba ckg r o un d and t he b i os ph er e, and n at u r al i s t s i n ge ne r al . I n t h i s pa p er The Ven di an was r e co gn i z ed ear l y i n t he 1 95 0' s on t h e Rus s i a n Pl at f or m as t he ol de s t s t r at i gr a ph i c s ub di vi s i on of data fr om t he U. S. S. R. however , we do not att empt to compar e or cont rast the Vendi an wi th t he Edi acar an or Si ni an, but concentr ate on the t he sedi ment ary cover. Ext ensi ve work si nce then has s hown t hat f or t he fi r st t i me si nce 1879, when Lapwor th propos ed t he t er m Ordovi ci an f or t he second s yst em of the Pal aeozoi c, Ge ner al S t r at i gr aph i c As p ect s t he r e i s no w a ne ed t o di s t i ngu i s h a maj or ne w t i me di vi s i on i l l us t r at ed b y t wo t yp es o f s e ct i on s: a t er r i ge no us t yp e on i n the evol ut i on of the bi ospher e and the pl anet as a whol e一 the Vendi an Period.* Th e pr ogr am of de ep d r i l l i ng i n t he 1 94 0s pl ay ed a v er y i mpo r t ant r ol e i n s t ud i es of t he Ru s s i an Pl at f or m. I nf or ma- t i on from these borehol es and f rom exposures of the ol dest s e di me nt ar y uni t s i n t he Ba l t i c a nd t he Dni e s t er r egi ons al l owed us i n 1950 to separ ate the Vendi an fr om the Cam- br i an, t o c or r el at e t h e Ve ndi an wi t h t h e Upp er S p ar ag mi t e of Scandi navi a and wi t h t he Si ni an of Chi na, and to prepar e it f ho l o gi c a nd pa l a eog eo gr a phi c ma ps of t he Va I da i a nd Bal t i c ser i es for the Russi an Pl atf orm. The mai n feat ures recog- ni zed f or t he Vendi an i ndi cated a cl os e l i nk wi t h the Cam- b r i a n ( wh i c h i s why i t wa s t hen cal l ed t he " Pr eca mbr i an Pal aeo z oi c " ) a nd a s t r uct ur al p os i t i o n at t he b as e of t he s ediment ar y cover overl i es ei ther cr yst al l i ne basement or ol der Pr oterozoi c deposi ts confi ned to narr ow t ect oni c zones 一a ul aco ge ne s ( So kol ov, 1 95 2, 1 95 8 ) . The Vendi an System i n the t err i tor y of t he U. S. S. R. can be t he Russi an Pl atf orm ( fr om West ern Podol i a i n the south to t he Whi t e S ea i n t he nor t h) , a nd a ca r b on at e t y pe on t he east er n Ol enek Upl i ft of the Si beri an Pl atform. The fi rst ( Fi g. 1 ) i s ch ar act er i z ed by t i l l i t es an d b a s al t s h eet s i n t he l ower p ar t of t he s e ct i on. The s ec ond i s c ha r a ct e r i z ed b y a t r a ns gr es s i ve o ver l a ppi ng of ol der Pr e ca mbr i an dep o s i t s . Th e r i chest l ocal i ti es of soft- bodi ed Met azoa, thei r tr ace f oss i l s , r ema i n s of ma cr of l or a, va r i o us mi c r op hy t o pl ank t on a nd ot h er groups of or gani sms are confi ned to the Mi ddl e Vendi an i n b ot h r e gi on s. Remai ns of ve nd ot a eni d f l or a, t r a ce f o s s i l s of bent hi c Met azoa, and mi cr of ossi l s ar e abundant i n the Upper Vend i an . The V end i an s ect i on s i n b ot h r e g i on s a r e t er mi nat ed by ch ar ac t er i s t i c as s oci at i on s of S ab el l i di t i d a, Ana bar i t e s , nu mer ous di ve r s e t r ace f o s s i l s , a nd r a r e r e mai n s 飞了下石而s - o i ds . The ba s e of t h e Lower Ca mb r i an ( Tommot i a n s t age ) i s c ha r a ct er i z ed by a bu nda nt s ma l l s ke l et al or g ani s ms t hat c ompr i s e a co mpl et e l y new b i ot a. S i n ce t he n mu ch pr og r es s h as be en made i n t he d ev el opment of t h e Vend i an co nce pt ( S ok ol o v, 1 9 64, 1 97 2, 1 973 , 1 97 6, 1 98 0; Kel l e r , 1 968 ; Kel l er e t al . , 1 97 4; Kh ome nt ov s k i y, 1 97 6; The Vendi an on the Russ i an Pl at for m Roza no v an d S o kol ov, 1 9 姻 一。ur i n g t h i s t i me a l on g t e r m i nc l ud e s t hr ee s er i es ( Fi g. 1 ) . The Vi l ch an s er i e s ( l owe r mos t ) i s mai n l y co mpo s e d of t i l l i t es ( Lapl a ndi an h or i zo n) de po s i t ed f o l l o wi ng a maj or gl aci at i on ab out 70 0 Ma a go. Tr a ces of t h i s gl aci at i on ar e, of co ur s e, wel l kn own o n o t h er c on t i nent s , pr og r am was car r i ed out b y t h e Pol i s h- So vi et wor ki n g g r ou p wi t h i n t he " Pr e ca mb r i a n- Camb r i a n b ou nd ar y " p r oj e ct , an d ac co un t s of t he p al ae ont ol o gy, s t r a t i gr a phy , l i t hol ogy an d pa l a eo geo gr ap hy of t he Upp er Pr ec amb r i a n an d Camb r i a n de p os i t s of t he wes t e r n p ar t of t h e Eas t - Eu r op ea n Pl at f or m ha v e b ee n pub l i s he d ( Vol k ova丝丝. ,1 97 9; Ar e n丝 丝. ,1 9 79; Fed on ki n丝兰・ ,1 9 83 ) . Rec ent l y t h e Lab or at or y o f Pr e cam- b r i a n Pal a eon t o l o gy of t h e Acad emy of S ci en ces compl et ed another extensi ve work ent i tl ed "The Vendi an Syst em: Hi s- t o r i ca l - Geo l ogi cal S ubs t an t i at i on, " t o b e pu bl i s h ed dur i ng t he f or t h comi n g Con gr e ss i n c on nec t i o n wi t h Sy mpo s i u m S . 01 . 2. 2 *Edi tor' s Not e: Ther e have al s o been recent cal l s for a new p er i od a nd s y s t em 一 t h e Ed i a car an ( or Ed i a car i a n)一 o l d er than t he conventi onal Cambri an and broadl y si mi l ar to the Vendi an ( see P. Cl oud and M. F. Gl aes sner i n Sci ence, August 27 , 1 98 2, p. 78 3 - 79 2) . 12 The Russi an Pl atf orm, and i n part i cul ar it s sout hwest ern par t, i s a st ratot ype l ocal i ty for the Vendi an, whi ch her e i t ed rapi dl y. The Vol hyn-Vi l chan deposi t s are confined aul ac og ene s , f i l l i ng t he e xt ens i ve Orshan depressi on _ t o d 1 - IU l at eral l y di str i but ed i n Byel orussi a and adj acent regi ons of Pol and. The V al day se r i e s, wh i ch is som etim es ca l l ed the Upper st ri ct o, i sm ore wi del y di str i - but ed and has a si mi l ar char act er throughoutthe pl atf orm ( Aren et al .,1 97 9; Be s s o nov a et al . , 1 980 ) . Two distinct Vendian or the Vendi an sensu horizons c an be di s t i n gui s he d wi t h i n t he Va l d ay s er i e s . The ol der of thes e, t he Redki no hori zon, i s wi del y di st ri buted Epi s odes, Vol . 7, No. I. 乏 │ STAGE │ UKRAI NI AN SHI ELD (SW SLOPE) │ MOSCOW SYNECLI SE │ 目日 │ H O R IZ O N │ PO D O LIA-V O LHY N ' │ BA LT IC SH IE LD (S E SLO│ P E) 卜 ‘ │ │ │ │ (尹)│ │ │ │ >~ │ │ │ │ 口 勺 │ │ │ │ C │ │ T OMMO TI AN │ ‘ 了 J │ 目 │ ( 勺 │ L o n t o v a │ M - - 1 1 . - O n , P p l - h -1 ' . 罗 髻 h a t Y - - i d c - l , - p l h k . y , - , h } , l ! i S , } b l 6 l - h l d - - , , , A T - l d } - F} f t :a b- d- t ; M- phy- D- i,;A, 6- c}:a b.,d,,t ‘ 门 │ │ 口 〕 │ (I勺 │ │ │ │ │ 一 .一 .一 . 一 ‘ 一 升│ 一 ‘占 」 │ │ (刀 │ ‘J‘ J │ H orizon ├──────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ │ │ 仁口 │ │ │ 峨芝 │ 弓〔 │ │ │ │ │ 二二 二 二二二一 ~~一 - ~~ ~ 仁〔 口 │ │ 亡口二 │ │ │ │ 一 .- -~ ~.- . ~ ~. │ │ │ │ │ ├───────── 仁匕 │ │ ‘ O │ │ │ 呈三三三三三三三三 二三 王 │ │ │ ├──────────── │ │ │ I JJ │ │ 卜一 │ 目 │ ├──────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ │ │ 夕 │ I V │ Rovni a n= h i . │ │ │ │ 卜 . 一~ 一一 -- <J │ ┌─────────────────┤ C.〕 │ ‘J │ ├──────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ │ │ 2艺 │ │ │ │ 己 │ │ │ │ │ Khm7 e 0 l ni m ├─────────────────┤ │ │ t ski │ │ │ │ Rovno Hor │ . │ 甚 主三几 兰开 毛 - - - Sdb}if ida, dl 一 59 - , S . fl -b.d} }。 一 K}J h}A., N- l a n a, El a -l } ; T- . F- i N: id f y- h cl - , T,p-h - 匕芝 │ ├─────────────────┤ │ │ │ 卜副, │ │ 卜曰 - │ │ │ │ │ 弓 - ~ │ │ │ │ ├──────────────────────────────────────────────┤ 《〔 │ │ │ │ Formati on │ │ │ │ to 120m ├────────────────────────────────────── │ 旦旦 互 ,Coc hf i l hn u , , V -d - r -1 1 ; Ml t a p h y t , Ty - It - 1: 、 ~ ‘洲 │ │ D a ld y n ia n │ ├──────┼─────────────────┤ │ ├─────────┼──────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ Acri - c}: T-ph, pol , , }.I Y- 1 1 . R- ,phae,dwm, L- sphae,d} a, │ │ 川 │ 王 : 》 竺 │ │ C a二 │ 产 〕 │ S t tu od 80m e n i t s a │ │ │ 一- ~- 一 一..~- ~- │ ‘ , . . 门 . . .│ │ C O匕 月 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ , 二二 ~ r . -‘二二二 飞 二 二. 了 - 匕产 , ‘, -戈 奋二 - c 奋c 竺 卜- │ I J司 │Form ation ├─────────────────┤ 公 │ . 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J日 │ │ │ │ │ (刁 │ │ │ O二 │ │ │ │ │ M.a p hy - E . hdy- , V -d- - . ; F -g i : C.. d - O ~ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ , │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 二,│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ A}i t w&, 二ab u } d - 一L- } p h a -d , ..L e. o nj r nu s cu l a. O, y g- 目 日 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 一 日 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ mat o - S p ha , r ‘ d ] u m , B-1 -1 1 a, P , l y , a, , t , , St r a t l mo r ph , f‘ 1 .mentous土o r.,一0- 11 - -- L6.th,xh.} d}, V.j v."卜 (O │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 竺一a b u nd a nt ; a g g,g .- f .-,一望 - . a C勺 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 芝 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Ch- i ..-phid.- Ch.ari a, Br.- I I., Mezenl a ! │ , } 套 │ 口 1 │ │ │ G r u s h k a │ │ C 尹 勺 │ 二 七 │ I \V o l h y n S e r . │ 叠L L j │ O 勺 │ F o r m a t i o n │ 曰 │ 》 ~ │ \ \ 0 - 5 6 0 m │ │ │ │ T- F- J, M- phyt a: I- d,taen, d, fr,g- t , n C L . 寒 │ 2 : - r │以 J │ t o 7 0 m │ 口 ‘ │ 〕 〔 │ \ │ │ │ │ 巧 O 二 │ │ 目 │ - 曰 │ │ │ │ \ │ 已 日日 │ │ │ 以 勺 │ C , │ │ │ │ │ \ │ 乙 门 │ │ │ )~ │ 二卜 │ │ │ │ │ \ │ 奋二 │ │ │ 益二 │ .│ Vilchan Ser. 、 │ │ │ │ │ A}i -} ! 坐 p ha e 业d} a , K业竺旦些 r a, e il f - wt - f r a g 二卜 │ │ │ 叼 二 │ 奋巴 │ to 545m │ │ │ │ │ 门〕en t亏 二t │ │ │ ..刁 │ .( │ │ │ │ │ │ -曰 │ │ │ 〕, │ 二 二 │ │ │ │ │ │ C二 │ │ │ 以 │ 屯 〕 │ │ │ │ │ │ ), │ │ │ a匕 │ 一日 │ │ │ │ │ │ 亡二 │ ) . │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ R │ RI PHE AN │ Ba s eme n t │ R户 │ │Pa c h e l ma S e r . │ A}it a,,Na丝丝旦少到少 一t yp, ,M;Mi fW hyt l i th, J │ │ │ │ │ Ar g i l l i t e s a n d c l a y s Ti l l i t es C o n c r e t i o n s o f p h o s p h o r i t e Sands t on es and s i l t s t one s Cr y s t a l l i n e r o c k s o f t h e Ar che an ba semen t Bas al t s an d ot her vol cani cs C o n g l o me r a t e Fi gu r e 1: Gener a l s t r at i g r a phy an d pal aeo nt ol o gy of t he Ve nd i an i n t he Ru s s i an Pl at f or m. Roman nu mer a l s i n di c at e maj o r f aun al di vi si ons. Ri ght - hand col umn l i st s t he char act er i sti c fossi l s. Epi sodes, Vol. 7, No. I. 13 wi t hi n t h e Pl at f o r m a nd i s r epr es ent ed b y s a nd and c . l ay de po s i t s c ont ai n i ng s e ve r al as h t ut t an o T UI 1 1 l e F l l el l i u t f r ”_ L l - L a l l o w c o r r e l a t i o n - o f t h e R e d k i n o b e d s o v e r‘ a r g e a r e a s‘ r o m t h e Dni es t er r eg i o n of P00 0少‘ n T ne竺es l 1 0 i t 呢. P er i n r e gi on t i on 一 hi gh er t h an t he t i l l i t es of t h e l a st Pr ec ambr i a n g l a ci at i on a nd l o wer t han Cambr i an de p os i t s c har ac t er i z ed b y mas s ap p ear an ce of di v er s e s k el et a l f au na. Radi oi s ot o pi c dat a s how that t he dur ati on of the Vendi an i s si mi l ar to t hat o v e r 2 0 0 0 k m t o t h e e a s t . T h e s e t 吐f s a n d t u f f i t e s a r e a l s o than 100 Ma; t he Ma and the upper t h e Vi l c ha n- Vo l hy n b ed s, t he Redk i no hor i z on an d t h e Val d ay s er i es as a who l e ex t en d bey ond t he l i mi t s of aul ac og ene s t o f i l l s y ne cl i s e s, whi ch ou t l i ne t he e pi co nt i ne nt al b as i n. i n the hi er ar chy of di sti nct i n the nor thern part of the Pl atf orm. I n contr ast to The ov er l yi ng Kot l i n ho r i z on ha s a s i mi l ar di s t r i bu t i o n t o r oc ks o f t he t he Red ki no l e vel . Comp os ed of a r gi l l i t es , 1 98 3 ) . Al t ho ug h s ub di vi s i o ns of g eol ogi cal t i me t h e Ven di an and t h e Camb r i an have an equal st atus. Thi s concl usi on i s bas ed not onl y on hi s t o r i c and ge ol og i ca l bu t al s o o n p al ae ont ol og i c al dat a. si l ts tones, and a mi nor number of sandst ones, the Kot l i n Pal aeobi ol ogi cal As pects hor i zon l i es wi th an erosi ve base on t he Redki no beds and St udi es of the Vendi an bi ot a have opened a new and very s omet i mes rests on even ol der deposi ts. Th e Ve ndi an of t he Ru s s i an Pl at f or m i s t er mi n at ed by t e r r i - gen ou s b ed s of t h e Ro v no hor i zo n, whi ch ar e ch ar act er i ze d b y a s p ec i f i c as s embl ag e of ac r i t ar chs , r emai nsof num erous danel l a a nd al s o b y S a bel l i di t i da e, r ar e Pl a t ys ol eni t es ,Al numerous trace fos si l s of Pal aeozoi ct ype ( s uch a s P hyc ode s, rtebrates 黔奥中 华. a n 户Gy r o 掣e s ) l e f t . b y L . b e n t 犷 I cinve si t i on and k re( l OnKIT I 兰三一旦I., 1,6,)・ ti le s工rati grapi l ic po pal eont ol ogy of the Rovno hori zon al l ow us to compar e and corr el ate i t wi th t he Nemaki t- Dal dyn hori zon of Si beri a, wh i ch i s al s o con s i der ed as t e r mi na t i ng t he Ven di an. I t i s c l ear no w t h at t he Ve ndi an as a whol e i s a po s t - au l ac o ge ne l or ma t i o n o f t he Rus s i an Pl at f or m. Al t h oug h t he Vi J c han - Vol hy n dep o s i t s ar e con f i ned t o a ul ac og enes , t he pr e- t i l l i t e b r ea k s e e ms abr u pt ev e. /wh ’ er e, wh er e a s t h e pr e- Red ki no b r eak i s a t r an s g r es s i ve d i s conf or mi t y. The Vendi an on t he Si beri an Pl atform The s t r at i gr a ph i c eq ui val ent of t h e Ve nd i an i n S i b er i a i s t he Yudomi an, composed mai nl y of car bonat es whi ch uncon- f or ma bl y o ver l a p t h e u nde r l y i ng be ds . Fi nds of s of t - bod i ed Met az oa i n t he Upp er Pr e ca mb r i a n of S i ber i a s ho w t hi s t o be a r e g i on whe r e t h e Ve ndi an s y s t em i s wi d el y di s t r i but ed. The r i chest known l ocal i ty f or Vendi an fauna was di scovered i n 1 981 by us i n t he Kh at y s py t For mat i on on t h e Ol e nek and Khorbus uonka ri ver s of nort her n Si beri a. I n t he m i ddl e r ea ch es of t he Kh or b us uo nka Ri ver t h e Yud omi a n d ep os i t s can be di vi ded i nto t hree f ormati ons ( Fi e. 2) : t he Maast akh k ol oesT4 rnatys pyT, ana juri < ut k youngesti , wni cn s ucceea eac h ot her wi t h i n t h e Khor bus uo nk a s er i e s ( Komar , 19 66; S h pu nt丝丝・ ,1 979 ) . The 52 m- thi ck Maast akh Formati on l i es wi t h an er osi ve co nt ac t on Ri ph ea n dol omi t es and i s c omp os e d of va r i e gat ed vol ca no g eni c r o cks wi t h l a mi nae an d cr os s - l ami n ae, an d co n- t ai n i ng b ed s of f i ne co ngl omer a t e s. Th e up pe r 2 5 m i s co mpos ed o f yel l ow- gr e y t hi n- b edd ed do l o mi t e s . The bas al 12 m of the 120 m- thi ck Khat yspyt Formati on c ons i s t s of s an ds t on es and s i l t s t one s, b ut t he maj or p ar t of t h e u ni t i s comp os ed of l i mes t on es an d l i g ht br own t o bl ack bi tumi nous dol omi tes. Massi ve beds al t er nat e wi th t hi n ones; t hes e ar e s h ea r e d an d con t ai n man y i mp r i n t s of Met az oa. i mp or t ant ch ap t e r i n t he pal ae ont ol ogi cal r ec or d, f or t he s e bi ot a di ff er s har pl y from al l l at er ones, i n part } cul ar f rom t hos e of t he Cambri an. The l att er are characteri zed by t he a br up t a pp ea r an ce i n t he pal aeo nt o l o gi cal r ec or d o f va r i o us g r ou ps of Me t az oa wi t h a mi n er al i z ed s kel e t on i n t he br oad s ens e ( f or ex ampl e, s pi cul es , s hel l s an d t e s t s ) an d, of c our s e, t he de vel opment of cl as s i c al p al aeo nt ol o gy was ba s ed mai nl y on st udi es of such skel et al remai ns. The Vendi an f auna as a whol e are charact er i zed by the di ve r s i t y of t a x a of hi g h r a nk, t ho ug h s pe ci es di v er s i t y wa s l ow i n t he maj o r i t y of gr oup s . Rel i ab l e dat a on t he di v er - gen ce or or i gi n of maj or gr oup s ar e ab s ent , an d al l p hyl a an d cl a s s es of t h e Ve r i di an f auna ap p ear ed ab r u pt l y . At p r e s en t t h e f ol l owi n g gr oup s of f os s i l s hav e b ee n es t ab - l i s hed as o cc ur r i n g t hr o ug hou t t h e Vend i a n- p r o ca r y ot es an d l i f e pr oducts of procar yot es s uch as st romat ol i t es and mi cro- p hyt ol i t e s, a cr i t ar c hs ( mi cr o phy t opl an kt on i n t he b r o ad s e ns e ) , u ni cel l ul ar and mul t i cel t u l ar eu c ar y ot es ( f ungi , mu l t i - c el l ul ar v end ot ae md al g ae wi t h a no n- mi ne r a l i z ed t hal l u s, cal c ar e ou s a l g ae i n t h e upp er mos t Ven di an, s of t - b od i e d Met a - z o a, and gr o up s o f u ncl ear s ys t emat i c po s i t i o n) , t he ol d es t Me t az oa wi t h s ke l et o ns bas ed on an or ga ni c ma t r i x ( Sab el - l i d i t i da wi t h a ch i t i n ou s s eg ment ed t ub e) , and t r a c e f o s s i l s of benthi c ani mal s. The fi rst mi neral skel et ons, mai nl y t ubul ar f orms, appeared at t h e end o f t he Ven di a n. The bi o l og i cal un i q ue ne s s of t he Ven di an i s emph as i ze d by t h e occu r r en ce of non - s kel et a l met a zo an s and ma cr o phy t e f l or a. Over t he l a st t en y ear s ext en s i ve l oca l i t i es con t a i ni ng t h e Ven di an f au na ha ve b ee n di s co ve r ed, i n p ar t i cu l ar i n t he s o ut he as t er n Wh i t e S ea r e - gi on, t he Dni e st e r r e gi on of t h e Uk r ai ne an d i n Yaku t i a i n t h e Ol ene k Upl i f t . The f os si l s col l ec t ed i n t hes e r egi ons no w exceed i n number and di versi ty al l r emai ns of Precambri an an i mal s d i s cov e r ed ou t s i de t he U. S . S. R, an d a ma j or co l l e c- t i o n i s ho us ed i n t he Pal ae on t ol ogi cal I ns t i t ut e o f t he Aca d- emy of Sci ences i n Mos cow. Vend i an Met a z oa ( Fi g. 3) ar e ch a r ac t e r i z ed by s ev er al pec u- l i ar feat ures. Unl i ke al l subsequent Phanerozoi c f auna, those o f t h e Vend i an ar e r ep r es ent ed by ani ma l s t h at do n ot ha ve mi ner al i z ed s ke l e t o ns . The f i r s t s mal l , s i mpl e f o r ms wi t h a Trachybasal t tuff- br ecci as and tuffaceous si l ts tones occur i n t ubul ar mi neral skel et on appear onl y at t he end of t he t he up pe r par t of t he f or mat i on. Ve ndi a n. Abu nda nt we l l - pr e s e r v ed i mp r i n t s o f s of t - bod i ed an i ma l s i n di cat e t h at du r i ng t hi s pe r i o d mi c r op h ag ous or g an- i s ms we r e do mi na nt amon g p r ed at or s a nd ne cr op hag ues . Th er e i s eve r y re as on t o s upp os e t h at r el at i v el y s ho r t f ood ch ai ns ex i s t ed i n t he Vendi an and, j udg i ng by t r a ce f o s s i l s , t he i n f a un a di d not co ns t i t ut e a l ar ge p ar t o f t h e b ent hi c co mmu ni t i es . Onl y i n r ar e c as es was t he s e di me nt s ub j e ct ed t o bi o l o gi cal pr o ce s s i n g. Th es e pecu l i ar i t i es pr omot ed t h e u ndi s t u r b ed p r es er vat i on of s o f t - bo di e d Ve nd i an or g ani s ms . The Tur kut Formati on l i es di s conformabl y on bi t umi nous c ar b o nat es an d s i l t s t o ne s of t he Kh at ys pyt For mat i o n. I t c on s i s t s of al t er n at i n g do l omi t e memb er s , s ome c ont ai ni n g s tromat ol i tes and l ens es of mi cr ophyt ol i tes as wel l as l ayers o f con gl omer at e, s i l t s i on e an d t u f f . Th e f o r mat i o n i s 1 7 0- 230 m t hi ck. The Kes s i us a For mat i o n, wh i ch ove r l ap s t he Tur kut dol o- mi t e s , i s comp os ed mai nl y of cl ayey s an ds t o nes , s i ) t st o nes wi t h t h i n s h al es ( i n i t s l ower pa r t ) , an d l ens es o f c ar b on at e s . Abundant and di verse trace f os si l s occur i n t his f ormati on as do t h e ol des t s mal l s h el l y f os s i l s ( Mi s s ar zh ev s k i y, 1 98 2 ) . Anal og ues of t h e Ven di an a r e k no wn p r act i ca l l y on al l c on- t i n ent s , n ot onl y on pl at f or ms but al s o i n g eos y ncl i na l r e- g i on s. Ev er y wher e t h ey oc cup y t he s a me s t r at i gr ap hi c p os i - 14 Gi ga nt i s m i s one of t h e t y pi cal f eat ur es i n s e ver al i mp or t a nt Vend i an f au nal g r oup s. Th i s ph en omen on i s e s p eci al l y s t r i k - i ng wh en non - s kel et al Ve ndi an ani mal s ar e co mpar ed wi t h small s kel et al f oss i l s of t he Earl y Cambr i an. Medus oi d f orms wi th a di amet er of mor e than hal f a met er were not rare i n t he Ve nd i a n, ar i d s ome f eat h er - s ha ped co l o ni a l po l y ps r e ac hed o ne met e r or mor e i n l e ngt h. I t i s po s s i bl e t h at gi g ant i s m of Epi s o de s, Vo l . 7, No. I . ‘艺二│ 奋二 │ 宁 │ 卜- │ │ │ 〕 . 1 │ 0u0~ d 01 ~ a‘oqauV| 的洲祠D。工 n的 } ‘祠的Q祠} ‘DqD之州- 1 ・司祠一 qo一一 』 卜 门二 尸川热u o。 川二u』 哎! 川刃odo一 二u旧』 山| 二巴 │ │ │ 乏 │ │ { 一 1│ 1 │ 司P一 一 祠 OEE01se 1 一 ; 。 ! 川』 。二 dou川一 douo芝| 。 .W 补0之q0JO狱 Dl l 中之勺洲0之祠D闷」 DQ如之祠DPD闷1| | | | | 一 ! 川祠c0PouoU01O』d: DQ} 义Dq。u。D之} 仪祠 ‘臼及0祠0‘d l 川P一 忿P一 T 工 。q川因! 的} 臼.M ~DQQ之祠} 迢} 卜| | 的叼 曰~ 习qn祠0义q三 DQ! | 的n祠01。 哎1 | | | 芝 │ 卜 名二 │ }} 1 } │ 1 │ ‘J │ 芝- │ │ │ │ 加匕 │ │ │ │ │ 1 一 { 《匀 │ │ 目月」 │ │ │ │ { ’ 1 } 1 │ Ma │ │ │ │ │ │ , . , .一 一 │ 功一一的们0晌口U司」尸| D工 工 Q)之DP~ 喇| 司石 写。热工! 草扣 耐本 │ │ │ 日口:├────┼──────────┤ 自‘ ├──────┼──────────────────────┤ │ 」 │ } } │ │ │ │ │ │ } { 一 │ │ │ │ │ 1 1 { │ │ │ │ │ │ 以j │ ‘炙 │ │ 曰日 │ ├──────────────────────┤ │ D工~Q三 中闺| D工~ Q‘洲d | ! │ { │ │ │ │ │ } │ .定 │ C二 │ │ ‘山J │ ├──────────────────────┤ │ 57 0 │ 芝 │ │ O匕 │ ├──────────────────────┤ │ 一 } {. 1 │ │ │ .{ │ 一十升之 │ │ │ } │ │ │ │ │ e , │ │ │ ├──────────────────────┤ l │ │ ! │ │ │ │ 一 │ ├─────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ 乏 1 │ } , 一 才 万 于 于 ; . 已 . │ │ │ │ │ 拼 二习 │ 、 走 代 六 .匕幻 │ 心二 ├─────────────────────────────┤ │ │ │ 心〔 │ O, │ │ │ │ 川 \ 尧 三 攀 兰 丝 , 二 一兰 : │ 卜一 里翼 鬓 │ . J ~ │ │ │ │ 、 甚二 │ 奋二 │ ‘, │ 义 │ │ \ 一 │ 亡 二 │ 奋 │ 韶 男 │ │ │ 二 妞 │ 心 泛 │ . 丈 : 二 J 口 │ 目司 │ 之二 少 │ . │ ‘~ 二〕 │ ├─────────────────────────────┤ │ │ │ 】I J 一 一 │ 《沙勺 ├─────────────────────────────┤ ├────┴────┼──────────┤ 二 竺0 │ 二炙 │ 竺 │ ,篡 摹勺 │ │ │ ├─────────────────────────────┤ 口 1 │ │ │ │ │ │ SOft 一 bodi ed f OSSi l S 6 5 │ 喝 ‘ │ 户 │ 目日 ├─────────────────────────────┤ ├────┬────┼──────────┤ traCe f0SSil s a C r i t a r C h s 艺 │ │ │ ┌─────────────────── │ │ 二卜 │ 吕 l │ ~ 弓 心 │ ├─────────────────────────────┤ │ ‘ 二 ) │ 侧炙 │ ├─────────────────────────────┤ │ │ 昌 O. │ 目副 │ │ │ │ │ } - │ CoZ Z e ni el 之 a s i ngul ar i s C) │ 盛 │ │ │ │ │ ┌───────┐ │ } │ }│ │ │ │ ‘) │ 奋匕 │ 一} │ │ │ │ traCe fOSSi lS 已 JJ │ 曰 日 │ │ │ │ │ 尚 一{ }! } L │ Pani scoZ l eni a eme叮ens 芝 │ 二匀 │ │ │ │ │ 一 │ 一肩 │ St r at i 介r a 1 o r e guZ ao 1 5 B o x o n i a( ? ) g r u mu Z o s a │ │ 川 │ > < │ ( 2 〕 │ ┌────────────────────────┤ 亡二 │ C 〕 │ │ │ │ │ 1 . }{ 1} │ 一│ 》~ │ O‘ │ │ │ │ │ │ } } │ │ 一 │ 习 二 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ } 浸 │ │ } │ }│ esi V cuZ a。 艺 t es bot hr d艺 y 。厂 。: mi s │ │ │ │ │ { │ │ Vesi CU之 Qri teS Z obQt璐 } { │ │ │ │ │ │ } } 一 } │ r mi c以Z i t e s i r r eguZ ar 艺 5 土启止岁 │ 东 │ │ } } │ │Ve ’ } { } } ! 4 { { 目 { │ │ │ │ │ } { │ │ │ │ { } │ ‘. 岁二己{ { 。 ’ . 明. “ │ │ │ l l │ │ │ │ 门-,武门一产场‘, 一 │ │ │ ..J │O 二 │ └────────────────────┬───┤ │ │ │ 一 … l Char ni a ex gr .mas o ni For d,Char ni a, Ku之 定 ngi a,Cyc忍 omedus a,Ovato s cut um, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 1 1 │ │ │ │ │ │ 1 ! │ 乏 │ O勺 │ ┌──┴─┬─┤ │ │ │ 二 } } 1 │ │ │ │ │ │ 1 │ , ! 一 !、 ‘ 二 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 1 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 一 1 │ 1 } } { { │ │ │ Ni ema更 ora st eZ 加尸1 5,Nemi nas艺 mPZ ex, 心〔 │ (匀 │ └───────┘ ┌──┴──┬─┴─┤ 1 1 │ │ │ 1 │ │ │ │ ││ 1 │ 1 } } │ │ │ │ ││ 一 │ C) │ (2勺 │ ┌──────────────┴─────┴─┬─┤ │ │ │ Pal i e更 Z a Pat e乙 1 向r m艺 5,et c. N e n o x i t e s , a b u n d a n t t r a c e f o s s l l s 一 │ 分 ‘,‘占 r │ │ │ │ │ │ 二二 │ 口 〕 │ ├──────┬───────┬─────┬─┴─┤ │ │ │ C二 │ ├──┬───┴───┬───┘ ┌─┴─┬─┤ │ │ │ │ 左 ) 产共 一与 二‘ │ ├──┴────┬──┘ └───┴─┤ │ │ │ │ 必l r ’} │ } │ │ │ │ 一 1 . BeZ t anel Z oi des,Chuar i a,acri tarchs .... 冈日目 ‘ 1 1 一 1 1 一│ │ │ │ │ │ 1 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 一一 一一 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ . │ 一 │ │ │ │ │ │ 1 一 │ │ │ │ │ │ 一 │ r 一 一 { 1 │ │ │ │ │ Bo xoni a gr umul os a St r at i 介。 a i r o e guZ ar i S 厂 │ │ │ 一 分 } 1 abundant vendot aeni des 苏宁 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ . 一一 」 一 } │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 一二 │ │ │ │ 」 │ 1 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 四目一 } 曰 日目曰- Ma │ │ │ │ │ 口 : │ 一 { │ } 一 } 一 │ . 口:│ │ │ │ │ │ { │ │ }│ 翔 匕 ├────┴──┬───────────────┬─┤ │ │ │ │ │ ! │ │ ├───┬────┬────────────────── 乏 │ │ │ │ │ │ ! 」 │ │ } 一 │ │ 卜 一 ├───────┘ └─┘ │ │ │ │ │ 口 J ├───────────────────────┬─┐ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ‘0 1 0 .。 一}0 一 │ ?1 М 球М坠旺听兰 竺│ │ 长共│ │ 共毛 一 零一尹干 R 3 │ R ! P H [ A N │ 上 │ } │ } _ │ │ 芝 ├───────────────────────┴─┤ │ │ │ │ │ { │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ DO} o mi t e Ll me s t on e 〔 奎勇 Argll!Ite 区困Conglomerate Sands t one and 51 } t s t on e 巨困 区口 S t r omat ol i t es endi V an and Tommot i an s e quences and Pa乙 aeont ol ogy,ol enek PZ U i 厂 t , Nor t hem yakut i a,Si b e尸 i an Pl at 厂 or m.St i PPZ e d bar si 耐i c at e st r omat ol i t e s ・ EPi s odes,Vol7,No.1. l5 Fi gur e 3: Some t ypi cal re pr esent at i ves o厂t he Vendi an so厂 t - bodi ed met azoans厂r om t he Ust -Pi ne ga For mati on ( Redki no hori zon, Vol dai seri es ) , Whi t e Sea r egi on: a) Al bumar es br uns , a , e Fedonki n, b) T. ri br achi di u , m he, r al di cum Gl ae s s ne r , c ) Di c ki ns o ni a c o s t at a S pr i g g, d ) Pt er i 吏ni um ne n o x a Kel l e r , e ) I nkr yl ov i a l at a Fe d o nk i n, f ) Ch ar ni a masoni For d,动 Ovat os cut um concent ri cum Gl aes s ner et Wade,川 Hi emal ora st el l ar i s Fedonki n. 1‘ Epi sodes, Vol . 7, No. some Vendi an Metazoa i s i ndi cati ve of the phyl ogeneti c t ermi nati on of thei r evol uti on, f or such cases are known l ater i n t he pal aeontol ogi cal recor d. I n f act, i n t he maj ori ty of cas es, we cannot fi nd di r ect des cendants of the Vendi an Met a zo a amon g Ca mb r i an or gan i s ms . Many t yp i c al Ve ndi an f orms appear t o have been bl i nd al l eys i n met azoan evol uti on. Ho we ve r, s ma l l non - s k el et al or we ak l y s ke l et i z ed or g ani s ms d i d ex i s t i n t he Ven di an t og et her wi t h gi gan t i c f or ms . S ome of t hem, or t o be more exact t hei r des cendant s, promot ed the a br up t app ea r an c e of s k el et al i n ver t e br a t e s at t h e b eg i n ni n g of the Cam brian. I n the fos si l record of Vendi an macr os copi c m etazoans, 认 ere s evi dentl y domi nant. M edusoid and col oni al pol yps const i t ute 70% or m ore of s o l i t a r y 气 n d vari ous Coelenterata ine speci es in s ome of t he as s o ci at i on s ( Gl a es s ne r, 1 971 a; Fedonki n, 1981;An de r s o n and Con way, 1 982 ) . Thou g h i t c an not b e r ul ed o ut t hat t he pr es e r v at i on p ot ent i al of Ra- di al l a was i nc r ea s e d b ec aus e of t he l ar ge s i z e of man y f or ms , at l eaf -shaped s egmented for m Di cki ns oni a exampl e,the fl has beer consi dered as a repr esent ati ve o土 Coel ent er ata, Plathelm i nthes or Anneli da. I t s ont og en y i n di cat es a po s s i bl e cl ose hi stori calr el ati ons hi pwi t h Radi al i a. We s us pect t hat t he mos t pr i mi ti ve br anches of Di cki nsoni a r epres ents oneof Bi l ater i a, whi ch pos si bl y di d not have any phyl ogenet i cc o n 一 ti nuati on. I n thi s case as i n many ot hers, we prefer to s pe cul at e ab o ut t he l ev el of or gan i z at i on r at herthan about t he s ys t emat i c po s i t i on of t he Ven di an met az oa ns .I nso r门e f orms i t i s di f fi cul t even to i magi ne t he mode of l i f ekSu ch as f e edi ng and r ep r o duc t i on) an d t he f u nct i o na l v al u e ofso m e c har act er i s t i c f eat ur es . Th i s i s t r ue, f or ex ampl e, of t he en i gmat i c Pet al ona mae. Th e Ve nd i an fl or a ar e r ep r es ent ed by ab un da nt and di ver s e mi cr o-pl ankton and non-mi neral i zed st rap-l i ke macr os copi c a u l n g i a t e e d . 、 i n T h t e h e l a f t o t r e m r a b l 舞 t V o e t n h d e o t o a l e d n e i s d t e m s a ( G c n r o i l p o h v y s t k e a s y a a , n d 1 9 a 7 r 1 e , 1 97 9) . S t r ap - l i ke bi f ur cat i ng pl a nt s up t o 1 5 0 mm l on g an d Di ver si t y of s ymmetr y i n the Vendi an Coel enter at a refl ects 0. 5 - 3. 5 mm wi d e, or c or d- l i ke b us hy f or ms I G mm hi gh, a r e t he mo s t t yp i c al one s . S ome f or ms of t he g en us Ve nd ot aen 主 a ha ve s p or a ngi a of t wo t yp es r an gi n g f r om 5 4 t og 4 mm a n ar r an ge d i n l on g i t u di nal r ows . The f or m o f t he t ha l l u s an d t he po s i t i o n of s p o r an gi a al l ow u s t o s u pp os e t h at v end o- t ae ni ds ar e b r own al g ae. an i ni t i al r adi at i on of t he p hyl um. Th e mos t p r i mi t i ve f or ms hav e an i nf i ni t e l y hi gh or de r of s y mme t r y an d con ce nt r i c I n addi t i on to t he vendot aeni ds, a gr oup of mi cr o- or gani s ms di s covered i n the Vendi an of t he Eas t-European Pl atf orm i s body pl an, such as Nemi ana, Bel tanel l i f or mi s, Ti r asi ana, Cvcl omedusa. and Kul l i np - i a. Fl at pl ate-l i ke pol yps ( or seden- and becaus e numerous pol yps produced i mpri nts whi l e i n t hei r l i f e p os i t i on, t he pr e do mi nan ce of Coe l en t e r at a i n t he Ve nd i a n can b e co ns i de r ed as a s i gn of t he g r eat age of t hi s phy l u m. Thi s c onc l u s i o n s up por t s mod el s t h at pl ace Ra di a l i a at t h e b as e of t he me t az o an p hy l o gen et i c t r e e. t ar y medu s o i d s) l yi ng on or at t act l ed t o t r i e o ot t om wer e ver y now d ef i ni t el y a s s i gn ed t o t he ol d es t Ac t } nomy ce t es ( gen us ar e s i mpl e mi c r os co pi c, t ub ul ar or ga n- Pr i mof l ag el l a They ism s w i th a wi de " he ad" ( s p or angi um) and l on g " t a i l . " Th ey common. Many of these forms show vari ous methods of asexual r epr oducti on. They pas si vel y col l ect ed smal l food form dens e cl ust er s, and some occur on the surfaces of vendotaenid thal li and o n s apropel i c fi l ms. They are typi cal par t i cl e s on t h ei r br o ad or a l s u r f ac e. Hi gh p opu l a t i o n den s i t y epi phyt es. of s uch f orms as Nemi ana and Edi acari a may i ndi cate that t hi s mode of l i f e was ver y successf ul i n the Vendi an. Al l Bi o s t r at i gr ap hi c Feat ur es t h es e p l a t e- s h ap ed or cup - s hap ed f or ms wi t h t h i ck mes o g- l oe a, co n cen t r i c bo dy pl an, s i mpl e ga s t r al cav i t y an d l ac ki ng bot h d i s t i n ct r ad i al g as t r o - v as c ul ar ca nal s an d r ep r odu ct i ve or g an s , ca n be u ni t ed i n a s pe ci f i c cl as s Cycl oz oa ( Fe don ki n, 1 983 a, b) , whi ch f or t he r n os t p ar t b e came ex t i n ct i n t he Unl i ke the remai ns of m ul ti cel l ul ar ani mal s whi ch ar e most numerous i n the Redki no hori zon, t he di str i buti on of t he Vend i an mac r o f l or a s hows a cer t a i n r e gu l ar i t y t h at al l ows us t o us e t h em f or bi os t r at i gr a phy ( Fi g. 4) . I n t h e t y pe- s e ct i on of t he Ve ndi an, t he Lower Vend i a n ( Red ki no) i s ch ar a ct er i z ed upper part of t he Vendi an. ' yni a, wher eas i n the Upper Vendi an t by t he genus Eohol h 住 Pr e ca mbr i an Coe l ent er a l a wi t h r adi al b od y pl an ar e mor e adv an c ed, a nd r eal med us oi ds ar e d omi n ant a mong t hes e f or ms . Man y di f f er en t or g ani s ms s uc h as Hal l i da ya, Bo nat a, Hi e r n al or a and El as en i a i nc r e as e t hei r deg r ee of r adi al s ym- met r y du r i n g o nt o ge ny. Th i s ph en omen on s ee ms t o be a ver y Aataeni a are r are. I n the upper most Vendi an t he vendot aeni d pri mi t i ve, but necess ary, st age i n t he evol uti on of many l i nes of ear l y cni dari ans. t he most common ar e Among Radi al i a wi t } i stabl e symmetry t hr ee- f ol d ( e. g . S ki nn er a, Al bumar es an d Tr i b r a ch i di u m) an d f o u r - f o l d f o r ms T e - . g - .通豆亘亘亘一Co n o me d u s i t e s a n d P e r - s i med us i t e s ) . Thos e wi t h t hr ee- f ol d s y mmet r y may r ep r e s ent 可而可百飞雨ci al s ub - c l as s of S cyp h oz oa o r a s ep ar at e cl as s of sm all Coel enterata. Thi s gr oup possi bl y gave ri se to t he Val kov coni cal skeletalf or ms of t he or der Angu s t i oc hr e i da( form s of the g en us o f Ven dot aen i a ar e wi de s p r ea d, a 曰 Ci 瓦开百百昆 r ep l ac ed by t h e Ty as o t a eni a f l or a, whi ch oc cu r i n the Rovno hor i zon t er mi nat i ng the Vendi an s ecti on on t he Russi an Pl atform . For di vi si on and cor rel ati on of the Vendi an depos i ts, Sovi et s pe ci a l i s t s i n r ec ent y ear s ha ve u s ed ac r i t ar ch s ( Vo l k ov a丝 a l . , 1 97 9 ) . Thes e ar e mai nl y t he re mai ns of mi cr o s copi c or g ani c wa l l ed al gae, bu t t h ey a l s o i ncl u de r ep r e s e nt at i ves of o t h er gr ou p s of p r oc ar yot i c an d euc ar yot i c or g an i s ms. Th e eas e of t h ei r ext r a ct i on as wel l as t h ei r di ve r s i t y g i v es e ver y r ea s on t o con s i der t he m as one of t he gui de f os s i l gr o up s f o r s t r at i g r ap hi c s t udy of t he Ve ndi an a nd al s o t h e Up pe r Pr e - cambr i an i n gen er al . a nd S ys oy ev, 1 96 9; Val k ov, 1 98 2) at t he en d of t h e Vend i an a nd t h e b e gi n ni ng of t he Camb r i an ( Fedo nk i n, 1 9 83 a ) . S ome f o ur - f ol d Radi al i a c oul d i n pa r al l el ha ve g i v en r i s e t o Con- ul ar i i d a ( Gl aes s n er , 1 971 b) . On e co ul d s u pp os e t hat many t u bu l ar s k el et al f or ms , wh i ch f i r s t ap pe ar at t he Pr eca m- Summar y br i an-Cambri an boundar y, represent s ome groups of pri mi t i ve r ec en t S ov i et wo r k on Vend i an p al a eo nt o l o gy an d s t r at i g r ap hy i s of gl ob al i mpo r t anc e, b ec aus e i t ext e nds by on e hu nd r ed mi l l i on y ear s t he t i me r an ge of app l i cat i on of cl a s s i cal pal a eo z ool o gi cal met hod s i n bi o s t r at i g r a phy . Th es e i n ve s t i gat i o ns ar e es p ec i al l y s i gn i f i ca nt , b ec au s e t he y Coel enterata. The va s t maj or i t y of Ven di an bi l a t e r al met az oan s ar e char ac- t er i ze d by a f l at t en ed s egmen t ed b o dy. Thi s s ee ms t o i n di cat e t hat t h e bi l at er al s ymmet r y and s e gmen t e d ch ar - a ct er ( met a mer i s m) i n ma ny gr o up s of Met a z oa co ul d hav e e vol ve d s i mul t ane o us l y ( Fedon ki n, 1 98 3 a) . Among mac r o- s cop i c Bi l at er i a i t i s pos s i b l e t o s ee t he p he nomen on of i mp er f ec t met a mer y, bot h i n man y- s e gmen t e d f or ms l i k e 旦旦i n s o ni a, and i n f or ms l i k e丝困些wi t h f ew s egme nt s . Mos t of t he s e s p eci es ha d poo r or gani z at i on a nd ca nnot be at t r i bu t ed t o a ny k nown met a zo an t a xa of h i gh r an k. For Epi s odes, Vol. 7, No. I. The s t udi es of Ven d i an b i ot a ar e ver y i mp or t an t f o r u nde r - s t and i n g t he d ev el o pme nt o f l i f e i n t he La t e Pr eca mbr i an, i t s mai n features, and t he ear l i es t pathways of ani mal evol uti on, al l of whi ch are di f fi cul t to pr edi ct theoret i cal l y. I ndeed, t he r ev eal a ne w g eo chr on ol o gi cal s t a ge ( Fi g. 4 ) , on e wi t h non - met al l i c and ot her mi ner al res ources neces sar y f or i ndustr y and agri cul t ure s uch as phos phori t es and oi l . I nt er nat i onal cooperati on i n st udi es of the Vendi an s yst em, t aki ng i nt o ac cou nt t h e S o vi et exp er i en ce, wi l l be of de ci s i v e i mp or t an ce f or new advances i n t he st udy of the l at es t Precambri an and of t he evol ut i on of l i fe over the l ast 700 mi l l i on year s. 17 HORI ZON SOUT H- MI DDL E PLATFORM URALS 29` 1 乙 5b r、 2 ~ 甘 - r t s h i l l F m . 1 o n a v i s t a 6 1Ha } w t } , 3B R a n d o m 36 U r a t a n 卜释广节 0 弓』 口 5c 量14 ∥。 , 。1 后芝 后一 任召0 一 ...月 . - l T下 T dn o)助 J 岂另 . . . 月. 1 一 一 - esesesllL es S 溉n u o一 妇 0 。。 uo o 5 c!1 ' 3 : ?4 T_】 I T T Umb er tana 1 昌 万l l 8, 8a q〕 8, 8a 3 佗三二0巴山 8a K uda sh 4 - 匕月星 兮。 』 口 Pa ch el ma 2 e , 4{ ; 鑫Bunyer o o 5c J Br and Gr Fm- 6 。日毖 二 R户 2e Won o ka "-" 6 7 0士 Pr e- Yudoma 6厂V C a o l c d e a c n a i c t e s Sb I一 鬓 1 8 d Fm 3】 一} I 一I 川 任』召门 J zJ门 宝二拐 门任门N 3 4a 隔卜 比涟饰 口n o J 讨召的 4D I - 刁U 8 任男么的 ue一 ul 的 1庵 惬赎阵比陋使暇户阵陡傀浪陋 - 全坦绍门芝 T T 月E T T ! } 8c 3 3 日〕 一 丁_ :,8 一4 3 SC sb 7 4 8 蓄工 J 。 的门盆 u on的 。 口 J o 二 盆日)瑟一 0唇0门任。七 灵 Ri ph ea n q甘 650士1 0 宜” 门 助J n苦 下丁 的 g se J 。 的 里u门一 J 侣』 渭 5 _ 丁 吕- 一 门任」 。」 6 ( Dr e v l i an i an ) 5 。一 J 。 的 加 u门1 1 , 巴0 霄巴 的 。 工 J g S七宜 。 笋 L ap l an di an二 Var an gi an 4 63 铂 门仍 1 一 ,一 厉)门 二的 哎 的 。 工 J a S ( 6 620士10 招 笼 5 门 二的V - 4 吕一 盆习比 5c, 5d 6b 障障||卜阮隆嗜产陡嗜 隆. 卜 压阻健短 6 2d, 2t 留- 由示0 U。一 韶已』 。」 5c 5 . 一 J 渭 ( ?=E di a c ar an s . s . ) 。 一 J 。 s J 。 屯n s 爵卫罗 的 o一0 闪Oa囚NVHd Re d ki n i an 旧 健暇阵隆障|!卜| 二d 」 d o一0闪0以山10比d A・乏]1的卜5 NV-ON囚李 I I I ( Po va r o vi an ) 3 协 。ee j g 的 Ko t l i n i an U。一 书任』 。」 一 570一 产,份 一6 一 圳星 2c, 3, 4, 6 N. - Da l d y ni a n 2 NAMIBI A dn o J O 艺侣Q Qn o J 口 u亏0 1 ;门 J 助s n芝 Rovno Hor i zon ,尸-一一 3- 2c 5a CI 2a, 5b Rovni an 二 厦卜 曰5三长田义 = 560土1 0二 E{ 击 2b, 3, 6 ZC尹se飞 的 巴J a 的。 三自山 Tommoti an P ar ac hi l n MI DL AND ENGL AND 且 比ntova Hor i zon S OU THWES T CANAD A AF RI CA NE WFOUNDL AND ,. 3 ... C SOUT H NA SI BE RI AN CHI AUS TR ALI A E AS T YAN GTZE PL AT F OR M F L I NDERS RUS SI AN 2 3肋 PERI OD S TA GE 引一 祠 .叮 7 J n卜. ..... 么....,百 ..... SYS TE M Bl a c kb r o ok Fr n. T T T Ga r i e p Gr o up Fi gur e 4 : Cor r el at i on o f t he So vi et Ve ndi an wi t h t he mos t i mpor t ant Up per Pr ot er o zoi c s e que nc e s el s ewhe r e . Ke y t o f o s s i l s : I一s ke l et al Met az o a, 2一Tommot i a n a s s embl a ge s ( 2 a一Anab ar i t e s t r i s . , 2 b一PZ at y s o l eni t e s, 2c 一Sa be l l i di t i da , 2 d一Cal ypt r i n 旦, 2 e一Cl o u di na , 2 f一Redk i ni , 2 g一Sa bel l i t i di t a b e ds of Ea s t Ur al s sl o pe ) ; 3- tr ace fo ssi l s; 4一Vendi an soft - bodi ed f ossi l s Na一Type as sembl age: Cycl ozoa, Di cki nsoni i dae, Vendomi i dae, Ch ar ni i d ae, Pt er i di ni i dae , Tr i br ach i di u m; 4b一Li ao ni n g as s emb l a ge ) ; 5一al g ae, V en dot ae ni des ( 5 a一Dvi ni a, 5b 6 一 a c r i t a r c h s ( 6 a 一 L o n t o va 一 K o r i l o p h y t o n ) ; 一j y L a s o t a e n i a , 5 c一V e n d o t a e n i a , 5 d一塑业ai } a , 5 e an ass embl age wi t h assembl age) ; 7一Chuari amor phi da; 8一st r omatol i t es ( 8a一mi cr ophyt ol i t hs ,8b一 Yudomi ( 80 st r omat ol i t es and ( 8d) mi cr ophyt ol i t hs ); T一t i l l i tes . 18 Epi sodes, Vol . 7, No. I. Academ i ci an B. S. Sokol ov i s Secre- Dr. M. A. Fedonki n i s a seni or s ci - t ar y of t he De p ar t ment of Ge o- l ogy , Geop hy s i cs an d Ge oche mi s t r y of t h e Ac ade my of Sc i e nce s ( Le n- i ns k y pr . 1 4, 11 7 901 Mos co w V- 71 ) . ent i st i n t he Laborat or y for Pr e- camb r i a n Pal ae on t ol ogy at t he Ac ad emy of S ci e nc es ( Leni ns k y pr . 1 4, 11 79 01 Mo s co w V- 71 ) . Hi s He i s al so Chai rman of t he mai n resear ch i nterests l i e i n t he U. S . S. R. St r at i g r a ph i cal Commi t - fi el ds of Pr ecambr i an pal aeozool - t ee, Pr esi dent of t he Al l -Uni on o gy , pa l a eoi c hno l o gy and st r a t i gr a- Pal ae o nt o l og i c a ] S oc i et y and Pr es - phy. Went of t he I nternati onal Pal aeon- t ol og i ca l As s o ci at i on. He was r e- centl y el ect ed an Honor ar y Fel l ow of t he Geo l ogi ca l So ci et y of Amer - ic a . Ref er ences ( Those not i n Rus si an are asteri s ked) di versi fi cati on of the Cni dari a. Pal aeon- f orm. I zves t i ya Akademi ya nauk SSSR, to l ogi s che Zei t s chr i f t, v. 45, no. 1 - 2, p. 7 - Ser i ya geol ogi ches kaya, no. 5, p. 21 -31 . 17. Sokol ov, B. S. , 1 958. The pr obl em of t he Gni l ovsk aya, M. B. , 1 971. Ol des t Verdi an l ower boundar y of t he Pal ec zoi c an d t he al gae of t he Rus si an Pl at f orm ( Lat e Pr e- ol dest dep os i ts of t he pr e- Si ni an pl at - cambri an) . Pal eo nt o l ogi ches ki y Zhu rnal , f orms of Euras i a. Tr udy Vs es oyuznogo no. 3, p. 101 一1 07. neft yanogo naucho - j s s l edo vat e l l s kogo geo- Ar e n , B.丝 丝・ ,1 97 9 . Upp er Pr e c a mb r i a n Gni l ovs kay a, M. B. , 1 979 . The Vend i an Met a- l o g or a z ve d o c h n o g o i n s i t i t u t a ( VNI GRI ) , opt ekhi zdat , Leni ngr ad, v. 1 26, no. 3, phyt a. Bul l eti n des Cent r es de Recher - Gost and Cambr i an st r at i gr aphy of t he west er n ches p. 5- 67. e x p l o r a t i o n - p r o d u c t i o n , E l f - A q u i t a i e , p ar t of t he Eas t - Eur opean Pl at f or m. v. 3 , n o . 2 , p . 6 1 1 - 6 1 8 . S o k o l o v , B . S . , 1 9 6 4 . T h e V e n d i a n c o m p l e x Nauka, Mos cow, 234p. ( Vendi an) and t he bo undary pr obl em of t he l er, B. M. , 1968. Upper Pr ot ero zoi c of t he Bess ono va, V. Ya.丝 丝・ ,1 980. Pal aeogeo gr a- Kel Pr ecambri an and Pal eozoi c Gr oup. 垫: R u s s i a n P l a t f o r m ( R i p h e a n , V e n d i a n ) . phy and l i t hol o gy of the Vendi an and Geol o gy of t he Pre cambr i an. I nt er nati o- Es s ays on r egi onal geol ogy of t he USSR, Cambri an of t he wes t ern part of t he East - na l Geol ogi cal Congr es s, XXI I Ses s i on. Mos cow St at e Uni ver si t y, v. 2 , 101 p. Repor Eur opean Pl at f or m. Nauka, Mos cow, ts of Sovi et geol ogi s ts . Mos cow, p. 1 l 9p. Yudom ian and K e l l e r , B . M . 1 1 9 7 3 .介 n d 华n , 职 t erm l r i ai Ri Phe己n kvencom i an; I zves t i y a 135-150. Chumakov, N. M. , 1 97 8. Pr ecambr i an ti l l i tes ov, B. S. , 1 972. The Vendi an s t age i n t he ademi ya nauk SSSR, Ser i ya geolo- Sokol and t i l l oi des ( pr obl ems of Pr ecambri an Ak Eart h hi s t ory.垫:Pal eont ol o gy. I nt erna- ch esk aya, no. 1, p. 86- 92. gl aci at i ons ) . Tr udy Geol ogi ches kogo i n- gi t i onal Geol ogi cal Con gres s , XXI V Sess i on. s ti t ut a, Akademi y n auk SSSR, Nauka, Kel l er, B. M.丝 丝・ ,1 974. Ve ndomi an and i t s Repor ts of Sovi et geol ogi st s , Pr obl em 7. Mos cow, v. 308, 202 p. r egi onal s ubdi vi s i ons. I t ogi nauki i t ek- Nauka, Mos cow, p. 11 4-1 24. hni ki l zd- vo. ( VI NI TI ) , Mos cow, Tom 5, Fedonki n, M. A. , 1 981. Whi te Sea bi ot a of t he Sokol ov, B. S. , 1 973. Vendi an of nor t hern 26p. Vendi an. ( Pr ecambr i an non- s kel et al f auna 1 Eur asi a.鱼:Pr oceedi ng s Sec ond I nt er na- of t he Rus s i an Pl atf or m nor t h. ) Tr udy *Kel l er, B. M. and Kr as no bayev, A. A. , 1 983 . t i onal Sympos i um on Ar ct i c Geol ogy, S an Fr a n c i s c o 1 97 1 . Ame r i c an As s o c i a t i o n of Geol ogi ches kogo I ns t i t ut a, Akademi y Lat e Pr ecambr i an geochr onol o gy of t he Nauk SSSR, Nauka, Mos cow, V. 342, 100 p. Eur opean USSR. Geol ogi cal Magazi ne, v. Pet r ol eum Geol ogi s t s Memoi r , no. 19, p. 204-218. 120, no. 4, p. 381 -389. *Fedon ki n, M. A. , 1 982. Pr ecambri an s of t - bodi ed fauna and the earl i est radi ati on of Khoment ovs ki y, V. V. , 1 976. Vendi an. Tr udy S okol ov, B. S. , 1976. Pr ecambri an Met azoa i nvertebrates. Thi rd North Ameri can Pa- and t he Vendi an- Cambr i an b oundar y. 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Moscow, p. 9-21. *Fedonki n, M. A. , 1983 b. Promor phol ogy of Vendi an Radi al i a as a key t o under s t and- Mi s s ar z hevs ki y, V. V. , 1982. Di vi si on and cor - Val kov, A. K. , 1 98 2. Bi os t r at i gr aphy of t he an of the east Siberi an re l at i on of boundar y beds of Pr ecamb r i an Lower Cambri i ng t he ear l y evol ut i on of Coe l ent er at a. by some ol dest groups of s kel et al or ga- Pl at f or m ( Uchur - Maya Regi on) . Nauka, Four th I nt er nati onal Symposi um on Foss i l cow, 92 p. Cni dar i a, Aug ust 1983, Was hi ngt on, D. C. , ni sms. By ul l eten Mos k ovs ko go o bsh- Mos Abs t ra cts , p. 6. chest va i spyt at el ey pr i r ody, Ot del geol o- Val kov, A. K. and Sys oyev, V. A. , 1 96 9. on gi ches ki y, v. 55, no. 4, p. 23- 34. Fedonki n, M. A.丝 丝. ,1983. Upp er Pr ecam- n ew g r o up of a n i ma l s ( a n g u s t i o c hr e i de s ) from the ol dest beds of the Cam bri an of bri an and Cambr i an Pal aeontol ogy of the Roz anov, A. 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On t he age of t he ol d medusites Gl aessner et Wade and the s edi ment ar y cover of t he Rus si an Pl at - Epi s odes, Vol . 7, No. I 19
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