brad d making knowledge work for you

Transcription

MSc Human Osteology
and Palaeopathology
MAKING
KNOWLEDGE
WORK
BRADFORD
YOU
CONTENTS
Human Osteology and Palaeopathology at Bradford 3
Research and Professional Practice 4
Course Information
7
Special Features
11
Facilities and Resources
12
Staff and Expertise
14
Student View
16
Careers, Further Study and Admissions Requirements
18
Student Support
19
The University and its Campus
20
The City of Bradford
22
How To Find Us
23
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For further information: Tel: 01274 234706 Email: [email protected] www.bradford.ac.uk/archenvi
WELCOME
Welcome to the course brochure for the MSc Human Osteology
and Palaeopathology at Bradford.
At Bradford we have been teaching archaeological sciences since
1973, being the first institution in the UK to offer this subject at both
Undergraduate and Masters level. We have been a world-leading
centre for palaeopathology since 1980, when Dr Keith Manchester
joined the department as honorary visiting lecturer. Keith was soon
joined by a wide range of osteologists and palaeopathologists, and
between us we have amassed an immense collection of human
skeletal remains, which are used throughout our teaching and research.
HUMAN OSTEOLOGY AND
PALAEOPATHOLOGY AT BRADFORD
Human remains are a fascinating area of study, giving a direct
insight into the people of the past. The study of osteology and
palaeopathology requires a sound understanding of human
anatomy and skeletal development, age and sex-related
differences, normal skeletal variation, the identification and
diagnosis of pathological lesions, biomolecular analysis of
skeletal remains and an understanding of their archaeological
context and taphonomic alteration. At Bradford we combine
these different approaches and techniques to allow students
to analyse and describe these skeletons and place them
within their cultural context.
Our teaching is led by staff who were praised for being
‘world-leading, particularly in areas of fundamental scientific
research’ following the last Research Assessment Exercise
(2008).
We have specialist facilities including three dedicated
osteology laboratories, histology laboratory, microscopy
and 3D laser scanning instrumentation, a radiography suite,
stable isotope laboratories, and the dedicated Centre for
Chemical and Structural Analysis that houses a range of
sophisticated and specialist analytical equipment ranging
from Electron Microscopy to X-ray Diffraction.
A key feature of the course is access to our collection of
archaeological human remains, dating from the Neolithic
to the 19th century and associated modern anatomical
specimens. With over 4000 skeletons, we offer our students
the opportunity to examine pathological conditions at
TEACHING STAFF
Course Manager:
Dr Jo Buckberry
Associated Staff:
Dr Julia Beaumont
Dr Hannah Koon
Dr Andrew Wilson
Dr Karina Croucher
Professor Keith Manchester
Dr Alan Ogden
Profiles for each person can be found on our website
at: www.bradford.ac.uk/archenvi
different stages of development, and to study less common
conditions. In addition, we curate over 5000 radiographs
– both skeletal and clinical – which can be used to
investigate internal structures and assist age estimation
and pathological description and interpretation. We believe
in using as many individual skeletons, specimens and
radiographs as possible within our teaching, allowing a full
understanding of skeletal and pathological variation. We
have recently supplemented our resources with photorealistic 3D laser scans of type pathological conditions,
which will be available for personal study. We look forward
to welcoming you in person to Archaeological Sciences at
Bradford.
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RESEARCH AND
PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE
Archaeological Sciences has a unique portfolio of worldclass research and knowledge transfer (RKT) activity in
the UK and abroad. Knowledge transfer is the exchange
of ideas, knowledge and expertise between the University
and a range of external organisations and audiences.
TRACK RECORD
•40 years of research activity
•Multidisciplinary, integrated research teams
•International reputation for research
Current projects in the Biological Anthropology Research
Centre include:
3D Bones at Bradford: ‘Digitised
Diseases’ and ‘From Cemetery to Clinic’
Dr Andrew Wilson, Dr Jo Buckberry, Dr Chris Gaffney
Prof Keith Manchester & Prof Hassan Ugail
We have had two large-scale projects funded by JISC
which have focussed on the 3D digital documentation of
palaeopathological type specimens from the collections
in BARC and in conjunction with project partners Museum
of London Archaeology, the Royal College of Surgeons (of
England) and the Novium (Chichester District Council).
The process has involved extensive specimen selection,
description and interpretation alongside 3D laser scanning
using a Faro Quantum Arm with v3 laser. Texture
photography provides a photo-realistic quality to the
models, which can be readily manipulated using a variety
of platforms and freely available software packages/apps.
We have made these models freely and widely available
as part of a comprehensive web resource, to attract
broad usage and impact amongst clinicians, medical
trainees, medical historians, archaeologists, osteologists
and palaeopathologists as well as enriching the wider
public understanding of the study of human remains.
Given that pathological bone is often the most fragile
and yet widely studied material the project has a
significant role in safeguarding the future of rare
osteological specimens.
3D laser scanning a cuboid
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Peri-mortem Trauma at Stirling Castle:
Investigating the Scottish Wars of
Independence
Dr Jo Buckberry & Dr Alan Ogden
In 1997 a small population dating to the 14th and 15th
centuries was excavated in a lost royal chapel at Stirling
Castle, one of the key garrisons of the Scottish Wars of
Independence. Shortly after the excavation skeletal analysis
revealed that one individual suffered healed sharp force
trauma to the frontal and a second had possible perimortem puncture wounds to the cranial vault.
In 2009, the remains were re-examined prior to proposed
reburial, identifying peri-mortem penetrating trauma
to the cranial vault of one individual. Historic Scotland
commissioned Dr Jo Buckberry to re-analyse these
remains, which identified an abundance of peri-mortem
trauma within this small group. Most of the trauma is blunt
force, with small numbers of sharp force and penetrating
traumatic lesions present. One individual suffered over 80
peri-mortem fractures, many to his post-cranial skeleton.
While many of the fractures found in isolation could easily
be attributed to accidents, the small number of sharp-force
and penetrating injuries clearly relate to inter-personal
violence. It is argued that this, alongside the significant
burial location within a royal castle, indicates that these
individuals died in encounters relating to the Scottish Wars
of Independence.
Isotopic analysis was undertaken at Bradford in collaboration
with Prof Julia Lee-Thorp (University of Oxford) and Dr
Janet Montgomery (Durham University). Carbon and
nitrogen isotope analysis of bone collagen indicated these
individuals enjoyed a mixed diet, with ratios similar to other
notable high-status medieval populations. Oxygen and
strontium isotope analysis of tooth enamel was undertaken
to investigate the origins of all individuals with surviving teeth.
Stirling Castle changed hands repeatedly during the course
of the Wars of Independence, so one of our main aims was
to establish if these people were English or Scottish. Sadly
the results of this analysis were inconclusive in this regard.
We are embarking on further research to investigate these
individuals, in particular focussing on the robusticity of them
in relation to other medieval populations and using further
analytical techniques to attempt to narrow down their origins.
Some of the results of this analysis have appeared on TV
and they formed the basis of an exhibition at Stirling Castle.
Dr Alan Ogden completed a facial reconstruction of the only
female individual from the site, which is also on display.
Limeys: a Combined Approach to
Detect Sub-clinical Scurvy
Dr Hannah Koon
Descriptions of the horrors of scurvy abound in the historical
literature. The dramatic effects that scurvy had on seafarers
prior to the 18th century are well-known. There is also
abundant documentary evidence for land-scurvy throughout
military history and during times of food shortage. It has
been further suggested that late springs coupled with low
levels of vitamin C in stored grain would have led to subclinical scurvy being endemic in ancient populations across
Northern Europe. In order to assess the extent of scurvy
in past populations it is necessary to look at their skeletal
remains, however, especially in adults, scurvy can leave
very few traces on the skeleton. Dr Koon’s pioneering work
initiated with York University and Harvard University has used
combined palaeopathological and biochemical markers to
highlight deficiency diseases in early migrational populations,
utilising cutting-edge proteomic and isotopic approaches.
Ongoing research has been focused towards method
development and application to specific skeletal populations
including the remains of Dutch Whalers buried on Svalbard
and sailors from the Royal Naval hospital at Haslar.
To date this work has featured in various publications
including Science magazine and as part of a monograph
Exploring Atlantic Transitions.
Peri-mortem fracture to a mandible from Stirling Castle
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Gristhorpe Man: the Scientific Study of
an Early Bronze Age Log-coffin Burial
Dr Cathy Batt, Prof Carl Heron, Rob Janaway,
Dr Adrian Evans, Dr Sonia O’Connor, Dr Alan Ogden &
Dr Andrew Wilson
Excavations carried out on a Bronze Age barrow at Gristhorpe,
North Yorkshire in the mid-19th century revealed the remains
of a log-coffin containing the flexed skeletal remains of an
adult male and a well-preserved assemblage of grave goods.
More than 150 years on, a multi-disciplinary team of over
twenty specialists have contributed to an integrated scientific
programme of analysis and reappraisal of the assemblage at
Bradford led by Dr Nigel Melton, involving specialists based
at the University of Bradford, Durham, Exeter, Sheffield,
Edinburgh, Sydney (Australia), Copenhagen (Denmark),
Oxford, and the National Museum of Scotland.
Detailed examination of Gristhorpe Man’s skeleton showed
that he was approximately 36-45 years-old when he died.
The evidence from his skeletal remains and his diet suggest
that Gristhorpe Man may have been of a member of the
elite. This was supported by the artefacts found within the
coffin, including a bronze dagger with a rare Cetacean
bone pommel, a knife, two flint flakes, a bark container and
an animal hide wrapping. Skeletal markers indicated that he
carried out strenuous activities that utilised his right hand
and limb more than the left. The researchers commented
that the “ostentation of the Gristhorpe grave appear to
have been matched by the physical attributes of the man
himself” (Melton et al. 2009).
Isotopic evidence from strontium, lead and phosphate
oxygen ratios in the bones were used to narrow down
the region where Gristhorpe Man spent his childhood;
the level of these isotopes is fixed within the enamel of
teeth between the ages of two and a half and eight. The
assessment of Gristhorpe Man’s teeth were consistent
with him spending his childhood in north-east Yorkshire. In
addition, isotopic evidence from carbon and nitrogen found
in the bones and teeth were used to provide details about
Gristhorpe Man’s diet, suggesting that it was composed
predominantly of terrestrial proteins; his protein rich diet
also appears to have resulted in the development of three
gall stones, found in the base of the coffin.
This work has been published in the journal Antiquity and as
a specialist monograph.
Preserved hair from Lukin Street
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CT-scanning Gristhorpe Man
The Great Irish Famine: a Historical and
Isotopic Study
Dr Julia Beaumont
During the Great Irish Potato Famine (1845-1852), at
least a quarter of the Irish population died (more than
two million people) and a further one and a half million
emigrated, 108,000 settling in London over this period.
Individuals from two cemetery populations from this time,
Lukin Street, London (1843-1852), excavated by Museum
of London Archaeology (MOLA) and the Famine cemetery
from Kilkenny Union workhouse, excavated by Margaret
Gowen & co, have been studied for this project. Using
a combination of documentary evidence for diet and the
ratios of the stable isotopes of carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen
(δ15N) from bone and dentine collagen, it is possible to
detect different dietary regimes within the two cemetery
populations. The combined δ13C and δ15N data from these
tissues can identify potential immigrants to London buried
in Lukin Street. The immigrants identified are not just from
Ireland, but also from other areas with a dietary regime
which differs isotopically from the 19th-century London
diet identified in this study. These include a mariner from
Portugal.
Dr Beaumont has developed a novel method to achieve
high-resolution temporal profiles for δ13C and δ15N
changes seen during childhood and adolescence in
both victims and survivors of the Famine. This allows
the comparison of the diet and physiology of different
individuals at the same age. As a result, new models for
the identification of breastfeeding and weaning, and for
periods of physiological stress such as Famine have been
developed.
Some of the work has been published in the journals
American Journal of Physical Anthropology and
Archaeometry, and in the MOLA monograph ‘He being
dead yet speaketh’ Excavations at three post-medieval
burial grounds in Tower Hamlets, East London, 2004-08.
COURSE INFORMATION
INTRODUCTION
The MSc Human Osteology and Palaeopathology is
designed to give systematic training in the analysis of
human remains. The course develops an advanced
understanding of skeletal anatomy and equips students
with the skills to analyse human remains from a variety
of contexts, both macroscopically and via analytical
techniques such as isotope and biomolecular analysis.
A key feature of the degree is the in-depth training in
palaeopathology and the hands-on experience, with access
to thousands of skeletons from a variety of archaeological
periods. Throughout the course, students are taught by
established researchers in osteology, palaeopathology,
archaeological science and funerary archaeology.
The course aims to prepare you not only for research in
human osteology and palaeopathology, but also for the
rigours of commercial osteological analysis. The course
is well suited both to students who wish to use it as a
foundation from which to commence doctoral research or
as vocational training to enhance employment prospects
in archaeology and related areas. In addition, many of our
graduates have continued to further study in subjects allied
to medicine.
HUMAN OSTEOLOGY AND
PALAEOPATHOLOGY AT BRADFORD
Archaeological Sciences at Bradford is the perfect choice
for studying for your postgraduate degree. Throughout
the history of Archaeological Sciences at Bradford there
has been a drive to innovate, which is exemplified by the
work of the department today. We now deliver a number
of undergraduate and postgraduate programmes,
taught and supported by dedicated academic, technical
and clerical staff. Bradford launched the world’s first
Archaeological Sciences Masters programme in 1973,
followed by an Undergraduate degree course in 1975.
The MSc Palaeopathology and Funerary Archaeology
started in 1990, and a variant of this (MSc Osteology,
Palaeopathology and Funerary Archaeology) was taught
jointly between the Universities of Bradford and Sheffield
between 1991 and 2000. In September 2000 we launched
the MSc Human Osteology and Palaeopathology, taught
entirely in Bradford. In combination, these three degree
programmes total almost 25 years of continuous teaching
of postgraduate osteology and palaeopathology in
Bradford and our alumni now hold posts at all levels
throughout the sector, from lectureships to excavators.
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Research Assessment Exercise: the department of
Archaeological Sciences was congratulated by the
external Research Assessment panel following the most
recent review on being ‘world-leading, particularly in areas
of fundamental scientific research’.
Research-led teaching: our research underpins our
teaching, providing you with up-to-date information as
well as real-life experiences and case studies that will
put your learning into context. This also ensures that our
teaching is current, engaging and alive. Opportunities
are provided to allow you to participate in research
projects being undertaken in the department, gaining
practical experience in a range of areas that will develop
your academic and analytical skills. Many students go
on to publish their dissertation research jointly with their
supervisors and are an integral part of our research
activity.
Successful research projects: we have a strong
reputation in the successful completion of a number
of innovative and interdisciplinary research projects,
collaborating with academics and students from a
range of subject areas, both in Bradford and beyond.
These projects have developed and tested osteological
techniques, increased our understanding of past societies
and health. Projects have ranged temporally from the
Upper Palaeolithic to the post-medieval period, and have
also covered analytical subjects exploring diet, migration
and pathology.
Dissemination, promotion and community
involvement: archaeology is a discipline that speaks
to a wide audience of people, with many keen to learn
more about the area that they live in and their ancestors.
The majority of the research carried out in Bradford have
promotion and community involvement at their core,
disseminating the findings to as wide an audience as
possible. This has included working with museums, local
heritage groups, school groups and volunteers, running
day-schools and workshops. In the BARC, we regularly
give public lectures about our research at venues across
the UK and overseas. We deliver osteology sessions
for the general public and have developed bespoke
osteology sessions for Key Stage 2 school children as
part of the Wellcome Trust-funded project You Are What
You Ate.
AIMS OF THE COURSE
The programme has been designed to enable you to
develop a comprehensive understanding and knowledge
of the analysis of human remains, primarily archaeological
skeletons. The practical nature of the course allows you
to gain direct experience in a range of techniques and
to analyse a wide range of skeletons, providing you with
a specialism in human osteology as well as developing
professional skills such as good laboratory practice and
transferable skills such as statistical analysis, presentation
skills and project management.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF THE COURSE
•A full range of osteological and analytical techniques
are covered in detail, equipping our graduates for
employment on completion of the degree. The
co-teaching of elements of the course with other
postgraduate students in the department encourages
discussion, debate and a strong interdisciplinary
approach.
•The course focuses on practical, hands-on experience
with access to multiple skeletons throughout, enabling
students to appreciate skeletal development, the level of
normal skeletal variation, and variation in the expression
of pathological conditions.
•The strong research emphasis offers you the
opportunity to carry out a research project in an area of
interest, utilising new-found knowledge, understanding
and analytical skills to address specific osteological and
archaeological questions.
COURSE OUTLINE
The course is a combination of learning experiences
with skills and knowledge developed through lectures,
seminars, laboratory and fieldwork classes, and a
substantial individual research dissertation. The course
structure is modular, composed of 180 credits in total. The
taught components (constituting 120 credits) are run over
two semesters (September to January, then late January
to May). The dissertation is undertaken between May and
September.
There are six core modules in total, as well as a small
choice of optional modules, which ensures that all
students acquire a broad range of knowledge across all
of the key areas of skeletal analysis and allied topics but
including some choice based on your own interests and
background. Each 10-credit module equates to 100 hours
of learning time. You need 60 credits for the Postgraduate
Certificate and 120 credits for the Postgraduate Diploma.
To be awarded an MSc you will need to successfully
complete a research project worth 60 credits.
You are provided with detailed and comprehensive course
and module handbooks that can be consulted for a range
of learning issues. In addition, course tutors will advise on
subject-specific queries.
Core Modules
The core modules provide you with a foundation in the
analysis of human remains, as well as the transferable
skills required to carry out scientific research, including
statistical analysis, report writing and presentation skills.
The core modules required as part of the MSc Human
Osteology and Palaeopathology comprise:
Musculo-skeletal Anatomy
This 20-credit module lays the foundation stones for
your degree. It focuses on skeletal anatomy, and how
this relates to the attaching soft tissues, with discussion
of the development of bones and teeth and fragment
identification. By the end of the module, students can
confidently identify and side highly fragmented pieces of
bone and isolated teeth.
Analysis of Human Remains
The 20-credit analysis of human remains module teaches
a wide range of osteological techniques, from age
estimation and sex assessment to metrical analyses
(stature, cranial and post-cranial indices), morphological
variation and the identification of non-metric traits and
ancestry assessment. The calculation of minimum number
of individuals (MNI), the analysis of cremated remains
and identification of pathological lesions are introduced.
Throughout the module the impact of taphonomic
alterations and their impact on analyses are discussed.
Palaeopathology
The 30-credit palaeopathology module introduces
the range of pathological abnormalities that can be
observed in skeletal remains. We use a clinical basis for
the understanding of palaeopathology and have three
clinicians on the team: Dr Julia Beaumont, Professor
Keith Manchester and Dr Alan Ogden. Each staff member
teaches their individual specialisms, making the module
dynamic and exciting. Each week, students participate in
three-hour laboratory sessions, examining and diagnosing
a wide range of specimens, often with supporting
radiographs. In Bradford we are extremely fortunate
in being able to choose from multiple cases of many
diseases, to ensure our students see variations in lesion
types as well as the widest possible range of pathological
conditions.
Research Skills
The research skills module (10 credits) is designed to
help students prepare for their dissertation research
over the summer. It teaches key transferrable skills
including project design and time management, and
allows students to develop their ideas in a supportive
environment.
Optional Modules
Students select two out of three optional modules
that deal with the application of scientific principles
to archaeological (including human) remains and the
archaeological context from which they derive. The
optional modules available as part of the MSc Human
Osteology and Palaeopathology are:
Funerary Archaeology
Maths and Quantitative Methods
This 10-credit module introduces students to data
handling and manipulation, data types and how results
can be tested to reveal statistically significant results. A full
understanding of which statistical tests should be used
on different types of data to answer a variety of questions
is a fundamental research technique. This module allows
students to understand how published datasets have
been manipulated, to assess the rigour of published
papers, and helps them develop appropriate recording
techniques for their dissertation, ensuring their results can
be tested appropriately.
Introduction to Archaeozoology
A key skill for any anthropologist is to be able to separate
human from animal bone confidently, and increasingly
employers are looking for osteologists who can assist
in the analysis of faunal remains – therefore as well as
developing key osteological skills, this 10-credit module
aims to increase employability. This module introduces the
identification and analysis of animal bones and explores
the different themes and research questions that can be
addressed using archaezoological remains.
The 10-credit funerary archaeology module places human
remains in their cultural context. Different theoretical
approaches to the study of funerary remains and key
themes such as age and the lifecourse, status, sex and
gender, ethnicity and deviant burials are explored for a
variety of time periods. The module is team-taught by staff
from across the department.
Topics in Archaeometry
This module provides a grounding in scientific methods
in archaeology, with coverage of the application of
dating, biomolecular archaeology and isotopic analysis to
archaeological questions.
Light Isotope Analysis
The light isotope analysis module is run as a shortcourse over a three day period in the second semester.
It provides a concentrated introduction isotope analysis,
incorporating lectures, practical laboratory sessions and
experimental coursework reports, and is ideal for students
who wish to specialise in isotope analysis for their
dissertation.
Please note the curriculum is subject to change.
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Dissertations
The dissertation is a substantial piece of independent
research, closely supervised by an appropriate specialist
and is undertaken over the summer period. The topics are
drawn either from those suggested by the staff or are a
result of your existing interests. The breadth and variety of
opportunity on the course is illustrated by this selection of
recent dissertation topics:
•Stable isotopes as an indication of weaning age at the
Anglo-Saxon site of Raunds Furnells
•Bioarchaeological analysis of the human skeletal
remains from Lobang Jeragan, Sarawak, Malaysia
•Diagnosing scoliosis in archaeological human remains
•An evaluation of search techniques, including cadaver
dogs for historic conflict mass graves
•Skeletal trauma in children and adolescents during
England’s Industrial Revolution
•Slavery in post-medieval London: assessing potential
osteological indicators
•Food for the body, sustenance for the soul: a stable
isotope investigation of diet at the Pictish monastery at
Portmahomack, Scotland
•Identifying scurvy from collagen in archaeological
remains
•Visibility of episodic physiological stress on Indian
fasting individuals using segmental isotope analysis
•Assessment of sex from the sacrum in a modern
Portuguese population
•Assessing tooth cementum annulation (TCA) relative
to macroscopic ageing methods in an archaeological
population/assemblage
•Osteological evidence of judicial mutilation in AngloSaxon execution cemeteries
•Are enthesopathies useful indicators of past occupation
activities?
•Victorian faces: an investigation of changes in the
morphology of the human viscerocranium
•A study into the relationship between metabolic
conditions and leprosy in medieval populations
•The impact of an altered gait: pelvis asymmetry,
morphology and the influences on sex assessment
Assessment
Different methods of assessment are used as
appropriate to the learning outcomes, including essays,
skeletal reports, journal critiques, bone quizzes,
written examinations, oral presentations, and the MSc
dissertation.
•Human dissection and autopsy during the 19th century:
an examination using scanning electron microscopy
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SPECIAL FEATURES
HIGH-QUALITY LEARNING EXPERIENCE
The University of Bradford is an ideal choice for studying
Human Osteology and Palaeopathology – we have led the
field since 1980 and have been teaching postgraduates
since 1991. The department of Archaeological Sciences
delivers integrated and innovative research that has been
identified as being both ‘world-leading’ and of international
importance by the external Research Assessment panel.
Academic staff are all active in their fields of research,
which ensures that they present the most up-to-date
information through their teaching.
FOCUS ON PRACTICAL SKILLS
The course integrates both theoretical and practical
elements, allowing you to evaluate and apply a range of
different methods to human skeletal remains. By the end
of the Masters programme, you will have analysed and
examined a large number of different skeletons, increasing
your awareness of normal skeletal variation and also variation
in the appearance of pathological conditions. You will
develop specialist knowledge in a specific aspect of human
osteology following the completion of the research project.
A FRIENDLY ATMOSPHERE
With an intake of around 40 postgraduates in
Archaeological Sciences per year, you will experience a
close-knit community of Masters students. The integrated
nature of our courses means that some of the modules will
also include students from other Masters programmes,
both in the department of Archaeological Sciences and
within the wider School of Life Sciences.
Students are encouraged to participate in focused
discussion groups, such as the Ragnarök Café, which
discusses research on Northern Europe in the 1st millennium
KEY FEATURES
•Expert delivery of specialist material
•Long-standing experience of teaching osteology
and palaeopathology at postgraduate level
•Practitioners in osteology and palaeopathology are
involved in the design and delivery of the course
•Access to the largest collection of human remains
in an archaeology department in the UK
•Integrated training in laboratory, archaeological
and transferable skills
•Access to dedicated osteology laboratories,
specialist facilities and analytical equipment
•Friendly, supporting learning environment
•Excellent career opportunities
AD, and the Journal Club that critiques recent articles. We
also encourage you to attend weekly Guest Lecture Series
where prominent scholars from other institutions (and from
within the department) talk on cutting-edge research – a
valuable complement to the formal taught component of
the programme which is a major benefit of our status as
a top research department. MSc Human Osteology and
Palaeopathology students are supported informally via the
Wednesday afternoon Open Lab and by the Bone Café
immediately afterwards.
Opportunities are also provided for you to participate in
departmental research projects throughout the course of
your Masters programme. This would allow you to gain
contacts with other academics and research staff working
both in Bradford and beyond, as well as research and
undergraduate students, and technical staff.
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FACILITIES AND RESOURCES
LABORATORIES AND EQUIPMENT IN
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES
Archaeological Sciences at the University of Bradford
has pioneered the teaching of scientific archaeology,
and is one of the best-equipped scientific archaeology
departments in the country. There are 15 specialist
laboratories covering the full range archaeological
specialisms, including:
•Human osteology
•Histology
•Microscopy
•Forensic taphonomy
•Biomolecular archaeology
•Environmental archaeology
•Geophysics
•Scientific dating
•Computing
•Conservation
•Digitisation
•Lithic microwear
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Specialist analytical equipment is available to students,
housed both within the department of Archaeological
Sciences and in the Centre for Structural and Materials
Analysis, and includes:
•An Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer
(ICP-MS) with laser ablation facility
•Light stable isotope mass spectrometers
•Optical and electron microscopy
•X-radiography
•X-ray fluorescence
•X-ray diffraction
•Raman and magnetic analyses
The department owns an extensive array of equipment
required for field work and survey, including both
geophysical (Multiplexed Earth Resistance, Dual
Magnetometer, and Ground-Penetrating Radar) and
topographic survey instrumentation (Electronic Distance
Measurers, GPS). The Oxenhope field station is used
for taphonomy experiments and simulated forensic
exercises and the crime scene house is used for further
simulated forensic scenarios. In addition to the scientific
laboratories, there are also a number of project offices
for the major research projects being carried out in the
department, housing research staff and students as well
as any project-related equipment and materials.
OSTEOLOGY LABORATORIES
AND EQUIPMENT
OSTEOLOGY COLLECTIONS AND
RESOURCES
The Biological Anthropological Research Centre (BARC)
has three dedicated osteology labs. Postgraduate
students have access to the Keith Manchester laboratory,
our main teaching space, whenever it is not being used for
teaching, and also have access to the masters’ osteology
workroom at all times. Staff and PhD students work in the
BARC research laboratory, where we hold an extensive
archive of osteological reports, offprints and dissertations.
The histology lab contains two microtome saws and a
polisher/grinder, and we have a variety of transmitted
and reflected light microscopes. All of our osteology labs
contain light boxes for viewing radiographs, osteometric
boards and both spreading and sliding callipers as well as
more specialised osteometric equipment including dental
and co-ordinating callipers, and a torsiometer which are
sometimes used for dissertation research. Students can
borrow osteometric equipment if they are working away
from Bradford. We also have variable angle medical
endoscopic equipment for the examination of otherwise
inaccessible areas of the skeleton such as the endocranial
cavity, maxillary antra and middle ear cavities.
The BARC holds the largest collection of human skeletal
remains in any archaeology department in the UK,
numbering over 4000 skeletons. These date from the
Neolithic to the 19th century, and include internationally
important sites such as the mass grave from the Battle of
Towton (AD1461, reputedly the bloodiest battle fought on
English soil), remains from a medieval leprosarium and
alms house in Chichester, and Wetwang Slack, the largest
excavated Iron Age cemetery in the UK. Most of the skeletal
collection is on loan to the BARC from a variety of regional
museums, and we regularly arrange access for students at
other institutions both in the UK and overseas to undertake
their dissertation research. Our labs are equipped with a
large range of osteological equipment and reference casts.
The departmental radiography suite allows us to take and
develop radiographs using an industrial set up (providing
more control over radiation dose and exposure time
than conventional medical equipment). The specialised
radiography scanner allows us to digitise film radiographs
for inclusion in reports and teaching and we are making
many of these available over the internet as part of the
Digitised Diseases project.
The BARC also curates an extensive collection of over 5000
radiographs, both skeletal and clinical. It is acknowledged
that our clinical leprosy radiographs from 20th-century
India, Nepal and Ethiopia are without equal in the UK.
The University Library holds the Calvin Wells archive, with
many books and papers on palaeopathology collected
and written by Calvin. The immense collection of 35mm
photographic slides of palaeopathological, physical and
cultural anthropology built by Calvin Wells are currently
being digitised for teaching and reference.
13
STAFF AND EXPERTISE
COURSE MANAGER
Dr Jo Buckberry
Lecturer in Biological
Anthropology
ASSOCIATED STAFF
Dr Hannah Koon,
Lecturer in Archaeological
Sciences
Email: [email protected]
Hannah Koon is a biomolecular
archaeologist who is a specialist
in bone chemistry and nutritional
deficiency diseases. She is interested
in the application of morphological
and biochemical methods to human
bone in order to investigate growth,
diet and disease in past populations.
She has diverse interests in
archaeological science, ranging
from biological anthropology to
dietary isotopes, and the application
of novel proteomic approaches
to detect diseases that alter bone
matrix. This is underpinned by
research on taphonomy and bone
diagenesis, particularly focused
on the effects of cooking and the
depositional environment on the
survival of ancient proteins. Hannah
supervises MSc Human Osteology
and Palaeopathology students for
their dissertations and teaches on
the modules Topics in Archaeometry,
Light Isotope Analysis and
Palaeopathology.
Jo Buckberry is a specialist in
human osteoarchaeology and
palaeopathology. Her research
interests include the development,
testing and refinement of age
estimation and sex assessment
methods; health, nutrition and life
expectancy in past societies; the
funerary archaeology of the AngloSaxon, medieval and post-medieval
periods; and interpretation of
trauma patterns, including those at
execution sites. She is passionate
about public engagement, and
is working with colleagues at the
University of Leeds and Wakefield
Museum on the You Are What You
Ate project. Jo regularly collaborates
with colleagues in Bradford, the rest
of the UK and overseas and is on
the British Association for Biological
Anthropology and Osteoarchaeology
committee. She leads the modules
Analysis of Human Remains and
Palaeopathology.
14
Dr Julia Beaumont,
Lecturer in Biological
Anthropology
With 30 years of experience as a
dentist/orthodontist, Julia’s areas
of interest include facial and dental
development and oral diseases but
also the isotope analysis of the hair,
teeth and bones. She is currently
developing research methods
aimed at improving the temporal
resolution of isotope analysis for
the interpretation of diet, migration,
and health and disease in past
populations. Future research includes
analysis of the teeth of modern
individuals to establish isotopic
profiles from healthy individuals and
potential applications to forensic
dentistry. She is a member of the
British Association for Biological
Anthropology and Osteoarchaeology,
and the British Association of
Forensic Odontologists. Julia
co-ordinates Musculo-skeletal
Anatomy, and contributes to Topics in
Archaeometry, Light Isotope Analysis
and Palaeopathology.
Dr Andrew Wilson,
Senior Lecturer in Forensic
and Archaeological
Sciences
Andy has diverse interests in the
study of human remains, ranging
from the use of novel imaging and
visualisation approaches to interpret
and present pathological change in
bone, to understanding taphonomic
alteration and conservation needs.
Andy has particular interests in
palaeopathology, the field of Mummy
Studies and with post-medieval
assemblages and employs a range
of biochemical approaches (stable
light isotopes, characterisation and
separation techniques) to reconstruct
life histories (exploiting incremental
changes in human tissues, especially
hair). Andy frequently supervises
MSc Human Osteology and
Palaeopathology students for their
dissertations. He teaches on the
Topics in Archaeometry module and
is Head of Postgraduate Programmes
in Archaeological Sciences.
Dr Karina Croucher,
Lecturer in Archaeology
Karina is a specialist in funerary
archaeology, predominantly of the
Neolithic of Southwest Asia (the Near
East). Taking a social perspective,
Karina’s work focuses on themes of
identity, gender and personhood in
the past, examining the lived body as
well as the body through death. This
includes investigating relationships
between the living and the dead, and
the living’s interactions with their worlds
around them, including their material
culture, their environments, and humananimal relationships. Karina contributes
to the Funerary Archaeology module at
Bradford University and has previously
worked for the Higher Education
Academy, examining topics such
as diversity and inclusivity, fieldwork,
and the employability of archaeology
graduates.
Professor Keith Manchester,
Honorary Visiting Professor
of Palaeopathology
Keith is a clinician and
palaeopathologist who considers
that it is vital to an understanding of
diseases in antiquity, that modern
medical data are integrated into the
discipline of palaeopathology. His
research interests cover skeletal
changes, their pathogenesis,
current clinical relevance, and
palaeopathological diagnostic criteria
of leprosy and tuberculosis. He
contributes to the Palaeopathology
module providing a series of lectures
and practical demonstrations that
incorporate the clinical interpretation
of palaeopathological lesions
(infectious, neoplastic disease),
drawing on the literary record and his
own personal clinical experience.
Dr Alan Ogden,
Honorary Visiting
Researcher in
Palaeopathology
Alan is a clinician with particular
interests in cranio-facial pathological
conditions. He has developed an
expertise in facial reconstruction
and contributes to the teaching
of modules in Musculo-skeletal
Anatomy and Palaeopathology.
15
STUDENT VIEW
Students from across the world have attended the MSc
programme in Human Osteology and Palaeopathology. A number
of the students have presented their opinions of their time here in
Bradford, including students from America, Australia and the UK.
Ronika Power
In 2006, I was fortunate to be named as a British
Council Commonwealth Scholar and was able to
choose from all of the universities in the United
Kingdom for my postgraduate studies. Quite simply,
there was no contest.
The key resource areas of staff, facilities, curriculum and
opportunities offered by the Biological Anthropology
Research Centre (BARC) at the University of Bradford
clearly identified them as ‘the best of the best’ in the
field of Human Osteology, both in the UK and on a
global scale.
Having completed my MSc in Human Osteology and
Palaeopathology in 2007, I can say that each of the key
resource areas at BARC exceeded my expectations.
BARC staff are without par in terms of their teaching
skills, research activity and pastoral care. Their teaching
and learning philosophy revolves around ‘inclusion’.
As a result, students are visible and active in every
one of the Centre’s machinations: from collaborative
research to teaching evaluation, laboratory work, policy
and procedural development and social activities. As
a result, both myself and my colleagues felt a sense of
ownership and contribution towards our education, as
opposed to mere participation.
BARC’s facilities provided me with an unparalled
opportunity to excel. I was given unfettered on-site
access to the largest archaeological research-based
skeletal collection in the UK.
As part of the Bradford School of Applied Sciences,
myself and my colleagues also accessed leading-edge
technologies when our projects intersected with broader
research fields within the archaeologies of materials, the
environment and geosciences.
16
I found the curriculum offered within the MSc
Human Osteology and Palaeopathology course both
comprehensive and flexible. All essential components
of the study of archaeological human remains were
addressed by compulsory syllabus modules, while
at the same time I was able to select from a range of
electives, allowing me to develop my career specialty
from the commencement of my studies. This approach
is undoubtedly one of the main reasons behind the
high employment rate sustained by BARC graduates
over the years.
Peer-support was of the highest priority, and myself
and my cohort add teamwork, collegiality and
collaboration to the portfolio of skills and experience
we take with us to the workplace.
I unreservedly recommend the MSc Human Osteology
and Palaeopathology and wish to thank my colleagues
and BARC staff for their continued support and
encouragement.
Ronika is now a post-doctoral researcher at the
University of Cambridge.
Felicia Fricke
I found the University of Bradford’s MSc Human
Osteology and Palaeopathology to be one of the best
things I have ever done. Students are provided with
a rounded approach towards the study of skeletal
remains in archaeology, including the study of animal
bones and human anatomy. They are also encouraged
to pursue their own specific interests within the
discipline. A large skeletal reference collection provides
hands-on experience of many palaeopathological
conditions and the assignments set are a good and
realistic preparation for professional employment.
The Department is housed in a beautiful mill building,
the only one on campus with its foundations in
Bradford’s industrial past. Despite its age, it contains
excellent lab facilities. The archaeologists form a
friendly, relaxed community, and the very approachable
lecturers encourage students to ask questions and
become involved in the department beyond the bounds
of their academic courses.
You may hear people say rather unflattering things
about Bradford city. However, once you have lived
Tim Gocha
When I decided to study Human Osteology and
Palaeopathology at the University of Bradford, I was
already aware of their reputation for excellence.
The educational experience I encountered during my
year there, however, served only to exceed my already
high expectations. The members of staff, with their
various areas of expertise, were able to provide a very
well-rounded curriculum; this was complemented by
the extensive skeletal collections unique to Bradford.
there a couple of weeks it
becomes clear that there
are many hidden gems.
A thriving arts community
and a brilliant bier café are
two examples. Bradford
is also surrounded by
gorgeous villages reached
easily and cheaply by train.
And if you feel you need
some more cosmopolitan
entertainment, Leeds is only
20 minutes away!
The University of Bradford is a perfect example of how
well multiculturalism can work. During my MSc I lived in
a house with people from Japan, Nigeria, Switzerland,
India, Italy, Taiwan, France and China. I can now say I
have friends all over the world. The University also puts
a strong emphasis on environmental issues and the
Student Union houses a wide range of student events
and societies as well as very good welfare facilities.
On completion of her studies, Felicia started work as an
archaeologist on a series of cemetery excavations.
I left feeling I had received a world-class education that
could not have been realized at any other institution.
Choosing the Biological Anthropology Research
Centre at Bradford for
my Master’s Degree has
thus far been the most
rewarding decision of my
academic career.
After completing his MSc
in Bradford, Tim joined
Ohio State University as a
PhD student.
Rachel Holgate
Choosing to study Human Osteology and Palaeopathology was probably one
of the best decisions I’ve made. The lectures are interesting and engaging
and the hands-on experience is invaluable, as I don’t think it’s a subject you
can learn from a book alone. The practical experience is extremely important,
especially as I want to pursue a career in the analysis of human remains.
Experience is something employers look for and I feel like it gives you a
sizeable advantage. There is something fascinating about the people of the
past, and getting to look and study their remains is the closest thing you
can get to reconstructing their lives. Diet, illness, age, sex – it’s astounding
the information you can learn from bones when you start to think about the
implication of these factors on their everyday life.
17
CAREERS, FURTHER
STUDY AND ADMISSIONS
REQUIREMENTS
The course prepares students not only for research in
human osteology and palaeopathology, but also furthers
career prospects in archaeology or the heritage sector. The
course is well-suited both to students who wish to use it as a
foundation from which to commence research or as vocational
training to enhance employment prospects in archaeology.
Career destinations have included PhDs at the Universities of
Oxford, Cambridge, Durham, Bradford, Sheffield, Liverpool,
Manchester, Ohio State (US), Arizona State (US), Macquarie
(Sydney, Australia), Otago (Dunedin, New Zealand) and
Stockholm (Sweden); osteologists working for archaeological
units and museums; archaeological project managers;
excavators; museum officers; curators and teachers.
First destination figures for Postgraduate Taught Courses
indicate that c.85% of graduates achieve work or further
student in the discipline or cognate areas within six
months of graduation.
ADMISSIONS REQUIREMENTS
For North American students a GPA of normally 3.0 and
above on a scale of 4.0 is required, or an equivalent.
In addition, if your native language is not English, you will
need to pass a test in English approved by the University
before can be admitted. The International English
Language Testing System test (IELTS) administered by
the British Council is the test which is preferred by the
University. You will need to achieve an Overall Band of
at least 6, with at least 5.5 in each of the four sub-tests.
Testing facilities are available at most British Councils
overseas offices. When you take the test you should
ask for a copy of your Test Report Form to be sent to
the University. Another test option is the Test of English
as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) administered by the
Educational Testing Service, Princeton, New Jersey,
08540, USA. You will need to score at least 550 (220 on
the computer-based test, 83 on the internet-based test). If
you take this test, you should enter the University’s code
0828, on your answer sheet.
Acceptance on the Master’s programme requires a
Second class Honours degree or above in Archaeology
or another relevant or related discipline. Other relevant
qualifications will be considered.
18
STUDENT SUPPORT
GRADUATE AND RESEARCH SUPPORT OFFICE
STUDENTS WITH DISABILITIES
Candidates may contact the Postgraduate Admissions
Administrator at sls-postgradcourse-admissions@
bradford.ac.uk or +44 (0) 1274 234706 with any
questions or queries.
The School of Life Sciences has always encouraged
applications from students with disabilities, whose
applications are considered on the same academic
grounds as are applied to all candidates. We make
special provisions to provide a suitable learning
environment wherever possible. When you enquire we
will try to arrange an interview for you with a specialist
from our Disability Service to discuss your particular
requirements. You will receive information about our
facilities, and on the Disabled Students’ Allowance (DSA).
For more information, help and advice, please contact the
Disability Service.
INTERNATIONAL OFFICE
We have a long-standing tradition of welcoming students
from overseas and we are used to making newcomers to
Bradford quickly feel at home. The International Office is
there to help you both before and when your arrive. They
also arrange regular trips throughout the year to places of
interest such as historic cities, famous towns, castles and
stately homes, as well as the beautiful countryside in the
surrounding area. You can contact the International Office at:
Tel: +44 (0)1274 235954
Website: www.bradford.ac.uk/international
Tel: 01274 233739
Fax: 01274 236200
ENGLISH LANGUAGE SUPPORT
We offer a range of courses for applicants who require
English language support. Please visit our website for
details: www.bradford.ac.uk/international/preparingfor-your-arrival/english-language-support/
19
THE UNIVERSITY
AND ITS CAMPUS
We’ve invested £120 million in our bustling City Campus and
School of Management Campus to make sure you get the
most out of your time here – whether you’re studying, working,
relaxing or playing.
Located just five minutes’ walk from Bradford city centre,
the centrepiece of our refurbished campus is the threestorey Student Central building – the heart of student
activity and home to University of Bradford Students’ Union.
Our new developments are among the most
environmentally-friendly buildings in the world, and have
seen us win numerous awards including the Chartered
Institution of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE) Carbon
Champion of Year 2012.
AROUND CAMPUS
You can choose from a wide range of places to eat
and drink, including the Atrium Restaurant, which offers
vegan and halal options, and many other bars and cafés
where you can catch up with your coursemates over a
cappuccino or celebrate with friends on a night out. The
campus also boasts its own theatre, library, art gallery and
music centre.
STUDENT CENTRAL
The Ents Mall houses four bars, a patio terrace and
a 1,300-capacity nightclub. The Union Mall has open
spaces for group study, student advice centres and a
well-stocked shop. You’ll also find plenty of social and
study spaces around the central atrium, with teaching
rooms, a 130-seat lecture theatre, student services and a
computer cluster.
Student Central, City Campus
20
AWARD-WINNING FACILITIES
Our award-winning £40 million student accommodation,
The Green, opened in September 2011.
Our Fitness & Lifestyle sports centre boasts a range of top
facilities including a gym, swimming pool and climbing
wall, with a packed programme of classes, beauty
treatments and children’s activities available at hugely
competitive prices (visit www.bradford.ac.uk/unique for
more details).
There’s also plenty of open green space for you to enjoy
on campus, including the grass amphitheatre outside
Student Central which plays host to everything from
sunbathing in summer to sledging in winter.
Students studying Management or Law-related subjects
study at the dedicated School of Management parkland
campus, two miles (25 minutes’ walk) from the city
centre, where beautiful historic buildings stand side by
side with the latest state-of-the-art facilities. A dedicated
free bus service takes students between the School of
Management and the City Campus.
ACCOMMODATION
You will be guaranteed a place at our new £40m
award-winning eco-friendly student village, The Green,
providing you apply before the specified time. Buildings
are arranged as a small village, with rooms available in
apartments or townhouses. Every building meets the
highest standards of sustainability, meaning it costs very
little to heat and light. The Green has a real community
feel. It is set in beautiful landscaped gardens, with places
to relax and socialise. For more details about what’s
available for our students, and for costs, visit
www.bradford.ac.uk/accommodation
Or you may choose to live in privately rented accommodation.
Student accommodation is cheaper, easier to find and more
conveniently located in Bradford than in most other university
cities. Many students live within five minutes of their lectures!
Unipol Student Homes (www.unipol.org.uk/bradford) offers
a free advice service to students, and is a good way of finding
a good-quality, safe place to live at a reasonable cost.
21
THE CITY OF BRADFORD
Bradford is a vibrant, friendly, creative and cosmopolitan city
with a population of over half a million people speaking around
70 different languages. With a lively nightlife and a host of
shops, cinemas, sporting venues and cultural attractions, it’s
also one of the least expensive student cities in the UK – offering
you great value for money too.
Social life in Bradford thrives in the multitude of small,
independent bars dotted around the city centre which,
once discovered, will become like a second home. You’ll
also find an abundance of art, music and theatre on your
doorstep with a wide variety of clubs and venues within a
few minutes’ walk of the City Campus.
The National Media Museum is the most visited museum
attraction outside London, while the Alhambra Theatre
is a major touring venue offering top West End shows,
contemporary dance and ballet. There’s also a wealth
of grassroots culture to explore, from artist sound walks
around historic Manningham to the flourishing poetry and
local music scenes.
To support student travel around the city, a free bus
service links the City Campus to the two railway stations,
the bus station and the city centre.
A GLOBAL CITY
We’re a multicultural community, hosting a diverse range
of dazzling street events and flamboyant festivals such as
the annual Mela, a colourful celebration of Asian culture
attracting 100,000 revellers. The city’s restaurants serve
up a delicious menu of world cuisine including Russian,
Chinese, Italian and Middle Eastern, while our famous
curry houses earned Bradford the title of Curry Capital of
Britain in 2011 and 2012.
Historically, Bradford was at the heart of the Industrial
Revolution, and its rich Victorian heritage is evident
right across the city with an abundance of handsome
architecture. More recent introductions include City Park,
an award-winning six-acre landscaped space at the very
heart of the city centre, featuring a 4,000 square metre
mirror pool, spectacular laser light projections and over
100 fountains.
Almost three-quarters of the City of Bradford district is
green open space. The beautifully landscaped Lister
Park is within walking distance of the city centre, and is
situated next to the University’s School of Management.
The surrounding countryside is equally breathtaking. The
towns and villages of Saltaire, Ilkley and Haworth are all
popular tourist attractions that are well worth a visit in their
own right.
More information can be found at www.visitbradford.com,
and at www.bradford.ac.uk/bradford
City Park Mirror Pool
22
HOW TO FIND US
MAP AND DIRECTIONS
Getting here
Bradford is easy to get to, located right in
the middle of the UK with excellent road and
rail links and its own international airport.
An extensive coach service also connects
most parts of the country with Bradford’s
Travel Interchange. The postcode for our City
Campus site is BD7 1DP (SatNav Postcode
BD7 1AZ).
By road
Bradford is connected to the national
motorway network by the M62 and M606,
which we recommend you use if arriving
from the south, east or west. Use the A629/
A650 via Skipton and Keighley if arriving
from the north west, or the A1 or A19 if
arriving from the north east. The University
is clearly signposted on all major routes into
the city. Approximate travel distances are:
London
Leeds
Aberdeen
Glasgow
Edinburgh
Newcastle
1 M6
TO
33 miles (53 km)
35 miles (56 km)
Birmingham 120 miles (192 km)
Edinburgh
200 miles (320 km)
M62
TO ROTTERDAM
Hull
Manchester
TO Z
EEB
RUG
GE
4
Liverpool
Sheffield
M6
M1
A1
Birmingham
8 miles (13 km)
Manchester
Leeds
BRADFORD
5
3
A1
2
BE
LFA
ST
UBLIN
TO D
200 miles (320 km)
York
Britain’s National Parks:
1 Lake District
2 Yorkshire Dales
3 North York Moors
4 Peak District
5Snowdonia
M5
Cardiff
M40
M4
Bristol
M11
London
M25
Southampton
By rail
Bradford Interchange has extensive rail links,
many of which involve changing at Leeds.
There are some direct trains from London to
Bradford. The free City Bus service operates
between the railway stations and the City
Campus. Approximate journey times are:
London (King’s Cross)
Leeds
York
3 hours
20 minutes
1 hour
Manchester
1 hour
Birmingham
3 hours
Edinburgh
4 hours
Glasgow
4 hours
By air
Leeds/Bradford International Airport
has a range of daily domestic flights to/
from destinations across the UK, as well
as regular connecting flights to/from
Amsterdam and other major European
locations. Manchester Airport, 50 miles away,
serves a range of international destinations.
Brontë country
23
“I was fortunate to be named as a British Council
Commonwealth Scholar and was able to choose
from all of the universities in the United Kingdom for
my postgraduate studies. Quite simply, there was
no contest.”
Ronika Power,
Human Osteology and Palaeopathology graduate

brad d making knowledge work for you

Transcription

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