The Vendian as the Terminal

Transcription

The Vendian as the Terminal
The Vendi
an as t
he Ter
mi
na!
Syst
em of
t
he Pr
ecambr
i
an
by Bor
i
s S.
Sok
ol
ov and Mi
khai
l
A.
Fedonki
n
The Vendi
an has been recogni
zed厂
or some ti
me i
n t
he U.
S.
S.
R.
a
s t
he ol
de
s
t s
t
r
at
i
gr
aph
i
c di
v
i
s
i
on o厂t
he s
e
di
me
nt
ar
y co
ver
t
o t
he cr
yst
al
l
i
ne basement and Pr
oterozoi
c aul
ocogenes
0厂the Russi
an Pl
at加rm. The aut
hors s
ummari
ze here r
ecent
st
udi
es on the Vendi
an o厂t
he U.
S.
S.
R.
as a previ
ew to a
maj
or di
scussi
on t
o be hel
d duri
ng the Moscow Congress
0
厂t
hi
s pot
ent
i
al
new s
娜t
e
m i
n t
he s
t
an
d
ar
d s
t
r
at
i
gr
a
phi
c
col
um n.
(
s
ee Comi
n
g Ev
ent
s
,
t
hi
s i
s
s
u
e of Ep
i
s
o
de
s
)
.
Thi
s ac
co
unt
of
t
he n
ew s
t
r
at
i
gr
ap
hi
c s
ys
t
em wi
l
l
emb
r
a
ce wor
l
dwi
de mat
e-
ri
al
,
i
ncl
udi
ng pr
i
mar
y basi
c data f
rom t
he U.
S.
S.
R.
Out
si
de t
he U.
S.
S.
R.
,
important work on the Vendian and
s
i
mi
l
a
r
s
t
甲t
i
g
r
曾h
i
c un
i
t
sis being carried out in Australia
、乙di
ac己「己n)
, i
n t
-nlna kThe "
S
i
ni
an Sy
s
t
em" s
e
ns
u s
t
r
i
c
t
o)
and
i
n a few other countri
es. The recogni
ti
on of t
he Vendi
an i
s
now arousi
ng worl
dwi
de i
nt
er
es
t i
n ge
ol
o
gi
s
t
s
,
t
ect
oni
s
t
s
,
s
tr
ati
gr
aphers,
pal
aeont
ol
ogi
s
ts,
speci
al
i
st
s on bi
ochemi
s
tr
y
Ba
ckg
r
o
un
d
and t
he b
i
os
ph
er
e,
and n
at
u
r
al
i
s
t
s i
n ge
ne
r
al
.
I
n t
h
i
s
pa
p
er
The Ven
di
an was r
e
co
gn
i
z
ed ear
l
y i
n t
he 1
95
0'
s on t
h
e
Rus
s
i
a
n Pl
at
f
or
m as t
he ol
de
s
t s
t
r
at
i
gr
a
ph
i
c s
ub
di
vi
s
i
on of
data fr
om t
he U.
S.
S.
R.
however
,
we do not att
empt to compar
e or cont
rast the
Vendi
an wi
th t
he Edi
acar
an or Si
ni
an,
but concentr
ate on the
t
he sedi
ment
ary cover.
Ext
ensi
ve work si
nce then has s
hown
t
hat f
or t
he fi
r
st t
i
me si
nce 1879, when Lapwor
th propos
ed
t
he t
er
m Ordovi
ci
an f
or t
he second s
yst
em of the Pal
aeozoi
c,
Ge
ner
al
S
t
r
at
i
gr
aph
i
c As
p
ect
s
t
he
r
e i
s
no
w a ne
ed t
o di
s
t
i
ngu
i
s
h a maj
or ne
w t
i
me di
vi
s
i
on
i
l
l
us
t
r
at
ed b
y t
wo t
yp
es o
f s
e
ct
i
on
s:
a t
er
r
i
ge
no
us t
yp
e on
i
n the evol
ut
i
on of the bi
ospher
e and the pl
anet as a whol
e一
the Vendi
an Period.*
Th
e pr
ogr
am of
de
ep d
r
i
l
l
i
ng i
n t
he 1
94
0s pl
ay
ed a v
er
y
i
mpo
r
t
ant r
ol
e i
n s
t
ud
i
es of
t
he Ru
s
s
i
an Pl
at
f
or
m.
I
nf
or
ma-
t
i
on from these borehol
es and f
rom exposures of the ol
dest
s
e
di
me
nt
ar
y uni
t
s i
n t
he Ba
l
t
i
c a
nd t
he Dni
e
s
t
er r
egi
ons
al
l
owed us i
n 1950 to separ
ate the Vendi
an fr
om the Cam-
br
i
an,
t
o c
or
r
el
at
e t
h
e Ve
ndi
an wi
t
h t
h
e Upp
er S
p
ar
ag
mi
t
e of
Scandi
navi
a and wi
t
h t
he Si
ni
an of Chi
na,
and to prepar
e
it
f
ho
l
o
gi
c a
nd pa
l
a
eog
eo
gr
a
phi
c ma
ps of t
he Va
I
da
i
a
nd Bal
t
i
c
ser
i
es for the Russi
an Pl
atf
orm.
The mai
n feat
ures recog-
ni
zed f
or t
he Vendi
an i
ndi
cated a cl
os
e l
i
nk wi
t
h the Cam-
b
r
i
a
n (
wh
i
c
h i
s why i
t
wa
s t
hen cal
l
ed t
he "
Pr
eca
mbr
i
an
Pal
aeo
z
oi
c
"
)
a
nd a s
t
r
uct
ur
al
p
os
i
t
i
o
n at t
he b
as
e of t
he
s
ediment
ar
y cover overl
i
es ei
ther cr
yst
al
l
i
ne basement or
ol
der Pr
oterozoi
c deposi
ts confi
ned to narr
ow t
ect
oni
c zones
一a
ul
aco
ge
ne
s (
So
kol
ov,
1
95
2,
1
95
8
)
.
The Vendi
an System i
n the t
err
i
tor
y of t
he U.
S.
S.
R. can be
t
he Russi
an Pl
atf
orm (
fr
om West
ern Podol
i
a i
n the south to
t
he Whi
t
e S
ea i
n t
he nor
t
h)
,
a
nd a ca
r
b
on
at
e t
y
pe on t
he
east
er
n Ol
enek Upl
i
ft of the Si
beri
an Pl
atform. The fi
rst
(
Fi
g.
1
)
i
s ch
ar
act
er
i
z
ed by t
i
l
l
i
t
es an
d b
a
s
al
t s
h
eet
s i
n t
he
l
ower
p
ar
t of
t
he s
e
ct
i
on.
The s
ec
ond i
s
c
ha
r
a
ct
e
r
i
z
ed b
y a
t
r
a
ns
gr
es
s
i
ve o
ver
l
a
ppi
ng of ol
der Pr
e
ca
mbr
i
an dep
o
s
i
t
s
.
Th
e
r
i
chest l
ocal
i
ti
es of soft-
bodi
ed Met
azoa,
thei
r tr
ace f
oss
i
l
s
,
r
ema
i
n
s of ma
cr
of
l
or
a,
va
r
i
o
us mi
c
r
op
hy
t
o
pl
ank
t
on a
nd ot
h
er
groups of or
gani
sms are confi
ned to the Mi
ddl
e Vendi
an i
n
b
ot
h r
e
gi
on
s.
Remai
ns of ve
nd
ot
a
eni
d f
l
or
a,
t
r
a
ce f
o
s
s
i
l
s of
bent
hi
c Met
azoa,
and mi
cr
of
ossi
l
s ar
e abundant i
n the Upper
Vend
i
an
.
The V
end
i
an s
ect
i
on
s i
n b
ot
h r
e
g
i
on
s a
r
e t
er
mi
nat
ed
by ch
ar
ac
t
er
i
s
t
i
c as
s
oci
at
i
on
s of S
ab
el
l
i
di
t
i
d
a,
Ana
bar
i
t
e
s
,
nu
mer
ous
di
ve
r
s
e t
r
ace f
o
s
s
i
l
s
,
a
nd r
a
r
e r
e
mai
n
s
飞了下石而s
-
o
i
ds
.
The ba
s
e of
t
h
e Lower Ca
mb
r
i
an (
Tommot
i
a
n s
t
age
)
i
s
c
ha
r
a
ct
er
i
z
ed by a
bu
nda
nt s
ma
l
l
s
ke
l
et
al
or
g
ani
s
ms
t
hat
c
ompr
i
s
e a co
mpl
et
e
l
y new b
i
ot
a.
S
i
n
ce t
he
n mu
ch pr
og
r
es
s
h
as be
en made i
n t
he d
ev
el
opment
of t
h
e Vend
i
an co
nce
pt (
S
ok
ol
o
v,
1
9
64,
1
97
2,
1
973
,
1
97
6,
1
98
0;
Kel
l
e
r
,
1
968
;
Kel
l
er
e
t al
.
,
1
97
4;
Kh
ome
nt
ov
s
k
i
y,
1
97
6;
The Vendi
an on the Russ
i
an Pl
at
for
m
Roza
no
v an
d S
o
kol
ov,
1
9
姻 一。ur
i
n
g t
h
i
s t
i
me a l
on
g t
e
r
m
i
nc
l
ud
e
s t
hr
ee s
er
i
es (
Fi
g.
1
)
.
The Vi
l
ch
an s
er
i
e
s (
l
owe
r
mos
t
)
i
s mai
n
l
y co
mpo
s
e
d of
t
i
l
l
i
t
es
(
Lapl
a
ndi
an h
or
i
zo
n)
de
po
s
i
t
ed
f
o
l
l
o
wi
ng a maj
or gl
aci
at
i
on ab
out
70
0 Ma a
go.
Tr
a
ces
of
t
h
i
s gl
aci
at
i
on ar
e,
of
co
ur
s
e,
wel
l
kn
own o
n o
t
h
er c
on
t
i
nent
s
,
pr
og
r
am was car
r
i
ed out
b
y t
h
e Pol
i
s
h-
So
vi
et wor
ki
n
g g
r
ou
p
wi
t
h
i
n t
he "
Pr
e
ca
mb
r
i
a
n-
Camb
r
i
a
n b
ou
nd
ar
y
" p
r
oj
e
ct
,
an
d
ac
co
un
t
s of
t
he p
al
ae
ont
ol
o
gy,
s
t
r
a
t
i
gr
a
phy
,
l
i
t
hol
ogy an
d
pa
l
a
eo
geo
gr
ap
hy of
t
he Upp
er
Pr
ec
amb
r
i
a
n an
d Camb
r
i
a
n
de
p
os
i
t
s of t
he wes
t
e
r
n p
ar
t of t
h
e Eas
t
-
Eu
r
op
ea
n Pl
at
f
or
m
ha
v
e b
ee
n pub
l
i
s
he
d (
Vol
k
ova丝丝.
,1
97
9;
Ar
e
n丝 丝.
,1
9
79;
Fed
on
ki
n丝兰・
,1
9
83
)
.
Rec
ent
l
y t
h
e Lab
or
at
or
y o
f Pr
e
cam-
b
r
i
a
n Pal
a
eon
t
o
l
o
gy of
t
h
e Acad
emy of S
ci
en
ces compl
et
ed
another extensi
ve work ent
i
tl
ed "The Vendi
an Syst
em:
Hi
s-
t
o
r
i
ca
l
-
Geo
l
ogi
cal
S
ubs
t
an
t
i
at
i
on,
"
t
o b
e pu
bl
i
s
h
ed dur
i
ng t
he
f
or
t
h
comi
n
g Con
gr
e
ss
i
n c
on
nec
t
i
o
n wi
t
h Sy
mpo
s
i
u
m S
.
01
.
2.
2
*Edi
tor'
s Not
e: Ther
e have al
s
o been recent cal
l
s for a new
p
er
i
od a
nd s
y
s
t
em 一 t
h
e Ed
i
a
car
an (
or Ed
i
a
car
i
a
n)一 o
l
d
er
than t
he conventi
onal Cambri
an and broadl
y si
mi
l
ar to the
Vendi
an (
see P.
Cl
oud and M.
F.
Gl
aes
sner i
n Sci
ence, August
27
,
1
98
2,
p.
78
3
-
79
2)
.
12
The Russi
an Pl
atf
orm,
and i
n part
i
cul
ar it
s sout
hwest
ern
par
t, i
s a st
ratot
ype l
ocal
i
ty for the Vendi
an,
whi
ch her
e
i
t
ed rapi
dl
y. The Vol
hyn-Vi
l
chan deposi
t
s are confined
aul
ac
og
ene
s
,
f
i
l
l
i
ng t
he e
xt
ens
i
ve Orshan depressi
on
_
t
o
d 1
-
IU
l
at
eral
l
y di
str
i
but
ed i
n Byel
orussi
a and adj
acent regi
ons of
Pol
and.
The V
al
day se
r
i
e
s,
wh
i
ch is
som etim es ca
l
l
ed the Upper
st
ri
ct
o,
i
sm ore wi
del
y di
str
i
-
but
ed and has a si
mi
l
ar char
act
er throughoutthe pl
atf
orm
(
Aren et al
.,1
97
9;
Be
s
s
o
nov
a et al
.
,
1
980
)
. Two distinct
Vendian or the Vendi
an sensu
horizons c
an be di
s
t
i
n
gui
s
he
d wi
t
h
i
n t
he Va
l
d
ay s
er
i
e
s
.
The
ol
der of
thes
e,
t
he Redki
no hori
zon,
i
s wi
del
y di
st
ri
buted
Epi
s
odes,
Vol
.
7, No.
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i
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s a
n
d
c
l
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y
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l
l
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o
n
c
r
e
t
i
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p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
i
t
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t
on
es and s
i
l
t
s
t
one
s
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y
s
t
a
l
l
i
n
e r
o
c
k
s o
f
t
h
e
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che
an ba
semen
t
Bas
al
t
s an
d ot
her vol
cani
cs
C
o
n
g
l
o
me
r
a
t
e
Fi
gu
r
e 1:
Gener
a
l
s
t
r
at
i
g
r
a
phy an
d pal
aeo
nt
ol
o
gy of t
he Ve
nd
i
an i
n t
he Ru
s
s
i
an Pl
at
f
or
m.
Roman nu
mer
a
l
s i
n
di
c
at
e maj
o
r f
aun
al
di
vi
si
ons.
Ri
ght
-
hand col
umn l
i
st
s t
he char
act
er
i
sti
c fossi
l
s.
Epi
sodes,
Vol.
7,
No.
I.
13
wi
t
hi
n t
h
e Pl
at
f
o
r
m a
nd i
s r
epr
es
ent
ed b
y s
a
nd and c
.
l
ay
de
po
s
i
t
s
c
ont
ai
n
i
ng s
e
ve
r
al
as
h t
ut
t an
o T
UI
1
1
l
e F
l
l
el
l
i
u
t
f
r
”_
L
l
- L
a
l
l
o
w c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
-
o
f
t
h
e
R
e
d
k
i
n
o
b
e
d
s
o
v
e
r‘
a
r
g
e
a
r
e
a
s‘
r
o
m
t
h
e Dni
es
t
er r
eg
i
o
n of P00
0少‘
n T
ne竺es
l
1
0 i
t
呢.
P
er
i
n r
e
gi
on
t
i
on 一 hi
gh
er t
h
an t
he t
i
l
l
i
t
es of t
h
e l
a
st
Pr
ec
ambr
i
a
n
g
l
a
ci
at
i
on a
nd l
o
wer
t
han Cambr
i
an de
p
os
i
t
s c
har
ac
t
er
i
z
ed b
y
mas
s ap
p
ear
an
ce of di
v
er
s
e s
k
el
et
a
l
f
au
na.
Radi
oi
s
ot
o
pi
c
dat
a s
how that t
he dur
ati
on of the Vendi
an i
s si
mi
l
ar to t
hat
o
v
e
r
2
0
0
0
k
m t
o t
h
e e
a
s
t
.
T
h
e
s
e t
吐f
s
a
n
d
t
u
f
f
i
t
e
s
a
r
e a
l
s
o
than 100 Ma;
t
he
Ma and the upper
t
h
e Vi
l
c
ha
n-
Vo
l
hy
n b
ed
s,
t
he Redk
i
no hor
i
z
on an
d t
h
e Val
d
ay
s
er
i
es as
a who
l
e ex
t
en
d bey
ond t
he l
i
mi
t
s of
aul
ac
og
ene
s t
o
f
i
l
l
s
y
ne
cl
i
s
e
s,
whi
ch ou
t
l
i
ne t
he e
pi
co
nt
i
ne
nt
al
b
as
i
n.
i
n the hi
er
ar
chy of
di
sti
nct i
n the nor
thern part of the Pl
atf
orm.
I
n contr
ast to
The ov
er
l
yi
ng Kot
l
i
n ho
r
i
z
on ha
s a s
i
mi
l
ar
di
s
t
r
i
bu
t
i
o
n t
o
r
oc
ks o
f t
he t
he Red
ki
no l
e
vel
.
Comp
os
ed of a
r
gi
l
l
i
t
es
,
1
98
3
)
.
Al
t
ho
ug
h s
ub
di
vi
s
i
o
ns of g
eol
ogi
cal
t
i
me t
h
e Ven
di
an and t
h
e Camb
r
i
an
have an equal st
atus.
Thi
s concl
usi
on i
s bas
ed not onl
y on
hi
s
t
o
r
i
c and ge
ol
og
i
ca
l
bu
t al
s
o o
n p
al
ae
ont
ol
og
i
c
al
dat
a.
si
l
ts
tones, and a mi
nor number of sandst
ones,
the Kot
l
i
n
Pal
aeobi
ol
ogi
cal As
pects
hor
i
zon l
i
es wi
th an erosi
ve base on t
he Redki
no beds and
St
udi
es of the Vendi
an bi
ot
a have opened a new and very
s
omet
i
mes rests on even ol
der deposi
ts.
Th
e Ve
ndi
an of
t
he Ru
s
s
i
an Pl
at
f
or
m i
s t
er
mi
n
at
ed by t
e
r
r
i
-
gen
ou
s b
ed
s of
t
h
e Ro
v
no hor
i
zo
n,
whi
ch ar
e ch
ar
act
er
i
ze
d b
y
a s
p
ec
i
f
i
c as
s
embl
ag
e of
ac
r
i
t
ar
chs
,
r
emai
nsof num erous
danel
l
a a
nd al
s
o b
y
S
a
bel
l
i
di
t
i
da
e,
r
ar
e Pl
a
t
ys
ol
eni
t
es
,Al
numerous trace fos
si
l
s of Pal
aeozoi
ct
ype (
s
uch a
s P
hyc
ode
s,
rtebrates
黔奥中
华.
a
n
户Gy
r
o
掣e
s
)
l
e
f
t
.
b
y
L
.
b
e
n
t
犷
I
cinve
si
t
i
on and
k
re(
l
OnKIT
I 兰三一旦I., 1,6,)・ ti
le s工rati
grapi
l
ic po
pal
eont
ol
ogy of the Rovno hori
zon al
l
ow us to compar
e and
corr
el
ate i
t wi
th t
he Nemaki
t-
Dal
dyn hori
zon of Si
beri
a,
wh
i
ch i
s al
s
o con
s
i
der
ed as t
e
r
mi
na
t
i
ng t
he Ven
di
an.
I
t i
s c
l
ear no
w t
h
at
t
he Ve
ndi
an as a whol
e i
s a po
s
t
-
au
l
ac
o
ge
ne l
or
ma
t
i
o
n o
f t
he Rus
s
i
an Pl
at
f
or
m.
Al
t
h
oug
h t
he
Vi
J
c
han
-
Vol
hy
n dep
o
s
i
t
s
ar
e con
f
i
ned t
o a
ul
ac
og
enes
,
t
he pr
e-
t
i
l
l
i
t
e b
r
ea
k s
e
e
ms abr
u
pt ev
e.
/wh
’
er
e,
wh
er
e
a
s t
h
e pr
e-
Red
ki
no b
r
eak i
s a t
r
an
s
g
r
es
s
i
ve d
i
s
conf
or
mi
t
y.
The Vendi
an on t
he Si
beri
an Pl
atform
The s
t
r
at
i
gr
a
ph
i
c eq
ui
val
ent of t
h
e Ve
nd
i
an i
n S
i
b
er
i
a i
s t
he
Yudomi
an, composed mai
nl
y of car
bonat
es whi
ch uncon-
f
or
ma
bl
y o
ver
l
a
p t
h
e u
nde
r
l
y
i
ng be
ds
.
Fi
nds
of s
of
t
-
bod
i
ed
Met
az
oa i
n t
he Upp
er
Pr
e
ca
mb
r
i
a
n of S
i
ber
i
a s
ho
w t
hi
s t
o be
a r
e
g
i
on whe
r
e t
h
e Ve
ndi
an s
y
s
t
em i
s wi
d
el
y di
s
t
r
i
but
ed.
The
r
i
chest known l
ocal
i
ty f
or Vendi
an fauna was di
scovered i
n
1
981 by us
i
n t
he Kh
at
y
s
py
t For
mat
i
on on t
h
e Ol
e
nek and
Khorbus
uonka ri
ver
s of nort
her
n Si
beri
a.
I
n t
he m i
ddl
e
r
ea
ch
es of t
he Kh
or
b
us
uo
nka Ri
ver t
h
e Yud
omi
a
n d
ep
os
i
t
s
can be di
vi
ded i
nto t
hree f
ormati
ons (
Fi
e. 2)
: t
he Maast
akh
k
ol
oesT4 rnatys
pyT,
ana juri
<
ut k
youngesti
,
wni
cn s
ucceea
eac
h ot
her
wi
t
h
i
n t
h
e Khor
bus
uo
nk
a s
er
i
e
s (
Komar
,
19
66;
S
h
pu
nt丝丝・
,1
979
)
.
The 52 m-
thi
ck Maast
akh Formati
on l
i
es wi
t
h an er
osi
ve
co
nt
ac
t on Ri
ph
ea
n dol
omi
t
es and i
s c
omp
os
e
d of va
r
i
e
gat
ed
vol
ca
no
g
eni
c r
o
cks
wi
t
h l
a
mi
nae an
d cr
os
s
-
l
ami
n
ae,
an
d co
n-
t
ai
n
i
ng b
ed
s of
f
i
ne co
ngl
omer
a
t
e
s.
Th
e up
pe
r 2
5 m i
s
co
mpos
ed o
f yel
l
ow-
gr
e
y t
hi
n-
b
edd
ed do
l
o
mi
t
e
s
.
The bas
al 12 m of the 120 m-
thi
ck Khat
yspyt Formati
on
c
ons
i
s
t
s of s
an
ds
t
on
es and s
i
l
t
s
t
one
s,
b
ut t
he maj
or p
ar
t of
t
h
e u
ni
t i
s comp
os
ed of l
i
mes
t
on
es an
d l
i
g
ht br
own t
o bl
ack
bi
tumi
nous dol
omi
tes. Massi
ve beds al
t
er
nat
e wi
th t
hi
n ones;
t
hes
e ar
e s
h
ea
r
e
d an
d con
t
ai
n man
y i
mp
r
i
n
t
s of Met
az
oa.
i
mp
or
t
ant
ch
ap
t
e
r i
n t
he pal
ae
ont
ol
ogi
cal
r
ec
or
d,
f
or
t
he
s
e
bi
ot
a di
ff
er s
har
pl
y from al
l l
at
er ones, i
n part
}
cul
ar f
rom
t
hos
e of t
he Cambri
an. The l
att
er are characteri
zed by t
he
a
br
up
t a
pp
ea
r
an
ce i
n t
he pal
aeo
nt
o
l
o
gi
cal
r
ec
or
d o
f va
r
i
o
us
g
r
ou
ps of
Me
t
az
oa wi
t
h a mi
n
er
al
i
z
ed s
kel
e
t
on i
n t
he br
oad
s
ens
e (
f
or ex
ampl
e,
s
pi
cul
es
,
s
hel
l
s an
d t
e
s
t
s
)
an
d,
of
c
our
s
e,
t
he de
vel
opment
of cl
as
s
i
c
al
p
al
aeo
nt
ol
o
gy was ba
s
ed mai
nl
y
on st
udi
es of such skel
et
al
remai
ns.
The Vendi
an f
auna as a whol
e are charact
er
i
zed by the
di
ve
r
s
i
t
y of t
a
x
a of
hi
g
h r
a
nk,
t
ho
ug
h s
pe
ci
es di
v
er
s
i
t
y wa
s
l
ow i
n t
he maj
o
r
i
t
y of
gr
oup
s
.
Rel
i
ab
l
e dat
a on t
he di
v
er
-
gen
ce or or
i
gi
n of maj
or gr
oup
s ar
e ab
s
ent
,
an
d al
l
p
hyl
a an
d
cl
a
s
s
es of t
h
e Ve
r
i
di
an f
auna ap
p
ear
ed ab
r
u
pt
l
y
.
At
p
r
e
s
en
t t
h
e f
ol
l
owi
n
g gr
oup
s of
f
os
s
i
l
s hav
e b
ee
n es
t
ab
-
l
i
s
hed as o
cc
ur
r
i
n
g t
hr
o
ug
hou
t t
h
e Vend
i
a
n-
p
r
o
ca
r
y
ot
es an
d
l
i
f
e pr
oducts of procar
yot
es s
uch as st
romat
ol
i
t
es and mi
cro-
p
hyt
ol
i
t
e
s,
a
cr
i
t
ar
c
hs (
mi
cr
o
phy
t
opl
an
kt
on i
n t
he b
r
o
ad
s
e
ns
e
)
,
u
ni
cel
l
ul
ar and mul
t
i
cel
t
u
l
ar eu
c
ar
y
ot
es (
f
ungi
,
mu
l
t
i
-
c
el
l
ul
ar v
end
ot
ae
md al
g
ae wi
t
h a no
n-
mi
ne
r
a
l
i
z
ed t
hal
l
u
s,
cal
c
ar
e
ou
s a
l
g
ae i
n t
h
e upp
er
mos
t
Ven
di
an,
s
of
t
-
b
od
i
e
d Met
a
-
z
o
a,
and gr
o
up
s o
f u
ncl
ear
s
ys
t
emat
i
c po
s
i
t
i
o
n)
,
t
he ol
d
es
t
Me
t
az
oa wi
t
h s
ke
l
et
o
ns bas
ed on an or
ga
ni
c ma
t
r
i
x (
Sab
el
-
l
i
d
i
t
i
da wi
t
h a ch
i
t
i
n
ou
s s
eg
ment
ed t
ub
e)
,
and t
r
a
c
e f
o
s
s
i
l
s of
benthi
c ani
mal
s.
The fi
rst mi
neral skel
et
ons,
mai
nl
y t
ubul
ar f
orms, appeared
at t
h
e end o
f t
he Ven
di
a
n.
The bi
o
l
og
i
cal
un
i
q
ue
ne
s
s of t
he
Ven
di
an i
s emph
as
i
ze
d by t
h
e occu
r
r
en
ce of
non
-
s
kel
et
a
l
met
a
zo
an
s and ma
cr
o
phy
t
e f
l
or
a.
Over
t
he l
a
st t
en y
ear
s
ext
en
s
i
ve l
oca
l
i
t
i
es con
t
a
i
ni
ng t
h
e Ven
di
an f
au
na ha
ve b
ee
n
di
s
co
ve
r
ed,
i
n p
ar
t
i
cu
l
ar
i
n t
he s
o
ut
he
as
t
er
n Wh
i
t
e S
ea r
e
-
gi
on,
t
he Dni
e
st
e
r r
e
gi
on of
t
h
e Uk
r
ai
ne an
d i
n Yaku
t
i
a i
n t
h
e
Ol
ene
k Upl
i
f
t
.
The f
os
si
l
s col
l
ec
t
ed i
n t
hes
e r
egi
ons
no
w
exceed i
n number and di
versi
ty al
l r
emai
ns of Precambri
an
an
i
mal
s d
i
s
cov
e
r
ed ou
t
s
i
de t
he U.
S
.
S.
R,
an
d a ma
j
or
co
l
l
e
c-
t
i
o
n i
s ho
us
ed i
n t
he Pal
ae
on
t
ol
ogi
cal
I
ns
t
i
t
ut
e o
f t
he Aca
d-
emy of Sci
ences i
n Mos
cow.
Vend
i
an Met
a
z
oa (
Fi
g.
3)
ar
e ch
a
r
ac
t
e
r
i
z
ed by s
ev
er
al
pec
u-
l
i
ar feat
ures. Unl
i
ke al
l subsequent Phanerozoi
c f
auna,
those
o
f t
h
e Vend
i
an ar
e r
ep
r
es
ent
ed by ani
ma
l
s
t
h
at do n
ot ha
ve
mi
ner
al
i
z
ed s
ke
l
e
t
o
ns
.
The f
i
r
s
t s
mal
l
,
s
i
mpl
e f
o
r
ms
wi
t
h a
Trachybasal
t tuff-
br
ecci
as and tuffaceous si
l
ts
tones occur i
n
t
ubul
ar mi
neral skel
et
on appear onl
y at t
he end of t
he
t
he up
pe
r par
t
of t
he f
or
mat
i
on.
Ve
ndi
a
n.
Abu
nda
nt
we
l
l
-
pr
e
s
e
r
v
ed i
mp
r
i
n
t
s o
f s
of
t
-
bod
i
ed
an
i
ma
l
s i
n
di
cat
e t
h
at du
r
i
ng t
hi
s pe
r
i
o
d mi
c
r
op
h
ag
ous or
g
an-
i
s
ms we
r
e do
mi
na
nt amon
g p
r
ed
at
or
s a
nd ne
cr
op
hag
ues
.
Th
er
e i
s
eve
r
y re
as
on t
o s
upp
os
e t
h
at r
el
at
i
v
el
y s
ho
r
t f
ood
ch
ai
ns ex
i
s
t
ed i
n t
he Vendi
an and,
j
udg
i
ng by t
r
a
ce f
o
s
s
i
l
s
,
t
he i
n
f
a
un
a di
d not co
ns
t
i
t
ut
e a l
ar
ge p
ar
t o
f t
h
e b
ent
hi
c
co
mmu
ni
t
i
es
.
Onl
y i
n r
ar
e c
as
es was t
he s
e
di
me
nt s
ub
j
e
ct
ed
t
o bi
o
l
o
gi
cal
pr
o
ce
s
s
i
n
g.
Th
es
e pecu
l
i
ar
i
t
i
es pr
omot
ed t
h
e
u
ndi
s
t
u
r
b
ed p
r
es
er
vat
i
on of s
o
f
t
-
bo
di
e
d Ve
nd
i
an or
g
ani
s
ms
.
The Tur
kut Formati
on l
i
es di
s
conformabl
y on bi
t
umi
nous
c
ar
b
o
nat
es an
d s
i
l
t
s
t
o
ne
s of t
he Kh
at
ys
pyt
For
mat
i
o
n.
I
t
c
on
s
i
s
t
s of al
t
er
n
at
i
n
g do
l
omi
t
e memb
er
s
,
s
ome c
ont
ai
ni
n
g
s
tromat
ol
i
tes and l
ens
es of mi
cr
ophyt
ol
i
tes as wel
l as l
ayers
o
f con
gl
omer
at
e,
s
i
l
t
s
i
on
e an
d t
u
f
f
.
Th
e f
o
r
mat
i
o
n i
s 1
7
0-
230 m t
hi
ck.
The Kes
s
i
us
a For
mat
i
o
n,
wh
i
ch ove
r
l
ap
s t
he Tur
kut
dol
o-
mi
t
e
s
,
i
s comp
os
ed mai
nl
y of cl
ayey s
an
ds
t
o
nes
,
s
i
)
t
st
o
nes
wi
t
h t
h
i
n s
h
al
es (
i
n i
t
s l
ower pa
r
t
)
,
an
d l
ens
es o
f c
ar
b
on
at
e
s
.
Abundant and di
verse trace f
os
si
l
s occur i
n t
his f
ormati
on as
do t
h
e ol
des
t
s
mal
l
s
h
el
l
y f
os
s
i
l
s (
Mi
s
s
ar
zh
ev
s
k
i
y,
1
98
2
)
.
Anal
og
ues
of
t
h
e Ven
di
an a
r
e k
no
wn p
r
act
i
ca
l
l
y on al
l
c
on-
t
i
n
ent
s
,
n
ot onl
y on pl
at
f
or
ms but
al
s
o i
n g
eos
y
ncl
i
na
l
r
e-
g
i
on
s.
Ev
er
y
wher
e t
h
ey oc
cup
y t
he s
a
me s
t
r
at
i
gr
ap
hi
c p
os
i
-
14
Gi
ga
nt
i
s
m i
s one of t
h
e t
y
pi
cal
f
eat
ur
es i
n s
e
ver
al
i
mp
or
t
a
nt
Vend
i
an f
au
nal
g
r
oup
s.
Th
i
s ph
en
omen
on i
s e
s
p
eci
al
l
y s
t
r
i
k
-
i
ng wh
en non
-
s
kel
et
al
Ve
ndi
an ani
mal
s ar
e co
mpar
ed wi
t
h
small
s
kel
et
al
f
oss
i
l
s of t
he Earl
y Cambr
i
an.
Medus
oi
d f
orms
wi
th a di
amet
er of mor
e than hal
f a met
er were not rare i
n
t
he Ve
nd
i
a
n,
ar
i
d s
ome f
eat
h
er
-
s
ha
ped co
l
o
ni
a
l
po
l
y
ps r
e
ac
hed
o
ne met
e
r or mor
e i
n l
e
ngt
h.
I
t i
s po
s
s
i
bl
e t
h
at gi
g
ant
i
s
m of
Epi
s
o
de
s,
Vo
l
.
7,
No.
I
.
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t
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}
t
s
t
on
e
巨困
区口
S
t
r
omat
ol
i
t
es
endi
V
an and Tommot
i
an s
e
quences and Pa乙
aeont
ol
ogy,ol
enek PZ
U
i
厂
t
,
Nor
t
hem yakut
i
a,Si
b
e尸
i
an Pl
at
厂
or
m.St
i
PPZ
e
d bar
si
耐i
c
at
e st
r
omat
ol
i
t
e
s
・
EPi
s
odes,Vol7,No.1.
l5
Fi
gur
e 3:
Some t
ypi
cal
re
pr
esent
at
i
ves o厂t
he Vendi
an so厂
t
-
bodi
ed met
azoans厂r
om t
he Ust
-Pi
ne
ga For
mati
on
(
Redki
no hori
zon,
Vol
dai
seri
es
)
,
Whi
t
e Sea r
egi
on:
a) Al
bumar
es br
uns
,
a
,
e Fedonki
n,
b) T.
ri
br
achi
di
u
,
m he,
r
al
di
cum
Gl
ae
s
s
ne
r
,
c
)
Di
c
ki
ns
o
ni
a c
o
s
t
at
a S
pr
i
g
g,
d
)
Pt
er
i
吏ni
um ne
n
o
x
a Kel
l
e
r
,
e
)
I
nkr
yl
ov
i
a l
at
a Fe
d
o
nk
i
n,
f
)
Ch
ar
ni
a
masoni For
d,动 Ovat
os
cut
um concent
ri
cum Gl
aes
s
ner et Wade,川 Hi
emal
ora st
el
l
ar
i
s Fedonki
n.
1‘
Epi
sodes, Vol
. 7,
No.
some Vendi
an Metazoa i
s i
ndi
cati
ve of the phyl
ogeneti
c
t
ermi
nati
on of thei
r evol
uti
on,
f
or such cases are known l
ater
i
n t
he pal
aeontol
ogi
cal recor
d. I
n f
act, i
n t
he maj
ori
ty of
cas
es,
we cannot fi
nd di
r
ect des
cendants of the Vendi
an
Met
a
zo
a amon
g Ca
mb
r
i
an or
gan
i
s
ms
.
Many t
yp
i
c
al
Ve
ndi
an
f
orms appear t
o have been bl
i
nd al
l
eys i
n met
azoan evol
uti
on.
Ho
we
ve
r,
s
ma
l
l
non
-
s
k
el
et
al
or
we
ak
l
y s
ke
l
et
i
z
ed or
g
ani
s
ms
d
i
d ex
i
s
t
i
n t
he Ven
di
an t
og
et
her
wi
t
h gi
gan
t
i
c f
or
ms
.
S
ome
of t
hem,
or t
o be more exact t
hei
r des
cendant
s, promot
ed the
a
br
up
t app
ea
r
an
c
e of s
k
el
et
al
i
n
ver
t
e
br
a
t
e
s at t
h
e b
eg
i
n
ni
n
g
of the Cam brian.
I
n the fos
si
l
record of Vendi
an macr
os
copi
c m etazoans,
认 ere
s evi
dentl
y domi
nant. M edusoid and col
oni
al
pol
yps const
i
t
ute 70% or m ore of
s
o
l
i
t
a
r
y
气
n
d
vari
ous Coelenterata
ine
speci
es
in
s
ome of t
he as
s
o
ci
at
i
on
s (
Gl
a
es
s
ne
r,
1
971
a;
Fedonki
n,
1981;An
de
r
s
o
n and Con
way,
1
982
)
.
Thou
g
h i
t
c
an
not b
e r
ul
ed o
ut t
hat t
he pr
es
e
r
v
at
i
on p
ot
ent
i
al
of
Ra-
di
al
l
a was
i
nc
r
ea
s
e
d b
ec
aus
e of
t
he l
ar
ge s
i
z
e of
man
y f
or
ms
,
at l
eaf
-shaped s
egmented for
m Di
cki
ns
oni
a
exampl
e,the fl
has beer consi
dered as a repr
esent
ati
ve o土 Coel
ent
er
ata,
Plathelm i
nthes or Anneli
da. I
t
s
ont
og
en
y i
n
di
cat
es a po
s
s
i
bl
e cl
ose hi
stori
calr
el
ati
ons
hi
pwi
t
h Radi
al
i
a. We s
us
pect t
hat
t
he mos
t pr
i
mi
ti
ve br
anches of
Di
cki
nsoni
a r
epres
ents oneof Bi
l
ater
i
a,
whi
ch pos
si
bl
y di
d not have any phyl
ogenet
i
cc o n 一
ti
nuati
on.
I
n thi
s case as i
n many ot
hers,
we
prefer to
s
pe
cul
at
e ab
o
ut
t
he l
ev
el
of
or
gan
i
z
at
i
on r
at
herthan about
t
he s
ys
t
emat
i
c po
s
i
t
i
on of t
he Ven
di
an met
az
oa
ns
.I
nso r门e
f
orms i
t i
s di
f
fi
cul
t even to i
magi
ne t
he mode of l
i
f
ekSu ch as
f
e
edi
ng and r
ep
r
o
duc
t
i
on)
an
d t
he f
u
nct
i
o
na
l
v
al
u
e ofso m e
c
har
act
er
i
s
t
i
c f
eat
ur
es
.
Th
i
s i
s t
r
ue,
f
or ex
ampl
e,
of t
he
en
i
gmat
i
c Pet
al
ona
mae.
Th
e Ve
nd
i
an fl
or
a ar
e r
ep
r
es
ent
ed by ab
un
da
nt and di
ver
s
e
mi
cr
o-pl
ankton and non-mi
neral
i
zed st
rap-l
i
ke macr
os
copi
c
a
u
l
n
g
i
a
t
e
e
d
.
、
i
n
T
h
t
e
h
e
l
a
f
t
o
t
r
e
m
r
a
b
l
舞
t
V
o
e
t
n
h
d
e
o
t
o
a
l
e
d
n
e
i
s
d
t
e
m
s
a
(
G
c
n
r
o
i
l
p
o
h
v
y
s
t
k
e
a
s
y
a
a
,
n
d
1
9
a
7
r
1
e
,
1
97
9)
.
S
t
r
ap
-
l
i
ke bi
f
ur
cat
i
ng pl
a
nt
s
up t
o 1
5
0 mm l
on
g an
d
Di
ver
si
t
y of s
ymmetr
y i
n the Vendi
an Coel
enter
at
a refl
ects
0.
5
-
3.
5 mm wi
d
e,
or c
or
d-
l
i
ke b
us
hy f
or
ms I
G mm hi
gh,
a
r
e
t
he mo
s
t
t
yp
i
c
al
one
s
.
S
ome f
or
ms
of t
he g
en
us
Ve
nd
ot
aen
主
a
ha
ve s
p
or
a
ngi
a of t
wo t
yp
es r
an
gi
n
g f
r
om 5
4 t
og
4 mm a
n
ar
r
an
ge
d i
n l
on
g
i
t
u
di
nal
r
ows
.
The f
or
m o
f t
he t
ha
l
l
u
s an
d
t
he po
s
i
t
i
o
n of
s
p
o
r
an
gi
a al
l
ow u
s t
o s
u
pp
os
e t
h
at v
end
o-
t
ae
ni
ds ar
e b
r
own al
g
ae.
an i
ni
t
i
al
r
adi
at
i
on of t
he p
hyl
um.
Th
e mos
t p
r
i
mi
t
i
ve f
or
ms
hav
e an i
nf
i
ni
t
e
l
y hi
gh or
de
r of s
y
mme
t
r
y an
d con
ce
nt
r
i
c
I
n addi
t
i
on to t
he vendot
aeni
ds, a gr
oup of mi
cr
o-
or
gani
s
ms
di
s
covered i
n the Vendi
an of t
he Eas
t-European Pl
atf
orm i
s
body pl
an,
such as Nemi
ana,
Bel
tanel
l
i
f
or
mi
s, Ti
r
asi
ana,
Cvcl
omedusa. and Kul
l
i
np
-
i
a. Fl
at pl
ate-l
i
ke pol
yps (
or seden-
and becaus
e numerous pol
yps produced i
mpri
nts whi
l
e i
n t
hei
r
l
i
f
e p
os
i
t
i
on,
t
he pr
e
do
mi
nan
ce of Coe
l
en
t
e
r
at
a i
n t
he
Ve
nd
i
a
n can b
e co
ns
i
de
r
ed as a s
i
gn of
t
he g
r
eat
age of
t
hi
s
phy
l
u
m.
Thi
s c
onc
l
u
s
i
o
n s
up
por
t
s
mod
el
s t
h
at
pl
ace Ra
di
a
l
i
a
at t
h
e b
as
e of
t
he me
t
az
o
an p
hy
l
o
gen
et
i
c t
r
e
e.
t
ar
y medu
s
o
i
d
s)
l
yi
ng on or
at
t
act
l
ed t
o t
r
i
e o
ot
t
om wer
e ver
y
now d
ef
i
ni
t
el
y a
s
s
i
gn
ed t
o t
he ol
d
es
t Ac
t
}
nomy
ce
t
es (
gen
us
ar
e s
i
mpl
e mi
c
r
os
co
pi
c,
t
ub
ul
ar
or
ga
n-
Pr
i
mof
l
ag
el
l
a They ism s w i
th a wi
de "
he
ad" (
s
p
or
angi
um)
and l
on
g "
t
a
i
l
.
" Th
ey
common.
Many of these forms show vari
ous methods of
asexual
r
epr
oducti
on.
They pas
si
vel
y col
l
ect
ed smal
l food
form dens
e cl
ust
er
s, and some occur on the surfaces of
vendotaenid thal
li and o
n s
apropel
i
c fi
l
ms.
They are typi
cal
par
t
i
cl
e
s on t
h
ei
r
br
o
ad or
a
l
s
u
r
f
ac
e.
Hi
gh p
opu
l
a
t
i
o
n den
s
i
t
y
epi
phyt
es.
of s
uch f
orms as Nemi
ana and Edi
acari
a may i
ndi
cate that
t
hi
s mode of l
i
f
e was ver
y successf
ul
i
n the Vendi
an. Al
l
Bi
o
s
t
r
at
i
gr
ap
hi
c Feat
ur
es
t
h
es
e p
l
a
t
e-
s
h
ap
ed or cup
-
s
hap
ed f
or
ms wi
t
h t
h
i
ck mes
o
g-
l
oe
a,
co
n
cen
t
r
i
c bo
dy pl
an,
s
i
mpl
e ga
s
t
r
al
cav
i
t
y an
d l
ac
ki
ng
bot
h d
i
s
t
i
n
ct r
ad
i
al
g
as
t
r
o
-
v
as
c
ul
ar
ca
nal
s an
d r
ep
r
odu
ct
i
ve
or
g
an
s
,
ca
n be u
ni
t
ed i
n a s
pe
ci
f
i
c cl
as
s
Cycl
oz
oa (
Fe
don
ki
n,
1
983
a,
b)
,
whi
ch f
or
t
he r
n
os
t
p
ar
t b
e
came ex
t
i
n
ct i
n t
he
Unl
i
ke the remai
ns of m ul
ti
cel
l
ul
ar ani
mal
s whi
ch ar
e most
numerous i
n the Redki
no hori
zon,
t
he di
str
i
buti
on of t
he
Vend
i
an mac
r
o
f
l
or
a s
hows a cer
t
a
i
n r
e
gu
l
ar
i
t
y t
h
at
al
l
ows us
t
o us
e t
h
em f
or bi
os
t
r
at
i
gr
a
phy (
Fi
g.
4)
.
I
n t
h
e t
y
pe-
s
e
ct
i
on
of
t
he Ve
ndi
an,
t
he Lower Vend
i
a
n (
Red
ki
no)
i
s
ch
ar
a
ct
er
i
z
ed
upper part of t
he Vendi
an.
'
yni
a,
wher
eas i
n the Upper Vendi
an t
by t
he genus Eohol
h
住
Pr
e
ca
mbr
i
an Coe
l
ent
er
a
l
a wi
t
h r
adi
al
b
od
y pl
an ar
e mor
e
adv
an
c
ed,
a
nd r
eal
med
us
oi
ds
ar
e d
omi
n
ant
a
mong t
hes
e
f
or
ms
.
Man
y di
f
f
er
en
t or
g
ani
s
ms s
uc
h as
Hal
l
i
da
ya,
Bo
nat
a,
Hi
e
r
n
al
or
a and El
as
en
i
a i
nc
r
e
as
e t
hei
r
deg
r
ee of r
adi
al
s
ym-
met
r
y du
r
i
n
g o
nt
o
ge
ny.
Th
i
s ph
en
omen
on s
ee
ms t
o be a ver
y
Aataeni
a are r
are.
I
n the upper
most Vendi
an t
he vendot
aeni
d
pri
mi
t
i
ve,
but necess
ary,
st
age i
n t
he evol
uti
on of many l
i
nes
of ear
l
y cni
dari
ans.
t
he most common ar
e
Among Radi
al
i
a wi
t
}
i
stabl
e symmetry t
hr
ee-
f
ol
d (
e.
g
.
S
ki
nn
er
a,
Al
bumar
es
an
d Tr
i
b
r
a
ch
i
di
u
m)
an
d
f
o
u
r
-
f
o
l
d f
o
r
ms
T
e
-
.
g
-
.通豆亘亘亘一Co
n
o
me
d
u
s
i
t
e
s
a
n
d P
e
r
-
s
i
med
us
i
t
e
s
)
.
Thos
e wi
t
h t
hr
ee-
f
ol
d s
y
mmet
r
y may r
ep
r
e
s
ent
可而可百飞雨ci
al
s
ub
-
c
l
as
s of
S
cyp
h
oz
oa o
r a s
ep
ar
at
e cl
as
s of
sm all
Coel
enterata. Thi
s gr
oup possi
bl
y gave ri
se to t
he Val
kov
coni
cal skeletalf
or
ms of
t
he or
der
Angu
s
t
i
oc
hr
e
i
da(
form s of the
g
en
us o
f Ven
dot
aen
i
a ar
e wi
de
s
p
r
ea
d,
a
曰 Ci
瓦开百百昆 r
ep
l
ac
ed by t
h
e Ty
as
o
t
a
eni
a f
l
or
a,
whi
ch oc
cu
r i
n
the Rovno hor
i
zon t
er
mi
nat
i
ng the Vendi
an s
ecti
on on t
he
Russi
an Pl
atform .
For di
vi
si
on and cor
rel
ati
on of the Vendi
an depos
i
ts,
Sovi
et
s
pe
ci
a
l
i
s
t
s i
n r
ec
ent
y
ear
s
ha
ve u
s
ed ac
r
i
t
ar
ch
s (
Vo
l
k
ov
a丝
a
l
.
,
1
97
9
)
.
Thes
e ar
e mai
nl
y t
he re
mai
ns of mi
cr
o
s
copi
c
or
g
ani
c wa
l
l
ed al
gae,
bu
t t
h
ey a
l
s
o i
ncl
u
de r
ep
r
e
s
e
nt
at
i
ves of
o
t
h
er gr
ou
p
s of p
r
oc
ar
yot
i
c an
d euc
ar
yot
i
c or
g
an
i
s
ms.
Th
e
eas
e of
t
h
ei
r ext
r
a
ct
i
on as wel
l
as t
h
ei
r
di
ve
r
s
i
t
y g
i
v
es e
ver
y
r
ea
s
on t
o con
s
i
der
t
he
m as one of
t
he gui
de f
os
s
i
l
gr
o
up
s f
o
r
s
t
r
at
i
g
r
ap
hi
c s
t
udy of t
he Ve
ndi
an a
nd al
s
o t
h
e Up
pe
r Pr
e
-
cambr
i
an i
n gen
er
al
.
a
nd S
ys
oy
ev,
1
96
9;
Val
k
ov,
1
98
2)
at t
he en
d of
t
h
e Vend
i
an
a
nd t
h
e b
e
gi
n
ni
ng of
t
he Camb
r
i
an (
Fedo
nk
i
n,
1
9
83
a
)
.
S
ome
f
o
ur
-
f
ol
d Radi
al
i
a c
oul
d i
n pa
r
al
l
el
ha
ve g
i
v
en r
i
s
e t
o Con-
ul
ar
i
i
d
a (
Gl
aes
s
n
er
,
1
971
b)
.
On
e co
ul
d s
u
pp
os
e t
hat
many
t
u
bu
l
ar
s
k
el
et
al
f
or
ms
,
wh
i
ch f
i
r
s
t ap
pe
ar at t
he Pr
eca
m-
Summar
y
br
i
an-Cambri
an boundar
y, represent s
ome groups of pri
mi
t
i
ve
r
ec
en
t S
ov
i
et
wo
r
k on Vend
i
an p
al
a
eo
nt
o
l
o
gy an
d s
t
r
at
i
g
r
ap
hy
i
s of
gl
ob
al
i
mpo
r
t
anc
e,
b
ec
aus
e i
t
ext
e
nds by on
e hu
nd
r
ed
mi
l
l
i
on y
ear
s t
he t
i
me r
an
ge of
app
l
i
cat
i
on of
cl
a
s
s
i
cal
pal
a
eo
z
ool
o
gi
cal
met
hod
s i
n bi
o
s
t
r
at
i
g
r
a
phy
.
Th
es
e i
n
ve
s
t
i
gat
i
o
ns ar
e es
p
ec
i
al
l
y s
i
gn
i
f
i
ca
nt
,
b
ec
au
s
e t
he
y
Coel
enterata.
The va
s
t maj
or
i
t
y of Ven
di
an bi
l
a
t
e
r
al
met
az
oan
s ar
e char
ac-
t
er
i
ze
d by a f
l
at
t
en
ed s
egmen
t
ed b
o
dy.
Thi
s s
ee
ms t
o
i
n
di
cat
e t
hat
t
h
e bi
l
at
er
al
s
ymmet
r
y and s
e
gmen
t
e
d ch
ar
-
a
ct
er (
met
a
mer
i
s
m)
i
n ma
ny gr
o
up
s of Met
a
z
oa co
ul
d hav
e
e
vol
ve
d s
i
mul
t
ane
o
us
l
y (
Fedon
ki
n,
1
98
3
a)
.
Among mac
r
o-
s
cop
i
c Bi
l
at
er
i
a i
t
i
s pos
s
i
b
l
e t
o s
ee t
he p
he
nomen
on of
i
mp
er
f
ec
t met
a
mer
y,
bot
h i
n man
y-
s
e
gmen
t
e
d f
or
ms l
i
k
e
旦旦i
n
s
o
ni
a,
and i
n f
or
ms l
i
k
e丝困些wi
t
h f
ew s
egme
nt
s
.
Mos
t
of t
he
s
e s
p
eci
es ha
d poo
r or
gani
z
at
i
on a
nd ca
nnot
be
at
t
r
i
bu
t
ed t
o a
ny k
nown met
a
zo
an t
a
xa of
h
i
gh r
an
k.
For
Epi
s
odes,
Vol.
7, No.
I.
The s
t
udi
es of
Ven
d
i
an b
i
ot
a ar
e ver
y i
mp
or
t
an
t f
o
r u
nde
r
-
s
t
and
i
n
g t
he d
ev
el
o
pme
nt
o
f l
i
f
e i
n t
he La
t
e Pr
eca
mbr
i
an,
i
t
s
mai
n features,
and t
he ear
l
i
es
t pathways of ani
mal evol
uti
on,
al
l of whi
ch are di
f
fi
cul
t to pr
edi
ct theoret
i
cal
l
y. I
ndeed,
t
he
r
ev
eal
a ne
w g
eo
chr
on
ol
o
gi
cal
s
t
a
ge (
Fi
g.
4
)
,
on
e wi
t
h non
-
met
al
l
i
c and ot
her mi
ner
al res
ources neces
sar
y f
or i
ndustr
y
and agri
cul
t
ure s
uch as phos
phori
t
es and oi
l
. I
nt
er
nat
i
onal
cooperati
on i
n st
udi
es of the Vendi
an s
yst
em, t
aki
ng i
nt
o
ac
cou
nt
t
h
e S
o
vi
et exp
er
i
en
ce,
wi
l
l
be of
de
ci
s
i
v
e i
mp
or
t
an
ce
f
or new advances i
n t
he st
udy of the l
at
es
t Precambri
an and
of t
he evol
ut
i
on of l
i
fe over the l
ast 700 mi
l
l
i
on year
s.
17
HORI
ZON
SOUT
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E
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URALS
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Tommoti
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ar
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l
n
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AND
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Hor
i
zon
S
OU
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CANAD
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AUS
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AT
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S
TA
GE
引一
祠
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7 J n卜.
.....
么....,百
.....
SYS
TE
M Bl
a
c
kb
r
o
ok
Fr
n.
T T T
Ga
r
i
e
p Gr
o
up
Fi
gur
e 4
:
Cor
r
el
at
i
on o
f t
he So
vi
et
Ve
ndi
an wi
t
h t
he mos
t
i
mpor
t
ant
Up
per Pr
ot
er
o
zoi
c s
e
que
nc
e
s el
s
ewhe
r
e
.
Ke
y t
o f
o
s
s
i
l
s
:
I一s
ke
l
et
al
Met
az
o
a,
2一Tommot
i
a
n a
s
s
embl
a
ge
s (
2
a一Anab
ar
i
t
e
s t
r
i
s
.
,
2
b一PZ
at
y
s
o
l
eni
t
e
s,
2c
一Sa
be
l
l
i
di
t
i
da
,
2
d一Cal
ypt
r
i
n
旦,
2
e一Cl
o
u
di
na
,
2
f一Redk
i
ni
,
2
g一Sa
bel
l
i
t
i
di
t
a b
e
ds of Ea
s
t
Ur
al
s sl
o
pe
)
;
3-
tr
ace fo
ssi
l
s;
4一Vendi
an soft
-
bodi
ed f
ossi
l
s Na一Type as
sembl
age:
Cycl
ozoa,
Di
cki
nsoni
i
dae,
Vendomi
i
dae,
Ch
ar
ni
i
d
ae,
Pt
er
i
di
ni
i
dae
,
Tr
i
br
ach
i
di
u
m;
4b一Li
ao
ni
n
g as
s
emb
l
a
ge
)
;
5一al
g
ae,
V
en
dot
ae
ni
des (
5
a一Dvi
ni
a,
5b
6
一
a
c
r
i
t
a
r
c
h
s
(
6
a
一
L
o
n
t
o
va
一
K
o
r
i
l
o
p
h
y
t
o
n
)
;
一j
y
L
a
s
o
t
a
e
n
i
a
,
5
c一V
e
n
d
o
t
a
e
n
i
a
,
5
d一塑业ai
}
a
,
5
e
an ass
embl
age wi
t
h
assembl
age)
;
7一Chuari
amor
phi
da;
8一st
r
omatol
i
t
es (
8a一mi
cr
ophyt
ol
i
t
hs
,8b一 Yudomi
(
80 st
r
omat
ol
i
t
es and (
8d) mi
cr
ophyt
ol
i
t
hs
);
T一t
i
l
l
i
tes
.
18
Epi
sodes,
Vol
. 7, No.
I.
Academ i
ci
an B.
S. Sokol
ov i
s Secre-
Dr. M.
A.
Fedonki
n i
s a seni
or s
ci
-
t
ar
y of
t
he De
p
ar
t
ment of Ge
o-
l
ogy
,
Geop
hy
s
i
cs an
d Ge
oche
mi
s
t
r
y
of t
h
e Ac
ade
my of
Sc
i
e
nce
s (
Le
n-
i
ns
k
y pr
.
1
4,
11
7
901
Mos
co
w V-
71
)
.
ent
i
st i
n t
he Laborat
or
y for Pr
e-
camb
r
i
a
n Pal
ae
on
t
ol
ogy at
t
he
Ac
ad
emy of
S
ci
e
nc
es (
Leni
ns
k
y pr
.
1
4,
11
79
01
Mo
s
co
w V-
71
)
.
Hi
s
He i
s al
so Chai
rman of t
he
mai
n resear
ch i
nterests l
i
e i
n t
he
U.
S
.
S.
R.
St
r
at
i
g
r
a
ph
i
cal
Commi
t
-
fi
el
ds of Pr
ecambr
i
an pal
aeozool
-
t
ee,
Pr
esi
dent of t
he Al
l
-Uni
on
o
gy
,
pa
l
a
eoi
c
hno
l
o
gy and st
r
a
t
i
gr
a-
Pal
ae
o
nt
o
l
og
i
c a
]
S
oc
i
et
y and Pr
es
-
phy.
Went of t
he I
nternati
onal Pal
aeon-
t
ol
og
i
ca
l
As
s
o
ci
at
i
on.
He was r
e-
centl
y el
ect
ed an Honor
ar
y Fel
l
ow
of t
he Geo
l
ogi
ca
l
So
ci
et
y of Amer
-
ic a .
Ref
er
ences (
Those not i
n Rus
si
an are asteri
s
ked)
di
versi
fi
cati
on of the Cni
dari
a. Pal
aeon- f
orm.
I
zves
t
i
ya Akademi
ya nauk SSSR,
to
l
ogi
s
che Zei
t
s
chr
i
f
t,
v.
45, no. 1
-
2, p.
7
- Ser
i
ya geol
ogi
ches
kaya, no.
5, p.
21
-31
. 17.
Sokol
ov,
B.
S.
,
1
958.
The pr
obl
em of t
he
Gni
l
ovsk
aya,
M.
B.
, 1
971.
Ol
des
t Verdi
an
l
ower boundar
y of t
he Pal
ec
zoi
c an
d t
he al
gae of t
he Rus
si
an Pl
at
f
orm (
Lat
e Pr
e- ol
dest dep
os
i
ts of t
he pr
e-
Si
ni
an pl
at
- cambri
an)
.
Pal
eo
nt
o
l
ogi
ches
ki
y Zhu
rnal
,
f
orms of Euras
i
a.
Tr
udy Vs
es
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s
kel
et
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Eur
asi
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nt
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t
ut
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i
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S
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t
i
g
r
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I
nt
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a
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t
o
g
i
na
u
k
i
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t
e
k
h
n
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TI
)
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i
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